Francine Shapiro Library

Francine Shapiro Library: EMDR Bibliography

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1. Arnstein, M. (1996, December). Marital therapy, EMDR, Herman's model of recovery from trauma:  The journey of one woman and her family. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 17(4), 212-224.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Judith Herman delineates a 3-stage model of recovery from trauma: (1) Safety; (2) Remembrance and Mourning; (3) Reconnection. She criticises current treatment methods for their failure to make a difference in the "constrictive symptoms of numbing and social withdrawal...and marital, social and work problems do not necessarily improve." Family therapy has been criticised often for insufficient focus on emotion and general sensations. This case analysis will illustrate how these shortcomings can be successfully addressed with the use of marital counseling and EMDR. The use of multiple treatment approaches contributed to one client's resolution of recent trauma due to a car accident, of past crises due to marital infidelity and early childhood abuse, with significant changes for her in her current family as well as in her family of origin. Theoretical implications for "family therapy" are raised. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults  Australians  Case Report  Child Abuse  Family Therapy  Females  Marital Problems  Motor Traffic Accidents  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Survivors  Treatment Effectiveness  

2. Barre, K. (2010, June). Treatment of dissociative amnesia after vehicle accident with EMDR. In Accident victims. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
There is doubt if dissociative amnesias, the forgetting of traumatic memories, are a helpful condition for a patient or not. Clinically especially difficult is the situation if amnesias occur after an accident, where the condition is possibly organically based (like in a brain injury). Often the problems that these patients face in rehabilitation are difficult to understand and often the interventions that usually work with brain injuries are only partially effective. These situation will be illustrated by two cases of severe post accident amnesias (10 weeks and 10 months) and their treatment. Video documentation of the cases and their EMDR treatment will be shown and discussed. Usually effective treatments had been ineffective in both. Both however lost their symptoms and remember the incidents fully after trauma-specific treatment. Both patients have been stable for a year after the termination of treatment.

Keywords: Accident Victims  Dissociative Amnesia  Symposium  Traffic Accidents  

3. Bland, J., & Gresham, L. (1994, July 28-August 3). Visual effects. Post-traumatic stress disorder. Nursing Times, 89(30), 30-32.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
The authors describe their success in using a dispatch rider's vivid images of his accident in Eye Movement Desensitization (EMDR) to help him return to work following a road crash. [Adapted from Introduction] [Pilots]

Keywords: British  Case Report  Males  Middle Age  Motor Traffic Accidents  Nursing  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Survivors  Treatment Effectiveness  

4. Blore, D. C., Farrell, D., & Clifford, C. (2008, June). The experience of post traumatic growth amongst road traffic accidents victims who have completed EMDR treatment: A status report on research. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Conference, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
According to Tedeschi & Calhoun (1995; 2004 and 2006), Post Traumatic Growth (PTG) consists of five ‘domains’: discovery of new possibilities in life; improvements in relating to others; an increased sense of personal strength; greater appreciation of life and spiritual changes. The first author’s experience of treating Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) victims with Eye Movement Desensitisation & Reprocessing (EMDR) suggests that the experience of PTG is far wider and more complicated than Tedeschi & Calhoun’s domains. This paper reports on the current status of a study whose aim is to identify PTG that may be occurring at any point from the immediate aftermath of an RTA through to completion of EMDR. The study so far consists of 11 interviews utilising an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) methodology. So far well over 50 PTG themes have emerged although only the first hermeneutical analysis has been completed on the interviews analysed so far, it is currently difficult, therefore, to establish the degree of ‘theme overlap’. However, new themes include growth ‘by proxy’ (growth in those who have come into contact with the participants, but who have not themselves been traumatised by the RTA); somewhat paradoxically, ‘pre-trauma growth’ apparently activated by a subsequent RTA; and a ‘cascade’ of growth attributed to events subsequent to the initial trauma (such as the EMDR and the EMDR therapist). Some implications of these themes are also discussed, particularly in relation to EMDR.

Keywords: Motor Vehicle Accidents  Poster  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Victims  

5. Burgmer, M., & Heuft, G. (2004, February). Occurrence and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in an elderly patient after a traffic accident. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19(2), 185-188. doi:10.1002/gps.1047.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In our present study, we report on the development of PTSD after a traffic accident and present the trauma-specific treatment with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Despite the controversy about its novelty and other competing trauma-specific treatment methods like CBT, EMDR seems to be an effective and efficient trauma-specific treatment method particularly for usage by pscyhodynamic oriented therapists. [Adapted from Text] [Pilots]

Keywords: Aged  Case Report  Females  Germans  Headache  Motor Traffic Accidents  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Treatment Effectiveness  

6. Fernandez, I., Gallinari, E., & Lorenzetti, A. (2004, Spring-Summer). A school-based EMDR intervention for children who witnessed the Pirelli Building airplane crash in Milan, Italy. Journal of Brief Therapy, 2(2), 129-136.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article describes a group intervention using a variant of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing called the butterfly hug. The treatment was provided to 236 children in an elementary school in Milan, Italy, after a small plane crashed into the Pirelli building, a skyscraper adjacent to the school, causing severe damage, fire, and loss of life. After this incident most of the children developed symptoms of PTSD, disrupting school function. A team of three psychologists, working with school teachers, provided this 90-minute intervention to each school class. The treatment reduced reported symptoms of distress during the treatment process, and appeared to result in changed patterns of observable behavior, which were maintained at 4-month follow-up. Given the dearth of research on post-disaster treatment and the limitations of this naturalistic evaluation, future rigorous study is suggested. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Air Traffic Accidents  Brief Psychotherapy  Elementary School Students  Italians  Non-Randomized Study  Pirelli Tower Airplane Crash (Milan, 2002)  Recent Events  School Age Children  School Based Treatment  Treatment Effectiveness  Witnesses  

7. Holmshaw, M. (2009, June). Treatment of travel phobia resulting from road traffic accidents. In K. Zaal (Chair), Research). Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Motor Vehicle Accident  Research  Road Traffic Accident  Symposium  Travel Phobia  

8. Holmshaw, M., Carswell, J. W., & Allan, J. (2006, June). A comparison of EMDR, CBT or a combined approach (CBT & EMDR) in the treatment of psychological trauma following road accidents. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Istanbul, Turkey.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: CBT  Cognitive Behavior Therapy  Road Accidents  Traffic Accidents  

9. Holmshaw, M., Hodder, K. I., & Carswell, J. W. (2009, April). The relative efficacy of trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy and EMDR in treating psychological trauma resulting from road traffic accidents. Presentation at the annual British Psychological Society Conference, Brighton, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objectives: Following road traffic accidents (RTAs) psychological problems are common and can cause long-term disability. Whilst both trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) have proved successful in treating such problems there is currently no clear evidence supporting one treatment over the other. Previous comparisons of these treatments have been based on small samples. The present research aimed to explore the relative efficacy of CBT and EMDR in treating psychological trauma resulting from RTAs in a large sample. Design: Patients who had previously been involved in an RTA were referred to a psychological rehabilitation provider and received treatment with either CBT or EMDR by accredited therapists. The treatments were compared on drop-out rate number of sessions required for completion of treatment therapist rating of success and a number of widely used psychometric measures which were administered at assessment and again at the end of treatment. Methods: A total of 1179 referrals were made of which 435 met the inclusion criteria and proceeded to treatment. These patients presented with a range of psychological trauma symptoms resulting from RTAs which had occurred an average of 21 months previously. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was diagnosed in 51 per cent of patients with the remaining patients presenting with travel anxiety depression general anxiety and other psychological conditions. Outcomes were assessed in the whole sample and separately for those with a diagnosis of PTSD. Results: No differences emerged between the treatments on any outcome measure both for patients diagnosed with PTSD and for those with other trauma-related symptoms. Both CBT and EMDR resulted in large improvements in self-rated symptoms as assessed using the psychometric measures and in both groups over 80 per cent of cases were rated by the therapist as successful or having made good progress by the end of treatment. The CBT group required an average of 9.1 sessions and the EMDR group required an average of 9.9 sessions. Reliable change indices showed that over 80 per cent of patients made clinically significant improvements in both treatment groups. Conclusions: In conclusion both CBT and EMDR proved to be effective treatments for psychological trauma resulting from RTAs but no differences emerged between them in terms of efficacy patient compliance and number of sessions required. Psychological trauma following RTAs is eminently treatable in the community when treatment is offered by trained CBT or EMDR therapists.

Keywords: CBT  Cognitive Behavior Therapy  Road Traffic Accidents  

10. Kavakcı, Ö., Yildirim, O., & Swan, N. (2010). Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve sınav kaygısı için EMDR: Olgu sunumu [EMDR for post traumatic stress disorder and test anxiety: A case report]. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13(1), 42-47.

Language: Turkish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu (TSSB) gelişmesine yol açan etkenlerden biri de trafik kazalarıdır ve Türkiye'de oldukça yaygındır. Göz hareketleri ile duyarsızlaştırma ve yeniden işleme (EMDR) son yıllarda özellikle travma sonrası stres bozukluğunda (TSSB) etkili olduğu gösterilmiş bir yaklaşımdır. Sınav kaygısı; öğrenciler için sıklıkla akademik alanda performans düşüklüğü ve psikolojik problemlerle birlikte olan önemli bir sorundur. Sınav kaygısı olanlar; değerlendirileceği zaman gerilim, endişe ve santral sinir sisteminin aşırı uyarılmasını içeren istenmeyen bir durum yaşarlar. Endişe içeren tekrarlayıcı düşünceler, kendini eleştiren felaketleştirici düşünceler, fizyolojik uyarılmışlık ve belirgin duygusal sıkıntı sınav kaygısına eşlik eder. Sınavlarla ilgili olumsuz deneyimler sınav kaygısının oluşmasına neden olabilmektedir. Sınav kaygısının tedavisi için çeşitli psikoterapi yöntemlerinin yararlı olduğu bildirilmiştir. Sınav kaygısı tedavisinde EMDR denediğini bildiren az sayıda yayın vardır. Bu çalışmada trafik kazası sonrası TSSB gelişen ve EMDR uygulanması sonucunda iyileşen 17 yaşında bir olgu sunulmuştur. TSSB belirtilerinin düzelmesinin ardından üniversite giriş sınavı ile ilgili yoğun korku ve kaygı bildiren hastada, bu kaygının önceki olumsuz sınav yaşantıları ile ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiş, bu yaşantılarına yönelik EMDR tedavisi sonunda sınav kaygısı belirtilerinde belirgin düzelme görülmüştür.

Prevalence of traffic accidents is very high in Turkey and traffic accidents are one of the underlying reasons of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a new therapeutic method which is effective for PTSD. Test anxiety is a significant problem for students which leads to a decline in academic performance and cause severe psychological problems. People with test anxiety experience undesirable symptoms like tension, worry and overstimulation of the central nervous system when they are under evaluation. Recurrent worried, self-critical and catastrophic thoughts and physiologic arousal accompany test anxiety. Negative experiences about examinations can lead to test anxiety. Various psychoterapeutic approaches have been reported that are beneficial in the treatment of test anxiety. Few publications have reported trial of EMDR in the treatment of test anxiety. We describe a 17 year-old girl who had PTSD following a traffic accident and who was treated by EMDR. After treatment of PTSD, the girl reported intense fear and anxiety about the university entrance examination. This anxiety was associated with negative experiences about previous examinations. EMDR treatment focused on these negative experiences and significant improvement was obtained.

Keywords: Case Report  Posttraumatic Stress Disorer  PTSD  Test Anxiety  Traffic Accidents  

11. Kleinknecht, R., & Morgan, M. (1992, March). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 23(1), 43-49. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(92)90024-D.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This case report describes the successful treatment of a PTSD using eye movement desensitization (EMD). The client, a 40-year-old male, presented with an 8-years history of PTSD following an incident in which he was shot with a hand gun and left dying. Using EMD treatment, this trauma was quickly densensitized. Two earlier traumas with similar themes then emerged and they too were desensitized. Test results, taken pre-treatment and posttreatment, along with the client's verbatim account of cognitive and behavioral changes 8 months later, converged to document the successful treatment outcome. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults  Assault  Case Report  Death of Spouse  European Americans  Males  Motor Traffic Accidents  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Predisposition  PTSD  Survivors  

12. Montgomery, R. W., & Ayllon, T. (1994, March). Eye movement desensitization across images:  A single case design. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 23-28. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90059-0 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The use of eye movement desensitization (EMD) was investigated in a multiple baseline across two images. The subject was diagnosed as suffering from PTSD and had suffered from two distinct traumas which continued to generate intrusive disturbing images. Dependent variables included self-report information (Subjective Units of Distress, behavioral symptoms reports) and physiological data (heart rate and systolic blood pressure). Subjective and physiological data both demonstrated significant changes during the course of treatment which were maintained at a 2-month follow-up. This study represents the first investigation of EMD with multiple images within a single subject experimental design. Findings suggest that generalization across the images under investigation was not demonstrated. EMD treatment gains were clinically significant. However, the immediate and profound effects often cited in the literature were not demonstrated. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Americans  Assault  Case Report  Females  Longitudinal Study  Middle Aged  Motor Traffic Accidents  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Survivors  

13. Oh, D. H., & Choi, J. (2007). Changes in the regional cerebral perfusion after eye movement desensitization and reprocessing:  A SPECT study of two cases. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(1), 24-30. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.24.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has emerged as a promising new treatment for trauma and other anxiety-based disorders. However, the neurobiological mechanism of EMDR has not been well understood. This study reports changes in the resting regional cerebral blood flow after successful EMDR treatment in 2 patients with PTSD. Brain 99mTc-ECD-SPECT (Technetium 99m-ethyl cysteinate dimmer-single photon emission computerized tomography) was performed before and after EMDR, and, in addition, a pre- and posttreatment comparison was made with 10 non-PTSD participants as a control group. After EMDR, cerebral perfusion increased in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and decreased in the temporal association cortex. The differences between participants and normal controls also decreased. Changes appeared mainly in the limbic area and the prefrontal cortex. These results are in line with current understanding of neurobiology of PTSD. EMDR treatment appears to reverse the functional imbalance between the limbic area and the prefrontal cortex. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults  Brain Imaging  Females  Koreans  Motor Traffic Accidents  Neuroimaging  Neurophysiology  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychiatric Inpatients  PTSD  Rape  RCBF  Regional Cerebral Blood Flow  Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography  Survivors  Treatment Effectiveness  

14. Quinn, G. (2005). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with victims of traffic accidents, suicide bus bombings, and terrorist attacks in Israel. Presentation at the American Psychiatric Association Annual Conference, Atlanta, GA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Suicide Bombings  Terrorist Attacks  Traffic Accidents  

15. Renssen, M. R. (2002). Traumatherapie na verkeersongevallen: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) bij verkeersslachtoffers [Trauma therapy after traffic accidents: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in road casualties]. Dissertatie. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Keywords: Motor Vehicle Accidents  Roadside Casualties  Traffic Accidents  Whiplash  

16. Ribchester, T. (2001, May). Efficacy of EMDR in children and adolescents with PTSD symptomatology. Presentation at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, London, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This paper aims to describe on-going research on the evaluation of efficacy of EMDR as a treatment for post traumatic stress symptomatology in children who have been in road traffic accidents. Various cognitive measures were used to see which of them differentiated children who had been in road traffic accidents and developed post-traumatic stress symptomatology from those who had been in road traffic accidents and did not. Those who developed post traumatic stress symptomatology and agreed to take part in the study were then treated with EMDR. Pre and post-treatment measures of cognitive variables previously assessed were compared. Of the 12 who agreed to participate 11 were found to be free of post traumatic stress symptomatology following treatment that varied in length from 2-5 sessions.

Keywords: Adoelscents  Children  Efficacy  Motor Vehicle Accidents  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Traffic Accidents  

17. Ribchester, T., Yule, W., & Duncan, A. (2010). EMDR for childhood PTSD after road traffic accidents: Attentional, memory, and attributional processes. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(4), 138-147. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.4.138.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was used with 11 children who developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after road traffi c accidents. All improved such that none met criteria for PTSD on standardized assessments after an average of only 2.4 sessions. Signifi cant improvements in PTSD, anxiety, and depression were found both immediately after treatment and at follow-up. Attentional, memory, and attributional processes associated with PTSD were assessed and their relationship to therapeutic change examined. Treatment was associated with a signifi cant trauma-specifi c reduction in attentional bias on the modifi ed Stroop task, with results apparent both immediately after therapy and at follow-up.

Keywords: Attention  Attribution  Child  Memory  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

18. Schneider, J., Hofmann, A., Rost, C., & Shapiro, F. (2007). EMDR and phantom limb pain:  Theoretical implications, case study, and treatment guidelines. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(1), 31-45. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.31.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article reviews the literature on EMDR treatment of somatic complaints and describes the application of Shapiro's Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model in the treatment of phantom limb pain. The case study explores the use of EMDR with a 38-year-old man experiencing severe phantom limb pain 3 years after the loss of his leg and part of his pelvis in an accident. Despite treatment at several rehabilitation and pain centers during the 3 years, and the use of opiate medication, he continued to experience persistent pain. After 9 EMDR treatment sessions, the patient's phantom limb pain was completely ablated, and he was taken off medication. Effects were maintained at 18-month follow-up. The clinical implications of this application of EMDR are explored. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing  Adults  AIP  Amputation  Case Report  Depressive Disorders  Males  Motor Traffic Accidents  Pain  Phantom Limb  Physical Pain  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychotherapeutic Processes  PTSD  Survivors  

19. Shapiro, F., & Solomon, R. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Neurocognitive information processing. In G. S. Everly (Ed.), Innovations in disaster and trauma psychology, volume one: applications in emergency services and disaster response (pp. 216-237). Ellicott City, MD: Chevron Publsing.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Topics Treated: Background; a neurocognitive perspective; accelerated information processing; case example 1: reintegrating the trauma into client's existing worldview; case example 2: reinterpreting the event as an "exception to the rule"; case example 3: unrealistic core assumption is violated. [Pilots]

Keywords: Adults  Assault  Males  Motor Traffic Accidents  Police Personnel  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Survivors  

20. Spector, J., & Huthwaite, M. (1993, July). Eye-movement desensitization to overcome post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163(1), 106-108. doi:10.1192/bjp.163.1.106 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A new treatment using a saccadic eye-movement desensitisation (EMD) procedure has recently been introduced to treat PTSD, a disorder that has been difficult to treat in the past. The treatment is claimed to be very rapid and successful. This paper reports the treatment of a woman with PTSD following a horrific road traffic accident using the EMD procedure. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: British  Case Report  Females  Middle Aged  Motor Traffic Accidents  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Survivors  

21. Wu K. K. (2002, June). Use of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing for treating post-traumatic stress disorder after a motor vehicle accident. Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry, 12(2), 20-24.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This case report illustrates the utilisation of eye movement desensitisation reprocessing for treatment of PTSD after a motor vehicle accident. Standardised measurements (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Impact of Event Scale-Revised) were adopted to monitor treatment effectiveness during various treatment phases. This case demonstrates the possible application of eye movement desensitisation reprocessing for the Chinese population and the treatment efficacy of eye movement desensitisation reprocessing for PTSD. The implications for future research are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Case Report  Chinese  Males  Middle Aged  Motor Traffic Accidents  Physical Pain  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Survivors  Treatment Effectiveness