Francine Shapiro Library: EMDR Bibliography

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1. 小川 栄一 , 和田 健 , 日域 広昭 , 武井 史朗 , 矢野 智宣 , 橋元 佑美 , 佐々木 高伸 , 志和 資朗 [Eiichi Ogawa, Ken Wada, Hiroaki Jitsuiki, Shiro Takei, Tomonobu Yano, Yumi Hashimoto, Takanobu Sasaki, and Shiro Shiwa] (2007年12月). 12. EMDR(眼球運動による脱感作と再処理法)の実施が心理生理反応に及ぼす影響(第30回日本心身医学会中国・四国地方会演題抄録) [12. EMDR (treatment of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) effects on the physiological response (The 30th Chugoku-Shikoku Regional Meeting of the Japanese Society of Psychosomatic Medicine, Meeting abstract]. 心身医学：日本誌、47（12）、1054 [Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 47(12), 1054].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Keywords: Physiological Responses  

2. 小川 栄一 , 橋元 佑美 , 和田 健 , 日域 広昭 , 波田 紫 , 佐々木 高伸 , 志和 資朗 [Eiichi Ogawa, Hiromi Hashimoto, Ken Wada, Hiroaki Hiiki, Murasaki Hada, Takanobu Sasaki, and Shiro Shiwa]. (2009年9月). 22.EMDR(眼球運動による脱感作と再処理法)の実施が心理生理反応に及ぼす影響(第28回 日本心身医学会中国・四国地方会演題抄録,地方会抄録,学会報告) [22. EMDR (treatment of eye movement desensitization and re-) effect of the implementation of psychological physiological responses (Abstract Title: The 28th Chugoku-Shikoku Regional Meeting of the Japanese Society of Psychosomatic Medicine)]. 心身医学、46の日本誌（9）、836〜837 [Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 46(9), 836-837].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Keywords: Physiological Responses  

3. Albert, J. (1992, December). Do you hear Florida calling? Now is the time to respond!. EMDR Network Newsletter, 2(2), 15-16.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Favorable comments on the response of the Volunteer Disaster Response Team of EMDR trained therapists to work with Hurricane Andrew and/or Iniki survivors.

Keywords: EMDR Volunteer Disaster Response Team  Hurricane Andrew  

4. Albright, D. L., & Thyer, B. (2010, November). EMDR is not an empirically supported treatment for combat-related PTSD…yet: A response to Elisha C. Hurley, Dmin, Colonel, USA (Retired). Behavioral Interventions, 25(4), 355-360. doi:10.1002/bin.304.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Keywords: Combat-Related PSTD  Letter  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

5. Armstrong, M. S., & Vaughan, K. (1994, June). An orienting response model for EMDR. Presentation at the meeting of the New South Wales Behaviour Therapy Interest Group, Sydney, Australia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Conditioned Emotional Responses  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Treatment Effectiveness  

6. Armstrong, M., & Vaughan, K. (1996, March). An orienting response model of eye movement desensitization. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27(1), 21-32. doi:10.1016/0005-791(95)00056-9.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Dyck's conditioning model of EMD provides a useful description of failure of habituation in PTSD, but may not account for some common EMD phenomena. An alternative model proposes that the therapist's waving hand -- in the presence of a trauma-related cortical set -- triggers an intense orienting response (OR). Intrinsic effects of the OR facilitate continuing attention to the memory without avoidance, and provide for effective input of new trauma-related information. The person's neuronal model of the trauma alters to reflect his survival and current safety -- as true outcome of the trauma -- and associated conditioned responses extinguish. Proposals for experimental evaluation of the model are described. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Conditioned Emotional Responses  PTSD  Treatment Effectiveness  

7. Aubert-Khalfa, S., & Roques, J. (2007, Juin). Modifications des résponses psychophysiologiques au stress chez les patients PTSD aprés une seule séance d'EMDR [Modifications of psychophysiologcal response to stress in PTSD patients after a single EMDR session]. Présentation à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Patients atteints de SSPT démontrer anormale des réponses psychophysiologiques aux événements stressants. Ce dérèglement automatique est donc l'une des mesures objectives de stress post-traumatique qui pourrait également être utilisé pour évaluer les effets traitement du SSPT. Étant donné que la thérapie EMDR semble être un traitement de choix pour les victimes de traumatismes, l'objectif de l'étude était de vérifier que les réponses psychophysiologiques au stress a diminué après une séance EMDR unique. Six patients atteints du SSPT ont été traités par un thérapeute EMDR. Tout d'abord, au niveau clinique, à la fin de la session, les six patients ont eu une réduction très nette de leur niveau de perturbation subjective (SUD), leurs scores SSPT diminué (évaluée par le PLC-S), et leur auto-évaluation ( COV) est devenue positive, confirmant des études antérieures sur l'efficacité de l'EMDR. Deuxièmement, leurs réponses psychophysiologiques (rythme cardiaque, la conductance de la peau, le rythme respiratoire et la température de la peau) pendant un état de détente et tout en visualisant leur propre événement traumatique ont été enregistrées avant et après la session de l'EMDR. Malgré un nombre restreint de patients, après une seule séance EMDR, les réponses physiologiques à l'évocation de l'événement traumatique a diminué de manière significative. Cela comprenait la conductance de la peau, la fréquence cardiaque et la température de la peau. Ces résultats de l'étude préliminaire de confirmer l'efficacité du traitement EMDR sur le SSPT de la première session. Ils mettent également en évidence les effets thérapie EMDR sur le système nerveux autonome. Les changements psychophysiologiques enregistrés peuvent faire partie de mécanismes sous-jacents de traitement EMDR. D'autres études, y compris ces mesures seront donc nécessaires pour tester l'hypothèse.

PTSD patients demonstrate abnormal psychophysiological responses to stressful events. This automatic dysregulation is thus one of the objective measures of PTSD which could also be used to assess therapy effects on PTSD. Given that the EMDR therapy appears to be a treatment of choice for trauma victims, the aim of the study was to verify that the psychophysiological responses to stress decreased after a single EMDR session. Six PTSD patients have been treated by an EMDR therapist. First, at the clinical level, at the end of the session, all six patients had a very clear reduction of their subjective disturbance level (SUD), their PTSD scores diminished (as assessed by PLC-S), and their self-assessments (VOC) became positive, confirming previous studies on EMDR’s efficacy. Second, their psychophysiological responses (heart rate, skin conductance, respiration rate, and skin temperature) during a relaxing state and while visualizing their own traumatic event were recorded before and after the EMDR session. Despite small number of patients, after only one EMDR session, physiological responses to the evocation of the traumatic event decreased significantly. This included skin conductance, heart rate and skin temperature. These preliminary study results confirm the EMDR treatment efficiency on PTSD from the first session. They also highlight the EMDR therapy effects on the autonomic nervous system. The psychophysiological changes recorded may be part of the mechanisms underlying EMDR treatment. Further studies including these measures will therefore be necessary to test the hypothesis.

Keywords: Immersion  Stress  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychophysiological Responses  PTSD    

8. Aubert-Khalfa, S., Roques, J., & Blin, O. (2008). Evidence of a decrease in heart rate and skin conductance responses in PTSD patients after a single EMDR session. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(1), 51-56. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.1.51.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Patients with PTSD demonstrate abnormal psychophysiological responses to stressful events. Given that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy appears to be a treatment of choice for trauma victims, the aim of the present study was to determine if psychophysiological responses to stress decreased after a single EMDR session. 6 PTSD patients were treated by an EMDR therapist. Their psychophysiological responses (heart rate and skin conductance) were recorded before and after the EMDR session under two conditions: (a) in a relaxed state and (b) while visualizing their own traumatic event. At the end of the session, all patients had a significant reduction in their PTSD symptoms, which confirms previous results demonstrating the efficacy of the EMDR approach. Second, after only one EMDR session, heart rate and skin conductance during the trauma recall decreased significantly as compared to a relaxing state. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults  Arousal  Clinical Trial  Electrodermal Activity  Empirical Study  French  Heart Rate  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychophysiology  PTSD  Quantitative Study Skin Conductance  Stressors  Survivors  Treatment  Treatment Effectiveness  

9. Bolsover, N. (2006, June). Attachment style as a predictor of response to EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Istanbul, Turkey.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Therapeutic alliance, attachment and EMDR  Therapeutic alliance and attachment theory  “Care-giver responses associated with secure attachment include responsiveness, sensitivity, consistency, reliability, attunement, the capacity to absorb protest and ‘mindmindedness’, the ability to see the distressed child as an autonomous and sentient being with feelings and projects of his or her own.” (Holmes, 2001)  Therapeutic alliance and EMDR. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Attachment Style  

10. Boore, J. (1992, Winter). Update on Florida disaster response effort. EMDR Network Newsletter, 2(3), 11-12.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
On November 1, 1992, a three-person disaster response team of EMDR trained therapists, consisting of Nancy Walker,MFCC, fromSunnyvale, CA, and Bill Reid, LSW, and Bill Owens, LISW, Columbus, OH, paid their way to Miami for the privilege of working with disaster survivors and utilizing EMDR. This is report on the work of that team and related information about emergency disaster work.

Keywords: EMDR Volunteer Disaster Response Team  Florida Disaster Response Team  Hurricane Andrew  

11. Brewin, C. R., Fuchkan, N., Huntley, Z., Robertson, M., Thompson, M., Scragg, P., d'Ardenne, P., & Ehlers, A. (2010, February). Outreach and screening following the 2005 London bombings: Usage and outcomes. Psychological Medicine, 40(12), 2049–2057. doi:10.1017/S0033291710000206.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Little is known about how to remedy the unmet mental health needs associated with major terrorist attacks, or what outcomes are achievable with evidence-based treatment. This article reports the usage, diagnoses and outcomes associated with the 2-year Trauma Response Programme (TRP) for those affected by the 2005 London bombings. Method: Following a systematic and coordinated programme of outreach, the contact details of 910 people were obtained by the TRP. Of these, 596 completed a screening instrument that included the Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ) and items assessing other negative responses. Those scoring 6 on the TSQ, or endorsing other negative responses, received a detailed clinical assessment. Individuals judged to need treatment (n=217) received trauma-focused cognitive-behaviour therapy (TF-CBT) or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Symptom levels were assessed pre- and post-treatment with validated self-report measures of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, and 66 were followed up at 1 year. Results: Case finding relied primarily on outreach rather than standard referral pathways such as primary care. The effect sizes achieved for treatment of DSM-IV PTSD exceeded those usually found in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and gains were well maintained an average of 1 year later. Conclusions: Outreach with screening, linked to the provision of evidence-based treatment, seems to be a viable method of identifying and meeting mental health needs following a terrorist attack. Given the failure of normal care pathways, it is a potentially important approach that merits further evaluation.

Keywords: Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy  London Bombings  Outreach  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy  Trauma Response Programme  TRP  

12. Brock, S. E. (2007, August). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Effective school mental health response. Chicago Public Schools,and University of Illinois at Chicago, Student Center West.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Interventions for PTSD �� EMDR Pros �� More efficient (less total treatment time) �� Reduces trauma related symptoms �� Comparable to other Cognitive Behavioral Therapies �� Suggested to be more effective than Prolonged Exposure [Excerpt]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Schools  

13. Bryant, R. A., Harvey, A. G., Gordon, E., & Barry, R. (1995). Eye movement and electrodermal responses to threat stimuli in post-traumatic stress disorder. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 20(3), 209-213. doi:10.1016/0167-8760(95)00036-4.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A core feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is hypervigilence to threatening material. This study measured processing of threat material in PTSD with simultaneously acquired initial eye movements and electrodermal activity, following presentation of threatening and neutral words. Ten PTSD subjects and 10 controls were presented with 4 words in parafoveal range. On trials in which a threat word was present, PTSD subjects demonstrated initial eye fixations on the threat word more than controls. PTSD subjects also demonstrated more orienting responses on all trials than controls. These results suggest that processing of threat information in PTSD can be usefully investigated with convergent psychophysiological methodologies.

Keywords: Electrodermal Responses  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

14. Caarten, W. B. (2002). Entrevista a Francine Shapiro en Trauma Reponse [Interview with Francine Shapiro in Trauma Response]. EMDR Grupo Barcelona. Retrieved from http://www.emdrbarcelona.com/articulos/entrev.htm 2/1/2013.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
FS: ¡En realidad fue por casualidad! Cuando empecé a desarrollar EMDR y noté sus efectos quise probar si pudiera tener resultados positivos en una población clínica. Repasé los síntomas con los que había funcionado bien hasta ese momento. Parecía que era fácil trabajar con los recuerdos. Entonces me hice la pregunta "cuál es la poblaciòn clínicas que tenía más dificultades con los recuerdos"? Por lo visto eran las víctimas de violación, las víctimas de abusos, los veteranos de combate, que sufrían sobre todo con los recuerdos (de su trauma) y el trastorno por estrés postraumático (PTSD). Por lo tanto, me llegó por casualidad. Cuando observamos los efectos de EMDR en esa población, se convirtió en algo a lo que he dedicado mi vida. JSV: Como creadora de EMDR, ¿puede usted darnos una descripción global de cómo se usa? ¿También, por favor describa la manera de cómo esta intervención terapéutica evolucionó? [Excerpt]

Keywords: Francine Shapiro  Interview  

15. Calof, D. (1995). A response to Dr. Zangwill. EMDR Network Newsletter, 5(2), 17-21.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
I fervently agree with Dr. Zangwlll's wise counsel that "we must accept our limitations and the ambiguities of life." For the last two years, I have provided extensive training for trauma and abuse recovery therapists on the countertransference to client doubt, uncertainty, and ambiguity.

Keywords: Countertransference  

16. Commons, M. L. (2000, August). The power therapies: A proposed mechanism for their action and suggestions for future empirical validation. Traumatology, 6(2), 119-138. doi:10.1177/153476560000600205.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Power Therapies claim to achieve rapid results in reducing fear elicited by a large number of situations. This paper presents a theory of how competition among stimuli may be the basis for how the Power Therapies work. The compelling features of these therapies are that they all interrupt old habits and conditioned reflexes and provide new habits and conditioning. Therefore, many of the protocols involve overcoming prior-stimulus dominance. In addition to proposing a mechanism for these therapies, this article also reveals that, despite superficial differences, power therapies fundamentally accomplish the same thing. These therapies reduce the intensify of emotional responses elicited by stimuli associated with trauma. It is proposed that they accomplish this end through working at the subcortical level of brain activity to interrupt the negative emotional responses elicited by the trauma stimuli. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Conditioned Emotional Responses  TFT  Thought Field Therapy  Neurolinguistic Programming  NLP: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  TIR: Traumatic Incident Reduction  

17. Corrigan, F. (2007, March). Emotions, mindfulness, defence responses: A ventromedial shift hypothesis on the mechanism of action of EMDR. Symposium at the 5th annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland Association, Glasgow, Scotland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Mechanism of Action  Mindfulness  Symposium  

18. Denny, N. (1995, March). An orienting reflex/external inhibition model of EMDR and thought field therapy. Traumatology, 1(1), 1-6, Article 1. doi:10.1177/153476569500100101.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The clinical phenomena of the conduct of EMDR and Thought Field Therapy were interpreted in light of concepts in the field of classical conditioning with emphasis on the orienting reflex and its external inhibiting effects on conditioned responses. A model was proposed using the temporary suppression through external inhibition of the fear and avoidance conditioned responses to disturbing memories. The clinically helpful effect proposed is the emergence of previously suppressed competing responses to the troublesome memories. Those newly emerged responses are responsible for spontaneous cognitive restructuring of the meaning attribution of the memories, thus lowering SUDS ratings. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Conditioned Emotional Responses  Cognitive Processes  TFT  Thought Field Therapy  

19. Dyck, M. J. (1993, September). A proposal for a conditioning model of eye movement desensitization treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 24(3), 201-210. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(93)90022-O.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Although eye movement desensitization (EMD) was introduced as a specific treatment for traumatic memories, a satisfactory explanation of the therapeutic mechanism underlying the method has not been offered. This article describes a model of traumatic memories and EMD based primarily on principles of respondent conditioning, emotional interference with learning, and operant conditioning. A method for evaluating the conditioning model is briefly described. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Conditioned Emotional Responses  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Review  

20. Elofsson, U. O. E., von Scheele, B., Theorell, T., & Sondergard, H. P. (2008, May). Physiological correlates of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(4), 622-634. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.05.012.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an established treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, its working mechanism remains unclear. This study explored physiological correlates of eye movements during EMDR in relation to current hypotheses; distraction, conditioning, orienting response activation, and REM-like mechanisms. During EMDR therapy, fingertip temperature, heart rate, skin conductance, expiratory carbon dioxide level, and blood pulse oximeter oxygen saturation, were measured in male subjects with PTSD. The ratio between the low and high frequency components of the heart rate power spectrum (LF/HF) were computed as measures of autonomic balance. Respiratory rate was calculated from the carbon dioxide trace. Stimulation shifted the autonomic balance as indicated by decreases in heart rate, skin conductance and LF/HF-ratio, and an increased finger temperature. The breathing frequency and end-tidal carbon dioxide increased; oxygen saturation decreased during eye movements. In conclusion, eye movements during EMDR activate cholinergic and inhibit sympathetic systems. The reactivity has similarities with the pattern during REM-sleep. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Autonomic Physiology  Empirical Study  Heart Rate Variability  Males  Orienting Response  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychophysiology  PTSD  Quantitative Study  Respiration  Refugees  

21. EMDR International Association (EMDRIA) (2012, October 7). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing international association response to the Institute of Medicine report on “Treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in military and veteran populations: Initial assessment”. EMDRIA. Retrieved from http://www.emdria.org/associations/12049/files/EMDRIA%20IOM%20Response.pdf on 10/19/2012.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
In response to the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) July 2012, publication, Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military and Veteran Populations: Initial Assessment, the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing International Association (EMDRIA) applauds the IOM for its leadership role in calling for the use of evidence-based methods for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and for advocating stepped-up research on therapies for war stress injuries, with an appropriate recognition of the urgency required.
We do, however, see errors and omissions in the portrayal of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in the IOM reports; we believe that the misrepresentation of EMDR in the 2008 document unfortunately has been perpetuated in the 2012 Initial Assessment. We are concerned that these misunderstandings will be incorporated as Phase 2 of this study proceeds; thus we are providing you with information with the hope that these inaccuracies can be addressed and corrected. This would positively impact further research on the treatment of PTSD. In the following, we have identified several specific statements in the IOM report that misquote or misrepresent the original EMDR research papers. The inaccuracy of the quotes are serious enough to bias the conclusions of the IOM report and call into question the validity of the document.
In addition, we want to highlight the fact that the original IOM report on PTSD called for randomized clinical trials (RCT) to further evaluate EMDR (IOM, 2008), but this recommendation has not been implemented. It is our hope that our response will encourage the IOM to address this lack of follow through and advocate for randomized clinical trials to test the efficacy of all the evidence-based therapies.

Keywords: Institute of Medicine Report  IOM Report  Military  Posttraumatic Stress  PTSD  

22. EMDR Professional Issue Committee (EPIC) (1991). Clinical exchange - Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR):  Response and review. EMDR Institute, Pacific Grove, CA.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
We are writing in response to a commentary published in the Clinical Exchange column in the August, 1991. In particular, we are concerned about how the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) procedure was presented. In order to provide a balanced summary of the development, procedures, and current uses of EMDR, we are offering the following comments in order to clarify some of the confusion or misconceptions that may have arisen as a result of the aforementioned commentary.

Keywords: EMDR Professional Issue Committee  EPIC  Review  

23. Errebo, N. (2007, January/February). Like a ghost: Using EMDR to revive a traumatized vet's marriage; Case commentary; Author's response. Psychotherapy Networker, 31(1) 73-79.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Errebo presents a case study of an Iraq War veteran with PTSD whose marriage was saved due to Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. The case is especially relevant, given the numbers of soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan, and the numbers who are reported to have ongoing post-traumatic symptoms up to and including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Case Commentary by Christine Courtois; Response by Author.

Keywords: Marital Issues  Veterans  

24. Everly, G. S. Jr., & Lating, J. M. (2002). A clinical guide to the treatment of the human stress response, 2nd ed. Springer Publishing Company.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
This updated edition of A Clinical Guide to the Treatment of the Human Stress Response reflects the dramatic changes in this field over the past decade. This edition covers a range of new topics, including stress and the immune system, post-traumatic stress and crisis intervention, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD), Crisis Management Briefings in response to mass disasters and terrorism, Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM), spirituality and religion as stress management tools, dietary factors and stress, and updated information on psychopharmacologic intervention in the human stress response. As with the previous edition, this volume is designed as a comprehensive and accessible guide to both the clinically relevant physiology and treatment of the human stress response. Discussion of treatment protocols, using selected behavioral treatment strategies, is purposefully brief and clinically targeted. Supplemental information for practitioners includes a flow chart on the nature of stress physiology, a relaxation report form, specific protocols for teaching the relaxation response, a self-report checklist designed for health education purposes, and over 700 references. [Springer] Springer Series on Stress and Coping

Keywords: Human Stress Response  

25. Fernandez, I. (2008). EMDR after a critical incident: Treatment of a tsunami survivor with acute posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(2), 156-159. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.2.156.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Research indicates that EMDR is effective for the treatment of PTSD, with numerous studies showing a high percentage of symptom remission after 3 sessions. The case of a tsunami survivor with acute PTSD is presented. Treatment for overt trauma symptoms was completed within 3 sessions, including all 8 phases and the 3-pronged protocol (i.e., past, present, future targets). One EMDR session was sufficient to process the trauma and alleviate the related symptoms, while another session was necessary for re-evaluation and processing present triggers and future templates. Resource installation was particularly helpful to prepare him for those future situations that had been generating anxiety as a result of his traumatization. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults  Brief Psychotherapy  Case Report  Disaster  Disaster-Response  Indian Ocean Tsunami  Italians  Males  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychotherapeutic Processes  PTSD  Recent Events  Survivors  Trauma  Tsunamis  

26. Fine, C. G., & Berkowitz, S. A. (1999). The combined use of EMDR and hypnosis in the treatment of DID:  The wreathing protocol:The imbrication of hypnosis and EMDR in the treatment of dissociative identity disorder and other dissociative responses. Presentation at the International Society for the Study of Dissociation Fall Conference, Miami FL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: DID  Dissociative Identity Disorder  Hypnotherapy  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Psychotherapeutic Processes  

27. Fine, C., & Berkowitz, A. (2001, January-April). The wreathing protocol: The imbrication of hypnosis and EMDR in the treatment of dissociative identity disorder and other dissociative responses. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 43(3-4), 275-290. doi:10.1080/00029157.2001.10404282.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), a chronic childhood onset posttraumatic stress disorder, is currently recognized as a treatable condition. It is considered the paradigmatic dissociative condition and carries with it extreme posttraumatic symptomatology. Therapists skilled in the treatment of DID are typically fluent in the uses of hypnosis for stabilization, affect management, building a safe place, and grounding to name of few [sic]. EMDR, which has come to the forefront of clinical awareness in the last ten years, seems aptly suited for the treatment of trauma, but can be destabilizing. This paper proposes a protocol, called Wreathing Protocol, for the imbricated use of EMDR and hypnosis in the treatment of not only DID (though this will be the primary focus of the paper), but also Dissociative Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (DDNOS) and chronic PTSD. This protocol is useful to advanced clinicians skilled in both modalities independently. The sequential steps of the Wreathing Protocol will be described and illustrated by a clinical vignette on DID. The clinical implications of the use of the Wreathing Protocol will be discussed in DID as well as the chronic post traumatic spectrum. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Dissociative Identity Disorder  Hypnotherapy  PTSD  Psychotherapeutic Processes  Review  

28. Forgash, C. A. (2002, June). EMDR/ego state work in trauma response situations:  Working with survivors of the WTC 9/11 tragedy. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Therapists who respond to massive trauma find that some clients (i.e., people who escaped the WTC Towers, rescue workers, firefighters, and those who have lost family members) may be triggered into reexperiencing earlier traumas and may present with a dissociative disorder. Integration of EMDR and Ego State Therapy provides a safer approach. Unresolved trauma necessitates dealing with ego states that hold earlier memories/symptoms to prevent poor response to standard EMDR. This presentation emphasizes practical, safety focused innovations; planing for longer EMDR treatment; developing resources, stability and readiness; container and imagery exercises to help clients deal with triggering stressful situations. This workshop will provide handout and bibliography; case illustrations and slides of clients treated in the aftermath of disaster.

Keywords: 9/11  Disaster  Ego State Therapy  September 11th  Survivors  World Trade Center  WTC  

29. Gelbach, R. A. (2008). Trauma, research, and EMDR: A disaster responder's wish list. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(2), 146-155. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.2.146.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Disasters, both natural and "man-made", affect a large portion of the Earth's population and can be expected to increase in intensity over the coming decades. The impact of disasters on mental health of affected populations is substantial and likely to be insufficiently addressed in the overall context of disaster response. While successful mental health intervention has been demonstrated in a variety of cases, including through the use of EMDR treatment, this problem needs more attention. Effective mental health response will be greatly supported by increased research on questions related to the incidence, form, and prognosis of disaster-generated traumatic stress, as these are affected by type of disaster, culture of affected population, sociological conditions, and neuropsychological factors, and the interactions among these. A brief summary of desirable research is presented that could help responders meet these challenges. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Disaster  Disaster-Response  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Trauma  

30. Gelbach, R. A., & Davis, K. E. B. (2007). Disaster response: EMDR and family systems therapy under communitywide stress. In F. Shaprio, F. W. Kaslow, & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp. 387-404). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Disaster is commonly understood as an overwhelming misfortune that is not easily overcome or set right. Though our lives may go on after a disaster, it is virtually certain that they will have been transformed in some profound way. Nevertheless, it is very clear that not all who live through a disaster will be traumatized by it and that only a fraction of survivors will develop trauma-related disorders such as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Societies that have resources and choose to use them to shore up the infrastructure quickly and effectively will buffer their populations from increasing levels of PTSD. The impact of disasters on family and societal function and intervention priorities are discussed here. Report of the Task Force (2002) of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies is summarized next. The chapter then discusses psychotherapy as a response to disaster. Two approaches to postdisaster psychotherapy that have adapted well in diverse cultural environments are Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 2001) and family systems approaches. The therapy process is presented next. Other topics here include family and cultural considerations and group treatment. A case example is presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Disaster Response  Disasters  Emotional Trauma  Family Systems Therapy  Family Therapy  Post Disaster Psychotherapy  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Stress  Society  Therapy Process  

31. Gerardi, M., Rothbaum, B. O., Astin, M.C., & Kelley, M. (2010, June). Cortisol response following exposure treatment for PTSD in rape victims. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19(4), 349-356. doi:10.1080/10926771003781297.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study examined changes in salivary cortisol levels pre-to-post-treatment in adult female rape victims diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) randomly assigned to be treated with either Prolonged Exposure Therapy or Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. Salivary cortisol was collected at baseline, session 3, and session 9. A significant decrease in salivary cortisol levels was observed in individuals classified as treatment responders in both treatment conditions. Findings suggest that successful exposure-based treatments for PTSD which result in trauma-related and depressive symptom reduction may impact the action of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as measured by changes in level of salivary cortisol from pre-to-post-treatment.

Keywords: Rape  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

32. Gomory, T. (2001, January ). A fallibilistic response to Thyer’s theory of theory-free empirical research in social work practice. Journal of Social Work Education, 37(1), 26-50.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The author responses to the professor B.A. Thyer's theory of theory-free empirical research in social work practice. Thyer provides a number of examples in the present article, several apparently by his doctoral students. It is not quite clear what he means when he offers them in the spirit of these contemporary qualitative times as anecdotal examples of this distortion of the research process, except to suggest that these case examples are just personal reflections and are not therefore to be taken seriously. That would be most unempirical and to no point. It seems at least to this reviewer that a set of theoretical conjectures formalized in a treatment package was being tested, perhaps something to the effect that the provision of education about the consequence of compliance or noncompliance together with case management support and reminders will significantly improve maternal compliance. Thyer apparently doesn't recognize this as theory testing or using theory, but he would need to spell out specifically why, for example, case management is a theory-free intervention.[Author's abstract]

Keywords: Theory-Free Empirical Research  Thyer  

33. Grainger, R. K. (1992, December). Hurricane Andrew response team. EMDR Network Newsletter, 2(2), 16-17.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
On November 1, 1992, a three-person disaster response team of EMDR trained therapists, consisting of Nancy Walker, MFCC, from Sunnyvale, CA, and Bill Reid, LSW, and Bill Owens, LISW, Columbus, OH, paid their way to Miami for the privilege of working with disaster survivors and utilizing EMDR. This is report on the work of that team and related information about emergency disaster work.

Keywords: EMDR Volunteer Disaster Response Team  Florida Disaster Response Team  Hurricane Andrew  Recent Events  

34. Greenwald, R. (1999, Fall). A crisis response approach for suicidal teens. EMDRIA Newsletter, Child and Adolescent Issue, Special Edition, 4(4), 23-25.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Child & adolescent issue: A closer look
In my current position as a clinical psychologist based on a high school campus, I often have occasion to meet with adolescents who are suicidal, some having recently made suicidal gestures. Despite the complexity and variety of presenting issues, there is a set of more or less standardized steps to follow to ensure safety as well as appropriate follow-up.

Keywords: Children  Suicide  Teens  

35. Greenwald, R. (1999, June). A crisis response approach for suicidal teens. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In my current position as a clinical psychologist based on a hlgh school campus, I often have occasion to meet with adolescents who are suicidal, some having recently made suicidal gestures. Despite the complexity and variety of presenting issues, there is a set of more or less standardized steps to follow to ensure safety as well as appropriate follow-up. In this paper I present a case to illustrate how I have integrated EMDR. This approach to teen suicidality uses several elements of the motivation - anger - trauma therapy (MATT) approach for teens with conduct disorder, which has been described in detail elsewhere (Greenwald 1998, 1999, in press). In addition to the standard crisis interventions - letting the client talk out the problem, contracting for safety, implementing supports and restrictions as needed, and arranging follow-up - I have been using EMDR in various ways to enhance present safety as well as subsequent resiliency. For example: the Choices Have Consequences intervention (cited above, described below) helps the client to realize that self-harm leads to a poor outcome despite its initial appeal; the standard use of EMDR can help to reduce vulnerability to the type of stressor which led to the current crisis; and the Future Movies intervention (also cited above and described below) helps to create a more hopeful long-term perspective while enhancing coping skills.

Keywords: Adolescents  Poster  Suicide  Teens  

36. Greenwald, R., & Shapiro, F. (2011). What Is EMDR? Concluding Commentary by Greenwald and Response by Shapiro. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(1), 2-13. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.1.25.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This Point/Counterpoint concludes the interchange in Greenwald, R. and Shapiro, F. (2010) What is EMDR?: Commentary by Greenwald and Invited Response by Shapiro Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4, 170-179. Greenwald Rejoinder: In this rejoinder, I highlight areas of agreement between Shapiro and me that were obscured by Shapiro's (2010) response to my (Greenwald, 2010) commentary. I also address some of the erroneous statements made by Shapiro (2010) in her arguments against my positions. Finally, I summarize our disagreements, and again assert that until we have an empirical basis for preferring a particular theoretical model of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), it is premature for professional organizations to endorse Shapiro's model. Shapiro Response: In response to Greenwald, I again confine myself to addressing some of the errors and misconceptions in his arguments in relation to important aspects of EMDR therapy, theory, and research. Further, contrary to his assertion, there is already a sufficient empirical basis to support the preferential use of the adaptive information processing (AIP) model from which the EMDR procedures were formulated. His argument against this position is antithetical to the traditional process by which foundational models are challenged, refined, or replaced. Implications are salient to both training and practice.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing  AIP  Model  Psychotherapy  Research  

37. Greenwald, R., & Shapiro, F. (2010). What is EMDR?: Commentary by Greenwald and invited response by Shapiro. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(4), 170-179. doi:10.1891/19333196.4.4.170 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Greenwald: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has already been defi ned by at least one EMDR-focused professional association as inextricably based on Shapiro’s (2001) eight-phase protocol and adaptive information processing (AIP) model. This commentary argues that given the lack of data supporting an exclusive preference for Shapiro’s constructs, EMDR’s defi nition should not preclude legitimate alternative conceptualizations. Since defi nitions may be used for many inclusive and exclusive purposes with impact on EMDR’s development, dissemination, practice, and reputation, EMDR’s defi nition should be reconsidered. Shapiro : Greenwald’s arguments and suggested redefi nition are examined in relation to EMDR research, theory and practice. As evaluated in numerous studies, EMDR is a distinct, eight-phase integrative psychotherapy approach that consists of numerous procedures and protocols, which were formulated and are conducted in accordance with the principles of the AIP model. Research and published clinical case reports have validated both its utility and predictions of positive treatment outcomes with a variety of populations. Professional implications are explored.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing  AIP  Phase Model  Psychotherapy  Trauma  

38. Harper, M., Rasolkhani-Kalhorn, T., & Drozd, J. F. (2009, June). On the neural basis of EMDR therapy: Insights from qEEG studies. Traumatology, 15(2), 81-95. doi:10.1177/1534765609338498.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy has been shown by empirical studies to be effective in relief from psychological traumas including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Several logical concepts regarding the origin of the EMDR effect have been presented, but no detailed neural explanation is available. This lack of a widely accepted scientific explanation for the EMDR effect has led to skepticism about the therapy by many therapists and potential clients. The authors present evidence based primarily on quantitative electroencephalogram studies that the neural basis for the EMDR effect is depotentiation of fear memory synapses in the amygdala during an evoked brain state similar to that of slow wave sleep. These studies suggest that brain stimulation during EMDR significantly increases the power of a naturally occurring low-frequency rhythm in memory areas of the brain, binding these areas together and causing receptors on the synapses of fear memory traces to be disabled. This mechanical change in the memory trace enables it to be incorporated into the normal memory system without the extreme emotions previously associated with it. EMDR is a medical procedure because it changes the physical structure of the brain to modify problematically stored memories.

Keywords: Memory  Neuronal Response Frequency  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

39. Hassard, A., Jeynes, C., Smith, K., & Chung, M. C. (2008, June). Dose response, cognitive change and the working memory limit in eye movement desensitisation. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The natural history of treatment with Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD), was investigated. EMD is defined as EMDR without the cognitive components, such as the positive cognition procedure or cognitive interleave. When EMD treatment does not proceed, then the flashback or distressing image is decomposed in various ways, until it does proceed. A retrospective audit showed that patients report an average of seven flashbacks, or images. We attempted to confirm this prospectively. One hundred and thirty patients in the Genito-Urinary Medicine Clinic were entered. Fifty-one completed treatment. Progress was assessed with questionnaires at all treatment sessions. All previously reported flashbacks or images were reassessed at the beginning of each session. All distressing images were treated, both to the initial presenting event and all other distressing life events or anxieties reported. The number of flashbacks desensitized was recorded. There was a six-month postal followup. We predicted there would be an average of seven flashbacks and that the questionnaires would reduce to low levels at this point. The mode and median values were seven. The mean was 7.9. Evaluation questionnaires reduced to good levels. An average of seven flashbacks or images was reported to completion of treatment. This seven may indicate the working memory limit. If PTSD and psychological disorder in general are caused by overloaded working memory capacity, maybe EMD works by unloading it. If WM bandwidth is liberated by treatment, then this may enable the cognitive and emotional change observed in EMD treatment. Further implications of this will be discussed.

Keywords: Cognitive Change  Dose Response  

40. Heber, R., Kellner, M., & Yehuda, R. (2002, December). Salivary cortisol levels and the cortisol response to dexamethasone before and after EMDR:  A case report. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(12), 1521-1530. doi:10.1002/jclp.10102.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Trauma survivors with PTSD have been shown to have lower basal cortisol levels in the urine, plasma, and saliva than in trauma survivors without PTSD, nontraumatized mentally ill, or healthy subjects. We report on a case study in which we measured pre- and post-Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment salivary cortisol levels and salivary cortisol response to 0.50 mg of dexamethasone in a 41-year-old female with chronic PTSD symptoms. Our goal was to determine whether symptom improvement following trauma-focused treatment (EMDR) is associated with changes in basal salivary cortisol or in the cortisol response to dexamethasone administration. Our findings show moderate symptom improvement, an increase in basal cortisol levels, and a more attenuated cortisol hypersuppression in response to the dexamethasone suppression test following EMDR treatment. These results suggest the potential utility of including neuroendocrine measures in the assessment of treatment outcome in PTSD. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Battery  Biologic Markers  Brief Psychotherapy  Case Report  Clinical Case Study  Cortisol  Dexamethasone Suppression Test  Empirical Study  Females  Legal Procedures  Middle Aged  Multiple Traumatic Events  Neuroendocrine Neuroendocrine Testing  Neuroendocrinology  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Rape  Survivors  Treatment Effectiveness  

41. Hembree, E. A., Cahill, S. P., & Foa, E. B. (2003, December). Response to “Comment on Hembree and Foa (2003)”. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(6) 757-577. doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000004082.30375.67.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In summary, we submit that the evidence cited by Lipke in support of the proposal that eye movements contribute to treatment outcome does not meet the burden of proof. Specifically, eye movements and other laterally alternating stimuli have not been shown to have an effect on relevant and independently assessed outcome measures of symptoms, such as measures of PTSD severity. Thus, we reaffirm Hembree and Foa's conclusion that assertions about an important role for eye movements or any other laterally alternating stimuli on treatment outcome have not been supported by extant research. [Adapted from Text, p. 577] [Pilots]

Keywords: Comment  Letter  Methodology  Professional Criticism Reply  Treatment  

42. Hoffman, S. (2009). On science, orthodoxy, EMDR, and the AIP, H. Lipke, Invited response. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(2), 111. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.2.109.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In the letter to the editor titled “On Science, Orthodoxy, EMDR, and the AIP,” the writer criticizes the EMDRIA’s defi nition of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). This defi nition affects EMDR training requirements, EMDRIA continuing education credits, the programs selected for the annual conference, and the work of the Journal for EMDR Practice and Research. The defi nition was put into place in 2003 in order to set the professional standard for the community. It has been revised once and, like all policies, is subject to further revision based on new information.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing  AIP  Letter  Orthodoxy  Science  

43. Hornsveld, H. K. (2011, April). Weten we nu hoe EMDR werkt? Een reactie op ‘Hoe het komt dat EMDR werkt’ door Marcel van den Hout en Iris Engelhard [We know how EMDR works? One Response to "How it is that EMDR works" by Marcel van den Hout and Iris Engelhard]. Directieve Therapie, 31(1), 32-42. doi:10.1007/s12433-011-0004-3.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Keywords: Letter  

44. Hurley, E. C. (2010, November). A response to the meta-analysis by Albright & Thyer: What best serves our troops?. Behavioral Interventions, 25(4), 349-353. doi:10.1002/bin.314.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Comments on Does EMDR reduce post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology in combat veterans? by David L. Albright and Bruce Thyer (see record 2010-02408-001). As an Army Chaplain and psychotherapist for 30 years, I have used a variety of psychotherapy modalities to treat soldiers and military families in various combat zones, as well as military installations in the United States. In this capacity I have found eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) to be efficacious in the treatment of both trauma and life adjustment issues. In my present position as Director of Soldier Center, Clarksville, TN, I use EMDR on a daily basis to treat soldiers and veterans recovering from combat trauma. Based on my extensive experience in the successful application of EMDR, I am dismayed by the pre-suppositional bias against and potentially serious misrepresentations of EMDR that are evident in the Albright and Thyer article from the authors' very first mention of it. The authors have done a great disservice to clinicians, as well as to veterans, with their paper. In summary, the best way to serve our troops is to urge comparative research between EMDR and the extant cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) treatments. Our men and women in uniform deserve the best treatment possible. EMDR has amply demonstrated its efficacy with multiple trauma populations and should not be minimized because of subjective biases and misinformation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Albright  Letter  Thyer  Troops  

45. Hurley, E. C., & Colelli, G. (2006, September). Post-Katrina disaster response:  EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Program (HAP) volunteers discuss post-Katrina recovery work and its comparison with the 9/11 New York City response. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation provides a collective body of knowledge helpful for EMDR clinicians in understanding disaster response at sites both in post-Katrina operations in Louisiana and 911 operations in New York City. The presentation will include information learned by EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Program (HAP) volunteers in establishing an on-site network for trauma recovery clinicians serving in Louisiana. Lessons learned include establishing initial onsite networks, noting key contact persons, and networking with local agencies in providing EMDR services. EMDR Consultation and the importance of daily debriefings of the clinical work will be discussed. Differences in protocols such as EMD, Recent Events Protocol, and EMDR, as they relate to the timing of the trauma will be outlined. The importance of practicing healthy self-care and avoiding burnout will be noted. A summation will include the similarities and differences between the EMDR community-based intervention project in New York City with responders and civilian following 9/11 and the post-Katrina HAP project with first responders in Louisiana.

Keywords: HAP  Katrina  

46. Ichii, M., Amano, T., & Yoshikawa, H. (2012, June). Hemodynamic responses during EMDR treatment of traumatic memory [Respuestas hemodinámicas durante el tratamiento de memorias traumáticas con EMDR]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In order to investigate brain activity during EMDR, 52-channel NIRS（near –infrared spectroscopy) and heart rate were measured in treating a traumatic memory of non-clinical twenty five year old woman. A target memory was sexually molestation by a stranger when she was ten years old, and forced to touch penis of perpetrator. And IES-R score was as low as 11. A well-experienced EMDR therapist (=M.I.) applied estandarized EMDR protocol. Negative cognition was “I am shameful person”, and positive cognition was ”I deserve to live.” The body location is both arms and hands. By thirty-seven sets of EM, 7.5 level of SUDs decreased to 0, and VOC went up from 3.5 to 7. The [oxy-Hb] change in right orbitofrontal cortex increased as the negative emotion went up, and decreased rapidly after processing. The [oxy-Hb] change in left orbitofrontal cortex decreased just after cognitive interweave of responsibility was done. The [oxy-Hb] variation in right temporal lobe increased rapidly, and the [oxy-Hb] change in left temporal lobe decreased when direction of EM was changed from horizontal to diagonal movement when negative imagery disappeared. Heart rate data show gradual decreasing tendency throughout the session. Within each set, heart rate also decreased by EM. By monitoring NIRS, various techniques or pivotal processes in EMDR may be supposed to influence brain. In order to confirm the relationship, we should collect data from more subjects.

Para poder investigar la actividad cerebral durante EMDR, se midieron la NIRS (espectroscopia cercana al infrarrojo) de 52 canales y el ritmo cardíaco para tratar los recuerdos traumático de una mujer no clínica de veinticinco años. Un recuerdo diana fue un abuso sexual de un extraño cuando tenía 10 años y el agresor la obligó a tocarle el pene. La puntuación del IES-­‐R fue de 11. Un terapeuta EMDR con experiencia (=M.I.) aplicó el protocolo estándar de EMDR. La cognición negativa fue “Soy una persona vergonzosa”, y la cognición positiva fue ”Merezco vivir.” La localización corporal fue en ambos brazos y manos. Después de 37 sets de movimientos oculares, el SUD de 7,5 bajó a 0, y el VOC subió de un 3,5 a un 7. El cambio [oxy-­‐Hb] en el córtex órbitofrontal derecho aumentó a medida que aumentaba la emoción negativa, y disminuyó rápidamente después del procesamiento. El cambio [oxy-­‐Hb] en el córtex órbitofrontal izquierdo disminuyó justo después de hacerse un entrelazado cognitivo de responsabilidad. La variación [oxy-­‐Hb] en el lóbulo temporal derecho aumentó rápidamente, y el cambio [oxy-­‐Hb] en el lóbulo temporal izquierdo disminuyó al cambiar la dirección de los movimientos oculares de horizontal a diagonal cuando desapareció la imagen negativa. Los datos del ritmo cardíaco muestran una tendencia decreciente gradual a lo largo de la sesión. En cada una de las tandas, el ritmo cardíaco también disminuyó por los movimientos oculares. A través de monitorear el NIRS, se supone que diversas técnicas o procesos centrales en EMDR influyen en el cerebro. Para poder confirmar esta relación, deberíamos recolectar datos de más sujetos.

Keywords: Hemodynamic Responses  

47. Johnson, L. (1992). Commentary on eye movement desensitization and reprocessing method:  Response by Dr. Johnson. The Milton H. Erickson Foundation Newsletter, 12(2), 7.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Keywords: Letter  

48. Konuk, E. (2009, June). Mental health response and training program for developing countries: The Turkish model. In G. Zaal (Chair), Diverse. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Training Program  Symposium  Turkish Model  

49. Konuk, E., Knipe, J., Eke, I., Yuksek, H., Yurtsever, A., & Ostep, S. (2006, August). The effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy on post-traumatic stress disorder in survivors of the 1999 Maramara, Turkey, earthquake. International Journal of Stress Management, 13(3), 291-308. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.13.3.291.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
As part of a program of response to the 1999 Marmara, Turkey, earthquake, an estimated 1,500 trauma victims with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were treated in tent cities with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). A field study evaluating a representative group of 41 participants with diagnosed PTSD indicated that a mean of five 90-minute sessions was sufficient to eliminate symptoms in 92.7% of those treated, with reduction in symptoms in the remaining participants. Significant reductions occurred between the pre and posttreatment PTSD Symptom Scale Self-Report version (PSS-SR) total scores and all subscales. These gains were maintained at 6-month follow-up. The same pattern of recovery was observed regardless of the use or nonuse of psychotropic medication at the time of intake.

Keywords: Clinical Trial  Developing Countries  Disaster Response  Emotional Trauma  Empirical Study  Follow-up Study  Field Study  Natural Disasters  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Quantitative Study  Recent Events  Survivors  Treatment Outcome  

50. Lange, A. (2002). EMDR: Reactie op reactie [EMDR: Response to comment]. DTH - Kwartaalschrift voor Directieve Therapie en Hypnose, 22(1), 86-87.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Keywords: Letter  Practice  Theory  

51. Leeds, A. M., & Korn, D. L. (2012). A commentary on Hornsveld et al. (2011): A valid test of resource development and installation? Absolutely not. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(4), 170-173. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.6.4.170.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Researchers have published evidence supporting both the “working memory“ and the “REM/Orienting Response“ hypotheses as mechanisms underlying the documented treatment effects of EMDR on patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Hornsveld et al. (2011) provide additional evidence of the impact of eye movements (EMs) on aspects of positive memory recall, but overstate their findings relevance to resource development and installation (RDI: Korn & Leeds, 2002) and to the interhemispheric interaction hypothesis (Propper & Christman, 2008). Most likely multiple mechanisms underlie the observed effects of EMDR and RDI. The needed RDI test is to randomly assign patients with Disorders of Extreme Stress not Otherwise Specified with measured coping difficulties to alternate conditions: one an RDI procedure without bilateral (or other distracting) sensory stimulation and one with bilateral EMs.

Keywords: RDI  REM/Orienting Response  Resource Development and Installation  Working Memory  

52. Lipke, H. (2001, October). Response to Devilly's (2001) claims on distraction and exposure. the Behavior Therapist, 24(9), 195.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Argues that Devilly misrepresented the outcome of several studies of the effectiveness of EMDR. [FAL] A comment on: Grant J. Devilly, "The influence of distraction during exposure and researcher allegiance during outcome trials", The Behavior Therapist 24(1): 18-21 (January 2001) [23585]. For a response, see: Devilly, "Effect size and methodological rigor in EMDR: a reply to Lipke's (2001) comment", The Behavior Therapist 24(9): 195-196 (2001). [Pilots]

Keywords: Exposure Therapy  Posttraumatic Stress DIsorder  Professional Criticism  PTSD  Treatment Effectiveness  

53. Lipke, H. (1993, August). Response to Pitman et al paper:  A controlled study of eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Unpublished.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Keywords: Letter  

54. Lipke, H. (2007, October 22). Amended response to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Report of the Committee on Treatment of PTSD, commissioned by the Department of Veteran Affairs. Howard Lipke, Ph.D..

Language: English

Format: Other

Keywords: Amended Response  

55. Lohr, J. M., Devilly, G., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Olatunji, B. O. (2006). First do no harm, and then do some good: Science and professional responsibility in the response to disaster and trauma. the Behavior Therapist, 29, 131-135.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Qualitative reviews and meta-analyses of peer-reviewed EMDR outcome studies have consistently found that there is overwhelming evidence that eye movements are neither a necessary nor useful component of the general clinical protocol (e.g., Devilly, 2002; Lohr, Lilienfeld, Tolin, & Herbert, 1999; Davidson & Parker, 2001); there is strong and consistent evidence that EMDR is better than no treatment and ineffective treatments, but no more effective than other treatments that use some aspect of exposure therapy (Devilly, 2002; McNally, 1999); and there is growing evidence that a cognitive-behavioral treatment including exposure is superior to EMDR for long-term effectiveness (Devilly & Spence, 1999; Taylor, Thodarson, Maxfield, & Fedoroff, 2003). In sum, “what is effective in EMDR is not new, and what is new is[not effective” (McNally, 1999, p. 619.[Excerpt]

Keywords: Skeptic  

56. MacCulloch, M. J., & Feldman, P. (1996, November). Eye movement desensitisation treatment utilises the positive visceral element of the investigatory reflex to inhibit the memories of post-traumatic stress disorder:  A theoretical analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169(5), 571-579. doi:10.1192/bjp.169.5.571.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) has attracted controversy and has led to publications covering a wide range of psychological problems treated by EMDR, in particular, PTSD. There is growing clinical evidence of the effectiveness of EMDR, but a lack of a convincing theoretical basis to explain its rapid effect. Method: This paper argues that a combination of Pavlovian and Darwinian theory provide a theoretical explanation for the therapeutic effectiveness of EMDR. Results: We suggest that the investigatory component of the orienting reflex is an evolutionary development enabling organisms to assess their environment for both opportunities and threats. We propose that EMDR is rapidly effective because it is a clinical method of Pavlovian conditioning by which the positive visceral element of the investigatory reflex can be paired with clinically-induced noxious memories to remove their negative affect. Conclusion: Compared with established forms of treatment for PTSD, EMDR is rapid, with resulting clinical and economic benefits. Our suggested theoretical basis for EMDR has implications for further explanatory research and for developments in EMDR treatment. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Conditioned Emotional Responses  Literature Review  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Treatment Effectiveness  

57. Maxfield, L. (2009). On science, orthodoxy, EMDR, and the AIP, H. Lipke, Response from the editor. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(2), 109-112. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.2.109.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The Journal ’s instructions to authors are located inside the back cover of every issue. The relevant passage stated, “Articles that recommend a clinical approach that differs from EMDR’s standard protocol or its foundational Adaptive Information Processing model (Shapiro, 2001) should explain these differences.”The purpose of this instruction was to encourage clarity rather than conformity. It is important for Journal readers, some of whom have not been trained in this method, to know whether the techniques described are standard for eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) or variations on the protocol. For example, the reader of an article describing a technique that combines EMDR with aspects of another psychotherapy approach such as hypnosis could assume that hypnotic inductions were part of standard EMDR unless it was stated clearly which elements were adapted from that method. The request that authors also clarify points of divergence from the adaptive information-processing (AIP) model was similarly intended to generate clarity. It is consistent with the recognition that a common platform for discussion is needed, even if that platform is imperfect. It is also consistent with Shapiro’s teaching of the AIP model as a clinical heuristic that is subject to revision in the face of new data or more compelling models. Rather than thwarting discussion, the request that authors explain points of disagreement was designed to promote deeper consideration of the mechanisms and models underlying EMDR. In response to Dr. Lipke’s letter, the Journal ’s Editorial Board engaged in a thorough review process to examine the value of this instruction and invited responses (see letters above) from Dr. Shapiro and the EMDRIA’s Board of Directors to further illuminate the process. The Editorial Board has a diverse membership, and there were divergent opinions, including some disagreements with the following response. It was decided to modify the identified statement so that it now reads, “Articles that recommend a clinical approach that differs from EMDR’s standard protocol or Shapiro’s (2001) Adaptive Information Processing model should discuss these differences.”

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing  AIP  Letter  Orthodoxy  Science  

58. McGlynn, F. D. (1997). Response to Lipke's comment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11(6), 603-606. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00043-1.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Lipke's criticisms of the experiment reported by Bates and colleagues are without merit. Data from the experiment show either that the procedure was sound or that the clinical measurement reported by eye-movement densitization (EMD) therapists is suspect. Lipke's statement that EMD enjoys increasing scientific support is likewise without merit. Scientific support for EMD seems to exist only when one disregards the methodological lessons taught by behavior-therapy research for the last three decades.

Keywords: Female  Letter  Phobias  Reply  Spider Phobia  

59. Merckelbach, H., Hogervorst, E., Kampman, M., & de Jongh, A. (1994). Effects of '"eye movement desensitization" on emotional processing in normal subjects. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 22(4), 331-335. doi:10.1017/S1352465800013217.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A number of single case reports have made impressive claims for the efficacy of "eye movement desensitization" (EMD) in the treatment of traumatic memories. Many of these case reports claim that EMD reduces the unpleasant feelings associated with traumatic images. However, at present, there are no published controlled studies that provide evidence for these claims. The present experiment investigated whether EMD inhibits emotional responding during retrieval of aversive information. Normal Ss (N = 40) were exposed to an aversive slide. During a next stage, half of the Ss underwent EMD while they rehearsed the slide information, whereas the other half underwent a control procedure (i.e., finger tapping) while rehearsing slide information. Before and after EMD or control intervention, heart rate and self-report data were obtained while Ss retrieved and visualized the aversive slide. No evidence was found to suggest that EMD inhibits emotional reactivity more than does finger tapping. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Aversive Stimulation  Emotional Responding During Retrieval of Aversive Information  Emotional Responses  Eye Movements  Treatment  

60. Merckelbach, H., Hogervost, E., Kampman, M., & de Jongh, A. (1994, March). Eye-movement-desensitization heeft geen effect op emotionele reactiviteit van 'normale' proefpersonen [Eye movement desensitization has no effect on the emotional reactivity of normal test subjects]. Gedragstherapie, 27(1), 33-49.

Language: Dutch

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Verschillende single-case studies hebben gesuggereerd dat posttraumatische stress-symptomen en andere angst-gerelateerde problemen kunnen succesvol worden behandeld met een sessie van de oogbeweging desensibilisatie (EMD). Twee experimenten werden uitgevoerd om te onderzoeken of EMD de emotionele reactie van de normale proefpersonen beïnvloedt. In het eerste experiment kregen de proefpersonen (N = 40) blijkt een aversieve dia. Vervolgens helft van de proefpersonen ondergingen EMD, terwijl ze repeteerden de dia informatie, en de andere helft onderging een controle-procedure (dwz de vinger te tikken), terwijl het verbeelden van de glijbaan. Voor en na de interventie (dat wil zeggen, EMD vs vinger te tikken), werden de hartslag en de self-report gegevens die zijn verkregen terwijl proefpersonen repeteerde de dia. Er werd geen bewijs gevonden dat EMD de emotionele impact van de aversieve dia verlaagd. Het tweede experiment werd uitgevoerd langs dezelfde lijnen. Echter, dit keer proefpersonen (N = 28) repeteerde een pijnlijke gebeurtenis die zij onlangs had ervaren. Verder werd een cognitieve 'opwerking' component toegevoegd aan de EMD procedure. Toch heeft geen bevindingen ondersteunen het idee dat EMD emotionele reactiviteit remt om een grotere mate dan de vinger te tikken. Tezamen zijn de resultaten van beide experimenten niet bemoedigend, ze suggereren dat placebo-effecten en de vraag naar kenmerken rekening kan worden gehouden voor het spectaculaire succes van EMD.

Several single-case studies have suggested that posttraumatic stress symptoms and other anxiety-related problems can be successfully treated with one session of eye movement desensitization (EMD). Two experiments were carried out to examine whether EMD affects the emotional response of normal subjects. In the first experiment, subjects (N = 40) were shown an aversive slide. Next, half of the subjects underwent EMD while they rehearsed the slide information, and the other half underwent a control procedure (i.e., finger tapping) while imagining the slide. Before and after the intervention (i.e., EMD vs. finger tapping), heart rate and self-report data were obtained while subjects rehearsed the slide. No evidence was found to suggest that EMD reduced the emotional impact of the aversive slide. The second experiment was conducted along similar lines. However, this time subjects (N = 28) rehearsed an embarrassing event that they had recently experienced. Furthermore, a cognitive 'reprocessing' component was added to the EMD procedure. Nevertheless, findings did not support the idea that EMD inhibits emotional reactivity to greater extent than finger tapping. Taken together, the results of both experiments are not encouraging; they suggest that placebo effects and demand characteristics may account for the spectacular success of EMD.

Keywords: Aversive Stimulation  Emotional Responses  Eye Movements  Systematic Desensitization Therapy  

61. Morton, B. E., & Paulsen, S. L. (1993). Stress disorders: Cortical plasticity, eye saccades, and multiple personalities. Paper presented at the University of Hawaii School of Medicine and Pacific Institute for Behavioral Medicine. Honolulu, HI.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Origin and Nature of Stress Disorders: The Defense Response occurs as part of the switch from fearful flight (Ego) to cornered, fearless fight (Id) whereby the individual attempts to obtain freedom from restraint through the violence of defensive attack. The activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is part of this response. Stress Disorders are pathological states resulting in inappropriate, repeated activation of the Defense Response. They appear to be produced from a maladaptive cortical plasticity that occurred whenever the Defense Response failed to protect the organism from trauma.

Keywords: Cortical Plasticity  Defense Response  Eye Saccades  HPA  Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal  Multiple Personalities  Stress Disorders  

62. Muris, P. (2002, April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Een reactie en het laatste woord [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A response and the last word]. Psychopraxis, 4(2), 37-39. doi:10.1007/BF03071982.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In het vorige nummer van PsychoPraxis beschreven Ad De Jongh en Erik Ten Broeke de EMDR-procedure aan de hand van een casus. Hier volgt een reactie op dit artikel van Peter Muris, waarna de beide auteurs het laatste woord krijgen.

In the previous issue of psychoanalytic praxis described Ad De Jongh and Erik ten Broeke the EMDR procedure using a case study. Here is a response to this article by Peter Muris, after which both authors have the final say.

Keywords: Case Study  

63. Nijdam, M., Olff, M., & Gersons, B. (2006, November). Posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic cognitions in response to trauma-focused psychotherapy. Poster presented at the 22nd annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Fall Conference, Hollywood, CA .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In clinical research it is important to address both vulnerabilities and positive processes that occur in response to traumatic stress. Therefore, we chose the concepts of posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic cognitions to examine how these reactions change in The Psychobiology of Trauma and Resilience 206 www.istss.org Poster Presentations – Session 3 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies 22nd Annual Meeting A C R O S S Tuesday Poster Presentations response to trauma-focused psychotherapy. In this presentation, preliminary data from a randomized controlled trial comparing Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy (n = 70) and Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n = 70) are presented. Participants were patients of the Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic of the Academic Medical Center / De Meren who had a diagnosis of PTSD following various kinds of type I trauma. Posttraumatic growth was assessed with the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, whereas posttraumatic cognitions were examined by use of the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory. Both measures were administered at pre- and postassessment to determine whether these concepts change after EMDR and/or BEP. Changes in and relationships between these variables are presented and future directions for research arising from the findings are discussed.

Keywords: Cognitions  Poster  Posttraumatic Growth Inventory  

64. O'Neil, J. A. (2006). En réponse au Dr. Gagnon [In response to Dr. Gagnon]. Santé Mentale au Québec, 31(2), 269-271.

Language: French

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
En tant que psychanalyste, je recoure avec chaque patient à une approche générale psychodynamique, mais j’inclus aussi soit l’hypnose soit l’EMDR (ou les deux) lorsque cela est indiqué. J’estime que l’hypnose est aussi importante que l’EMDR, parfois même plus importante dans la résolution de la pathologie de certains patients, surtout pour les conditions qui semblent avoir une dimension autohypnotique, comme la dissociation. Mais je n’insiste pas sur l’approche psychodynamique. Il y a des praticiens qui prennent soit l’hypnose soit l’EMDR comme approche thérapeutique. Avec le temps, ces approches sont devenues graduellement plus riches et plus nuancées afin de s’accommoder aux complexités des patients réels (tout comme la thérapie cognitive) ; elles ont « redécouvert » des dimensions psychanalytiques (par exemple le transfert, etc.).

As a psychoanalyst, I have recourse with each patient to a general psychodynamic approach, but I include also either hypnosis or EMDR (or both) when indicated. I that hypnosis is as important as EMDR, sometimes even more important in the resolution of the pathology of some patients, especially for conditions that seem to have a self-hypnotic dimension, as dissociation. But I do not insist on the approach psychodynamics. There are practitioners who are either hypnosis or EMDR as a therapeutic approach. Over time, these approaches gradually became richer and more nuanced view of accommodate the complexities of real patients (as therapy cognitive), have "rediscovered" psychoanalytic dimensions (Eg transfer, etc..).

Keywords: Practice  Theory  

65. Ohtani, T., Matsuo, K., Kasai, K., Kato, T., & Kato, N. (2009, December). Hemodynamic responses of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuroscience Research, 65(4), 375-383. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.08.014.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective psychological intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Trauma-related recall (Recall) with eye movements (EMs) is thought to reduce distress. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this process remain unknown. Thirteen patients with PTSD received EMDR treatment over the course of 2 to 10 weeks. We assessed the change in hemoglobin concentration in the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) during Recall with and without EM using multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Clinical diagnosis and improvement were evaluated using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Recall with EM was associated with a significant decrease in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration ([oxy-Hb]) in the lateral PFC as compared with Recall without EM. Longitudinally, [oxy-Hb] during Recall significantly decreased and the amount of decrease was significantly correlated with clinical improvement when the post-treatment data was compared with that of the pre-treatment. Our results suggest that performing EM during Recall reduces the over-activity of the lateral PFC, which may be part of the biological basis for the efficacy of EMDR in PTSD. NIRS may be a useful tool for objective assessment of psychological intervention in PTSD.

Keywords: Hemodynamic Responses  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

66. Ohtani, T., Matsuo, K., Kasai, K., Kato, T., & Kato, N. (2010, February). Erratum to “Hemodynamic responses of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in posttraumatic stress disorder”. Neuroscience Research, 66(2), 232. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.12.002.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Reports an error in "Hemodynamic responses of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in posttraumatic stress disorder" by Toshiyuki Ohta ni, Koji Matsuo, Kiyoto Kasai, Tadafumi Kato and Nobumasa Kato (Neuroscience Research, 2009[Dec], Vol 65[4], 375-383). The publisher regrets that the surname of Dr. Ohtani was incorrectly spelt in the original article. The corrected author listing is given in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2009-20201-001). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective psychological intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Trauma-related recall (Recall) with eye movements (EMs) is thought to reduce distress. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this process remain unknown. Thirteen patients with PTSD received EMDR treatment over the course of 2–10 weeks. We assessed the change in hemoglobin concentration in the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) during Recall with and without EM using multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Clinical diagnosis and improvement were evaluated using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Recall with EM was associated with a significant decrease in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration ([oxy-Hb]) in the lateral PFC as compared with Recall without EM. Longitudinally, [oxy-Hb] during Recall significantly decreased and the amount of decrease was significantly correlated with clinical improvement when the post-treatment data was compared with that of the pre-treatment. Our results suggest that performing EM during Recall reduces the over-activity of the lateral PFC, which may be part of the biological basis for the efficacy of EMDR in PTSD. NIRS may be a useful tool for objective assessment of psychological intervention in PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Hemodynamic Responses  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

67. Ohtani, T., Matsuoa, K., Kasai, K., Katob, T., and Katoa, N. (2005, May). Hemodynamic response to emotional memory recall with eye movement. Neuroscience Letters, 380(1-2), 75-79. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.08.014.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Previous studies on rapid eye movement sleep have demonstrated the effect of eye movement on emotional memory. However, the brain mechanism involved in the influence of the eye movement on the emotional recall remains unclear. We investigated the prefrontal response during an emotional memory recall with and without eye movement. Ten healthy volunteers were recruited. The changes in concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin ([oxy-Hb]) in the prefrontal cortex were examined using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during a task that involved emotional recall with and without eye movement. Six participants demonstrated a significant increase in [oxy-Hb] during emotional recall, and the level of increase was reduced through repeated emotional recall with eye movement. The results suggest that eye movement is associated with a reduction in the hemodynamic response to emotional memory recall

Keywords: Eye Movement  Emotional Recall  Near-infrared Spectroscopy  Prefrontal Cortex  

68. Page, M. G. (2007, July). Gathering objective data from assessment to discharge in EMDR therapy: Galvanic skin responses, verbal prompts and tactile desensitization. EMDR Practitioner. Retrieved from http://www.emdr-practitioner.net on 12/27/2008.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
This study shows how three changes (one addition to the EMDR protocol, plus two alterations) were used in the treatment of anxiety disorders. The addition to the EMDR protocol was: 1) The use of Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) monitors to provide a constant flow of objective, testable and measurable data specific to the experience of suffering or disturbance, exclusively to the clinician (and not to the patient) throughout the therapy process, The two other alterations were: 2) Incorporating specifically targeted verbal prompts at various points in the process, thus serving to maintain the patients emotional and intellectual focus on the experience of suffering the presenting disorder. 3) Allowing the patient to close his or her eyes and using tactile desensitization and reprocessing rather than eye movements, thereby allowing the patient to maintain the mental imagery specific to the suffering. The study group achieved beneficial outcomes sooner and more effectively than the control group who were given standard EMDR therapy.[Author abstract]

Keywords: Galvanic Skin Response  Tactile Desensitization  Verbal Prompts  

69. Park, S.-C. (2011, February). Plasma levels of neurotrophic factors predict responses to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Hanyang University, Graduate School, Seoul, Korea.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Complex PTSD is a proposed diagnosis that describes psychological sequelae of survivors with prolonged, repeated, and interpersonal trauma, including childhood physical abuse, incest, and other forms of family violence (Herman, 1992). The diagnostic criteria for complex PTSD are composed of the functional alterations in six areas: (1) regulation of affect and impulses; (2) attention or consciousness; (3) self-perception; (4) relations with others; (5) somatization; and (6) system of meaning (Pelcovitz et al., 1997). Recently, a morphometric study showed that patients with childhood abuse-related complex PTSD had more extensive involvements of neural substrates (reduced anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal volumes) than those with classical PTSD (Thomaes et al., 2009). Changes in the neural substrates of patients with complex PTSD may reflect the relationship, established in critical developmental phases, between traumatic experiences and neurobiological factors. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an integrative and comprehensive psychotherapy that contains various effective elements of psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and body-centered therapies (Shapiro and Maxfield, 2002). It was originally developed to resolve symptoms of psychic trauma, and has been shown to be highly effective in reducing the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Bradely et al., 2005; van der Kolk et al., 2007). It has been also proposed as a rapid and effective application for treating the core symptoms of complex PTSD (Korn and Leeds, 2002; Kim and Choi, 2004; Kim, 2003). Thus, the investigation of the effects of treatment of complex PTSD by EMDR may reveal aspects of neurobehavioral plasticity dependent on neurotrophic factors.

Keywords: Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Complex PTSD  C-PTSD  Neurotrophic Factors  Plasma Levels  

70. Park, S.-C., Park, Y.-C., Lee, M.-S., & Chang, H. S. (2012, March). Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor level may contribute to the therapeutic response to eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing in complex post-traumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. Acta Neuropsychiatrica. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00623.x.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
We investigated the relationship between plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) and responses to eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) in complex PTSD. Before and after EMDR, plasma levels of neurotrophic factors and scores in the indices of self-questionnaires were obtained for 8 men with complex PTSD. Baseline plasma levels of BDNF and NGF of responders and of non-responders were compared. The plasma BDNF levels of responders were higher than those of non-responders. However, plasma NGF levels did not differ in two groups. Plasma BDNF level might contribute to the therapeutic response to EMDR in trauma-related psychiatric disorders, such as complex PTSD. [Text]

Keywords: Pilot Study  Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Level  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

71. Pieper, G. (2005, November). Hilfen für opfer von katastrophen und gezielter gewalt ein konzept zur psychotraumatologischen versorgung. Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Wirtschafts- und Verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Albert -Ludwigs-Universität zu Freiburg im Breisgau [Assistance for victims of targeted violence and disasters: A framework for psycho-trauma clinician supply].

Language: German

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Die vorliegende Arbeit zur psychotraumatologischen Versorgung von Katastrophenopfern ist aus der praktischen therapeutischen Arbeit des Autors mit Traumatisierten und Felderfahrungen im Bereich von Großschadensbetreuungen der vergangenen 17 Jahre entstanden. Leitprinzip war dabei, einer kritisch wissenschaftlichen Analyse zu unterziehen, was in der Praxis oft aus Sach- und Zeitzwängen heraus ohne tiefere Reflektion getan wird und die eigene Arbeit mit den Ergebnissen internationaler Forschungsberichte zu vergleichen. Darüber hinaus ist es das Ziel, basierend auf den eigenen Felderfahrungen und den wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen Hinweise für die Praxis zu geben, um die psychologische Betreuung von Katastrophenopfern zu verbessern.

The present work for psychotraumalogical care of disaster victims is the result of practical therapeutic work with traumatized by the author and field experience in major loss of support over the past 17 years. Guiding principle was about to undergo a critical scientific analysis, which in practice is often done out of time and material constraints out without deeper reflection and to compare their work with the results of international research reports. In addition, it is the goal, based on their own to give field experience and scientific knowledge for practical information to improve the psychological care of disaster victims.

Keywords: Catastrophe After Care  Disaster  Disaster Response  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychological First Aid  PTSD  SBK  School Violence  Seven-Step Treatment Program  

72. Quinn, G. (2013, June). EMDR immediate emergency treatment for manmade and natural disasters. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Geneva, Switzerland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is a well-established therapy for the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD can be reduced or prevented if treated during the first month after a trauma when a person displays Acute Stress Disorder (ASD). Although usually used later, EMDR has also been used effectively in the immediate period following trauma. Victims of immediate trauma often exhibit “silent terror” or extreme stress. The Emergency Response Procedure (ERP) was developed to deal with victims of natural and manmade disaster within hours of exposure to trauma.
Participants in this workshop will learn how to respond to clients in the immediate aftermath of trauma, utilizing ERP. This will be understood within the overall context of the principles of Psychological First Aid. This same basic approach can be applied in the event of strong abreaction during the initial phase of History-taking and prior to the Preparation Phase of EMDR or at other times of treatment when patients exhibit strong emotional reactions. Similarly, treatment with ERP may also be considered for patients exhibiting this “silent terror” or extreme stress during initial treatment by first responders at the scene of an accident or in ambulances en route to medical facilities.
Case examples will be presented to illustrate the successful treatment of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) with survivors the Tsunami in Thailand, and with victims of terror and war.
In this presentation the Recent Events Protocol will be examined, with particular emphasis on modifying the Positive Cognitions (PC) in the face of continuing ongoing danger. EMD (Eye Movement Desensitization), the original protocol developed by Dr. Francine Shapiro in 1989, and modified by Elan Shapio and Brurit Laub in R-TEP will be described and compared to the standard EMDR protocol with emphasis as used in emergency settings where multiple patients need rapid treatment.
A practicum will follow on ERP.
Learning objectives: Within the overall context of the principles of Psychological First Aid, to learn how to respond to clients in the immediate aftermath of trauma utilizing ERP; To apply ERP in the event of strong abreaction during the initial phase of History-taking, prior to the Preparation Phase of EMDR or at other times of treatment when patients exhibit strong emotional reactions; To learn when and how to use ERP for patients exhibiting “silent terror” or extreme stress during initial treatment by first responders at the scene of an accident or in an ambulance en route to medical facilities; How to utilize the Recent Events Protocol in the face of ongoing danger; To understand EMDR methods that may be used in emergency settings where multiple patients need rapid treatment

Keywords: Disaster  Emergency Response Procedure  ERP  Extreme Stress  Silent Terror  

73. Quinn, G. (2009). Emergency response procedure. In M. Luber (Ed.), Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) scripted protocols: Basics and special situations, (pp. 271-276). New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The Emergency Response Procedure (ERP) was initially developed to help victims within hours of a terrorist attack, but can be applied in the immediate aftermath of any trauma. Patients may present with "silent terror," shaking and inability to speak, or if they are verbal, often they are in a highly agitated state. The procedure has been used in the emergency room and during hospitalization. It is also appropriate for immediate intervention at the scene of critical incidents such as car accidents, earthquakes, natural or man-made disasters, and in ambulances. While taking an initial history, prior to the Preparation Phase of EMDR, ERP can be put into effect if patients suddenly abreact. This procedure presumes familiarity with the Standard EMDR Protocol of which it is an adaptation. Clinicians highly experienced in dealing with patients immediately after a traumatic event—who are not familiar with EMDR—will still benefit from this report. Note: This procedure has not received official sanctioning from the EMDR Institute and has not been validated by research. This procedure can only be considered after all medical needs have been evaluated or treated. The Emergency Response Procedure Script is provided. [PsycINFO Database]

Keywords: Emergency Response Procedure  Protocol  

74. Quinn, G., & Zucker, D. (2008, June). Emergency EMDR & ERP (Emergency Response Procedure): Treatment following natural man made disasters for victims experiencing immediate high stress and including the period of ASD. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is a well established therapy for the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). It is believed that PTSD can be reduced or prevented if treated early. Although usually used at a later time, EMDR has also been used effectively in the immediate period following trauma. Victims of immediate trauma often exhibit “silent terror” or extreme stress .The Emergency Response Procedure (ERP), described in the Humanitarian Assistance Programs (HAP) Disaster Manual, was developed to deal with victims of natural and man made disaster within hours of exposure to trauma. Participants in this workshop will learn how to respond to these clients in the immediate aftermath of trauma, utilizing Debriefing and ERP. This same basic approach can be applied in the event of strong abreaction during the initial phase of History-taking, and prior to the Preparation Phase of EMDR. Similarly, treatment with ERP may also be considered for patients exhibiting this “silent terror” or extreme stress during initial treatment by first responders at the scene of an accident or in ambulances en route to medical facilities. Case examples will be presented to illustrate the successful treatment of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) with survivors of the earthquake in Turkey and the Tsunami in Thailand, and with victims of terror and war in Israel. In this presentation the Recent Events Protocol will be examined, with particular emphasis on modifying the Positive Cognitions (PC) in the face of continuing ongoing danger. The EMDR Group Protocol will be presented and followed by a practicum. [There are 2 PDF files.]

Keywords: Emergency Response Procedure  ERP  

75. Renner, W., Banninger-Huber, E., & Peltzer, K. (2011). Culture-sensitive and resource oriented peer (CROP) - Groups as a community based intervention for trauma survivors: A randomized controlled pilot study with refugees and asylum seekers from Chechnya. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 2011-1, 1-13.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Asylum seekers and refugees frequently suffer from post-traumatic stress and culturally sensitive methods towards reducing symptoms should be taken into account. The aim of the work reported here was to examine the effectiveness of Culture-Sensitive and Resource Oriented Peer (CROP) - Groups for Chechen asylum seekers and refugees towards reducing post-traumatic symptoms, anxiety, and depression. Some ninety-four participants were randomly assigned to 15 sessions of CROP - or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) - Groups, to 3 single sessions of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), or to a Wait-List (WL). The results indicated that CROP was significantly superior to WL, and was equally effective as CBT in reducing post-traumatic symptoms, anxiety, and depression. Improvements still were present at three and six month follow-up occasions. EMDR yielded negative results. According to this pilot study, CROP-Groups pose a promising, culturally sensitive alternative to psychotherapy with Chechen migrants.

Keywords: Asylum Seekers  Chechnya  Community-Based Intervention  CROP  Culture-Sensitive and Resource Oriented Peer  Pakistan  Pilot Study  Psychological Trauma  Randomized Control Trial  RCT  Refugees  Survivor  Trauma  Treatment Center  Treatment Response  Violent Situation in Pakistan  

76. Rogers, S., & Lanius, U. F. (2001). Phobia, PTSD, endogenous opioids and EMDR treatment response. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Endogenous Opoids  Phobia  Poster  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

77. Rothbaum, B. (2008, November). Predictors of treatment response for EMDR and prolonged exposure. Symposium/panel conducted at the 24th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Recent developments in PTSD treatment outcome research: Although cognitive behavior therapy is the treatment of choice for PTSD, there is a need to develop more effective treatments and to determine factors that influence treatment response. This symposium presents four studies that address treatment outcome research. The initial paper provides an overview of treatment predictors from two trials of cognitive processing therapy. The second paper reviews the differential responses to treatment of survivors of terrorist attacks and motor vehicle accidents. The third paper reviews predictors of outcome following EMDR and Prolonged Exposure. The fourth paper overviews a series of studies that have used structural and functional fMRI to identify the neural factors that predict response to CBT and also the impact of CBT on neural functioning.

Predictors of treatment response for EMDR and prolonged exposure: Predictors for response to treatment in a controlled study aimed to evaluate the relative efficacy of Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) compared to a no-treatment wait-list control (WAIT) in the treatment of PTSD in adult female rape victims were examined. In this study, 74 participants with PTSD were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions to achieve 20 completers per group. Independent Assessors blind to the treatment condition administered standard measures of PTSD and related symptoms. Improvement in PTSD, depression, dissociation, and state anxiety was significantly greater in both PE and EMDR group than the WAIT group. PE and EMDR did not differ significantly for change from baseline to either post-treatment or 6-month follow up measurement for any quantitative scale. EMDR subjects with 2 or more comorbid diagnoses, however, improved significantly less than all other active treatment subjects. At post-treatment and 6- months, 95% and 94% of PE subjects and 75% and 74% EMDR subjects no longer met DSM-IV PTSD criteria, respectively. At the 6-month follow-up assessment, 78% of those who received PE and 35% of those who received EMDR met criteria for good end state functioning (p=.017).

Keywords: Panel  Prolonged Exposure  Symposium  Treatment Response Predictors  

78. Saul, J., Errebo, N., Boel, J., & Knope, J. (2005, September). EMDR, disaster, and emerging standards of psycho-social response. Panel presentation (R. Gelbach, Moderator) at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Seattle, WA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR volunteers usually working through Humanitarian Assistance Programs, have been responding to disasters worldwide for over ten years, beginning with Oklahoma City. During that period, major international relief organizations and leaders in psychosocial response to disaster have been generating new and explicit standards to guide interventions. This panel, consisting of EMDR activists ad independent experts on disaster relief, will review the emerging standards and how EMDR clinicians can relate to them.

Keywords: Disaster Relief  Humanitarian Assistance  

79. Sayer, P. C. (2002, August). Responses of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing or a cognitive-behavioral treatment as mediated by attachment status. Alliant International University, Fresno, CA. AAT 3043018.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The primary focus of this investigation was to evaluate the responses of individuals diagnosed with PTSD to treatment with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). In the event that a participant was unable to tolerate the EMDR approach, an alternative cognitive-behavioral treatment approach was offered. It was anticipated that individuals exhibiting Secure Attachment status as revealed on administration of the Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory (BORRTI) would experience lower scores between pre- and post-intervention administrations of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). 6 individuals took part in the study; 5 completed the EMDR protocol and one completed an alternative cognitive-behavioral therapy program due to problems tolerating the EMDR treatments. Subjects met with the researcher/therapist from 1 to 12 sessions, participating in the assessment, psychoeducational, and treatment components of the protocol. The application of the BORRTI Insecure Attachment (IA) measure resulted in 5 of the participants receiving a designation Secure Attachment status and 1 person an Insecure Attachment status classification. Thus, comparison groups according to attachment status designation could not be formed. Comparisons of group mean differences between the pre- and post-intervention administrations of the SCL-90-R did not reveal statistically significant differences with regard to the five individuals completing the EMDR protocol. Limitations of the study are discussed, as well as implications for future research on the mediating influences of attachment status on the treatment of PTSD. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 63(2-B), Aug 2002, pp. 1047.

Keywords: Attachment Behavior  Brief Psychotherapy  Clinical Trial  Empirical Study  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Stressors  Survivors  Treatment Effectiveness  

80. Schnyder, U., Gersons, B., Wittmann, L., Nijdam, M., Maercker, A., Mueller, J., & Olff, M. (2008, November). Posttraumatic growth and PTSD symptoms in response to brief eclectic psychotherapy and EMDR. In Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD: New evidence. Symposium/panel conducted at the 24th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD: New evidence: Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP) is a multimodal treatment for PTSD comprising five essentials: psychoeducation; imaginal exposure; writing assignments and mementos; domain of meaning and integration; and a farewell ritual. This symposium presents findings from two recent randomized controlled trials testing BEP versus a minimal attention control group, and versus EMDR.
Posttraumatic growth and PTSD symptoms in response to brief eclectic psychotherapy and EMDR: How posttraumatic growth is related to posttraumatic stress pathology is a matter of ongoing debate. Examining these reactions in response to trauma-focused psychotherapy can help us gain more insight into these phenomena. In this paper, preliminary results are presented from a randomized controlled trial comparing Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n = 70) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR; n = 70). Participants were outpatients who had a diagnosis of PTSD following various kinds of type I trauma. The measures we applied to assess pre-post differences were SI-PTSD, SCID-I/P, IES-R, and PTGI. Preliminary analyses indicate a significant increase in posttraumatic growth and a significant decrease in PTSD symptomatology for both treatment conditions. Relationships between these variables and differences between treatment conditions are discussed.

Keywords: Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy  New Evidence  Posttraumatic Growth  PTSD  Symposium  

81. Schottenbauer, M. A., Glass, C. R., Arnkoff, D. B., Tendick, V., & Gray, S. H. (2008, Summer). Nonresponse and dropout rates in outcome studies on PTSD: Review and methodological considerations. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 71(2), 134-168. doi:10.1521/psyc.2008.71.2.134.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) represents a frequent consequence of a variety of extreme psychological stressors. Lists of empirically supported treatments for PTSD usually include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), but nonresponse and dropout rates in these treatments often are high. We review the treatment dropout and nonresponse rates in 55 studies of empirically supported treatments for PTSD, review the literature for predictors of dropout and nonresponse, discuss methodological inconsistencies in the literature that make comparisons across studies difficult, and outline future directions for research. Dropout rates ranged widely and may have depended, at least in part, on the nature of the study population. It was not uncommon to find nonresponse rates as high as 50%. Standard methods of reporting dropout and nonresponse rates are needed for reporting outcomes. We suggest guidelines for collecting data to help identify characteristics and predictors of dropouts and nonresponders.

Keywords: CBT  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy  Literature Review  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Prediction  PSTD  Treatment Dropouts  Treatment Outcomes  

82. Schubert, S. J., Lee, C. W., & Drummond, P. D. (2011, January). The efficacy and psychophysiological correlates of dual-attention tasks in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.024.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study aimed to investigate the psychophysiological correlates and the effectiveness of different dual-attention tasks used during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Sixty-two non-clinical participants with negative autobiographical memories received a single session of EMDR without eye movements, or EMDR that included eye movements of either varied or fixed rate of speed. Subjective units of distress and vividness of the memory were recorded at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 1 week follow-up. EMDR-with eye movements led to greater reduction in distress than EMDR-without eye movements. Heart rate decreased significantly when eye movements began; skin conductance decreased during eye movement sets; heart rate variability and respiration rate increased significantly as eye movements continued; and orienting responses were more frequent in the eye movement than no-eye movement condition at the start of exposure. Findings indicate that the eye movement component in EMDR is beneficial, and is coupled with distinct psychophysiological changes that may aid in processing negative memories.

Keywords: Eye Movements  Autobiographical Memory  Psychophysiology  Orienting Response  

83. Shapiro, F. (1993, Spring). Whence EMDR?  Commentary. EMDR Network Newsletter, 3(1), 18-19.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Dr. Silver asked me to comment on his submission. Rather than attempt to make this a “counterpoint,” I would like to share the thoughts that reading it has engendered. This is in no way to be considered a definitive statement. Dr. Silver’s article is quite provocative and of great service and if EMDR is to thrive, it is essential that trained EMDR practitioners maintain a stance of on-going scrutiny and diversity.

Keywords: Response  

84. Shapiro, F. (1994, Summer). Shapiro’s response [to Steketee and Goldstein]. the Behavior Therapist, 17(7), 157-158.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Steketee's and Goldstein's thoughtful comments concentrate on the need for empirical study of EMDR and I could not agree more. Treatment outcome research is notoriously scarce and traditionally lags far behind clinical practice. For instance, 13 years after PTSD was officially classified in the 1980 DSM-111, only six controlled clinical treatment studies were cited in the published literature (Solomon, 1992) and four of these were limited to male Vietnam combat veterans.

Keywords: Letter  

85. Shapiro, F. (1992). Commentary on eye movement desensitization and reprocessing method:  Response to Johnson’s review. The Milton H. Erickson Foundation Newsletter, 12(2), 6-7.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Keywords: Letter  

86. Shapiro, F. (2010). Response to Marich. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(2), 101-103. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.2.100.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In short, I view best clinical practices and scientific evaluation as going hand in hand to ensure a responsible development of EMDR and, as stated in the interview, affording the best protection against “excessive orthodoxy” or “anything goes.” I also believe that this approach is the best way to honor and balance diverse perspectives. (Excerpt)

Keywords: Letter  

87. Shapiro, F. (2009). On science, orthodoxy, EMDR, and the AIP, H. Lipke, invited response. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(2), 110-111. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.2.109.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Thank you for the invitation to respond to Dr. Lipke’s letter. I will confine myself to statements regarding the adaptive information processing (AIP) model and my text. However, I would like to begin by stating that I applaud the free exchange of ideas regarding the model. I formulated the principles in 1990 because the effects I was observing with “EMD” could not be explained by my original behavioral orientation. These AIP principles were pivotal in the development of the current procedures and protocols of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), moving it from a technique to a psychotherapy approach, offering a comprehensive view of the clinical picture and successful treatment applications. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing  AIP  Letter  Orthodoxy  Science  

88. Sikes, C., & Sikes, V. (2005). A response to May’s commentary on ‘A look at EMDR:  Technique, research and use with college students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 19(3), 75-79. doi:10.1300/J035v19n03_08.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The present article is a response to R. May's commentary (see record 2005-03961-005) on our original article: "A Look at EMDR: Technique, Research and Use with College Students" (see record 2003-10645-005). May points out the controversial nature of the research on EMDR, and we agree. We continue to hold, however, that EMDR is a promising treatment for use in college counseling centers with short-term therapy models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Brief Therapy  College Students  Comment  Letter  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychotherapeutic Techniques  PTSD  Outcomes  Reply  Research  Technique  Theory    

89. Snyker, E. (2000, September). Understanding and controlling post EMDR individual session negative responses. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) be able to identify the range of reactions post an individual EMDR session, as well as predict how long (hours, days) the reaction may last; 2) be able to identify the emergence of negative reactions to an individual session; 3) have a basic understanding of the mechanism of action underlying positive/negative reactions; and 4) be able to develop strategies for incomplete sessions for those clients who repeatedly have negative reactions and for whom traditonal closings (safe place, RI., relax) do not work.

Keywords: Incomplete Sessions  Negative Reactions  

90. Thyer, B. A. (2001, January). Research on social work practice does not benefit from blurry theory:  A response to Tomi Gomory. Journal of Social Work Education, 37(1), 51-66 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a well-supported evidence-based psychosocial treatment that clinically and significantly helps clients meeting the DSM criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Dozens of well-controlled clinical trials and dozens of single-subject studies bear this out, many designed and conducted by social workers. Most of these studies have involved Caucasian clients, a few used African Americans. But both groups seem to respond well, as do both males and females. Suppose a social worker has a new client from Mongolia with OCD. Falsificationism may well be the strongest approach to scientific inquiry regarding the validity of theories. The American Psychiatric Association used the following types of evidence in developing its practice guidelines: a randomized clinical trial, prospectively designed with double-blind assessments and treatment and control groups, a clinical trial, similarly prospective, but lacking blind assessments or control groups, cohort or longitudinal studies and case-control studies, retrospective studies of clients. [Author abstract]

Keywords: Letter  

91. van Eijk, M (2009). Casus 21 – Het geheugen van het lichaam: Stigmata en lichaamsreacties bij vrouw met ernstig ziekenhuistrauma [Case 21 - The memory of the body: Stigmata and body responses in a woman with a severe trauma from her hospitalization]. In H. K. Hornsveld & S. Berendsen (Eds.), Casusboek EMDR, 25 voorbeelden uit de praktijk (1st Ed.), (pp. 289-299). Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum. doi:10.1007/978-90-313-7358-1_30 .

Language: Dutch

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Karin is een 42-jarige, hoogopgeleide vrouw, werkzaam als zelfstandig gevestigd adviseur en samenwonend. Ze omschrijft zichzelf als een persoon die de neiging heeft veel te denken en overzicht te zoeken; als iemand die geleerd heeft omcontrole te vinden en te houden.

Karin is a 42-year-old, highly educated woman, working as an independent consultant based and living together. She describes herself as a person who tends to think a lot of searching and review, as someone who has learned to find and keep omcontrole.

Keywords: Body Response  Hospitalization  Stigmata  Trauma  Women  

92. van Eijk, M. & ter Braak, A. (2008, Maart). De noodkreet van het lijf: Het lichaam spreekt [The cry of the body: The body speaks]. Presentatie aan de derde congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Ede, The Netherlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
De gevolgen van psychotrauma manifesteren zich in de meeste gevallen in de vorm van herbelevingen, vermijding, emotionele ontregeling, concentratiestoornissen en dergelijke. Lichamelijke klachten worden inmiddels ook steeds vaker herkend als een van de gevolgen van PTSS. In deze workshop wordt naast aandacht voor de theoretische achtergrond van psychofysiologische reacties, ingegaan op wat men als EMDR- therapeut in de praktijk kan tegenkomen: dit kan variëren van selectief mutisme tot stigmata en van verlammingsverschijnselen tot visus uitval. Een en ander wordt geïllustreerd aan de hand van voorbeelden en videomateriaal.

The effects of psychotrauma manifest themselves in most cases in the form of reexperiencing, avoidance, emotional disturbance, impaired concentration and the like. Physical symptoms are also now increasingly being recognized as one of the effects of PTSD. This workshop will next focus on the theoretical background of psycho-physiological responses, discuss what they like EMDR therapist in practice may encounter: this may range from selective mutism to stigmata and paralysis to vision loss. This is illustrated by examples and video material.

Keywords: Body  Psychophysiological Responses  Somatic  

93. Vaughan, K., & Armstrong, M. (1995, June). An orienting response model to EMDR. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The authors reviewed the literature of EMDR and consulted their own clinical experiences to establish the characteristic phenomenology of EMDR. Dyck's (1993) conditioning model of eye movement desensitization provides a useful account of failure and habituation in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but does not account for some of these common EMDR phenomena. The authors propose an alternative model in which the therapist's waving hand-- in the presence of a trauma-related cortical set-triggers an intense orienting response (OR). Intrinsic effects of the OR facilitate continuing attention to the memory without avoidance, and provide for effective input of new trauma-related information. The person's neuronal model of the trauma alters to reflect their survival and current safety -- as true outcome of the trauma - and associated conditioned responses extinguish. Some proposals for experimental evaluation of the model are described.

Keywords: Orienting Response  

94. Volpe, J. (2000, Fall/Winter). Trauma response profile:  Francine Shapiro, Ph.D., B.C.E.T.S. Trauma Response, VI(1), 6-9.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
This interview originally appeared in the Fall/Winter, 2000 Edition of Trauma Response.

Keywords: Francine Shapiro  Interview  Practice  Theory  

95. Watson, P. J., Friedman, M. J., Ruzek, J. I., & Norris, F. (2002, August). Managing acute stress response to major trauma. Current Psychiatry Reports, 4(4), 247-253. doi:10.1007/s11920-996-0043-x.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In this article, the authors review the current empiric literature on early interventions. Findings on the effects, course, help-seeking, and recovery from disasters are first reviewed, with recommendations given that are pertinent to intervention following mass casualties. In reviewing the most commonly used interventions, it is clear that evidence from well-controlled studies showing that early intervention can help prevent longer-term problems is limited. The authors discuss the approaches that have received the most attention or empiric support as early interventions following trauma, which include psychologic debriefing, cognitive-behavioral interventions, eye movement desensitization and processing (EMDR) and other neoteric approaches, and psychopharmacology. At this time, the most promising results for prevention of psychopathology have been achieved with brief four- or five-session cognitive-behavioral therapy. In contrast, randomized clinical trials on psychologic debriefing currently suggest that this approach is either ineffective at preventing psychopathology, or contributive to PTSD symptoms. Research support is currently lacking for EMDR and pharmacotherapy as early interventions. A major challenge to the field is to integrate the practical experience and knowledge of professional responders with well-controlled, timely intervention research, and to effectively disseminate these findings to practitioners in the field. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Critical Incident Stress Debriefing  Effects  Literature Review  Negative Research Needs Review  Posttraumatic Stress Diorder  Psychological Debriefing  PTSD  Stressors  Survivors  Therapeutic Reaction  Treatment Effectiveness  

96. Webb, J. (2002, March). Modification of a positive resource installation for clients with a euphoric response. EMDRIA Newsletter, 7(1), 8.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
In my work many years ago with males in residential addictions treatment, I noticed that clients sometimes chose unrealistic and idealized metaphors to represent their positive self image. As the client progressed in his recovery he would often spontaneously modify the metaphor in the direction of more realistic and achievable perceptions.

Keywords: Resource Development  

97. Welch, R. (1996, June). On the origin of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A response to Rosen. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27(2), 175-179. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(96)00013-4.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Rosen argues that the eye movements experienced by Shapiro during the incident leading to her development of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) could not, as she later inferred, have been saccadic. The present author disputes Rosen's conclusion by showing that his arguments are based on a faulty understanding of the nature of saccadic eye movements or are irrelevant to Shapiro's claim. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Comment  Letter  Professional Criticism  Reply  

98. Wilson, D. (1999, June). An orienting response model for EMDR:  Research, clinical applications, and new instrumentation. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will learn about: 1) the Orienting Response (OR) interpretation of EMDR phenomena, the relationship of the OR to sleep and dream research, affect theory, and information processing; 2) research into the effects of variations of stimuli in EMDR applications with respect to modality (audio, visual, tactile), speed, complexiity, and content on measures of autonomic functioning, relaxation, information processing, and memory; 3) the implications of this research for clinical applications of EMDR; and 4) new instrumentation for implementing new treatment approaches.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation  BLS  Dream Research  Modality  Orienting Response  Sleep  

99. Ziveri, D. (2002). L'efficacia dell‘EMDR nella psicoterapia del PTSD e dei ricordi traumatici: Valutazione delle risposte del potenziale elettrodermico (SPR) attraverso il biofeedback [The effectiveness of EMDR psychotherapy on PTSD and traumatic memories: Assessing the potential electrodermal responses (SPR) through biofeedback]. WWW.Psicotraumatologia.com, Pubblicazioni in linguia italiana..

Language: Italian

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Nel XXI secolo per la prima volta l'uomo avrà il potere di plasmare la Terra che desidera, costruire edifici alti come montagne e navi capaci di portarlo nello spazio, mettere insieme macchine intelligenti, sconfiggere molte malattie e cambiare se stesso intervenendo sui geni. A queste visioni ottimistiche (rassicuranti?) del futuro risponde la realtà del nuovo millennio: situazione ecologica planetaria prossima al collasso, panico ad occidente e disperazione a Sud. Vi sono circa 50 guerre in atto nel mondo con milioni di morti quasi tutti civili e colonne di profughi in fuga, nuovi pericoli terroristici e rilancio delle armi atomiche e dell'industria bellica. Ci sembra che tutto questo accada altrove, al di là di uno schermo televisivo; ma se oggi anche i problemi sono globalizzati allora allarmi ed appelli alla giustizia, alla pace ed alla solidarietà sono rivolti ad ogni coscienza. Particolarmente attente dovrebbero essere le menti di politici e scienziati di ogni parte del mondo. Particolarmente sensibili alle tematiche in questione dovrebbero essere le professioni d'aiuto. Dobbiamo chiederci cosa succeda alle vittime del potere di pochi. “E poi so bene: tutto ciò che si affonda in noi, come un mucchio di pietrame, finché dura la guerra, si ridesterà un giorno a guerra finita, e allora comincerà la resa dei conti, per la vita e per la morte.” (Niente di nuovo sul fronte occidentale, Erich Maria Remarque, 1929). Nella tradizione rileviamo un'attenzione quasi esclusiva per l’organismo e per le lesioni fisiche dell'uomo colpito dalla violenza. Il passo in avanti 6 consiste nel superare l'attenzione esclusiva al corpo per occuparsi anche delle ferite psichiche, altrettanto gravi e profonde di quelle fisiche. Se il termine psicologia significa nella sua origine greca "discorso sull'anima" ad indicare la ricerca della conoscenza del comportamento e dell'animo umano, esso indica oggi una disciplina sempre più attenta al suo essere scientifica. Tuttavia non dobbiamo disgiungere la scientificità della ricerca dall'utilità dell'intervento clinico, fine ultimo della professione. Il lavoro che vado presentando nasce da una riflessione sulla capacità della psicologia di fornire risposte concrete a situazioni complesse ed altrimenti difficili per ogni uomo. Ogni violenza, dai lontani scenari di guerra a quelli domestici di abuso, è un'immane tragedia: la ricerca sul disturbo post-traumatico da stress (PTSD) e gli interessanti e promettenti risultati di tecniche terapeutiche come l'Eyes Movements Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) meritano perciò molta attenzione. Si ricordi che nel 1987 il primo studio della dott.sa Francine Shapiro, scopritrice di tale metodo, aiutò proprio una vittima della guerra del Vietnam. Questo caso oltre a gettare le basi per le successive ricerche controllate su tale terapia innovativa e a permetterne lo sviluppo, lasciò intravedere una speranza per le molte vittime dei conflitti armati e della violenza. L’EMDR si presenta come una buona risposta rapida ed efficace, la più efficace secondo alcune valutazioni meta-analitiche, all’insorgenza del PTSD per la risoluzione di eventi non elaborati. Non stiamo parlando di una panacea indistinta per tutti i casi in ogni condizione. Tuttavia le sue caratteristiche di brevità (in circostanze favorevoli), di buoni risultati, di integrazione tra diversi approcci ed il carattere non invasivo, ne fanno un candidato ideale come strumento d’elezione per il PTSD. 7 Dato quindi l’alto potenziale presentato dalla metodica in ambito clinico, la ricerca si pone come assolutamente necessaria e le prove sperimentali come essenziali. Queste alfine sono le considerazioni da cui muove l’intero percorso sperimentale qui esposto. Vorrei testimoniare con questo lavoro l’affetto verso i miei genitori. Ringrazio l’equipe che sta conducendo questa ricerca: il relatore prof. Roberto Anchisi, il correlatore prof. Roberto Guzzi, il correlatore dott. Michele Giannantonio e l’Associazione Emdr per l’Italia, specialmente la dott.sa Isabel Fernandez, nonché i valutatori indipendenti. Ringrazio di cuore tutte le persone a me vicine che mi hanno aiutato, Diego per la correzione delle bozze, il dott. Davide Gerevini perché è un amico e per il suo paziente aiuto. Non dimenticherò mai Capitan Max, l'imprevedibile Davide e Valentina, le persone più speciali che abbia incontrato durante questo corso di laurea.

In the twenty first century man has the power to shape the earth he wants to build tall buildings like mountains and ships able to carry it into space, putting together intelligent machines, overcome many diseases and change himself by acting on genes. These optimistic views (reassuring?) Of the future meets the reality of the new millennium: global ecological situation close to collapse, panic and despair in the south west there are about 50 wars taking place in the world with millions of dead civilians and almost all columns of refugees fleeing new dangers of terrorism and revival of atomic weapons and war industry. It seems that this happens elsewhere, beyond the television screen, but if the problems today are globalized, then alarms and calls for justice, peace and solidarity are addressed to all consciousness. Should be particularly attentive minds of politicians and scientists all over the world. Particularly sensitive to these themes should be the helping professions. We must ask ourselves what happens to victims of the power of a few. "And then I know: all that sinks in us, like a pile of stones, as long the war lasts, you awaken one day after the war, and then begin the reckoning for the life and death." (All Quiet on the Western Front, Erich Maria Remarque, 1929). In tradition we find an almost exclusive to the body and the human suffering personal injury from violence. The sixth step is to overcome the exclusive attention to the body to deal also with psychic wounds, serious and profound as those of individuals. If the word psychology in its Greek origin means "soul talk" to indicate the search for knowledge of the behavior and the human soul, it now shows a discipline increasingly attentive to its being scientific. But we must not separate the scientific research of clinical utility of the intervention, the ultimate goal of the profession. The work that I presented comes from a reflection on the ability of psychology to provide practical answers to complex situations and otherwise difficult for everyone. All violence, far from war scenarios to domestic abuse, is a great tragedy: the research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the interesting and promising results of therapeutic techniques such as desensitization and reprocessing Eyes Movements ( EMDR) deserve so much attention. Remember that in 1987 the first study of dott.sa Francine Shapiro, discoverer of that method, he helped his victim of the Vietnam War. This case as well as lay the groundwork for subsequent research on that check and allow the development of innovative therapy, suggests a hope for many victims of armed conflicts and violence. EMDR is as good a rapid and effective response, the most effective according to some meta-analytic assessments, the occurrence of PTSD for the resolution of events not processed. We're not talking about a vague panacea for all cases in all conditions. However, the characteristics of brevity (under favorable circumstances), good results of integration between different non-invasive approaches and make it an ideal candidate as a tool of choice for PTSD. 7 Since then the high potential of the method presented in the clinical setting, the research is absolutely necessary and the tests as essential. These are the considerations which finally moves the entire experimental process outlined here. I would witness this job affection to my parents. I thank the team that is conducting this research: the advisor prof. Roberto Anchises, the co-professor. Roberto Guzzi, the co-Dr. Michael Giannantonio EMDR and the Association for Italy, especially dott.sa Isabel Fernandez, as well as independent evaluators. I warmly thank all the people close to me who helped me, Diego for proofreading, Dr. David Gerevini because he is a friend and for his patient help. I will never forget Captain Max, David and Valentina unpredictable, the most special people I have met during this course.

Keywords: Biofeedback  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  SPR  Treatment Efficacy