Francine Shapiro Library

Francine Shapiro Library: EMDR Bibliography

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1. Arnold, L. (1995). Some nontraditional (unconventional and/or innovative) psychosocial treatment for children and adolescents:  Critique and proposed screening principles. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23(1), 125-140. doi:10.1007/BF01447048 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Five examples of nontraditional psychosocial treatments used for children/adolescents are reviewed: eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, electroencephalographic (EEG) biofeedback, deep pressure/touch therapies, stress-challenge treatments, and confrontational scare treatments. The generic recommendations from the September 1992 National Institutes of Health Conference on Unconventional Medical Treatments are summarized. Additional screening principles specific for psychosocial treatments are proposed and applied to the five treatments. The screens do not validate treatment efficacy or evaluate the quality of any previous research, but only facilitate decisions as to whether treatments deserve controlled investigation. Scientific evaluation of the nontraditional treatments reviewed could in general benefit from blinds (at least for assessment); control conditions matched for intensity, frequency, and duration (double blind where feasible); dose-response studies; testing of generalization and endurance supplements or boosters for quick, cheap treatments with time- or domain-limited effects; and comparing cost-effectiveness with established treatments. Two unscientific pitfalls must be avoided: embracing new treatments uncritically and rejecting them without fair examination. These pitfalls must be skirted without dissipating scarce research resources. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents  Adventure Therapy  Aversion Therapy  Biofeedback Training  Body Psychotherapy  Children  Literature Review  Research Needs  Treatment Effectiveness  

2. DeBell, C., & Jones, R. D. (1997, April). As good as it seems? A review of EMDR experimental research. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 28(2), 153-163. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.28.2.153 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The article reviews 7 experimental studies that examined eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment. The 7 studies varied greatly in their complexity, their designs, how treatment effects were measured, and their results. Each study is detailed and critically examined. A summary of results is provided as well as suggestions for clinical application and future research. In addition, questions are raised regarding F. Shapiro's approach to disseminating information about EMDR. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Literature Review  Methodology  Professional Criticism  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Research Needs  Treatment Effectiveness  

3. Devilly, G. (2001, January). The roles of popularised distraction during exposure and researcher allegiance during outcome trials. the Behavior Therapist, 24(1), 18-21.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
The utility of distraction during exposure is a hotly debated topic, and research into its utility for the treatment of PTSD has been unyielding. This paper aims to briefly present an explanation for a trend that has become apparent in the outcome data of some studies investigating Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and generalizing from this example, a caution against the use of distraction during other exposure based treatments. [Text, p. 18] For a comment on this article, see: Howard J. Lipke, "Response to Devilly's (2001) claims on distraction and exposure", The Behavior Therapist 24(9): 195 (October 2001) [25297]. [Pilots]

Keywords: Exposure Therapy  Research Needs  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Treatment Effectiveness  

4. Lee, C. W., Gavriel, H., & Richards, J. (1994, September). Eye movement desensitisation processing for PTSD. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 28(3), 529-530.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The authors provide alternative methods for researching the efficacy of eye movement desensitization treatment.

Keywords: Letter  Methodology  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Professional Criticism  PTSD  Research Needs  

5. Lohr, J. M., Kleinknecht, R. A., Conley, A. T., Dal Cerro, S., Schmidt, S., & Sonntag, M. E. (1992, September). A methodological critique of the current status of eye movement desensitization (EMD). Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 23(3), 159-167. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(92)90032-E.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD) has been recently advocated as a rapid treatment for the elimination of traumatic memories responsible for the maintenance of a number of anxiety disorders and their clinical correlates. Despite a limited conceptual framework, EMD has attracted considerable interest among clinicians and researchers. The popularity and interest generated by EMD will likely result in wide usage. We present a methodological critique of it with reference to assessment, treatment outcome, and treatment process. We also provide guidelines for judging the methodological adequacy of research on EMD and suggest intensive research to assess effectiveness, treatment components, and comparisons with other procedures. [Author Summary]

Keywords: PTSD Assessment Instruments  Literature Review  Methodology  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Research Needs  Review  

6. Maxfield, L. (2007). Current status and future directions for EMDR research. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(1), 6-14. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.6.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This review provides the groundwork for a basic understanding of articles written about eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), including a brief overview of theory and practice. It documents EMDR's established efficacy in the treatment of PTSD and specifies specific subsets of this population in need of further investigation. The article also provides a review of recent studies evaluating a range of EMDR's clinical applications and outlines new directions for research investigations and for developments in clinical practice. It concludes with an overview of current research evaluating pre- and post-neurobiological changes, and mechanisms of action. Specific recommendations for future areas of investigations are outlined, and rigorous evaluation is strongly encouraged. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Efficacy  Information Processing  Literature Review  Mechanism of Action  Research Needs  Review  Treatment Effectiveness  

7. McCullough, L. (2002, December). Exploring change mechanisms in EMDR applied to "small-t trauma" in short-term dynamic psychotherapy: Research questions and speculations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(12), 1531-1544. doi:10.1002/jclp.10103.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article represents a process of preliminary search and discovery regarding the active mechanisms in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) when used in Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (STDP). Patients' (N = 7) responses to EMDR interventions were categorized as either "trauma" or "resolution" responses and examined in relationship to (a) the number of EMDR sets, (b) patient Global Assessment of Functioning Rating (GAF) scores, and (c) raw change in Subjective Units of Distress (SUD) ratings of severity of traumatic memory and Validity of Cognition (VoC) ratings of positive cognitions before and after EMDR sessions. Further subcategorization and development of the broad categories of trauma and resolution were recommended and may be useful in shedding light on how change happens in EMDR. This study was exploratory and attempted only to identify possible variables for further study. However, the results show potential relationships among variables that merit further refinement and study. Research questions generated from this study are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Effects  Empirical Study  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy  PTSD  Research Needs  Stressors  Survivors  Treatment Effectiveness  

8. McCullough, L., & Andrew, S. (2000, September). Integrating short term dynamic psychotherapy and EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will be able to: 1) name the three main components of Malan's conceptual schema of the "Universal Principle of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy" in Short Term Dynamic Psychotherapy: The Two Triangles; 2) describe how EMDR interfaces well with short-term dynamic models of therapy; and 3) describe how exposure to conflicted feelings can be enhanced by EMDR and used to solve "small-t" traumas.

Keywords: Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy  PTSD  Stressors  Survivors  Effects  Treatment Effectiveness  Research Needs  Malan  Universal Principles of Psychodynamic Therapy  Two Triangles  Small t Trauma  

9. Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1999, January-April). Traumatic memories, eye movements, phobia, and panic:  A critical note on the proliferation of EMDR. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 209-223. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00048-6.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In the past years, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has become increasingly popular as a treatment method for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The current article critically evaluates three recurring assumptions in EMDR literature: (a) the notion that traumatic memories are fixed and stable and that flashbacks are accurate reproductions of the traumatic incident; (b) the idea that eye movements, or other lateralized rhythmic behaviors have an inhibitory effect on emotional memories; and (c) the assumption that EMDR is not only effective in treating PTSD, but can also be successfully applied to other psychopathological conditions. There is little support for any of these three assumptions. Meanwhile, the expansion of the theoretical underpinnings of EMDR in the absence of a sound empirical basis casts doubts on the massive proliferation of this treatment method. (ScienceDirect)

Keywords: Literature Review  Panic Disorder  Phobia  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Research Needs  Stressors  Survivors  Treatment Effectiveness  

10. Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1999, January). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(1), 7-8.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Discusses the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as a treatment of psychopathology in children. Systemic research concerning EMDR is sparse. The use of EMDR in the treatment of anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is discussed. Many clinicians who apply EMDR are enthusiastic and report positive results in both children and adults. Empirical research is necessary to evaluate the merits of these claims and to give EMDR a theoretical foundation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders  Children  Commentary  Letter  Research Needs  Stressors  Survivors  Treatment Effectiveness  

11. Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1999, January). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(1), 7-8.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders  Children  Commentary  Letter  Research Needs  Stressors  Survivors  Treatment Effectiveness  

12. Shapiro, F. (2002, January). EMDR 12 years after its introduction:  Past and future research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 1-22. doi:10.1002/jclp.1126 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was one of the first treatments of PTSD to be evaluated in controlled research and has to date been empirically supported by 13 such studies. This article reviews the historical context and empirical research of EMDR over the past dozen years. Historically, EMDR's name has caused confusion in that "desensitization" is considered to be only a by-product of reprocessing and because the eye movement component of EMDR is only one form of dual stimulation to be successfully used in this integrative approach. Research is needed to determine the comparative efficacy of EMDR relative to cognitive-behavioral treatments of PTSD. However, this has been hampered by the lack of independent replication studies of the latter treatments. Current component analyses of EMDR have failed to effectively evaluate the relative weighting of its procedures. Parameters for future research and the testing of protocols for diverse disorders are suggested. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive Processes  Literature Review  Posttraumtic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Research Needs  

13. Shapiro, F. (1999, January-April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and the anxiety disorders: Clinical and research implications of an integrated psychotherapy treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 35-67. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00038-3.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Four recent, independent, rigorously controlled studies of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) have reported that 84 to 100% of single-trauma victims no longer maintain the posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis after the equivalent of three 90-minute sessions. The rapidity of EMDR treatment effects makes many ancillary research opportunities available. Specifically, the increased number of cases resolved in a relatively short period of time allows investigation of neurophysiological phenomena, patterns of cognitive and emotional processing, component analyses of a large range of procedural factors, and evaluation of the efficacy of application to diverse clinical populations. Unfortunately, some research has been conducted that has been severely hampered by insufficient treatment fidelity and lack of clinical validity. Consequently, this article will attempt to describe the procedures and protocols that are believed to contribute to EMDR's clinical effects and are, therefore, suggested for the EMDR treatment and research of the anxiety disorders. This is particularly relevant given the misconceptions that have abounded due to the unfortunate naming of the procedure after the eye movements, which have proved to be only one of many useful types of stimulation, and only one of many components of this complex, integrated treatment. [PubMed]

[Note: Erratum in Journal of Anxiety Disorders 13(6), 621, Nov-Dec 1999]

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders  Literature Review  Methodology  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychotherapeutic Processes  PTSD  Research Needs  

14. Shapiro, F. (1994, March). Alternative stimuli in the use of EMD(R). Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 89. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90071-X.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The writer comments on the use of eye movement desensitization treatment and treatment evaluation.

Keywords: Letter  Research Needs  

15. Shapiro, F. (2001, April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and the anxiety disorders: Clinical and research implications of an integrated psychotherapy treatment. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 7(1), 43-75.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Four recent, independent, rigorously controlled studies of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) have reported that 84 to 100% of single trauma victims no longer maintain the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis after the equivalent of 3 90-minute sessions. The rapidity of EMDR treatment effects makes many ancillary research opportunities available. Specifically, the increased number of cases resolved in a relatively short period of time allows investigation of neurophysiological phenomena, patterns of cognitive and emotional processing, component analyses of a large range of procedural factors, and evaluation of the efficacy of application to diverse clinical populations. This article describes the procedures and protocols that are believed to contribute to EMDR's clinical effects and are, therefore, suggested for the EMDR treatment and research of the anxiety disorders. This is particularly relevant given the misconceptions that have abounded due to the unfortunate naming of the procedure after the eye movements, which have proved to be only one of many useful types of stimulation, and only one of many components of this complex, integrated treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders  Methodology  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychotherapeutic Processes  PTSD  Research Needs  Review  

16. Smith, P. A., & Yule, W. (1999). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. In W. Yule (Ed.), Post-traumatic stress disorders: concepts and therapy (pp. 267-284). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is one of the most recent additions to the armoury of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This chapter briefly outlines the EMDR procedure, and reviews the growing number of outcome evaluation studies, before considering some of the recent theoretical explanations that have been offered. EMDR has been used with a variety of populations, and its use with children and adolescents is considered here. At the heart of EMDR is the notion that accelerated processing of disturbing material can be directly facilitated at a neurophysiological level using a variety of dual attention tasks. Accordingly, a by-product of resolution at the neurophysiological level is cognitive and emotional well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adolescents  Children  Literature Review  Psychotherapeutic Processes  PTSD  Research Needs  Survivors  Treatment Effectiveness  

17. Watson, P. J., Friedman, M. J., Ruzek, J. I., & Norris, F. (2002, August). Managing acute stress response to major trauma. Current Psychiatry Reports, 4(4), 247-253. doi:10.1007/s11920-996-0043-x.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In this article, the authors review the current empiric literature on early interventions. Findings on the effects, course, help-seeking, and recovery from disasters are first reviewed, with recommendations given that are pertinent to intervention following mass casualties. In reviewing the most commonly used interventions, it is clear that evidence from well-controlled studies showing that early intervention can help prevent longer-term problems is limited. The authors discuss the approaches that have received the most attention or empiric support as early interventions following trauma, which include psychologic debriefing, cognitive-behavioral interventions, eye movement desensitization and processing (EMDR) and other neoteric approaches, and psychopharmacology. At this time, the most promising results for prevention of psychopathology have been achieved with brief four- or five-session cognitive-behavioral therapy. In contrast, randomized clinical trials on psychologic debriefing currently suggest that this approach is either ineffective at preventing psychopathology, or contributive to PTSD symptoms. Research support is currently lacking for EMDR and pharmacotherapy as early interventions. A major challenge to the field is to integrate the practical experience and knowledge of professional responders with well-controlled, timely intervention research, and to effectively disseminate these findings to practitioners in the field. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Critical Incident Stress Debriefing  Effects  Literature Review  Negative Research Needs Review  Posttraumatic Stress Diorder  Psychological Debriefing  PTSD  Stressors  Survivors  Therapeutic Reaction  Treatment Effectiveness  

18. Wylie, M. S. (1996, July/August). Going for the cure. Family Therapy Networker, 20(4), 20-37 .

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
This article discusses the challenges that working with PTSD clients present to therapists who wish to avoid vicarious traumatization. In addition, the work of Charles Figley and Joyce Carbonell to further understanding and treatment of PTSD is addressed, with particular emphasis on eye movement desensitization, traumatic incident reduction, visual kinesthetic dissociation, and thought field therapy.

Keywords: Behavior Therapy  Commentary  Epidemiology  Neurolinguistic Programming  NLP  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychotherapeutic Processes  PTSD  Research Needs  TFT  Thought Field Therapy  TIR  Traumatic Incident Reduction  Treatment Effectiveness  

19. Yule, W. (1999) . Post-traumatic stress disorders: Concepts and therapy. Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
This book, written by contributors from the Institute of Psychiatry in London, represents the fruits of ten years of working with survivors of accidents and disasters. It contains a coherent approach to the psychology underpinning their stress reactions, and places these disorders within a broad social psychological perspective. It applies many of the latest insights from experimental cognitive psychology to the experiences of the survivors. [Adapted from Preface]

Keywords: PTSD  Treatment  Adults  Children  Survivors  Adolescents  Coping Behavior  Social Support Networks  Personality Traits  Psychobiology  Intrusive Thoughts  Cognitive Processes  Cognitive Therapy  Behavior Therapy  Research Needs  Epidemiology  Etiology