Francine Shapiro Library: EMDR Bibliography

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1. 陳致豪 張素凰 [Chen Zhi-Hao, & Chang Sue-Hwang]. (2004年9月). 眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效 國立台灣 [The efficacy of eye movement and positive cognition components of EMDR in the treatment of cockroach phobias]. 紙發表於第43屆年會台灣心理學會會議上， 研討會焦慮症：心理素質，調解員和治療問題。 政治大學，台北，台灣 [Presentation at the 43rd Annual Conferences on Taiwan Psychological Association, Symposium on Anxiety Disorders: Diatheses, Mediators and Therapeutic Implications. Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan].

Language: Chinese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
眼動減敏訊息再處理法（Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing; EMDR） 是Shapiro（1989a, 1989b）所發展的一套治療方法，最早被用來治療創傷後壓力 疾患（post traumatic stress disorder; PTSD，後來也被認為對其他心理疾患具有療 效。雖然Shapiro 認為眼動程序可以加速訊息處理並降低個案的焦慮與困擾，不 同治療變項的療效仍待由控制性研究法進一步釐清。本研究以部分減除 （dismantling）的方式，運用實驗法來探討「眼動」與「正向認知」對懼蟑症治 療效果的影響。藉2（有眼動、無眼動）× 2（正向認知、減敏延長）受試者間設 計，探討單一治療次對懼蟑症者的治療效果。受試者為自大樣本篩選出的40 名 懼怕蟑螂的大學女生。研究結果顯示治療程序的主要效果顯著，四組的療效相當。 在治療階段中，受試者主觀害怕程度、對負向認知之相信程度皆呈顯著的線性下 降；對正向認知之相信程度則僅眼動組呈顯著線性上升。雖然生理指標（心跳速 率）在前測時顯著較基線時高，而在後測時回復至接近基線水準，但就微觀歷程 分析，治療階段中各組之心跳速率變化為，在第一階段內逐漸上升，階段間休息 時心跳速率略為降低，在第二階段開始又逐漸上升。本研究結果亦顯示，就微觀 的治療歷程（micro process）而言，在正向認知的治療情境中，僅眼動組的受試 者對正向認知之相信程度逐漸提高。在治療效果上，雖曝露法（exposure）本身 便具有療效；但眼動能夠進一步促進受試者第二階段中正向認知的相信程度（可 能藉由促進訊息處理）。就巨觀的療效指標而言，雖然單一治療次在各組皆有顯 著的療效，但是正向認知對療效的影響無組別差異，該療效指標可能需要較多的 治療次始能反映出來。本研究亦就研究結果所顯示的意義與未來的研究方向提出 討論。

[Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989a, 1989b) was initially used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and later has been thought to be effective in treating other psychological disorders also. Shapiro suggested that eye movement procedure could accelerate information processing and further reduced the client’s anxiety and disturbance. However, psychotherapy evaluation regarding crucial therapeutic parameters awaits elucidation. This dismantling study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of eye movement and positive cognition on phobias. Specifically, via a 2×2 between subject design, with “eye movement/non eye movement” and “treatment process” being two independent variables, a total of 40 female university students with fear of cockroaches were screened and recruited from introductory psychology class to explore the treatment effect of those two components. The results showed that, according to macro therapeutic indices, the effect of therapy was significant, and was not significantly different among groups. As to micro treatment process, while the participants’ SUDs decreased linearly, and so did the negative cognition VOCs, the positive cognition VOCs increased linearly only for the eye movement condition. In addition, while for macro index, the physical index, heart rate, was significantly higher at pre-test than at baseline and returned to baseline at post-test, the process measures indicated that heart rate increased during the first treatment stage, returned during rest period, and increased again during the second treatment stage. According to the micro process, the results also suggested that when presented with positive cognition participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions increased only for the eye movement condition. As to the therapeutic effects, although exposure by itself might be effective, eye movement could further promote participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions at the second treatment stage, probably by facilitating information processing. Nonetheless, regarding macro therapeutic index, there were equal therapeutic effects across groups within one-session therapy, and the superiority of positive cognition installation remained obscure, which implied that to become obvious more sessions might be called for. The implications of the present results and further research possibilities are postulated.]

Keywords: Cockroach Phobia  Eye Movement  Phobia  Positive Cognition  Psychotherapy  Symposium  

2. 陳致豪 [Chen Chih-Hao]. (2004). 眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效 眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效 [The efficacy of eye movement and positive cognition components of EMDR in the treatment of cockroach phobia]. 國立台灣大學心理學研究所 [National Taiwan University Graduate Institute of Psychology].

Language: Chinese

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
陳致豪 眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效
眼動減敏訊息再處理法（Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing; EMDR）是Shapiro（1989a, 1989b）所發展的一套治療方法，最早被用來治療創傷後壓力疾患（post traumatic stress disorder; PTSD，後來也被認為對其他心理疾患具有療效。雖然Shapiro認為眼動程序可以加速訊息處理並降低個案的焦慮與困擾，不同治療變項的療效仍待由控制性研究法進一步釐清。本研究以部分減除（dismantling）的方式，運用實驗法來探討「眼動」與「正向認知」對懼蟑症治療效果的影響。藉2（有眼動、無眼動）× 2（正向認知、減敏延長）受試者間設計，探討單一治療次對懼蟑症者的治療效果。受試者為自大樣本篩選出的40名懼怕蟑螂的大學女生。研究結果顯示治療程序的主要效果顯著，四組的療效相當。在治療階段中，受試者主觀害怕程度、對負向認知之相信程度皆呈顯著的線性下降；對正向認知之相信程度則僅眼動組呈顯著線性上升。雖然生理指標（心跳速率）在前測時顯著較基線時高，而在後測時回復至接近基線水準，但就微觀歷程分析，治療階段中各組之心跳速率變化為，在第一階段內逐漸上升，階段間休息時心跳速率略為降低，在第二階段開始又逐漸上升。本研究結果亦顯示，就微觀的治療歷程（micro process）而言，在正向認知的治療情境中，僅眼動組的受試者對正向認知之相信程度逐漸提高。在治療效果上，雖曝露法（exposure）本身便具有療效；但眼動能夠進一步促進受試者第二階段中正向認知的相信程度（可能藉由促進訊息處理）。就巨觀的療效指標而言，雖然單一治療次在各組皆有顯著的療效，但是正向認知對療效的影響無組別差異，該療效指標可能需要較多的治療次始能反映出來。本研究亦就研究結果所顯示的意義與未來的研究方向提出討論

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989a, 1989b) was initially used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and later has been thought to be effective in treating other psychological disorders also. Shapiro suggested that eye movement procedure could accelerate information processing and further reduced the client’s anxiety and disturbance. However, psychotherapy evaluation regarding crucial therapeutic parameters awaits elucidation. This dismantling study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of eye movement and positive cognition on phobias. Specifically, via a 2×2 between subject design, with “eye movement/non eye movement” and “treatment process” being two independent variables, a total of 40 female university students with fear of cockroaches were screened and recruited from introductory psychology class to explore the treatment effect of those two components. The results showed that, according to macro therapeutic indices, the effect of therapy was significant, and was not significantly different among groups. As to micro treatment process, while the participants’ SUDs decreased linearly, and so did the negative cognition VOCs, the positive cognition VOCs increased linearly only for the eye movement condition. In addition, while for macro index, the physical index, heart rate, was significantly higher at pre-test than at baseline and returned to baseline at post-test, the process measures indicated that heart rate increased during the first treatment stage, returned during rest period, and increased again during the second treatment stage. According to the micro process, the results also suggested that when presented with positive cognition participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions increased only for the eye movement condition. As to the therapeutic effects, although exposure by itself might be effective, eye movement could further promote participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions at the second treatment stage, probably by facilitating information processing. Nonetheless, regarding macro therapeutic index, there were equal therapeutic effects across groups within one-session therapy, and the superiority of positive cognition installation remained obscure, which implied that to become obvious more sessions might be called for. The implications of the present results and further research possibilities are postulated.

Keywords: Cockroach Phobia  Eye Movement  Phobia  Positive Cognition  Psychotherapy  

3. Ankersmit, E. (1993, Fall/Winter). The importance of matching positive cognition to client values. EMDR Network Newsletter, 3(2), 20.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
A twenty-four year old Ctholic woman who came to see me recently was sufferng from sever post-abortion depression and guilt., (The abortion had been just one week prior to our visit). Her presenting symptoms were difficulty eating, sleeping, getting up to clean the house, and flashbacks of the abortion. Although she was not conscious during the procedure, the flashbacks were of the doctor performing the abortion. She also punished herself by looking at a book of embryology and paying paritcular attention to pictures of the fetus at the stage at which it was aborted.

Keywords: Abortion  Positive Cognition  Values  

4. Chen, C. H. & Chang, S. H. (2009). Dismantling effect of eye movement and positive cognition components of EMDR on the treatment of cockraoch phobias. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This dismantling study investigated the therapeutic effects of eye movement and positive cognition components on phobias. Forty female Ss with cockroach phobias received a single therapy session. The therapy conditions constituted a 2 (eye movement/non eye movement) × 2 (treatment procedure: positive cognition installed/negative cognition prolonged) between subject design. The results revealed that all groups showed significant therapeutic effects according to macro therapeutic indices and with regard to some micro indices such as SUDs, HRs and VOCs for negative cognition. However, VOCs for positive cognition were significantly increased only for the eye movement group. The findings suggested that although exposure itself might be effective in treating phobias, eye movement could further promote participants’ VOCs for positive cognitions at the second treatment stage, probably by facilitating information processing.

Keywords: Coackroach Phobia  Dismantling Study  Positive Cognition  

5. Cohen-Posey, K. (2000, September). The role of ‘second-order’ NCs in anxiety disorders and relationship problems. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will be able to: 1) list NCs that are frequently acquired as a result of experience panic attacks and OCD; 2) describe how to use EMDR protocols to ensure that clients have integrated adaptive information about their disorder; 3) list negative cognitions that interfere with the ability to acquire communication, parenting, and anger management skills; 4) list negative cognitions that interfere with the process of individuation and enjoying satisfying relationships, 5) "compute" positive cognitions that are related to negative cognitions generated by various problems and disorders; and 6) identify negative cognitions that could be used to start targeting problem areas from listening to case examples.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders  Negative Cognitions  Obsessive Compulsive Disorders  OCD  Positive Cognitions  Relationship Problems  

6. Datta, P. C., & Wallace, J. W. (1996, November). Enhancement of victim empathy along with reduction in anxiety and increase of positive cognition of sex offenders after treatment with EMDR: Maintenance after three years. Presentation at the EMDR Special Interest Group at the Annual Convention of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New York.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Treatment of sex offenders who have been themselves sexually abused n their childhood, offers a significant challenge for many therapists. The traumas related to abuse are unique to the individual offender and need to be addressed to enhance victim empathy that is so crucial in breaking the cycle of offense. Treatment of a group of sexually abused adolescent sex offenders using eye movement desensittization and reprocessing (EMDR) showed reduction in anxiety and increase in positive cognition. A pre- and post-treatment evaluation using the Datta Empathy Scale (DES), after an average of 3 sessions, showed a significant increase in empathy for respective victims. The victim empathy (using DES), anxiety (using SUDS0, and cognition control (using VoC scale) were also measured in the available subjects one year after and three years after the cessation of EMDR treatment, the results showed a sustaining effect of EMDR on victim empathy, anxiety, and positive cognition.

Keywords: Anxiety  Sex Offenders  

7. Datta, P., & Wallace, J. W. (1996, June). Enhancement of victim empathy along with reduction in anxiety and increase of positive cognition of sex offenders after treatment with EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Treatment of sex offenders who have been themselves sexually abused in their childhood, offers a significant challenge for many therapists. The traumas related to abuse are unique to the individual offender and need to be addressed to enhance victim empathy that is so crucial in breaking the cycle of offense. Treatment of a group of sexually abused adolescent sex offenders using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) showed reduction in anxiety and increase in positive cognition. A pre- and post-treatment evaluation using the Datta Empathy Scale (DES), after an average of 3 sessions, showed a significant increase in empathy for respective victims. The DES was administered one year after the cessation of EMDR treatment and the results showed a sustaining effect of EMDR on victim empathy, anxiety and positive cognition.

Keywords: Empathy  Sex Offenders  

8. Glang, C. (1996, June). Multiple positive cognitions. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Positive Cognitions  

9. Glang, C. (1995). Tidbits. EMDR Network Newsletter, 5(2), 9.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
The negative cognition-generating question! "What does that say about you? can be used at any point in the process, when the movement turns in a positive direction. For example, a male client was working On the beatings he received his older brother who had been beaten by their father. "My brother passed on the abuse, but I didn't turn and find another victim." "And what does that say about you?" "I guess I'm a caring person." EM.

Keywords: Negative Cognition  Positive Cognition  

10. Glang, C. (1998, September). Multiple positive cognitions. EMDRIA Newsletter, 3(3), 17-19.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
In Shapiro’s (1995) metaphor of EMDR treatment as a train ride, the positive cognition (PC) serves as a kind of magnet to draw the train forward. She suggests that, at the beginning, the client can often see only modest potential gains, or “part way down the track.” Thus, the PC may contain limitations which are transcended during the session. In such cases, at the journey’s end, the client is able to identify a more positive cognition, which had previously been beyond his view. The clinician is therefore advised to ask if the original PC still fits, or if there is another statement which is more pertinent. It is possible to further access the client’s new vision by encouraging him to identify all the positive self-statements which emerge from the work. Installing these multiple PCs can enhance the effectiveness of EMDR.

Keywords: Positive Cognitions  

11. Larsen, W. (1994). Summary positive cognitions: A protocol for terminating EMDR interventions. EMDR Network Newsletter, 4(3), 9.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
In my practice, EMDR is mainly utilized as a close-ended intervention of a set number of sessions. In working with so structured an application, I have developed a specific termination protocol that has proven extremely valuable in maximizing therapeutic gains.

Keywords: Positive Cognitions  

12. Leeds, A. M. (1992, Winter). Selection criteria for negative and positive cognitions in EMDR. EMDR Network Newsletter, 2(3), 12-15.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Before we proceed with EMDR processing, we select a Negative Cognition (NC and a more desirable Positive Cognition (PC) that we will install after we have desensitized the client’s presenting material. Clinical observations indicate that appropriate selection of the NC and PC is often crucial to the success of EMDR processing. It is not possible to specify all of the factors that need to be considered in selecting the NC and PC for all clinical situations. The focus here will be on common problems encountered by trained EMDR clinicians. I will review several board principles for four selection criteria that the reader might find helpful when eliciting the NC and PC.

Keywords: Negative Cognition  Positive Cognition  Selection Criteria  

13. Leeds, A. M. (1995, October). Case formulation:  Strategies and criteria for selection of negative and positive cognitions in EMDR, adapted and updated. Author.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Originally a paper entitled "Case formulation: selecting positive and negative cognitions" at the Annual meeting of the EMDR Conference, Sunnyvale, CA March 1994, presented at the The process of selecting appropriate negative and positive cognitions can be a smoothly flowing preamble to an EMDR treatment session or it can be a complex search for an elusive quarry. In this paper, I will review the principles and rationale underlying the selection of cognitions in EMDR and will consider procedures to guide us safely past common problems. Most importantly, I will introduce the idea that the process of selecting cognitions can be greatly simplified and enriched when it is integrated into a case formulation approach.[1][Author abstract]

Keywords: Cognitions  

14. Wildwind, L. (1991, December). Creating positive cognitions. EMDR Network Newsletter, 1(2), 11.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
We know that having a positive cognition in mind is crucial to effective EMDR. Sometimes the patient produces an excellent positive cognition with little help. However, more often, even when asked how s/he would rather think or feel about it, the patient is still unable to produce an appropriate positive self-statement. Instead, the desired cognition may refer to the actions of others, or contain a negative, or an unrealistic component. These factors limit the usefulness of the statement since an unrealistic cognition will not 'stick' for avariety of reasons; e.g., the person knows better, negatives are very tricky at the unconscious level, the work can never control the behavior of others, etc. When difficulty arises in producing a positive cognition, it is sometimes helpful to offer alternatives to the patient. However, many of us are uncomfortable about "putting words in people's mouths," which leaves us in the position of struggling to help the client obtain a positive cognition.

Keywords: Positive Cognitions