Francine Shapiro Library: EMDR Bibliography

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1. Albright, D. L., & Thyer, B. (2010, February). Does EMDR reduce post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology in combat veterans?. Behavioral Interventions, 25(1), 1-19. doi:10.1002/bin.295.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Prior meta-analyses have suggested that eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) may be effective in alleviating the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). EMDR is now being recommended as a treatment for military combat veterans who suffer from PTSD. We provide a review of published outcome studies that appeared in print from 1987 - April, 2008 which examined the specific effects of EMDR on PTSD among military combat veterans. Studies were identified through electronic bibliographic databases, web sites, and manual searches of article reference lists. A total of six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and three quasi-experimental studies met our inclusionary criteria and are reviewed. The evidence supporting the use of EMDR to treat combat veterans suffering from PTSD is sparse and equivocal, and does not rise to the threshold of labeling the therapy as an empirically supported treatment. It is premature to incorporate EMDR into routine care for veterans to alleviate combat-related PTSD. EMDR needs a considerably stronger evidentiary foundation which includes large-scale RCTs involving credible placebo controlled treatment conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Keywords: Combat Veterans  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PSTD  

2. Atkinson, C. (2011, June 6). PTSD therapy offered to army by Ministry of Defence. BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-13672770 on June 12, 2011.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
The Ministry of Defence has awarded a three year contract to offer a relatively unknown psychological therapy to help service personnel with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Known as EMDR it's one of two therapies recommended by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence for PTSD.

Keywords: Military  Ministry of Defence  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

3. Bilal, M. S., & Rana, M. H. (2008, June). Use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in battle hardy soldiers after sustaining psychological trauma in various suicide bomb blast: A series of cases of post traumatic stress in terrorist acts. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objective: The purpose of the study is to show the impact of the use of EMDR in survivors of suicide bomb blasts in North of Pakistan. Design and Settings: The study involves an ongoing compilation of clinical data and the study of therapeutic responses to various interventions including EMDR, at a tertiary mental health facility and Centre for Trauma Research and Psychosocial Interventions (CTRPI), Rawalpindi /Islamabad, Pakistan. This mental health facility is the catchment area of patients from Northern areas of Pakistan, currently the part of the country, worst affected by series of suicide bombings targeting military and civil population. Method: Families of the victims and those who survive suicide bombings without physical injuries are referred to CTRPI from peripheral areas / hospitals for assessment for psychosocial consequences of facing a man made disaster. Patients are interviewed at the point in time of referral and scoring is done on Impact of Event Scale (IES). Those who fulfill the criteria of Post traumatic Stress Disorder according to ICD-10 are registered for further studies and appropriate interventions. The individuals who fulfil the criteria for PTSD or any other psychiatric morbidity are then enrolled for regular psychiatric follow up. The patients are first offered the use of EMDR and all who give an informed consent are then assigned to a psychiatrist trained in EMDR (Level 2). Sessions of EMDR as per the protocol of 8 stages are carried out. Scoring on IES is recorded serially. According to the degree of improvement and severity of illness, sessions of EMDR are carried out using the bilateral stimulation during the hospital stay. Results: The three individuals who have completed EMDR treatment had survived the suicidal bombing attacks and fulfilled the entry criteria were administered 8 stage protocol EMDR. They all improved in their symptoms of intrusive images, hyper-arousal, autonomic instability and avoidance. Their sleep improved and nightmares diminished. Their social and interpersonal functioning improved. There was marked reduction of basal anxiety levels in all three. Scores on IES done after intervention (EMDR) improved from initial pre EMDR score of 41, 38 and 40 respectively to post EMDR scores of 18, 15 and 14 for the three subjects who completed EMDR protocol of 8 stages. On reporting to their respective units their occupational effectiveness has returned to previous levels of functioning. Conclusions: EMDR proves to be an effective non pharmacological intervention in terms of post traumatic stress disorder in special circumstances of acts of terrorism involving suicide bombing. The data presented is only preliminary and is based on a small number out of a larger sample.

Keywords: Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Terrorism  

4. Boudewyns, P. A., Hyer, L. A., Peralme, L., Touze, J., & Kiel, A. (1994, August). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for combat-related PTSD:  An early look. Presentation at the 102nd annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Combat  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PSTD  War  

5. Burbank, L. (2007, February 12). Iraq contractors convene in Tennessee. National Public Radio (NPR), 16:00-17:00 p.m.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Hurley uses a relatively new therapeutic tool. It’s called Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, or EMDR. He says the therapy is nothing like hypnosis. It helps disrupt traumatic memories so the mind can then deal with them in a healthy way.

Keywords: Military  Soldiers  War  

6. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N. L., Muraoka, M. Y., Saitou, Y., & Saitou, I. (1997). EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) for combat related post-traumatic stress disorder. Japanese Journal of Biofeedback Research, (24), 50-64.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Studied the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Human Ss: 35 male American adults (aged 41-70 yrs) (PTSD) (34 Vietnam War veterans and 1 Korean War veteran). Tests used: The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (D. D. Blake et al, 1995), the restandardized MMPI, the Mississippi Scale for Combat Related PTSD (T. M. Keane et al, 1988), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Impact of Events Scale and the Initial Screening Questionnaire. Treatments: 10 Ss were administered 12 EMDR sessions, 13 Ss were administered 12 sessions of biofeedback and relaxation, and 12 Ss were administered standard treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Combat  Empirical Study  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PSTD  Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial  War  

7. Carlson, J., & Chemtob, C. (1997, Spring). The role of "resolute perception" in EMDR: Reply to Linda Waters. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 34(1), 100. doi:10.1037/h0087719 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Replies to the comments by L. Waters (see record 84-36309) on the article by J. G. Carlson et al (see record 84-01737) regarding the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment (EMDR) to treat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam combat veterans. The authors suggest that Waters' interest in considering curative elements in psychotherapy common to a number of methods is useful because it encourages clinicians to focus on EMDR as a complex of procedures. The EMDR method of psychotherapy purports to provide a mechanism to enable and accelerate the resolution of experiences that otherwise might remain in stasis indefinitely. Waters' thoughtful letter suggests to the authors that EMDR may be reaching a level of clinical acceptance that is provoking a careful examination beyond an exclusive focus on 1 component, the eye movements, to consideration of EMDR as a sophisticated method of brief psychotherapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Combat Experience  Commentary  Letter  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Rapid  Reply  Veterans  Vietnam War Veterans    

8. Clapson, J. (2013, February 3). Treating PTSD in the armed forces: How pupil movement is helping symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Soldier Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/treating-ptsd-in-the-armed-forces on 2/3/2013.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
Lost in mental illness, he became one of the first troops to try out the intriguing and cutting-edge therapy called eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) - a practice which would force him to relive suicidal thoughts but ultimately go on to help save his life. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PSTD  Military  Soldiers  

9. Coffey, L. (2004, September 1). NH Bremerton conducts workshop to treat combat stress. US Department of Defense Information, Navy Press Release.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Naval Hospital Bremerton, Wash. (NNS) -- In the first of its kind training within Department of Defense, a clinical psychologist at Naval Hospital Bremerton presented a one-day workshop Aug. 26 at Ft. Lewis, Wash., on Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing, or EMDR.

Keywords: Combat Stress  Military  Navy  Mark Russell  

10. Cole, F. J. (1996, November). The effect of alpha theta brainwave production on self-efficacy in the treatment of substance abuse. California School of Professional Psychology, Fresno, CA. AAT 9734483.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Two new brief treatments, Alpha Theta Brainwave Training (ATBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) were compared to Systematic Muscle Relaxation (SMR) training during the treatment of 45 hospitalized veterans in the Chemical Dependency Treatment Program of the Fresno Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center. Fifteen veterans were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, ATBT, EMDR, and SMR, to investigate whether these treatments affected self-efficacy, or confidence in the ability to resist the urge to drink. In behavioral change, self-efficacy levels are consistent predictors of short and long-term success. It was hypothesized that the greater the amount of time spent in theta brainwave frequency (4-8 Hz) during treatment, the greater the increase in self-efficacy. Brainwave activity, temperature, skin conductance and electromyographic levels were recorded during the treatment sessions. Measures of self-efficacy, self-efficacy expectancy, outcome expectancy, and level of overall physical and emotional symptoms were taken before and after treatment. Results indicated that all treatments increased self-efficacy and decreased overall physical and emotional symptoms in alcoholic subjects. Overall, there was no significant difference in the amount of time spent in theta brainwave frequency between groups, but results indicated that the treatments did produce a significant difference in the amount of time spent in theta brainwave frequency between the first and last treatment sessions in the groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(5-B), Nov 1997, pp. 2667.

Keywords: Brain Stimulation  Drug Abuse  Drug Rehabilitation  Empirical Study  Military Veterans  Relaxation Therapy  Self Efficacy  Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial  

11. Cornett, T. (2005, January 26). NH Bremerton co-sponsors PTSD training. US Department of Defense Information, Navy Press Release.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a method to treat people who have disturbing or traumatic memories, by mimicking the brain's natural way of processing information by using eye movements or other types of bilateral stimulation. This treatment is the most rapid of the four recommended treatments for PTSD and is being focused on because it is the only one that is effective for acute stress disorder, which is one of the early stages of PTSD.

Keywords: Mark Russell  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Training  

12. Crudele, B. (2012, November 16). Touch, sound and light help heal inner wounds. Marine Corps Times. Retrieved from http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20121126/NEWS/211260306/Touch-sound-and-light-help-heal-inner-wounds 4/9/2013.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
EMDR therapy, recognized by the Defense Department as an evidence-based treatment for PTSD, includes image exposure, desensitization, cognitive processing, assessment, psychoeducation and coping strategies, according to the Naval Center for Combat & Operational Stress Control. During each session, patients are asked to recall a traumatic event and identify the positive and negative feelings associated with the event. Repetitive exercises including bilateral eye movements, with simultaneous bilateral sounds through headphones and tapping sensations in the palms, are provided to stimulate both hemispheres of the brain. The most common task is side-to-side eye movements, allowing the patient to focus on the provider's moving finger or a light bar. The exercises are conducted for each traumatic event until the patient reassesses or recalibrates his level of emotional distress. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Veterans  

13. Crudele, B. (2012, November 26). Touch, sound and light help heal inner wounds: Veteran turns to innovative therapy to relieve PTSD. Army Times. Retrieved from http://www.armytimes.com/news/2012/11/marine-emdr-ptsd-112612/ on 11/26/2012.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
“It was [about] learning how to get resolution with all those events, to move past them — not forget about them or make them any less impactful in my mind or in my life — but learning how, in a healthy way, I can deal with that loss and pain,” Stowe said. “I have a healthier response to adversity. I have what I consider a very healthy, productive outlook on life, and it’s directly because of EMDR [therapy].” [Excerpt]

Keywords: Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Veterans  

14. Cukor, J., Olden, M., Lee, F., & Difede, J. (2010, October). Evidence-based treatments for PTSD, new directions, and special challenges. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1208(1), 82-89. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05793.x.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This paper provides a current review of existing evidence-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with a description of psychopharmacologic options, prolonged exposure therapy, cognitive processing therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, especially as they pertain to military populations. It further offers a brief summary of promising treatments with a developing evidence base, encompassing both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Finally, challenges to the treatment of PTSD are summarized and future directions suggested.

Keywords: Cognitive Processing Therapy  CPT  Evidence-Based Treatment  Military  PE  Posttraumatic Stress Dsorder  PTSD  Prolonged Exposure  Psychopharmacology    

15. Dexter, B. A. (2006, September). Effective therapy with military and their families. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Many more families are now affected dramatically by military service and combat. War is a disturbing experience for the service member and the family. Yet military culture is something that mental health providers do not receive training on in graduate school. Military medical systems tend to lead military families to expect certain services and knowledge when they seek help from a therapist. If military families are able to utilize military medical facilities they expect they providers to be experts on military culture. It is not neccssary however, for therapists to have served in the military in order to provide high quality service to military individuals and their families. The military community is an entire culture with many honorable customs and traditions. To fail to learn about military culture when working with military families would be tantamount to telling a client that ethnic minority issues were not worthy of therapeutic consideration. It is more critical now for mental health providers to learn about military culture because many Activated Reservists, National Guard and their families will need to receive mental health services outside of the structured military mental health setting. There is no one "central source" for military information needed by a clinician in order to provide the most effective therapy. In this workshop we will include up-todate handouts and referral sources for therapists serving military families. We will also identify how to use military culture knowledge to build rapport and to set up effective targets for EMDR processing.

Keywords: Families  Military  

16. Dexter, B. A. (2008, September). Working with active duty, Reserve and National Guard, military, and military organizations. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Rapidly increasing numbers of Active Duty, Reserve and National Guard combat veterans and their families are receiving mental health treatment provided by civilian therapists. Therapists who have not served in the military can develop military cultural knowledge and provide equally high quality service to military individuals and families. We will discuss and develop EMDR targets related to Combat Stress Reactions, narcissism, ‘violations of the social contract’ and other trauma. Participants will receive a large amount of material in handouts and have considerable opportunity for case discussion and more.

Keywords: Combat  Military  Veterans  

17. Dexter, B. A. (2007, September). Therapy with military and their families in a time of war. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Dallas, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Numerous military and veteran organizations recognize EMDR as a recommended treatment for PTSD. Rapidly increasing numbers of Active Duty, Reserve and National Guard combat veterans and their families are in need of mental health treatment, and most of that treatment will likely be provided by civilian therapists who may not have personal military experience. Therapists who have not served in the military can develop military cultural knowledge and provide equally high quality service to military individuals and families. We will discuss and develop EMDR targets related to Combat Stress Reactions, narcissism, ‘violations of the social contract’ and other trauma.

Keywords: Military  War  

18. Dexter, B. A. (2009, January). Providing EMDR mental health services for the military - Know the facts. Austin, TX: EMDR International Association.

Language: English

Format: Publication

Abstract:
Individuals injured during U.S. military service receive world class medical care—tragically, the same cannot be said of the mental health care available for Active Duty military and Veterans with psychological injury. Even more disturbing is the fact that world class psychiatric care, such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), is available and is often denied to Active Duty service members and Veterans. Although psychiatric diagnoses and treatment have generally been harder to define than diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions, such as infection, debate in mental health circles in recent years over what and how to treat seems to have deteriorated into a shark feeding frenzy. The question of “evidence-based” has become “evidence-based according to whom?” This has resulted in funding to a number of non-evidence-based experimental treatments and a complete lack of funding on two of the four recommended evidence-based treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Keywords: Military  

19. EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Programs (2004). Military and post-disaster field manual. Hamden, CT: EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Programs.

Language: English

Format: Book

Keywords: Military Field Manual  

20. EMDR International Association (EMDRIA) (2012, October 7). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing international association response to the Institute of Medicine report on “Treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in military and veteran populations: Initial assessment”. EMDRIA. Retrieved from http://www.emdria.org/associations/12049/files/EMDRIA%20IOM%20Response.pdf on 10/19/2012.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
In response to the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) July 2012, publication, Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military and Veteran Populations: Initial Assessment, the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing International Association (EMDRIA) applauds the IOM for its leadership role in calling for the use of evidence-based methods for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and for advocating stepped-up research on therapies for war stress injuries, with an appropriate recognition of the urgency required.
We do, however, see errors and omissions in the portrayal of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in the IOM reports; we believe that the misrepresentation of EMDR in the 2008 document unfortunately has been perpetuated in the 2012 Initial Assessment. We are concerned that these misunderstandings will be incorporated as Phase 2 of this study proceeds; thus we are providing you with information with the hope that these inaccuracies can be addressed and corrected. This would positively impact further research on the treatment of PTSD. In the following, we have identified several specific statements in the IOM report that misquote or misrepresent the original EMDR research papers. The inaccuracy of the quotes are serious enough to bias the conclusions of the IOM report and call into question the validity of the document.
In addition, we want to highlight the fact that the original IOM report on PTSD called for randomized clinical trials (RCT) to further evaluate EMDR (IOM, 2008), but this recommendation has not been implemented. It is our hope that our response will encourage the IOM to address this lack of follow through and advocate for randomized clinical trials to test the efficacy of all the evidence-based therapies.

Keywords: Institute of Medicine Report  IOM Report  Military  Posttraumatic Stress  PTSD  

21. Errebo, N., & Sommers-Flanagan, R. (2007). EMDR and emotionally focused couple therapy for war veteran couples. In F. Shaprio, F. W. Kaslow, & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp. 202-222). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
To help veteran couples, therapists need to understand the effect of war on the warrior, the impact of the warrior's experience on intimate relationships, and effective individual and couple treatments. These considerations are discussed in this chapter. Topic include war trauma and complex posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); effects of PTSD symptoms on veterans and their intimate relationships; problems in veterans' marital relationships; and treatment considerations. The therapy process described here is an integration of Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). In case conceptualization and treatment planning, EMDR and EFT can be woven together harmoniously; many of their theoretical concepts and procedural steps are compatible with or parallel to one another. EFT and EMDR are first described separately. Next, the parallels between the two treatments are discussed. Then a plan is presented for combining EMDR and EFT in comprehensive treatment for couples affected by war trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Couples Therapy  EFT  Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy  Emotion Focused Therapy  Emotional Freedom Technique  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Trauma  Veterans  War Trauma  War Veteran Couples  

22. Fátima Panangeiro, M. F., Torres, A. F. S., Fernandez, R. M., & Trajano, S. R. (2012, Novembro). Eicácia do EMDR na prevenção e cura do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático em vítimas de terremoto [Efficacy of EMDR in the prevention and treatment of PTSD with victims of an earthquake]. In comunicações de pesquisa. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Introdução: Sabemos que quando uma pessoa vivencia um incidente crítico, essa exposição tem impacto considerável sobre seu funcionamento global. Assim, para assegurar a recuperação dos militares brasileiros que estavam no Haiti, escolhemos a técnica EMDR criada pela Dra.Francine Shapiro, que encontra respaldo teórico em descobertas recentes no campo neuropsicológico para realizar as intervenções. Justificativa: O EMDR é uma técnica eficaz, que permite que o trauma armazenado na memória de curto prazo passe para a memória de longo prazo, uma vez que com os estímulos criam-se novas conexões neurais que trazem alívio, paz e aceitação. Atualmente existem mais de 20 estudos randomizados que apoiam sua eficácia. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia da técnica EMDR na recuperação de vítimas de terremoto no Haiti, que apresentavam Transtorno Estresse Pós-Traumático e/ou Transtorno Estresse Agudo. Método: O estudo foi realizado com 14 militares sobreviventes do terremoto ocorrido no Haiti em janeiro de 2010, divididos em dois grupos: A (soterrados) e B (não soterrados). Foram utilizados para avaliação: entrevista inicial entrevista inicial e final, os testes IES- Escala de Impacto de Eventos e ISSL - Inventário de Sintomas de estresse de Lipp (antes e após a intervenção), EMDR, e reencontro (follow-up) seis meses após o último atendimento. Resultados: De acordo com os resultados obtidos no IES, os sujeitos que tinham o nível de estresse entre grave, moderado e leve, passaram após a intervenção para o nível leve e recomendado. Em relação aos sintomas físicos e emocionais (flashbacks, insônia, pesadelos, agressividade, instabilidade de humor e aumento no consumo de álcool), os sujeitos não apresentavam mais a queixa ao término das intervenções. Conclusões: Com base nos resultados apresentados podemos afirmar que o EMDR é uma técnica eficaz para resolução do transtorno estresse pós-traumático, assim como na sua prevenção, em vítimas de terremoto.

Introduction: We know that when a person experiences a critical incident, such exposure has considerable impact on their overall functioning. Thus, to ensure the recovery of the Brazilian military who were in Haiti, we choose the EMDR technique created by Dra.Francine Shapiro, who finds theoretical support in recent discoveries in the field to perform neuropsychological interventions. Rationale: The EMDR is an effective technique that allows the trauma stored in short-term memory to pass the long-term memory, since with the stimuli it creates new neural connections that bring relief, peace and acceptance. Currently there are more than 20 randomized trials that support its effectiveness. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of EMDR technique in the recovery of victims of the earthquake in Haiti, which had Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and / or Acute Stress Disorder. Method: The study was conducted with 14 military survivors of the earthquake in Haiti in January 2010, divided into two groups: A (buried) and B (not buried). All patients were evaluated: initial initial interview and final interview, tests IES-Impact of Events Scale and ISSL - Symptom Inventory stress Lipp (before and after the intervention), EMDR, and reunion (follow-up) six months after the last treatment. Results: According to the results of the IES, the subjects who had the stress level between severe, moderate and mild, passed after the intervention to the level recommended lightweight. Regarding the physical and emotional symptoms (flashbacks, insomnia, nightmares, aggression, mood instability and increased consumption of alcohol), subjects no longer had the complaint at the end of the interventions. Conclusions: Based on the presented results we can state that EMDR is an effective technique for resolution of post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as its prevention, earthquake victims.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder  Brazil  Earthquake  Haiti  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Prevention  PTSD  Treatment  Victims  

23. Fisher, M. E. (2008). The use of psychoeducation in the treatment of PTSD with military personnel and their family members: An exploratory study from a clinician’s perspective. Social Work Research Methods, Smith College, School for Social Work.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This qualitative study explores clinician’s use of psychoeducation in the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with military personnel and their family members. Seven clinicians working with military personnel or in a military setting were asked a series of questions about psychoeducation and its use in the treatment of PTSD. Utilizing interviews, clinicians provided rich and detailed narratives outlining the following questions: (1) Is psychoeducation an appropriate intervention method in the treatment of PTSD? If so, when is it appropriate to use or incorporate psychoeducation in the treatment process with military personnel and/or their family members? and (2) What have been the outcomes in using psychoeducation as a form of treatment for PTSD with individual military personnel and/or their family members? How do you measure the effectiveness of this intervention? Participants gave descriptive narratives of their experience and outcomes, exploring their meaning and understanding of psychoeducation, its use during the therapeutic relationship as a stand-alone entity or in conjunction with another therapy, and their perceptions on psychoeducation’s effectiveness in the treatment of PTSD. Major findings revealed that psychoeducation was used by all of the participants in this study; however treatment modality, timeframe and settings of use with psychoeducation varied. The data collected from the study supported the need for more research to be conducted on the effectiveness and best practices of the use of psychoeducation in the treatment of PTSD.

Keywords: Military  Psycheducation  

24. Friedman, M. J. (2006, April). Posttraumatic stress disorder among military returnees from Afghanistan and Iraq. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 586-593. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.586 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Although most military personnel returning from recent deployments will readjust successfully to life in the United States, a significant minority will exhibit PTSD or some other psychiatric disorder. Practitioners should routinely inquire about war-zone trauma and associated symptoms when conducting psychiatric assessments. Treatment should be initiated as soon as possible, not only to ameliorate PTSD symptoms but also to forestall the later development of comorbid psychiatric and/or medical disorders and to prevent interpersonal or vocational functional impairment. If evidence-based practices are utilized, complete remission can be achieved in 30%–50% of cases of PTSD, and partial improvement can be expected with most patients. We can all look forward to future breakthroughs that will improve our capacity to help people with PTSD. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Military  Trauma  War  

25. Hacker-Hughes, J., & Wesson, M. (2008, June). EMDR on the frontline: Early interventions during military operations. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Some of the earliest applications of EMDR were with military veterans (Shapiro 1995, Shapiro & Forrest 1997). EMDR is now widely used to treat UK military personnel suffering from combat related PTSD. This presentation will consider extending the use of EMDR as an early intervention during frontline operations. Research suggests the importance of early detection in PTSD (Lee et al 2005) and the benefits of early intervention (North 2001). Current practice is that UK personnel who are having significant difficulties in functioning after exposure to trauma are sent back to the UK for treatment after a brief period of watchful waiting. This is can be detrimental, both to the unit and individual (Shepard 2000, Solomon et al 2005). EMDR offers a potential solution to this problem. A case study will be presented of a soldier who was suffering significant post trauma symptoms whilst serving in Afghanistan. Through the successful use of EMDR in theatre just 2 weeks after the trigger event, he was able to resume his normal duties and hence avoid the negative effects of being returned to the UK for treatment. The use of EMDR as a frontline treatment has far reaching implications but currently there is little evidence for its use as an early intervention with military personnel (Russell 2006). Future research to evaluate this novel application of EMDR is planned. This presentation will introduce participants to the challenges of providing psychological treatment during military operations and the potential value of EMDR in this setting.

Keywords: Early Interventions  Military  

26. Haycock, R. D. (2009). Arming commanders to combat PTSD: A time for change – Attacking the stressors vice the symptoms. School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Arming Commanders to Combat Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by COL Robert D. Haycock, US Army, 53 pages. Just as war is not a new phenomenon, neither are the issues associated with the mental and emotional scars combat brings to those who fight a nation’s wars. Historically, the United States has assumed a reactive vice proactive posture as it relates to coping with the fiscal, and humanistic challenges that manifest within a nation at war, and those who experience the trauma of combat. The Army has proven slow to respond to the need to train and educate its leaders and instead has devoted vast capital on the assessment and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), attacking the symptoms as they arise, vice attacking the stressors which cause the affliction. The invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan and the deployment of forces throughout the world to combat terror, however, have created conditions whereby PTSD is again in the lime-light. This monograph examines PTSD from a historical perspective reviewing the manner in which the Army viewed, assessed, and treated those afflicted with PTSD as well its methods for training and educating those honored with the opportunity to lead these warriors in battle. This monograph highlights existing shortfalls in assessment, training, doctrine, and education as it relates to those commanding at the battalion-level. The Army does not properly prepare battalion commanders for the complexities of coping with PTSD in their units nor arm them with the tactics, techniques, and procedures necessary to mitigate the effects of PTSD on the combat effectiveness of their units and the soldiers that fill the ranks. The Army should implement more rigorous assessment programs for units deployed to identify those at risk of PTSD or demonstrating stress-related symptoms before the mental well-being of the soldier is dramatically affected and treatment becomes more difficult. Further, the Army should review and update existing doctrine and training techniques (Battlemind training) to focus specifically on commanders at the battalion level. The Army must demonstrate a linkage between doctrine, training and education, enhance efforts to consolidate PTSD resources for ease of access, and revise strategic communications procedures to reduce stigmas associated with PTSD. The Army must arm its tactical commanders with the tools to address the stressors associated with PTSD in order to preserve the force and ensure its effectiveness in the ambiguous and complex environment which appears to best characterize the way ahead.

Keywords: Combat  Military  Monograph  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Stressors  

27. Hill, L. (2008, June). ‘Saving Private Ryan’ – with the help of EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A career soldier, who had fought in both Gulf wars and was suffering from PTSD and alcoholism, experienced a severe panic attack whilst watching the opening scenes of the film “Saving Private Ryan”. After 8 sessions of EMDR he asked if he would be able to watch the film now – without a panic attack. We decided to watch it together and used the first five minutes of the film to shape a unique therapy session encompassing grief work, the completion of the trauma work we had been doing with EMDR and the use of EMDR to enable him to begin to address the imminent life stage issue of retirement from the military and how he was to make meaning for himself from his experience. This is a case study which demonstrates the immense potential and flexibility of EMDR if we are able to respond creatively to our clients. This session is an invitation to think about how we can use EMDR creatively, remaining true to its protocols at the same time as being able to integrate it into our previously existing skills and respond flexibly and appropriately to our clients needs and suggestions. It is an example of creative and collaborative working with the client.

Keywords: Military  

28. Hughes, J. H. (2004, February). The use of EMDR with military populations. Presentation at the 2nd annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland Association, Birmingham, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The Defence Medical Services Clinical Psychology Service (DMSCPS) provides the Clinical Psychology Assessment and Treatment Service to over 200,000 serving military personnel from all three services, both within the United Kingdom an abroad.

Keywords: Military  

29. Hurley, E. C. (2012, February 5). Veterans and PTSD treatment. Huffinton Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/e-c-hurley-phd/ptsd-military_b_1250216.html 2/5/2012.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Many veterans never dreamed of needing help coping with life following combat deployments. While the impact of surviving in a combat zone has left many veterans seeking help in overcoming posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), there have been significant advances in treatment. An overview of available therapy approaches for PTSD can enhance a veteran's treatment options. There are three evidenced-based psychotherapies researched with veterans and recognized to be effective in the treatment of combat-related PTSD. Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), Prolonged Exposure (PE), and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) are all accepted as being effective treatment approaches. Each form of therapy has the potential to make a positive difference in the lives of veterans who are treated. Since each therapy addresses specific treatment issues, veterans should know that if one treatment has not worked well for them, other options are available in your ]community. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Blog  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Veterans  War  

30. Hurley, E. C. (2012, February 28). Being a veteran can be hazardous to your health. Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/e-c-hurley-phd/ptsd-veterans_b_1299884.html on 2/28/2012.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
What are effective treatments for chronic pain? Due to the multi-dimensional aspects of pain, a number of treatment approaches have been used. They take into account the cognitive, affective, behavioral, social, and physical aspects of pain. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), hypnosis, acupuncture, and biofeedback training have all been used. While EMDR therapy was originally utilized in the treatment of PTSD the neurobiological similarities with PTSD patients and chronic pain disorders has led therapists to use EMDR in the treatment of a broad range of disorders including chronic pain, anger, anxiety, and depression (Silver, Rogers, & Russell, 2008). Studies have found EMDR effective in the treatment of chronic pain (Mazzola, Calcagno, Goicochea, Pueyrredon, Leston, & Salvat, 2009; Shapiro, 2012) [Excerpt]

Keywords: Blog  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Stress  Veterans  War  

31. Jayatunge, R. (2010, February 25). EMDR – An effective mode of psychotherapy. Sri Lanka Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2010/02/emdr-effective-mode-of-psychotherapy.html om 2/30/2010.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
Introduction of cognitive therapies gave a new hope. Beck and other pioneers in CBT helped a large number of people with emotional problems. Among all contemporary psychotherapies EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) became unique. What is exceptional about EMDR? It is easy to administer, gives quick positive results and no side effects. EMDR facilitates to ease traumatic experiences.

Keywords: General  Military  Overview  

32. Jayatunge, R. M. (2011). War trauma in the military, their families and communities. Lankaweb. Retrieved from http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2011/05/30/war-trauma-in-the-military-their-families-and-communities/ on 11/5/2012.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
(Lance Corporal S was diagnosed with PTSD treated with SSRI and EMDR. After intense therapy, his anxiety based symptoms were reduced to a significant level)

Keywords: Families  Military  Trauma  War  

33. Keane, T. M., & Phelps, R. (2008, Spring). Treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to military combat. Good Practice, 6-10.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Keywords: Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

34. Kennedy, K. (2009, December 9). No quick fix- Second hospital stay helps PTSD patient more than the first did. Army Times. Retrieved from http://www.armytimes.com/news/2009/12/web_military_ptsd3_120709/ on 12/10/2009.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
Third in a series.
First, she used EMDR, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy, an evidence-based therapy, to try to deal with his trauma. With EMDR, she waves her hand back and forth in front of her patient while asking the patient to think about an event and to follow her fingers with his eyes. She then checks in with the patient occasionally to see how he’s doing and to make sure he does not sink too far into the trauma. An important part of EMDR, she said, is keeping one foot grounded in reality while touching the edges of the trauma. The hand movement helps the brain process the trauma in both the left and right hemispheres. “You essentially take the stuck memory and put it in narrative form,” she said. “EMDR allows the brain to work through all the things it needs to work through.”

Keywords: Military  Practice  Theory  

35. Kennedy, K. (2001, September 11). Specialists, patients critical of PTSD care. Army Times, Navy Times, Marine Times, Military Times.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
Experts told the House Veterans’ Affairs Committee that reliable methods exist to immediately diagnose and treat post-traumatic stress disorder — but they’re not used.

Keywords: Military  

36. Lansing, K. (2013, September). The rite of return: Coming back from duty-induced PTSD. High Ground Press.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
The Rite of Return: Coming Back from Duty-Induced PTSD is written for men and women in law enforcement, first response, and the military who are struggling with duty-induced PTSD. In a field-guide format, it presents an overview of a proven treatment approach adapted specifically for this population. The book offers clear teaching on PTSD and its effects on the brain. It also provides practical training in containment techniques for increased control of symptoms and motivation for battling the tendency to isolate. The successful case outcomes described throughout the book give substantive hope for recovery from PTSD. The message throughout is that duty-induced PTSD cannot be resolved in isolation or by reading self-help books. The author’s depth of knowledge and scope of experience evident in every chapter draws the reader confidently into places where the clinical generalist cannot tread. Karen Lansing’s understanding of duty-induced PTSD goes beyond a simply clinical perspective. She has been trained in public order, ridden extensively on patrol, done 48-hour tours of duty with firefighters, and has resided and trained alongside special weapons teams on military bases. She has “kitted up” and been stuck into flashpoint sectors in “exotic places” with tactical advisors in troubled regions. The benefits emerging from that cross-pollination of disciplines are apparent in the author’s respect and understanding of the specific clinical needs of Warriors and Rescuers. It's seen in her identification of and clinical protocol for the treatment of a rare but deadly post-shooting symptom that she refers to as transitory shooter's apraxia. The benefits are also clearly seen in the clinical outcomes of those featured in this book. The Rite of Return presents a powerful argument that PTSD need not lead to an end of mission or tour of duty, or to a lifelong injury. Instead, case account after case account indicates that Lansing's treatment approach leads to quite the opposite: officers consistently emerging stronger. These outcomes are confirmed throughout the book by the testimony of SPECT brain images before and after treatment. Accompanying them are accounts of subjects after treatment responding successfully to incidents very similar to those that had culminated in their PTSD. These unsung heroes recovered, becoming more competent, more tactically skilled and more mentally resilient than they had been prior to its time-limited, but significant, intrusion into their lives. Reading between the lines of this book, it's apparent that careers and lives have been saved because of the author’s innovative approach. Her only regret is that so many have been lost to the devastation of untreated or ill-treated, duty-induced PTSD. The publication of The Rite of Return couldn’t be better timed.

Keywords: Containment Techniques  Duty-Induced PTSD  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Transitory Shooter's Apraxia  

37. Lipke, H. (2001). Foreword. In S. Silver & S. Rogers Light in the heart of darkness: EMDR & the treatment of war and terrorism survivors (pp. xiii-xiv). Chicago:   W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Keywords: Forward  Military  Terrorism  Veterans  War  

38. Lipke, H. (1995). Manual for the teaching of Shapiro's EMDR in the treatment of combat-related PTSD. Pacific Grove, CA: EMDR Institute.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
Manual for the Teaching of Shapiro’s EMDR in the Treatment of Combat Related PTSD. An original Professional Psychology manuscript outlining the basic tenets of EMDR and their application to the treatment of post-traumatic stress in combat veterans. [EMDR-HAP]

Keywords: Combat  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Veterans  War  

39. Lowary, J. (2009, December 31). Former colonel backs new PTSD treatment. The Leaf Chronicle.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
A retired local colonel with more than 30 years of experience in helping soldiers with family and psychological problems is championing a new technique he says can be more than 85 percent effective in the treatment of combat-related stress.

Keywords: E. C. Hurley  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

40. MacDonald, D. J. (2006, November 13). Insight into PTSD. U.S. News & World Report, 141(18).

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
"Treating War's Toll on the Mind" [October 9] was helpful in illuminating the enormous toll that post-traumatic stress disorder is taking on the lives of the men and women involved in war. Untreated PTSD damages the lives of the soldiers. Unfortunately, your article mentioned but failed to accurately represent an effective treatment for PTSD called eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. EMDR is actually a treatment of choice for combat-related PTSD and has been listed in the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Department of Defense's Practice Guidelines as "highly recommended" for the treatment of trauma.

Keywords: Letter  Military  War  

41. McMichael, W. H. (2005, February 7). Navy psychologist advocates unusual post-combat therapy. Air Force Times, 65(29), 26-27.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract: A Navy psychologist is championing a therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder that could mean faster and more effective treatment for troops overcome with memories of war’s horrors.

Keywords: Military  Navy  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PSTD  War  

42. Miller, J. R. (1994, September-October). Eye movement desensitization reprocessing:  Application on the battlefield. Army Medical Department Journal, 33-36.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Battle fatigue is an exceptionally stressful condition that can be very difficult to treat. It is aprofessional opinion that recovery can be dramatically improved by the introduction of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing ( EMDR). Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing, used in a far forward capacity during combat, can expedite the return to duty of soldiers who experience battle fatigue. More rigorous studies on the application of EMDR as a therapeutic intervention for combat stress and battle fatigue are suggested.

Keywords: Battlefield  Military  

43. National Council on Disability (2009, March). Invisible wounds: Serving service members and veterans with PTSD and TBI. Author.

Language: English

Format: Publication

Abstract:
More than 1.6 million American service members have deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF). As of December 2008, more than 4,000 troops have been killed and over 30,000 have returned from a combat zone with visible wounds and a range of permanent disabilities. In addition, an estimated 25-40 percent have less visible wounds--psychological and neurological injuries associated with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or traumatic brain injury (TBI), which have been dubbed "signature injuries" of the Iraq War. National Council on Disability (NCD) concurs with the recommendations of previous Commissions, Task Forces and national organizations that: (1) A comprehensive continuum of care for mental disorders, including PTSD, and for TBI should be readily accessible by all service members and veterans. This requires adequate staffing and adequate funding of Veterans Administration (VA) and Department of Defense (DoD) health systems; (2) Mechanisms for screening service members for PTSD and TBI should be continuously improved to include baseline testing for all Service Members pre-deployment and follow up testing for individuals that are placed in situations where head trauma may occur; and (3) The current array of mental health and substance abuse services covered by TRICARE should be expanded and brought in line with other similar health plans. As this report indicates, the medical and scientific knowledge needed to comprehensively address PTSD and TBI is incomplete. However, many evidence-based practices do exist. Unfortunately, service members and veterans face a number of barriers in accessing these practices including stigma; inadequate information; insufficient services to support families; limited access to available services, and a shortage of services in some areas. Many studies and commissions have presented detailed recommendations to address these needs. There is an urgent need to implement these recommendations. (Contains 4 exhibits.)

Keywords: Afghanistan  Iraq  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  TBI  Traumatic Brain Injury  Veterans  

44. Nettz, S. L. (1995, August). Effects of a single session of EMDR, flooding, and a credible placebo treatment on traumatic memories in male veterans. Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL. AAT 9614404.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study explored the effectiveness of a single session of three different treatments for traumatic memories. Subjects were 45 adult males, randomly assigned to Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Flooding, or Placebo therapy (Modified Avoidance Response Conditioning [ MARC]). Self-report and physiological measures were employed to measure treatment effectiveness. Subjects completed the following pre-treatment inventories: Michigan Alcohol Screening Test, Impact of Event Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Questionnaire on Mental Imagery, and the Treatment Credibility Questionnaire. Post-treatment measures included self-report measures (Subjective Units of Distress [ SUDs] and Treatment Credibility Questionnaire) and physiological measures (heart rate, skin conductance, and skin temperature). Treatments were rated as equally credible before and after the session. Both EMDR and Flooding produced a significant decrease in the self-report of anxiety compared to the Placebo (MARC) group. Neither heart rate or skin conductance channels showed a significant change for any of the three groups during post-treatment assessment phases. However, skin temperature was significantly lower for the Flooding group compared to the MARC group during two post-treatment phases, suggesting that the Flooding group was more physiologically aroused than Placebo (MARC) subjects. Findings suggest that during Flooding, exposure to disturbing elements of a trauma is associated with physiological arousal, which in turn leads to lessening of subjective distress. However, a different mechanism may account for EMDR treatment effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 57(1-B), Jul 1996, pp. 0687

Keywords: Adults  Emotional Trauma  Empirical Study  Evaluation  Male  Memory  Military  Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial  Veterans  

45. Ornelas, C. (2010, April 14). EMDR treatment gives hope to soldiers with PTSD. Colorado Springs, CO: Colorado Connection.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract: A well-known treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is showing promise in helping soldiers deal with the horrors of combat.

Keywords: Colorado Springs  Combat  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Valerie Anderson  

46. Reno, J. (2010, October 14). Debate rages on how to treat PTSD, the signature wound of this war. Home Post, The Military in San Diego.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
While it’s invisible to the naked eye, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has become the signature wound of the fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan and has already had a negative impact on hundreds of thousands of American soldiers and their families.

Keywords: Afghanistan  Depression  Dr. Adrienne McFadd  Drug Abuse  Homelessness  Iraq  Life in the Military  Matthew Kiernan  Michael Schindler  Newsweek  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  San Diego  Spouses & Families  Suicide  VA Secretary Eric Shinseki  Veterans  Veterans Administration  War  Virtual Reality  

47. Russell, M. (2008, September). Meeting military mental health needs in the 21st century and beyond: A critical analysis of the effects of dualism, disparity and scientific bias. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Since 2001, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have caused considerable strain on military medicine to effectively manage the large and growing mental health demand from deployed personnel. Current trends, initiatives and on-going barriers in meeting war-related mental health needs for this and future war generations as reported by military officials, including the 2007 Department of Defense’s (DoD) Task Force on Mental Health, is reviewed including training of providers, access to high quality mental health assessment and treatments and research innovations. Lastly, a model for a 21st century modern military mental health care system is proposed within the context of historical and present-day analysis of the cyclical impact of dualistic approaches toward mental and physical health and consequent effects of mental health stigma and disparity. Authors’ note: The findings and opinions expressed are the authors’ alone and are not intended to represent the views of the Department of the Navy, the Department of Defense, or the Department of Veterans Affairs.

Keywords: Military  

48. Russell, M. (2012, March 23). War atrocities in Afghanistan: Who is blameworthy?. Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mark-c-russell-phd-abpp/robert-bales-mental-health-_b_1371478.html on 3/26/2012.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
When Politics Trumps Science in Military Mental Health Care In January 2011, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) investigated the DVA's indefensible decision to limit veterans' access to two of its homegrown PTSD treatments --Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) -- while excluding external competitors, like EMDR, developed outside the DVA. For instance, despite billions of dollars spent by the DVA/DoD to research PTSD treatments (e.g., massage, art therapy, marijuana derivatives, etc.), no EMDR research has been conducted since the wars began -- a blatant disregard of military medicine's mission to ensure that all war veterans have unrestricted access to the highest quality mental health treatment possible. Scientific and personal bias should never enter into the equation. The status quo is even more inexplicable when in February, 2012, the DVA informs the Congressional Budget Office that only 40 percent of VA PTSD patients successfully complete PTSD treatment -- a 60 percent wash-out rate! In stark contrast, randomized controlled trials of EMDR in 1998 with Vietnam combat veterans demonstrated that 77 percent of veterans no longer had PTSD diagnosis after 12 sessions -- with no drop-out [2]. Promising results; however, 1998 marked the last EMDR research trial the DVA has funded. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Afghanistan  Blog  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Veterans  War  

49. Russell, M. C. (2012, January 27). Preventing military misconduct stress behaviors. Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mark-c-russell-phd-abpp/ptsd-veterans_b_1228546.html on 2/5/2023..

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Since 2004, EMDR has been recognized by the DVA and DoD as a top evidence-based treatment for post-traumatic stress disorders according to their own clinical practice guidelines. With high rates of mental health stigma in the military, EMDR has the unique advantage of being noticeably different than standard talk therapy. Service personnel are not required to self-disclose details of events that they have witnessed or participated in, and the effects tend to be more rapid and generalize to other contributing experiences that often underlie difficulties associated with depression, suicide, anger, substance use, aggression, medically unexplained conditions, and so on. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Blog  Military  Stress  Veterans  War  

50. Russell, M. C. (2008, April). Treating traumatic amputation-related phantom limb pain: A case study utilizing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing within the Armed Services. Clinical Case Studies, 7(2), 136-153. doi:10.1177/1534650107306292.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Since September 2006, more than 725 service members from the global war on terrorism have survived combat-related traumatic amputations that often result in phantom limb pain (PLP) syndrome. Combat amputees are also at high risk of developing chronic mental health conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and clinical depression as they deal with wartime experiences, rehabilitation, and postrehabilitation adjustments. One active-duty patient was referred to a military outpatient clinic for treatment of PLP and PTSD following a traumatic leg amputation from a noncombat-related motor vehicle accident. Four sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) led to elimination of PLP and a significant reduction in PTSD, depression, and phantom limb tingling sensations. A detailed account of this treatment, as well as a review of the benefits of EMDR research and treatment in the military, is provided. The results are promising but in need of further research.

Keywords: Clinical Case Study  Military  Pain  Phantom Limb  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

51. Russell, M. C. (2008). War-related medically unexplained symptoms, prevalence, and treatment: Utilizing EMDR within the armed services. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(3), 212-225. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.212.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The mental health impact of war is often underestimated by military, government, and media officials who focus primarily on well-known conditions like depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) while ignoring the complex toll of modern warfare. These effects are clearly evident in "war syndromes," many of which can be collectively understood as medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). The current study provides a brief historical review of combat-related MUS as well as an analysis of present evidence of a possible "Iraqi War Syndrome." An overview of past and current treatments for combat MUS is followed by a single case study treating an Iraqi war combat veteran with combat-related MUS with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Therapy resulted in significant improvement of the patient's 1-year psychophysical condition and comorbid PTSD. We provide a detailed account of those treatment sessions as well as a discussion of EMDR's potential to simultaneously treat a range of combat-related psychophysical conditions without requiring extensive homework or self-disclosure that some military patients may resist. The results are promising, but they require further research. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults  Americans  Iraq War  Marine Personnel  Medically Unexplained Symptoms  Military Psychiatry  Operation Iraqi Freedom  Combat  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychotherapeutic Processes  PTSD  Somatic Symptoms  Veterans  War Syndromes  

52. Russell, M. C. (2012, February 5). Underestimating the true prevalence of war stress injury in the military. Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mark-c-russell-phd-abpp/ptsd-military-_b_1250227.html on 2/5/2012.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Media and official reports on prevalence rates of military war stress injury have focused almost exclusively on escalating rates of well-known war stress injuries such as PTSD, depression, generalized anxiety, substance abuse, and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Take a look at some of this week's headlines: •Michelle Obama Tackling PTSD Treatment For Veterans •Veteran PTSD: Lawmakers Want Audit Of Wait Times For Appointments However, the true impact from war trauma cannot be reduced to a handful of psychiatric diagnoses, as some may want. It is a well-established, albeit uncomfortable, and conveniently ignored historical, medical and scientific fact that human adaptation to uncontrollable, unpredictable and potentially traumatic stress "causes" or significantly contributes to a wide-range of neurobiological, physical, cognitive, emotional and behavioral changes that, when chronic and/or severe enough, will inevitably cause significant physiological alterations in the brain-mind-body, eventually leading to physical and/or psychological breakdown. It's not just me saying it. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Blog  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Veterans  War  

53. Russell, M. C. (2004, September). Treating combat-related stress disorders: A multiple case study utilizing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing procedure with battlefield casualties from the Iraq war. Poster presented at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Montreal, Quebec CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Battelfield  Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Combat-Related PTSD  Iraq  Military  

54. Russell, M. C. (2012, June). Who cares? Part II: Mortgaging the future of veteran's mental healthcare. Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mark-c-russell-phd-abpp/who-cares-part-ii-mortgag_b_1588631.html on 6/19/2012.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
At the time of this writing in mid-2012, there has been notable progress in terms of increased opportunities for DoD clinicians to obtain EMDR training and ensuring military beneficiary access to EMDR therapy, however the Military Health System has never researched EMDR since its 1989 inception, a remarkable gaffe given frequent reports of EMDR's effectiveness by military mental health practitioners. Moreover, to date, the Military Health System has spent well-over $400 million in researching PTSD and TBI, but has yet to conduct a single randomized clinical trial (RCT) on EMDR -- despite a decades-long war and an irate Joint Chief of Staff. Meanwhile the lead agency for training and research in Institutional Military Medicine, the DVA's National Center for PTSD, continues its staunch all-out resistance toward EMDR. In fact, despite PTSD research funding increasing from $9.9 million in fiscal year 2005 to $24.5 million in fiscal year 2009, the DVA has refused to fund a single clinical trial on EMDR since 1998. This is entirely mystifying given the significant positive results from the VA's last RCT on EMDR.

Keywords: Blog  Department of Defense  Department of Veteran's Affairs  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Veterans  

55. Russell, M. C., & Figley, C. R. (2012, December). Treating traumatic stress injuries in military personnel: An EMDR practitioner's guide. New York, NY: Routledge.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
Treating Traumatic Stress Injuries in Military Personnel: An EMDR Practitioner’s Guide offers a comprehensive treatment manual for mental health professionals treating traumatic stress injuries in both male and female veterans. It is the first book to combine the most recent knowledge about new paradigms of combat-related traumatic stress injuries (Figley & Nash, 2006) and offers a practical guide for treating the spectrum of traumatic stress injuries with EMDR, which has been recognized by the Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense clinical practice guidelines as one of the most studied, efficient, and particularly well-suited evidence-based treatments for military-related stress injuries. Russell and Figley introduce an array of treatment innovations designed especially for use with military populations, and readers will find pages filled with practical information, including appendices that feature a glossary of military terminology, breakdowns of rank and pay grades, and various clinical forms.

Keywords: Combat  Military  Traumatic Stress Injuries  Treatment  

56. Russell, M. C., & Friedberg, F. (2009). Training, treatment access, and research on trauma intervention in the armed services. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(1), 24-31. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.1.24.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Since 2001, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have caused considerable strain on military medicine to effectively manage the growing mental health demand from deployed personnel. This article examines the ability of the U.S. Department of Defense to provide quality mental health services based on the availability of (a) clinical training, (b) mental health interventions, and (c) funded research of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. While notable progress has been made in cognitive-behavioral treatment access and research, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is far less available—perhaps attributable to ongoing controversy over the technique. We suggest that underserved veterans would benefit from increased availability of evidence-based behavioral treatments, perhaps through continuation of a recent regional training program.

Keywords: Clinical Training  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Treatment Access  Veterans  

57. Russell, M. C., & Friedberg, F. (2010). Formation, accès au traitement et recherche sur les interventions dans les cas de trauma dans les forces armées [Training, access to treatment and intervention research in cases of trauma in the military]. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(2), 18E-26E. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.2.E18.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Depuis 2001, les guerres en Irak et en Afghanistan exercent une pression considérable sur la médecine militaire pour gérer efficacement la demande croissante de soins en santé mentale du personnel déployé. Cet article examine la capacité du Ministère de la défense des Etats-Unis à fournir des services de santé mentale de qualité en fonction de la disponibilité (a) de la formation clinique, (b) des interventions en santé mentale et (c) de la recherche subventionnée portant sur les traitements de l'état de stress post-traumatique. Alors que des progrès notables ont été réalisés au niveau de l'accès au traitement cognitivo-comportemental et des études dans ce domaine, l'Intégration neuro-émotionnelle par les stimulations bilatérales alternées ou EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing) est beaucoup moins disponible - peut-être à cause de la controverse actuelle qui entoure la technique. Nous suggérons qu'une meilleure disponibilité des traitements comportementaux basés sur les données probantes, peut-être par le biais de la poursuite d'un récent programme régional de formation, serait bénéfique pour les vétérans qui y ont aujourd'hui peu accès.

Since 2001, wars in Iraq and Afghanistan is considerable pressure on military medicine to effectively manage the growing demand for mental health of deployed personnel. This article examines the capacity of the Ministry of Defence of the United States to provide mental health services quality depending on availability (a) of clinical training, (b) mental health interventions and (c) sponsored research into the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. While significant progress has been achieved in access to cognitive behavioral treatment and studies in this field, neuro-emotional integration by alternating bilateral stimulation or EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing &) is much less available - perhaps because of the current controversy surrounding the art. We suggest that greater availability of behavioral treatments based on evidence, perhaps through the continuation of a recent regional training program would be beneficial for veterans who now have little access.

Keywords: Military  Training  Trauma  Treatment  

58. Russell, M. C., & Silver, S. M. (2007, September). Training needs for the treatment of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A survey of Department of Defense clinicians. Traumatology, 13(3), 4-10. doi:10.1177/1534765607305440.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In 2004, the United States Departments of Veterans Affairs (VA) and Defense jointly published clinical-practice guidelines for posttraumatic stress disorder (CPG-PTSD). These identified 4 psychotherapies for PTSD: cognitive therapy, eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing, exposure therapy, and stress inoculation therapy. One hundred thirty-seven mental-health professionals employed by the military or the VA were surveyed as to whether they used any of these psychotherapies and the extent of their training in them. Ninety percent of respondents reported not using any of the 4 psychotherapies. Of those who did, most had received their training before their affiliation with the military, and only a handful had training in the specific use of psychotherapy with PTSD. The lack of available, CPG-identified, effective psychotherapies is discussed as a barrier to treatment, as are possible reasons the psychotherapies are not used. A brief description of a training program is provided along with suggestions for the future.[Author]

Keywords: Cognitive Therapy  Exposure Therapy  Mental Health Personnel  Military Psychiatry  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Professional Training  PTSD  United States Department of Defense  

59. Russell, M. C., Silver, S. M., Rogers, S., & Darnell, J. N. (2007, February). Responding to an identified need: A joint Department of Defense/Department of Veterans Affairs training program in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for clinicians providing trauma services. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(1), 61-71. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.14.1.61.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
An earlier study of federal Department of Defense mental health professionals found relatively few trained in the psychotherapies for PTSD previously identified as effective by both this department and the federal Department of Veterans Affairs. In response to that need, a training program for one of the psychotherapies, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), was implemented utilizing personnel from these federal departments with assistance from a nonprofit agency. This article presents an evaluation of that program with rating data gathered from participants as well as treatment outcome data from the application of the training to patients. The program was highly rated by the participants and the impact of EMDR treatment was significant. Suggestions for similar programs and for further research are offered. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Americans  Empirical Study  Mental Health Personnel  Military  Professional Training  United States Department of Defense  United States Department of Veterans Affairs  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Quantitative Study  Training  Veterans  

60. Schmuldt, L. M., Gentile, T. I., Bluemlein, J. S., Fitch III, J. C., & Sterner, W. R. (2013). The war within: One soldier's experience, several clinician's perspectives. Journal of Military and Government Counseling, 1(1), 2-18.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Soldiers returning from deployment are presenting with a plethora of serious mental health challenges, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disturbances, and substance abuse issues. This paper will describe the journey of one soldier following his deployment to Iraq and the difficulties he faced during reintegration. Clinicians representing five approaches – dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), group systems theory, and motivational interviewing (MI) will provide perspectives on the development of traumatic response symptomology, as well as suggestions for understanding and treating the soldier profiled in the case study.

Keywords: DBT  Dialectical Behavior Therapy  Group Development  Mental Health  Military  Motivational Interviewing  Soldier  

61. Shapiro, F. (2012, February 5). How memories keep us apart: The past is present. Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/francine-shapiro-phd/ptsd-military_b_1250202.html 2/5/2012.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
When I first began to develop EMDR therapy back in 1987, I experimented with everyone who was willing to volunteer. I'd ask: Do you have anything bothering you? Not surprisingly, everyone had something. Whether it was a problem at work or a fight at home, by having them concentrate on it and using the procedures, rapid change usually occurred. Fascinating connections were made, and it was like having a window into the brain. For instance, one of the things I found very interesting was that often the problem they were concentrating on would spontaneously connect in their minds to earlier memories that were related in some way. That's how I began to discover that the past was really present. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Blog  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Relationships  Veterans  War  

62. Shapiro, F. (2012, February 29). The many faces of fear and how to deal with them. Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/francine-shapiro-phd/ptsd-fear_b_1299786.html on 2/29/2012.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
We've all heard the phrase "life is suffering." Unfortunately, some people misinterpret this to mean there is nothing they can do about their unhappiness. Everyday fears can range from minor anxieties to an intense fear of things that can often be avoided, like snakes or spiders. But generally people enter therapy when life has become unmanageable -- when they can't ignore the level of emotional pain they are experiencing. That often happens when they can't avoid the situation that disturbs them. For some, turning to therapy makes them feel like they have "failed" on their own and that their fears are a sign of "weakness." It helps to know that fear is not a "mental" problem. It's a physiological response arising from physiologically stored memories in your brain. However, just because a fear is "irrational," doesn't mean there is no reason for it. It just means it is unnecessary and that there are things you can do to change it. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Blog  Mental Health  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Stress  Veterans  War  

63. Silver, S. (2004). EMDR military update. EMDRIA Newsletter, 9(3), 17.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
A number of EMDRIA members have asked about the possibility of assisting returning Iraq War veterans possibly as volunteers working for the military or the Department of Veterans Affairs. Steve Silver, Ph.D, Director of the inpatient PTSD Program at the VA Medical Center in Coatesville, PA, provided us with the following information.

Keywords: Military  

64. Silver, S. (2012, October). EMDR in the military: Trauma, attachment and families. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Arlington, VA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop provides participants with information on the unique nature of military service, including sources of stress and trauma not commonly found in the civilian sector. The current operational environment of the Global War on Terror as well as experiences and issues of veterans of other eras are covered. Military-based trauma can be complex and therapeutic approaches often need to take this into account as well as the value systems of military personnel. While EMDR is highly effective with service members, “fine tuning” of the protocol is often useful. Family problems in attachment are addressed.

Keywords: Attachment  Families, Military  Trauma  

65. Silver, S. M., Rogers, S., & Russell, M. C. (2008, August). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of war veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(8), 947-957. doi:10.1002/jclp.20510.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Recent practice guidelines and meta-analyses have designated eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as a first-line treatment for trauma. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is an eight-phase therapeutic approach guided by an information-processing model that addresses the combat veteran's critical incidents, current triggers, and behaviors likely to prove useful in his or her future. Two case examples of combat veterans illustrate the ability of EMDR to achieve symptom reduction in a variety of clinical domains (e.g., anxiety, depression, anger, physical pain) simultaneously without requiring the patient to carry out homework assignments or discuss the details of the event. The treatment of phantom limb pain and other somatic presentations is also reviewed. The ability of EMDR to achieve positive effects without homework indicates that it can be effectively employed on consecutive days, making it especially useful during combat situations. [Wiley]

Keywords: Military Veterans  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychotherapeutic Processes  PTSD  Psychotherapy  Trauma  Treatment Effectiveness  War  

66. Staff. (2013, May). Jake Gyllenhaal donates $5000 to military healthcare. E! News. Retrieved from http://www.tv3.ie/entertainment_article.php?locID=1.803.810&article=102934.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
However, after the first few minutes of the sale - which was being held to raise funds for mental health care - went by without a bid, the Oscar-nominated actor stepped up with a $5,000 donation to go toward training in eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), a type of psychotherapy used to treat posttraumatic stress disorder, E! News reports.

Keywords: General  Military  Overview  

67. Staff. (2013, January). Eye-opening treatment for PTSD. Army. Retrieved from https://www.army.mod.uk/news/24729.aspx on 3/7/2013.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Lost in mental illness, he became one of the first troops to try out the intriguing and cutting-edge therapy called eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) - a practice which would force him to relive suicidal thoughts but ultimately go on to help save his life. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

68. Stowasser, J., Brown, S., & Zabukovec, J. (2011, August). The crucible of trauma: Domestic violence, substance abuse, and the military. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Orange County, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Untreated trauma and PTSD are believed to underlie substance abuse (SA) and domestic violence (DV). Some military personnel attempt to manage their PTSD with the use of DV tactics and SA, causing harm to themselves and others. Workshop participants will be able to broadly define DV, the Cycle of Violence and The Apology, and adapt them for use with EMDR; screen for substance abuse, conceptualize cases and plan treatment; understand how military experience contributes to post-traumatic stress including DV and SA; and dovetail this knowledge into the EMDR Model as an integrated, phased, trauma treatment approach.

Keywords: Apology  Cycle of Violence  Domestic Violence  Military  Substance Abuse  

69. Vermetten, E. (2013, April). Het effect van Militaire Motion-assisted Memory Desensitization en Reprocessing bij de behandeling van uitzendingsgerelateerde Posttraumatische Stress Stoornis; eerste voorlopige resultaten [The effect of military motion-assisted memory desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of deployment-related post traumatic stress disorder; preliminary results]. In Research track 2. Presentatie op het congres EMDR Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Nijmegen, Nederland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Inleiding: Hoewel de symptomen van de Post-Traumatische Stress Stoornis (PTSS) in de algemene en militaire setting erg op elkaar lijken, is de behandeling van uitzendingsgerelateerde PTSS vaak complex, in bijzonder in relatie tot de militaire context en herhaalde en langdurige blootstelling aan potentieel traumatische gebeurtenissen. Therapeutische compliance kan een probleem zijn in militaire populaties waardoor militairen niet optimaal gebruik maken van de werkzaamheid van de behandeling. Om hieraan tegemoet te komen is een nieuwe mogelijke aanvullende behandeling voor militairen en veteranen met uitzendingsgerelateerde PTSS ontworpen, Militaire Motion-assisted Desensitization and Reprocessing (3MDR). De behandeling omvat belangrijkste elementen van succesvolle behandelingen als Virtual Reality Exposure (VRE) en Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) en voegt beweging toe aan de therapeutische conditie. Hierbij zijn we gericht op het ontwerpen van een behandeling procedure die ‘dual task processing’ behoudt maar waarbij betrokkenheid vergroot wordt door de procedure uit te voren door beweging te vragen via het lopen op een loopband. Bovendien worden persoonlijke geselecteerde foto’s aangeboden van uitzendingsgerelateerde high-impact scenarios. Deelnemers lopen een zich herhalende cyclus door. Er is contact met de therapeut tijdens de high arousal. Duas task processing wordt gerealiseerd door een oscillerende bal op een scherm. Aspecten van ‘presence’ worden gemaximaliseerd, zoals muziek en cognitieve enhancement mbt de foto’s. Methode: Twee veteranen met chronische PTSS, ondergingen vier wekelijkse sessies van de 3MDR therapie. Als indicatie voor werkzaamheid was CAPS als uitkomstmaat gekozen. De behandeling was uitgevoerd op de Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment (CAREN) omgeving van het MRC in Doorn. Resultaten: De 3MDR behandeling liet een daling zien van PTSS-symptomen. Deelnemende patiënten zijn erg tevreden over de behandeling en er was geen aanleiding tot drop-out. Conclusie: De eerste resultaten van twee casus suggereren dat de 3MDR behandeling succesvol lijkt, en mogelijk kan gezien worden als een aanvullende behandeling, wanneer andere behandelingen niet verder evolueren of er kan is op drop out. De ‘presence’ werd zeer gewaardeerd. Verder onderzoek met meer patiënten moet worden uitgevoerd om meer betrouwbare resultaten te verkrijgen en gedifferentieerde beoordeling van de werkzame ingrediënten. Eric VERMETTEN, 1; Lydia MEIJER 1, 3, Peter van der WURFF 2; Agali MERT 2 1 Militaire Geestelijke Gezondheid – Onderzoek, Ministerie van Defensie, Nederland 2 Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Nederland 3 Militair Revalidatiecentrum Aardenburg, Ministerie van Defensie, Nederland

Introduction: Although the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the general and military setting are very similar, the treatment of deployment-related PTSD often complex, in particular in relation to the military context and repeated and prolonged exposure to potentially traumatic events. Therapeutic compliance can be a problem in military populations which soldiers can not take full advantage of the efficacy of the treatment. To meet this requirement, a new potential additional treatment for soldiers and veterans designed with deployment-related PTSD, Military Motion-assisted Desensitization and Reprocessing (3MDR). The treatment includes key elements of successful treatments as Virtual Reality Exposure (VRE) and Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) and adds movement to the therapeutic condition. Here we focus on designing a treatment procedure that dual-task processing 'reserves but which enhance ownership to advance the process by asking via walking on a treadmill movement. Moreover, personal selected photos provided by deployment-related high-impact scenarios. Participants walk a repeating cycle. There is contact with the therapist during the high arousal. Duas task processing is realized by an oscillating ball on a screen. Aspects of 'presence' be maximized, such as music and cognitive enhancement regarding the photos. Method: Two veterans with chronic PTSD, underwent four weekly sessions of 3MDR therapy. As an indication of effectiveness was CAPS chosen as an outcome measure. The treatment was carried out at the Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment (CAREN) environment of the MRC in Doorn. Results: The 3MDR treatment showed a decrease in PTSD symptoms. Participating patients are very satisfied with the treatment and there was no reason to drop out. Conclusion: The results of the first two cases 3MDR suggest that the treatment seems to be successful, and possibly can be seen as an additional treatment when other treatments fail or there may be further evolve to drop out. The 'presence' was much appreciated. Further research on more patients to be carried out in order to obtain more reliable results and differentiated assessment of the active ingredients. Eric Vermetten, 1; Lydia MEIJER 1, 3, Peter van der Wurff 2; Agali MEST 2 1 Military Mental Health - Research, Ministry of Defence, Netherlands 2 University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands 3 Aardenburg Military Rehabilitation, Ministry of Defence, Netherlands

Keywords: Deployment  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

70. Waters, L. (1997, Spring). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for combat PTSD:  Commentary. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 34(1), 99. doi:10.1037/h0087777.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Comments on the article by J. G. Carlson et al (see record 84-01737) regarding the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment (EMDR) to treat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam veterans. The author suggests that EMDR seems simplistic and lacks face validity altogether. L. Waters proposes that EMDR works because of resolute perception, a process defined by F. J. Hanna and K. Puhakka (1991) as a deliberate sustained focus of attention on an identified problem with the goal of achieving clarity, at a point when the client is ready and willing to confront and perceive. Waters suggest that a way to test whether or not EMDR works because of resolute perception would be to assign a similar group of clients to a totally different task (e.g., drawing straight lines) while giving them the same instructions as are given in EMDR regarding their memories, thoughts, and desirable cognitions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Commentary  Combat Experience  Comment  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Reply  Veterans  Vietnam War Veterans  

71. Wesson, M., & Gould, M. (2009). Intervening early with EMDR on military operations: A case study. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(2), 91-97. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.2.91.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The U.K. armed forces are currently involved in a number of military operations throughout the world. Offering structured psychological interventions such as eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in theater has a number of potential advantages. This single-case study describes how the EMDR recent event protocol (Shapiro, 1995) was used in theater with a 27-year-old active-duty U.K. soldier who was experiencing an acute stress reaction after treating a land mine casualty. The intervention took place 2 weeks posttrauma with four sessions conducted on consecutive days, resulting in a positive outcome, with the soldier able to return immediately to frontline duties. Treatment response was assessed with administration of four standardized measures at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 18-month follow-up. Treatment effects remained at 18-month follow-up. The challenges of conducting EMDR in operational theaters and clinical implications are explored.

Keywords: Early Interventions  Military  Trauma  

72. Wighton, K. (2010, May 20). A revolution in war-stress solutions. London, England: The Sun.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
Two shocking stories this week highlighted the struggle many of our brave Forces' personnel face after they leave the battlefield - but revolutionary help is at hand.

Keywords: Combat  Military  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  War  

73. Wright, S. A., & Russell, M. C. (2013, April). Treating violent impulses: A case study utilizing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with a military client. Clinical Case Studies, 12(2), 128-144, doi:10.1177/1534650112469461.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The growing attention to acts of interpersonal violence and misconduct among military members has accompanied a host of research investigating the nature and causes associated with these behaviors. As such, a robust body of literature exists lending insight into risk factors and clinical presentations associated with anger and aggression; however, such factors are multidimensional and complex, particularly for those suffering with war stress injuries. Furthermore, mental health stigma and treatment compliance with exposure and cognitive-based models, particularly in clients with aggressive presentations, can impact successful outcomes. One active-duty marine was referred to an outpatient mental health clinic for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Four sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) were used to significantly reduce obsessive violent impulses, traumatic grief, and depression. The benefit of EMDR therapy as a treatment for violent impulses is explored. The results are promising, but more research is needed.

Keywords: Military  Misconduct  Violence  

74. Wyatt, C. (2012, February 1). Eye therapy to tackle military stress. BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21303599 on 2/3/2013.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
After a matter of weeks, EMDR began to have an effect, and he was able to share the traumas he had kept locked away for years and return home to Karen and his work.
But a posting to Northern Ireland saw him suffer a setback. So the Army paid for him to continue the EMDR therapy at a nearby private clinic. [Excerpt]

Keywords: General  Military  Overview  

75. Zimmermann, P., Guse, U., Barre, K., & Biesold, K. (2005, Juni). EMDR - Therapie in der bundeswehr - Zurwirksamkeit untersuchung posttraumatischer belastungsstörungv [EMDR in the German armed forces - Therapeutic impact of inpatient therapy of posttraumatic stress disorder / EMDR]. Krankenhauspsychiatrie, 16(2), 57-63. doi:10.1055/s-2004-830275.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In dieser retrospektiven Studie 89 deutsche Soldaten, die als stationäre zur posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung behandelt wurden, zwischen 1998 und 2002 untersucht wurden. Nach einer mittleren von 29 Monaten mit Fragebögen They Were neu bewertet. Behandelt wurden 20 Patienten mit EMDR Konnte bis 14 Patienten mit einer unterstützenden Behandlung verglichen werden. Die Ergebnisse (Jes SOUTH. Voc) direkt nach der Behandlung und in der Langzeit-Follow-up waren deutlich überlegen in der EMDR-Gruppe im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen. Traumatisierte Soldaten in Out-of-area-Einsätze eher eine bessere als die kurzfristigen Ergebnisse Traumatisierte Soldaten in Deutschland haben. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, alle Rechte vorbehalten)

In this retrospective study 89 German soldiers being treated as inpatients for a posttraumatic stress disorder between 1998 and 2002 were investigated. After a mean of 29 months they were reevaluated with questionnaires. 20 patients treated with EMDR could be compared to 14 patients with a supportive treatment. The results (Isa. SUD. VoC) directly after treatment and in the long-term follow-up were significantly superior in the EMDR group compared to the controls. Soldiers traumatized in out-of-area missions tended to have a better short-term outcome than traumatized soldiers in Germany. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Empirical Study  Inpatient Therapy  Hospitalized Patients  Longitudinal Study  Military Veterans  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Psychotherapy, Stress  Quantitative Study  Retrospective Study