Francine Shapiro Library - EMDR Bibliography Links
Choose any combination of the search options below. If you do not wish to include an option in your search, leave the box blank, or select "Any."
Your Results - you searched for the keyword Two-Independent Samples Design 255 Results
1. محمد نريمانی * و سوران رجبی [Narimani, M., Ahari, S. S., & Rajabi, S.] (2010, Winter). مقايسه تاثير روش حساسيت زدايی توام با حرکات چشم و پردازش مجدد (EMDR) با درمان شناختی ـ رفتاری (CBT) در درمان اختلال استرس [Comparison of efficacy of eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing and cognitive behavioral therapy therapeutic methods for reducing anxiety and depression of Iranian combatant afflicted by post traumatic stress disorder]. مجله علوم پزشکی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، واحد پزشکی تهران، 19 (4), 236-245 [Medical Sciences Journal of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, 19(4(58)), 236-245].
Language: Persian
Format: Journal
Abstract:
سابقه و هدف: با توجه به ماهيت علامت محوربودن درمان دارويی، از روش های درمانی حساسيت زدايی توام با حرکات چشم و پردازش مجدد (EMDR) و شناختی- رفتاری (CBT) در درمان اختلال استرس پس از ضربه (PTSD) استفاده می شود. هدف اين مطالعه بررسی تفاوت تاثير دو روش درمانی EMDR و CBT در اختلال استرس است.
روش بررسی: در اين مطالعه مورد شاهدی 51 رزمنده مبتلا به PTSD بستری در بيمارستان ايثار اردبيل يا ساکن در شهر اردبيل به روش نمونه گيری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند و به صورت تصادفی به سه گروه تقسيم شدند.روش مطالعه، آزمايشی گسترش يافته و طرح تحقيق از نوع پيش آزمون ـ پس آزمون چندگروهی بود. ابزارهای مورد استفاده شامل آزمون خاطره های آزاردهنده، مقياس براشفتگی ذهنی، مقياس شناخت واره های مثبت و مقياس اضطراب و افسردگی بيمارستانی بود.
يافته ها: روش های درمانی EMDR و CBT باعث کاهش معنی داری در متغيرهای خاطره های آزاردهنده، اضطراب و افسردگی و برآشفتگی ذهنی شد و ميزان اعتماد به شناخت واره مثبت به طور معنی داری افزايش يافت. روش درمانی EMDR در مقايسه با CBT در کاهش علايم PTSD رزمندگان ايرانی موثرتر بود، با اين وجود هر دو روش در کاهش علايم اين اختلال موثر بودند.
نتيجه گيری: با توجه به اثر درمانی EMDR و CBT در درمان PTSD، پيشنهاد می شود به منظور پيشگيری و کاهش علايم اختلال استرس پس از سانحه جنگ در رزمندگان ايرانی از روش های درمانی فوق در مراکز درمانی استفاده شود.
Background: According to symptom oriented of drug therapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) were increasingly used. The aim of this study was to compare effects of EMDR and CBT in acute stress.
Materials and Methods : In this case-control study of 51 combat PTSD patients admitted to hospital or residing in the sacrifice of Ardabil Ardabil simple random sampling were selected randomly divided into three groups. Methods, expanded testing and research design type were tested before Chndgrvhy test. Test tools used included disturbing memories, anger scale, mental, cognitive scale Varh positive and the hospital anxiety and depression scale.
Results : EMDR and CBT treatments significantly reduced the variables disturbing memories, anxiety and depression and mental frustration and level of confidence in recognizing the positive Varh significantly increased. EMDR therapy compared with CBT in reducing PTSD symptoms was more effective Iranian combatants, however, both methods were effective in reducing symptoms of this disorder.
Conclusion : According to the therapeutic effect of EMDR and CBT in treating PTSD, is recommended to prevent and reduce symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder in war veterans of the Persian mentioned therapies used in treatment centers.
Keywords: Anxiety Anxiety Disorders CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Therapy Depression Depressive Disorders Iranians Middle Aged Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Treatment Effectiveness Veterans War
Accuracy Verified: Yes
2. محمد نريماني ، سوران رجبي [Narimani, M., & Rajabi, S.] (2009). مقايسه ي تأثير روش حساسيت زدايي توأم با حركات چشم و پردازش مجدد در درمان اختلال استرس (CBT) با درمان شناختي رفتاري (EMDR) [Comparison of efficacy of eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing and cognitive behavioral therapy methods in the treatment of stress disorder]. Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad University - Tehran Medical Branch, 19(4), 236-245.
Language: Persian
Format: Journal
Abstract:
سابقه و هدف: با توجه به ماهيت علامت محوربودن درمان دارويي، از روش هاي درماني حساسيت زدايي توأم با حركات چشم و
استفاده مي شود. هدف اين (PTSD) در درمان اختلال استرس پس از ضربه (CBT) و شناختي- رفتاري (EMDR) پردازش مجدد
در اختلال استرس است. CBT و EMDR مطالعه بررسي تفاوت تأثير دو روش درماني
بستري در بيمارستان ايثار اردبيل يا ساكن در شهر اردبيل به PTSD روش بررسي:در اين مطالعه مورد شاهدي 51 رزمنده مبتلا به
روش نمونه گيري تصادفي ساده انتخاب شدند و به صورت تصادفي به سه گروه تقسيم شدند.روش مطالعه، آزمايشي گسترش يافته و
طرح تحقيق از نوع پيش آزمون پس آزمون چندگروهي بود. ابزارهاي مورد استفاده شامل آزمون خاطره هاي آزاردهنده، مقياس
برآشفتگي ذهني، مقياس شناخت واره هاي مثبت و مقياس اضطراب و افسردگي بيمارستاني بود.
باعث كاهش معني داري در متغيرهاي خاطره هاي آزاردهنده، اضطراب و افسردگي و CBT و EMDR يافتهها: روش هاي درماني
CBT در مقايسه با EMDR برآشفتگي ذهني شد و ميزان اعتماد به شناخت واره ي مثبت به طور معني داري افزايش يافت. روش درماني
رزمندگان ايراني مؤثرتر بود، با اين وجود هر دو روش در كاهش علايم اين اختلال مؤثر بودند. PTSD در كاهش علايم
پيشنهاد مي شود به منظور پيشگيري و كاهش علائم اختلال ،PTSD در درمان CBT و EMDR نتيجهگيري: با توجه به اثر درماني
استرس پس از سانحه جنگ در رزمندگان ايراني از روش هاي درماني فوق در مراكز درماني استفاده شود.
Background: According to symptom oriented of drug therapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) were increasingly used. The aim of this study was to compare effects of EMDR and CBT in acute stress.
Materials and methods: In this case-control study, 51 combatants with PTSD hospitalized in Isar Hospital of Ardabil province or were inhabited in Ardabil were randomly divided to three groups. The method was extended test method and study design was multi-group test-retest. Used tools included boring memories test, subjective units of distress or anxiety (SUD) scale, validity of cognitions (VOC) scale and hospital anxiety and depression scale.
Results: EMDR and CBT significantly decreased boring memories, mental distress, anxiety and depression, and also increased positive cognition. Although both EMDR and CBT caused significant reduction of anxiety and depression, EMDR was superior to CBT in reduction of PTSD symptoms of Iranian combatants.
Conclusion: Regarding efficacy of EMDR and CBT in the treatment of PTSD , it is suggested to prevent and decrease symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Keywords: Anxiety Depression CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Subjective Units of Distress SUD Validity of Cognition VOC
Accuracy Verified: Yes
3. [Chang Sue-Hwang, & Lin C.-P.]. （2004年9月）. 從快速眼動到EM在EMDR的：跳視眼球運動和變化的語義關係的強度 [From REM to EM in EMDR: Saccadic eye movements and change of strength of semantic associations]. 在提交的文件 第43次年度會議在台灣心理學會，研討會 焦慮症：心理素質，調解員和治療問題。政大 大學，台北，台灣，9月26日。 （國科會92 -2815- C型002 -072- H）的 [Presentation at the 43rd Annual Conferences on Taiwan Psychological Association, Symposium on Anxiety Disorders: Diatheses, Mediators and Therapeutic Implications. Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan, September 26. (NSC 92-2815-C-002-072-H)].
Language: Chinese
Format: Conference
Abstract:
研讨会焦虑症：糖尿病，调解员和治疗的影响;（国科会92 - 2825 -架C - 002 - 072 - H）的研究背景及目的：本研究从快速眼动睡眠的眼动脱敏和再加工（EMDR）治疗的可能机制依赖内存后处理模型（夏皮罗，1995年; Stickgold，2002年）的建议，通过睡眠诱导活化的弱协会在REM国家和新兴市场在联想记忆改变运作为REM睡眠融入一般语义记忆创伤的情节记忆。该协会的新兴市场对语义变化的影响后，跳视眼球运动是双边审查了本研究。方法：22名大学生被招募参加者。通过语义启动的任务，一个2（眼球运动情况：水平跳视眼球运动主场迎战没有眼球运动）× 2（语义关联的强度：强主场迎战弱）因子之间的题目设计进行审查的EM在变化的影响强度为否定词的语义联想。为负的刺激弱协会primeability改变反对强者来，根据不同的电磁环境进行了比较。结果：2 × 2方差分析结果表明了显着的主要电磁效应和电磁×语义联想实力显着交互作用，显示弱吸大大超过了强大的电磁吸后，而恰恰相反后非统。结论：研究结果呼应快速眼动睡眠相关记忆加工模式，认为在EMDR电磁可能反映了联想记忆系统通过激活不同的语义相关的词负语义节点协会不同强度的转变。对心理治疗的可能性和未来研究的结果所造成的影响进行了讨论。
Symposium on Anxiety Disorders: Diabetes, Mediators and Therapeutic Implications; (NSC 92-2825-C-002-072-H) Research background & aims: This study examined possible therapeutic
mechanisms of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) from
REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model (Shapiro, 1995; Stickgold, 2002)
that proposed that sleep induced change in associative memory via activation of weak
association during REM state and EMs functioned as REM sleep to integrate the
episodic memory of trauma into general semantic memory. The effect of EM on
change of semantic associations after saccadic bilateral eye movements was examined
in the present study.
Methods: Twenty two college students were recruited as participants. Via semantic
priming task, a 2 (eye movement condition: horizontal saccadic eye movements vs. no
eye movements) × 2 (strength of semantic association: strong vs. weak) between
subject factorial design was performed to examine the effect of EM on change of
strength of semantic association for negative words. Change of primeability of weak
associations for negative stimuli as opposed to that of strong ones under different EM
conditions was compared.
Results: The 2 × 2 ANOVA showed a significant main effect for EM and a
significant interaction effect of EM × strength of semantic association, indicating that
weak priming significantly exceeded strong priming after EM, while the opposite was
true after non-EM.
Conclusions: The results echoed REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model,
suggesting that EM in EMDR might reflect a shift in associative memory systems by
activating different strength of associations of negative semantic nodes for different
semantically related words. The implications of the results for psychotherapy and
future research possibilities are discussed.
Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Postttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD REM REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Saccadic Eye Movement Semantic Association Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
4. 陳致豪 [Chen Chih-Hao]. (2004). 眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效 眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效 [The efficacy of eye movement and positive cognition components of EMDR in the treatment of cockroach phobia]. 國立台灣大學心理學研究所 [National Taiwan University Graduate Institute of Psychology].
Language: Chinese
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
陳致豪 眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效
眼動減敏訊息再處理法（Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing; EMDR）是Shapiro（1989a, 1989b）所發展的一套治療方法，最早被用來治療創傷後壓力疾患（post traumatic stress disorder; PTSD，後來也被認為對其他心理疾患具有療效。雖然Shapiro認為眼動程序可以加速訊息處理並降低個案的焦慮與困擾，不同治療變項的療效仍待由控制性研究法進一步釐清。本研究以部分減除（dismantling）的方式，運用實驗法來探討「眼動」與「正向認知」對懼蟑症治療效果的影響。藉2（有眼動、無眼動）× 2（正向認知、減敏延長）受試者間設計，探討單一治療次對懼蟑症者的治療效果。受試者為自大樣本篩選出的40名懼怕蟑螂的大學女生。研究結果顯示治療程序的主要效果顯著，四組的療效相當。在治療階段中，受試者主觀害怕程度、對負向認知之相信程度皆呈顯著的線性下降；對正向認知之相信程度則僅眼動組呈顯著線性上升。雖然生理指標（心跳速率）在前測時顯著較基線時高，而在後測時回復至接近基線水準，但就微觀歷程分析，治療階段中各組之心跳速率變化為，在第一階段內逐漸上升，階段間休息時心跳速率略為降低，在第二階段開始又逐漸上升。本研究結果亦顯示，就微觀的治療歷程（micro process）而言，在正向認知的治療情境中，僅眼動組的受試者對正向認知之相信程度逐漸提高。在治療效果上，雖曝露法（exposure）本身便具有療效；但眼動能夠進一步促進受試者第二階段中正向認知的相信程度（可能藉由促進訊息處理）。就巨觀的療效指標而言，雖然單一治療次在各組皆有顯著的療效，但是正向認知對療效的影響無組別差異，該療效指標可能需要較多的治療次始能反映出來。本研究亦就研究結果所顯示的意義與未來的研究方向提出討論
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989a, 1989b) was initially used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and later has been thought to be effective in treating other psychological disorders also. Shapiro suggested that eye movement procedure could accelerate information processing and further reduced the client’s anxiety and disturbance. However, psychotherapy evaluation regarding crucial therapeutic parameters awaits elucidation. This dismantling study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of eye movement and positive cognition on phobias. Specifically, via a 2×2 between subject design, with “eye movement/non eye movement” and “treatment process” being two independent variables, a total of 40 female university students with fear of cockroaches were screened and recruited from introductory psychology class to explore the treatment effect of those two components. The results showed that, according to macro therapeutic indices, the effect of therapy was significant, and was not significantly different among groups. As to micro treatment process, while the participants’ SUDs decreased linearly, and so did the negative cognition VOCs, the positive cognition VOCs increased linearly only for the eye movement condition. In addition, while for macro index, the physical index, heart rate, was significantly higher at pre-test than at baseline and returned to baseline at post-test, the process measures indicated that heart rate increased during the first treatment stage, returned during rest period, and increased again during the second treatment stage. According to the micro process, the results also suggested that when presented with positive cognition participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions increased only for the eye movement condition. As to the therapeutic effects, although exposure by itself might be effective, eye movement could further promote participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions at the second treatment stage, probably by facilitating information processing. Nonetheless, regarding macro therapeutic index, there were equal therapeutic effects across groups within one-session therapy, and the superiority of positive cognition installation remained obscure, which implied that to become obvious more sessions might be called for. The implications of the present results and further research possibilities are postulated.
Keywords: Cockroach Phobia Eye Movement Phobia Positive Cognition Psychotherapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
5. 陳致豪 張素凰 [Chen Zhi-Hao, & Chang Sue-Hwang]. (2004年9月). 眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效 國立台灣 [The efficacy of eye movement and positive cognition components of EMDR in the treatment of cockroach phobias]. 紙發表於第43屆年會台灣心理學會會議上， 研討會焦慮症：心理素質，調解員和治療問題。 政治大學，台北，台灣 [Presentation at the 43rd Annual Conferences on Taiwan Psychological Association, Symposium on Anxiety Disorders: Diatheses, Mediators and Therapeutic Implications. Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan].
Language: Chinese
Format: Conference
Abstract:
眼動減敏訊息再處理法（Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing; EMDR）
是Shapiro（1989a, 1989b）所發展的一套治療方法，最早被用來治療創傷後壓力
疾患（post traumatic stress disorder; PTSD，後來也被認為對其他心理疾患具有療
效。雖然Shapiro 認為眼動程序可以加速訊息處理並降低個案的焦慮與困擾，不
同治療變項的療效仍待由控制性研究法進一步釐清。本研究以部分減除
（dismantling）的方式，運用實驗法來探討「眼動」與「正向認知」對懼蟑症治
療效果的影響。藉2（有眼動、無眼動）× 2（正向認知、減敏延長）受試者間設
計，探討單一治療次對懼蟑症者的治療效果。受試者為自大樣本篩選出的40 名
懼怕蟑螂的大學女生。研究結果顯示治療程序的主要效果顯著，四組的療效相當。
在治療階段中，受試者主觀害怕程度、對負向認知之相信程度皆呈顯著的線性下
降；對正向認知之相信程度則僅眼動組呈顯著線性上升。雖然生理指標（心跳速
率）在前測時顯著較基線時高，而在後測時回復至接近基線水準，但就微觀歷程
分析，治療階段中各組之心跳速率變化為，在第一階段內逐漸上升，階段間休息
時心跳速率略為降低，在第二階段開始又逐漸上升。本研究結果亦顯示，就微觀
的治療歷程（micro process）而言，在正向認知的治療情境中，僅眼動組的受試
者對正向認知之相信程度逐漸提高。在治療效果上，雖曝露法（exposure）本身
便具有療效；但眼動能夠進一步促進受試者第二階段中正向認知的相信程度（可
能藉由促進訊息處理）。就巨觀的療效指標而言，雖然單一治療次在各組皆有顯
著的療效，但是正向認知對療效的影響無組別差異，該療效指標可能需要較多的
治療次始能反映出來。本研究亦就研究結果所顯示的意義與未來的研究方向提出 討論。
[Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989a, 1989b)
was initially used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and later has been
thought to be effective in treating other psychological disorders also. Shapiro
suggested that eye movement procedure could accelerate information processing and
further reduced the client’s anxiety and disturbance. However, psychotherapy
evaluation regarding crucial therapeutic parameters awaits elucidation. This
dismantling study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of eye movement and
positive cognition on phobias. Specifically, via a 2×2 between subject design, with
“eye movement/non eye movement” and “treatment process” being two independent
variables, a total of 40 female university students with fear of cockroaches were
screened and recruited from introductory psychology class to explore the treatment
effect of those two components. The results showed that, according to macro
therapeutic indices, the effect of therapy was significant, and was not significantly
different among groups. As to micro treatment process, while the participants’ SUDs
decreased linearly, and so did the negative cognition VOCs, the positive cognition
VOCs increased linearly only for the eye movement condition. In addition, while for
macro index, the physical index, heart rate, was significantly higher at pre-test than at
baseline and returned to baseline at post-test, the process measures indicated that heart
rate increased during the first treatment stage, returned during rest period, and
increased again during the second treatment stage. According to the micro process,
the results also suggested that when presented with positive cognition participants’
VOCs of positive cognitions increased only for the eye movement condition. As to the
therapeutic effects, although exposure by itself might be effective, eye movement
could further promote participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions at the second
treatment stage, probably by facilitating information processing. Nonetheless, regarding macro therapeutic index, there were equal therapeutic effects across groups
within one-session therapy, and the superiority of positive cognition installation
remained obscure, which implied that to become obvious more sessions might be
called for. The implications of the present results and further research possibilities are
postulated.]
Keywords: Cockroach Phobia Eye Movement Phobia Positive Cognition Psychotherapy Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
6. Wilson, S., Becker, L., & Tinker, R. H. (1995, June). 15-Month follow up of EMDR treatment for traumatic memory. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
We previously reported on the outcomes of a controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
effectiveness in the treatment of traumatic memory (Wilson, Tinker, & Becker, 1994; Wilson, Becker, & tinker, in press). In that
study we found that three, 90-minute sessions of EMDR (Shapiro, 1995) "normalized the psychological functioning of the previously
traumatized participants (g = 80) on all dependent measures. The present study is a 15-month follow up of those participants.
I Method:
The research design is shown in Table 1. Participants were randomly assigned to EMDR or to Delayed EMDR conditions.
Pretreatment measurement occurred at measurement time TI. Participants in the EMDR condition received EMDR between T1 and
T2; those in the Delayed EMDR condition received EMDR between T2 and T3. All participants were tested immediately following
treatment and at 3 months following treatment (at T4). The 15 month, long-term follow up occurred at measurement time T5. An
independent assessor collected all of the following dependent measures: Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS; Wolpe,
1990), Impact of Events Scale (IES; Hmowitz, Wilner, & Alvarez, 1979), State/Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger,
Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983), and the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R, Derogatis, 1992).
[Table 1. The Research Design,
Treatment Condition, Measurement Time:
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5;
EMDR Treatment: 01 x 02 03 04;
Delayed EMDR Treatment 01 02 x 03 04 05;
Note: T = Time of measurement; 0 = Observation; X = Treatment administered.]
II. Results:
Two analyses were performed to assess the impact of EMDR treatment at the 15-month follow up. First, in order to assess the
overall, long-term impact of EMDR, the 15-month follow-up scores were compared with the pretreatment scores. There was
significant improvement on all nine measures at the 15-month follow up: The multivariate effect was significant (Wilk's Lambda =.11, p<.0005) as were all nine of the univariate effects (all p <.0005). Second, in order to assess whether the improvement shown
immediately following EMDR treatment had been maintained over the following year the immediate posttreatment scores were
compared with, the 15-month follow-up scores. The multivariate test was nonsignificant (Wilk's lambda=.74, p=.079), indicating
the improvement shown immediately following EMDR was maintained 15 months later. The univariate analyses indicated
additional improvement for the PTSD symptoms of intrusions (IES Intrusion: F(1,56)=7.71, p=307) and avoidance (IES
avoidance: F_(1,56) -4.44, p=.040). None of the nine measures showed deterioration at the 15-month follow up. Prior to EMDR
treatment 45% (g= 9) of the responders had been diagnosed as PTSD, at the 15-month follow up only 7% (g = 4) were diagnosed
as PTSD (chi-squareo, N=61)= .72, p < .05).
III. Responders Versus Nonresponders at the 15-Month Follow up.:
At the time of writing this abstract, 75% of the participants (g=61) have responded to the 15-month follow up. In general,
measures taken prior to treatment did not differentiate responders fiom nonresponders. Responding at the 15-month follow up was
unrelated to age, gender, marital status or years of education, although the annual income of the responders (Mdn=21,500) was
higher than that of the nonresponders (Mdn = 14,750, Mann-Whitney U=372.5, p=.017). Responding or not at 15 months was
unrelated to the type of trauma experienced, whether or not the participants had been in therapy prior to EMDR treatment, or how
long ago the trauma had occurred. It was also unrelated to the severity of the trauma as measured by the pretreatment scores on the
nine dependent variables and to whether or not the participant met the PTSD diagnosis criteria prior to treatment.
A multiple regression analysis used the immediate posttreatment and 90-day posttreatment scores to predict whether or not the
participant responded at the 15-month follow up. Nonrespondents were more likely to be depressed at 90-days following treatment
than were respondents (R square=.O8, B=-.16, Beta = -.28, F_L1,71)=5.99, p=.017). No other variables entered into the
regression model. IV Discussiona and Conclusion, Tretement effects found immediately following EMDR treatment wer maintained or improved 15 months later and thee was a significant decrease in the number of participants diagnosed as PTSD at the 15 month follow up. The comparison of responders to nonresponders at the 15 month follow up showed that the nonresponders were more depressed than the responders, raising the possiblity that the present results may be favorably biased to some extent. The discussion will include the additional, subjective impressions of participants who did not respond to the follow up. Limitations of EMDR with this population will be discussed, including the influence of comorbidity, multiple traumas, retraumatization after treatment, and spontaneous recurrence of symptoms. V. References: 1) Derogatis, L. R. (1992). SCL-90: Administration Scoring and Procedures Manual II. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research. 2) Horowitz, M. J., Wilmer, N. & Alverez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A Measure of Subjective Distress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218. 3) Shapiro, F. (1995), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures. 4) Speilberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R. D., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press. 5) Wilson, S. A., Tinker, R. A., & Becker, L. A. (1994, November). Efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)Treatment for Trauma Victims. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL. 6) Wilson, S. A., Becker, L. A., & Tinker, R. A. (In press), EMDR, treatment for psychologically traumatized individuals, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.
Keywords: Follow-up Traumatic Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
7. Crow, C., & Sause, E. (2007, June). Accessing preverbal trauma for effective adult EMDR. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Recent research (Moberg, 2003, The Oxytocin Factor) indicates the potential of early pre-verbal trauma to set up biochemical and neurological responses which activate certain triggers. Since the touchstone event is pre-verbal, it is difficult to identify, but crucial in the resolution of later traumas resistant to full EMDR processing (Those who remain stuck at a greater than 0 SUDs). The antedotal experience is that this model can activate the material more fully and facilitate more thorough competion of phases 4-8. "Once upon a Time" contains every element of the EMDR Protocol in the prescribed order, Incident, Image, NC, PC, VOC, Emotion, SUD, Body sensation. This experimental model is not a substitute for standard EMDR. It facilitates access tohese preverbal traumas and the resultant cognitions which may have formed around them. It allows for a return to the standard EMDR protocol after this early material has been effectively targeted and reprocessed. "Once Upon a Time" model allows for fuller connection with early material. History is collected through antedotal information from third party informants and family photographs and is used to create a metaphor; this technique can access the multiple modalities of pre-verbal experience previously intellectualized. Phase three begins with a short continuation of Phase 1 using an interview format to review and briefly discuss the various elements of the troubling material. A "sentence completion" format is used to obtain the TICES elements. Those spontaneous answers form the script for a "Once Upon a Time" (Crow, 2004, EMDRIA Montreal, Canada), a deviation from Phase 4 of the standard protocol. Pertinent examples of the application of this model will be discussed and demonstrated with video taped excerpts of actual clients. Video taped client reports of the long term effect of the shifts resulting from the "Once Upon a Time" experience will provide validation that this technique enables retur to the standard EMDR protocol and full processing of previously incompletely processed material. Participants will create their own "Once Upon a Time" script from a video example of client history as an experiential introduction to the intricacies of this model. Evidence indicates that this technique is effective on a "consultant" basis, where the "Once Upon a Time" can be conducted by a separate therapist skilled in the technique, and returned to their regular EMDR therapist to complete this treatment. Currently a study is underway utilizing a pre/post text design (N=10) and statistical analysis of the results to measure the quantitative change within the client.
Keywords: Model Poster Preverbal Trauma Theory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
8. Lee, C. W., Taylor, G., & Drummond, P. D. (2006, March-April). The active ingredient in EMDR: Is it traditional exposure or dual focus of attention?. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13(2), 97-107. doi:10.1002/cpp.479.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Very little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the therapeutic effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). This study tested whether the content of participants' responses during EMDR is similar to that thought to be effective for traditional exposure treatments (reliving), or is more consistent with distancing, which would be expected given Shapiro's proposal of dual process of attention. The responses made by 44 participants with PTSD were examined during their first EMDR treatment session. An independent rater coded these responses according to whether they were consistent with reliving, distancing, or focusing on material other than the primary trauma. The coding system was found to have satisfactory inter-rater reliability. Greatest improvement on a measure of PTSD symptoms occurred when the participant processed the trauma in a more detached manner. Cross-lagged panel correlations suggest that processing in a more detached manner was a consequence of the EMDR procedure rather than a measure that covaried with improvement. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Attention Australians Cognitive Processes Empirical Study Mechanism of Action Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Quantitative Study Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
9. Barreda-Hanson, C. (2012, Septiember). Adaptación del EMDR y terapia breve centrada en el cliente para cambiar percepciones negativas y traumaticas [EMDR adaption of brief client-centered therapy to change negative and traumatic perceptions]. Presentación en la 70 Conferencia Anual del International Council of Psychologist(ICP), Sevilla, España.
Language: Spanish
Format: Conference
Abstract:
El estrés subsiguiente después de un traumatismo, representa un trastorno disfuncional – tanto interno como externo – que se manifiesta en alteraciones en el reconocimiento cognitivo y en los comportamientos, llevando además asociados síntomas somáticos, afloramiento de problemas inconscientes y ansiedades. Pues una de las características del estrés post-traumático, es precisamente la pérdida de equilibrio entre el mundo interno y externo de quien lo sufre. Por eso, ante la complejidad de las respuestas post-traumáticas, éstas se pueden catalogar en gran medida dentro de las perturbaciones psicopatológicas.
El estrés psicológico surge por una situación estresante “real”, externa, tangible y la reacción ante esta difícil experiencia, evoca un conjunto bastante universal y coherente de síntomas y respuestas que provocan reacciones primitivas relacionadas con temores inconscientes ante las amenazas a la vida, que hacen aflorar incipientemente fantasías e impulsos abrumadores. Los resultados son los pensamientos disfuncionales que conducen a las respuestas y a los comportamientos desadaptativos.
Objetivos: el taller está diseñado para proporcionar a estudiantes y profesionales de la Psicología – que trabajan o desean trabajar en esta área del trauma y el cambio de comportamientos -, la habilidad para utilizar eficaz y rápidamente intervenciones breves, que puedan poner en practicar incluso en casa. En el taller se estudiará la forma inicial de evaluar, tanto al trauma como a la clientela. Se trabajará la historia del trauma y se profundizará en sus consecuencias y en cómo diseñar las intervenciones breves para hacerles frente. También se centrará en averiguar qué cambios quieren los y las clientes a través de relatos y visualizaciones, utilizando una adaptación de las terapias EMDR y la Solución Enfocada tanto a crear el cambio deseado, como a mantenerlo.
En consecuencia el taller es de particular interés para quienes trabajan con personas que han sufrido cualquier tipo de trauma, o quienes perciben acontecimientos de la vida, experiencias, etc. que les afectan de forma negativa en su día a día. También es útil para las personas que sufren de TOC, sobre todo trastornos del pensamiento.
Los aspectos más útiles de las dos técnicas que se han adaptado junto con otras innovaciones de la autora, guardan relación con la creación de un ambiente seguro, no-traumático, que actúa rápidamente y que además, se puede realizar en casa sin peligro de consecuencias negativas.
Objetivos específicos:
1. Ser capaz de describir e identificar las manifestaciones del trauma.
2. Aprender y describir dos técnicas terapéuticas breves en el tratamiento del trauma
3. Definir una técnica breve terapéutica que puede ser utilizada para fomentar el cambio
4. Destacar el rol del o de la terapeuta durante el tratamiento de los traumatismos
5. Ser capaz de describir, diseñar y establecer metas de la terapia y promover cambios mediante el uso de técnicas de terapia breve.
Métodos: la Desensibilización y Reprocesamiento por Movimientos Oculares (EMDR), es un método complejo e integrador de la psicoterapia individual, mediante el que se guía al cliente utilizando un procedimiento para acceder a sus experiencias y resolver sus problemas conductuales y emocionales. El EMDR utiliza elementos de múltiples orientaciones psicoterapéuticas tanto psicodinámicas, como cognitivo- conductuales, enfoques centrados en el cliente, gestalt y bioenergéticos.
La premisa subyacente de EMDR es que las experiencias de pánico y ansiedad se procesan de forma diferente por el cerebro que las experiencias habituales. La teoría subyacente es que durante el estrés, la memoria grava en una parte del cerebro responsable de las emociones de modulación (la amígdala) y se cierra temporalmente otra parte del cerebro (el hipocampo), responsable de procesamiento de la memoria normal. La experiencia traumática queda atrapada en el exterior y potencialmente no forma parte del procesamiento normal del cerebro, y el EMDR permite a la persona acceder a la experiencia y transformarla en memoria declarativa en el hipocampo. Con el método EMDR, el hipocampo se puede abrir a las emociones evocadas por la experiencia para que el/la cliente pueda soportarlas mientras se realiza el tratamiento. La distracción y la atención a la estimulación bilateral, desempeñan un importante papel que ayuda al cliente a experimentar las emociones como tolerables. Aunque cómo la distracción bilateral en concreto, facilita el procesamiento de las experiencias dolorosas, sea algo que todavía no se termina de entender.
Por otra parte, las Intervenciones Breves de Terapias enfocadas al Cliente se centran en las excepciones del problema, pensando que a continuación se desarrollará un cambio natural en el comportamiento. Es una especie de visión orientada no en las formas tradicionales, sino hacia el futuro, sin profundizar demasiado en la “patología” sino más bien centrándose en lo que el sistema puede hacer para adaptarse a ella, puesto que ambos pueden decidir si esa “patología” es un problema o no lo es.
Las Intervenciones de Terapia Breve enfocadas al Cliente se utilizan para resolver una variedad de problemas de comportamientos y actitudes, mediante el uso de los propios recursos de los y las clientes y las observaciones de las estrategias que utilizan para alcanzar los resultados deseados, en sus situaciones vitales habituales. Se trata de una buena técnica para establecer y mantener un contexto de cambio en el que los pequeños, pero útiles cambios, se anticipan y se buscan.
En definitiva, la combinación de ambas técnicas con algunas variaciones desarrolladas por la Dra. Barreda-Hanson, han demostrado ser una herramienta poderosa para mejorar la respuesta al tratamiento en un período de tiempo más corto, teniendo también la ventaja de permitir practicar los ejercicios en casa.
Aplicaciones: la aplicación habitual del EMDR ha sido el tratamiento de trastornos emocionales relacionados con eventos muy perturbadores o traumáticos. Pero también se usa para trabajar síntomas preocupantes como la ansiedad, la depresión, la culpa y la ira. E igualmente, se puede utilizar para mejorar recursos emocionales tales como la confianza y la autoestima.
Procedimientos:
- El taller se impartirá en español y el alumnado recibirá amplios folletos complementarios.
- Se realizará en una única jornada, en sesión de mañana para teoría y de tarde para prácticas, trabajando cada modelo por separado.
- Se espera que quienes asistan lleven una cuestión-problema sobre la que trabajar utilizando las diversas técnicas, pues aunque se utilizarán múltiples ej. de casos reales, se alentará a quienes participen a traer sus propias experiencias e ideas para debatir y trabajar sobre ellas.
The subsequent stress after trauma represents a dysfunctional disorder - internal and external - that is manifested in alterations in cognitive recognition and behavior, besides being associated somatic symptoms outcrop unconscious problems and anxieties. As one of the characteristics of post-traumatic stress, is the loss of balance between internal and external world of the sufferer. Therefore, given the complexity of post-traumatic responses, they can be categorized largely into psychopathological disturbances.
Psychological stress arises from a stressful situation "real" external, tangible and reaction to this difficult experience, quite evokes a universal and consistent set of symptoms that cause reactions and responses primitive unconscious fears related to threats to life, which bring out fantasies and impulses incipiently overwhelming. The results are the thoughts that lead to dysfunctional responses and maladaptive behaviors.
Objectives: The workshop is designed to provide students and psychology professionals - who work or want to work in this area of trauma and behavior change - the ability to quickly and efficiently use brief interventions, which may put in practice even in house. The workshop will explore how to evaluate initial both trauma as to clients. It will work history of trauma and its consequences will deepen and how design brief interventions to address them. It will also focus on finding out what changes customers want and through stories and views, using an adaptation of EMDR therapy and Solution Focused both to create the desired change, and to keep it.
Thus the workshop is of particular interest to those working with people who have suffered any kind of trauma, or who perceive life events, experiences, etc.. that negatively affect them in their day to day. Also useful for persons suffering from OCD, especially disorders of thought.
The most useful of the two techniques that have adapted along with other innovations of the author, are related to the creation of a safe, non-traumatic, acting quickly and also can be done at home without fear of consequences negative.
Specific objectives:
1. Be able to describe and identify the manifestations of trauma.
2. Learn and describe two brief therapeutic techniques in the treatment of trauma
3. Define a short therapeutic technique that can be used to promote change
4. Outline the role of the therapist or during treatment of injuries
5. Be able to describe, design and establish goals of therapy and promote change through the use of brief therapy techniques.
Methods: Desensitization and Reprocessing Eye Movement (EMDR), is a complex and inclusive method of individual psychotherapy, which is guided by the client using a procedure to access their experiences and address their behavioral and emotional problems. The EMDR uses multiple elements of both psychodynamic psychotherapeutic approaches as cognitive-behavioral, client-centered approaches, gestalt and bioenergy.
The underlying premise of EMDR is that experiences panic and anxiety are processed differently by the brain than normal experiences. The underlying theory is that during stress, gravel memory part of the brain responsible for emotions modulation (amygdala) and temporarily closes another part of the brain (hippocampus), responsible for normal memory processing. The trapped traumatic experience abroad and potentially not part of the normal brain processing, and EMDR allows people access to the experience and transform it into declarative memory in the hippocampus. With EMDR, the hippocampus can be opened to the emotions evoked by the experience that he / the client is able to bear while performing the treatment. Distraction and attention to bilateral stimulation, play an important role to help the client to experience emotions as tolerable. Although bilateral distraction how specifically facilitates the processing of painful experiences, is something that is not yet fully understood.
Moreover, brief interventions focused Customer Therapies focus on the exceptions of the problem, thinking that then will develop a natural change in behavior. It is a kind of non-oriented view on traditional forms, but to the future, without going too deeply into the "pathology" but rather focus on what the system can do to adapt to it, since both can decide whether this "pathology "is a problem or not.
Brief therapy interventions focused Customer are used to solve a variety of problem behaviors and attitudes, using their own resources and comments from customers and the strategies used to achieve the desired results in their situations normal life. This is a good technique to establish and maintain a context of change in that small but useful changes, anticipate and seek.
In short, the combination of both techniques with some variations developed by Dr. Barreda Hanson, have proved a powerful tool for improving the response to therapy in a shorter period of time, having also the advantage of allowing in practice exercises house.
Applications: the routine application of EMDR has been the treatment of emotional disorders associated with very disturbing or traumatic events. But also used to work worrying symptoms such as anxiety, depression, guilt and anger. And also, can be used to enhance emotional resources such as confidence and self-esteem.
Procedures:
- The workshop will be taught in Spanish and students will receive extensive additional brochures.
- Will be held in a single day, in morning session and afternoon theory to practice, working each model separately.
- Who are expected to attend with a question-problem on which to work using various techniques, for example, although multiple use. real cases, those involved are encouraged to bring their own experiences and ideas to discuss and work on them.
Keywords: Brief Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
10. Popky, A. J. (1995). Addiction research project. EMDR Network Newsletter, 5(3), 12.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
Silke Voglemann-Sine, Ph.D., and Larry Sine, Ph.D., are developing a research design for addictions to be presented at the 1996 EMDR International Conference in Denver this June. This research project will cover a broad range pf substnace addictions as nicotine, marijuana, cocaine, crack, herion, alcohol, methamphetamine, and prescription drugs. Dysfunctional addictive ehaviors such as overearting, bulimia, and anorexia, sex, shoplifting, and work will also be included. The research project ill be built around and based on, "The Integrative EMDR Addiction Treatment Model."
Keywords: Addictions Integrative EMDR Addiction Treatment Model
Accuracy Verified: Yes
11. Popky, A. J., Vogelmann-Sine, S., Carlson, J. G., & Sine, L. F. (1996, June). Addictions: An integrative approach and research design. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Keywords: Addictions Integrative Approach Research Design
Accuracy Verified: Yes
12. Nielsen, T. (1991). Affect desensitization: A possible function of REMs in both waking and sleeping states. Sleep Research, 20, 10.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Recent evidence (1) that rapid eye movements (REMs) elicited systemically during psychotherapy (Eye Movement Desensitization/Reprocessing (EMD/R) produce immediate and lasting alleviation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms suggests that the REMs of REM sleep may serve a similiar affect desensitization function (1.2). Although little is known about how EMD/R works, preliminary, positive results from an independent replication (3) and several independent clinical case studies (4.5) have been reported. Exploration of the relationships between EMD/R and REM sleep may thus prove useful in understanding how both RE/R and REM sleep function to modify affect.
Keywords: Affect Rapid Eye Movements REM
Accuracy Verified: Yes
13. Selvig, A. L. (2004). Analyzing individual patterns of change in two treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. University of Georgia.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Two therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have received considerable support in the clinical literature: prolonged imaginal exposure (PE) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Although PE is empirically supported, its critics purport that it causes symptom exacerbation. In contrast, proponents of EMDR claim that its response pattern is characterized by rapid decline in symptoms. The current investigation aimed to study and compare the patterns of symptom change during PE and EMDR using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). HLM avoids many shortcomings inherent in traditional longitudinal analyses by focusing on trajectories of change rather than group means. 62 women with PTSD following rape were randomly assigned to 9 sessions of PE or EMDR. Results indicated that neither group experienced symptom exacerbation nor rapid symptom decline. The patterns of symptom change in the two groups were not significantly different. The strengths and limitations of HLM and the studys design were discussed.
Keywords: Patterns of Change PE Prolonged Exposure
Accuracy Verified: Yes
14. Mestanza, R. (2007). Aplicación de terapia cognitivo conductual individual, grupal y EMDR, en adolescentes de 11 a 13 anos con altos nivelesde ansiedad del 8º ano de educación básica de la red educativia Helena Cortes Bedoya, en la ciudad de Quito, ano lectivo 2006-2007 [Application of individual and group cognitive behavioral EMDR therapy to 11 to 13 year old adolescents with high levels of anxiety in the 8th year of the Helena Cortes Bedoya educational network, City of Quito School Year 2006-2007]. Universidad Central Del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Psicologicas, Instituto Superior de Postgrado, Quito, Ecuador.
Language: Spanish
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo general, verificar si la Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual individual, grupal y EMDR disminuyen la ansiedad en adolescentes de 11 a 13 años del 8º año de Educación Básica de la Red Educativa Helena Cortes Bedoya, Sector Carapungo de la ciudad de Quito, en el año lectivo 2006-2007. Se tomó como referencia que la Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual , es el conjunto de técnicas terapéuticas que han resultado del empleo sistemático del método experimental en la Psicología y demás disciplinas afines, empleados con el propósito de modificar pensamientos y conductas desadaptativas .
En tanto que EMDR consiste en la Desensibilización y Reprocesamiento por medio del Movimiento Ocular u otras estimulaciones bi-hemisféricas especialmente para trabajar sobre recuerdos traumáticos.
La investigación a realizarse fue de tipo explicativo con diseño cuasi- experimental con un grupo de sujetos estimado del 30 al 50 % del total de la población de adolescentes evaluados con el test ISRA-J.
Con ISRAJ (Inventario de Situaciones y Respuestas de Ansiedad – Jóvenes ) se evaluó a 70 estudiantes de 8º Año de Educación Básica obteniendo 14 con alto nivel de ansiedad, a los cuales se les invitó a participar en el taller “ Jóvenes en Aprendizaje” durante 12 sesiones.
Al grupo se realizó la evaluación pre y post tratamiento, para verificar si la Terapia Cognitivo Conductual individual y en grupo + EMDR, son efectivos para bajar niveles de ansiedad y considerando el género saber que grupo fue beneficiado en mayor medida.
Verificada su efectividad, el programa anteriormente señalado, se aplicará para bajar niveles de ansiedad a todos los adolescentes que luego de ser evaluados con el test ISRAJ obtenga un puntaje directo de 51 a 75, con indicación de tratamiento necesario y de 76 a 100 con necesidad de terapia urgente.
The present research aimed generally verify whether cognitive behavioral therapy individual, group and EMDR decrease anxiety in adolescents 11 to 13 years of Grade 8 Basic Education Educational Network Helena Cortes Bedoya, Sector Carapungo of Quito, in the academic year 2006-2007. The reference used was that cognitive behavioral therapy, is the set of therapeutic techniques that have resulted from the systematic use of the experimental method in psychology and other disciplines, employees with the aim of changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.
While EMDR is Desensitization and Reprocessing Eye Movement or other bi-hemispheric stimulation specifically to work on traumatic memories.
The research was carried out explanatory type quasi-experimental design with a group of subjects estimated 30 to 50% of the total population of adolescents assessed with the ISRA-J test.
With ISRAJ (Inventory of Situations and Responses of Anxiety - Young) was assessed 70 students from Year 8 Basic Education getting 14 with high anxiety, to which were invited to participate in the workshop "Young People in Learning" for 12 sessions.
The group evaluation was performed before and after treatment, to verify if the individual and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy + EMDR group, are effective in lowering anxiety levels and considering the genre know that group was benefited most.
Verified its effectiveness, the program noted above will apply to lower levels of anxiety to all adolescents be evaluated after the test will score ISRAJ live 51 to 75, indicating the necessary treatment and from 76 to 100 with need Urgent therapy.
Keywords: Adolescents Helena Cortes Bedoya Educational Network Group Behavioral Therapy Quito
Accuracy Verified: Yes
15. Vos, S. M. (2005, December). An application of the transtheoretical model to a case of sexual trauma in middle childhood. University of Stellenbosch. doi:10019.1/2938 .
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This study demonstrates the use of the transtheoretical model in the context of sexual trauma in middle childhood. Exploring contemporary literature I found that there is no literature in South Africa available on this topic. It was not until 1997 that the transtheoretical model was implemented internationally with regard to sexual abuse. Taking this in consideration, I realised that there was much scope for exploring, discovering and reflecting on the transtheoretical model and its use within the boundaries of childhood sexual trauma. A qualitative case study within the social constructivist/interpretive paradigm, was chosen as research design. The study involved a participant in middle childhood. Elna (pseudonym) was selected from referrals from the Child Protection Unit of the South African Police Services to the Unit for Educational Psychology at Stellenbosch. The reason for referring Elna to the Unit was because of the negative and diverse effects sexual trauma had on her life story. The study explores the transtheoretical model and the appropriateness thereof as alternative treatment model in a case of sexual trauma, as well as insight into progression of the client in the therapeutic process. Data was collected by means of interviews and therapy sessions during which Narrative therapy, EMDR, sandtray therapy (used in a narrative context) and art therapy techniques were used in an integrated manner. The data was analysed by means of interpreting codes, categories and themes. The study concluded with a discussion of the findings and a reflection on the impact the use of the transtheoretical model had on me as a research-therapist-in-training. The literature review and the findings of this research suggest that the transtheoretical model can be applied effectively to a case of sexual trauma in middle childhood. The use of the model also gives insight into progression of the client in the therapeutic process. Thesis (MEdPsych (Educational Psychology)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
Keywords: Narrative Therapy South Africa Transtheoretical Model
Accuracy Verified: Yes
16. Cocco, N. (1995, June). Applications of EMDR to children: EMDR in the treatment of darkness phobia in children. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
EMDR in the treatment of darkness phobia in children:
1. Overview of Darkness Phobia:
A. Assessment of Childhood Phobias;
B. Definition;
C. Prevalence;
D. Consequences.
2. Treatment Literature on Darkness Phobia:
A. Invivo Exposure;
B. Imaginal Desensitization;
C. Modeling Symbolic and Participant;
D. Coping Self Talk;
E. Emotive Imagery.
3. [Preliminary Data on Controlled Comparison Between Emotive Imagery and EMDR:
A. Aims of Study;
B. Method: Subject,
Design,
Procedure: Assessment, Treatment Protocols;
C. Results;
D. Discussion.
4. EMDR Protocol:
A. Assessment of Darkness Phobia;
B. Hero Interview;
C. EMDR Target Selection;
D. Fantasy Based Cognitive Interweave:
Linking Cues/Cognition/Affect Superheros to Change Cognition and Affect.]
Keywords: Children Darkness Phobia
Accuracy Verified: Yes
17. Viechtbauer, W. (2007, March). Approximate confidence intervals for standardized effect sizes in the two-independent and two-dependent samples design. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 32(1), 39-60. doi:10.3102/1076998606298034.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Standardized effect sizes and confidence intervals thereof are extremely useful
devices for comparing results across different studies using scales with incommensurable
units. However, exact confidence intervals for standardized effect
sizes can usually be obtained only via iterative estimation procedures. The present
article summarizes several closed-form approximations to the exact confidence
interval bounds in the two-independent and two-dependent samples
design. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to determine the accuracy
of the various approximations under a wide variety of conditions. All methods
except one provided accurate results for moderately large sample sizes and converged
to the exact confidence interval bounds as sample size increased.
Keywords: Confidence Intervals Effect Size Standardized Mean Difference Two-Independent Samples Design
Accuracy Verified: Yes
18. MacCulloch, M., & Barrowcliff, A. (2001, May). Are EMDR effects caused by de-arousal?. Presentation at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, London, UK .
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is increasingly being recognised
as a coherent therapeutic procedure in the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD) and other anxiety disorders, yet we still do not fully understand by which process or
mechanisms it might work. We consider a number of models implicating orienting or
investigatory reflexes as a significant contributor to the success of EMDR as a treatment
method. A series of experiments were designed to test the predictions derived from these
models, examining the physiological effects of eye-movements following auditory challenge
compared to an eyes-stationary condition. A significant physiological de-arousal effect is
observed in conditions requiring eye-movements similar to those used in the EMDR protocol.
We go on to consider the implications for this de-arousal effect in the treatment of PTSD and
present preliminary data from a case series designed to examine the unique contribution of
EMDR when used with treatment resistant clients. A range of psychometric and
psychophysiological process and outcome measures were utilised in this study, providing a
detailed evaluation of change over the course of the treatment design. Specialised software
was developed for use in this study, in addition to a computerised test and software is
provided, along with data obtained from this test.
Keywords: De-Arousal
Accuracy Verified: Yes
19. Scurfield, R. M., & Wilson, J. P. (2003, April). Ask not for whom the bell tolls: Controversy in post–traumatic stress disorder treatment outcome findings for war veterans. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 4(2), 112-126. doi:10.1177/1524838002250763 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This article reviews and analyzes two national studies of the efficacy of treatment
for war veterans suffering from post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Acareful
analysis of the studies conducted by the Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA)
Northeast Program Evaluation Center (NEPEC) reveals conceptual, methodological,
and design flaws in the research, which reports minimal treatment efficacy for
PTSD. Based on this limited, if not biased, data, the results were used for policy
purposes to dismantle inpatient PTSD hospital units and trauma-focus treatments.
Acritique is offered as a review to suggest how future studies might be conducted,
designed, and evaluated, including the need for independent, “outside”
peer reviews inasmuch as the issue of treatment outcomes generalizes to many
nonmilitary populations.[Sagepub]
Keywords: DVA Outcome Policy PTSD Research Therapy Treatment Vietnam Veterans
Accuracy Verified: Yes
20. Oglesby, C. (1999). Assessment of the appropriateness of EMDR use in sport interventions. Symposium conducted at the annual conference of the Association of the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Initial research indicated extraordinary efficacy ofEMDR
interventions with various forms of trauma. As more and more
research was undertaken, often by researchers removed from
clinical EMDR experience, contradictions emerged and
EMDR samples sometimes fared no better than others. Recent
research with an athletic population indicated that possible
"individual differences" characteristics of potential subjects
mayaccount for some of the previous contradictory results.
Possible screening devices will be discussed in the context of a successful case study report.
Keywords: Athletes Interventions Sports Psychology Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
21. Kaplan, S., Wolper, B., Knipe, J., Gierasch, M., & Preston, J. (2006, September). Becoming an EMDRIA approved trainer. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
The members of this panel will speak about their
unique experiences in becoming Trainers of basic
EMDR and their approaches to teaching basic
EMDR to particular populations in particular
settings: EMDR-HAP training, independent
training, Medical University and University
Graduate School settings, and the challenges and
rewards of training. The panel will address the
process and requirements for becoming an
EMDRIA Approved Trainer and will describe the
networking, sharing of resources, and support that
are available for new, as well as for all, EMDRIA
Approved Trainers.
Keywords: Approved Trainer
Accuracy Verified: Yes
22. EMDRIA Standards and Training Committee. (2002, June). Becoming an independent EMDRIA approved instructor. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This workshop is designed for Approved Instructors in EMDR or those who plan to pursue this designation. Becoming an Approved Instructor in EMDR requires an even greater commitment to mastery of EMDR's processes, procedures, theories, and research. It also entails the skills necessary to impart this information, to untrained clinicians, in such a way, that allows them to responsibly practice. This workshop will cover the steps necessary to become an EMDRIA Approved Instructor. It will offer ideas for getting started, for meeting the new EMDRIA criteria, for developing instructional tools and for managing the course structure to maximizing success. A question and answer session will be available to help with specific questions.
Keywords: Approved Instructor Training
Accuracy Verified: Yes
23. van Deusen, K. M. (2004, Summer). Bilateral stimulation in EMDR: A replicated single-subject component analysis. the Behavior Therapist, 27(4), 79-86.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
This study attempted to determine whether the eye movement component of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was necessary to account for positive treatment effects in subjects with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A single-subject alternating treatments design was replicated across four subjects to compare the effectiveness of EMDR with the effectiveness of a modified EMDR procedure in which the eyes remained in a natural state. The comparative procedure was chosen to eliminate the contribution of distraction and the addition of any other form of bilateral stimulation. The first hypothesis was supported. Subjects showed statistically significant pre- (baseline) to posttreatment improvement following EMDR and the modified EMDR procedure (without eye movements). The second hypothesis was not supported. While subjects significantly improved following both EMDR and the modified, without-eye-movements EMDR procedure, there were no statistically significant differences between treatments on within- or between-session measures. Instead, both treatments were found to be effective in reducing trauma and global symptoms in the four female subjects who participated in the study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Empirical Study Quantitative Study Single-Subject Componnent Analysis
Accuracy Verified: Yes
24. Anchisi, R., Guzzi, R., Fernandez, I., Giannantonio, M., & Ziveri, D. (2001, October). Biofeedback measures in EMDR treatment. In Collegium Internationale Activitatis Nervosae Superioris; International Association for Integrative Nervous Functions, Neurobiology of behaviour and Psychosomatics, (pp 141-148). Palermo, Italy.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
We compared the pre and post therapeutic treatment data using standard EMDR, using a lool such as biofeedback, capable of measuring certain physiologcail parameters in an objective way. The goal was to check variations in the physiological indices and subjective evaluations of well being and discomfort in the subjects.
Some psychotherapists will select subjects using an initial telephone screening followed by a battery of suitable tests. Using such tools, subjects affected by PTSD without comorbidity will be chosen. Independent assessors
will evaluate them again after six weeks (blind design). After this assessment, subjective data will be collected using the SUD scale and objective data will be collected using the SPR, Thermo, Heart Rate, EMG of the biofeedback channels. After exposure the subjects will be randomly assigned to an experimenta1 group, they will be going to meet in six sessions using the EMDR standard protocol and carried out by therapits recognized by the Association EMDR Italy; the other half of the sample will
represent the control group in a waiting list. Once more, all the subjects will be exposed to the trauma, this time listening to the recording of their description of the traumatic event. The SUD and biofeedback values will be then measured again. The comparison of the data of the SUD scale with the data of the biofeedback
channels, in particular the SPR channel, plus the evaluation of the group of independent clinicians using the above-mentioned tests, will provide the co-ordinates for an evaluation (both subjetive and physiological) of the clinical results of the EMDR therapy.
Keywords: Biofeedback Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
25. Gannon, J. P. (2011, April). A brain-based peak performance model using meditation, EMDR and cardio imagery and rehearsal. Peak Performance Systems, San Francisco.
Language: English
Format: Other
Abstract:
This pilot study investigated the effectiveness of a new model of peak performance training based on applications of brain research to stimulate mental skill acquisition leading to enhanced performance capabilities. Brain-based techniques such as Mindfulness Meditation (MM), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cardio Imagery and Rehearsal (CIR) appear to stimulate various neurological processes including alpha and theta brain waves, higher interhemispheric coherence and reduced sympathetic nervous system arousal. Clinical application of these techniques in a preliminary pilot study with a variety of performers was shown in follow-up self-assessments to have enhanced performance outcomes on seven measures including reduced performance anxiety and self-consciousness, enhanced concentration and focus, improved memorization of performance routines and enhanced overall performance goals. The idea that specific performance routines can be installed using these brain-based techniques that enhance peak performance functioning on demand was supported by these findings.. However, the results of this pilot study are preliminary and further studies using a larger subject sample, empirically validated test measurements and independent control groups are necessary before these findings can be corroborated.
Keywords: Brain-Based Peak Performance Brainscripting Cardio Imagery and Rehearsal Flow Interhemispheric Coherence Mindfulness Meditation Neurofeedback Neuroplasticity Performance Anxiety Pilot Study
Accuracy Verified: Yes
26. Rossello-Mir, J., Revert-Vidal, X., Obrador, P., & Cardell, E. (2007, June). Brief EMDR protocol versus bilateral stimulation in the treatment of spider phobia. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
EMDR, that includes bilateral stimulation, causes the desensitization and reprocessing of traumatic memories, thus reducing anxiety, distress, fear, and other symptoms related with several anxiety disorders. Previous results show it is effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD, panic disorder, public speaking anxiety, etc. Relying on some previous results we think that a brief EMDR protocol could be applied to relieve symptoms of specific phobias.
To investigate this issue, we study the efficacy of a new brief EMDR protocol in the treatment of spider phobia. Furthermore, our design tries to clarify the controversy about which components of the EMDR procedure are relevant for patient’s improvement. More specifically, we compare the effectiveness of our brief procedures with that of simple bilateral stimulation that is, without eye movements, which necessity to obtain therapeutic outcome has been questioned.
We randomly assign twenty volunteers, female university students with spider phobia to one of three groups. We applied the brief EMDR protocol to the first one and bilateral stimulation to the second one, being the third group the control one. To assess the effectiveness of both treatments, in addition to apply traditional questionnaires, we designed a specific emotional Stroop task in order to make use of this tool to evaluate, before and after each treatment, the selective attentional biases, that seem to play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. We discuss the differences found in our results in reference to the controversy aforementioned and how they can help to understand the EMDR mechanism of action.
Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Brief EMDR Spider Phobia
Accuracy Verified: Yes
27. Chemtob, C., Nakashima, J., & Carlson, J. (2002, January). Brief treatment for elementary school children with disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A field study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 99-112. doi:10.1002/jclp.1131.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Effective psychological intervention is needed to help children recover from disaster-related PTSD. This controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of a brief intervention for disaster-related PTSD. At one-year follow-up of a prior intervention for disaster-related symptoms, some previously treated children were still suffering significant trauma symptoms. Using a randomized lagged-groups design, we provided three sessions of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment to 32 of these children who met clinical criteria for PTSD. The Children's Reaction Inventory (CRI) was the primary measure of the treatment's effect on PTSD symptoms. Associated symptoms were measured using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Treatment resulted in substantial reductions in both groups' CRI scores and in significant, though more modest, reductions in RCMAS and CDI scores. Gains were maintained at six-month follow-up. Health visits to the school nurse were significantly reduced following treatment. Psychosocial intervention appears useful for children suffering disaster-related PTSD. Conducting controlled studies of children's treatment in the postdisaster environment appears feasible. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Americans Brief Psychotherapy Child Treatment Disasters Elementary School Students Empirical Study Follow-up Study Health Care Utilization Hurricanes Hurricane Iniki Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT School Age Children Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Victim Service
Accuracy Verified: Yes
28. van Eijk, M (2009). Casus 21 – Het geheugen van het lichaam: Stigmata en lichaamsreacties bij vrouw met ernstig ziekenhuistrauma [Case 21 - The memory of the body: Stigmata and body responses in a woman with a severe trauma from her hospitalization]. In H. K. Hornsveld & S. Berendsen (Eds.), Casusboek EMDR, 25 voorbeelden uit de praktijk (1st Ed.), (pp. 289-299). Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum. doi:10.1007/978-90-313-7358-1_30 .
Language: Dutch
Format: Book Section
Abstract:
Karin is een 42-jarige, hoogopgeleide vrouw, werkzaam als zelfstandig gevestigd adviseur en samenwonend. Ze omschrijft zichzelf als een persoon die de neiging heeft veel te denken en overzicht te zoeken; als iemand die geleerd heeft omcontrole te vinden en te houden.
Karin is a 42-year-old, highly educated woman, working as an independent consultant based and living together. She describes herself as a person who tends to think a lot of searching and review, as someone who has learned to find and keep omcontrole.
Keywords: Body Response Hospitalization Stigmata Trauma Women
Accuracy Verified: Yes
29. Inoue, N., Nawa, J., Katoh, T., & Shirakawa, M. (2010, July). Changes in personality functioning over the course of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing trauma therapy: Findings on the early changes. Poster presented at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Objective: Although eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is said not only to reduce trauma-related
symptoms but also to enhance ability to function in life, its effectiveness in other than reducing trauma-related symptoms
has yet to be verified. The objective of this study was to explore the broad range of effectiveness of EMDR, especially changes
in the personality functioning during the early phase of treatment. Methods: Using the non-randomized design, we assessed
and compared the treatment changes in subjects treated with EMDR and subjects who participated in the psycho-education
course of trauma. Eligible subjects were adult women who experienced human-caused trauma such as domestic violence,
rape, or childhood abuse. The Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS) was used as the first outcome measure to evaluate
personality functioning, and self-report questionnaires and a clinical interview for trauma-related symptoms were used as
the secondary outcome measures. Subjects of both groups were assessed at the time of enrollment in the study and 4 months
after the enrollment. We completed the evaluation of 5 and 6 subjects in the EMDR and the control group, respectively.
Results: The CS index for self-esteem and self-concern was improved in the EMDR sample compared with the controls.
Women treated with EMDR showed increased openness to internal and external stimuli (assessed by CS F%), whereas some
women in the control group even developed a tendency to avoid internal and external stimuli after 4 months. Conclusion:
The differences of early changes in personality functioning between the EMDR group and the controls will be discussed in
detail.
Keywords: Changes in Personality Functioning Poster
Accuracy Verified: Yes
30. Monahan, K., & Forgash, C. (2012, March). Childhood sexual abuse and adult physical and dental health outcomes. In E. A. Kalfoğlu & R. Faikoglu (Eds.), Sexual Abuse - Breaking the Silence (pp. 137-152). Intechopen.
Language: English
Format: Book Section
Abstract:
Along the same lines, evidence-based assessment and interventions must be in line with the
finding of how significant the subjective impressions of sexual assault are for incarcerated
older adults in treatment. A promising intervention that is being piloted in the criminal
justice system with younger age groups is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
(EMDR). EMDR specifically targets change in subjective units of distress among trauma
survivors, particularly sexual abuse survivors, which in turn reduces post traumatic stress
symptoms (Kitchiner, 2000). Moreover, previous research with incarcerated juvenile
offenders shows that EMDR can work in reducing post traumatic stress reactivity resulting
in less violent behavior and conduct problems among samples. Its utility for older adults,
especially those with histories of sexual assault victimization and perpetration is perhaps a
promising intervention. The use of evidence-based practices suggests that untreated trauma
and grief are related to increased adult recidivism rates (Leach et al., 2008). Therefore,
treating psychological distress and untreated symptoms effectively, which involves both
screening and treatment that captures subjective experiences, may help to break the cycle of
recidivism and in some case sexual offending. [Excerpt]
Keywords: Dental Health Physical Health
Accuracy Verified: Yes
31. Opdyke, D. C. (1995, May). Clinical efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Georgia State University. AAT 9608510.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has gained notoriety as a brief treatment for PTSD. In EMDR, clients repeatedly bring up traumatic events in memory and visually track stimuli moving back and forth in front of them. Previous group studies of EMDR have had methodological problems, however. The present study attempted to (1) assess EMDR's effectiveness compared to an Eye Focus treatment controlling for eye movement; (2) compare both treatments to a wait-list control; and (3) rate therapist characteristics to check experimenter bias.20 participants suffering from PTSD were randomly assigned to either EMDR or Eye Focus (EF) treatments, and immediate treatment or wait-list conditions. After two 90-minute treatment sessions, outcomes were assessed on subjective measures of anxiety (SUDs) and cognitive beliefs (VOCs). The mean SUDs pre-post differences on matched pairs t-tests indicated significant reduction of disturbance for both the EMDR group, p < .001, and the Eye Focus group, p < .001. VOC ratings showed similar treatment gains. Two-factor analyses assessed changes across groups (2 administrations x 2 treatment groups) on two standardized measures, the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the Modified PTSD Symptom Scale (MPSS). The IES showed a main effect for treatment F (2, 18) = 16.45, p < .001, while wait-list remained unchanged F (2, 18) = 1.09, p > .05. A significant interaction F (2, 18) = 6.69, p < .05 supported treatment efficacy. EMDR and EF participants improved equally on the IES, i.e., no differences for type of treatment, F (2, 18) = 0.54, p > .05. The MPSS also showed a main effect for treatment, F (2, 18) = 6.46, p < .05, with wait-list unchanged, F (2, 18) = 0.27, p > .05. This interaction was not significant, p =.10. Further, both EMDR and EF groups demonstrated improvement on the MPSS. Results suggest that (1) EMDR and Eye Focus are both effective in reducing some self-reported PTSD symptoms; (2) EMDR and Eye Focus scores improved significantly compared to wait-list; and (3) ratings of experimenter bias suggested that the EMDR and Eye Focus participants were treated equally by the therapist. Future comparison studies should use larger samples, independent assessors, and equally-trained independent therapists. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 56(11-B), May 1996, pp. 6402
Keywords: Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
32. Sharpless, B. A., & Barber, J. P. (2011). A clinician’s guide to PTSD treatments for returning veterans. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(1), 8–15. doi:10.1037/a0022351.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
What options are available to mental health providers helping clients with posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD)? In this paper we review many of the current pharmacological and psychological interventions
available to help prevent and treat PTSD with an emphasis on combat-related traumas and veteran populations.
There is strong evidence supporting the use of several therapies including prolonged exposure (PE), eye
movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and cognitive processing therapies (CPT), with PE
possessing the most empirical evidence in favor of its efficacy. There have been relatively fewer studies of
nonexposure based modalities (e.g., psychodynamic, interpersonal, and dialectical behavior therapy perspectives),
but there is no evidence that these treatments are less effective. Pharmacotherapy is promising
(especially paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine), but more research comparing the relative merits of
medication vs. psychotherapy and the efficacy of combined treatments is needed. Given the recent influx of
combat-related traumas due to ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, there is clearly an urgent need to
conduct more randomized clinical trials research and effectiveness studies in military and Department of
Veterans Affairs PTSD samples. Finally, we provide references to a number of PTSD treatment manuals and
propose several recommendations to help guide clinicians’ treatment selections.
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy Psychopharmacology PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
33. Cusack, K. J., & Spates, C. R. (1999, January-April). The cognitive dismantling of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A case report. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 87-99. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00041-3 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Twenty-seven subjects were exposed to standard Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment or a similar treatment without the explicit cognitive elements found in EMDR. Standardized psychometric assessments were administered (Structured Interview for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Impact of Event Scale, Revised Symptom Checklist-90) by independent assessors at pretest, posttest and two separate follow-up periods. Potential subjects met specific inclusion/exclusion criteria. Subjective measures including Subjective Units of Disturbance and Validity of Cognition assessments were also conducted. A two-factor repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that both treatments produced significant symptom reductions and were comparable on all dependent measures across assessment phases. The present findings are discussed in light of previous dismantling research that converges to suggest that several elements in the EMDR protocol may be superfluous in terms of the contribution to treatment outcome. These same elements have nevertheless entered unparsimoniously into consideration as possible explanatory variables (ScienceDirect).
Keywords: Adults Americans Empirical Study Longitudinal Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
34. Jaberghaderi, N., Greenwald, R., Rubin, A., Zand, S. O., & Dolatabadim, S. (2004, September-October). A comparison of CBT and EMDR for sexually abused Iranian girls. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11(5), 358-368. doi:10.1002/cpp.395.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
14 randomly assigned Iranian girls ages 12-13 years who had been sexually abused received up to 12 sessions of CBT or EMDR treatment. Assessment of post-traumatic stress symptoms and problem behaviours was completed at pre-treatment and 2 weeks post-treatment. Both treatments showed large effect sizes on the post-traumatic symptom outcomes, and a medium effect size on the behaviour outcome, all statistically significant. A non-significant trend on self-reported post-traumatic stress symptoms favoured EMDR over CBT. Treatment efficiency was calculated by dividing change scores by number of sessions; EMDR was significantly more efficient, with large effect sizes on each outcome. Limitations include small N, single therapist for each treatment condition, no independent verification of treatment fidelity, and no long-term follow-up. These findings suggest that both CBT and EMDR can help girls to recover from the effects of sexual abuse, and that structured trauma treatments can be applied to children in Iran. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Brief Psychotherapy CBT Child Abuse Cogntiive Behavorial Therapy Cognitive Therapy Elementary School Students Empirical Study Females Incest Iranians Manual-Based Treatments Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Preadolescents PTSD Quantitative Study Rape Random Clinical Trial RCT Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
35. Narimani, M., Ahari, S. S., & Rajabi, S. (2008). Comparison of efficacy of eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing and cognitive behavioral therapy therapeutic methods for reducing anxiety and depression of Iranian combatant afflicted by post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(10), 1932-1937. doi:10.3923/jas.2008.1932.1937.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This research aims to determine efficacy of two therapeutic methods and compare them: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for reduction of anxiety and depression for Iranian combatant afflicted with Post traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after imposed war. Statistical population of current study includes combatants afflicted with PTSD that were hospitalized in Isas Hospital of Ardabil province or were inhabited in Ardabil. These persons were selected through simple random sampling and were randomly located in three groups. The method was extended test method and study design was multi-group test-retest. Used tools include hospital anxiety and depression scale. This survey showed that exercise of EMDR and CBT has caused significant reduction of anxiety and depression. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Anxiety Anxiety Disorders CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Therapy Depression Depressive Disorders Iranians Middle Aged Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Treatment Effectiveness Veterans War
Accuracy Verified: Yes
36. Oncley, P. R. (1992). A comparison of eye movement desensitization and implosion-like therapy with adult victims of sexual abuse. Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, CA. AAT 9302718.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is a recently developed technique that has been reported in the literature to be effective in treating many of the symptoms associated with PTSD. This study investigated the role of saccadic eye movements in this technique by utilizing a multiple-baseline, across subjects design with 4 adult victims of childhood sexual abuse.Eye movement desensitization conditions (EMD) were compared to non saccadic eye movement conditions (NM) utilizing a Latin square design over one treatment session. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-R) and the PTSD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III (SCID) were used for initial diagnosis and screening. Treatment effectiveness between the intervention phase and 1 week follow-up was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the PTSD Symptom Checklist. Skin conductance response (SCR), heart rate, and subjective units of distress (SUDS) were assessed during pretreatment, treatment, posttreatment, and follow-up phases. Results showed no significant differences across subjects among SCR, heart rate, and SUDS between the EMD and NM conditions. IES and PTSD Symptom Checklist follow-up data showed symptom improvement for 3 of the 4 subjects. One subject's intrusive symptoms worsened. All subjects displayed less physiological reactivity to the traumatic imagery at follow-up. Mechanisms that contribute to the effectiveness of EMD and recommendations for future study were discussed. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Arousal Child Abuse Exposure Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
37. Simon, M. J. (1997, November). A comparison study of EMDR and exposure on posttraumatic stress disorder: A single-subject design. Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI. AAT 9734215.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Exposure has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of PTSD. Recent claims have been made regarding the comparative and perhaps even superior efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD.The comparative effectiveness was tested using two subjects, a multiple baseline design, targeting two distinct trauma-related images per subject. Standardized and objective assessment measures of diagnostic criteria were administered at baseline, post-treatment, and at follow-up. Order of treatment was reversed for the second subject. Results of the study showed that EMDR and Exposure were comparable treatments of PTSD. EMDR demonstrated more rapid overall symptom reduction than Exposure. Both Exposure and EMDR generalized across traumas. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(5-B), Nov 1997, pp. 2700.
Keywords: Adults Clinical Trial Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
38. Grey, E. (2010, September/October). Concentrated EMDR: A case study of EMDR with co-morbid depression and anxiety. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Minneapolis, MN.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
The efficacy of EMDR treatment for PTSD is established. EMDR is globally recognized as a level one
evidence-based practice for PTSD. The studies that were used to determine these findings tended to have weekly
EMDR sessions; however it may be possible that more frequent sessions could produce more effective outcomes.
This pilot study investigated concentrated EMDR treatment using a quantitative single case study design with a
participant with co-morbid major depressive disorder, severe without psychotic features and panic disorder with
agoraphobia. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine concentrated EMDR treatment warrants further
research attention. The researcher used the Beck's Depression Inventory and The Beck's Anxiety Inventory as the
outcome measures. A non-predetermined treatment trial of twelve EMDR reprocessing treatment sessions
occurred at a frequency of three 90 minutes sessions per week for a period of one month. Thc baseline mean
scores were. BAI: M=38, BDI: M=49. At a 3-month follow-up the scores decrease to raw outcome scores of BAI:
7; BDI: 8. The results of this pilot study are significant in indicating that (a) concentrated EMDR may promote
favorable treatmenr outcomes and (b) concentrated EMDR may be effective in treating co-morbid major
depressive disorder, severe without psychotic features and panic with agoraphobia.
Keywords: Anxiety Case Study Depression Poster
Accuracy Verified: Yes
39. Carrigan, M., & Levis, D. (1999, January-April). The contributions of eye movements to the efficiacy of brief exposure treatment for reducing fear of public speaking. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 101-118. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00042-5.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The present study was designed to isolate the effects of the eye-movement component of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) procedure in the treatment of fear of public speaking. Seventy-one undergraduate psychology students who responded in a fearful manner on the Fear Survey Schedule II and on a standardized, self-report measure of public speaking anxiety (Personal Report of Confidence as a Speaker; PRCS) were randomly assigned to one of four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The two independent variables assessed were treatment condition (imagery plus eye movements vs. imagery alone) and type of imagery (fear-relevant vs. relaxing). Dependent variables assessed were self-reported and physiological anxiety during exposure and behavioral indices of anxiety while giving a speech. Although process measures indicated exposure to fear-relevant imagery increased anxiety during the procedure, no significant differences among groups were found on any of the outcome measures, except that participants who received eye movements were less likely to give a speech posttreatment than participants who did not receive eye movements. Addition of the eye movements to the experimental procedure did not result in enhancement of fear reduction. It was concluded, consistent with the results of past research, that previously reported positive effects of the EMDR procedure may be largely due to exposure to conditioned stimuli (ScienceDirect).
Keywords: Americans College Students Empirical Study Experimental Stressors Females Phobia Psychophysiology Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
40. Rothbaum, B. O. (1997, Summer). A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disordered sexual assault victims. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 61(3), 317-334.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a new method developed to treat PTSD. This study evaluated the efficacy of EMDR compared to a no-treatment wait-list control in the treatment of PTSD in adult female sexual assault victims. 21 subjects were entered and 18 completed. Treatment was delivered in 4 weekly individual sessions. Assessments were conducted pre- and posttreatment and 3 months following treatment termination by an independent assessor kept blind to treatment condition. Measures included standard clinician- and self-administered PTSD and related psychopathology scales. Results indicated that subjects treated with EMDR improved significantly more on PTSD and depression from pre- to posttreatment than control subjects, leading to the conclusion that EMDR was effective in alleviating PTSD in this study. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Americans Empirical Study Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial Rape RCT Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
41. Marcus, S., Marquis, P., & Sakai, C. (1997, Fall). Controlled study of treatment of PTSD using EMDR in an HMO setting. Psychotherapy, 34(3), 307-315. doi:10.1037/h0087791.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
67 individuals diagnosed with PTSD were randomly assigned to either Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment or Standard Care (SC) treatment. Participants were assessed pretreatment, after 3 sessions, and at the completion of treatment using the Symptom Checklist-90, Beck Depression Inventory, Impact of Events Scale, Modified PTSD Scale, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Subjective Units of Disturbance. In addition, an independent evaluator assessed participants using DSM-III-R criteria for PTSD including Global Assessment of Functioning at the 3 data points. The individuals in the EMDR treatment group showed significantly greater improvement with greater rapidity than those in the SC treatment group on measures of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and general symptoms. Participants who received EMDR treatment used fewer medication appointments for their psychological symptoms and needed fewer psychotherapy appointments. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Americans Empirical Study Managed Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
42. Resick, P., Monson, C., Griffin, M., Rothbaum, B., Rasmusson, A., & Shalev, A. (2006, November). Cortisol pre and posttreatment with EMDR or prolonged imaginal exposure in PTSD assault survivors. In Psychobiology and Treatment of PTSD. Symposium conducted at the 22nd annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Fall Conference, Hollywood, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Psychobiological treatment of PTSD: This symposium will examine four CBT treatment studies with
regard to biological markers. The questions here are whether pretreatment
psychobiology or physiological responding can be used to
predict treatment outcome, or whether they themselves change as a
result of effective treatment.
Cortisol pre and posttreatment with EMDR or
prolonged imaginal exposure in PTSD assault
survivors: Many studies have noted increased cortisol production in trauma
survivors with PTSD, but it is not clear whether effective treatment
alters these responses. As part of a larger study, 60 female sexual
assault survivors with PTSD began one of two types of cognitivebehavioral
treatment (Prolonged Exposure (PE) or EMDR). Each
treatment consisted of nine sessions. Sessions 1 and 2 included
information gathering, trauma education, and therapy preparation.
Sessions 3 through 9 consisted of processing traumatic memories
and emotions via either imaginal exposure or EMDR.To examine
potential cortisol changes over the course of treatment, salivary cortisol
samples were collected at three time points during treatment. A
baseline sample was taken at session 1, a second sample was taken at
the start of the treatment portion of therapy (session 3), and a third
sample was taken at the end of treatment (session 9). Of the original
sample of 60 participants, 50 women completed treatment, and ten
dropped out. Cortisol responses will be examined in treatment
responders and non-responders as well as in treatment completers
vs. treatment dropouts.
Keywords: Cortisol Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prolonged Imaginal Exposure Assault PSTD Survivors Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
43. Greenwald, R. (1994, March). Criticisms of Sanderson’s and Carpenter’s study on eye movement desensitization. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90072-8. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 90-91.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Discusses the validity of a study on the efficacy of eye movement desensitization that did not follow the exact principles of EMDR as enunciated by Francine Shapiro. [Pilots]
Keywords: Experimental Design Letter Phobia Professional Criticism Professional Criticism Reply
Accuracy Verified: Yes
44. van der Vleugel, B. (2013, April). De behandeling van PTSS bij mensen met een psychotische stoornis [The treatment of PTSD in people with a psychotic disorder]. In Onderzoek track 1 and 2. Presentatie op Het congres EMDR Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Nijmegen, Nederland.
Language: Dutch
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Trauma is een risicofactor voor het ontwikkelen van psychose. Het hebben van een ernstige psychiatrische aandoening verhoogt de kans op het ontwikkelen van een co-morbide posttraumatische stress stoornis. Desondanks wordt een co-morbide PTSS zelden gediagnostiseerd en wanneer dit wél gebeurt is behandeling van deze PTSS bepaald niet vanzelfsprekend. Behandelaren vrezen vaak dat het openlijk bespreken van traumatische levenservaringen zal leiden tot decompensatie, heropname, middelenmisbruik, zelfbeschadigend gedrag en / of suïcidaliteit. Ondertussen werken de PTSS klachten als olie op het vuur van de psychose.
Omdat mensen met psychotische klachten over het algemeen werden uitgesloten van deelname aan onderzoek naar de effecten van PTSS behandeling was lang niet bekend of psychologische behandeling conform de Richtlijn Angststoornissen ook bij deze populatie veilig en effectief is. Hier begint verandering in te komen.
In deze presentatie komen achtereenvolgens aan bod:
- De resultaten van een pilot onderzoek naar de effecten van EMDR bij mensen met een psychotische stoornis en een co-morbide PTSS (Van den Berg & Van der Gaag, 2012).
- De resultaten van een gecontroleerde multiple baseline study naar de effecten van EMDR en Prolonged Exposure bij mensen met een psychotische stoornis en een comorbide PTSS (De Bont, Van Minnen & De Jongh, submitted).
- De opzet en eerste bevindingen van het onderzoeksproject Treating Trauma in Psychosis (T.TIP), een multicenter RCT naar de behandeling van PTSS bij mensen met een psychotische Trauma is a risk factor for the development of psychosis. Having a severe psychiatric condition increases the chance of the development of a co-morbid post-traumatic stress disorder. Nevertheless, a co-morbid PTSD rarely diagnosed and when this happens, treatment of these PTSD determined not obvious. Clinicians often fear that openly discussing traumatic life experiences will lead to decompensation, reuptake, substance abuse, self-injurious behavior and / or suicidality. Meanwhile, the PTSD symptoms as fuel to the fire of the psychosis.
Because people with psychotic symptoms were generally excluded from research into the effects of PTSD treatment was long unknown or psychological treatment in accordance with Directive Anxiety disorders also in this population safely and effective. Here begins to be changing.
This presentation will subsequently be discussed:
- The results of a pilot study on the effects of EMDR in people with a psychotic disorder and comorbid PTSD (Van den Berg and Van der Gaag, 2012) .
- The results of a controlled multiple baseline study on the effects of EMDR and Prolonged Exposure to people with a psychotic disorder and comorbid PTSD (De Bont, Van Minnen & De Jongh, submitted).
- The design and initial findings of the research Treating Trauma in Psychosis (T.TIP), a multicenter RCT on the treatment of PTSD in people with a psychotic disorder (De Bont et al, submittedstoornis (De Bont et al., submitted).
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress DIsorder PSTD Psychotic Disorders
Accuracy Verified: Yes
45. Leenarts, L. E. W., Doreleijers, Th. A. H., Lindauer, R. J. L., Lodewijks, H. P. B., & Vermeiren, R. R. J. M. (2011, April). De effectiviteit van een traumabehandeling bij getraumatiseerde meisjes in gesloten jeugdinstellingen [The effectiveness of trauma treatment in traumatized girls in closed juvenile institutions]. Symposia op het 39ste Voorjaarscongres Nederlandse Vereniging voor Psychiatrie, Amsterdam .
Language: Dutch
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Achtergrond: Uit onderzoek blijkt dat
in jeugdzorginstellingen geplaatste meisjes vaak
getraumatiseerd zijn en mede hierdoor ernstige
problemen vertonen in het verdere leven. Onderzoek
(Hamerlynck 2008) toont aan dat 85% van de
meisjes een of meer trauma’s heeft meegemaakt
en dat dit gerelateerd is aan zowel openlijke als
heimelijke agressie. Hieruit blijkt de noodzaak om
meisjes in jeugdzorginstellingen bij opname te
onderzoeken op trauma en agressie, ze te behandelen
en om traumabehandelingen te onderzoeken
op hun effectiviteit en op de gevolgen op lange termijn.
Doel: Het doel van het huidige onderzoek
is de effecten vast te stellen van een traumabehandeling
bij meisjes die in een jeugdzorg-plusinstelling
geplaatst zijn. De behandeling die
geëvalueerd wordt, is een stabilisatiefase (met als doel het reduceren van traumagerelateerde klachten) aangevuld met eye movement desensitisation and
reprocessing (emdr).
Methoden: Gebruik wordt gemaakt van
een quasi-experimenteel onderzoeksdesign. De
experimentele groep bestaat uit meisjes die hebben
deelgenomen aan de stabilisatiefase gevolgd
door emdr. De controlegroep bestaat uit meisjes
die treatment as usual (tau) ontvangen. Verschillende
meetmomenten zullen plaatsvinden. De
Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ( ctq) wordt
gebruikt om traumageschiedenis te onderzoeken en de Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (tscc)
wordt gebruikt om traumaklachten te bevragen.
Resultaten: Tijdens het Voorjaarscongres
zullen de eerste resultaten bekend zijn en
gepresenteerd worden.
Conclusie: Op basis van literatuur kan
verondersteld worden dat een geprotocolleerde
stabilisatiefase gevolgd door emdr effectiever is in de reductie van traumagerelateerde klachten dan
tau bij meisjes in gesloten jeugdzorginstellingen.
Background: Research shows that
girls are often placed in youth welfare institutions
traumatized and because of this serious
exhibit problems later in life. Research
(Hamerlynck 2008) shows that 85% of the
one or more girls experienced trauma
and that this is related to both overt and
covert aggression. This highlights the need to
girls in child welfare institutions in recording
research on trauma and aggression, treat them
and trauma treatments to investigate
their effectiveness and the long-term consequences.
Purpose: The aim of the present study
to determine the effects of trauma treatment
girls in a youth-plus set
placed. The treatment
evaluated, a stabilization phase (with the aim of reducing trauma-related symptoms) supplemented with Eye Movement Desensitisation and
reprocessing (EMDR).
Methods: Use is made of
a quasi-experimental research design. The
experimental group consists of girls who have
participated in the stabilization phase followed
by EMDR. The control group consists of girls
that treatment as usual (TAU) received. Various
measurement points will occur. The
Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) is
used to examine trauma history and the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC)
is used to search for trauma symptoms.
Results: During the Spring Congress
the first results are known and
presented.
Conclusion: Based on literature can
believed that food allergies
stabilization phase followed by EMDR is more effective in reducing trauma-related symptoms than
tau girls in secure youth institutions.
Keywords: Girls Juvenile Insitutions Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
46. Hoogwerf, L. J. (2011, Februari). De werkingsmechanismen van EMDR: het effect van associeren op het desensitiseren van negatieve herinneringen [The mechanisms of action of EMDR: The effect of associating the desensitisation of negative memories]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is een effectieve behandeling voor posttraumatische stress stoornis (PTSS). Het maken van oogbewegingen tijdens het terugdenken
aan een negatieve herinnering is in vele voorgaande onderzoeken effectief gebleken in het verminderen van de naarheid en levendigheid van deze herinneringen. Een ander belangrijk onderdeel van deze
behandeling, associëren, is echter nog niet goed onderzocht. Een mixed design is toegepast met 40 participanten, studenten, die ieder twee nare herinneringen ophaalden. 20 participanten hebben
oogbewegingen gemaakt, waarbij tijdens één herinnering niet werd geassocieerd en tijdens de andere herinnering wel. De andere 20 participanten hebben geen oogbewegingen gemaakt (fixatie op een wit
papier) ook met en zonder associëren. Er is geen effect gevonden van oogbewegingen, maar wel een effect van associaties. Bij participanten die gestimuleerd werden om associaties te maken, daalden de
naarheid en levendigheid van de negatieve herinnering meer dan bij participanten die hiertoe niet gestimuleerd werden. Ook de aard van verschillende typen associaties is onderzocht. Uit de hiervoor
berekende correlaties komt naar voren dat de naarheid en levendigheid van de negatieve herinnering minder afnemen wanneer men inde fixatieconditie van een afstand naar de gebeurtenis kijkt. In de
oogbewegingenconditie neemt de naarheid juist meer af wanneer men van een afstand naar de gebeurtenis kijkt. De bevindingen ondersteunen het gebruik van associaties in de praktijk waarbij het van een
afstand naar de gebeurtenis kijken het meest effectief lijkt.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Making eye movements during recall to a negative memory in many previous studies have proven effective in reducing the dreariness and vividness of these memories. Another important part of this
treatment, associate, has not yet been well studied. A mixed design was used with 40 participants, students, each fetched two bad memories. 20 participants have eye movements made during a memory which was not associated with and during the other memory is. The other 20 participants have made no eye movement (fixation on a white paper) with or without associate. There is no effect of eye movements, but an effect of associations. For participants who were encouraged to make associations, decreased
to nature and vibrancy of the more negative memories than participants who were not encouraged to do so. The nature of different types of associations was examined. From the above
calculated correlations show that the dreariness and vibrancy of the negative memories less gas when classification fixation condition from a distance watching the event. the
oogbewegingenconditie more precisely, the dreariness away from a distance when looking at the event. The findings support the use of associations in which the practice of
distance to the event looking like the most effective
Keywords: Mechanisms of Action
Accuracy Verified: Yes
47. Stewart-Grey, E. (2008). De-stress: A qualitative investigation of EMDR treatment. Capella University, Minneapolis, MN. AAT 3329849.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
There is no qualitative knowledge of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) with a sub-clinical stressed population. The vast majority of EMDR research has focused on traumatized populations, leaving a significant gap in what the non-traumatized or sub-clinically stressed clients experience. Sub-clinical stress includes any level of stress that does not meet the DSM-IV-TR criteria for PTSD. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the lived experiences of body sensations, emotions, beliefs, and imagery during EMDR treatment of participants with sub-clinical stress. Participants fit into either a young adult (18-35), adult (36-49), or older adult (50-60) maturity category and did not meet the criteria for PTSD. The sample consisted of 12 participants, from a large metropolitan area in the Northeastern United States. A qualitative phenomenological design was used to gather data following the EMDRIAs treatment protocol including a final interview asking questions about what the participants experienced in their body, thoughts, emotions, and memory images. The data was analyzed using constant comparative techniques using open coding and will be verified with member check techniques. The results identify five thematic holistic experiences across the participants. The themes of responsibility, safety, choices, power, and value emerged from the data. The results imply that is may be necessary to address all 5 themes for effective stress resolution. Also, the scholarly, clinical, and practical understanding of the Adaptive Information Processing Model concepts of responsibility, safety, and choices manifest in participants lived sensory experiences are now expanded and in need of additional research. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Americans Effects Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
48. Worthington, R. (2012, April). Dealing with trauma as an intervention for aggression: A review of approaches and the value of reprocessing. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 4(2), 108-118. doi:10.1108/17596591211208319.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of trauma with specific consideration to the neurological impact this has on information processing and potential links with aggression. Design/methodology/approach - This paper provides a summary of the literature in relation to theories of aggression and trauma. The paper considers how the two may interact and overlap and considers a theoretical rationale for why addressing trauma through a treatment such as Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) may assist to reduce aggression. Findings - The paper argues that the experience of trauma may contribute to inputs which may take a person closer towards engaging in aggression. This is consistent with information processing models and unified models of aggression such as the General Aggression Model. Factors that were specifically identified included physiological hyper-arousal, hostile attributions of stimulus, and neurological impairments. In addition, the paper also argued that there is evidence that as a result of trauma, a person's ability to provide cognitive accounts for the function of their behaviour may also be impaired because of the reduced interactivity between the two prefrontal hemispheres. Research limitations/implications - The paper argues that as a result, interventions designed to reduce aggression may benefit from including additional elements which directly assist clients to process emotional information and that a reprocessing treatment such as EMDR could assist to reduce levels of emotional arousal and improve treatment effectiveness. Differences in the way in which EMDR is carried out and the variances in treatment protocols used should be attended to increase the reliability of future research. Originality/value - Current modes of aggression therapy have focused on exposure based and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). However, there is evidence that EMDR has benefits over exposure and CBT approaches because of the way in which cognitive verbal accounts of the trauma are not required and because EMDR does not require the individual to have insight into their trauma experience and the link with aggression.
Keywords: Aggression Trauma Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
49. Alblas, E. E. (2012). Desensitisation and facilitation of memory after eye movements: An effort to solve an apparent contradiction. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) is a disorder characterized by frequent vivid memories of a traumatic event. A current effective treatment for PTSD is Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing treatment (EMDR). A model to explain the desensitizing effects by eye movements is the dual task hypothesis of working memory (WM). This posits that eye movements as second task exceed WM capacity, thus blurring subsequent reconsolidation of the (traumatic) memory. Eye movements prior to recall however have also been observed to facilitate memory. This thesis reviews several models to analyse whether the conflicting findings could result from one underlying process, or whether procedural differences in study design are likely to generate the opposing effects.
Keywords: Memory Desensitization Memory Facilitation Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
50. Siegel, D. J. (2002). The developing mind and the resolution of trauma: Some ideas about information processing and an interpersonal neurobiology of psychotherapy. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism (1st ed.) (pp. 85-121). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Language: English
Format: Book Section
Abstract:
This chapter provides an overview of an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the nature of the developing mind and how the unresolved effects of trauma may be resolved within psychotherapy. Following is a brief background of my introduction to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and Francine Shapiro, the founder and a leading pioneer in the field of EMDR.My work comes from an interdisciplinary approach that combines numerous independent fields, including attachment theory and research, cognitive neuroscience, complexity theory, developmental psychology and psychopathology, genetics, psycholinguistics, and the study of trauma. By weaving the findings from these varied disciplines together with clinical work as a child psychiatrist, I developed a conceptual framework that was published as a book, "The Developing Mind: Toward a Neurobiology of Interpersonal Experience" (1999). This chapter offers a brief overview of this work and highlights ways in which this interpersonal neurobiology approach may help in understanding some possible mechanisms underlying trauma and its resolution. [Text, pp. 85, 86]
Keywords: Adults Cognitive Processes Neurobiology Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors
Accuracy Verified: Yes
51. Various. (2000, November - December). Dibattito sulla EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) [Debate on EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing)]. Avvenuto nelle liste "Psicoterapia" di Psychomedia (PM-PT) e Ipsico.
Language: Italian
Format: Other
Abstract:
Estratto: Ho letto con interesse questo scambio annunci sulla tecnica EMDR. L'EMDR ha anche parlato della recente riunione di Moiano, organizzata da Psicologi per i PeopleOn "modelli di intervento in psicologia di emergenza". Come Moiano, vorrei che potesse approfondire un discorso sul tema, proprio perché in psicologia dello stress post-traumatico, l'EMDR è uno dei temi più controversi discussi da una dozzina di anni. A partire dal accuse "scioccanti" di Francine Shapiro, il creatore del metodo con cui la grande maggioranza delle forme di PTSD regrediti rapidamente con alcune sessioni sono associati con i movimenti oculari saccadici evento traumatico 'immagini, ha sviluppato una linea di grandi dimensioni di ricerca si propone di empiricamente testare la reale efficacia del metodo. I risultati di questi studi sono almeno ambigui. Ciò è sottolineato con forza, come in diverse occasioni i ricercatori indipendenti riuscito a replicare i risultati eccezionali che l'insegnamento EMDR IncorporatedThe azienda vende negli Stati metodo di insegnamento Uniti, hanno pubblicato.
Excerpt: I read with interest this exchange listings on the EMDR technique. EMDR has also spoken of the recent meeting of Moiano, organized by Psychologists for the PeopleOn "models of intervention in emergency psychology". As Moiano, I wish it could deepen a discourse on the subject, precisely because in the psychology of post-traumatic stress, EMDR is one of the most controversial topics discussed by a dozen years now. Starting from the allegations "shocking" of Francine Shapiro, the creator of the method by which the vast majority of forms of PTSD regressed rapidly with some sessions are associated with eye movements saccadic 'imagery traumatic event, has developed a large line of research seeks to empirically test the real effectiveness of the method. The results of these trials are at least ambiguous. This is strongly emphasized, as on several occasions independent researchers failed to replicate the outstanding results that teaching EMDR IncorporatedThe company sells in the United States teaching method, have published.
Accuracy Verified: No
52. Hopper, J., Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M., Yehuda, R., van der Kolk, B. A., & Simpson, W. (2003, October-November). Differential biological outcomes of EMDR and fluoxetine for PTSD. In B. A. van der Kolk (Chair), Treatment outcome studies of PTSD. Symposium conducted at the 19th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Treatment Outcome Studies of PTSD: This symposium presents three large carefully controlled treatment
outcome studies using four different treatment modalities (CBT,
EMDR, psychopharmacology and Cognitive Processing) and presents
data on comparative efficacy, treatment responsiveness and
resistance, effects on comorbidity, quality of life, and biological
changes that accompany symptom improvement.
Differential Biological Outcomes of EMDR and Fluoxetine for PTSD: Two major developments in PTSD research have been the development
of effective treatments and the delineation of pathophysiology.
While major gains have been made in both of these areas, they
have occurred in parallel. There is a need for investigations of possible
differential effects of different treatment modalities on biological
aspects of PTSD. In this randomized controlled trial (N = 105), we
compared the exposure treatment Eye Movement Desensitization
and Reprocessing, the serotonergic reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine,
and pill placebo for their effects on both PTSD symptoms and biological
parameters. The outcome measures were severity of reexperiencing,
avoidant/numbing, and hyperarousal symptoms; psychophysiological
reactivity to script-driven imagery; basal salivary
cortisol and dexamethasone suppression test (DST). At pre-treatment,
post-treatment and 3-month follow-up, saliva samples were
acquired at 8 a.m., 11 p.m. (immediately followed by dexamethasone)
and 8 a.m.. Participants also underwent a script-driven
imagery protocol utilizing four 30s scripts, each followed by a 60s
script imaging period and 2 minute recovery periods (fixed order:
neutral, trauma, neutral, trauma). Preliminary analyses partially support
hypothesizes concerning differential efficacies of pharmacological
and psychological treatments on different symptom clusters
and biological markers of the disorder, at post-treatment and 3-
month follow-up. Potential implications for treatment and future
research will be discussed.
Keywords: Fluoxetine Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
53. Ferrol, S., & Salas, C. (2009, Junio). Diseño de intervenciones con EMDR en el ámbito escolar [EMDR design interventions in schools]. Presentación en X Congreso Internacional de Estres Traumatico, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Language: Spanish
Format: Conference
Keywords: Design Interventions School
Accuracy Verified: Yes
54. Bluthgen, C., & Ingratta, A. (2009, Junio). Diseño de intervenciones con EMDR en situaciones de emergencia (guardias, hospitales.) [EMDR design interventions in emergency situations (such as guards, hospitals.)] . Presentación en el X Congreso Internacional de Estrés Traumático y Trastornos de Ansiedad, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Language: Spanish
Format: Conference
Keywords: Design Interventions Emergency Guards
Accuracy Verified: Yes
55. Chen, C. H. & Chang, S. H. (2009). Dismantling effect of eye movement and positive cognition components of EMDR on the treatment of cockraoch phobias. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This dismantling study investigated the therapeutic effects of eye movement and
positive cognition components on phobias. Forty female Ss with cockroach phobias
received a single therapy session. The therapy conditions constituted a 2 (eye
movement/non eye movement) × 2 (treatment procedure: positive cognition
installed/negative cognition prolonged) between subject design. The results revealed
that all groups showed significant therapeutic effects according to macro therapeutic
indices and with regard to some micro indices such as SUDs, HRs and VOCs for
negative cognition. However, VOCs for positive cognition were significantly
increased only for the eye movement group. The findings suggested that although
exposure itself might be effective in treating phobias, eye movement could further
promote participants’ VOCs for positive cognitions at the second treatment stage,
probably by facilitating information processing.
Keywords: Coackroach Phobia Dismantling Study Positive Cognition
Accuracy Verified: Yes
56. Tym, R., Dyck, M., & McGrath, G. (2000, July-August). Does a visual perceptual disturbance characterize trauma-related anxiety syndromes?. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14(4), 377-394. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(00)00029-3.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The i-test was developed to assess the visual-perceptual disturbances (VPDs) frequently reported by anxious patients. Persons with the disturbance report a specific abnormal illusion of movement when they maintain a fixed gaze at the i-test stimulus. Base rates for positive responses to the i-test and for reports of a "recurrent specific memory" (RSM) of a fear experience were obtained in psychiatric outpatient (n = 301) and community (n = 128) samples. In each case, approximately one fifth of participants had a positive response to the i-test and one fifth of participants reported an RSM of fear. A positive response to the i-test is observed in women more frequently than in men. Among psychiatric patients, approximately 90% of patients who report one symptom also report the other symptom; among community members, the concordance rate is approximately 33%. When psychiatric patients with both an abnormal illusion of movement response and an RSM of trauma are treated with eye movement desensitization, both symptoms are removed in 70% of cases; when these patients undergo some other form of treatment, both symptoms are removed in 30% of cases. These results indicate that the i-test is an effective way of identifying VPDs associated with psychopathologic conditions; the association between the abnormal illusion of movement and reports of recurrent specific memories of fear experiences suggests that the VPD may be a marker of traumatic stress syndromes. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adolescents Adults Assessment Children Depressive Disorders Females Males Injuries Memory Retrieval Techniques Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Somatic Symptoms Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Visual Hallucinations Witnesses
Accuracy Verified: Yes
57. Manfield, P. (1999, June). Double-blind alternating tone research. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Participants will: 1) understand the nature of the tone research conducted and be able to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the design of the study; 2) be able to determine if the use of alternating tones for lowering disturbance levels is effective; 3) be able to determine what frequency of alternation in tones is most effective for lowering disturbance levels.
Keywords: Tone Research
Accuracy Verified: Yes
58. Jatzko, A., Ruf, M., & Schmitt, A. (2008, Mai). Durch EMDR normalisierte funktionelle verarbeitungsprozesse bei PTBS: Eine fMRT pilotstudie [EMDR normalized by functional processing in PTSD: An fMRI pilot study] . Poster präsentiert auf der 10. Jahrestagung der DeGPT Deutschsprachige Gesellschaft für Psychotraumatologie, Psychisches Trauma-korperliches Leiden, Basel, Schweiz.
Language: German
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Es existieren kaum Untersuchungen mittels funktioneller Bildgebung,
die den Effekt psychotherapeutischer Verfahren und deren
Auswirkungen auf das Gehirn eruieren. Eye-Movement-Desensitization
and Reprocessing (EMDR) ist ein anerkanntes Verfahren zur
Behandlung der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung, jedoch wurde
noch keine fMRT-Studie zu diesem Verfahren veröffentlicht.
Diese fMRT-Studie soll erste Hinweise auf die Auswirkungen einer
EMDR-Therapie auf die Informationsverarbeitung einer Patientin mit
einer posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS) zeigen.
The fMRI study was at the ZI in a SIEMENS VISION 1.5
Tesla MR scanner with a 2D/EPI-Sequence (3.43 mm x 3:43 in plane
Resolution, 24 layers, 4 mm per layer, 1 mm gap) and a
Repetition time of 2.94 s made. It was her description of her
of the accident at the moment of impact in a block design alternating
with a baseline condition (only MRI noise) presented. Each
8x block was presented for 19.8 sec. After this there is a EMDRBehandlung
(2h), where there were violent reactions of the patient.
After a 20th Break was repeated the fMRI procedure. The
Analysis was performed by BrainVoyager QX 1.9, with a
t-test (fixed effect) with a threshold of q <0.5 (corrected) as
was assumed significant.
Keywords: fMRI Pilot Study Poster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
59. Meneses, J. A. (2007). Efectividad del EMDR, en la reducción de la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes academicos, en las alumnas de los sextos cursos del instituto tecnológico “Eloy Alfaro”, de la ciudad de esmeraldas, durante el ano 2.006 [Effectiveness of EMDR in reducing extreme anxiety to academic examinations in the students of the sixth technical institute courses "Eloy Alfaro" emerald city, during the year 2006]. Universidad Central Del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Psicologicas, Instituto Superior de Postgrado, Quito, Ecuador.
Language: Spanish
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
El EMDR, es un método psicoterapéutico, efectivo para reducir la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes académicos, a niveles normales, en un 88.8%, de los casos, en 9.25 sesiones de tratamiento, como promedio, con un nivel de confianza del 95 y 99%, en las alumnas de los sextos cursos, del Instituto Tecnológico “Eloy Alfaro, de la ciudad de Esmeraldas, durante el año 2.006. OBJETIVOS DE APRENDIZAJE:
1. Demostrar que EMDR, es efectivo también para reducir la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes académicos.
2. Informar que EMDR, reduce además a niveles normales los sistemas de respuestas de ansiedad cognitiva, fisiológica, y motora y la ansiedad a la evaluación.
3. Concienciar que EMDR, provoca también cambios cognitivos, emocionales y conductuales, como por ejemplo, el aumento de la autoestima y de la autoeficacia.
4. Comunicar que, luego del estudio de seguimiento, se estableció que EMDR, es efectivo en la reducción de la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes, en forma estable, es decir sin que se produzcan recaídas o sustitución de síntomas
In this study, which is kind of explanation, then use the hypothetical-deductive method with a quasi-experimental design with experimental and control group, formed at random, with pre and post treatment, with statistical processing of data, with the Student t test, and ANOVA before and after treatment, and once tested the hypothesis, it was established that:
EMDR is a psychotherapeutic method, effective in reducing extreme anxiety to academic tests to normal levels in 88.8% of the cases, treatment sessions 9.25, on average, with a confidence level of 95 and 99 % of pupils in the sixth course, the "Eloy Alfaro" Technological Institute in Esmeraldas City Ecuador during the year 2006.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Show that EMDR is also effective to reduce extreme anxiety to academic exams.
2. Report that EMDR also reduces systems to normal levels of anxiety responses cognitive, physiological, and motor and anxiety evaluation.
3. Awareness that EMDR also causes cognitive, emotional and behavioral, for example, increased self-esteem and self-efficacy.
4. Report that, after the follow-up study established that EMDR is effective in reducing extreme anxiety tests in stable form, ie without the occurrence of relapse or symptom substitution.
Keywords: Anxiety Eloy Alfaro Students
Accuracy Verified: Yes
60. Rooijmans, J., Rosenkamp, N. H. G., Vernholt, P., & Visscher, R. A. (2012). The effect of eye movements on craving, pleasantness and vividness in smokers. Social Cosmos, 3(2), 200-214.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The presence of craving is an important factor in continuing smoking. Following the
Elaborated Intrusion (EI) theory of Desire, craving is effective through the formation of
smoking-related mental images. In the current study, craving was generated through the use of
a future personal smoking-related image. Eye movements were observed in accordance with
the Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) intervention. The effect of these
eye movements on craving was investigated. In addition, the effect of eye movements on the
pleasantness and vividness of the image was examined. 36 participants took part in a withinsubjects
design with repeated measures. In line with expectations, perceived craving
decreased immediately after the experimental condition (eye movements) was experienced.
This decrease was not found in the control condition (fixation on a plain wall). After recall of
the smoking-related image, the extra measurement showed that the decrease was temporary.
Contrary to expectations, the degree of pleasantness and vividness did not decrease after eye
movements. In conclusion, the eye movements were found to have only a temporary effect on
craving for cigarettes, and did not result in desensitization of the pleasantness and vividness of
the personal smoking-related images.
Keywords: Craving EI-Theory Eye Movement Smoking
Accuracy Verified: Yes
61. Nakahara, T., Nakahara, K., Uehara, M., Koyama, K., Li, K., Harada, T., Yasuhara, D., Taguchi, H., Kojima, S., Sagiyama, K., & Inui, A. (2007, May). Effect of juggling therapy on anxiety disorders in female patients. doi:doi:10.1186/1751-0759-1-10. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 1(10), 1-4.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of juggling therapy for anxiety disorder
patients.
Design and Method: Subjects were 17 female outpatients who met the DSM-IV diagnostic
criteria for anxiety disorders. Subjects were treated with standard psychotherapy, medication and
counseling for 6 months. For the last 3 months of treatment, subjects were randomized into either
a non-juggling group (n = 9) or a juggling therapy group (juggling group: n = 8). The juggling group
gradually acquired juggling skills by practicing juggling beanbags (otedama in Japan) with both hands.
The therapeutic effect was evaluated using scores of psychological testing (STAI: State and Trate
Anxiety Inventry, POMS: Profile of Mood Status) and of ADL (FAI: Franchay Activity Index)
collected before treatment, 3 months after treatment (before juggling therapy), and at the end of
both treatments.
Results: After 6 months, an analysis of variance revealed that scores on the state anxiety, trait
anxiety subscales of STAI and tension-anxiety (T-A) score of POMS were significantly lower in the
juggling group than in the non-juggling group (p < 0.01). Depression, anger-hostility scores of POMS
were improved more than non-jugglers. In the juggling group, activity scores on the vigor subscale
of POMS and FAI score were significantly higher than those in the non juggling group (p < 0.01).
Other mood scores of POMS did not differ between the two groups.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that juggling therapy may be effective for the treatment of
anxiety disorders.
Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Females
Accuracy Verified: Yes
62. Sugimoto, K. (2010, October). The effect of PTSD treatments after stillbirth: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) combined with hypnotherapy. Presentation at the XVI International Congress of International Society of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, Venice, Italy.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Objective: Despite advances in obstetric and neonatal care, many women will experience the birth of stillborn infant or the death of a newborn. Stillbirth is a devastating experience for women, sometimes leads to depression, anxiety, traumatic grief and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There has been very little research examining effective psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress after stillbirth. This study explores the possibility the use of EMDR combined with hypnotherapy in the treatment for post-traumatic stress after stillbirth. Methods: the study consisted of a 'before and after' treatment design combined with follow-up measurements 1-3 years after EMDR treatment. Quantitative data from questionnaires (The impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were collected. In addition, qualitative data from individual interviews with the participants were collected as well. Participants: four out-patient women with post-traumatic stress after stillbirth (three of the four experienced fatal state and emergency caesarean section). Results: Three of the four participants reported reduction of post-traumatic stress after treatment (ranging from two to three sessions) and the beneficial effects remained after 1-3 years. One only took assessment session. Symptoms of intrusive thoughts seemed most sensitive for treatment. Nevertheless, all of the participants have not finished EMDR treatment completely. They were happy at the possibility at working through their stillbirth experience, but not prepared to work with other disturbing memories (feeder memories) in the past. All of the participants were afraid of the influence upon next pregnancy. Conclusion: EMDR combined with hypnotherapy might be a useful tool in the treatment for post-traumatic stress after stillbirth, but we have to take great consideration about the timing of EMDR treatment. Further research is required.
Keywords: Hynotherapy Obstetrics Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Stillbirth
Accuracy Verified: Yes
63. Kimiko, S. (2010, October). The effect of PTSD treatments after stillbirth: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) combined with hypnotherapy. Presentation at the XVI International Congress of International Society of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, Venice, Italy.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: Objective: Despite advances in obstetric and neonatal care, many women will experience the birth of stillborn infant or the death of a newborn. Stillbirth is a devastating experience for women, sometimes leads to depression, anxiety, traumatic grief and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There has been very little research examining effective psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress after stillbirth. This study explores the possibility the use of EMDR combined with hypnotherapy in the treatment for post-traumatic stress after stillbirth. Methods: the study consisted of a ‘before and after’ treatment design combined with follow-up measurements 1-3 years after EMDR treatment. Quantitative data from questionnaires (The impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were collected. In addition, qualitative data from individual interviews with the participants were collected as well. Participants: four out-patient women with post-traumatic stress after stillbirth (three of the four experienced fatal state and emergency caesarean section). Results: Three of the four participants reported reduction of post-traumatic stress after treatment (ranging from two to three sessions) and the beneficial effects remained after 1-3 years. One only took assessment session. Symptoms of intrusive thoughts seemed most sensitive for treatment. Nevertheless, all of the participants have not finished EMDR treatment completely. They were happy at the possibility at working through their stillbirth experience, but not prepared to work with other disturbing memories (feeder memories) in the past. All of the participants were afraid of the influence upon next pregnancy. Conclusion: EMDR combined with hypnotherapy might be a useful tool in the treatment for post-traumatic stress after stillbirth, but we have to take great consideration about the timing of EMDR treatment. Further research is required.
Keywords: Hynotherapy Obstetrics Stillbirth
Accuracy Verified: Yes
64. Colosetti, S. D. (1997). Effect of relaxation training alone and relaxation training paired with EMDR on incarcerated, battered women. University of Georgia, Athens, GA. AAT 9735499.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Every 15 seconds a woman is beaten in the U.S. Many of these women meet the criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD. Some of them end up in prison. This study used a sample of 5 battered women, incarcerated in a Southern state prison, to test the efficacy of EMDR following relaxation training. A-B-C designs were used to compare baseline assessment (Phase A), relaxation training utilizing Miller and Halpern's audiotaped instructions (Phase B), and EMDR (Phase C). A script of the worst memory of abuse was dictated by each woman during assessment and read by the researcher at the beginning of each session. The Beck Anxiety Inventory and Impact of Events Scale, measuring avoidant behaviors and intrusive thoughts, were given weekly, following the script. Client logs and measures of SUDS and VOC were taken during the EMDR phase only. A one-month follow-up was used. ANOVAs with repeated measures comparing 2 groups, E1 (n = 2) that received 3 weeks of relaxation training prior to EMDR and E2 (n = 3) that received 6 weeks of relaxation training prior to EMDR, were not statistically significant. Avoidant Behaviors scores approached significance for the main effect of treatment (F = .06) and for the group by phase interaction (F = .08). Due to intrasubject variability, blocking was used to identify trends. A distinct improvement was noted in Subject 2 -- Anxiety dropped from 36.5 to 8.0, Intrusive Thoughts 27.5 to 11.0, and Avoidant Behaviors 27.0 to 24.0. Individually graphed data and calculated mean scores by phase permit further investigation. Implications for future research include appropriate screening for dissociation and development of coping skills prior to EMDR, decreasing avoidance by having the woman read her script aloud prior to completing outcome measures, monitoring medication during treatment, continuing treatment as needed, using additional outcome measures, and employing a multi-baseline design across subjects, matching women on several demographic variables. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. 58(6-A), Dec 1997, pp. 2392.
Keywords: Adults Americans Battery Empirical Study Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prison Inmates PTSD Relaxation Therapy Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
65. Uribe, M. E. R., Ramirez, E. O. L., & Mena, I. J. (2010, May). Effect of the EMDR psychotherapeutic approach on emotional cognitive processing in patients with depression. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13(1), 396-405. doi:10.1017/S1138741600003966.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The current investigation, framed within the emotional cognitive science field, was conducted with three patients with major depression. They participated in a therapeutic process which involved EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). Data were obtained in the clinical practice through a longitudinal one subject study design, including: emotional valence identification within affective priming experiments; and depressive emotional representation studies, the data of which was analyzed using multidimensional scaling. The first ones had the purpose of observing the therapeutic impact over the emotional cognitive bias mechanism regarding depresogenic words related to traumatic experiences; and the second, to analyze modifications on depressive schemata. The results showed that EMDR had a positive effect both on emotional cognitive processing and on long-term memory conceptual organization. In the discussion section, interesting remarks are made on the incorporation of emotional cognitive science tools to the EMDR clinical practice
Keywords: Depression Emotional Cognitive Processing
Accuracy Verified: Yes
66. Becker, L. (2000). Effect size. Lee Becker, Ph.D..
Language: English
Format: Other
Abstract:
Effect size (ES) is a name given to a family of indices that measure the magnitude of
a treatment effect. Unlike significance tests, these indices are independent of sample
size. ES measures are the common currency of meta-analysis studies that summarize
the findings from a specific area of research. See, for example, the influential metaanalysis
of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatments by Lipsey and
Wilson (1993).
There is a wide array of formulas used to measure ES. For the occasional reader of
meta-analysis studies, like myself, this diversity can be confusing. One of my
objectives in putting together this set of lecture notes was to organize and summarize
the various measures of ES.
In general, ES can be measured in two ways:
a) as the standardized difference between two means, or
b) as the correlation between the independent variable classification and the
individual scores on the dependent variable. This correlation is called the "effect size
correlation" (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 1996).
These notes begin with the presentation of the basic ES measures for studies with two
independent groups. The issues involved when assessing ES for two dependent groups
are then described.
The psychotherapies include: behavioral treatments (primarily different forms of
exposure therapies), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR),
relaxation therapy, hypnosis, and psychodynamic therapy.
The control conditions include: pill placebo (used in the drug treatment studies), wait
list controls, supportive psychotherapy, and no saccades (a control for eye movements
in EMDR studies).
Keywords: Effect Size
Accuracy Verified: Yes
67. Lothlorien (2010, December). The effectiveness of EMDR: A literature review. (Author) Online .
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This literature review has been conducted to study the effectiveness of Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in treating trauma. Articles for this literature review were chosen using the Google Scholar database with OhioLink applying keywords such as EMDR, EMDR and trauma, and EMDR effectiveness. Articles were also found using the EMDR International Association website at http://emdria.org. Most articles were chosen due to their relevance to the research question. Other factors that were considered were the quality of the research, timeliness, the number of times an article was cited by others, and accessibility. . Of these ten articles, 2/10 (20%) were literature reviews, 2/10 (20%) were conceptual articles, and 6/10 (60%) were empirical studies. All of the empirical studies (6/6 or 100%) were quantitative. All empirical studies cited in the literature review (6/6 or 100%) used primary data based on observation. Five out of the six (83%) empirical studies used and experimental design. One out of six (17%) used a quasi-experimental design. In the six empirical studies, the mean sample size was 51. The smallest sample size was 22, and the largest sample size was 88. Based on the articles studied for this review, EMDR is found to be an effective treatment for trauma. It has also been found to work faster than other therapies. Some studies also showed it to be more easily tolerated by clients than other therapies. Major limitations to this review are the number of publications included, the fact that only articles available in full text form via OSU affiliates were selected, and time available for the literature review. Based on the conclusion that EMDR is an effective mode of treatment for trauma survivors, social workers conducting therapy with this population would benefit from learning the technique and incorporating it in their repertoire of therapies.
Keywords: Literature Review Research Methods Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
68. Ernst, R. (2011, Juli). Effectiviteit van oogbewegingen, klikjes en geen dubbeltaak bij EMDR in een klinische steekproef [Effectiveness of eye movements, clicks and no double task of EMDR in a clinical sample]. Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Een werkgeheugen rekening van Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is op grote schaal ondersteund door laboratoriumonderzoek. Taken die belasting werkgeheugen voldoende Het een traumatische gebeurtenis herinneren terwijl het verminderen van emotionaliteit en levendigheid van traumatische herinneringen. Vaak therapeuten vervangen EMDR-Eye Movements met minder belasten binaurale piept, terwijl de laatste Suggest Sommige onderzoeken zijn inferieur aan oogbewegingen. De huidige studie direct vergelijken oogbewegingen en piept met EMDR in een klinisch monster. In een within-subjects design, 51 patiënten verwezen voor EMDR traumatherapie Hun herinneringen herinnerde tijdens het (a) het maken van gaten horizontale bewegingen, (b) binauraal luisteren naar pieptonen en (c) gericht op een punt (controle). Volgorde van de stimulaties gerandomiseerde WAS Deelnemers en Elke stimulatie over duurde zes minuten. De resultaten toonden aan dat oogbewegingen emotionaliteit en levendigheid van de herinnering reduceert aanzienlijk meer dan de controle, terwijl de emotionaliteit Meer met aanzienlijk minder in de buurt van oogbewegingen dan met pieptonen. Geen significante verschillen in Vermindering van levendigheid en emotionaliteit Beide werden gevonden tussen piept en controle. Hun trauma patiënten gewaardeerd meestal visuele herinneringen, terwijl meer in de buurt van visuele herinneringen significant geassocieerd met een grotere daling van de emotionaliteit en levendigheid met oogbewegingen. De studie ondersteunt Bewijs voor een cumulatief voordeel van oogbewegingen met EMDR. Resultaten worden besproken Deze modaliteit in termen van een specifieke werkgeheugen rekening en klinische implicaties worden besproken.
A working memory account of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been widely supported by
laboratory research. Tasks that sufficiently tax working memory while recollecting a traumatic event reduce emotionality and
vividness of traumatic memories. EMDR-therapists often substitute eye movements with less taxing binaural beeps, while some
studies suggest the latter are inferior to eye movements. The present study directly compares eye movements and beeps with
EMDR in a clinical sample. In a within-subjects design, 51 patients referred for EMDR therapy recollected their trauma
memories while (a) making horizontal eye movements, (b) listening to binaural beeps and (c) focusing on one point (control).
Sequence of stimulations was randomized across participants and each stimulation lasted for six minutes. Results showed that
eye movements reduce emotionality and vividness of the memory significantly more than control, while emotionality reduced
near significantly more with eye movements than with beeps. No significant differences in reduction of both emotionality and
vividness were found between beeps and control. Patients rated their trauma memories mostly visual, while more visual
memories were near significantly associated with a larger decrease of emotionality and vividness with eye movements. The
study supports evidence for a cumulative benefit of eye movements with EMDR. Results are discussed in terms of a modality
specific working memory account and clinical implications are discussed.
Keywords: Eye Movements Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Working Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
69. Choi, K. M., Min, J. A., Park, G. H., Lee, S.-H., & Chae, J.-H. (2011). The effects of horizontal eye movement on mental health indices and psychophysiological activities in healthy subjects. Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 18, 148-158.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Objectives: The eye movement (EM) has been reported to play a role in enhancing the retrieval of episodic memories and reducing effects of fearful episodes in the past and worries for the futures. However, it is still unclear in the mechanism of EM in normal subjects. We examined the horizontal eye movement (HEM) effect using an aiding apparatus on mental health indices including negative and positive psychological factors, and psychophysiological measures such as heart rate variability and quantitative electroencepaholography (qEEG) in healthy subjects.
Methods: Twenty eight healthy subjects were recruited and randomly allocated into two groups : active HEM group and control group. The active HEM group conducted the HEM training with usual stress management audio-intervention using the apparatus inducing eye movement once a day for 14 days. The control group also conducted the same training once a day for 14 days, however, the saccadic eye movement was not included in this training. Psychological measurements, neurocognitive function tests, heart rate variability measurement and qEEG were conducted before and after the training in both groups.
Results: In the active HEM group, sleep status using Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) positive factors significantly increased after the training. By contrast, scores on the negative items of Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWBS), and negative items of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) were significantly decreased after the training. The percentage of delta amplitude (1-3 Hz) in qEEG significantly decreased after the HEM training. The percentage of alpha amplitude (8-12 Hz) significantly increased after HEM training. The change of delta amplitude in the active HEM group was positively correlated with the change of sleep satisfaction of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the change of alpha amplitude was negatively correlated with depression of VAS, anxiety of VAS and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI).
Conclusions: The HEM training improved sleep quality and well-being, and sense of optimism. The HEM training also increased alpha amplitude and decreased delta amplitude in qEEG. The qEEG changes were well correlated with subjective improvement of mental health indices in healthy subjects. These results suggest some evidences that HEM training using the apparatus that induces EM would be helpful in improving subjective mental health in healthy subjects. Further study with larger samples size would be needed.
Keywords: Horitzontal Eye Movements
Accuracy Verified: Yes
70. Farkas, L. (2008, December). The effects of motivation-adaptive skills-trauma resolution (MASTR) - Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on traumatized adolescents with conduct problems. Universite de Montreal, Canada. AAT NR55659.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Objective.- This dissertation explored the effectiveness of a treatment package, Motivation-Adaptive Skills-Trauma Resolution (MASTR) in combination with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). This intervention was assessed in a sample of traumatized adolescents manifesting conduct problems (CPs) admitted to youth protective services. CP adolescents have been found to be particularly treatment-resistant and the treatments used with them often neglect to target the trauma that many of these youths have faced. Therefore, it seemed promising to implement a trauma-focused treatment with these youths that accounts for their resistance to treatment. MASTR-EMDR was studied with this population due to the favorable findings in the few studies assessing its use with high-risk populations. In addition to examining the effects of this treatment with CP youth exposed to various types of trauma, a particular focus was given to victims of sexual abuse (SA). This type of trauma seemed particularly suited for EMDR due to its circumscribed nature, which may be more easily worked through in this treatment that targets one trauma at a time.
Method.- Participants in the first study were 40 adolescents (ages 13-17) exhibiting CPs and exposed to trauma in youth protective services. A subsample (n = 30), consisting of victims of SA, was included in the second study. Participants in both studies were randomly assigned to MASTR-EMDR treatment or to a wait list condition where they were offered routine care. Self-report questionnaires and semi- structured interviews were administered to participants and one of their parents or caregivers by independent evaluators at three points in time: pre-treatment, post-treatment (12 weeks later) and follow-up (12 weeks after post-treatment). These measures evaluated trauma history, trauma-related sequelae, CPs, social competence and internalizing problems. The MASTR-EMDR sessions were administered once a week over a 12 week period, with each session lasting a maximum of 1.5 hours.
Results.- ANCOVAs and repeated measures ANCOVAs were used to assess treatment effects and the maintenance of gains at a 3-month follow-up. As predicted, MASTR-EMDR led to significant gains in outcome measures compared to routine treatment with both samples. In addition, gains were maintained at follow-up.
Conclusions.- This dissertation supports the use of MASTR-EMDR in populations exposed to general trauma and SA who exhibit CPs. This research was innovative in its implementation of a novel treatment-approach in youth protective services, where empirically-supported treatments are necessary and sometimes lacking. Therefore, the results have both clinical and scientific value and can help pave the way toward more trauma-focused treatments for CP youth, more evidence-based practices in youth protective services as well as enrich current understanding of the effects of this treatment approach.[Author Abstract]
Keywords: Conduct Problems Protective Services Psychotherapeutic Techniques Trauma Treatment Outcome Youth
Accuracy Verified: Yes
71. Taylor, J. E., & Harvey, S. T. (2009, September-October). Effects of psychotherapy with people who have been sexually assaulted: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(5), 273–285. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2009.03.006 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This paper presents the results of a meta-analysis of the treatment outcome studies of different types of
psychotherapeutic approaches for sexual assault victims experiencing PTSD or rape trauma symptoms. There
were 15 outcome studies identified for inclusion in the meta-analysis dating from 1988–2005, and these
studies comprised 25 treatment conditions. Separate meta-analyses were conducted according to study
design (independent samples and repeated measures), in keeping with meta-analytic conventions. The
overall results for the two meta-analyses were highly consistent, and effect sizes were in the large range for
independent samples (g=.91) and repeated measures treatments (g=.90). Effects were maintained at
follow-up from 6–12 months after treatment. Studies represented diverse treatment approaches, and most
treatments were effective in improving outcome according to symptom reduction. A number of moderating
variables were examined. Better outcomes were achieved with individual therapy compared to group
approaches. The use of semi-structured approaches and homework techniques were positively related to the
magnitude of effect size. [Science Direct]
Keywords: Meta-analysis Outcome Rape Sexual assault Therapy Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
72. Kavanaugh, D. J., Freese, S., Andrade, J., & May, J. (2001). Effects of visuospatial tasks on desensitization to emotive memories. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40(3), 267-280. doi:10.1348/014466501163689.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Objectives. Intrusive memories of extreme trauma can disrupt a stepwise approach
to imaginal exposure. Concurrent tasks that load the visuospatial sketchpad (VSSP)
of working memory reduce the vividness of recalled images. This study tested
whether relief of distress from competing VSSP tasks during imaginal exposure is at
the cost of impaired desensitization.
Design. This study examined repeated exposure to emotive memories using 18
unselected undergraduates and a within-subjects design with three exposure
conditions (Eye Movement, Visual Noise, Exposure Alone) in random, counterbalanced
order.
Method. At baseline, participants recalled positive and negative experiences, and
rated the vividness and emotiveness of each image. A different positive and negative
recollection was then used for each condition. Vividness and emotiveness were rated
after each of eight exposure trials. At a post-exposure session 1 week later,
participants rated each image without any concurrent task.
Results. Consistent with previous research, vividness and distress during imaging
were lower during Eye Movements than in Exposure Alone, with passive visual
interference giving intermediate results. A reduction in emotional responses from
Baseline to Post was of similar size for the three conditions.
Conclusion. Visuospatial tasks may offer a temporary response aid for imaginal
exposure without affecting desensitization.
Keywords: Emotive Memories Eye Movement Imaginal Expsoure Visio-Spatial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
73. Kavanagh, D. J., Freese, S., Andrade, J., & May, J. (2001, September). Effects of visuospatial tasks on desensitization to emotive memories. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40(3), 267–280. doi:10.1348/014466501163689.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Objective. Intrusive memories of extreme trauma can disrupt a stepwise approach to imaginal exposure. Concurrent tasks that load the visuospatial sketchpad (VSSP) of working memory reduce the vividness of recalled images. This study tested whether relief of distress from competing VSSP tasks during imaginal exposure is at the cost of impaired desensitization. Design. This study examined repeated exposure to emotive memories using 18 unselected undergraduates and a within-subjects design with three exposure conditions (Eye Movement, Visual Noise, Exposure Alone) in random, counterbalanced order. Method. At baseline, participants recalled positive and negative experiences, and rated the vividness and emotiveness of each image. A different positive and negative recollection was then used for each condition. Vividness and emotiveness were rated after each of eight exposure trials. At a post-exposure session 1 week later, participants rated each image without any concurrent task. Results. Consistent with previous research, vividness and distress during imaging were lower during Eye Movements than in Exposure Alone, with passive visual interference giving intermediate results. A reduction in emotional responses from Baseline to Post was of similar size for the three conditions. Conclusion. Visuospatial tasks may offer a temporary response aid for imaginal exposure without affecting desensitization.
Keywords: Emotive Memories Visuospatial Tasks
Accuracy Verified: Yes
74. Hensel, T. (2006, April). Effektivität von EMDR bei psychisch traumatisierten kindern und jugendlichen [Effectiveness of EMDR with psychologically traumatized children and adolescents]. Kindheit und Entwicklung, 15 (2), 107-117. doi:10.1026/0942-5403.15.2.76.
Language: German
Format: Journal
Abstract:
EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) has proved to be an independent, effective, and empirically validated approach for the treatment of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. This work provides an overview of the status of research into the use of EMDR in traumatized children and adolescents. The available randomized controlled studies are summarized and assessed for their methodistic value. The empirically supported and effective treatment is described. The results show - albeit on a narrow empirical basis - that EMDR, when used in children and adolescents, demonstrates a Comparable effectiveness in symptom reduction and efficiency (limited treatment duration) to that observed in adults. Issues relating to the integration of the treatment into the existing care structure are discussed.
Keywords: Adolescents Bilateral stimulation Care Children Chronic Illness Chronic PTSD Effectiveness Emotional Trauma Empirically Supported Treatment Empirical Study Psychologically Traumatized Children Quantitative Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
75. Ruozzi, A. (2002). Efficacia dell'EMDR nella psicoterapia del PTSD e dei ricordi traumatici [Effectiveness of EMDR psychotherapy on PTSD and traumatic memories]. Retrieved from http://www.psicotraumatologia.com/pubblicazioni_psicotraumatologia_italiane.htm on 10/13/2012.
Language: Italian
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
L’EMDR inoltre progredisce su altri due versanti: da un lato incorpora al suo interno spunti teorici ed applicativi provenienti da diversi paradigmi psicoterapeutici allo scopo di potenziare l’efficacia e la flessibilità (Shapiro, 1995); dall’altro lato, si cerca di applicare il metodo a disturbi che vanno oltre al PTSD. Attualmente nei differenti paesi del mondo le persone che hanno effettuato un training organizzato dall’EMDR Institute sono circa 30.000.In Italia i primi corsi sull’EMDR sono stati condotti nel febbraio 1999 e sono attualmente coordinati dall’Associazione EMDR Italia, a sua volta riconosciuta e patrocinata dalla EMDR Europe (Giannantonio, 2000). L’associazione ha sede a Milano e dispone di un sito internet: www.emdritalia.it.
Il dibattito sull’efficacia di questo metodo è tuttora aperto e sono numerose e contrastanti le ricerche che si sono svolte su questo argomento. La questione ha assunto a tratti i toni dello scontro ideologico e sono subentrati anche problemi di carattere commerciale, un metodo che si propone come più efficace e più rapido nella terapia di alcuni disturbi psicologici non può non essere valutato come un rivale, soprattutto in una realtà come quella del Nord America dove le spese per la psicoterapia sono pagate dalle assicurazioni (Giannantonio, 2000).
L’EMDR è uno dei metodi che vanta il maggior numero di conferme sperimentali nella psicoterapia del PTSD. Questo gli ha consentito nel 1995 di essere considerata “trattamento probabilmente efficace” (valutazione A/B) nella terapia del PTSD dalla Task Force on Psychological Intervention dell’American Psychological Association. Questa valutazione di efficacia è uguagliata solo dallo Stress Inoculation Training e dalle terapie basate sull’esposizione (Chambless et al., 1998).
Gli studi prodotti sull’efficacia dell’EMDR sono numerosi (per una rassegna vedi Giannantonio, 2000), molti sono criticabili perché mal strutturati e con grossi problemi di validità. Esistono tuttavia una serie di studi ben organizzati che si sono dimostrati inattaccabili sul piano metodologico...
Questi studi tuttavia commettono uno o più dei seguenti problemi:
1) Impiegano una o due sedute di EMDR con reduci del Vietnam forse anche a causa dell’equivoco suscitato dalla stessa Shapiro (1989) che riferiva risultati importanti nei confronti del PTSD con una sola seduta di EMDR nel 100% dei soggetti. Una tale concezione dell’EMDR non è quella più attuale e condivisa (Shapiro, 1995).
2) Trattano con l’EMDR solo uno o due episodi traumatici in soggetti che devono essere considerati “pluritraumatizzati” (Shapiro, 1999).
La presente Tesi è divisa in due parti: nella prima di carattere essenzialmente bibliografico ho analizzato la letteratura esistente sull’EMDR e sul PTSD.
Nel secondo capitolo descriverò il Disturbo Post-Traumatico da Stress analizzando i vari approcci teorici al problema del trauma.
Nel terzo capitolo verrà analizzata la teoria dell’EMDR ovvero il modello esplicativo ritenuto più adeguato che fa riferimento alla “elaborazione accelerata dell’informazione”.
Il quarto capitolo, che conclude la prima parte, riporta il protocollo standard di somministrazione dell’EMDR per adulti e adolescenti.
Nella seconda parte viene riportata la descrizione della ricerca che si sta producendo in collaborazione con l’EMDR Italia che si propone di valutare l’efficacia dell’EMDR. Nel quinto capitolo viene descritto il disegno sperimentale. Nel sesto capitolo viene analizzato il metodo di campionamento e i presupposti di validità della ricerca. Nel settimo capitolo sono descritti i test che si è deciso di analizzare nel corso della presente tesi. Infine l’ottavo capitolo si concentra sull’analisi dei primi dati emersi dalla ricerca e sulle prime conclusioni.
EnglishSpanishArabicAlpha
EMDR also progressing on two other fronts: on the one hand it incorporates theoretical insights and applications from different psychotherapeutic paradigms in order to enhance the effectiveness and flexibility (Shapiro, 1995), on the other hand, it tries to apply the method to problems that go beyond PTSD.
Currently in different countries of the world, people who have a training organized dall'EMDR Institute 30.000.In Italy are about the first courses on EMDR have been conducted in February 1999 and is currently coordinated by the Association EMDR Italy, in turn recognized and sponsored by the EMDR Europe (Giannantonio, 2000). The association is based in Milan and has a website: www.emdritalia.it.
The debate on the effectiveness of this method is still open and they are many and conflicting research that took place on this topic. The issue has assumed at times the tone of the ideological battle and were replaced also problems of a commercial nature, a method is proposed as a more effective and faster in the treatment of certain psychological disorders can not be assessed as a rival, especially in a situation such as North America where the cost of psychotherapy are paid by insurance (Giannantonio, 2000).
EMDR is one of the methods which has the highest number of experimental confirmation in psychotherapy for PTSD. This enabled him in 1995 to be considered "probably efficacious treatment" (rated A / B) in the treatment of PTSD by the Task Force on Psychological Intervention of the American Psychological Association. This assessment of effectiveness is equaled only by the stress inoculation training and exposure-based therapies (Chambless et al., 1998).
Studies on the effectiveness of EMDR are numerous products (for review see Giannantonio, 2000), many are questionable because poorly structured and serious problems of validity. There are however a number of well-organized studies that have proven resistant in terms of methodology:
......
These studies, however, have committed one or more of the following problems:
1) They use one or two sessions of EMDR with Vietnam veterans possibly because of misunderstanding caused by the same Shapiro (1989) who reported significant results against PTSD with a single session of EMDR in 100% of subjects. Such a conception of EMDR is not the most current and shared (Shapiro, 1995).
2) They deal with EMDR only one or two traumatic events in people who should be considered "pluritraumatizzati" (Shapiro, 1999).
This thesis is divided into two parts: the first character essentially bibliographic I analyzed the existing literature on EMDR and PTSD.
In the second chapter I will describe the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder analyzing the various theoretical approaches to the problem of trauma.
In the third chapter we will analyze the theory of EMDR or the explanatory model deemed more appropriate that refers to the "accelerated processing of information."
The fourth chapter, which concludes the first part shows the standard protocol of administration of EMDR for adults and adolescents.
In the second part shows the description of the research that is being produced in collaboration with the EMDR Italy that aims to assess the effectiveness of EMDR. In the fifth chapter describes the experimental design. In the sixth chapter analyzes the sampling method and the conditions for validity of the research. In the seventh chapter describes the tests it was decided to analyze the course of this thesis. Finally, the eighth chapter will focus on early evidence from research and initial findings.
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
76. Lee, C. (2006, May). Efficacy and mechanisms of action of EMDR as a treatment for PTSD. Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
The first aim of this thesis was to describe the characteristics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and to elucidate its place as a symptom disorder that sometimes develops when people are exposed to a traumatic event. The current major theoretical approaches to account for why some people who are exposed to trauma develop PTSD and the mechanisms by which this occurs were described. Three classes of theories were reviewed: conditioning/learning approach; information processing theories with a particular focus on the meaning of the trauma event; and biological models with an emphasis on recent neurocircuitry and neurochemistry models.
Successful treatment approaches were then reviewed which indicated two major contenders for the most efficacious treatment for PTSD: traditional cognitive behaviour therapies (CBT) using either stress inoculation or prolonged exposure; and eye movement desensitisation and processing (EMDR). Prior to the first study (Lee, Gavriel, Drummond, Richards, and Greenwald, 2002), a review of the literature indicated equivalent effects for EMDR and CBT. There had been very few direct comparison studies and each had serious methodological flaws, particularly with respect to random assignment and treatment fidelity. Therefore, the first study ensured adequate attention to these areas and involved a direct comparison between the two procedures using a sample of 24 participants diagnosed with PTSD. EMDR and stress inoculation training with prolonged exposure were found to lead to similar symptom improvement at the end of treatment, apart from a slight advantage for EMDR on intrusion symptoms. Both treatments led to significantly greater symptom reduction than a wait list control condition. At follow-up, EMDR led to greater gains on both self-report and observer rated measures of PTSD and self-report measures of depression. Overall, the findings were similar to those described in previously published studies, with a suggestion that EMDR was slightly more efficient than the standard CBT approach.
Given that the evidence suggested that EMDR was a more efficient treatment, it became critical to understand the underlying processes. A process study was undertaken that examined the responses of people with PTSD receiving EMDR treatment (Lee, Taylor, and Drummond, 2006). Guided by process studies of other treatments and theories that might account for why EMDR is effective, participants' responses were examined to see which models better accounted for symptom improvement. The main analysis tested whether or not the responses were consistent with processes that occurred during traditional CBT treatment, which prior research had identified as reliving, or whether they were more consistent with Shapiro's proposal that enhanced information processing occurs because there is a dual focus of attention (that is, the person simultaneously focuses on an external stimulus and on the traumatic memory) (Shapiro, 1995). The responses made by 44 participants were coded by an independent rater according to whether they were primarily reliving, distancing, affect or material other than the primary trauma. The coding system was found to have satisfactory inter-rater reliability. Greatest improvement occurred when the participant processed in a more detached or distant manner, whereas reliving responses were not associated with improvement. Cross-lagged panel correlations suggested that processing in a more detached manner was a consequence of the EMDR procedure rather than a measure that co-varied with improvement. The findings underscored a difference in the processes that underlie EMDR and traditional CBT.
The major question left unanswered from this second study was what causes this distancing process? Competing views were that it was facilitated by eye movement; alternatively, the therapist's instructions to participants might have precipitated this distancing phenomenon. The third study tested these ideas by randomly assigning 48 participants to either an eye movement or a no eye movement condition under two types of therapist instructions (reliving or distancing). Participants recalled personal distressing memories, and measures of distress and vividness were taken after treatment and at follow up. Only the eye movements made a significant difference to people's level of distress.
This conclusion appeared at odds with some of the previous literature that had tested the effects of eye movement on levels of distress. A meta-analysis of some of this research had suggested that there was no significant advantage of including eye movement in EMDR treatment unless the person had been diagnosed with PTSD. However, a close examination of this meta-analysis indicated some major methodological flaws in the computation; therefore, this was recalculated. The conclusion from this fourth study was consistent with study three in that EMDR with eye movement was found to lead to significantly greater improvement that EMDR without eye movement.
The results of these four studies were then discussed in terms of their implications for the theoretical models presented in Chapter 1. Aspects of learning theory that might account for EMDR efficiency were discussed as well as the failure of this model to account for treatment gains following EMDR. Information processing models were seen to better account for some of the phenomena observed in EMDR and for the findings from the four studies. Some suggestions of how eye movements might facilitate improved information processing were presented.
Finally, the relative merits of EMDR and CBT treatments were discussed and suggestions made for when to combine approaches. The conclusions highlight the point that EMDR appears to be the most promising treatment for PTSD.
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
77. de Bont, P. (2011, August-September). Efficacy and safety of prolonged exposure or EMDR-treatment for PTSD with patients with a vulnerability for psychosis. A multiple baserate N=10 single case design. In Treating PTSD in patients with psychotic disorders. Symposium conducted at the 41st EABCT annual congress, Reykjavík, Iceland.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Objectives: Untill now, only a small number of studies have
investigated the safety and effects of psychological treatment for
PTSD in psychotic patients. The main aim of this study was to
explore the effects of two psychological, highly manualized,
guideline PTSD treatments: EMDR and prolonged exposure.
Another important aim was to determine if negative side effects
would occur as a result of therapy. Among clinicians fear exists of
harming vulnerable patients with confronting therapeutic
procedures, thus risking psychotic exacerbation, suicidal behaviour
or other adverse events.
Methods: In a N=10 single case study design the effects of
psychological PTSD treatment were studied in psychiatric patients
who suffer from psychoses. Participants were randomly assigned
to either EMDR or Prolonged Exposure. Weekly measurements of
PTSD and psychotic symptoms prior to, during and after
treatment, gave a strong impression of how symptoms respond to
treatment. The treatment in both conditions consisted of 12
sessions of 90 minutes. Adverse events were monitored weekly.
Before, directly after and 3 months after treatment all subjects
were tested more extensively for the variables PTSD and
psychosis, and for three secondary outcome measures cognitive
style, social functioning and quality of life.
Results: The results show that PTSD-treatment can be quite
effective for both PTSD and even some of the psychotic symptoms.
PTSD symptoms dropped considerably, in a number of cases
below the point of still having a PTSD. In some cases treatment
helped diminish the occurence of harming voices. Not one patient
became psychotic as a result of therapy, not even patients that
went through the guided reliving of traumatic psychotic events
during Prolonged Exposure. No suicide attempts occured.
Occasional minor adverse events with medication occurred, but
results taken as a whole the treatments were obviously safe.
Conclusion: This study shows that PTSD-treatment in psychotic
patients is a serious option, next to medical treatment. It can be
done safely, effectively and in a manualized fashion. No
information can be derived from this study as to which of the two,
Prolonged Exposure or EMDR, can be best applied in specific
situations. Both seem to be equal in the limited number of cases.
Keywords: PE Prolonged Exposure Psychotic Disorders Single Case Design Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
78. Jeffres, M. J. (2003). The efficacy of EMDR with traumatized children. Fielding Graduate Institute, Santa Barbara, CA. AAT 3100543.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This study evaluated the effectiveness of up to five 60-minute sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for children (ages 8-12) who had suffered one or more traumas. Participants (N = 48) were randomly assigned to either an EMDR experimental group or a waiting list control. They were provided treatment by one of five therapists, all of whom were experienced, independent clinicians having received Level 2 training in the EMDR technique. The therapists followed Shapiro's protocol for children and were in 90% compliance with the protocol. The participants were carefully screened according to Shapiro criteria. This study was unique in that it included an integrated outcome measure (UCLA PTSD Index), consisting of an assessment of PTSD criteria and a rating of symptoms, reported by both parent and child. Analysis of pre-post changes consisted of two 2 x 3 ANCOVAs, one each for the child and adult report. The analysis of covariance revealed a main effect for the covariate (the pretest total PTSD Score), a main effect for group, and a significant group x time interaction effect, for both the child and adult report. Post hoc (Scheffe) analysis revealed that participants maintained the benefits of treatment at 1-month follow-up. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 64(8-B), 2004, pp. 4042.
Keywords: Emotional Trauma Empirical Study Eye Movements Quantitative Study
Accuracy Verified: Yes
79. de jongh, A., & van de Oord, H. J. M. (2002). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of specific phobias: Four single-case studies in dental phobia. Presentation at the 80th General Session of the International Association for Dental Research, San Diego, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Objectives: Several years ago a new treatment for anxiety related problems was introduced, named Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). EMDR combines short exposure periods with an external distracting stimulus. The aim of this study was to examine the applicability of EMDR to trauma-based dental phobia. Methods: EMDR treatment outcome was tested with four dental phobic individuals by means of a single-subject experimental design. Pretreatment assessment included: severity of dental fear (DAS), trauma-related symptomatology (IES), occurrence and believability of negative cognitions (DCQ), and general psychopathology (SCL-90-R). A psychologist administered a clinical interview and a behavior test. Behavior tests were videotaped and rated for observed anxiety level (0-10) by a blind and independent observer. Results: Following two to three sessions of EMDR treatment three of the four patients demonstrated substantially reduced self-reported and observer-rated anxiety, reduced credibility of dysfunctional beliefs, and behavior changes. These gains were maintained at six weeks follow-up. In all four cases the clinical diagnosis present at pretreatment was not present at posttreatment at a clinical level. All patients actually underwent the dental treatment they feared most within three weeks following EMDR treatment. Conclusion: The findings support the notion that EMDR can be an effective treatment alternative for traumatically induced dental phobia.
Keywords: Specific Phobias
Accuracy Verified: Yes
80. Wilson, S. A. (1995). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for psychologically traumatized individuals. Union Institute and University, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 9524675.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
The effects of three, 1.5-hour Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment sessions on traumatic memories and psychological symptoms of 80 subjects were studied. The treatment sessions were administered within a two week period. 40 and 40 men ranging in age from 21-67 were interviewed and selected from a pool of 117. Subjects reported continuous difficulty and suffering (mean 13 years) in some area of their life since the occurrence of the traumatic event. Approximately 1/3 of subjects had no prior therapy experience. Subjects were randomly assigned to either EMDR treatment or delayed EMDR treatment condition, and to one of five EMDR trained therapists. Treatment therapists (licensed psychologists and counselors) consisted of 2 women and 2 men, each working with 5 men and 5 women in each group (gender study issues). The therapists had been trained in EMDR by Francine Shapiro. Each had various levels of EMDR experience and training, ranging from facilitator training with two to three years EMDR clinical experience, to Level I and minimal EMDR clinical experience. Treatment fidelity was consistent throughout the study. Subjects receiving EMDR showed decreases in anxiety and presenting complaints, and increases in positive self-evaluations. The six standardized tests and subjective reports were administered by an objective independent assessor (licensed psychologist) pre and post treatment, and at a 90-day follow-up. Subjects in the delayed EMDR treatment group showed no improvement on any of these measures during the 30 days before treatment. After treatment, the delayed EMDR treatment group showed decreases in anxiety and presenting complaints and increases in positive self-evaluations. All ANOVA interactions for both groups were significant at p < .001. These effects were maintained or improved at the 90-day follow-up. The main effect sizes in the present study range from 0.50 to 2.3, with an overall average of 0.93. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 56(4-B), Oct 1995, pp. 2347
Keywords: Adults Empirical Study Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
81. Cronin, H. L. (2005). The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with racially and culturally diverse populations: A project based upon an independent investigation. Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, MA.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Keywords: Cross-Cultural Counseling Minorities Psychic Trauma Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
82. Daroff, L. H. (1996). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing procedure in the treatment of traumatic memories: A replication study. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA. AAT 9632020.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
The purpose of this replication study was either to support or refute the original Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing research conducted by Shapiro. The present study was amended with two additional indices to assess anxiety and social functioning.14 subjects suffering long standing (one or more years) traumatic memory symptomatology, concerning rape, physical abuse, incest, and childhood sexual molestation, were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions. Traumatic memories were pivotal to presenting symptoms, which included panic attacks, self-blaming/guilt, intrusive thoughts, anxiety, nightmares, insomnia and avoidant thinking/behavior. All subjects were diagnosed with PTSD, by an independent licensed clinical psychologist. There were 13 females and 1 male. The male subject was in the Control Group. Age range was from 25 to 49 years with a Mean age of 38.64 years. Range for age of traumatic event was five to 19 years of age, with a Mean age of 10.14 years. Range for duration of the subjects' symptoms since traumatic event was 18 to 44 years with a Mean age of 28.5 years. Dependent variables were (1) anxiety level, (2) validity of a positive self-statement/assessment of the traumatic incident, (3) primary presenting symptom and (4) social adjustment. Measures utilized were the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS), the Validity of Cognition (VoC) self evaluation, primary presenting symptom self report, the Impact of Event Scale (IES), and the Social Adjustment-Self Report (SAS-SR). Initial measures demonstrated that all subjects were essentially the same prior to any treatment. Measures were obtained at the initial session and at 1- and 3-month follow-up sessions. Where applicable the analyses conducted paralleled those used in the original research. The results of the study indicated that a single session of EMDR successfully desensitized the subjects' traumatic memory, significantly mediated their cognitive assessment of the situation, as well as their social adjustment. Treatment effects were maintained over the period of the study for all subjects. These findings support the original conclusions in Shapiro's seminal study of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing procedure. The exact neurological mechanisms involved in the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing procedure remain unknown. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Anxiety Child Abuse Empirical Study Experimental Replication Incest Memory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Self-Evaluation Social Adjustment Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
83. Greenwald, R. (2002, December). An efficiency statistic for treatment studies. EMDRIA Newsletter, 7(4), 3.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
I recently developed a simple new statistic that can increase the
power to detect the actual effects of EMDR (or any treatment) in a
treatment study. Most treatment studies now report effect sizes,
which, on the specific outcome measure being evaluated, provide a
standardized way of conveying the impact of the treatment, the amount
of the change in the outcome measure. In treatment comparison studies
in which the design specifies that the treatment ends when symptom
reduction criteria are met, the number of sessions to termination is
normally reported. Although these are appropriate outcomes to examine,
when treatment efficiency is divided into two separate findings, the
effect is watered down and may be insufficient for statistical significance.
Thus, mere trends favoring EMDR (or any treatment) cannot be
interpreted with confidence.
Keywords: Treatment Studies
Accuracy Verified: Yes
84. Hansen, H. S. (2009, Sommeren). EMDR - Et valg til behandling af PTSD?. Aalborg Universitet, Institut for Kommunikation, Aalborg, Denmark.
Language: Danish
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Denne afhandling har til formål at afdække, om behandling af Eye Movement Desensibilisering
og oparbejdning (EMDR) er en effektiv behandling af Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD). EMDR er blevet kaldt The Breakthrough behandling og
Helbredelse af PTSD. Worldwide flere nationale sundhedsorganisationer anbefaler EMDR
da behandlingen for klienter, der lider af PTSD, og denne anbefaling er understøttet
af flere internationalt anerkendte forskere. Derudover en betydelig
stort antal forskere er blevet offentliggjort, viser, at EMDR er en effektiv
måde at behandle PTSD.
I første omgang bør det præjudicielle spørgsmål være let at besvare, hvis det ikke havde været på grund af
opskæring kontrast findes i flere andre offentliggjorte forsker og artikler påstår
at EMDR ikke er effektiv, og ligger ved siden af at være en svindler. Denne kritik viser akademiske
fejl og mangler i metoder til forskning og objektivitet. Som EMDR
synes at opdele den akademiske samfund i "Hvem er for og hvem imod", det foreløbige
Spørgsmålet er ikke ansvarlig i første omgang. I nærmer et svar på spørgsmålet,
to teoretiske dele vil være repræsenteret. I første hoveddel, diagnose af
PTSD vil blive taget igennem. Diagnosen er forholdsvis ny og indeholder en kompleksitet,
som er nødvendig for at afdække, før den fremlægger det teoretiske fundament for
EMDR. Delvis kompleksitet PTSD skyldes det faktum, at mere eller mindre, PTSD
har erstattet begrebet krise i praksis, mens den tidligere adskilte diagnoser
er inkluderet i PTSD i dag. Som et eksempel det har ført til, mentalt stabile personer,
der har været traumatiseret, er diagnosticeret med samme diagnose som traumatiseret
personer, der lider af en alvorlig personlighedsforstyrrelser. For eksempel denne konstellation
gør det vanskeligt at forske i effektiviteten af de behandlinger, som den samme behandling
kan resultere forskelligt, alt efter hvilken gruppe af personer i spørgsmålet. Efter at have gjort
diagnosen PTSD igennem, den anden teoretisk vigtigste del, som er på EMDR,
vil blive præsenteret. Ved første, i denne del, vil det teoretiske grundlag for EMDR være
fremvises for at opnå et bedre perspektiv af følgende kritik. Afhandlingen
rundes af med en bred debat og en efterfølgende konklusion.
Blandt andet konkluderer afhandlingen, at EMDR virker effektivt på isolerede
symptomer på PTSD til en hel del længde. EMDR virker effektivt på flashbacks
negative og invaderende tanker og derfor EMDR kan anbefales som en mulig
valg af behandling, og bekvemt som et supplement. At den teoretiske fundament
af effektiviteten af EMDR bør ikke kun være en variant af kognitiv eksponering
terapi er imidlertid meget svage og mangler en uafhængig evidensbaseret forskning.
This dissertation seeks to uncover whether the therapy of Eye Movement Desensitization
and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment of Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD). EMDR has been termed as The Breakthrough Therapy and The
Cure of PTSD. Worldwide several national health organizations recommend EMDR
as the treatment for clients suffering from PTSD, and this recommendation is supported
by several internationally recognized academics. Additionally a considerable
large number of researches have been published, showing that EMDR is an effective
way of treating PTSD.
At first, the preliminary question should be easy to answer, had it not been due to
the cutting contrast found in several other published researches and articles claiming
that EMDR is not effective and is next to being a fraud. This criticism indicates academic
errors and deficiencies in methods of research and objectiveness. As EMDR
seems to divide the academic societies into “who´s for and who´s against”, the preliminary
question is not answerable at first. In approaching an answer to the question,
two theoretical parts will be represented. In the first main part, the diagnosis of
PTSD will be taken through. The diagnosis is rather new and contains a complexity,
which is necessary to uncover, before presenting the theoretical foundation of
EMDR. Partly the complexity of PTSD is due to the fact that, more or less, PTSD
has replaced the concept of crisis in practice, whereas former separated diagnoses
are included in PTSD today. As an example it has led to, mentally stable persons,
who have been traumatized, are diagnosed with the same diagnosis as traumatized
persons suffering from severe personality disorders. For example this constellation
makes it difficult to research the efficiency of the therapies, as the same therapies
can result differently according to which group of persons in question. Having taken
the diagnosis of PTSD through, the second theoretical main part which is on EMDR,
will be presented. At first, in this part, the theoretical foundation of EMDR will be
presented to obtain a better perspective of the following criticism. The dissertation
closes with a broad discussion and a subsequent conclusion.
Among others, the dissertation concludes that EMDR works effectively on isolated
symptoms of PTSD to quite some length. EMDR works effectively on flashbacks,
negative and invading thoughts and therefore EMDR is recommendable as a possible
choice of therapy, conveniently as a supplement. That the theoretical foundation
of the effectiveness of EMDR should not be only a variant of cognitive exposure
therapy is, however, very frail and lacks an independent evidence-based research.
Keywords: Literature Review
Accuracy Verified: Yes
85. Shapiro, F. (2002, January). EMDR 12 years after its introduction: Past and future research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 1-22. doi:10.1002/jclp.1126 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was one of the first treatments of PTSD to be evaluated in controlled research and has to date been empirically supported by 13 such studies. This article reviews the historical context and empirical research of EMDR over the past dozen years. Historically, EMDR's name has caused confusion in that "desensitization" is considered to be only a by-product of reprocessing and because the eye movement component of EMDR is only one form of dual stimulation to be successfully used in this integrative approach. Research is needed to determine the comparative efficacy of EMDR relative to cognitive-behavioral treatments of PTSD. However, this has been hampered by the lack of independent replication studies of the latter treatments. Current component analyses of EMDR have failed to effectively evaluate the relative weighting of its procedures. Parameters for future research and the testing of protocols for diverse disorders are suggested. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Cognitive Processes Literature Review Posttraumtic Stress Disorder PTSD Research Needs
Accuracy Verified: Yes
86. Ostacoli:, L., Bertino, G., & Faretta, E. (2013, June). EMDR and health: EMDR brief treatment in medical conditions with a high emotional charge: A possible challenge. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Geneva, Switzerland.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Stress and high emotional situations such as complex traumas have a negative influence on the psycho – physiologic adaptive process to illness. If these experiences are not elaborated, they could be stored as dysfunctional memories causing psychophysical vulnerability. EMDR treatment requires a proper detection and reprocessing of stressing memories in present and past events and in future templates, handling worries and fears.
Treatment protocol for serious medical diseases will be presented, focusing in the domains of Multiple Sclerosis and Oncology. Starting from the person and his system (biopsychosocial model), the main interest will be placed on case conceptualization and preparation of the project with EMDR, and then the identification of targets for further processing. From here, through the exposure of specific cases treated, we will work on bodily symptoms (the feeling perceived) through floatback to promote the connection of memories. The presentation of the research project and the first data obtained will follow.
The design helps the person to relate themselves to the traumatic material as something that they can see, represent, touch, by sharing and by exploring their resonances with the therapist; the design provides an emotional containment that allows the processing of intense emotions, reduces significantly the risk of dissociations, and allows the recovery of creative resources.
The fundamental aim of the model is to facilitate the building of a constructive relationship with themselves and with the “sick body”, by elaborating the traumatic events that have led to a dysfunctional self-image and explored, strengthened their resources with the aim of building the “navigation tools” and an effective “first-aid kit” for times of crisis. It will be presented the model of the intervention and the strategies proposed and used, through the presentation of clinical cases.
The analysis of the success factors and of the difficulties encountered will allow us to define a possible direction for future brief interventions with patients affected by complex organic diseases.
Learning objectives:
To learn EMDR protocols adapted to deal with serious medical illnesses such as Cancer and Multiple Sclerosis;
To analyse the therapeutic process by narrative and graphic material; and
To learn specific features to deal with fears of loss and impairment
Keywords: Disease Medical Illness Multiple Sclerosis Oncology
Accuracy Verified: Yes
87. Zimmerman, E. (2010, June). EMDR and the phase two treatment of the migraine and headache-protocol. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
After the presentation of Dr. Steven Marcus PhD
on different EMDR-conferences of treating migraine and headaches
in a two-phase protocol, the authors of this presentation
decided to develop a study on the phase two treatment of the
headache protocol.
The phase one treatment of the headache protocol I-EMDR (integrated
EMDR) of Dr. Marcus is for the relief of acute headache
pain and related symptoms (nausea, vomiting, light or sound
sensitivity etc.). A research study of Dr. Marcus showed very
strong effects of the treatment of migraines in this acute phase.
(Steven V. Marcus: Phase 1 of integrated EMDR: An Abortive
Treatment for Migraine Headaches. JEMDR, Vol. 2, Number 1,
2008, pg. 15ff). The phase two treatment is a multi-session EMDR
headache treatment utilizing the Standard EMDR Protocol
to prevent or reduce future headache frequency, duration and
severity. The phase one has to be included in the second phase.
Thus, this phase two protocol has not yet been the subject of a
scientific research.
The authors present their study design and some cases with
video presentations as well as first results on the research of this
phase two treatment.
Keywords: Headache Medical Issues Migraine Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
88. Lindsay, J. (1995, June). EMDR and the treatment of rape survivors. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
The study employed single case experimental design to test the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of rape survivors. EMDR was
introduced sequentially to five subjects by five licensed psychotherapists with Level II EMDR training. Each subject received from
4 to 6 sessions depending upon her position in the sequence. Each met criteria for PTSD prior to treatment.
The study emphasized clinical significance, and with minor exceptions, all scores meet criteria for both clinical and statistical
significance.
Independent variables were the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), the Dissociative Experience
Scale (DES), the State-Traft Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the PTSD Symptom Scale, Self-Report (PSC-SR). Pre- post- and followup
scores demonstrated dramatic changes (<.O1,DES<.05).
Subjects monitored PTSD symptomotology throughout the baseline, treatment and follow-up phases. The visual analog scales
which display these graphed data provide some interesting information regarding individual response to treatment and inter- and
intra- subject variability. These quantitative data were also analyzed with respect to qualitative data from pre- and post and followup
interviews and from clinical reports.
Keywords: Rape
Accuracy Verified: Yes
89. Wilson, S., Logan, C., Becker, L., & Tinker, R. (1999, June). EMDR as a stress management tool for police officers. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Participants will be able to describe: 1) an EMDR protocol that can be used with police officers; 2) the elements of the research design; and 3) the effective use of EMDR with specific stressors in law enforcement.
Keywords: Law Enforcement Police Officers Stress Management
Accuracy Verified: Yes
90. Wanders, F. (2006, November). EMDR bij kinderen met gedragsproblemen: Effecten op zelfwaardering en op de effectiviteit van een behandeling in een klinische setting [EMDR in children with behavioral problems: effects on self-esteem and the efficacy of a treatment in a clinical setting]. Presentatie aan de tweede congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
Language: Dutch
Format: Conference
Abstract:
In deze lezing worden de resultaten gepresenteerd van een onderzoek naar de toepassing van Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) bij kinderen, die opgenomen zijn in de kinder- en jeugdpsychiatrie. De onderzoeksvraag was of het mogelijk is de zelfevaluatie van het kind in de observatieperiode van de klinische opname positief te beïnvloeden door het toepassen van een korte EMDR-interventie en of het kind dan beter op de daaropvolgende klinische behandeling reageert. De opzet van het onderzoek was exploratief en beoogde nieuwe onderzoeksvragen te identificeren om de toepassing van EMDR verder te onderzoeken.
Aan het onderzoek namen 29 kinderen deel (9 meisjes en 20 jongens) die opgenomen waren in een klinische setting in de periode tussen maart 2005 en april 2006. De leeftijd van de kinderen varieerde van 8 tot 13 jaar. De kinderen waren afkomstig uit drie verschillende voorzieningen voor kinder- en jeugdpsychiatrie (Accare) in Noord- Nederland..Het betrof hier kinderen met ernstige gedragsproblemen.
De geïncludeerde kinderen werden ad random toegewezen aan een EMDR-conditie of aan een cognitieve gedragstherapie conditie (CGT). In een periode van zes weken vonden vervolgens vier geprotocolleerde behandelsessies plaats met EMDR of CGT. De behandeling was gericht op het verbeteren van de zelfevaluatie van het kind. Hiermee werd beoogd een betere basis te leggen voor de rest van de behandeling.
Tijdens deze lezing krijgen de toehoorders informatie over de opzet van het onderzoek, wordt ingegaan op de geprotocolleerde behandelingen, worden de resultaten gepresenteerd en wordt beeldmateriaal getoond van EMDR sessies.
This lecture presents the results of an investigation into the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in children who are included in child and adolescent psychiatry. The research question was whether the possibility of self-evaluation of the child in the observation period of hospitalization a positive effect by applying a brief EMDR intervention and whether the child is better than the subsequent clinical treatment. The design of the study was exploratory and sought to identify new research questions the application of EMDR to investigate further.
The study included 29 children participated (nine girls and 20 boys) were included in a clinical setting in the period between March 2005 and April 2006. The age of the children ranged from 8 to 13 years. The children were from three different facilities for child and adolescent psychiatry (Accare) in North Netherlands .. This was children with severe behavioral problems.
The enrolled children were randomly assigned to EMDR condition or a cognitive-behavioral condition (CBT). In a period of six weeks were then recorded four treatment sessions with EMDR or CBT. The treatment was aimed at improving the self-evaluation of the child. While designed to provide a better basis to impose the rest of the treatment.
During this lecture the audience get information about the design of the study, discusses the recorded treatments, the results are presented and shown footage of EMDR sessions.
Keywords: Behavioral Problems Children Self-Esteem
Accuracy Verified: Yes
91. Hoeven, S. B. (2010, Juli ). EMDR en de werkgeheugentheorie: Treden er spiegelbeeldige effecten op bij oogbewegingen en imaginatie? [EMDR and the working memory theory: Are there mirror-image effects of eye movements and imagination?]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
De werking van „Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing‟ (EMDR) is lange tijd onbekend gebleven, maar inmiddels zijn meerdere theorieën beschikbaar om de effecten te verklaren. De werkgeheugentheorie lijkt momenteel de theorie met de meeste wetenschappelijke ondersteuning. Het doel van het huidige onderzoek was het kritisch toetsen van de werkgeheugentheorie door het werkgeheugen te belasten met oogbewegingen tijdens het ophalen van een herinnering of maximale belasting door imaginatie en hyperconcentratie op de herinnering. Verwacht werd dat 1) oogbewegingen tijdens ophalen de herinneringen minder emotioneel, helder, compleet en waarheidsgetrouw maakt, terwijl 2) imaginatie van de herinnering resulteert in spiegelbeeldige effecten. In totaal participeerden 52 studenten verdeeld over twee experimenten, waarbij zij oogbewegingen en imaginatie aangeboden kregen tijdens het ophalen van een herinnering. Zowel oogbewegingen als imaginatie belastten het werkgeheugen in een reactietijdentaak. Imaginatie leidde tot meer complete en waarheidsgetrouwe herinneringen, terwijl voor oogbewegingen geen significante resultaten werden gevonden. Deze opmerkelijke resultaten zouden verklaard kunnen worden door de aard van de gebruikte herinneringen en de lage power van het onderzoek. De werkgeheugentheorie blijft de theorie met de meeste wetenschappelijke ondersteuning.
It has been long unknown what the mechanisms are behind Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing‟ (EMDR), meanwhile there are several theories available to explain its effects. The workingmemory (WM) account seems to be a theory with most scientific support. The effort of the present study was to critically test the WM account by taxing WM with eye movements during recall or by maximum taxation with imagination of and concentration on the memory. Hypotheses were 1) eye movements during recall reduces the emotionality, vividness, completeness and veracity of the memory, while 2) imagination increases emotionality, vividness, completeness and veracity of the memory. In total participated 52 students divided in two experiments, in a within-subjects design. Both eye movements and imagination taxed WM in a reaction time task. Imagination increased the completeness and veracity of the memories, while there were no significant results in the eye movements condition. These remarkable results could be explained by the nature of the memories that were used in the experiments and low statistical power of the experiments. The WM account remains a theory with most scientific support.
Keywords: Imagination Mirror-Image Effects
Accuracy Verified: Yes
92. Sugimoto, K. (2010, July). EMDR in the treatment for post-traumatic stress after stillbirth: How can we help grieving mothers?. Poster presented at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Objective: Despite advances in obstetric and neonatal care, many parents will experience the stillborn birth or death of a
infant. Stillbirth is a devastating experience for women, and sometimes leads to depression, anxiety, traumatic grief and
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There has been very little research examining effective psychotherapy for posttraumatic
stress after stillbirth. This pilot study explores the use of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
in the treatment for post-traumatic stress after stillbirth. Methods: The pilot study consisted of a ‘before and after’ treatment
design combined with follow-up measurements 0.5-3 years after EMDR treatment. Quantitative data was collected using
the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) questionnaires. In addition, qualitative
data from individual interviews with the participants was collected. Participants in the study were four out-patient women
with post-traumatic stress after stillbirth (three of the four experienced fatal state and emergency caesarean section) in
an urban area in Japan. Results: Three of the four participants reported reduction of post-traumatic stress symptoms after
treatment (ranging from two to three sessions) and the beneficial effects remained after 0.5-3 years. One participant only
had the assessment session. Symptoms of intrusive thoughts seemed most sensitive for treatment. None of the participants
completed the full EMDR treatment protocol. The participants were not prepared to work with other disturbing memories.
They also hesitated to lose some of memories about the stillborn infant. All of the participants were afraid of how they might
be influenced in the next pregnancy. Conclusion: EMDR might be a useful tool in the treatment for post-traumatic stress after
stillbirth, but we have to take great consideration about the timing of EMDR treatment. Further research is required.
Keywords: Grief Mothers Poster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stillbirth
Accuracy Verified: Yes
93. Schneider, J., Hofmann, A., Rost, C., & Shapiro, F. (2008, January-February). EMDR in the treatment of chronic phantom limb pain: Theoretical implications, case study, and treatment guidelines. Pain Medicine, 9(1), 76-82. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2007.00299.x.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Objective: Little research substantiates long-term gains in the treatment of phantom limb pain. This report describes and evaluates an eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment with extensive follow-up. Design: A case series of phantom limb pain patients. Setting. In-patient hospitalization and out-patient private practice. Patients: Case series of five patients with phantom limb pain ranging from 1 to 16 years. All patents were on extensive medication regimens prior to EMDR. Interventions: Three to 15 sessions of EMDR were used to treat the pain and the psychological ramifications. Outcome Measures: Patients were measured for continued use of medications, pain intensity/frequency, psychological trauma, and depression. Results: EMDR resulted in a significant decrease or elimination of phantom pain, reduction in depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms to subclinical levels, and significant reduction or elimination of medications related to the phantom pain and nociceptive pain at long-term follow-up. Conclusions: The overview and long-term follow-up indicate that EMDR was successful in the treatment of both the phantom limb pain and the psychological consequences of amputation. The latter include issues of personal loss, grief, self-image, and social adjustment. These results suggest that (1) a significant aspect of phantom limb pain is the physiological memory storage of the nociceptive pain sensations experienced at the time of the event and (2) these memories can be successfully reprocessed. Further research is needed to explore the theoretical and treatment implications of this information-processing approach. [PubMed]
Keywords: Chronic Pain Empirical Study Follow-up Study Phantom Limb Pain Quantitative Study
Accuracy Verified: Yes
94. Jarero, I., Artigas, L., & Mauer, M. (2001, June). EMDR integrative group treatment protocol. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Participants will be able to describe the design, implementation, and results of the EMDR Integrative Group Treatment Protocol for diaster survivors. Participants will have the opportunity to learn the application of protocol with adults throught experiential demonstration.
Keywords: Group Treatment Protocol Malattunement
Accuracy Verified: Yes
95. Hyer, L. A., & Brandsma, J. M. (1997, July). EMDR minus eye movements equals good psychotherapy. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10(3), 515-522. doi:10.1023/A:1024853723882.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapy roughly equal in efficacy to others currently available. It is argued that this treatment method is efficacious independent of the value of its component parts (e.g., eye movements) and is succssful because it applies common and generally accepted principles of psychotherapy. 10 curative principles of this procedure are discussed as reflective of sound psychotherapy practice. It is hoped that an understanding of this therapy from the perspective of the practice and theory of psychotherapy will assist in its study. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Commentary Psychotherapy Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
96. Purandare, M., Bhagwagar, H., & Tank, P. (2010, July). EMDR on children affected by the earthquake. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Efficacy of EMDR on Children Affected by Earthquake: The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of EMDR as an
intervention technique for trauma victims. A sample of 50 students, studying in 10th grade, age ranging from 14 to 16 years
were selected. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) was administered to measure the intensity of trauma experienced. A pre-post
test research design was used in the study. The results were in the predicted direction. EMDR was found to be effective in
reducing avoidance, intrusion and hyper arousal as well as overall impact of trauma.
“Group EMDR With Earthquake Survivors”
The current study is an attempt to understand the impact of a specific traumatic events and its expression in children i.e. the
earthquake that occurred in Gujarat, Western India in January 2001.
This study was a part of the therapy work conducted with the survivors of the earthquake by the group of 40 practitioners
from Mumbai and was over 4 months.
The paper will present the following aspects:
1. The symptoms seen among the children depicting PTSD as per DSM IV criteria. Signs of Hyper-arousal, Avoidance and
Intrusion were clearly seen especially in children
2. The process used. This was a modified version of the standard 8 phase protocol appropriate for use with group work.
Butterfly hugs were used as BLS. Stages of EMDR for this group:
3. Observations and a few unique experiences
These include blocking of trauma image, difficulty in safe place visualizing, difficulty in distancing and using creative
techniques for soothing and relaxation.
4. Impact of the EMDR intervention with this group
More than 16000 children from about 30 schools were seen. based on observations and reports by teachers during the
follow up showed reduction in anxiety, reports of life resembling pre-earthquake, improved attention and concentration,
better sleeping patterns and lowering of somatic complaints.
Impact and expression of trauma in children exposed to the earthquake: The current study is an attempt to understand
the impact of a specific traumatic event and its expression in children i.e. the earthquake that occurred in Gujarat, western
India in January 2001. The Butterfly hug technique for bilateral stimulation was used following 8 steps of EMDR. Drawings
of children were used as their expressions during different phases of EMDR. Drawings during “ Assessment phase” depicted
feelings of insecurity, a sense of vacuum and emptiness, low energy levels, a desire for contact and help, feelings of guilt, poor
body image, hypersensitivity was noticed almost universally and even during therapy. Drawings, following the processing
and installation phases indicated the facial expression changed to a smile. Tears which were present in almost all drawings
were not noted Positive cognitions were reflected in terms of the growth and freshness e.g. the newly growing grass. In spite
of the various symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder, no gross disintegration of personality had been noted.
Keywords: Children Earthquake
Accuracy Verified: Yes
97. Shapiro, F., Beutler, L., Norcross, J., Maxfield, L., & Rogers, S. (2002). EMDR research and its future: Ecological validity, process research, component analysis, outcome findings, and sociopolitical context. Panel discussion at the Society for Psychotherapy Research International Conference, Santa Barbara, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This panel presentation addresses ecological validity, process factors, methodological variables, and sociopolitical context in the interpretation and dissemination of outcome research. Since its introduction, EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) has been the focus of controversy because of its departure from existing paradigms, its non-traditional dissemination, and immoderate claims for rapid effectiveness. This panel reviews the socio-political context in which EMDR developed and its relevance for other emerging psychotherapeutic approaches. Findings from a recent methodological meta-analysis are reviewed to provide an empirical context for assessing the range of results in different outcome studies. Specific client, therapist, and methodological variables that could account for disparities in outcome are examined and implications for interpreting research outcomes are discussed. The panel also summarizes the findings of various recent studies that identified the effects of eye movements as decreasing vividness and emotionality of memory, physiological arousal, and in-session subjective distress. Findings from two recently completed studies are reported in which both process variables and active ingredients were examined. Limitations of the group design approach to the dismantling of psychotherapies are also discussed.
Keywords: Panel Discussion
Accuracy Verified: Yes
98. Dunne, T. (2011, March). EMDR therapists integrating EMDR into their clinical practice. Presentation at the 9th annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland, Bristol.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This research project investigated how EMDR Therapists integrated EMDR into their clinical
practice post-training and what, if any, difficulties they experienced. A total of 74 respondents
completed a questionnaire and 9 respondents were interviewed using a semi-structured interview,
giving a total of 83 respondents. 40% of both samples (which came from around the world)
reported experiencing difficulties with integrating EMDR into their clinical practice. The types of
difficulties which they reported included differences between EMDR protocol and the therapists’
original training and orientation, patient characteristics, therapists’ own anxieties and confidence
as well as organizational and management hostility to EMDR up to and including bullying of the
therapist in different ways including “being sent to Coventry”. These organization & management
issues are not covered in the current training model for EMDR and whilst supervision is necessary
post training, it is not be sufficient to address the organizational issues relating to integration of
EMDR into clinical practice. This will be highlighted in the presentation.
Accuracy Verified: Yes
99. Ahmad, A., Larsson, B., & Sundelin-Wahlsten, V. (2007). EMDR treatment for children with PTSD: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 61(5), 349-354. doi:10.1080/08039480701643464.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The objective of the study was to examine the efficacy of EMDR treatment for children with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared with untreated children in a waiting list control group (WLC) participating in a randomized controlled superiority trial (RCT). Thirty-three 6-16-year-old children with a DSM-IV diagnosis of PTSD were randomly assigned to eight weekly EMDR sessions or the WLC group. The Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Scale for Children (PTSS-C scale) was used in interviews with children to evaluate their symptoms and outcome. Post-treatment scores of the EMDR group were significantly lower than the WLC indicating improvement in total PTSS-C scores, PTSD-related symptom scale, and the subscales re-experiencing and avoidance among subjects in the EMDR group, while untreated children improved in PTSD-non-related symptom scale. The improvement in re-experiencing symptoms proved to be the most significant between-group difference over time. The results of the present exploratory study including a limited number of children with PTSD are encouraging and warrant further controlled studies of larger samples of children suffering from PTSD. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Children Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Random Control Trial RCT Trauma Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
100. ter Heide, F. J. J., Mooren, T. M., Kleijn, W., de Jongh, A., & Kleber, R. J. (2011, August). EMDR versus stabilisation in traumatised asylum seekers and refugees: Results of a pilot study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2, 5881. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.5881.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Background: Traumatised asylum seekers and refugees are clinically considered a complex population. Discussion exists on whether with this population treatment guidelines for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) should be followed and Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (TF-CBT) or Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) should be applied, or whether a phased model starting with stabilisation is preferable. Some clinicians fear that trauma-focused interventions may lead to unmanageable distress or may be ineffective. While cognitive-behavioural interventions have been found to be effective with traumatised refugees, no studies concerning the efficacy of EMDR with this population have been conducted as yet. Objective: In preparation for a randomised trial comparing EMDR and stabilisation with traumatised refugees, a pilot study with 20 participants was conducted. The objective was to examine feasibility of participation in a randomised trial for this complex population and to examine acceptability and preliminary efficacy of EMDR. Design: Participants were randomly allocated to 11 sessions of either EMDR or stabilisation. Symptoms of PTSD (SCID-I, HTQ), depression and anxiety (HSCL-25), and quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) were assessed at pre- and post-treatment and 3-month follow-up. Results: Participation of traumatised refugees in the study was found feasible, although issues associated with complex traumatisation led to a high pre-treatment attrition and challenges in assessments. Acceptability of EMDR was found equal to that of stabilisation with a high drop-out for both conditions. No participants dropped out of the EMDR condition because of unmanageable distress. While improvement for EMDR participants was small, EMDR was found to be no less efficacious than stabilisation. Different symptom courses between the two conditions, with EMDR showing some improvement and stabilisation showing some deterioration between pre-treatment and post-treatment, justify the conduct of a full trial. Conclusion: With some adaptations in study design, inclusion of a greater sample is justifiable to determine which treatment is more suitable for this complex population.
Keywords: Asylum Seekers Refugees Posttraumatic Stress Disoder PTSD TF-CBT Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
101. Hensel, T. (2009). EMDR with children and adolescents after single-incident trauma: An intervention study. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(1), 2-9. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.1.2.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This study used a naturalistic design to investigate the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with children and adolescents who were exposed to single-incident trauma. Participants were 36 children and adolescents ranging in age from 1 year 9 months to 18 years 1 month who were referred consecutively to the author's private practice. Assessments were conducted at intake, post-waitlist/pretreatment, and at follow up. EMDR treatment resulted in significant improvement (Cohen's d = 1.87). Follow-ups after 6 months revealed stable, further slight improvement. It was shown that children younger than 4 years of age can be treated using EMDR and that the group of preschool children had the same benefit from the treatment as the school-age children.
Keywords: Adolescents Children Trauma Treatment Outcome
Accuracy Verified: Yes
102. Gunter, R. W., & Bodner, G. E. (2009). EMDR works . . . But how? Recent progress in the search for treatment mechanisms. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(3), 161-168. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.3.161.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a highly scrutinized but efficacious psychotherapy commonly used in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Despite much theorizing and speculation, EMDR's mechanism of action remains unspecified. This article reviews several accounts of how EMDR works to reduce symptoms and/or aid memory reprocessing, including disruption of a traumatic recollection in working memory, increased psychological distance from the trauma, enhanced communication between brain hemispheres, and psychophysiological changes associated with relaxation or evocation of a rapid-eye-movement-like brain state. Several gaps in knowledge are also identified: The working memory account has received considerable support but has yet to be evaluated using clinical samples. How psychological distancing translates into symptomatic improvement is unclear. Psychophysiological effects of EMDR are well demonstrated but leave open the question of whether they constitute a treatment mechanism or an outcome of memory processing. Multiple mechanisms may work to produce treatment gains in EMDR; hence, an integrative model may be necessary to capture its myriad effects.
Keywords: Eye Movements Psychotherapy Treatment Mechanism
Accuracy Verified: Yes
103. Saul, J., Errebo, N., Boel, J., & Knope, J. (2005, September). EMDR, disaster, and emerging standards of psycho-social response. Panel presentation (R. Gelbach, Moderator) at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Seattle, WA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
EMDR volunteers usually working through Humanitarian Assistance Programs, have been responding to disasters worldwide for over ten years, beginning with Oklahoma City. During that period, major international relief organizations and leaders in psychosocial response to disaster have been generating new and explicit standards to guide interventions. This panel, consisting of EMDR activists ad independent experts on disaster relief, will review the emerging standards and how EMDR clinicians can relate to them.
Keywords: Disaster Relief Humanitarian Assistance
Accuracy Verified: Yes
104. Capps, F., Andrade, H., & Cade, R. (2005). EMDR: An approach to healing betrayal wounds in couples counseling. In G. R. Walz & R. K. Yep (Eds.), VISTAS: Compelling Perspectives on Counseling (pp. 107-110). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Language: English
Format: Book Section
Abstract:
Since its introduction by Francine Shapiro in
1989, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
(EMDR) has gained wide acceptance as an efficacious
clinical treatment. It is particularly useful in the
treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Alto,
2001). Despite its relative novelty, EMDR has been used
to treat survivors, emergency workers, and disaster
relief counselors worldwide. EMDR therapists have
successfully employed EMDR in Oklahoma City,
Belfast, Zagreb, Rwanda, Dunblane, Sarajevo,
Columbine, and Londonderry. EMDR has also been
used in the treatment of PTSD for combat veterans from
World War II, the Korean War, Beirut, and the Vietnam
War (Silver & Rogers, 2002, p. xix). EMDR effects
exceed those of nonspecific effects shared by all
treatments and are independent of client expectations.
Moreover, EMDR effects are at least equal to effects
of cognitive behavioral therapy, and EMDR requires
less time than other models with less client attrition
(Silver & Rogers, p. 254). Importantly, the American
Psychological Association has listed EMDR as an
efficacious treatment for civilian PTSD (Alto, 2001).
Keywords: Betrayal Wounds Couples Counselling Couples Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
105. Shapiro, F. (1997, April). EMDR: Setting the record straight. Contemporary Psychology,APA Review of Books, 42(2), 363-364. doi:10.1037/005088 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Originally published in Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books, 1997, Vol 42(4), 363-364. Francine Shapiro comments on Jeffrey Lohr's review (see record 2004-17623-008)of Shapiro's book Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols and Procedures (see record 1995-98132-000). The author points out that Lohr has bolstered his argument by citing his own literature reviews, which are also characterized by pervasive misrepresentations of the actual data (Lohr, Kleinknecht, Tolin, & Barrett, 1995; Tolin, Montgomery, Kleinknecht, & Lohr, 1995). In his book review, Lohr questions the interpretations of the research the author gives in the text by saying that "Published accounts that cast doubt on the effect of treatment are ignored or discounted for insubstantial reasons." The author lists four criteria specified in the book for evaluating the clinical applicability of PTSD research results and states that the readers may judge if these criteria are indeed "insubstantial". Contrary to Lohr's implications, the judicious and diverse clinical applications of EMDR explored in the book have been supported by many experts in the field in conjunction with relevant published data. Rather than argue the merits of the proposed Accelerated Information Processing model or review the pervasive errors in Lohr's discussion of it, the author will allow readers to come to their own conclusions. She reaffirms here as she does throughout the text, that debates regarding the model, or the eye movements per se, are not relevant to the question of whether or not the method actually works. EMDR consists of much more than directed eye movements (or alternate stimulation). Rather, it is a complex integrative approach, drawing from psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, systems, and body-oriented therapies. More positive controlled studies support EMDR than any other treatment for PTSD (e.g., Carlson, Chemtob, Rusnak, Hedlund, & Muraoka, in press; Rothbaum, in press; Scheck, Schaeffer, & Gillette, in press; Wilson, Becker, Tinker, 1995, in press; Shapiro, 1996b). All of these studies fulfill accepted standards of objective psychometrics and independent assessors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved).
Keywords: Lohr Point/Counterpoint
Accuracy Verified: Yes
106. Pitman, R., Orr, S., Altman, B., Longpre, R., Poire, R., & Macklin, M. (1996, November-December). Emotional processing during eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy of Vietnam veterans with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37(6), 419-429. doi:10.1016/S0010-440X(96)90025-5.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This study examined emotional processing and outcome in 27 Vietnam veterans with chronic PTSD who underwent eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, with and without the eye movement component, in a crossover design. Results supported the occurrence of partial emotional processing, but there were no differences in its extent in the eye-movement versus eyes-fixed conditions. Therapy produced a modest to moderate overall improvement, mostly on the Impact of Event Scale. There was slightly more improvement in the eyes-fixed than eye-movement condition. There was little association between the extent of emotional processing and therapeutic outcome. In our hands, EMDR was at least as efficacious for combat-related PTSD as imaginal flooding proved to be in a previous study, and was better tolerated by subjects. However, results suggest that eye movements do not play a significant role in processing of traumatic information in EMDR and that factors other than eye movements are responsible for EMDR's therapeutic effect. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Americans Clinical Trial Empirical Study Longitudinal Study Males Middle Aged Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Veterans Vietnam War
Accuracy Verified: Yes
107. Montgomery, R. W. (1993). An empirical investigation of eye movement desensitization. Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA. AAT 9409413.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Recently, a series of studies have presented a highly unorthodox procedure, Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD), which involved the repeated exposure of a subject to their own disturbing memories while generating a series of saccadic eye movements. These reports are largely clinical case reports, therefore the technique has not been empirically validated. The current investigation determined if the simple saccadic eye movements (rhythmically tracking a stimulus) in conjunction with the repeated exposure decreased the intensity of disturbing memories experienced in PTSD or whether such decreases could be obtained through repeated exposure alone. Subject's self-reports and physiological information regarding the discomfort experienced during their disturbing memories were recorded prior to, during, and following treatment. Diagnostic procedures including a structured clinical interview were utilized in making diagnoses.A series of three multiple baseline across subjects single-case experimental designs were utilized. Results indicate that rates of distress were uniformly high during the intake/baseline. The initial control treatment condition, Shapiro's EMD treatment package minus the saccadic eye movements, was ineffective in altering these high levels of distress. Treatment of these 6 patients with the EMD protocol resulted in 5 of the 6 subjects showing clinically significant decreases in their self-reported levels of distress around their intrusive disturbing memories. Physiological data also reflected greater positive change during the EMD treatment for each subject. Overall, the EMD treatment protocol resulted in over a 70% decrease in self-reported distress across the 6 subjects investigated. This investigation of the use of EMD with non-combat PTSD subjects reflects the first investigation of EMD with this population utilizing single-case experimental methodology. The results were clear and dramatic. The treatment was effective with 5 of the 6 subjects and for that subject who reported no positive changes issues of secondary gain for continued disability were salient. Overall, this report represents an attempt to investigate EMD with a PTSD population utilizing a systematically replicated multiple baseline across subjects design. Further investigation, particularly focusing on treatment package dismantling, is therefore called for with EMD. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Clinical Trial Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
108. Lohr, J., Kleinknecht, R., Tolin, D., & Barrett, R. (1995, December). The empirical status of the clinical application of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26(4), 285-302. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(95)00041-0.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The published reports of the clinical application of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) are reviewed in terms of empirical validity. Case studies, single-subject experiments and group design experiments on clinical problems are evaluated for the effectiveness of the protocol, component effects, comparative effects and treatment fidelity. Classification of disorders and measurement issues are addressed. The protocol frequently reduces verbal report and independent observer ratings of distress - strikingly in some instances. Psychophysiologic measures show little effect of treatment. There is little empirical evidence to indicate the effect of treatment on motoric or behavioral indices. Eye movements do not appear to be an essential component of treatment, and there have been no substantial comparisons with other treatments. No studies have adequately controlled for nonspecific (placebo) effects of treatment. Suggestions are made for applying improved methodological controls for future applications of EMDR to clinical disorders. [Author Summary]
Keywords: Literature Review Methodology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
109. Rubin, A. (1999). Empirically evaluating EMDR with single-case design: A step-by-step guide for EMDR therapists. New Hope, PA: EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Programs.
Language: English
Format: Book
Abstract:
A step-by-step guide for EMDR Therapists. A practical, clinician-friendly guide for EMDR therapists in conducting single-case evaluations of EMDR as part of their clinical practice, thus allowing one to assess the effects of EMDR on diverse populations, and to evaluate their own protocols. [EMDR-HAP]
Keywords: Single Case Design
Accuracy Verified: Yes
110. Greenwald, R. (1995). Evaluating Shapiro's stance on EMDR training. OnLine Journal of Psychology, 1(1), 130-134.
Language: English
Format: Other
Abstract:
Shapiro has enjoined clinicians not to use eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), a treatment for traumatic memories, unless trained by her organization. Some have objected, especially on the grounds that sole-source training may interfere with independent research. However, those trained in EMDR agree that such training is important. Research findings have been consistently positive when treatment was conducted according to the full EMDR protocol taught by Shapiro, and negative only when that protocol was not used. Shapiro's stance has supported the effectiveness and research integrity of EMDR. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Commentary Professional Training
Accuracy Verified: Yes
111. ter Heide, J. J., Mooren, T., & Kleber, R. (2009, November). Evidence-based vs. good practice: The treatment of traumatized refugees with EMDR. In M. Olff, J. J. Ter Heide, M. J. Nijdam, & S. Guay (Chairs), Advances in evidence-based treatment for PTSD. Symposium conducted at the 25th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Atlanta, GA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Despite the scientific evidence concerning the efficacy of EMDR
in the treatment of PTSD, in clinical practice many clinicians
are reluctant to apply EMDR to traumatized asylum seekers
and refugees. Because they regard the traumatization of
this population as too complex, and for fear of psychological
decompensation, they tend to avoid confrontation with traumatic
memories and stick to stabilization techniques. In a pilot study
with 20 traumatized asylum seekers and refugees, we tested
the hypothesis that, in accordance with treatment guidelines,
EMDR would be more effective than stabilization in asylum
seekers and refugees. Adult asylum seekers and refugees who
applied for treatment at Centrum ’45, a Dutch national centre for
psychological treatment of victims of war and organized violence,
were randomly allocated to either 11 sessions of EMDR or 11
sessions of stabilization. PTSD and comorbid symptomatology
and quality of life were assessed at pre- and post-treatment and
three-month follow-up. In this presentation, the results of this
pilot RCT will be discussed. Significant differences favouring
EMDR over stabilization were found. Despite several drawbacks including a high drop-out and limited clinical improvement,
study design seems feasible with this population.
Keywords: Evidence-Based Good Practice Refugees Symposium Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
112. Smyth N. J., Greenwald R., de Jongh A., & Lee, C. (2000, October). The expert consensus guideline series: Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Commentary. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(Supplement 10), 784-785.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Comments on the article by E. B. Foa et al (see record 1999-11089-001) which presents expert consensus guideline recommendations for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Even though the current authors conclude that the research design was carefully thought out, they state that the design features led to a marked under evaluation of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the guidelines on the treatment of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Commentary Letter Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
113. de Bok, D., & van Daalen, M. (2010, June). Exploring the mechanism underlying the working memory account of EMDR: The effect of fading in and fading out of negative and arousing images on emotionality, vividness, vividness, completeness and detail recall of traumatic memories. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychological intervention for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Currently, the working memory account gives the best explanation for the functionality of EMDR. This account states that conducting a dual task, mostly horizontal eye movements, while retrieving a traumatic memory will make this memory less emotional, vivid and complete. It was hypothesized that the fading in and/or fading out of traumatic images are in itself causally contributing to the reduced emotionality, vividness and completeness of the recalled memories. This experimental study (N=27) examined the fading in (the image starts vague and gets more clear) and fading out (the image starts clear and gets more vague) of traumatic images as an underlying mechanism of the working memory account. By using a within-subject design, participants engaged in three conditions (fading in, fading out and control) in which they had to rate their memories on emotionality, vividness and completeness. A detail recall test was also conducted for all conditions. No significant differences were found between the three conditions on emotionality, vividness and completeness. However, a trend was found indicating that fewer details were recalled in the fading out condition. Based on these results, the hypothesis that fading in or fading out will result in diminishing emotionality, vividness and completeness was not confirmed. Shortcomings of the experiment and implications for future research are addressed
Keywords: Fading in Fading out Traumatic Image Working Memory Account
Accuracy Verified: Yes
114. Montgomery, R. W., & Ayllon, T. (1994, March). Eye movement desensitization across images: A single case design. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 23-28. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90059-0 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The use of eye movement desensitization (EMD) was investigated in a multiple baseline across two images. The subject was diagnosed as suffering from PTSD and had suffered from two distinct traumas which continued to generate intrusive disturbing images. Dependent variables included self-report information (Subjective Units of Distress, behavioral symptoms reports) and physiological data (heart rate and systolic blood pressure). Subjective and physiological data both demonstrated significant changes during the course of treatment which were maintained at a 2-month follow-up. This study represents the first investigation of EMD with multiple images within a single subject experimental design. Findings suggest that generalization across the images under investigation was not demonstrated. EMD treatment gains were clinically significant. However, the immediate and profound effects often cited in the literature were not demonstrated. [Author Summary]
Keywords: Americans Assault Case Report Females Longitudinal Study Middle Aged Motor Traffic Accidents Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors
Accuracy Verified: Yes
115. Montgomery, R. W., & Ayllon, T. (1994, September). Eye movement desensitization across subjects: Subjective and physiological measures of treatment efficacy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(3), 217-230. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90022-1.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization (EMD) was investigated in an experimental multiple baseline across subjects design. Six subjects who met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD were included in the study. While the EMD technique advanced by Shapiro has been reported to be clinically effective, major methodological issues have been raised which remain to be addressed. One issue raised is whether exposure to the traumatic image is sufficient to account for the reported clinical effects of EMD or whether the addition of saccadic eye movements is central to the treatment. This study attempted to address this concern by comparing two EMD-based procedures: a Non-saccade phase (without the saccadic eye movements) which functioned as a control and a second that included saccadic eye movements. Dependent variables included self-report information (SUDs, behavioral symptoms reports) and physiological data (heart rate and systolic blood pressure). The results showed no significant decreases in SUDs level with the EMD minus the saccadic eye movements procedure. However, five of the six subjects reported clinically significant decreases in their SUDs levels with the inclusion of the saccadic eye movements. This study appears to corroborate previous work employing single-case design as well as pre and postcomparisons. [Author Summary]
Keywords: Adults Americans Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiology PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
116. Shapiro, F. (2001, April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and the anxiety disorders: Clinical and research implications of an integrated psychotherapy treatment. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 7(1), 43-75.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Four recent, independent, rigorously controlled studies of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) have reported that 84 to 100% of single trauma victims no longer maintain the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis after the equivalent of 3 90-minute sessions. The rapidity of EMDR treatment effects makes many ancillary research opportunities available. Specifically, the increased number of cases resolved in a relatively short period of time allows investigation of neurophysiological phenomena, patterns of cognitive and emotional processing, component analyses of a large range of procedural factors, and evaluation of the efficacy of application to diverse clinical populations. This article describes the procedures and protocols that are believed to contribute to EMDR's clinical effects and are, therefore, suggested for the EMDR treatment and research of the anxiety disorders. This is particularly relevant given the misconceptions that have abounded due to the unfortunate naming of the procedure after the eye movements, which have proved to be only one of many useful types of stimulation, and only one of many components of this complex, integrated treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Methodology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Research Needs Review
Accuracy Verified: Yes
117. Shapiro, F. (1999, January-April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and the anxiety disorders: Clinical and research implications of an integrated psychotherapy treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 35-67. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00038-3.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Four recent, independent, rigorously controlled studies of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) have reported that 84 to 100% of single-trauma victims no longer maintain the posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis after the equivalent of three 90-minute sessions. The rapidity of EMDR treatment effects makes many ancillary research opportunities available. Specifically, the increased number of cases resolved in a relatively short period of time allows investigation of neurophysiological phenomena, patterns of cognitive and emotional processing, component analyses of a large range of procedural factors, and evaluation of the efficacy of application to diverse clinical populations. Unfortunately, some research has been conducted that has been severely hampered by insufficient treatment fidelity and lack of clinical validity. Consequently, this article will attempt to describe the procedures and protocols that are believed to contribute to EMDR's clinical effects and are, therefore, suggested for the EMDR treatment and research of the anxiety disorders. This is particularly relevant given the misconceptions that have abounded due to the unfortunate naming of the procedure after the eye movements, which have proved to be only one of many useful types of stimulation, and only one of many components of this complex, integrated treatment. [PubMed]
[Note: Erratum in Journal of Anxiety Disorders 13(6), 621, Nov-Dec 1999]
Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Literature Review Methodology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Research Needs
Accuracy Verified: Yes
118. Dziegielewski, S., & Wolfe, P. (2000, September). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as a time-limited treatment intervention for body image disturbance and self-esteem: A single subject case study design. Journal of Psychotherapy in Independent Practice, 1(3), 1-16. doi:10.1300/J288v01n03_01 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This single subject case study implemented in the private practice setting examined body-image disturbance and self-esteem. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is the treatment modality. The Self-Esteem Rating Scale and the Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire are pre and post tested. A self-developed Daily Body Satisfaction Log is used throughout the 43-day observation period. Scores on subjects' self-esteem and body image avoidance showed clinical improvement over the treatment period. Based on this clinical examination, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing appears to be a promising time-limited treatment intervention that merits further research for application to eating disorder symptoms such as body image disturbance and low self-esteem. Suggestions for future research are provided.
Keywords: Anorexia Body Image Disturbances Bulimia Clinical Case Study Eating Disorders Empirical Study Females Self-Esteem Single Subject Design
Accuracy Verified: Yes
119. Ali, M. W., & Rana, M. H. (2008, June). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in patients of PTSD following earthquake 2005, Pakistan. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Objective: The purpose of the study is to asses the usefulness of EMDR in patients of PTSD who survived the
October 2005 earthquake in Pakistan. Background: On October the 8th an earthquake of 7.6 on rector scale
struck Kashmir and Northwest of Pakistan leaving millions injured and more than 80,000 dead. A survey of the
affected areas has shown a high prevalence of PTSD amongst the survivors. A selected series of patients with the
diagnosis of PTSD from amongst the survivors is enrolled for EMDR at CTRPI. The study is based on their response
to this intervention. Design and Settings: The study involves an ongoing compilation of clinical data and the study
of therapeutic responses to various interventions including EMDR, at a tertiary mental health facility and Centre
for Trauma Research and Psychosocial Interventions (CTRPI), Rawalpindi /Islamabad, Pakistan. This mental health
facility is the tertiary care referral point for patients from metal health relief units located allover in earthquake
affected areas of Azad Kashmir and Northwest of Pakistan. Method: Earthquake survivors who develop
psychosocial sequelae referred to CTRPI from Kashmir, who go on to fulfill the criteria of Post-traumatic Stress
Disorder according to ICD-10 are registered for further studies and appropriate interventions. A select group who
give informed consent for EMDR are then included for detailed evaluation and follow up. Sessions are conducted
in eight phases from manuals by therapists who are trained till level 2 in the method. Pre- treatment assessment
is done by an independent assessor for scores on Impact of Event Scale and Global Assessment of Functioning
(GAF). The post treatment assessment is conducted 1 week after the treatment with the same procedures as at
pretreatment. In session Scoring of subjective unit of distress is also recorded serially. According to the degree of
improvement and severity of illness, sessions of EMDR are carried out with the duration of about 60 to 90
minutes each session and with a minimum of 6 sessions using the bilateral stimulation. The authors plan to
compile their work with ten patients who fulfill the prerequisites of the study in process. Results: The work has
been done so far on three clients which suggest that EMDR is effective in reducing the scores of IES back to
normal and there is marked difference in the GAF level after the said intervention. It has a dramatic effect on
29
within-session SUD levels .Furthermore, at a qualitative level it is observed that involvement of other family
members in the therapeutic process may improve treatment adherence. Conclusions: Ongoing results of this
study tend to suggest that the EMDR is an effective intervention for patients of PTSD following a natural disaster
like an earth quake. However, the results drawn cannot be generalized on account of their small count.
Keywords: Earthquake Pakistan Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
120. Soberman, G. B. (1998). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of conduct disorder with preadolescents and adolescents. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN. AAT 9910218.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was determine the efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) with traumatized adolescents primarily diagnosed with conduct disorder (CD). The effect of exposure to domestic violence and other forms of human initiated violence puts children at risk of developing significant mental health problems including CD and other childhood disorders that can have a profound effect on the community. In order to test the null hypotheses that the EMDR treatment protocol would not lead to any significant reduction in posttraumatic or behavioral symptoms with this population, a repeated measures MANOVA was utilized for four of the five dependent variables. These variables were the Impact of Event Scale (IES), the Child Report of Posttraumatic Symptoms (CROPS), the Parent Report of Posttraumatic Symptoms (PROPS), and the Problem Rating Scale (PRS). A simple two-group independent t-test analysis was used to analyze the fifth independent variable (reward points) and the 2-month follow-up data. All of the 5 null hypotheses were supported by an inferential analysis (MANOVA; t-test) of the dependent variables of this study. EMDR treatment was not found to be statistically significant on any of the dependent variables. Despite these findings, future research should continue to focus on the efficacy of EMDR with childhood trauma. Future research should also continue to focus on the emotional needs of children in residential treatment, the benefits of therapeutic as opposed to punitive intervention with delinquent youths, and the role that EMDR can play in breaking the cycle of violence in our society. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 59(10-B), April 1999, pp. 5587.
Keywords: Adolescents Conduct Disorder Emotional Trauma Empirical Study Preadolescents Symptoms Trauma Treatment Outcomes
Accuracy Verified: Yes
121. Lindsay, J. K. (1994). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of rape survivors. University of Oregon. AAT 9519676.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
In the context of managed care, effective short-term treatment has become a priority for psychologists. This is particularly true for the recalcitrant symptoms of PTSD which are often associated with protracted treatment and disappointing outcome.This study investigated the efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as a short-term treatment for PTSD. The independent variable, EMDR, was introduced sequentially in a multiple baseline design across subjects. 5 survivors of rape who met DSM-III-R criteria for PTSD received 4 to 6 weekly sessions of EMDR provided by five licensed psychotherapists with Level 2 EMDR training. Treatment outcomes included (a) large reductions in symptomatology evident in self-monitored data and objective measures, (b) replication of treatment effect in 5 out of 5 subjects, (c) qualitative and behavior change data which corroborate treatment effect, and (d) analyses which demonstrate the clinical significance of the changes, as well as the statistical significance of the differences between pretreatment and follow-up scores (with a confidence level of .05 or beyond). The study suggests that EMDR is very effective for treating long-term, recalcitrant symptoms of PTSD which have not resolved with time or previous therapy. The study provides a methodological model for calibrating treatment and developing accountability for treatment efficacy which can be applied across treatments and settings. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Empirical Study Females Postttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
122. Finley, P. A. (2002, April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of sex offenders. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN. AAT 3068413.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Most sex offenders in treatment in the United States understand and adapt well to the predominantly cognitive/behavioral/relapse prevention (RP) aspects of their treatment. "No more victims" is the fundamental goal of sex offender treatment, and due to this focus on relapse prevention, most sex offenders do not adequately address their own emotional wounding from early trauma and victimization. This author believes these unresolved affective issues lead to the cognitive distortions and justifications that allow sex offenders to give themselves permission to offend in the first place. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapeutic intervention that assists in rapidly resolving troubling thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations. Incorporating EMDR into the current cognitive/behavioral/relapse prevention (RP) treatment model for sex offender treatment opens the possibility of reducing the reoffense rate in society. In this study, affective issues of adult male sex offenders (n = 27) were addressed, employing EMDR; this comprised the experimental treatment group. The experimental group received a pretest, three EMDR sessions, and a posttest over an average time of 3.8 months. The Multiphasic Sex Inventory (MSI) was the measure used for this research. The three scales on that test designed to measure for thinking errors were: the Cognitive Distortion and Immaturity (CDI Scale; the Justification (Ju) Scale; and the Treatment Attitudes (TA) Scale. Archived pretest/posttest scores of randomly selected and anonymous adult male sex offenders comprised the control group (n = 27). This group was tested on the MSI and MSI 2 before entering Module 4 and after finishing Module 5, representing 22.5 months of treatment pretest/posttest. All control and experimental group subjects took part in a mandated cognitive/behavioral/relapse prevention (RP) program. The independent two-sample t test was used to compare two means utilizing the rate of change between the experimental and control group. The results of the study indicate a statistically significant reduction in justifications for offender behavior in the experimental group on the Ju scale (p-value = 0.008). On the CDI and TA scale, the null hypotheses were supported. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 63(10-B), Apr 2003, pp. 4899.
Keywords: Empirical Study Male Sex Offenders Relapse Prevention Sex Offenders Sex Offenses Sex Offender Treatment Therapeutic Intervention
Accuracy Verified: Yes
123. Reyes, M. A. (1999, October). The eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) program: intervention for children with posttraumatic stress disorder. Carlos Albizu University, Miami, FL. AAT 9925128.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This dissertation examines research pertaining to the diagnosis and characteristics of childhood Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), natural disasters, and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) theory and technique in children. In addition, the effectiveness of EMDR theory and technique related to childhood PTSD is reviewed. The purpose of this study is to develop a program within a school setting suitable for children diagnosed with PTSD as a result of having witnessed, confronted, or experienced a natural disaster. The program is referred to as the EMDR Program or the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Program. An attempt was made to be like no other programs related to children and natural disasters researched. The program's goal is to design a program that investigates the effectiveness of EMDR theory and technique related to children who have developed PTSD as a result of being exposed to a hurricane, tornado, flood, earthquake, or fire. The objectives of this program include creating a safe environment in order to help children reprocess their traumatic experiences within a short period of time utilizing EMDR with age appropriate alterations as suggested by Shapiro (1995) and Greenwald (1997). The philosophy of this program is based on an Accelerated Information Processing Model. The EMDR program established an admission criteria and a means of monitoring the progress of each child. An evaluation and budget were also proposed as a guide, were this design be implemented. Overall, it was believed that by utilizing EMDR with age appropriate alterations, the EMDR program would help children overcome their PTSD symptoms related to their traumatic experiences involving natural disasters within a short period of time. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 60(4-B), Oct 1999, pp. 1869.
Keywords: Children Natural Disasters Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
124. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N.L., & Muraoka, M. Y. (1998, January). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(1), 3-24. doi:10.1023/A:1024448814268.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Despite the clinical and social impact of PTSD, there are few controlled studies investigating its treatment. In this investigation, the effectiveness of two psychotherapeutic interventions for PTSD were compared using a randomized controlled outcome group design. 35 combat veterans diagnosed with combat-related PTSD were treated with either (a) 12 sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, EMDR (n = 10), (b) 12 sessions of biofeedback-assisted relaxation (n = 13), or (c) routine clinical care, serving as a control (n = 12). Compared with the other conditions, significant treatment effects in the EMDR condition were obtained at posttreatment on a number of self-report, psychometric, and standardized interview measures. Relative to the other treatment group, these effects were generally maintained at 3-month follow-up. Psychophysiological measures reflected an apparent habituation effect from pretreatment to posttreatment but were not differentially affected by treatment condition. [Author Summary]
Keywords: Adults Americans Arousal Biofeedback Training Males Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Relaxation Therapy Treatment Effectiveness Veterans War
Accuracy Verified: Yes
125. Story, T. (2004). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Impacting communication apprehension. Washington State University. AAT 3165135.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This study was designed to test the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in reducing communication apprehension (CA) specifically public speaking apprehension (PSA). Literature on CA and available interventions is reviewed. An overview of the EMDR process is discussed. The study employs a pre/posttest experimental design. The independent variables involve four treatment conditions--EMDR, Systematic Desensitization (SD), placebo, and control. The dependent variables include the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension-trait public speaking subscale (PRCA-PSS) (McCroskey, 1997) and the State CA scale (STAI) (Spielberger, Gorsuch, and Lushene, 1970). These data indicated significant results in reduction of trait and state communication apprehension for both EMDR and SD interventions. EMDR and SD appear to be equally effective in reducing CA associated with public speaking. The implications of these findings are discussed in the final chapter of this dissertation.
Keywords: Speech Anxiety
Accuracy Verified: Yes
126. Field, A., & Cottrell, D. (2011, November). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as a therapeutic intervention for traumatized children and adolescents: A systematic review of the evidence for family therapists. Journal of Family Therapy, 33(4), 374-388. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6427.2011.00548.x.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new form of psychotherapy for post-traumatic symptoms of relevance to systemic therapists. The literature available on individual EMDR in traumatized children is reviewed in this article. A sample of eight studies was examined, consisting of three controlled trials, two uncontrolled studies and three case reports or series. The controlled trials compared EMDR with waiting list controls or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). The study samples were small and their methodological quality variable. In all the studies, the results suggested a positive effect for EMDR but did not appear superior to CBT. It is therefore possible that systemic interventions may be improved by the integration of EMDR and family therapy with children and adolescents.
Keywords: Adolescents Children Family and Systemic Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
127. Servan-Schreiber, D., Schooler, J., Dew, M. A., Carter, C., & Bartone, P. (2006). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot blinded, randomized study of stimulation type. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75(5), 290-297. doi:10.1159/000093950.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Backgroound: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is becoming a recognized and accepted form of psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet, its mechanism of action remains unclear and much controversy exists about whether eye movements or other forms of bilateral kinesthetic stimulation contribute to its clinical effects beyond the exposure elements of the procedure. Methods: Twenty-one patients with single-event PTSD (average Impact of Event Scale score: 49.5) received three consecutive sessions of EMDR with three different types of auditory and kinesthetic stimulation (tones and vibrations): intermittent alternating right-left (as commonly used with the standard EMDR protocol), intermittent simultaneous bilateral, and continuous bilateral. Therapists were blinded to the type of stimulation they delivered, and stimulation type assignment was randomized and counterbalanced. Results: All three stimulation types resulted in clinically significant reductions of subjective units of distress (SUD). Yet, alternating stimulation resulted in faster reductions of SUD when only sessions starting with a new target memory were considered. Conclusions: There are clinically significant effects of the EMDR procedure that appear to be independent of the nature of the kinesthetic stimulation used. However, alternating stimulation may confer an additional benefit to the EMDR procedure that deserves attention in future studies.
Keywords: Bilateral Kinesthetic Stimulation Type Distress Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PSTD Quantitative Study Stimulus Parameters Subjective Units of Distress SUD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
128. Carpenter, M. N. (1999). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in battered women: Alleviation of post-traumatic stress disorder. California State University - Fullerton, Fullerton, CA. AAT 1394355.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This study assessed the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in treating battered women. 5 battered women who received EMDR treatment experienced a significant reduction from pre to posttest (approximately 45 days) in post traumatic stress (t = 3.68, p < .05), state anxiety (t = 5.86, p < .05), trait anxiety (t = 6.14, p < .05) and depression (t = 5.60, p < .05). Battered women (N = 5) who completed the same shelter program but did not undergo EMDR treatment also showed reduced PTSD (t = 4.50, p < .05), state anxiety (t = 3.28, p < .05), and depression (t = 6.03, p < .05). The average reduction for the shelter + EMDR subjects on the four independent measures was as follows: Impact of Events: 27.8, STAI Y-1: 30.2, STAI Y-2: 21.8 and Beck: 16.8. Scores for the shelter-only subjects were reduced on all four measures but to a far lesser extent: Impact of Events: 16.8, STAI Y-1: 15, STAI Y-2: 2.6 and Beck: 8.8. Results appear to support the efficacy of both EMDR with battered women and the shelter program itself. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Anxiety Disorders Battery Depressive Disorders Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Shelter Residents Spouse Abuse Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
129. Cerone, M. R. (2000). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the psychological treatment of combat-related guilt: A study of the effects of eye movements. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA. AAT 9990301.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of eye movements in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and to test the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of guilt associated with combat trauma. EMDR was compared to a non-eye movement (NEM) analog, which entailed the full EMDR procedure minus the eye movements. A single-case multiple component cross-over design across 7 participants was utilized.Participants were combat veterans who were receiving inpatient treatment for PTSD at the Coatesville Veterans Administration Medical Center. 4 participants were introduced first to the EMDR condition and 3 participants were introduced first to the NEM analog condition. Each participant was exposed to both conditions. Dependent measures included: (1) pre- and post-treatment scores on the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV - One Week Symptom Status Version (CAPS-SX), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Impact of Event Scale (IES), and Trauma Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI), (2) self-monitoring data on the frequency and intensity of intrusive thoughts, disturbing dreams, and guilt, and (3) measures of participants' subjective level of distress within sessions and pre- and post-treatment using the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS). As measured by SUDS ratings, EMDR resulted in a greater decrease in dyphoric affect within-session than the NEM analog. EMDR also resulted in a significant decrease in mean SUDS ratings from pre- to post-treatment. EMDR resulted in significant decreases in combat-related PTSD symptomatology, as measured by pre- and post-treatment scores on the CAPS-SX, BDI, and IES. EMDR also resulted in significant decreases in mean pre- and post-treatment frequency of self-reported intrusive thoughts and mean pre- and post-treatment intensity of intrusive thoughts, disturbing dreams, and guilt. Additionally, EMDR resulted in a significant decrease in pre- and post-treatment scores on one scale and two subscales of the TRGI. No differences in the mean frequency and intensity of self- reported intrusive thoughts, disturbing dreams, and guilt were detected between EMDR and the NEM analog. Results of the present study support the role of eye movements in attaining treatment gains with EMDR. Additionally, this study supports the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of combat-related guilt. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 61(10-B), Apr 2001, pp. 5555.
Keywords: Adults Americans Empirical Study Guilt Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness War Veterans
Accuracy Verified: Yes
130. Kelley, S. D. M., & Benbadis, S. (2007, March-April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the psychological treatment of trauma-based psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 14(2), 135-144. doi:10.1002/cpp.525.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Little is known about the types of mental health treatment that are most effective for psychogenic non-epileptic seizure (PNES) patients who have high rates of comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dissociation. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has proved to be effective in the treatment of PTSD, anxiety states, dissociative symptoms and somatoform disorders. This study, which utilized a non-controlled qualitative multiple revelatory case design, integrates EMDR into the psychological treatment of PNES patients with confirmed trauma experiences. With EMDR targeting trauma and dissociative symptoms in three patients, PNES were extinguished in two. Those patients have remained seizure-free for 12-18 months. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: Clinical Case Study Comorbidity Emotional Trauma Empirical Study Epileptic Seizures Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychogeninic Non-epileptic Seizures Psychological Treatment Psychogenesis PTSD Qualitative Study Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
131. Estergard, L. (2008). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of chronic pain. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN. AAT 3336660.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Previous research has indicated that individuals with chronic pain who exhibit adaptive coping mechanisms are more likely to manage their pain effectively. If they experienced little success with pain management in the past, they are not likely to exhibit adaptive coping strategies in the present. However, there remains an important gap in the literature regarding the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as a strategy for chronic pain. One purpose of this study was to establish the effectiveness of EMDR in the reduction of chronic pain; another was to examine the relationship between chronic pain intensity and emotion, as suggested by the biopsychosocial model of pain and measured by the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist-Revised. In this matched 2-group design, participants were matched on pretest chronic pain scores and randomized to EMDR and a delayed treatment group. Pre- and posttreatment chronic pain levels were determined using the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using paired samples t-tests. There was a significant reduction in chronic pain following six EMDR sessions for the participants in the experimental group and the delayed-treatment group. The results also indicated a reduction in dysphoria for both groups following EMDR. The findings may help to clarify whether EMDR is effective in alleviating chronic pain, which may lead to more satisfying lives for patients and their families. This study is an important contribution to the literature and enhances social change initiatives by showing that collaboration between EMDR and other types of treatment may offer more expedient and long-term relief to patients, thus affecting the costs (e.g., health insurance) associated with chronic pain.[Author abstract]
Keywords: Biopsychosocial Models Chronic Pain Coping Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
132. Shepherd. J., & Stein, K. (1998). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder. Development and Evaluation Committee (Report No. 91). Bristol, UK: South and West Regional Health Authority [Southampton]: Wessex Institute for Health Research and Development.
Language: English
Format: Publication
Abstract:
Objective/Purpose: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new form of psychotherapy designed to alleviate symptoms of anxiety, depression, avoidance of trauma related thoughts and intrusive memories associated with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Under therapist instruction, the patient makes rhythmic eye movements while imagining the traumatic event, designed to facilitate cognitive reprocessing to alleviate stress. Methods: Electronic searching of Medline, PsyClit, Health Star, CCTR, The National Research Register and a range of other databases was conducted. Once trials had been identified, data were extracted and methodological quality assessed. Cost-utility was estimated indirectly through consultation with expert clinicians. Costs per Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) gained were also calculated. Results: 12 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified, comparing EMDR to alternative psychotherapy treatments; variants of EMDR; and to delayed treatment groups in various combinations. The trials are generally small, with partial blinding of outcome assessors, and in some cases with high attrition. Results suggest the EMDR may be effective at reducing symptoms up to 3 months after treatment in comparison to delayed treatment groups. Two studies suggest that EMDR is as effective as other psychotherapy treatments for PTSD, and 3 claim greater effectiveness. Cost per QALY ranged from Pounds 983 to Pounds 20,568. CONCLUSIONS: Further trials are needed with larger samples, and longer post-intervention measurement to assess maximum length of treatment effect, as well as to ascertain the effectiveness of different treatment components.
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
133. Shepherd. J., Stein, K., & Milne, R. (2000, July). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A review of an emerging therapy. Psychological Medicine, 30(4), 863-871.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Background: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new form of psychotherapy for PTSD. We critically reviewed randomized controlled trials of EMDR. Methods: A wide range of electronic databases and reference lists of articles obtained were searched and relevant experts were consulted. Studies were critically appraised according to established criteria. Results: We found 16 published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing EMDR with alternative psychotherapy treatments, variants of EMDR, and with delayed treatment groups. Studies were generally small (mean number of patients = 35) and of variable methodological quality, with only 5 reporting blinding of outcome assessors to treatment allocation, and in some cases with high loss to follow-up. In most cases EMDR was shown to be effective at reducing symptoms up to 3 months after treatment. In one case benefit was maintained up to 9 months and in another (uncontrolled) followup treatment effect was present at 15 months. 2 studies suggest that EMDR is as effective as exposure therapies, 3 claim greater effectiveness in comparison to relaxation training, and 3 claim superiority over delayed treatment groups. Of the studies examining specific treatment components, 2 found that treatment with eyes moving was more effective than eyes fixed, while 3 studies found the two procedures to be of equal effectiveness. CONCLUSION: The evidence in support of EMDR is of limited quality but results are encouraging for this inexpensive, simple therapy. Further research is warranted in larger samples with longer periods of follow-up. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Health Care Costs Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
134. Coleman, G. L. (1999, October). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: An investigational study of the eye movement component using a within-subject design. Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL. AAT 9926476.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a recently developed psychotherapy treatment procedure which combines imaginal exposure with eye movements and is reported to dramatically reduce negative symptoms associated with trauma related psychological disturbances and memories. The author reviewed and analyzed the current literature regarding EMDR, and conducted a within-subject design investigating the importance of the eye movement component in the EMDR treatment protocol by comparing the efficacy of an eye movement treatment condition, with two non-eye movement treatment conditions. The use of two different control conditions allowed comparisons of the eye movement condition (EMDR), which involved bilateral stimulation of the brain, with exposure to memory of the trauma without eye movements (Eye-Focus Desensitization), which served as a placebo, and exposure to memory of the trauma with a competing motor activity (Single Hand Tapping), which represented unilateral stimulation of the brain. This study also employed a delayed treatment condition to investigate the overall effectiveness of EMDR in treating PTSD. The subject was a 53-year-old Caucasian female who met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. Dependent variables included a diagnostic instrument, which was the Structured Interview for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (SI-PTSD); global instruments, which included the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Impact of Events Scale (IES), and Subjective Units of Distress scale (SUDs); process measures, which included the Subjective Units of Distress scale (SUDs) and Validity of Cognition (VOC) scale; and a self-report measure of overall improvement, which was the Image Desensitization Rating Scale (IDRS).Results demonstrated support for the superiority of an eye movement condition over that of both a no-eye movement condition (EFD), and a competing motor activity of single hand tapping (SHT) on process variables (SUDs and VOC), but not on weekly global measures (IES, BAI, and SUDs) in the single subject studied. Also, this study found support for the effectiveness of EMDR (delayed treatment phase) in reducing symptoms of anxiety, intrusiveness and avoidance, and subjective distress related to memory of trauma as measured by BAI, IES, and SUDs, and also in alleviating DSM-IV symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder for this subject. Experimental single-subject studies, as well as group designs, need to investigate possible neurological and theoretical explanations for the effectiveness of EMDR in future research. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 60(4-B), Oct 1999, pp. 1846.
Keywords: Avoidance Case Report Empirical Study Females Intrusive Thoughts Middle Aged PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
135. Gosselin, P. W. (1994). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of test anxiety: A study of the effects of eye movement and expectancy on the procedure's results. University of Massachusetts Amherst. AAT 9420630.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, abbreviated EMDR, is a recently discovered technique acclaimed as a major breakthrough for the reduction of anxiety. Numerous anecdotal studies have been presented showing the efficacy of EMDR. There are currently no published studies investigating use of EMDR specifically for test anxiety.
The purpose of this study was to use the EMDR technique to study its efficacy for test anxiety. This study also examined whether or not high and low expectancy conditions significantly affected scores on post-session anxiety ratings. In addition, the procedure was used with and without eye movement to see whether or not eye movement was a critical factor in eliciting positive change in anxiety ratings.
A single session of approximately one hour was conducted individually with 41 subjects, college students reporting test anxiety. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of four conditions reflecting varying combinations of eye movement and expectancy conditions. A 2 x 2 analysis of variance was conducted for expectancy and eye movement factors on two dependent measures. These measures were Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDs) and the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI).
Results of the study show a significantly greater amount of reduction in the SUDs using the eye movement supporting the hypothesis that eye movement is critical to the efficacy of EMDR. No other statistically significant main effects or interactions were found with measuring the SUDs or TAI. However, it should be noted that all groups showed substantial reductions in post-treatment TAI scores. The expectancy conditions presented to subjects also had no measureably significant effects. There was anecdotal support of the power of the eye movement but no significant behavioral changes other than the reduction in SUDs.
It was concluded that EMDR is worthy of further study with larger samples of the test anxious population. Further study may want to use EMDR in conjunction with other techniques and for more than one session.
Keywords: Test Anxiety
Accuracy Verified: Yes
136. Mihelich, M. L. (2000). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment of adjustment disorder. University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK. AAT 9962187.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
The advent of Eye Movement Desensitization (EMDR) for treatment of PTSD has been classified by the American Psychological Association as probably efficacious. Actual practice descriptions and EMDR training material suggest that many clinicians are using the technique to treat other mental health issues as well. This study compares outcome measures for two sessions of EMDR and two sessions of exposure for participants with Adjustment Disorder (AD). A licensed, EMDR trained mental health professional provided treatment for this serial case study (n = 9) design. A control treatment condition of time-yoked imagined exposure to disturbing memories in participants was used to control for common treatment factors and exposure elements of the treatment protocol. Measures included the Impact of Events Scale-R (IES-R), and the Outcome Questionnaire 45.2 (OQ) and the Symptom Response Rating Scale (SRRS). At follow-up, 7 of 9 individuals clinically improved by demonstrating score changes that exceeded the RCI [text missing here?] clinically significant improvement for 4 of these 6 individuals from baseline to followup as defined by the OQ authors. Those with anxious or mixed features improved, while participants with depressive features and ongoing stressors showed no improvement. This study's hypothesis was that the effects of EMDR would show score improvements on the dependent measures beyond the effects of RUIC. This was not found from baseline to follow-up. After the first treatment phase, 75% of the cases receiving EMDR produced clinically significant improvement on IES Total scores, as opposed to 25% of the RUIC treated individuals in the same phase. Implications for the clinical use of EMDR and exposure for AD are discussed. It is suggested that clinical evaluation of symptom and personality features presented by a patient prior to treatment will aid in the appropriate selection of effective treatment methods. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 61(2-B), Aug 2000, pp. 1091.
Keywords: Adjustment Disorder Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Nonclinical Case Study Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
137. Foley, T. (1996). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment of communication anxiety: A closer look. Western Michigan University. AAT 9640073.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to replicate the results of previous research with respect to EMD/R (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) and of this researcher's investigation of EMD/R treatment of public-speaking anxiety (Foley & Spates, 1995). The present study, however, included components to permit more extensive analysis of the elements of treatment that contribute to therapeutic effectiveness. The study investigated the contribution of assessment speeches to treatment effectiveness by using a two factor design in which one factor featured a condition of pre-treatment/post-treatment speeches vs. a condition of post-treatment speeches only. The other factor featured two treatment conditions, permitting consideration of the contribution of the imaginal exposure component of EMD/R to treatment effectiveness. One treatment condition received EMD/R while the other condition received an alternative treatment that differed from EMD/R only in that there were no instructions to visualize the traumatic event during the eye movement component. Subjects were 32 college students who suffered from communication anxiety and had experienced a specific traumatic event related to a communication situation. The research was carried out in a two factor repeated measures design consisting of four treatment groups: EMD/R-speech condition, EMD/R-no speech condition, Alternative treatment-speech condition, Alternative treatment-no speech condition. Results showed a significant decrease from pre to post-treatment for all groups on several measures. There were no significant differences between groups; however, the results on one measure (CAI) suggests that if power were increased, the groups would differ significantly with respect to the pre-treatment behavioral assessment factor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 57(7-B), Jan 1997, pp. 4705.
Keywords: Assessment Speeches College Students With Communication Anxiety Effectiveness Evaluation Empirical Study Oral Communication Speech Anxiety Treatment Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
138. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., van Haaften, H., & Mayer, B. (1997, July). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus exposure in vivo: A single-session crossover study of spider-phobic children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171(1), 82-86. doi:10.1192/bjp.171.1.82 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Background: Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new therapeutic technique that has been proposed as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder and other anxiety complaints. Method: We compared the efficacy of EMDR with that of exposure in vivo in the treatment of a specific phobia. Twenty-two spider-phobic children who met the DSM-III-R criteria for specific phobia participated in the study. Children were treated with one session of exposure in vivo and one session of EMDR in a crossover design. Treatment outcome was evaluated by self-report measures, a behavioural avoidance test and a physiological index (skin conductance level). Results: Results showed positive effects of EMDR, but also suggest that it is especially self-report measures that are sensitive to EMDR. Improvement on a behavioural measure was less pronounced, and exposure in vivo was found to be superior in reducing avoidance behaviour. With regard to skin conductance level, EMDR and exposure in vivo did not differ. Conclusions: EMDR has no additional value in treatment of this type of animal phobia, for which exposure in vivo is the treatment of choice.
Keywords: Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Phobias Spider Phobia
Accuracy Verified: Yes
139. Tootell, E. (2004). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A comprehensive literature review. Argosy University, San Francisco, CA. AAT 3118435.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Since Francine Shapiro's first published paper on EMD therapy in 1989, there has been a tendency toward polarization in EMDR research. Those who tend to believe in the effectiveness of EMDR tend to find results which confirm their point of view. Those who have been very skeptical about the effectiveness of EMDR have tended to produce findings which validated their perspective also. The result of this has been years of back and forth research, without a great deal of moving forward by asking new questions based on previous findings. This literature review involved evaluating all available research on EMDR published in English as of March 1, 2002. Studies were categorized as contributing to knowledge about EMDR in general, or emphasizing specific aspects. Specific aspects were breadth of application, subjectivity of effects, EMDR's effect on intrusive PTSD symptoms, the necessity for eye movements, how EMDR works, if it does, and whether it produces lasting change.Findings included a probable effect from EMDR in treating traumatic memories. It has not been found equally effective in treating other kinds of anxiety or other psychological maladies. Subjectivity is an ongoing issue in EMDR research, yet there are several forms of data indicating an effect in a context in which subjectivity could not have been a significant factor. If EMDR works better for intrusive PTSD symptoms compared to others, the difference is minor. The necessity of eye movements has not been clarified, largely because of the use of alternate forms of bilateral brain stimulation as a control condition when these in fact may promote a similar process. EMDR appears to produce change that is as lasting as any other form of psychotherapy. The main conclusion is that there is a paucity of research including a variety of independent variables. The ongoing battle as to whether EMDR works or not has delayed thorough inquiry into for whom it works, compared to for whom it does not work. It is argued that the field, as well as the clinical population, would be well served if research could move in the direction of rectifying this situation. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 65(1-B), 2004, pp. 455.
Keywords: Literature Review Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
140. Edmond, T. E. (1998, August). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Evaluating its effectiveness in reducing trauma symptoms in adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. University of Texas at Austin. AAT 9824929.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
The purpose of the study was to evaluate, through the use of a randomized experimental design, the effectiveness of EMDR in reducing trauma symptoms in adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. No EMDR research to date has been exclusively comprised of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, a historically difficult treatment population. Additionally, while numerous clinical accounts of treatment with sexual abuse survivors have been published, controlled treatment research has rarely been done. Of the studies found that examine treatment efficacy exclusively with this population, none involved the use of random assignment.A sample of 60 adult female sexual abuse survivors were selected and randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) individual EMDR treatment; (2) individual eclectic treatment; or (3) delayed treatment control group. The participating survivors' trauma symptoms were measured in pretests and posttests on standardized as well as subjective instruments that measured anxiety, posttraumatic stress, depression, negative beliefs about the sexual abuse, emotional distress and desired positive self beliefs. The survivors in the study assigned to the experimental or comparison treatment groups received six 90 minute individual sessions of either EMDR or eclectic therapy. The delayed treatment control group subjects were pretested, asked to delay treatment for six weeks, and after being post tested were assigned a therapist with which to work. Data analysis consisted primarily of multivariate and univariate analysis of variance. The posttest results indicated that EMDR was very effective in reducing the targeted trauma symptoms compared to the control group. Eclectic therapy at posttest was also found to be very effective, resulting in a lack of statistically significant differences between the experimental and comparison treatments. However, analysis conducted at the three month follow-up revealed that EMDR was significantly more effective than eclectic therapy at maintaining therapeutic gains. The results of this study suggest that while both EMDR and eclectic therapy, when applied as brief psychotherapy models of treatment for survivors, can produce significant alleviation of trauma symptoms, EMDR may provide more enduring resolution. These findings have important implications for both survivors and the service providers available to them. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. 59(2-A), Aug 1998, pp. 0617.
Keywords: Adults Child Abuse Empirical Study Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
141. Zeper, R. S. (1996). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A multiple baseline study. The Union Institute, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 9701084.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was developed in 1987 by Francine Shapiro, as a modality for relieving anxiety, traumatic memories, intrusive thoughts, and reprocessing negative self-beliefs to positive self-beliefs. One of the most common uses of EMDR in recent years has been the treatment of PTSD.This current study investigated the effects of EMDR across a sample of 3 sexually abused women diagnosed with PTSD using a multiple baseline design across subjects. The study specifically focused on whether or not intervention with EMDR effects traumatic memory and negative/irrational cognitions, decreases stress or changes levels of anxiety, depression and heart rate. The study intended to assess the efficacy of EMDR while simultaneously reduce human suffering and answer some of the more serious criticisms which have blurred confidence in EMDR outcome research. Specifically, the study controlled for a number of the criticisms in the literature predominantly through a confirmation of an accurate PTSD diagnosis and through the use of a multiple baseline design. The multiple baseline design was applied sequentially to the same problem across different but matched subjects sharing the same environmental conditions. Heart rate level and well-known psychometrics were used to obtain baseline, intervention and post-intervention measures. Psychometric scores reflecting levels of depression, anxiety, and subjective levels of the impact of distress regarding the trauma were assessed along with the levels of anxiety currently experienced about the trauma and subjective ratings regarding the acceptance of the preferred, self-generated positive cognition. The measures used in this study were an initial clinical interview, an Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for the DSM-IV, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Wolpe's Subjective Unit of Disturbance Scale, Validity of Cognition, Impact of Event Scale and heart rate. The study reported descriptive statistics to analyze the multiple baseline study and to determine EMDR's clinical significance in treating PTSD. The effects of EMDR on the three PTSD subjects of this study demonstrated that meaningful changes occurred in several areas. Subjective disturbance and stress surrounding the traumatic memory decreased, positive self-cognitions increased, and both depression and anxiety levels decreased following EMDR treatment. No change in heart rate physiology occurred. All of the study's treatment measures were maintained at follow-up. The results of this study suggest that EMDR may be a powerful and effective intervention to reduce patient suffering in a relatively painless fashion. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 57(8-B), Feb 1997, pp. 5350.
Keywords: Adults Empirical Study Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
142. Erwin, T. M. (2001). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A critical analysis. Columbus, OH: Ohio University.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Since Shapiro's introduction of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in 1989, it has been a highly controversial therapeutic technique. Critical reviews of Shapiro's initial study have highlighted many methodological shortcomings in her work. And early empirical research that followed Shapiro's original study has been criticized for using small samples, using limited or nonrepresentative samples, or issues of treatment integrity. Research on EMDR has dramatically increased in both quantity and methodological rigor since the mid-1990s. Moreover, since its first appearance in the literature, EMDR has undergone a number of modifications. This article reviews key research conducted on EMDR since 1995 (using university students and war veterans), highlights issues of concern raised by researchers, and discusses the implications of these findings for the clinical counselor.
Keywords: Counseling Techniques Counseling Theories Criticism Evaluation Methods Eye Movements Research Problems Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
143. Lohr, J., Tolin, D., & Kleinknecht, R. (1995, June). Eye movement desensitization of medical phobias: Two case studies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26(2), 141-151. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(95)00011-N.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
We treated two medical phobic subjects with eye movement desensitization (EMD). Using detailed images of fear-related events, the treatment design conformed to an additive, within-series phase change to examine enduring effects. Results indicated that both subjects' verbal reports of fear decreased substantially using the EMD procedure. There were no consistent changes in heart rate. Similarly, self-reported fear toward a simulated blood draw decreased, but heart rate and blood pressure did not. Data for a number of standardized measures of medical fear indicated posttreatment reduction for both subjects. Anecdotal reports of medical procedures revealed limited generalization of treatment effects.
Keywords: Medical Phobias
Accuracy Verified: Yes
144. Rose, B. K. (2004). Eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR): A treatment protocol for addicted inmates with traumatic histories. Carlos Albizu University, Miami, FL. AAT 3102092.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract: S
ubstance Abuse is the use and abuse of mood and mind altering substances often having undesired effects on the lives of those addicted, and having a negative impact on the lives of others. Those addicted may expose themselves and others to physical and psychological harm; may create forensic problems; cause disintegration of the family, and problematic interpersonal relationships. Underlying reasons for addictive behavior include but are not limited to: genetic predisposition, psychosocial involvement, psychobiological complications, developmental conditions, and pre-existing psychological and environmental events. Some deficits found in those addicted include: poor coping skills, inability to problem solve, inability to function in difficult situations, and may use cognitive avoidance as a means of coping with life. The idea that children might be negatively impacted by exposure to substance abuse using parents is not a new revelation. However, the degree of damage done to these children is severe, and more is being learned about the severity of that damage. Children often are enmeshed with their dysfunctional families, and many problems arise involving their inability to maintain intimate relationships with others. Attachment issues may develop in infancy and early stages of maturation, and adversely affect children's ability to function as adults. Abusive pasts and traumatic incidents often may hinder the psychological growth and maturity of those who have experienced trauma and abuse.Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is a fairly new concept of treatment. It was first designed to address therapy with those who had been exposed to trauma. However, over the past 22 years since its inception, it has been adapted to treat many other types of Axis I disorders. It has been determined that EMDR is useful in addressing substance abuse and other Axis I diagnoses, especially PTSD. Hiller, Knight, and Simpson completed a study with 161 persons who resided at a residential halfway house for newly released inmates. Their results found: 80% of the sample of had psychological problems; 72% had significant drug abuse problems; 58% had concurrent psychopathology and drug abuse problems. Research indicates prison confinement is increasing, and the idea of therapy in the forensic setting is gaining in popularity. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is to design a substance abuse program to address the difficulties of substance abuse treatment for the dual diagnosed clients. The data collected from this program will help provide much needed information in order to further research and increase our understanding of the needs of this underserved population. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Comorbidity Drug Abuse Prison Inmates Psychiatric Disorders Stressors Survivors Therapeutic Community
Accuracy Verified: Yes
145. Bolen, D. W. (1999, August). Eye movement desensitization reprocessing for the treatment of anxiety in psychology internship applicants: An interrupted time series design. The Chicago School - School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL. AAT 9920131.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This study used an interrupted time series design to study the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization Processing (EMDR) on the anxiety levels of 17 psychology graduate student participants who were in the process of applying to psychology internship sites. Participants were screened for pathology using the Symptom Checklist - Revised. Anxiety was assessed four times using the State Trait Anxiety Scale, twice prior to and twice following treatment with EMDR. Additionally, in an attempt to the account for some of the error variance due to history, the Schedule of Recent Events was given twice during the study, once prior to the EMDR treatment and once along with the final administration of the State Trait Anxiety Scale. Additional information about the effects of EMDR on anxiety, were obtained by monitoring heart rate and blood pressure changes during EMDR treatment for half of the participants. A dependent t-test on pre- and post-EMDR State Trait Anxiety Scale data failed to yield significant results. Other analyses also showed no effect of treatment. However, visual inspection of the data suggested that EMDR may have been effective for some participants. The range and diversity of participant's responses to anxiety over the course of the study, the relatively small sample size and design factors that increased the error variance were discussed in relation to the insignificant results. It was suggested that specific personality traits (e.g. characterological anxiety) and attributes of the distressing target event (e.g. amount of affect evoked) may act as intervening variables in an individual's response to EMDR treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 60(2-B), Aug 1999, pp. 0819.
Keywords: Anxiety Empirical Study Interrupted Time Series Design Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
146. Vaughan, K., Wiese, M., Gold, R., & Tarrier, N. (1994, April). Eye-movement desensitisation: Symptom change in post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164(4), 533-541. doi:10.1192/bjp.164.4.533 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
A novel approach is described for the treatment of PTSD. Eye-movement desensitisation (EMD) requires the patient to generate images of the trauma in the mind and define physiological and emotional arousal states. While concentrating on these states, lateral multisaccardic eye movements are induced. Ten consecutive cases are reported who presented with symptoms originating from a range of traumas. The effectiveness of EMD in reducing symptoms outlined by DSM-III-R is described. An independent rater indicated that eight of the ten cases showed considerable improvement in the PTSD symptoms following EMD, which was maintained at follow-up. Particular reference is given to the 'specificity' of EMD in treating symptoms and the changing pattern of effect at follow-up. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Australians Females Longitudinal Study Males Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
147. Barrowcliff, A. L., Gray, N. S., Freeman, T. C. A., & MacCulloch, M. J. (2004, June). Eye-movements reduce the vividness, emotional valence and electrodermal arousal associated with negative autobiographical memories. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 15(2), 325–345. doi:10.1080/14789940410001673042.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of eyemovements
on subjective and psychophysiological measures of arousal and
distress associated with positive and negative autobiographical memories.
These memories were ‘brought-to-mind’ whilst engaging in eye-movement or
eyes-stationary conditions in a counterbalanced within subjects design, with
pre and post eye-condition subjective ratings of emotional valence and image
vividness. Participants also rated current symptomatology associated with
negative memories using the Impact of Events Scale. Engagement in eye-movements
compared to the eyes-stationary condition resulted in significant
reductions on measures of vividness and emotional valence for both positive
and negative autobiographical memories. Reductions in electrodermal arousal
were only observed when engaging in eye-movements following elicitation of
the negative memory. This effect was observed independently of symptom
severity.
Keywords: Eye Movements
Accuracy Verified: Yes
148. Miller, R. (2005). The feeling-state theory of compulsions and cravings and decreasing compulsions and cravings using an eye movement protocol. Pacifica Graduate Institute, Carpinteria, CA. AAT 3166384.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Compulsions and cravings such as gambling and sex compulsions have been the subject of behavioral and psychodynamic treatment. This study formulates a new theory of compulsions and cravings, called the Feeling-State Theory of Compulsions, and utilizes a technique called the Eye Movement Compulsion Protocol (EMCP) for decreasing both the feelings and behavior. The Feeling-State Theory postulates that positive feelings and behavior are fixated in the body during an intense experience, creating the feeling-state. The result is that, when the person desires that feeling again, the feeling-state including the behavior is recapitulated. Just as the use of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been shown to reduce Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), the EMCP technique utilizes eye movements to decrease the feeling-state associated with compulsions. The present study utilizes a multiple baseline single case research design with 4 subjects. Skin conductance levels (SCL) and a self-report scale (SUES) are the dependent variables. Two of the subjects provide support for both the theory and the EMCP technique. Both the change in SCL and the SUES values for 1 compulsion are clearly decreased post-intervention while the other compulsions values remain relatively stable. One of the other 2 subjects provided less clear support for the theory and technique but reveals some unexpected interactions between compulsions. The other subject's baseline values did not remain stable enough for a clear result but did not contradict the results of the other subjects. The conclusion is reached that the overall results of the study support the Feeling-State Theory of Compulsions and the usefulness of the EMCP technique to decrease compulsions and cravings. Although the findings in this study can not be conclusive because of the small number of subjects, the results do open up new approaches for research.
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 66(2-B), 2005, pp. 1178.
Keywords: Compulsions Craving Empirical Study Eye Movements Pathological Gambling
Accuracy Verified: Yes
149. Wilson, S., Tinker, R., Hofmann, A., Becker, L. A., & Kleiner, K. (2000, September). A field study of EMDR with Kosovar-Albanian refugee children using a group treatment protocol. Presentation at the annual meeting on the EMDR International Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Participants will be able to: 1) describe the modified group EMDR treatment protocol; 2) describe the research design; and 3) describe the results of this research.
Keywords: Children Group Treatment Protocol Kosovar-Albanian Refugees
Accuracy Verified: Yes
150. Langwig, K. E. (2008, December). A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy on post-traumatic stress disorder car accident patients: A pilot study. Union College, Schenectady, N.Y.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is a novel therapy that has been effective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Few studies have explored the neurological underpinnings of EMDR effectiveness. Utilizing a symptom provocation study design, this study assessed non-PTSD car accident patients. These pilot participants were scanned for comparison to PTSD patients and to explore the task design effectiveness for the future study of PTSD patients. One pilot participant exhibited activation in the left precuneus, and left medial temporal gyrus, and also in the left medial frontal gyrus. In PTSD patients the medial prefrontal cortex is often hypoactive, and inversely correlated with a hyperactive amygdala. The robust activation of medial frontal gyrus in the pilot subject with a corresponding inactivation of the amygdala indicates the participant's normal processing of the car accident trauma tic memories, and that task design and study parameters are being effectively implemented.
Keywords: Automobile Accidents Car Accidents fMRI Pilot Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
151. Leeds, A. M. (2012, November). Guía de protocolos estándar de EMDR para terapeutas, supervisores y consultores [A guide to the standard EMDR protocols for clinicians, supervisors, and consultants]. Bilbao ESPAÑA: Desclée De Brouwer.
Language: Spanish
Format: Book
Abstract:
Aprender a utilizar el EMDR con seguridad y eficacia requiere la integración de una amplia gama de conocimientos y competencias. Esta guía quiere ser una orientación para las cuestiones clínicas, profesionales y de gestión de riesgos con las que los profesionales del EMDR se encuentran a diario.
Siguiendo el modelo de las ocho fases de la EMDR, el libro propone una guía clara y detallada para la utilización de los protocolos convencionales de EMDR para el tratamiento del trastorno de estrés postraumático, fobias y ataques de pánico. También se incluyen pautas para la formulación de casos, la planificación del tratamiento y para preparar a los pacientes para el reprocesamiento con EMDR. Además, la guía también contiene muestras de contratos para supervisión y formularios para documentar los resúmenes de los casos y los resultados de los tratamientos, así como:
- gráficos, formularios, ilustraciones, tablas y árboles de decisión para guiar la planificación del tratamiento y la documentación.
- estudios de casos con trascripciones que ilustran los distintos protocolos y pautas para tomar decisiones informadas.
- cuestiones éticas de aplicación clínica, consulta, supervisión e investigación.
Gracias a las pautas de tratamiento claras y concisas sobre el uso clínico del EMDR, este libro es un recurso de incalculable valor para terapeutas en activo, supervisores, consultores y directores clínicos.
Learning to use EMDR safely and effectively requires the integration of a wide range of knowledge and skills. This guide is intended as a guide for clinical, professional and risk management with which EMDR practitioners encounter daily.
Modeled after the eight phases of EMDR, the book offers a clear and detailed guide to the use of EMDR protocols for treating PTSD, phobias and panic attacks. Also included are guidelines for case formulation, treatment planning and to prepare patients for reprocessing with EMDR. The guide also contains samples for monitoring contracts and forms to document summaries of cases and treatment outcomes, as well as:
- Charts, forms, illustrations, tables and decision trees to guide treatment planning and documentation.
- Case studies with transcripts illustrating the different protocols and guidelines to make informed decisions.
- Ethical issues in clinical application, consultation, supervision and research.
With treatment guidelines clear and concise on the clinical use of EMDR, this book is an invaluable resource for practicing therapists, supervisors, consultants and clinical directors.
Keywords: Prtactice Protocols Theory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
152. Treadway, D. C. (2008, September). The heart of loving: A new model of couples therapy. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Dr. Treadway’s new model of organizing couples therapy helps the clients design their own treatment plan. This workshop will show how couples choose whether to work on making changes in the here and now, focus on healing from the wounds of their past, or work through their trauma history from their family
FRIDAY
of origin. Once couples choose whether to focus on the present or the past, this model then has a variety of additional choices for a couple to explore. Couples might decide to work on communications or behavior changes, problem solving or sexual intimacy. And since many of the couples’ issues stem from trauma in their respective childhoods or earlier in their relationship, Dr. Treadway will demonstrate how he explores the healing possibilities of utilizing EMDR adjunctively or independently. This workshop will particularly address ways couples can learn to be intimate and sexual, despite their inevitable tensions and trauma history. Participants will learn practical techniques and exercises for helping couples talk honestly about their sexual preferences and differences, be more playful with each other, and design their own solutions to sexual impasses. Dr. Treadway will also explore how couples can rekindle romance and bring spirituality into their erotic life together.
Keywords: Couples Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
153. van Beek, F. (2011). Het werkingsmechanisme van EMDR en het effect van associëren op negatieve herinneringen [The mechanism of action of EMDR and the effect of associating to negative memories]. .
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement and Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is een
effectieve behandeling voor PTSS. Twee belangrijke onderdelen van deze
behandeling zijn het maken van oogbewegingen en associaties tijdens het ophalen van
een negatieve herinnering. Uit eerder onderzoek blijkt dat het maken van
oogbewegingen de naarheid en de levendigheid van een stilstaand beeld van een
negatieve herinnering vermindert. De rol van het stimuleren van associëren tijdens de
behandeling is niet eerder onderzocht, terwijl dit wellicht ook tot een afname van de
naarheid en levendigheid kan leiden. Therapeuten merken op dat niet enkel de
naarheid en levendigheid van het beeld verandert. Andere aspecten lijken ook te
veranderen, zoals de scherpte van het beeld, de mate waarin het beeld dichtbij lijkt te
staan, het aantal details van het beeld en de mate waarin iemand het gevoel heeft
teruggebracht te worden naar het moment dat de gebeurtenis plaatsvond. Aan dit
onderzoek, met een gemengd binnen en tussen proefpersonen design, hebben 40
studenten deelgenomen. Elke deelnemer haalde twee negatieve herinneringen op. 20
deelnemers maakten oogbewegingen. Deze groep werd tijdens het ophalen van één
herinnering wel gestimuleerd om associaties te maken, en bij de andere herinnering
niet. De andere 20 deelnemers werden geen oogbewegingen aangeboden, zij fixeerden
hun blik op een wit vel papier. Ook bij deze groep werd tijdens het ophalen van één
herinnering wel geassocieerd, en bij de andere herinnering niet. Het effect van
oogbewegingen is in dit onderzoek niet teruggevonden. Wel is er een effect van
associëren gevonden. Het maken van associaties tijdens het herinneren van negatieve
herinneringen vermindert de naarheid en levendigheid van die herinneringen. Verder
blijkt uit dit onderzoek dat het beeld van een negatieve herinnering minder scherp
wordt, en dat de mate waarin iemand het gevoel heeft teruggebracht te worden naar
het moment dat de gebeurtenis plaatsvond vermindert. Deze veranderingen kunnen
echter niet verklaard worden door het gebruik van associaties of oogbewegingen.
De bevindingen van het onderzoek tonen een belangrijk effect aan van het
associëren tijdens de behandeling EMDR.
And Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for PTSD. Two important components of this treatment are making eye movements and associations during retrieval of a negative memory. Previous research shows that making eye movements to the nature and the vibrancy of a still image of a negative memory reduces. The role of stimulating associate during treatment has not been previously investigated, while this might also lead to a decrease in lead and liveliness. Therapists noted that not only the dreariness and vividness of the image changes. Other aspects also seem to change like the sharpness of the image, the extent to which the image appears to be close, the amount of detail of the image and the degree to which one feels to be reduced to the time the event occurred. In this study, with a mixed within and between subjects design, 40 students have participated. Each participant took two negative memories. 20 participants made eye movements. This group was while retrieving a memory is encouraged to make associations, and other non reminder. The other 20 participants were offered no eye movements, they fixated their gaze on a white sheet of paper. Also in this group, while retrieving a memory is associated, and not in the other memory. The effect of eye movements in this study found. However, there is an effect of associating found. Making associations during recall of negative memories reduce the dreariness and vividness of these memories. It also appears from this study that the image of a negative memory less sharp, and the degree to which one feels to be reduced to the time the event occurred decreases. These changes, however, can not be explained by the use of associations or eye movements. The findings of the study show a significant effect of associating during EMDR treatment.
Keywords: Mechanisms of Action Negative Memories
Accuracy Verified: Yes
154. Grey, E. (2009, August). Holistically stressed: A qualitative investigation of EMDR. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Atlanta, GA .
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
To the researcher’s knowledge, there is no phenomenological knowledge of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) with a sub-clinical stressed population. The vast majority of EMDR research has focused on traumatized and clinical populations, leaving a significant gap in what the non-traumatized or sub-clinically stressed participants’ experience. Sub-clinical stress includes any level of stress that does not meet the DSM-IV-TR’s criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or acute stress disorder (ASD). Additionally, a gap in the literature exists in giving a voice to the participants’ experience of EMDR treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the lived experiences of body sensations, emotions, beliefs, and imagery during EMDR treatment of participants with sub-clinical stress. Participants fit into either a young adult (18-35), adult (36-49), or older adult (50-60) maturity category and did not meet the criteria for PTSD or ASD. The sample consisted of 12 participants, from a large metropolitan area in the Northeastern United States. The participants chief complaints included economic stress, relationship stressor, and critical self-talk. The researcher employed a qualitative phenomenological design to gather data in order to answer the research question: what are the lived experiences of sub-clinically stressed participants’ body sensations, beliefs, emotions, and memory imagery during EMDR treatment? The data was collected using the EMDRIA approved research treatment protocol. The researcher included the floatback technique in every reprocessing session to complying with the tenet of the Adaptive Information Processing Model. After installing a safe-place and five reprocessing sessions, the researcher administered a final interview asking questions about what the participants’ experienced in their body, thoughts, emotions, and memory images. All reprocessing session were completed when the participant indicated a SUDs of ‘0’ and a VOC of ‘7’. The data collected during every reprocessing session and the final interviews were analyzed using constant comparative techniques and open coding; verified with member check techniques. The results identify five thematic holistic experiences common in all participants. The themes of responsibility, safety, choices, power, and value emerged from the data. The findings indicate a participants’ lived experience may expand the cognitive themes described in the Adaptive Information Processing Model. The themes of responsibility, safety, power, and value were targeted and reprocessed as disturbing memories. The participants experienced these themes as feeling overly responsible, unsafe, valueless, and/or powerless. The holistic manifestation of the themes of choices emerged as the outcome towards a more adaptive perspective of the disturbing targeted memories. The results of this study further indicate that it may be beneficial to address all four maladaptive themes in mind and body for effective sub-clinical stress resolution. The findings inform scholarly and clinical understanding of the Adaptive Information Processing Model concepts of responsibility, safety, and choices. The findings of this study preliminarily expand the previously unknown holistic manifestation of these themes in sub-clinical participants’ lived sensory experiences. These themes are now in need of additional research to verify and validate the findings of this study.
Keywords: Poster Sub-Clinical Stress
Accuracy Verified: Yes
155. Giamp, J. S. (2003). Honoring their voice: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing through the eyes of inmates with developmental disabilities. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN. AAT 3119790.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This study examined the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on inmates with developmental disabilities (DD) who were incarcerated in a special needs correctional facility in the southwestern United States. Cognitively, these inmates ranged from borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) to mild mental retardation (MMR), and all suffered from PTSD-like symptoms. A repeated measure pre- and postanalysis design with one sample group was utilized. The Emotional Problem Scales (EPS), Impact of Events Scales - 8 Items (IES-8), Validity of Cognition Scales (VOCS), and Subjective Units of Disturbance Scales (SUDS) were used to gather quantitative data on the 17 volunteer participants. Baseline and outcome data were collected by an independent assessor. The T-Test was incorporated to analyze the data and determine significance. Due to the small sample of convenience, the data were skewed, so the researcher also used the nonparametric Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Descriptive data on EMDR were collected and analyzed.As measured by the SUDS, IES-8, and VOCS, the statistical findings revealed self-reported reductions in levels of distress, avoidance, and intrusiveness of the traumatic memory, and an increase in self-esteem and the believability of positive cognitions about self and the event after the application of EMDR. However, the clinical scales from the Self-Report Inventory (SRI) of the EPS did not reveal any changes after the application of EMDR. Staff familiar with the study volunteers also reported a significant decrease in clinical pathology and an increase in prosocial behavior, as measured by the Behavior Rating Scale (BRS) of the EPS. Findings suggest that the utilization of EMDR with persons having developmental disabilities may have clinical utility. Thus, further research in this area is warranted. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 65(1-B), 2004, pp. 436.
Keywords: Americans Empirical Study Mentally Retarded Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prison Inmates PTSD Quantitative Study Self Esteem Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
156. Barrowcliff, A., Gray, N., MacCulloch, S., Freeman, T., & MacCulloch, M. (2003, September). Horizontal rhythmical eye movements consistently diminish the arousal provoked by auditory stimuli. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42(3). 289-302. doi:10.1348/01446650360703393.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Objectives: Theoretical models implicating the orienting reflex as an explanatory mechanism in the eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment protocol are contrasted and tested empirically. We also test whether EMDR effects are due to a distraction effect. Design: A repeated measure design is used in two experiments. The first experiment employed two independent variables, eye condition (moving vs. stationary) and tone (a pseudo-randomized series of low and high intensity tones). In Expt 2, eye condition was replaced by attentional demand conditions (low or high). In both cases, electrodermal responses served as the dependent variable. Method: Participants were recruited from the Psychology Department at Cardiff University. In Expt 1, participants were required to either pursue a moving stimulus following auditory challenge or engage in an eyes-stationary task. In Expt 2, the task following auditory challenge required participants to identify specific items from letter strings in low and high attentional demand conditions. Results: Lower levels of electrodermal arousal were identified in tasks eliciting eye movements, compared to no eye movements. This effect was not due to the attentional requirements of the task. Conclusions: Eye movements following auditory challenge result in an effect of psychophysiological de-arousal. This supports the reassurance reflex model of EMDR proposed by MacCulloch and Feldman (1996).
Keywords: Distraction Effect Empirical Study Orienting Reflex Quantitative Study
Accuracy Verified: Yes
157. McNally, R. J. (2001, August). How to end the EMDR controversy. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 7(2), 153-154.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Discusses how the controversy concerning eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR; F. Shapiro, 1995) can be resolved. It is proposed that EMDR advocates must document the efficacy of EMDR with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients and must replicate these findings at least once. It is suggested that EMDR theorists should provide a psychologically plausible explanation of the role of eye movements in enhancing the efficacy of exposure therapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Experimental Design Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
158. Leeds, A. M. (2009, August). How to use work samples and case documentation in remote EMDR consultation. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Atlanta, GA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This presentation will present practical strategies for Approved Consultants (AC) and applicants for EMDRIA Certification to use written work samples and case documentation to support remote EMDR consultation – via telephone or VOIP (This presentation will present practical strategies for Approved Consultants (AC) and applicants for EMDRIA Certification to use written work samples and case documentation to support remote EMDR consultation – via telephone or VOIP (Voice
Over Internet Protocol) services. By using written case summaries and near verbatim summaries of reprocessing sessions, ACs and consultees can achieve significant gains in understanding and fidelity in application of standard EMDR protocols and procedures.
Sample consultation agreements, written case materials and fidelity checklist will be provided to illustrate the use of written case summaries and near verbatim summaries of reprocessing sessions.
Keywords: Remote Consultation Voice Over Internet Protocol
Accuracy Verified: Yes
159. Lallerstedt, C. (2010). Hypnos som komplement till EMDR i behandling av posttraumatiskt stressyndrom [Hypnosis as an adjunct to EMDR in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder]. Orebro, Sweden: Mementum Nr 50, Rapportserie från Psykiatriskt forskningscentrum.
Language: Swedish
Format: Book
Abstract:
Posttraumatiskt stressyndrom (PTSD) innebär en ångestproblematik och en svårighet att
hantera affekter och stress på ett funktionellt sätt. Traumatiska minnen väcker starka känsloreaktioner
som kan vara översvallande och upplevas som förgörande för individen. Vissa
individer kan ha svårighet att hantera affekter pga. irrationella tankar och föreställningar
som stör förmågan att hantera stress, eller så har patienten aldrig utvecklat förmågan att
hantera intensiva affekter och som hindrar en bearbetning. I den här studien vill jag visa hur
hypnos och EMDR i kombination skulle kunna hjälpa klienter att hantera dessa reaktioner
där hypnos kan ha en stabiliserande effekt och EMDR en mer bearbetande effekt. Studien har
en kvalitativ undersökningsdesign och är upplagd som en fallstudie av tre patienter som
genomgick en psykoterapeutisk traumaterapi. Datainsamlingen gjordes genom deltagande
observation och efter varje avslutad session gjordes minnesanteckningar som sedan systematiserades
och analyserades. Behandlingsutfallet utvärderades med hjälp av Impact Event
Scale som visade en påtaglig minskning av traumasymtom. En slutsats av denna studie är att
det finns många fördelar med att använda hypnotiska tekniker för att skapa stabilitet i det
terapeutiska rummet vid behandling av posttraumatisk stress med EMDR.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety problems, and difficulty
manage emotions and stress in a functional way. Traumatic memories arouses strong emotions
which can be exuberant and experienced as devastating to the individual. Some
individuals may have difficulty dealing with emotions due. irrational thoughts and beliefs
that interferes with the ability to handle stress, or so the patient has never developed the ability to
manage intense emotions that prevent a machine. In this study, I show how
hypnosis and EMDR in combination could help clients to manage these reactions
where hypnosis can have a stabilizing effect and EMDR more processing power. The study has
a qualitative research design is conceived as a case study of three patients
underwent a psychotherapeutic trauma therapy. The data was collected by participating
observation and after completion of each session were made notes which are then systematized
and analyzed. Treatment outcome was evaluated using the Impact Event
Scale showed a significant reduction in trauma symptoms. One conclusion of this study is to
there are many advantages to using hypnotic techniques to create stability in the
therapeutic consideration in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder with EMDR.
Keywords: Hypnosis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
160. Lallerstedt, C. (2010). Hypnos som komplement till EMDR i behandling av posttraumatiskt stressyndrom: En deskriptiv studie, del 1 [Hypnosis as an adjunct to EMDR in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A descriptive study, part 1] . HypnosNytt, 3, 5-17.
Language: Swedish
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Posttraumatiskt stressyndrom (PTSD) innebär en ångestproblematik och en svårighet att
hantera affekter och stress på ett funktionellt sätt. Traumatiska minnen väcker starka känsloreaktioner
som kan vara översvallande och upplevas som förgörande för individen. Vissa
individer kan ha svårighet att hantera affekter pga. irrationella tankar och föreställningar
som stör förmågan att hantera stress, eller så har patienten aldrig utvecklat förmågan att
hantera intensiva affekter och som hindrar en bearbetning. I den här studien vill jag visa hur
hypnos och EMDR i kombination skulle kunna hjälpa klienter att hantera dessa reaktioner
där hypnos kan ha en stabiliserande effekt och EMDR en mer bearbetande effekt. Studien har
en kvalitativ undersökningsdesign och är upplagd som en fallstudie av tre patienter som
genomgick en psykoterapeutisk traumaterapi. Datainsamlingen gjordes genom deltagande
observation och efter varje avslutad session gjordes minnesanteckningar som sedan systematiserades
och analyserades. Behandlingsutfallet utvärderades med hjälp av Impact Event
Scale som visade en påtaglig minskning av traumasymtom. En slutsats av denna studie är att
det finns många fördelar med att använda hypnotiska tekniker för att skapa stabilitet i det
terapeutiska rummet vid behandling av posttraumatisk stress med EMDR.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety problems, and difficulty
manage emotions and stress in a functional way. Traumatic memories arouses strong emotions
which can be exuberant and experienced as devastating to the individual. Some
individuals may have difficulty dealing with emotions due. irrational thoughts and beliefs
that interferes with the ability to handle stress, or so the patient has never developed the ability to
manage intense emotions that prevent a machine. In this study, I show how
hypnosis and EMDR in combination could help clients to manage these reactions
where hypnosis can have a stabilizing effect and EMDR more processing power. The study has
a qualitative research design is conceived as a case study of three patients
underwent a psychotherapeutic trauma therapy. The data was collected by participating
observation and after completion of each session were made notes which are then systematized
and analyzed. Treatment outcome was evaluated using the Impact Event
Scale showed a significant reduction in trauma symptoms. One conclusion of this study is to
there are many advantages to using hypnotic techniques to create stability in the
therapeutic consideration in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder with EMDR.
Keywords: Hypnosis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
161. Goldfried, M. R. (1993, November). Implications of research for the practicing therapist: An unfulfilled promise?. Clinician’s Research Digest, 10, 1-3.
Language: English
Format: Magazine
Abstract:
Supplemental Bulletin; SB #10
There is an ongoing debate among
practicing therapists and psychotherapy
researchers about the potential contributions that research might have for clinical practice. lhis essential tension between research and practice - indeed between researcher and practitioner- is evidenced in several ways. Practicing therapists complain that psychotherapy research, because of the methodological constraints associated with the research design, tends to oversimpIify and is not
directly relevant to clinical practice. On the other hand, therapy researchers lament the neglect of the research literature by practicing therapists.
Keywords: Research
Accuracy Verified: Yes
162. Baldwin, D. (1997). Innovation, controversy, and consensus in traumatology. Traumatology, 3(1), 7-22. doi:10.1177/153476569700300103 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Controversy follows innovation and threats to the status quo in many social domains, including the sciences. This article briefly summarizes information from the philosophy of science and data from studies of conflict in diverse fields. It then introduces two independent contemporary controversies in traumatology -- a new clinical method called EMDR and the Final Report of the APA Working Group on memories of childhood abuse -- and considers them within a broader context of the historical rift between psychological research and practice. The aim is to step outside the frame of specific conflicts and identify differences in philosophical orientation and values that contribute to communication difficulties and associated conflict between partisans. Approaches are offered toward building consensus within the field. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Child Abuse Commentary False Memory Rape Scientific Research Survivors
Accuracy Verified: Yes
163. Marcus, S. (2006, September). Integrated EMDR headache treatment. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Forty-three individuals diagnosed with classic or
common migraine were randomly assigned to
either Integrated EMDR treatment or a medication
treatment. lntegrated EMDR combines
diaphragmatic breathing, cranial compression and
EMDR for abortive migraine treatment. Various
abortive medications were used in the comparison
group including Demerol, DHE, oral triptans,
Excedrin, Florinal, Percoset, Toradol and Vicodin.
Participants were treated during mid to late stage
acute migraine and assessed by an Independent
evaluator at pretreatment, post treatment, 24
hours, 48 hours and 7 days for migraine pain level. Both medication and Integrated EMDR treatment
groups demonstrated reduced migraine pain levels
at post treatment, 24 hours, 48 hours and 7 days.
Howevei lntegrated EMDR treatment showed
significantly greater improvement compared to
medication at post treatment. Also, lntegrated
EMDR reduced or eliminated migraine pain level
with greater rapdity than medications. This study
introduces lntegrated EMDR as a new abortive
behavioral treatment for acute migraine episodes.
Keywords: Headache
Accuracy Verified: Yes
164. Glang, C., & Penner, C. (1996, June). Integrating EMDR with marital and family systems therapy. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This presentation reflects our thoughts and clinical experiences regarding ways that EMDR can
broaden the therapeutic interplay between individual and systemic issues. We will discuss
iwmerous areas of consideration, along with case examples. A list of questions will be handed out,
which can help to guide therapists' thinking. We will also suggest ways to design cognitive
interweaves with a systemic focus.
Keywords: Family Therapy Marital Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
165. Wheeler, K. (2009, August). Integrating outcome measurement and EMDR research into your practice. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Atlanta, GA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Outcome measurement in practice is critically important in determining the ‘value’ of EMDR to clients, insurers, policymakers, the general public and ourselves. This presentation will provide the EMDR clinician with guidelines about the what, who, when and how to incorporate outcome measurement into one’s own practice using a time-series case study design. Comparing the client’s own scores at different points in time to themselves is considered a bona fide research design that makes an empirically valid case study worthy of publication. Resources and opportunities available to the budding EMDR researcher are examined.
Keywords: Outcome Measurement
Accuracy Verified: Yes
166. Lyhus, K. E. (2003, April). Integration of EMDR with other therapeutic approaches: A survey investigation. Catholic University of America, Washington, DC. AAT 3067496.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
The present study examined assimilative integration, i.e., when techniques from various therapeutic approaches are imported into a single, consistent theoretical framework. Specifically, the aim of this study was to investigate how Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), a manualized therapeutic approach originally developed as a treatment for traumatic memories, is incorporated into clinical practice. In assimilative integration, elements of the EMDR protocol would be expected to be conceptualized and possibly modified in ways that are consistent with the therapist's theoretical framework. A survey design, using web-based questionnaires, was implemented to gather information from therapists who use EMDR. Therapists responded to a broad range of questions regarding their theoretical orientation, involvement in EMDR organizations, and practice of EMDR. A large sample (N = 532) was obtained, and results demonstrated that most therapists integrated EMDR with other therapeutic methods. Further, there was some evidence that therapists were practicing assimilative integration. Specifically, therapists typically added methods consistent with their primary theoretical orientation and conceptualized the effective elements of EMDR as those that were most consistent with their orientation. Most therapists reported using most of the elements of the EMDR protocol, perhaps reflecting the high level of interest in EMDR among therapists in the sample. However, there were some differences related to therapists' level of commitment to EMDR. For example, members of the EMDR International Association used more elements of the protocol and were more likely to report that they did not combine other methods with EMDR when compared to nonmembers. The diagnosis of the client was also an important factor in how EMDR was integrated into treatment. For example, therapists treating clients with PTSD were more likely to report on their use of EMDR as the primary therapeutic approach and to integrate cognitive/behavioral methods than were those treating clients with other disorders. This study was among the first to examine the process of assimilative integration. The findings show that psychotherapy integration varies by therapists' base theoretical orientation, client factors, and therapists' commitment to the treatment method being integrated. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 63(10-B), Apr 2003, pp. 4912.
Keywords: Assimulative Integration Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Traumatic Memories
Accuracy Verified: Yes
167. Lohr, J., Tolin, D., & Kleinknecht, R. (1996, January). An intensive design investigation of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing of claustrophobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10(1), 73-88. doi:10.1016/0887-6185(95)00036-4.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Two claustrophobic subjects were treated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), a new treatment for induced anxiety disorders. Both subjects were interviewed to construct detailed images of fear-related events before treatment. The treatment followed a within-series phase-change design to examine the effects of eye movement added to the general treatment protocol. Both subjects' verbal reports of fear changed substantially when eye movements were added to the general treatment protocol. It was concluded that the addition of eye movement was necessary to reduce the aversiveness of some phobic imagery. No change in heart rate was observed for either subject. These results are discussed within the framework of the growing number of EMDR outcome studies (ScienceDirect).
Keywords: Claustrophia
Accuracy Verified: Yes
168. Scagliotti, J. (2011). Interoceptive exposure therapy for combat veterans: A group treatment approach. University of Hartford, Hartford, CT.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This paper explores the application of interoceptive exposure (IE) therapy to treat the arousal and avoidant symptoms in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The historical background of PTSD and the functional impact of the disorder in veterans from Vietnam and Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom are discussed in the first chapter. Literature on romantic and family relationship impairment, employment challenges, decreased physical health and overall quality of life, and increased mental health issues in veterans of combat are presented. Following the introductory chapter is a brief description of the history of treatment for combat trauma and a detailed review of the most common treatments for PTSD in their application to the veteran population. Research on psychophysiological approaches to treatment, pharmacotherapy, and EMDR is discussed. The extensive literature on cognitive behavioral treatment approaches for combat trauma is reviewed. As noted, exposure therapy appears to be the treatment approach with the most scientific support. A relatively new form of exposure therapy known as IE, as well as the small but promising body of research on the potential to augment conventional long-term exposure therapy with IE, are also addressed here. A new treatment protocol proposed here is built upon the foundation of empirical support for cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD. It is intended to incorporate trauma-informed best practices and exposure therapy tenets through the implementation of group based IE for individuals with combat-related PTSD. Outlines of the following two sections will provide detailed descriptions of the group design and the specific treatment modules, the first of which addresses therapeutic rationale and group composition, and the second lists the specific twelve treatment modules.
Keywords: Combat Veterans Interoceptive Exposure Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
169. Blore, D. C. (2011, September). An interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) investigation of positive psychological change (PPC), including post traumatic growth (PTG). School of Health and Population Sciences, The University of Birmingham, UK.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Positive Psychological Change (PPC) following trauma is a developing field for which
there is no standard terminology. The plethora of labels, of which Post Traumatic
Growth (PTG) is probably the most common descriptor, arguably masks a significant
gap in clinical and theoretical understanding of the phenomenon. One specific gap
addressed by this study is PPC following psychological trauma stemming from a
Road Traffic Accident (RTA) in which the person involved has subsequently received
Eye Movement Desensitisation & Reprocessing (EMDR). To investigate this gap in knowledge, an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
(IPA) approach was used and twelve participants recruited via a snowball sampling
method. The participants were then interviewed using a Semi-structured Interview
Questionnaire (SSIQ) and the interviews were then transcribed for IPA analysis. Key
themes that emerged included Navigational Struggle (NS) to describe Negative
Psychological Change (NPC), and Network Growth (NG), to describe PPC. At any
one post-RTA/EMDR point there was a preponderance of one over the other,
however, NS and NG were inseparable and found to co-exist along an NS-NG
continuum. In addition, Figurative Language Use (FLU) had a significant role in both
NS and NG yet was independent of both and apparently driving change towards the
development of NG. Whilst NS and NG were both post-trauma phenomena, FLU
seemed to hallmark expansion of memory networks as part of a general maturation
process post-RTA. Furthermore, there was evidence that participants were
incorporating their traumatic experiences via FLU into the rebuilding of their
assumptive worlds.
To account for these findings, an extension to Adaptive Information Processing (AIP)
– the theory widely accepted to underpin EMDR - is proposed based upon a
hypothesised Plasticity of Meaning (PoM), which is observable through FLU. PoM
predicts which, why and how memory networks connect resulting in the adaptive
processing predicted by AIP. The study’s findings are re-examined in terms of
consequential modifications to the clinical use of EMDR. Extensive suggestions for
further research are provided.
Keywords: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis IPA PPC Positive Psychological Change
Accuracy Verified: Yes
170. Munaro, D., Anchisi, R., Bossa, R., & Guzzi, R. (2001, October). Is orienting reflex in EMDR successful?. In International CIANS Conference (CIANS: Collegium Internationale Activitatis Nervosae Superioris; International Association for Integrative Nervous Functions, Neurobiology of behaviour and Psychosomatics, (pp 149-158) Palermo, Italy.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
We tried to “dissect” the EMDR method in the component desensitization through rapid eye movement (EMD), that is also the original part, to explain the neurophysiological functioning, Charney et al, say that a lot of persistent symptoms of PTSD are caused by an elevate arousal of NVS, particularly due to the increase of norepinephrine. Others hypothesize, again, that EMDR method is rapid because it is based on Classic Conditioning. Pavlov found that every stimulus of environment causes to the organism (animal or human) an immediate orienting response due to the arousal of the Autonomic Nervous System. In this situation the animal begins to look around moving its eyes laterality (as it happens during ocular movements of EMD); if it perceives a danger in the environment it stimulates a visceral negative response (hyperactivation that means fear) that leads an an avoidance behaviour (stiffening) and/or fighting. In other cases it causes a visceral positive response (de-arousal process that means reassurance) that leads to an approach behaviour through interaction or exploration.
The EMD should produce an orienting reflex in the patient in a protective sitaution like a psychotherapeutic setting; that means an important reduction of neuro-vegetative nervous system activity (dearousal) and some visceral positive response. We propose an experimental design with a single subject (ABACADA) by interruption treatment and by monitoring Neurophysiological functions through biofeedback instruments to test this neurophyiological hypothesis.
Keywords: Orienting Reflex
Accuracy Verified: Yes
171. Ziveri, D. (2002). L'efficacia dell‘EMDR nella psicoterapia del PTSD e dei ricordi traumatici: Valutazione delle risposte del potenziale elettrodermico (SPR) attraverso il biofeedback [The effectiveness of EMDR psychotherapy on PTSD and traumatic memories: Assessing the potential electrodermal responses (SPR) through biofeedback]. WWW.Psicotraumatologia.com, Pubblicazioni in linguia italiana..
Language: Italian
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Nel XXI secolo per la prima volta l'uomo avrà il potere di plasmare la Terra che desidera, costruire edifici alti come montagne e navi capaci di portarlo nello spazio, mettere insieme macchine intelligenti, sconfiggere molte malattie e cambiare se stesso intervenendo sui geni. A queste visioni ottimistiche (rassicuranti?) del futuro risponde la realtà del nuovo millennio: situazione ecologica planetaria prossima al collasso, panico ad occidente e disperazione a Sud. Vi sono circa 50 guerre in atto nel mondo con milioni di morti quasi tutti civili e colonne di profughi in fuga, nuovi pericoli terroristici e rilancio delle armi atomiche e dell'industria bellica. Ci sembra che tutto questo accada altrove, al di là di uno schermo televisivo; ma se oggi anche i problemi sono globalizzati allora allarmi ed appelli alla giustizia, alla pace ed alla solidarietà sono rivolti ad ogni coscienza. Particolarmente attente dovrebbero essere le menti di politici e scienziati di ogni parte del mondo. Particolarmente sensibili alle tematiche in questione dovrebbero essere le professioni d'aiuto. Dobbiamo chiederci cosa succeda alle vittime del potere di pochi.
“E poi so bene: tutto ciò che si affonda in noi, come un mucchio di pietrame, finché dura la guerra, si ridesterà un giorno a guerra finita, e allora comincerà la resa dei conti, per la vita e per la morte.” (Niente di nuovo sul fronte occidentale, Erich Maria Remarque, 1929).
Nella tradizione rileviamo un'attenzione quasi esclusiva per l’organismo e per le lesioni fisiche dell'uomo colpito dalla violenza. Il passo in avanti 6
consiste nel superare l'attenzione esclusiva al corpo per occuparsi anche delle ferite psichiche, altrettanto gravi e profonde di quelle fisiche.
Se il termine psicologia significa nella sua origine greca "discorso sull'anima" ad indicare la ricerca della conoscenza del comportamento e dell'animo umano, esso indica oggi una disciplina sempre più attenta al suo essere scientifica. Tuttavia non dobbiamo disgiungere la scientificità della ricerca dall'utilità dell'intervento clinico, fine ultimo della professione.
Il lavoro che vado presentando nasce da una riflessione sulla capacità della psicologia di fornire risposte concrete a situazioni complesse ed altrimenti difficili per ogni uomo. Ogni violenza, dai lontani scenari di guerra a quelli domestici di abuso, è un'immane tragedia: la ricerca sul disturbo post-traumatico da stress (PTSD) e gli interessanti e promettenti risultati di tecniche terapeutiche come l'Eyes Movements Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) meritano perciò molta attenzione.
Si ricordi che nel 1987 il primo studio della dott.sa Francine Shapiro, scopritrice di tale metodo, aiutò proprio una vittima della guerra del Vietnam. Questo caso oltre a gettare le basi per le successive ricerche controllate su tale terapia innovativa e a permetterne lo sviluppo, lasciò intravedere una speranza per le molte vittime dei conflitti armati e della violenza.
L’EMDR si presenta come una buona risposta rapida ed efficace, la più efficace secondo alcune valutazioni meta-analitiche, all’insorgenza del PTSD per la risoluzione di eventi non elaborati. Non stiamo parlando di una panacea indistinta per tutti i casi in ogni condizione. Tuttavia le sue caratteristiche di brevità (in circostanze favorevoli), di buoni risultati, di integrazione tra diversi approcci ed il carattere non invasivo, ne fanno un candidato ideale come strumento d’elezione per il PTSD.
7
Dato quindi l’alto potenziale presentato dalla metodica in ambito clinico, la ricerca si pone come assolutamente necessaria e le prove sperimentali come essenziali.
Queste alfine sono le considerazioni da cui muove l’intero percorso sperimentale qui esposto.
Vorrei testimoniare con questo lavoro l’affetto verso i miei genitori. Ringrazio l’equipe che sta conducendo questa ricerca: il relatore prof. Roberto Anchisi, il correlatore prof. Roberto Guzzi, il correlatore dott. Michele Giannantonio e l’Associazione Emdr per l’Italia, specialmente la dott.sa Isabel Fernandez, nonché i valutatori indipendenti.
Ringrazio di cuore tutte le persone a me vicine che mi hanno aiutato, Diego per la correzione delle bozze, il dott. Davide Gerevini perché è un amico e per il suo paziente aiuto.
Non dimenticherò mai Capitan Max, l'imprevedibile Davide e Valentina, le persone più speciali che abbia incontrato durante questo corso di laurea.
In the twenty first century man has the power to shape the earth he wants to build tall buildings like mountains and ships able to carry it into space, putting together intelligent machines, overcome many diseases and change himself by acting on genes. These optimistic views (reassuring?) Of the future meets the reality of the new millennium: global ecological situation close to collapse, panic and despair in the south west there are about 50 wars taking place in the world with millions of dead civilians and almost all columns of refugees fleeing new dangers of terrorism and revival of atomic weapons and war industry. It seems that this happens elsewhere, beyond the television screen, but if the problems today are globalized, then alarms and calls for justice, peace and solidarity are addressed to all consciousness. Should be particularly attentive minds of politicians and scientists all over the world. Particularly sensitive to these themes should be the helping professions. We must ask ourselves what happens to victims of the power of a few. "And then I know: all that sinks in us, like a pile of stones, as long the war lasts, you awaken one day after the war, and then begin the reckoning for the life and death." (All Quiet on the Western Front, Erich Maria Remarque, 1929). In tradition we find an almost exclusive to the body and the human suffering personal injury from violence. The sixth step is to overcome the exclusive attention to the body to deal also with psychic wounds, serious and profound as those of individuals. If the word psychology in its Greek origin means "soul talk" to indicate the search for knowledge of the behavior and the human soul, it now shows a discipline increasingly attentive to its being scientific. But we must not separate the scientific research of clinical utility of the intervention, the ultimate goal of the profession. The work that I presented comes from a reflection on the ability of psychology to provide practical answers to complex situations and otherwise difficult for everyone. All violence, far from war scenarios to domestic abuse, is a great tragedy: the research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the interesting and promising results of therapeutic techniques such as desensitization and reprocessing Eyes Movements ( EMDR) deserve so much attention. Remember that in 1987 the first study of dott.sa Francine Shapiro, discoverer of that method, he helped his victim of the Vietnam War. This case as well as lay the groundwork for subsequent research on that check and allow the development of innovative therapy, suggests a hope for many victims of armed conflicts and violence. EMDR is as good a rapid and effective response, the most effective according to some meta-analytic assessments, the occurrence of PTSD for the resolution of events not processed. We're not talking about a vague panacea for all cases in all conditions. However, the characteristics of brevity (under favorable circumstances), good results of integration between different non-invasive approaches and make it an ideal candidate as a tool of choice for PTSD. 7 Since then the high potential of the method presented in the clinical setting, the research is absolutely necessary and the tests as essential. These are the considerations which finally moves the entire experimental process outlined here. I would witness this job affection to my parents. I thank the team that is conducting this research: the advisor prof. Roberto Anchises, the co-professor. Roberto Guzzi, the co-Dr. Michael Giannantonio EMDR and the Association for Italy, especially dott.sa Isabel Fernandez, as well as independent evaluators. I warmly thank all the people close to me who helped me, Diego for proofreading, Dr. David Gerevini because he is a friend and for his patient help. I will never forget Captain Max, David and Valentina unpredictable, the most special people I have met during this course.
Keywords: Biofeedback Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD SPR Treatment Efficacy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
172. Binatti, C., & Sterpone, R. (2000, Novembre). L'EMDR nell'ambulatorio per l'enuresi di un ospedale infantile [EMDR outpatient department for enuresis in children's hospital]. Presentazione le Applicazioni Cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.
Language: Italian
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Da diverso tempo il Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche in Età Pediatrica e la S.O.S. di Psicologia dell’Ospedale Infantile dell’Azienda Ospedaliera Nazionale di Alessandria “Santi Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo” collaborano nel trattamento dell’enuresi in età evolutiva, mediante associazione di intervento medico/farmacologico e di psicoterapia ad orientamento cognitivo-comportamentale.
La decisione di costruire e progettare uno spazio comune in questo ambito è stata presa dopo alcune considerazioni nate dall’esperienza nel trattamento di questo disturbo: da anni l’ambulatorio di Urologia si occupa della diagnostica e della terapia dell’incontinenza, come da molto tempo si osservano innumerevoli casi di bambini con enuresi, che richiedono un sostegno presso il Servizio di Psicologia.
In questo tipo di intervento è stato inserito anche l’EMDR al fine di favorire la riprocessazione delle esperienze dolorose legate al problema.
For some time the Department of Surgical Sciences in children and SOS Children's Hospital of Psychology of the Hospital of Alexandria National Saints Biagio and Anthony and Caesar Henry "collaborate in the treatment dell'enuresi in childhood, through association of medical / pharmacological and cognitive-behavioral approach to psychotherapy.
The decision to design and build a common space in this area was made after some considerations arising from the experience in treating this disorder: years of surgery Urology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of incontinence, as long observed countless cases of children with enuresis, which require support from the Psychology Service.
In this type of intervention is also included in EMDR to facilitate the reprocessing of painful experiences related to the problem.
Accuracy Verified: Yes
173. Selvini, M. (2011, Settember). L'Impatto delle terapie del trauma e dell'EMDR sul modello sistemico familiare-individuale [The impact of EMDR treatment of trauma and the family systems model-independent]. Presentazione al Congresso EMDR Nazionale "Trauma e relazione,” Roma, Italia.
Language: Italian
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Uno dei limiti di fondo del modello sistemico classico (si veda La pragmatica della comunicazione di Watzlawick, 1967, o Paradosso e contro paradosso, 1975, fino agli epigoni post-moderni) è dato dal semi-annullamento della dimensione individuale (la famosa scatola nera), tra cui come ovvia conseguenza quella dell’elaborazione del trauma. Il movimento EMDR impatta così utilmente sui terapeuti sistemici nell’aiutarli a riscoprire/approfondire/integrare i temi dell’elaborazione/difesa della sofferenza e dei diversi tipi di personalità/funzionamento.
Le mie scuole da qualche anno stanno formando all’EMDR tutti i docenti e tutti gli allievi del quarto anno: perché solo circa un terzo dei formati al primo livello utilizza poi effettivamente questa tecnica? Lo stiamo studiando con incontri a piccolo gruppo subito dopo i tre giorni del primo livello, appare infatti chiaro che chi non utilizza subito la tecnica non lo farà più.
One of the limitations of the underlying classical system model (see The pragmatics of communication of Watzlawick, 1967, or Paradox and counter paradox, 1975, until the post-modern successors) is given by the semi-annulment of the individual dimension (the famous black box ), including the drawing as an obvious consequence of trauma. The movement thus usefully EMDR impacts on systemic therapists in helping them to discover / learn / integrate the development issues / defense of the suffering and the different personality types / functions.
My schools a few years being trained EMDR all teachers and all pupils in the fourth year, because only about one third of the formats on the first level then actually uses this technique? We're studying with small group meetings in the three days immediately after the first level, it seems clear that those not using the technique just will not do it anymore.
Keywords: Family Systems
Accuracy Verified: Yes
174. Gauvreau, P. (2007). La methode eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) comme traitement du trouble d'anxiete generalisee [The method and eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) as treatment of generalized anxiety disorder] [Second article:] Preliminary evidence for the efficacy of EMDR in treating generalized anxiety disorder.. Universite de Sherbrooke, Canada, 115 pages. AAT NR37973.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This doctoral dissertation in clinical psychology sought to investigate the potential efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in treating generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). It consists of two articles. The first article, written in French, presents a recent review of the literature on the efficacy of EMDR in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Having focused on recent experimental designs and meta-analyses, this review indicates that (1) EMDR's efficacy is superior to the absence of treatment or than non-specific treatments; (2) EMDR and cognitive-behavioral approaches are equally efficacious in treating PTSD; and (3) that the effects of EMDR are maintained over time. A brief discussion on the possible distinctions between EMDR and exposure therapies is presented, as well as hypotheses concerning the possible role of eye movements.
The second article constituting this doctoral dissertation focuses on and presents the results following this initial investigation of EMDR's potential efficacy in treating GAD. A single-case design with multiple baselines across participants was used for this research. It sought to investigate to effects of 15 EMDR sessions for four participants. Results indicate that by targeting past experiential contributors, current and future triggers of excessive worry with EMDR, there was a statistically significant decrease in levels of excessive worry and its accompanying anxiety, as indicated by Time-series analyses. As well, various self-report and clinician administered measures show that at both post-treatment and at follow-up all four participants no longer presented a diagnosis of GAD.
First article is in French, Second article is in English
Keywords: GAD Generalized Anxiety Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
175. Rogers, S. (2002, June). Latest findings in EMDR process research and component analyses. In L. Beutler, Discussant, EMDR research and its future: Ecological validity, process research, outcome findings, and socio-political context (Panel Discussion, June 24) (SPR) Society for Psychotherapy Research, International Conference, Santa Barbara, CA .
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
EMDR has gained recognition as an effective PTSD treatment, with effects comparable to prolonged exposure or combinations of exposure with cognitive restructuring. Attempts to dismantle EMDR have led some reviewers to conclude that the eye movements are an inert treatment component and that EMDR is simply a form of exposure therapy. However, several studies have shown that eye movements are associated with decreased subjective distress during treatment sessions, decreased vividness and emotionality of mental imagery, decreased physiological arousal and enhanced episodic memory. These findings have implications for clinicians who are interested in ‘ease of useEas well as treatment outcome. They also have implications for the habituation/extinction model of anxiety reduction. Limitations of the group design approach to the dismantling of psychotherapies will be discussed, along with the results of two recently completed studies.
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behaviorial Therapy Component Analysis Process Research
Accuracy Verified: Yes
176. Dunn, T. M., Schwartz, M., Hatfield, R. W., & Wiegele, M. (1996, September). Measuring effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in non-clinical anxiety: A multi-subject, yoked-control design. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27(3), 231-239. doi:10.1016/S0005-7916(96)00034-1.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
28 subjects from a university's subject pool were paired on sex, age, severity, and type of stressful or traumatic incident. 1 subject in each pair was selected to receive EMDR; the experimental partner spent the same amount of time receiving a visual (non-movement) placebo. Subjective units of discomfort (SUD) scores and physiological measurements were taken prior to and following treatment. Analysis of physiological measurements and self-reported levels of stress were performed within and between each group. While the EMDR group showed significant reductions of stress, EMDR was no better than a placebo. This suggests EMDR's specific intervention involving eye movement may not be a necessary component of the treatment protocol. [Author Summary]
Keywords: Americans Arousal College Students Effects Empirical Study Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Young Adults
Accuracy Verified: Yes
177. Chang, S. H. (2005). Mechanism of EM in EMDR: Change strength of semantic associations. Presentation at the American Psychological Association Annual Convention, Washington, DC.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Research background & objectives: Based on REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, this study examined possible therapeutic mechanisms of eye
movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989,
1995, 2001). Stickgold (2002) proposed that sleep induced change in associative memory
via activation of weak association during REM state and EMs functioned as REM sleep to
integrate the episodic memory of trauma into general semantic memory. Specifically, the
effect of EM in relation to order of relatedness of associations on change of strength of
semantic associations for negative words after saccadic bilateral eye movements was
examined in the present study.
Methods: Sixty-four college students were recruited as participants. Via semantic
priming task, a 2 (eye movement condition: horizontal saccadic eye movements vs. no
eye movements) × 3 (strength of semantic association: strong priming vs. weak priming
vs. unrelated priming) × 2 (block order of presentation: related prime first vs. unrelated
prime first) mixed factorial design was performed, with strength of semantic association
serving as within Ss factor and the other two variables serving as between Ss factors. The
primes consisted of negative word stimuli. Each trials consisted of an 8 seconds saccadic
horizontal eye movement manipulation (200 ms per movement in EM condition),
followed by 500-msec fixation point and then prime displayed for 32msec, which was
followed immediately by the target. The participant was instructed to read the target as
soon as possible and the reaction time was recorded by the compuer. While absolute
primeability index for strong (or weak) association was calculated as (RT
related – RT unrelated) for strong primes or weak primes, respectively, relative primeability index was calculated as (RT related – RT unrelated)/RT
unrelated. The dependent variables were correct (%), error (%), and primeability index for each of strong prime and weak prime. Change of primeability
of weak associations for negative stimuli as opposed to that of strong ones under different
EM conditions and different block order was compared.
Results: For absolute primeability index, the 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order) × 2 (strength
of priming) ANOVA showed that only the interaction effect of EM × strength of semantic
association was approaching significance, indicating that weak priming significantly
exceeded strong priming after EM (F (1, 56)
= 18.01, p < .001; partial ω 2= .210), while the
opposite was true after non-EM (F (1, 56)
= 25.86, p < .0001; partial ω 2 = .280). Further, for weak prime, the priming effect was stronger after EM than after non-EM (F
(1, 56) = 74.62,
p < .0001; partial ω 2 = .535). For relative primeability index, it also revealed that only the interaction effect of EM × strength of semantic association was significant (F (1, 56) = 6.09, p < .02; partial ω 2 = .074), and tests of simple main effects showed similar patterns as those of absolute primeability index. Conclusions: 8s EMs was associated with change of strength of semantic associations.
While EM didn’t weaken the primeability for the strong association, EM did enhance the
primeability for weak associations. Further, weak priming significantly exceeded strong
priming after EM, while the opposite was true after non-EM. The results echoed
REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, suggesting that EM in EMDR might
reflect a shift in associative memory systems by activating different strength of
associations of negative semantic nodes for different semantically related words. Given
that order of relatedness didn’t play a role and previous research showed that EM resulted
in decreased vividness and emotionality and generated greater amount of associations for
negative stimuli as well, the implications of the present results from theoretical and
psychotherapy point of views and future research possibilities are discussed.
Keywords: EMDR REM REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Saccadic Eye movement Semantic Association
Accuracy Verified: Yes
178. Usita, A. L. (2012, April). Mental health providers' perspectives on youth trauma services: Usual care and evidence-based practices. University of Hawaii at Hilo. 1511570.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Keywords: EBP Evidence-based practices
Accuracy Verified: Yes
179. Alto, C. (2001, November). Meta-analysis of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing efficacy studies in the treatment of PTSD. Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ. AAT 3015591.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new psychological therapy used in the treatment of PTSD and other disorders. EMDR is unique in that it combines sets of therapist-administered eye movements in conjunction with protocol-driven cognitive and affective processing related to past trauma. EMDR has become a controversial technique for reasons including a lack of explanation for why it works and stunning claims made for its efficacy in the literature. Despite a large amount of research over the past decade, EMDR has not before been studied meta-analytically in its own right.The present investigation used meta-analysis to examine the collection of EMDR PTSD studies available in the literature. The literature search resulted in a total of 21 studies, which met inclusion criteria. These primary studies in turn resulted in a collection of 118 effect sizes included in the analysis. Two separate analyses were conducted dependent on whether EMDR was compared to a no treatment control group or an alternative treatment control group. In addition to an overall estimate of the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD represented through an effect size, five sub-hypotheses were investigated. First, it was hypothesized that RMDR would be more efficacious with a non-combat population than with combat-related PTSD. The second sub-hypothesis was that there would be significantly larger treatment effects associated with verbal report measures than with physiological outcome measures used in EMDR PTSD studies. Third, it was hypothesized that earlier EMDR studies would show larger treatment effects than more recent EMDR studies. The fourth sub-hypothesis concerned treatment dosage. It was hypothesized that there would not be significant differences based on the number of treatment sessions administered. Finally, it was hypothesized that the bilateral stimulation component of EMDR therapy would not contribute significantly to treatment effects. The analysis consisted of generating effect sizes in the form of standardized difference scores on the various outcome measures. Effect sizes were then grouped according to independent variable categories and averaged together. Before testing for between-group differences, homogeneity testing was completed. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 62(5-B), Nov 2001, pp. 2474.
Keywords: Empirical Study Meta Analysis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
180. Glans, E., & Dahlberg, U. O. (2004). Minne efter påverkan, Bilateral stimulering och dess effekt på episodiskt minne [Memory after impact: Bilateral stimulation and its effect on episodic memory]. Umeå Universiter, Institutionen för psykologi Psykologprogrammet.
Language: Swedish
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Ett kognitivt minnesexperiment med mellangruppsdesign genomfördes i syfte att undersöka
auditiv bilateral stimulerings inverkan på episodiskt minne. Bakgrunden till
studien var att många kliniska iakttagelser gjorts i den psykoterapeutiska behandlingsmetoden
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, (EMDR) angående
den bilaterala stimuleringens effekt på minnesprocesser. Frågeställningen var: Har
auditiv bilateral stimulering någon positiv effekt på det episodiska minnet? Ett randomiserat
urval bestående av 110 universitetsstuderande försökspersoner (55 kvinnor
och 55 män), jämnt fördelade över fem grupper, i åldrarna 19-46 år, deltog. Auditivt
stimulus gavs i fyra av grupperna. Den beroende variabeln var episodiskt minnesprestation
och mättes med hjälp av meningstest och ordtest. Någon generell effekt av
bilateral stimulering på episodiskt minne kunde inte påvisas. Bilateralt stimuli vid
inlärning visade dock på signifikanta resultat avseende minnesprestation i förhållande
till de två grupper som erhöll bilateralt stimuli vid återgivning. Signifikans erhölls
även avseende prestation i förhållande till försökspersonernas upplevelse av stimulus.
Resultaten diskuterades utifrån försökspersonernas upplevelse av stimulus samt inflytande
av arousal. Avsaknad av emotionella komponenter, som i förlängningen bidragit
till skillnader i minnesprocessande, antogs vara huvudsaklig förklaring till utebliven
positiv effekt av bilateral stimulering.
A cognitive memory experiment with between group design was conducted to investigate the
auditory bilateral stimulation effect on the episode of animal memory. The background to
study was that many clinical observations made in the psychotherapeutic treatment
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) regarding
bilateral stimulation effect on memory processes. The issue was: Did
auditory bilateral stimulation a positive effect on the episodic memory? A randomized
sample of 110 university student volunteers (55 women
and 55 males), evenly distributed over five groups, aged 19-46 years, participated. Audi TIVE
stimulus was given in four groups. The dependent variable was episode-Semitic memory performance
and measured with the help of meaningful test and ordtest. A general effect of
bilateral stimulation of episode animal memory could not be demonstrated. Bilateral stimuli at
learning, however, showed the significant results relating to memory performance in relation
to the two groups who received bilateral stimulation at reproducing. Significance was obtained
including performance in relation to the trial subject's experience of stimulus.
The results are discussed from the trial subject's experience of stimulus and the influence
of arousal. Lack of emotional components, which ultimately contributed
to differences in memory processing, was adopted as the primary explanation for non -
positive effect of bilateral stimulation.
Keywords: Auditory Bilateral Stimulation BLS Episodic Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
181. Mulhall, D. (2008, June). MOPTS III: A technique for measuring PTSD. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England UK.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
A technique is presented that measures the severity of PTSD as a result of a traumatic event. The technique is
exclusively based on the symptoms of PTSD as defined by DSM IV. The level of distress of each symptom is
measured on an 8 point scale by Ordered Metric (OM) Scaling which is quick to use, efficient, easily understood
and unbiased. It uses words in the language and does not require people to form an analogy between a quality
and their level of distress. The scale is within a person’s natural span of measurement. (7 +/- 2). Each symptom is
regarded as independent of all others so the sum of the scores provides an overall measure. The technique is
designed for repeated use, thus it can monitor progress in treatment. It is also a diagnostic technique. The
technique is designed in such a way that the user will have no feedback about the level of distress he/she is
conveying and this makes it very difficult deliberately to gain seriously high scores. The technique is administered
and evaluated via a laptop computer. It is not designed for use by children.
Keywords: MOPTS Ordered Metric Poster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
182. Marich, J. (2010, April/May). Musical interweaves in EMDR treatment. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR Canada, Toronto, Ontario.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Spatial intelligence is emphasized in traditional EMDR protocols and instructional methods when focus is placed on imagery. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is honoured when body cues are addressed. However, individuals with primary musical or sonic intelligences are not optimally attended to with orthodox application of well-accepted EMDR strategies. Without making any changes to the stages of the Shapiro protocol, musical interventions can be implemented into EMDR treatment to amplify the holistic design of EMDR and to optimally serve those who struggle with spatial intelligence. In this workshop, participants will learn how to utilize music in resource development and EMDR preparation, to apply music as an appropriate “cognitive interweave” when processing is not flowing optimally, and to consider the impact that music can have on EMDR treatment. The presenter will implement a combination of lecture, participation activities, and case discussion to achieve learning objectives.
Keywords: Musical Interweave
Accuracy Verified: Yes
183. Perez-Marin, M., & Molero-Zafra, M. (2008, June). Narrative family therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and adoption: Fostering interactions in clinical settings [Intermediate workshop]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Narrative family therapy is the study of individuals, systems and the research on origins, development and
transmission of values, as well as their meaning, and influence on social dynamics. Using tales we could
symbolically represent an entity, both individual and collective, and express a personal identification, a family tie,
a community link or a socially recognized status or personal worth. Externalisation, in narrative family therapy, is
a process to “get out” from the person any element or quality that is transformed in some with entity. In
psychotherapy, externalising is the use of language to convert problems that affect person or family on to
independent entity. This transformation allows people to fight against them or to view them from a new
perspective. Externalisation technique thorough the metaphoric use of tales as external representation of family
entity and individual’s worth inside the family system is applied in adoption cases. The objective here is to create
a link between the child history and the family history in order to cope with difficulties that children and families
find after adoption. We use tales inside the symbolic techniques that permits families work together with
meanings, individualism and cohesion within their members, and after adoption. We present some clinical cases
with families that have adopted a child. During the treatment we have combined EMDR and narrative family
therapy techniques in clinical interventions. Using them, we carried out an analysis of the therapeutic issues and
benefices of EMDR and narrative therapy in these family processes.
Keywords: Adoption Narrative Family Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
184. Prado-Gasco, V. J., Perez-Marin, M., & Molero-Zafra, M. (2010, July). Narrative family therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and adoption: An intervention protocol. Poster presented at the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology, Melbourne, Australia.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: From the model of Narrative family therapy we use tales that could symbolically represent in therapy settings a person or a legal entity, both individual and collective, and which expresses a personal identification, a family tie, a community link or a socially recognized status or personal worth. Externalisation, in narrative family therapy, is a process to “get out” from the person any element or quality that is transformed in some with entity (White, 1991; White y Epston, 1993). In psychotherapy, externalising is the use of language to convert problems that affect the person or family on to an independent entity. This transformation allows people to fight against them or to view them from a new perspective. Externalisation technique through the metaphoric use of tales as external representation of family entity and individual’s worth inside the family system is applied in children adoption cases. The objective here is not to fight against the external representation of the family. We use tales inside the symbolic techniques that permits families to work together with meanings, individualism and cohesion within their members, and after adoption. We present a therapeutic protocol that combined EMDR and narrative family therapy externalisation techniques. We expose in a format of clinical case report the therapeutic work with a family that have adopted a child who suffer of a simple phobia. Using the protocol we describe above we carried out an analysis of the therapeutic issues and benefices of EMDR and narrative therapy in these family processes. This protocol has been useful to manage the phobia symptoms and to improve the adoptive family identity and cohesion. The combined approach we describe could help adoptive families to understand and to interpret the meanings from the construction that family systems make of their own world and relieve psychological symptoms that children could present.
Keywords: Adoption Intervention Protocol Narrative Family Therapy Poster
Accuracy Verified: Yes
185. Krause, R., Sachsse, S., & Spang, J. (2008, April). Nonverbal behavior in traumatized patient: Comparison between childhood onset versus acutely adult onset trauma. Presentation at the European Society for Trauma and Dissociation First Bi-Annual Conference, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Objective: In the present study we examined the facial affective behavior of acutely adult
onset traumatized patients in comparison to childhood onset traumatized patients.
Furthermore we analyzed as a moderator variables psychic complains, amnesia and
derealization.
Methods: The facial affective behavior was coded with the Emotional Facial Acting Coding
System, an instrument for the registration of facial movements with emotional relevance.
The facial affective behavior of the patient’s first and last EMDR session was videotaped
and compared. The first 5 min of each session were coded by an independent rater
(certified FACS user). The psychic complains were measured with the SCL-90-R
(German version of Symptom Checklist-90-R), amnesia and derealization with the FDS
(German version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale).
Results: Childhood onset and acutely adult onset traumatized patients showed the same
reduction of overall facial activity. We found significantly higher psychic complains (global
severity index) (SCL-90-R) in childhood onset traumatized patients and no difference in
amnesia (FDS) between the two groups. Childhood onset traumatized patients showed
higher values of derealization (FDS).
Conclusions: Acutely adult onset traumatized patients showed the same facial affective
reduction as childhood onset traumatized patients in comparison to a healthy control
group. Additionally childhood onset traumatized patients showed more psychic complains
and derealization.
Keywords: Nonverbal Behavior
Accuracy Verified: Yes
186. Hogberg, G., Pagani, M., Sundin, Ö., Soares, J., Aberg-Wistedt, A., Tarnell, B., & Hallstrom, T. (2007, February). On treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in public transportation workers – A randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 61, 54-61. doi:10.1080/08039480601129408.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Previous studies on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) investigated a variety of treatments and included mostly patients victims of sexual and combat assault. This study aimed to determine the short-term efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in occupation-based PTSD. Employees of the public transportation system in Stockholm, who had been experiencing a person-under-train accident or had been assaulted at work were recruited. Subjects with trauma exposure since more than 3 months but less than 6 years were included. Twenty-four subjects who fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD were randomized to either EMDR therapy (n=13) or waiting list (WL, n=11). They were assessed pre-treatment and shortly after completion of treatment or WL period. The pre-defined primary outcome variable was full PTSD diagnosis. Secondary outcome variables were the results of various psychometric scales. Twelve participants began and completed five sessions of EMDR and nine completed the WL. After therapy, eight subjects in the EMDR group (67%) and one (11%) in WL did not fulfil the criteria for PTSD diagnosis (difference, P=0.02). Among the secondary outcome variables, there were significant differences post-treatment between the groups EMDR/WL in Global Assessment of Function (GAF) score and Hamilton Depression (HAM-D) score. This study indicates that EMDR has a short-term effect on PTSD in public transportation workers exposed to occupational traumatic events. Such intensive and brief therapy might be further validated in larger samples of exposed workers with longer periods of follow-up.
Keywords: Counter-Conditioning Empirical Study Occupational Health Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Random Control Trial RCT
Accuracy Verified: Yes
187. Zlomke, K., & Davis III, T. E. (2008, September). One-session treatment of specific phobias: A detailed description and review of treatment efficacy. Behavior Therapy, 39(3), 207–223. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2007.07.003.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
One-Session Treatment (OST) is a form of massed exposure
therapy for the treatment of specific phobias. OSTcombines
exposure, participant modeling, cognitive challenges, and
reinforcement in a single session, maximized to three hours.
Clients are gradually exposed to steps of their fear hierarchy
using therapist-directed behavioral experiments. Although
there are several studies in the literature examining the
efficacy of OST, little has been done to summarize this
research. In the following review, research on and empirical
support for OST are reviewed with an emphasis on the types
of stimuli, samples, and methodologies utilized. Research
generally supports OST's efficacy, although replication by
independent examiners using adult and child samples is
needed using more rigorous comparisons (e.g., psychological
placebo or other treatments). Overall, OST continues to
be a promising treatment for specific phobias; however, a
great deal more investigation is needed to identify mechanisms
of change, mediators, and moderators.
Keywords: Phobias
Accuracy Verified: Yes
188. Marcus, S. V. (2008). Phase 1 of integrated EMDR: An abortive treatment for migraine headaches. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(1), 15-25. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.1.15.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Forty-three individuals diagnosed with classic or common migraine headache were randomly assigned
to either phase 1 of integrated eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) treatment or a
standard care medication treatment. Integrated EMDR combines diaphragmatic breathing, cranial
compression, and EMDR for abortive migraine treatment. The comparison standard care medication
group received various abortive medications, including Demerol, DHE, oral triptans, Excedrin, Fiorinal, Percocet, Toradol, and Vicodin. Participants were treated during mid- to late-stage acute migraine and assessed by an independent evaluator at pretreatment, posttreatment, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 7 days for migraine pain level. Both standard care medication and integrated EMDR treatment groups
demonstrated reduced migraine pain levels immediately at posttreatment, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 7 days. However, integrated EMDR treatment reduced or eliminated migraine pain with greater rapidity and showed signifi cantly greater improvement compared to standard care medication immediately posttreatment. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Headache Treatment Medication Migraine Headache
Accuracy Verified: Yes
189. Kreyer, A. K., & Egon, S. (2008, June). Physiological effects of eye movements of different speeds and eye fixation during engagement in negative autobiographical memories: Experimental research regarding EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: The aim of the study was to explore the working mechanism of the bilateral stimulation component in EMDR in relation to current hypotheses. Physiological hypotheses (of orienting response and relaxation response) were tested in an analogous experimental setting. Moreover, the clinical advice to use different stimulation speeds for different phases of EMDR was examined at the autonomic level, exploring two different speeds of eye movements. In a within-subject design 42 female students performed 7 short sets each of rapid eye movements (1 Hz), slow eye movements (0.3 Hz) and eye fixation while engaging in negative autobiographical memories. Order of the tasks was counterbalanced. Electrooculogramm (EOG), electrocardiogramm, electrodermal activity and distal pulswave were recorded continuously. Skin conductance level (SCL), heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (RMSSD) and pulse wave transit time (PWTT) were calculated. Performance of the eye movement tasks were controlled through EOG. All three conditions showed a clear-cut de-arousal at stimulation onset, which was 30 indicated by a decrease in HR and SCL and an increase in RMSSD and PWTT. That means, fast and slow eye movements as well as eye fixation initiated a moderate, but clear relaxation response with increased parasympathetic and reduced sympathetic activity. These results suggest that the speed of eye movements do not influence autonomic functions. Furthermore, the results of this study do not support most of the current hypotheses regarding the working mechanism of the bilateral stimulation in EMDR. Alternative explanations are discussed
Keywords: Autobiographical Memories Research
Accuracy Verified: Yes
190. Grey, E. (2011). A pilot study of concentrated EMDR: A brief report. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(1), 14-24. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.1.14.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The current research used a quantitative single-case study design to investigate the effectiveness of eye
movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for a participant diagnosed with comorbid
major depressive disorder (MDD), severe without psychotic features, and panic disorder with agoraphobia.
Treatment frequency was three sessions per week, with twelve 90-minute reprocessing sessions provided
over a period of 1 month; the study also evaluated this application of “concentrated EMDR.” At baseline,
mean scores on the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were 49 and
38, and at 3-month follow-up, the scores had decreased to 8 and 7 respectively. The results of this pilot
study indicate that concentrated EMDR may be effective in treating comorbid MDD and panic disorder
with agoraphobia. The study also evaluated the application of concentrated EMDR, with treatment frequency
increased from one session to three sessions per week. Twelve 90-minute reprocessing sessions
were provided over a period of 1 month. Results show the apparent effectiveness of concentrated EMDR.
Keywords: Depression Concentrated EMDR Evidence-Based Practice Panic
Accuracy Verified: Yes
191. Sandstrom, M., Wiberg, B., Wikman, M., Willman, A. K., & Hogberg, U. (2008, March). A pilot study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment (EMDR) for post-traumatic stress after childbirth. Midwifery, 24(1), 62–73. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2006.07.008.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Objective: To explore the possibility of using eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) to treat women who have experienced post-traumatic stress after childbirth. Design: The pilot study consisted of a "before and after" treatment design combined with follow-up measurements 1-3 years after EMDR treatment. Quantitative data from questionnaires (Traumatic Event Scale [TES]) were collected. In addition, qualitative data from individual interviews with the participants were collected as well as data from the psychotherapist's treatment notes of the EMDR treatment sessions. Setting: The north of Sweden. Participants: 4 women with PTSD after childbirth (1 pregnant and 3 non-pregnant). Findings: All participants reported reduction of post-traumatic stress after treatment. After 1-3 years, the beneficial effects of EMDR treatment remained for 3 of the 4 women. Symptoms of intrusive thoughts and avoidance seemed most sensitive for treatment. Implications for Practice: EMDR might be a useful tool in the treatment of non-pregnant women severely traumatised by childbirth; however, further research is required. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Childbirth Females Longitudinal Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Swedes Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
192. Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2005, October). Posttraumatic stress disorder treatment outcome research: The study of unrepresentative samples?. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5),425–436. doi:10.1002/jts.20050.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The authors review sample composition and enrollment data for 34 studies cited in the International
Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) 2000 Practice Guidelines as meeting the Level A
U.S. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) classification for treatment of adult
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and compare data from more recent research. Findings reveal
that many published reports omitted vital data including exclusion criteria and rates, demographics,
and trauma exposure history. Moreover, severe comorbid psychopathology, a common feature of
treatment-seeking individuals with PTSD, emerged as the predominant reason for exclusion across
studies. Subsequently published studies exhibited improved reporting of sample characteristics and
demonstrated comparable outcomes despite inclusion of more diverse trauma exposure samples.
Findings indicate the need for future efficacy research to adopt more comprehensive reporting requirements
and to test the applicability of validated treatments to individuals suffering from as yet
unstudied combinations of PTSD and prevalent comorbid disorders.
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
193. Lamprecht, F. (2000). Praxis der traumatherapie: Was kann EMDR leisten? (mit Therapieführer) [Practice of trauma therapy: What can EMDR?]. Stuttgart: Pfeiffer bei Klett-Cotta.
Language: German
Format: Book
Abstract:
Mit Therapieführer
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) wurde 1989 von Francine Shapiro als eine neue Methode zur Behandlung traumatisierter Menschen vorgestellt. Die »Augenbewegungs-Desensibilisierungstherapie« gilt als spektakuläres Verfahren, weil sich in vielen Fällen bereits nach wenigen Behandlungen erstaunliche Besserungen einstellten. Traumatische Bilder und Erinnerungen werden in EMDR-Sitzungen bearbeitet, indem der Klient diese intensiv wiedererlebt, während er gleichzeitig eine Wahrnehmungsaufgabe erfüllt: Mit den Augen folgt er der sich hin und her bewegenden Hand des Therapeuten. Dies leitet auf neuronaler Ebene einen beschleunigten Verarbeitungsprozeß ein; belastende Erinnerungen verblassen, und neue, konstruktivere Gedanken können an ihre Stelle treten. Inzwischen wurde das Verfahren in vielen unabhängigen Studien überprüft und als effektive Behandlungstechnik bestätigt.
Friedhelm Lamprecht war einer der ersten Psychotherapeuten, die EMDR erlernten und anwendeten. So gehören er und sein Autorenteam zu den wenigen Fachleuten, die in der Lage sind, über eigene Anwendungserfahrungen zu berichten, die Methode kritisch zu beurteilen, ihre Möglichkeiten und Grenzen zu beschreiben, eigene statistische Erfahrungswerte vorzulegen und selbstentwickelte Weiterführungen darzustellen. Darüber hinaus gibt das Buch eine allgemeine Einführung in die Theorie und Praxis heutiger Traumatherapie und enthält einen Therapieführer.
Da sich EMDR sowohl in den verhaltenstherapeutischen als auch in den psychoanalytischen Therapierahmen einfügt, ist das Buch für eine breite professionelle Leserschaft von Interesse.
Mit Beiträgen von Ursula Gast, Wolfgang Lempa, Martin Sack.
»Der hohe Informationswert des Buches basiert einesteils darauf, dass Friedhelm Lamprecht und sein Autorenteam im deutschsprachigen Bereich mit zu den ersten Psychotherapeuten gehörten, die EMDR erlernt haben. Infolgedessen vermochten sie für ihre psychotraumatologische Forschungsarbeit eine hohe Kompetenz einzubringen. Andererseits erhält das Buch auch dadurch eine attraktive Note, dass die Befunde in den verschiedenartigen Settings eines Universitätskrankenhauses erhoben wurden.«
Hellmuth Freyberger (Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, medizinische Psychologie).
With EMDR therapy guide (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) was introduced in 1989 by Francine Shapiro as a new method for the treatment of traumatized people. The "eye movement desensitization therapy" is considered spectacular procedure, because in many cases ceased after a few treatments amazing improvements. Traumatic images and memories are processed in EMDR sessions by the client this intensely relived, while he simultaneously fulfills a perception problem: With the eyes he is the to and fro moving hand of the therapist. This leads to a neuronal level, a process accelerated processing; incriminating memories fade, and new and constructive thoughts can take their place. Meanwhile, the process was in many independent studies reviewed and confirmed as an effective treatment technique. Friedhelm Lamprecht was one of the first psychotherapists who EMDR learned and applied. So he and his team of writers are among the few professionals who are able to report on their own application experience to assess the critical method to describe their capabilities and limitations, provide their own self-developed statistical experience and represent continuations. In addition, the book gives a general introduction to the theory and practice of today's trauma therapy, and includes a treatment guide. Since EMDR fits in both the behavioral and in the framework of psychoanalytic therapy, is the book for a broad readership of professional interest. With contributions by Ursula guest, Wolfgang Lempa, Martin sack. "The high information value of the book is based the one hand that Friedhelm Lamprecht and his team of authors included in the German area of the first psychotherapists have learned the EMDR. Consequently, they could for their research work psychotraumatological a high level of competence contribute. On the other hand, the book also replaced by an attractive note that the findings were collected in the various settings of a university hospital. "Hellmuth Freyberger (psychotherapy, psychosomatic medicine, medical psychology).
Accuracy Verified: Yes
194. Karatzias, A., Power, K., McGoldrick, T., Brown, K., Buchanan, R., Sharp, D., & Swanson, V. (2007, February). Predicting treatment outcome on three measures for post-traumatic stress disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 257(1), 40-46. doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0682-2.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The aim of the present study was to investigate predictors of treatment outcome for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after treatment completion and at 15-months follow-up (n = 48), in a trial of Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) versus Imaginal Exposure and Cognitive Restructuring (E+CR). Factors associated with treatment outcome were investigated using regression analyses with the mean change scores in three assessor and self-rated PTSD symptomatology measures, including the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Impact of Events Scale (IES) and the PTSD Symptom Checklist (PCL) from pre- to post-treatment and pre-treatment to follow-up as the dependent variables and demographics, trauma, clinical and personality measures as independent variables. Irrespective to outcome measures and assessment points it was found that four variables were able to predict significantly treatment outcome. These included baseline PTSD symptomatology, number of sessions, gender and therapy type. Overall, our results showed that it is difficult to use pre-treatment variables as a powerful and reliable tool for predicting treatment outcome, as significant predictors were found to be sample-specific and outcome measure-specific. Clinical relevance of the present results and directions for future research are discussed.
Keywords: Empirical Study Postraumatic Stress Disorder Predictors PTSD Quantitative Study Treatment Outcome
Accuracy Verified: Yes
195. Rothbaum, B. (2008, November). Predictors of treatment response for EMDR and prolonged exposure. Symposium/panel conducted at the 24th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Recent developments in PTSD treatment
outcome research: Although cognitive behavior therapy is the treatment of choice for
PTSD, there is a need to develop more effective treatments and to
determine factors that influence treatment response. This
symposium presents four studies that address treatment outcome
research. The initial paper provides an overview of treatment
predictors from two trials of cognitive processing therapy. The
second paper reviews the differential responses to treatment of
survivors of terrorist attacks and motor vehicle accidents. The third
paper reviews predictors of outcome following EMDR and
Prolonged Exposure. The fourth paper overviews a series of
studies that have used structural and functional fMRI to identify the
neural factors that predict response to CBT and also the impact of
CBT on neural functioning.
Predictors of treatment response for EMDR and prolonged exposure: Predictors for response to treatment in a controlled study aimed to
evaluate the relative efficacy of Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Eye
Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) compared to
a no-treatment wait-list control (WAIT) in the treatment of PTSD in
adult female rape victims were examined. In this study, 74
participants with PTSD were randomly assigned to one of the three
experimental conditions to achieve 20 completers per group.
Independent Assessors blind to the treatment condition
administered standard measures of PTSD and related symptoms.
Improvement in PTSD, depression, dissociation, and state anxiety
was significantly greater in both PE and EMDR group than the
WAIT group. PE and EMDR did not differ significantly for change
from baseline to either post-treatment or 6-month follow up
measurement for any quantitative scale. EMDR subjects with 2 or
more comorbid diagnoses, however, improved significantly less
than all other active treatment subjects. At post-treatment and 6-
months, 95% and 94% of PE subjects and 75% and 74% EMDR
subjects no longer met DSM-IV PTSD criteria, respectively. At the
6-month follow-up assessment, 78% of those who received PE and
35% of those who received EMDR met criteria for good end state
functioning (p=.017).
Keywords: Panel Prolonged Exposure Symposium Treatment Response Predictors
Accuracy Verified: Yes
196. Gauvreau, P., & Bouchard, S. (2008). Preliminary evidence for the efficacy of EMDR in treating generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(1), 26-40. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.1.26.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This preliminary study sought to evaluate the potential effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as a treatment modality for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Using a singlecase design with multiple baselines across four subjects, the effectiveness of 15 EMDR sessions was
evaluated. Results indicate that subsequent to targeting the experiential contributors to GAD and the current and anticipated situations that caused excessive worry, the scores of anxiety and of excessive worry dropped to levels below diagnostic threshold and in two cases to full remission of GAD symptoms. At both posttreatment and at 2 months follow-up, all four participants no longer presented with GAD diagnosis. In addition, time-series analyses (ARMA) indicate statistically significant improvement on both
daily measures of worry and anxiety over the course of the EMDR treatment. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Efficacy Generalized Anxiety Disorder Single-Case Design Time-Series Analyses Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
197. Rubin, A. (1999, November). Presidential editorial: Controlling for potential biases in research on social work practice effectiveness: Are higher standards needed?. Research on Social Work Practice, 9(6), 635-639. doi:10.1177/104973159900900601.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The article offers views on the processes and standards used by professional journals with respect to the review of manuscripts that report evaluations of practice effectiveness. The article discusses rejecting a study that randomly assigned clients to a treatment group and wait-list control group. The article discusses biases in research on social work practice effectiveness. Although the obvious bias in these studies regarding expectation for improvement or experimental demand was roundly criticized in subsequent reviews, it didn't keep them from being published. Given the difficulties researchers face in finding agencies that will permit rigorous experimental outcome studies, it is easy to recommend publishing a study that is strong in virtually every way but one-even if that one weakness is so severe that it virtually destroys the credibility of the study's findings. The author believes in studies using randomized assignment to experimental and control groups, where readers are so impressed by the randomized experimental design that they cut the author some slack regarding possible measurement bias or the potentially biasing effects of expectation for improvement or experimental demand.[EbscoHost]
Keywords: Editorial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
198. Rothbaum, B. O., Astin, M. C., & Marsteller, F. (2005, December). Prolonged exposure versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(6), 607-616. doi:10.1002/jts.20069.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This controlled study evaluated the relative efficacy of Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) compared to a no-treatment waitlist control (WAIT) in the treatment of PTSD in adult female rape victims (n = 74). Improvement in PTSD as assessed by blind independent assessors, depression, dissociation, and state anxiety was significantly greater in both the PE and EMDR group than the WAIT group (n = 20 completers per group). PE and EMDR did not differ significantly for change from baseline to either posttreatment or 6-month follow-up measurement for any quantitative scale. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Anger Canadians Cognitive Processing Therapy Empirical Study Exposure Exposure Therapy Guilt Longitudinal Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Relaxation Therapy Stress Inoculation Training Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
199. Rothbaum, B., & Astin, M. C. (2001, December). Prolonged exposure vs. EMDR for PTSD rape victims. Symposium conducted (B. O. Rothbaum, Chair and T. Keane, Discussant) at the 17th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Three randomized controlled trials treating PTSD in adult female rape victims will be
presented: Patti Resick on long-term follow-up of Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT)
vs Prolonged Exposure (PE); Edna Foa on PE alone or with Cognitive Restructuring
(CR); and Barbara Rothbaum on PE vs Eye Movement Desensitization and
Reprocessing (EMDR) vs waitlist control.
Prolonged exposure vs. EMDR for PTSD rape victims:
This controlled study aimed to evaluate the relative efficacy of Prolonged Exposure (PE)
and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) compared to a notreatment
wait-list control (WAIT) in the treatment of PTSD in adult female rape victims.
In this study, 75 Ss with PTSD were randomly assigned to one of the three
experimental conditions to achieve 20 completers per treatment group. All assessments
were conducted by an Independent Assessor blind to the treatment condition, and
standard measures of PTSD and related symptoms were incorporated. The primary
goals of this study were to compare the relative efficacy of EMDR and PE, and compare
them to the WAIT control group in treating PTSD in rape victims; to gather information
on the differential rate of response to treatment; to develop predictors for response to
treatment; and to gather information on the long-term response to treatment for six and
twelve months following treatment. The mean age of participants was 34.3 (SD = 11.9)
and ranges from 18-63 years. Most participants were Caucasian (69%); 24% are
African American, 3% are Latino, and 3% are Other. The majority were single (53%),
while 28% were married or living with a partner, and19% were divorced or separated.
Treated patients were significantly more improved on all of the PTSD symptom
categories as well as by PTSD diagnostic status than the WAIT participants
immediately post-treatment. Means and standard deviations of PTSD symptom
measures and other symptom measures will be presented and compared for
participants who received PE, EMDR, and WAIT at Pre-Treatment and Post-Treatment
and 6-month follow-up.
Saturday, Dec. 8
Concurrent Sessions - Saturday, December 8
Keywords: Prolonged Exposure Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
200. Feeny, N., Moser, J., Astin, M., Stines, L., & Eftekhari, A. (2006, November). Prolonged exposure vs. EMDR for PTSD rape victims: Trauma related cognitions. In N. Feeny (Chair), Trauma-related cognitions among assault survivors with PTSD symptoms. Symposium conducted at the 22nd annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Fall Conference, Hollywood, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Negative trauma related cognitions have been implicated in the onset
and maintenance of PTSD, and often improve with treatment. This
controlled study aimed to evaluate the relative efficacy of Prolonged
Exposure (PE) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
(EMDR) compared to a no-treatment wait-list control (WAIT) in the
treatment of PTSD in adult female rape victims. In this study, 75 Ss
with PTSD were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental
conditions to achieve 20 completers per treatment group. All assessments
were conducted by an Independent Assessor blind to the
treatment condition. Participants completed the posttraumatic cognitions
inventory (PTCI) and measures of PTSD symptomatology at
pre- and post- treatment. We will investigate changes in cognitions
across active treatment groups, and the extent to which cognitions at
baseline predict treatment outcome.
Keywords: Cognitions Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prolonged Exposure PTSD Rape Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
201. Monticelli, M. L. (2008, Novembre). Psicoterapia cognitivo costruttivista e EMDR integrati: verso un’evoluzione mente-corpo consapevole e collettiva [Cognitive constructivist EMDR integrated into development mind-body awareness and collective]. Poster presentato al Applicazioni Cliniche dell'EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.
Language: Italian
Format: Conference
Abstract:
I limiti mentali autoimposti acquisiti da copioni familiari reiterati in età evolutiva e da modelli operativi interiori acquisiti dalle autorità societarie attraverso mezzi di comunicazione di massa e regole educativo-lavorative, inducono percentuali sempre più rilevanti della popolazione europea alla vulnerabilità psicopatologica. L’esordio delle sintomatologie psichiche e somatiche di varia entità, avviene già in fasi precoci, nella primissima infanzia e spesso già nelle fasi prenatali, e il limite di età tende percentualmente a essere sempre più sensibile fin dal primo mese di vita. In età scolare si manifestano situazioni comportamentali quali il cosiddetto “bullismo” e fenomeni con campionature rilevanti di sindromi ipercinetiche con deficit attentivo e disturbi del-l’apprendimento. In adolescenza il contesto si complica e gli attacchi di panico, le sindromi depressive e i disturbi alimentari psicogeni dilagano, fino all’esordio di disturbi post-traumatici da stress che si incrementano in seguito alle difficili scelte di orientamento universitario o lavorativo. La vulnerabilità dell’età adulta si manifesta con disturbi somatoformi di diversa natura, disturbi psicocardiologici, sindromi ansioso-depressive, attacchi di panico, disturbi di coppia e relazionali, per citare i più frequenti e limitandomi solo ad accennare l’esistenza della molteplicità di disturbi iatrogeni. In tali soggetti, la consapevolezza di essere indotti in stati di shock che incrementano molteplici disturbi somatoformi e psicopatologici è praticamente assente. Essi, come pazienti, si rivolgono agli specialisti in ambito sanitario con la convinzione, spesso indotta da propagande dei mass-media, che tutto sia solo genetico, e vada "curato" con farmaci per lunghi periodi se non per tutta la vita. Anche da parte degli operatori sanitari vi sono ampie aree di inadeguatezza metodologica: ad esempio, la gravidanza viene gestita come fosse una malattia, riducendo la donna partoriente a una paziente alla quale troppo facilmente si “consiglia” il parto cesareo (statisticamente tra i più frequenti in Italia!) come metodo “veloce e sicuro” di parto, togliendo la competenza materna dell’imprinting alla nascita del bambino con le conseguenze psicologiche che ne derivano per la relazione madre-bambino e per la crescita serena di quest’ultimo, e, sempre a titolo esemplificativo, ignorano quasi del tutto gli aspetti di psicocardiologia, e il loro intervento si riduce a esami medici invasivi e a somministrazione di farmaci. Eppure, la psicoterapia cognitiva costruttivista, e specificamente modelli teorici e tecniche strategiche specialistiche note come EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), l’utilizzo di biofeedback, l’innovativo training emotivo-cognitivo-comportamentale da me ideato nelle due versioni per la psicoterapia e per i gruppi in formazione che incrementa il riconoscimento emotivo e l’implementazione di immagini mentali idonee a modificare cognizioni e comportamenti irrazionali, quando eticamente e competentemente applicati, fanno molto per questi pazienti, sia in quanto si incrementa sensibilmente il livello della loro consapevolezza e della loro capacità di farsi protagonisti nel-l'evoluzione positiva della loro “guarigione”, sia in quanto si può intervenire in modo mirato con sperimentati protocolli per la risoluzione dello stato di trauma psichico in tempi ragionevolmente rapidi e con risultati attendibili e verificabili. Passando dalla dimensione individuale a quella collettiva, ossia alla psicopatologia collettiva cagionata dall’esposizione (anche solo mediatica) ad eventi catastrofici o angoscianti (magari associati a senso di impotenza, insicurezza, precarietà) o a diversi tipi di stress e vulnerabilità, possiamo aggiungere che, analogamente, mediante un lavoro su sistemi di neuroni specchio e sull'attivazione di nuove connessioni di reti neurali con un modello operativo non invasivo, si potrebbe migliorare la condizione di intere popolazioni rispetto a disturbi che, oggettivamente, sono in continua diffusione.
Sarebbe opportuno iniziare una sensibilizzazione collettiva partendo dalla formazione per livelli differenziati degli operatori educativi e sanitari, per poi estenderla alla popolazione suddividendola
per fasce di età e per territori di appartenenza; purtroppo la consapevolezza non è tra le aspettative primarie di committenti rivolti solo al profitto economico.
In un contesto storico-culturale dove l’etica, le relazioni umane, la cooperazione sembrano utopiche fiabe, questa è la sfida di essere una perturbatrice emotivamente orientata ad amplificare la consapevolezza attraverso un nuovo modello psicoterapeutico e formativo integrato, al quale sto lavorando da alcuni anni con risultati incoraggianti e che sarà mia premura esporre dettagliatamente durante il Congresso EMDR 2008.
The self-imposed mental limitations acquired from family scripts repeated age and developmental models inner acquired by the company operating through means of mass communication and
educational and working rules, induce percentage increasing as the population of Europe vulnerability to psychopathology. The onset of symptoms of various psychological and somatic
entity, is already in the early stages, in early childhood and often known during prenatal and age limit percentage tends to be more sensitive since the first month of life. Age
school behavioral situations occur where the so-called "bullying" and phenomena samples relevant syndromes of attention-deficit and hyperactive disorder - learning. In adolescence the context is complicated and panic attacks, the syndromes psychogenic depression and eating disorders are rampant, until onset of post-traumatic disorders stress which increases as a result of difficult choices of university or business orientation. The vulnerability of adulthood is manifested by different types of somatoform disorders, disorders psycho, anxious-depressive syndrome, panic attacks, disorders of torque and relational to cite the most frequent is limited only to mention the existence of multiplicity of disorders iatrogenic. In these subjects, conscious of being led into a state of shock that increase multiple somatoform disorders and psychopathology is virtually absent. They, like patients, addressed to specialists in the health field with the belief, often driven by propaganda media, that everything is just genetic, and must be "cured" with drugs for long periods if not for life. Including by health workers there are large areas of inadequacy
methodological: for example, pregnancy is managed as if it were a disease, reducing the woman in labor to a patient which too easily "advise" Caesarean (statistically the most frequent in Italy!) as a method of "fast and safe childbirth, removing the competence of imprinting the birth mother of the child with the psychological consequences that entailed for the mother-child and to the peaceful growth of the latter, and, also example, know little about the aspects of psycho, and their intervention reduces to invasive medical examinations and medication. Yet, cognitive psychotherapy
constructivist theoretical models and specific strategic and technical specialists known as EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing), the use of biofeedback, the innovative
emotional-cognitive-behavioral training which I designed in two versions for psychotherapy and groups in training that increases the emotional recognition and implementation of
mental images likely to change, knowledge and irrational behavior, when ethically and competently applied, do a lot for these patients, both because it increases
significantly the level of their awareness and their ability to get players in - the positive development of their "healing", both as it can intervene in a targeted manner with
tested protocols for the resolution of the state of psychic trauma in the reasonably rapid and reliable and verifiable results. Moving from individual dimension to that
collective, that is caused by exposure to psychopathology group (even the media) to distressing or catastrophic event (perhaps associated with the sense of powerlessness, insecurity, instability) or
different types of stress and vulnerability, we can add that, similarly, through a work on systems of mirror neurons and activation of new connections of neural networks with a model
operating non-invasive, it could improve the condition of entire populations than disorders that, objectively, are in constant circulation. It would be appropriate to start a collective awareness levels, starting from training differential operators' education and health, then extend it to the population divides
by age and territories belonging unfortunately the awareness is not between the expectations primary principals addressed only in profit or loss. In a historical-cultural context where ethics, human relations, cooperation seem utopian fairy tales, this is the challenge of being an emotionally disturbing oriented to amplify the awareness through a new model of psychotherapy and integrated training, which I working for several years with encouraging results and that will spell out my readiness EMDR 2008 during the Congress.
Keywords: Mind-Body Awareness Poster
Accuracy Verified: Yes
202. Kitchiner, N. J., & Aylard, P. (2002, May). Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A single case study of a UK police officer. Mental Health Practice, 5(6), 34-38.
Language: English
Format: Magazine
Abstract:
A single case study design is used to describe how a combination of cognitive-behavioural therapy and eye movement and desensitization reprocessing therapy was successfully used to treat a police officer. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Accidents Adults British Case Report Cognitive Therapy Health Care Policy Males Personnel Police Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
203. Guzzi, R., Bossa, R., & Masaraki, S. (2003). Psychophysiological analysis of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing treatment. Homeostasis in Health and Disease, 42(3), 129-131.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a new controversial treatment that claims to resolve long-standing traumatic memories within few treatment sessions. Evidence based data indicate that EMDR markedly reduces anxiety associated with a traumatic memory already at the first session, and behavioural changes tend to be maintained. In spite of the positive results, critical reviews have outlined some methodological biases in the EMDR previous studies, such as the lacking of a pre and post treatment standardised assessments, lacking of standardised inclusion criteria, poor study design. In the present study we have examined three subjects with PTSD, before and after EMDR therapy. Clinical interviews, psychological tests and self-reports have been administered. Biofeedback measures of electromyographic muscle tension, body temperature, heart rate and skin potential reaction have been used as well. An independent investigator was responsible for the collection of final data. The results showed an interesting trend after treatment compared to baseline. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Empirical Study Quantitative Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
204. Melville, A. (2003, April). Psychosocial interventions: Evaluation of UNICEF supported projects (1999-2001). UNICEF Indonesia.
Language: English
Format: Publication
Abstract:
This evaluation assessed the design, implementation and impact of the two major psychosocial
projects sponsored by UNICEF Indonesia from October 1999 until the end of 2001. The first, the
‘Psychosocial HelpTraining Project’ aimed to support teachers and counsellors to provide basic
psychosocial assistance to children, first in West Timor and then throughout the conflict zones in
Indonesia. The second was the EMDR project, which trained professionals and paraprofessionals in
the use of Eye Movement and Desensitisation Reprocessing. The project aimed to treat the effects of
trauma, and as such, was a treatment intervention.
Keywords: Psychosocial Interventions
Accuracy Verified: Yes
205. de Roos, C., Greenwald, R., den Hollander-Gijsm, M., Noorthoorn, E., van Buuren, S., & de Jongh, A. (2011). A randomised comparison of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) in disaster-exposed children. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2, 1-11. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.5694 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Background: Building on previous research with disaster-exposed children and adolescents, a randomised
clinical trial was performed in the treatment of trauma-related symptoms. In the current study two active
treatments were compared among children in a broad age range and from a wide diversity of ethnic
populations.
Objective: The primary aim was to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
(CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR).
Design: Children (n52, aged 418) were randomly allocated to either CBT (n26) or EMDR (n26) in a
disaster mental health after-care setting after an explosion of a fireworks factory. All children received up to
four individual treatment sessions over a 48 week period along with up to four sessions of parent guidance.
Blind assessment took place pre- and post-treatment and at 3 months follow-up on a variety of parent-rated
and self-report measures of post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology, depression, anxiety, and
behaviour problems. Analyses of variance (general linear model repeated measures) were conducted on the
intention-to-treat sample and the completers.
Results: Both treatment approaches produced significant reductions on all measures and results were
maintained at follow-up. Treatment gains of EMDR were reached in fewer sessions.
Conclusion: Standardised CBT and EMDR interventions can significantly improve functioning of disasterexposed
children.
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Diaster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Randomized Controlled Trial RCT
Accuracy Verified: Yes
206. Bloomgarden, A., & Calogero, R. M. (2008, October-December). A randomized experimental test of the efficacy of EMDR treatment on negative body image in eating disorder inpatients. Eating Disorders, 16(5), 418-427. doi:10.1080/10640260802370598.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is being used
by some clinicians to treat eating disorders. Although there is anecdotal
and case study data supporting its use, there are no controlled studies
examining its effectiveness with this population. This study examined the
short and long-term effects of EMDR in a residential eating disorders
population. A randomized, experimental design compared 43 women receiving
standard residential eating disorders treatment (SRT) to 43 women receiving
SRT and EMDR therapy (SRT+EMDR) on measures of negative body image and other
clinical outcomes. SRT+EMDR reported less distress about negative body image
memories and lower body dissatisfaction at posttreatment, 3-month, and
12-month follow-up, compared to SRT. Additional comparisons revealed no
differences between the conditions pre to posttreatment on other measures of
body image and clinical outcomes. The empirical evidence reported here
suggests that EMDR may be used to treat specific aspects of negative body
image in conjunction with SRT, but further research is necessary to
determine whether or not EMDR is effective for treating the variety of
eating pathology presented by eating disorder inpatients.
Keywords: Clinicians Eating Disorders Eating Disorder Inpatients Negative Body Image
Accuracy Verified: Yes
207. van der Gaag, M., van der Vleugel, B., van den Berg, D., de Bont, P., de Jongh, A., & van Minnen, A. (2011, August-September). A randomized multicentered trial of trauma focused treatment of psychotic patients with PTSD in the Netherlands; design and research questions. In Treating PTSD in patients with psychotic disorders. Symposium conducted at the 41st EABCT Annual Congress, Reykjavík, Iceland .
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Objectives: The prevalence of postraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) in severe mental illness varies from 10 to 60% is the
published literature. Probably between 10 to 20% of lifetime
psychotic patients, also meet the criteria for having a PTSD. There
is not much evidence for the efficacy and safeness of treatment in
patients with a lifetime psychotic disorder who also meet the
criteria for PTSD. Some pilot studies show promising results.
Method: A study is designed to investigate whether treatment of
PTSD is effective and safe in a group of people with a psychotic
disorder? A multi-site randomised clinical trial with 80 patients
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) versus
80 patients Prolonged Exposure (PEx) versus 80 patients
Treatment as Usual/Waiting list (TAU) is now being performed to
answer these research questions. The outcome measures in this
study are: Primary: Posttraumatic stress disorder (diagnose and
severity) Secundary: psychosis, depression, adverse events.
Moderators en mediators of treatment success. Cost-effectiveness
will be assessed and expressed in Euro per gained Quality
Adjusted Life Years. If no effectivity can be demonstrated, a costminimalisation
calculation will be made.
Results: Therapist have been trained in EMDR and in PEx during
eight days. Therapies are closely supervised an monitored during
the study. Fidelity measures are collected from a rond sample of
sessions.
Conclusions and Discussion: Pilots have been promising in
showing effective treatment for PTSD without any adverse events
or worsening of the condition in psychotic patients with a chronic
course. If this study can demonstrate effectivesness and safety,
this can change the treatment for many patients with severe
mental illness and reduce suffering from symptoms of PTSD and
probably also the burden of psychotic symptoms can be reduced
in a subsample of the patients.
Keywords: Netherlands Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Psychotic Disorders Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
208. Vickerman, K. A., & Margolin, G. (2009, July). Rape treatment outcome research: Empirical findings and state of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(5), 431-448. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.04.004.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This article reviews empirical support for treatments targeting women sexually assaulted during adolescence or adulthood. 32 articles were located using data from 20 separate samples. Of the 20 samples, 12 targeted victims with chronic symptoms, 3 focused on the acute period post-assault, 2 included women with chronic and acute symptoms, and 3 were secondary prevention programs. The majority of studies focus on PTSD, depression, and/or anxiety as treatment targets. Cognitive Processing Therapy and Prolonged Exposure have garnered the most support with this population. Stress Inoculation Training and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing also show some efficacy. Of the 4 studies that compared active treatments, few differences were found. Overall, cognitive behavioral interventions lead to better PTSD outcomes than supportive counseling does. However, even in the strongest treatments more than one-third of women retain a PTSD diagnosis at post-treatment or drop out of treatment. Discussion highlights the paucity of research in this area, methodological limitations of examined studies, generalizability of findings, and important directions for future research at various stages of trauma recovery. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Cognitive Therapy Drug Therapy Epidemiology Exposure Therapy Females Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PTSD Rape Survivors Treatment Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
209. Ross, R. J., Ball, W. A., Dinges, D. F., Kribbs, N. B., Morrison, A. R., Silver, S. M., & Mulvaney, F. D. (1994, February). Rapid eye movement sleep disturbance in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 35(3), 195–202, doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)91152-5.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The subjective sleep disturbance in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including the repetitive, stereotypical anxiety dream, suggests dysfunctional rapid eye movement (REM) sleep mechanisms. The polysomnograms of a group of physically healthy combat veterans with current PTSD were compared with those of an age-appropriate normal control group. Tonic and phasic REM sleep measures in the PTSD subjects were elevated on the second night of recorded sleep. Increased phasic REM sleep activity persisted in the PTSD group on the subsequent night. During the study, an anxiety dream occurred in a PTSD subject in REM sleep. The results are consistent with the view that a dysregulation of the REM sleep control system, particularly phasic event generation, may be involved in the pathogenesis of PTSD. The finding of a specific disturbance of sleep unique to PTSD may have significant implications for the design of effective treatments for PTSD.
Keywords: Eye Movement Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Sleep Disturbance
Accuracy Verified: Yes
210. Dameshek, L. A. (2008). A recommended process for developing a prototype of a software tool incorporating dual focus of attention with bilateral stimulation to enhance academic outcomes. Prescott College, AZ. AAT 1457010.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychological intervention that combines bilateral stimulation and dual focus of attention to help subjects with various emotional conditions restructure traumatic memories in a brief yet effective treatment. This technique has been employed to help individuals visualize new concepts for creative purposes when prior emotional experiences block the individual's ability to perform desired tasks. The current research hypothesizes that bilateral stimulation and dual focus of attention could be valuable in educational scenarios, and it explores the design and prototype of a computerized tool that includes a similar combination of practices within an automated training system to test whether this could be an efficient and effective tool for teaching individuals complex or troubling material.[Author Abstract]
Keywords: Dual Focus Eye Movement Software
Accuracy Verified: Yes
211. Spokes, T., Hofmeyr, M., & Hopkinson, P. (2011, August). Reducing distress following assault in the workplace. Nursing Times, 107, Online Issue 9; Nursing Times.Net. Retrieved from http://www.nursingtimes.net/reducing-distress-following-assault-in-the-workplace/5033506.article on August 9, 2011.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Background: Nurses working in inpatient mental health settings report high rates of assault and psychological morbidity. Psychological debriefing is the main form of post-incident support, yet its efficacy has been widely questioned.
Aim: To determine whether eye-movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is effective in reducing the psychological distress experienced by nurses after an assault at work.
Method: Four participants experiencing post-traumatic stress symptoms following a workplace assault completed between three and five sessions of EMDR. A multiple-baseline, case series design was used, and quantitative and qualitative outcome data were collected.
Results: The results showed a clinically significant reduction in the level of emotional distress associated with traumatic memories, avoidance and intrusion symptoms between the pre and post-treatment data collection points for all participants. There was also an increase in the strength of belief in positive coping cognitions concerning the event following EMDR therapy in all participants. These improvements were maintained at one-month follow-up for three of the four participants. The study results did not show a reduction in general psychological distress.
Conclusion: The value of EMDR as a form of post-incident support lies in its alleviation of specific post-traumatic stress symptoms, rather than in improving general psychological wellbeing. The data must be interpreted with caution, but the positive outcomes suggest the need for further case series research, or a more controlled design with a larger sample.
Keywords: Mental Health Post-Incident Support Workplace Assault
Accuracy Verified: Yes
212. Holmshaw, M., Hodder, K. I., & Carswell, J. W. (2009, April). The relative efficacy of trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy and EMDR in treating psychological trauma resulting from road traffic accidents. Presentation at the annual British Psychological Society Conference, Brighton, UK.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Objectives: Following road traffic accidents (RTAs) psychological problems are common and can cause long-term disability. Whilst both trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) have proved successful in treating such problems there is currently no clear evidence supporting one treatment over the other. Previous comparisons of these treatments have been based on small samples. The present research aimed to explore the relative efficacy of CBT and EMDR in treating psychological trauma resulting from RTAs in a large sample.
Design: Patients who had previously been involved in an RTA were referred to a psychological rehabilitation provider and received treatment with either CBT or EMDR by accredited therapists. The treatments were compared on drop-out rate number of sessions required for completion of treatment therapist rating of success and a number of widely used psychometric measures which were administered at assessment and again at the end of treatment.
Methods: A total of 1179 referrals were made of which 435 met the inclusion criteria and proceeded to treatment. These patients presented with a range of psychological trauma symptoms resulting from RTAs which had occurred an average of 21 months previously. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was diagnosed in 51 per cent of patients with the remaining patients presenting with travel anxiety depression general anxiety and other psychological conditions. Outcomes were assessed in the whole sample and separately for those with a diagnosis of PTSD.
Results: No differences emerged between the treatments on any outcome measure both for patients diagnosed with PTSD and for those with other trauma-related symptoms. Both CBT and EMDR resulted in large improvements in self-rated symptoms as assessed using the psychometric measures and in both groups over 80 per cent of cases were rated by the therapist as successful or having made good progress by the end of treatment. The CBT group required an average of 9.1 sessions and the EMDR group required an average of 9.9 sessions. Reliable change indices showed that over 80 per cent of patients made clinically significant improvements in both treatment groups.
Conclusions: In conclusion both CBT and EMDR proved to be effective treatments for psychological trauma resulting from RTAs but no differences emerged between them in terms of efficacy patient compliance and number of sessions required. Psychological trauma following RTAs is eminently treatable in the community when treatment is offered by trained CBT or EMDR therapists.
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Road Traffic Accidents
Accuracy Verified: Yes
213. Fulcher, G. (1994, March). Research design. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Sunnyvale, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Keywords: Research Design
Accuracy Verified: Yes
214. Fulcher, G. (1993, March). Research design. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Sunnyvale, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Keywords: Research Design
Accuracy Verified: Yes
215. Wheeler, K. (2010, September/October). Research EMDR in your practice. Presentaion at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Minneapolis, MN.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Research in EMDR practice is critically important in determining the ‘value’ of EMDR to clients, insurers, policymakers, the general public and ourselves. This presentation will provide the EMDR clinician with levels of evidence; the elements of the research process; the how, when and where to measure outcomes; and components of a time-series case study design. Comparing the client’s own to the scores at different points in time to themselves is considered a bona fide research design that makes an empirically valid case study worthy of publication. Resources and opportunities available to the budding EMDR researcher are examined. Research consultation for your project will be available by members of EMDRIA's Research Committee from 12:15pm to 1:15pm in the same room after this presentation.
Keywords: Research
Accuracy Verified: Yes
216. Wheeler, K. (2011, August). Research EMDR in your practice. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Orange County, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Research in EMDR practice is critically important in determining the ‘value’ of EMDR to clients, insurers, policymakers, the general public and ourselves. This presentation will provide the EMDR clinician with levels of evidence; the elements of the research process; the how, when and where to measure outcomes; and components of a time-series case study design. Comparing the client’s own scores at different points in time to themselves is considered a bona fide research design that makes an empirically valid case study worthy of publication. Resources and opportunities available to the budding EMDR researcher are examined.
Keywords: Research
Accuracy Verified: Yes
217. Wheeler, K. (2012, October). Research EMDR in your practice. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Arlington, VA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Research in EMDR practice is critically important in determining the ‘value’ of EMDR to clients, insurers, policymakers, the general public and ourselves. This presentation will provide the EMDR clinician with levels of evidence; the elements of the research process; the how, when and where to measure outcomes; and components of a time-series case study design. Comparing the client’s own scores at different points in time to themselves is considered a bona fide research design that makes an empirically valid case study worthy of publication. Resources and opportunities available to the budding EMDR researcher are examined.
Keywords: Research
Accuracy Verified: Yes
218. Silver, S. M., & Fulcher, G. (1995, June). Researching EMDR: The state of the art so far. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This interactive presentation is for clinicians interested in conducting research into EMDR. Basic design of treatment outcome studies N of I research, and other issues wiill be examined. A brief review of research already conducted on EMDR to llustrate strengths and weaknesses will be provided. Time will be provided for panel members to respond to questions for participants and discussion on researching EMDR methodology and protocols with new problem areas will be encouraged.
Keywords: Research
Accuracy Verified: Yes
219. Acierno, R. E., Hersen, M., van Hesselt, V. B., Tremont, G., & Meuser, K. T. (1994). Review of the validation and dissemination of eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing: A scientific and ethical dilemma. Clinical Psychology Review, 14(4), 287-299. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(94)90026-4.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), a technique that combines imaginal exposure with eye movement, recently has been proposed by its originator, F. Shapiro, as a prescriptive treatment for trauma-related anxiety. To date, several uncontrolled case studies have found EMDR to be effective. However, none employed objective or standardized dependent measures of therapeutic improvement and all combined EMDR with other interventions. In contrast to results obtained from case studies, controlled experiments utilizing objective and standardized dependent measures have failed to support the efficacy of the technique beyond that of its imaginal exposure component. Unfortunately, these experiments employed small samples with a limited range of disorders, indicating the need for further evaluation. However, unbiased replication is impeded by Shapiro's practice of prohibiting individuals not associated with her EMDR Institute from training others in the technique. We articulate our concern that despite its lack of empirical validation clinical application of the technique by behavior therapists is rapidly increasing. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Commentary Literature Review Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
220. Chang, S. H. (2007, September). Role of EM and stimulus valence presentation order in the return of fear: Possible implications for the therapeutic mechanism. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association Conference, Dallas, Texas. (NSC 93-2413-H-002-002-).
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Research background & aims: This study examined possible therapeutic mechanisms of eye
movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989,
1995, 2001) in terms of exposure and information processing model. While exposure model
contended process of extinction and response habituation, Stickgold (2002) proposed that
sleep induced change in associative memory via activation of weak association during REM
state and EM functioned as REM sleep to integrate the episodic memory of trauma into
general semantic memory. In this study, the effect of EM compared to that of Exposure-Only
(non-EM) on process measures of SUDs, ratings of cockroach phobia across sessions, along
with outcome measures were examined. Specifically, the degree of return of fear and response
habituation was explored.
Methods: Thirty-six college students with cockroach phobias were recruited as participants
and invited after informed consent for 4 1-week interval treatment sessions and a 1 month
follow-up session. The instruments for outcome measures included Cockroach Phobia
Questionnaire, fear ratings of cockroach slides, FSS, STAI-S, BDI, short form of SCL-90, the
Revised Thought-Action Fusion Questionnaire, White Bear Suppression Inventory, and
cognitive tasks for measuring strength of associations. The SUDs, credibility and therapeutic
relationship rating, and physiological measures such as HR, HRV, EOG, served as process
measures. Due to space limitations, the results of cognitive task and physiological measures
were reported elsewhere. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the four groups:
EM condition (EM vs. Non-EM exposure only) × block order of cockroach theme
presentation (negative cognition first vs. positive cognition first). A 2 (EM condition) × 2
(order of valence presentation) × 9 (time: pre-assessment and post-assessment for each of the
4 sessions plus 1 month follow-up assessment) mixed factorial design was performed, with
time serving as within Ss factor and the other two variables serving as between Ss factors.
There were 20 trials in each therapeutic session. The duration of each trial was 30s for both
the EM and Exposure-Only conditions.
Results: After preliminary analyses for group differences on pretreatment variables, credibility-relationship ratings, and outcome variables were explored, the 2 (EM condition) ×
2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time) ANOVA on SUDs showed that the main effects of
time and EM were both significant (p < .001 and p < .034). Subsequently, two 2 (order of
valence presentation) × 9 (time) ANOVAs were performed for EM condition and
Exposure-Only condition, respectively. The results showed that for EM condition, only time
effect was significant (p < .006); while for Exposure-Only condition, there were a significant
time effect (p < .001) and an approaching significant valence presentation order effect (p
< .065), with the SUDs being higher in negative cognition presented first condition compared
to positive cognition presented first condition; whereas the effect was not significant for the
EM condition. Using trend analyses and inspection of time effect showed that significant
within session SUDs reduction for Exposure-Only conditions. Notwithstanding, the pairwise
comparisons for the 9 time points indicated salient phenomena of return of fear among several
of the 5 sessions for this condition when comparing the pre-assessment of each session with
post-assessment of its previous session. Whereas for EM condition the return of fear between
sessions was small and the trend analysis showed a reduction with linear trend.
Conclusions & Discussion: Compared to Exposure-Only, EM resulted in less degree of
sufferings while participants encountering negative theme which in turn might facilitate
further processing of negative memory. In addition, EM might add something beyond the
mechanism of pure exposure. The less return of fear indicating that information processing in
addition to response inhibition might take place between sessions. The results echoed
Shapiro’s Adaptive Information Processing model and Stickgold’s REM-sleep dependent
memory reprocessing model, suggesting that EM in EMDR might reflect a shift in associative
memory systems by activating different strength of associations of negative semantic nodes
for different semantically related words. Given that previous research showed that EM
decreased emotionality and also generate greater amount of associations for negative stimuli,
the implications of the present results from theoretical and therapeutic point of views and
future research possibilities are discussed.
Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Saccadic Eye Movement Semantic Association
Accuracy Verified: Yes
221. Chang, S. H. (2009). Role of EM and stimulus valence presentation order in the return of fear: Possible implications for the therapeutic mechanism. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Research background & aims: This study examined possible therapeutic mechanisms of eye
movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989,
1995, 2001) in terms of exposure and information processing model. While exposure model
contended process of extinction and response habituation, Stickgold (2002) proposed that
sleep induced change in associative memory via activation of weak association during REM
state and EM functioned as REM sleep to integrate the episodic memory of trauma into
general semantic memory. In this study, the effect of EM compared to that of Exposure-Only
(non-EM) on process measures of SUDs, ratings of cockroach phobia across sessions, along
with outcome measures were examined. Specifically, the degree of return of fear and response
habituation was explored.
Methods: Thirty-six college students with cockroach phobias were recruited as participants
and invited after informed consent for 4 1-week interval treatment sessions and a 1 month
follow-up session. The instruments for outcome measures included Cockroach Phobia
Questionnaire, fear ratings of cockroach slides, FSS, STAI-S, BDI, short form of SCL-90, the
Revised Thought-Action Fusion Questionnaire, White Bear Suppression Inventory, and
cognitive tasks for measuring strength of associations. The SUDs, credibility and therapeutic
relationship rating, and physiological measures such as HR, HRV, EOG, served as process
measures. Due to space limitations, the results of cognitive task and physiological measures
were reported elsewhere. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the four groups:
EM condition (EM vs. Non-EM exposure only) × block order of cockroach theme
presentation (negative cognition first vs. positive cognition first). A 2 (EM condition) × 2
(order of valence presentation) × 9 (time: pre-assessment and post-assessment for each of the
4 sessions plus 1 month follow-up assessment) mixed factorial design was performed, with
time serving as within Ss factor and the other two variables serving as between Ss factors.
There were 20 trials in each therapeutic session. The duration of each trial was 30s for both
the EM and Exposure-Only conditions.
Results: After preliminary analyses for group differences on pretreatment variables, credibility-relationship ratings, and outcome variables were explored, the 2 (EM condition) ×
2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time) ANOVA on SUDs showed that the main effects of
time and EM were both significant (p < .001 and p < .034). Subsequently, two 2 (order of
valence presentation) × 9 (time) ANOVAs were performed for EM condition and
Exposure-Only condition, respectively. The results showed that for EM condition, only time
effect was significant (p < .006); while for Exposure-Only condition, there were a significant
time effect (p < .001) and an approaching significant valence presentation order effect (p
< .065), with the SUDs being higher in negative cognition presented first condition compared
to positive cognition presented first condition; whereas the effect was not significant for the
EM condition. Using trend analyses and inspection of time effect showed that significant
within session SUDs reduction for Exposure-Only conditions. Notwithstanding, the pairwise
comparisons for the 9 time points indicated salient phenomena of return of fear among several
of the 5 sessions for this condition when comparing the pre-assessment of each session with
post-assessment of its previous session. Whereas for EM condition the return of fear between
sessions was small and the trend analysis showed a reduction with linear trend.
Conclusions & Discussion: Compared to Exposure-Only, EM resulted in less degree of
sufferings while participants encountering negative theme which in turn might facilitate
further processing of negative memory. In addition, EM might add something beyond the
mechanism of pure exposure. The less return of fear indicating that information processing in
addition to response inhibition might take place between sessions. The results echoed
Shapiro’s Adaptive Information Processing model and Stickgold’s REM-sleep dependent
memory reprocessing model, suggesting that EM in EMDR might reflect a shift in associative
memory systems by activating different strength of associations of negative semantic nodes
for different semantically related words. Given that previous research showed that EM
decreased emotionality and also generate greater amount of associations for negative stimuli,
the implications of the present results from theoretical and therapeutic point of views and
future research possibilities are discussed.
Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Saccadic Eye Movement Sematic Association
Accuracy Verified: Yes
222. Vandeusen, K. M. (1999, November). The role of eye movements in EMDR for PTSD: A single-subject dismantling study. Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI. AAT 9935022.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
The following study evaluated whether the eye movement component of EMDR was necessary to account for positive treatment effects in subjects with PTSD. Utilizing a single subject alternating treatments design, replicated across four subjects, the effectiveness of EMDR was contrasted with the effectiveness of a similar procedure minus the eye movements (NDE). Results showed that subjects improved following both EMDR and NDE suggesting that eye movements in EMDR are not necessary for positive treatment effects. Further research is warranted to determine which component or combination of components is necessary to achieve the positive effects of EMDR. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 60(5-B), Nov 1999, pp. 2373.
Keywords: Dismantling Study Empirical Study Experimental Replication Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Single-Subject Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
223. Simonson, E. L. (2009). School-based intervention programs for symptoms of traumatic stress. Universitetet i Stavenger, Stavenger, Norway.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This thesis attempts to provide an up-to-date overview of school-based intervention programs for symptoms of traumatic stress. The objectives were: 1) to identify school-based intervention programs for preventing or reducing symptoms of traumatic stress, 2) to examine the effectiveness of the intervention programs, and 3) to identify the accordance of the intervention programs with three current theories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The three main academic databases used to locate the studies for this thesis were ERIC, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE. Inclusionary/exclusionary criteria included: 1) use of a control group, 2) use of randomized/quasi-experimental design, 3) school setting, 4) participant exposure to a traumatic event, 5) targeted at the prevention/ reduction of symptoms of traumatic stress, 6) use of standardized instruments, and 7) not targeted Type II trauma. Using these criteria, 19 studies conducted in 11 different countries were selected. Unfortunately, school-based studies conducted in Norway were not located. The selected studies dealt with various types of trauma exposure such as natural disasters, community violence, and war. Fourteen of the studies used cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) methods as the main treatment approach. Other treatment approaches used included Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), mind-body techniques (e.g., guided imagery, relaxation techniques, and meditation), play therapy, art therapy, and drama. The findings of this thesis suggest that intervention provided within the school setting can be effective in helping children and adolescents following a variety of traumatic events. The majority of the studies had good results in relation to reducing symptoms of PTSD. Of the 19 studies, 14 had effect sizes in the medium to large range. Most of the intervention programs were found to be in accordance with the treatment recommendations of the three theories presented; however, none appeared to be explicitly based on the theories.
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD School Intervention Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
224. Ray, P., & Page, A. (2002, November). A single session of hypnosis and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of chronic pain. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 30(2), 170-178.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Hypnosis and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment
of chronic pain were examined. In a randomised controlled trial, patients in a crossover
design experienced one session of hypnotherapy and EMDR. Subjective pain within
treatment sessions was assessed using the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Subjective pain
between treatment sessions was assessed using a diary record of pain. Treatment brought
about reductions in subjective pain with evidence for the superiority of hypnosis.
Keywords: Chronic Pain Empirical Study Hypnosis Hypnotherapy Multimodal Treatment Approach Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
225. Maxfield, L., & Melnyk, W. (2000, April). Single session treatment of test anxiety with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). International Journal of Stress Management, 7(2), 87-101. doi:10.1023/A:1009580101287.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
One session of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) appeared to be an effective treatment for test anxiety, reducing reported physiological distress, worry, and fears of negative evaluation. The research design included two components: a comparison study, comparing Immediate Treatment and Wait List groups, and a replication study comparing the treatment response of Immediate and Delayed (Treated Wait List) groups. 17 test anxious university students were randomly assigned to one session of EMDR or Wait List. At post-test, the Immediate group demonstrated significant improvement, compared to the Wait List group, on the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) and Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Treatment effects were maintained at follow-up. The Wait List group received treatment after post-measures were taken. Treatment of the Delayed group replicated effects. Improvement was reflected by large treatment effect sizes and a decrease in percentile ranking on the TAI from the 90th to the 50th percentile (Pilots).
Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Brief Psychotherapy College Students Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Test Anxiety Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome
Accuracy Verified: Yes
226. DeYoung, R. R. (2009, July). A single-case design implementing eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with an ex-cult member. Presentation at the International Cultic Studies Association Conference, Geneva, Switzerland.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This single-case study utilized a repeated-measures design with an ex-Jehovah’s Witness who was treated with EMDR over a two-month period. A brief background history and mental status, particularly relevant to a 37-year old female who was “disfellowshipped” by her entire support network and family after 28 years, served as a baseline for treatment. Symptoms relevant to the Post-Cult Trauma Syndrome, as defined by M. Thaler Singer (1979), are addressed via the Validity of Cognitions Scale (VOC) and the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) used by practitioners of EMDR. In addition, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Impact of Event Scale (IES) were implemented to further validate intervention results. All measures revealed significant improvement in symptoms following this brief, short-term treatment. Despite the fact EMDR is touted as one of the most effective interventions for trauma-related disorders, there are virtually no empirically based studies that explore the application of this type of therapy with individuals traumatized by cults. It is concluded that EMDR might serve as a standard therapeutic intervention in the treatment of individuals exiting from cults. Ramifications for future research are discussed.
[Author abstract]
Keywords: Cults Ex-Cult Members Single Case Design
Accuracy Verified: Yes
227. Popky, A. J. (1992, Winter). Smoking cessation protocol. EMDR Network Newsletter, 2(3), 4-6.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
This model incorporates EMDR, Ericksonian hypnosis, and other therapeutic modalities. The combined use of the cognitive interweave as taught in the Level II training and an in-depth knowledge of hypnosis are an integral part of the design structure. The model is constructed so that smokers are not consciously or continually aware of any effort involved during the process.
Keywords: Cognitive Interweave Ericksonian Hypnosis Smoking Cessation
Accuracy Verified: Yes
228. Spiuerings, J. (2006, November). Stabilisatie: een gestructureerde benadering. Hoe doe je het en waarom? [Stabilization: a structured approach. How do you do it and why?]. Workshop gepresenteerd aan de tweede congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
Language: Dutch
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Bij iedere cliënt die zich aanmeldt met traumagerelateerde klachten en symptomen, wordt de vraag tenminste éénmaal in de loop van de behandeling gesteld: Wat doen we? Toedekken of openleggen? Stabilisatie of traumaverwerking?
In deze presentatie wordt een gesystematiseerde werkwijze beschreven om samen met de cliënt te onderzoeken of deze toe is aan traumaverwerking.
De verwerkingsmogelijkheden van de cliënt worden gezamenlijk getaxeerd, en waar nodig versterkt en uitgebouwd.
Dit gebeurt aan de hand van een informeel instrument, "De drie testen", waarmee de keuze voor stabiliseren dan wel confronteren op ieder moment in de behandeling zorgvuldig kan worden afgewogen.
Het resultaat laat precies zien wat de cliënt (nog) tekort komt, en geeft daarmee de behandelaar materiaal voor een op maat gemaakt behandelplan.
Sommige cliënten kunnen meteen beginnen aan traumawerk, voor anderen komt het moment van verwerken nooit. Maar ook voor die cliënten levert "De drie testen" een gestructureerd en zinvol behandelprogramma op.
De presentatie is vanuit een theoretisch kader buitengewoon praktisch van opzet: u kunt deze werkwijze meteen zelf de volgende dag toepassen.
For each client who signs up with trauma-related symptoms and signs, the question at least once in the course of treatment is: What do we do? Cover or open up? Stabilization or trauma?
This presentation is a systematized approach described together with the client to determine whether this is due for trauma.
The processing capabilities of the client are jointly valued, and where necessary, strengthened and expanded.
This is done by means of an informal tool, "The three tests, the fixing or stabilizing confront at any time during treatment can be carefully weighed.
The result shows exactly what the client (yet) lacks, thus indicating the material handler for a tailored treatment plan.
Some clients can start on trauma work for others is not the time of processing. But for clients who delivers "The three tests" a structured and meaningful treatment program.
The presentation is extremely practical from a theoretical framework of design: this method will choose the next day to apply.
Keywords: Stabilization
Accuracy Verified: Yes
229. Barol, B. I., & Seubert, A. (2010). Stepping stones: EMDR treatment of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities and challenging behavior. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(4), 156-169. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.4.156 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Trauma and its ensuing accommodations, including challenging behaviors, have been a growing consideration
for practitioners working with people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD).
Recognizing the importance of one’s client’s trauma history, practitioners are seeking effective methods
of providing therapy to IDD clients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related
diagnoses. In this exploratory study, using a multiple single case study design, six individuals with IDD
and known trauma histories were treated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR).
The researchers employed the standard EMDR protocol, adapting it when necessary to accommodate the
needs of each participant. Outcomes provide preliminary evidence that EMDR may be an effective method
of trauma treatment for clients with intellectual abilities, pointing to EMDR as a treatment with potential
for facilitating healing from trauma with IDD clients.
Keywords: Autism Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trauma Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
230. Swatzyna, R. (1998, July). A tactical therapeutic protocol, for the treatment of PTSD, accentuating both neurologic and psychologic desensitization. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Participants will: 1) understand the theory behind neurologic desensitization and it physiological necessity as a precursor to EMDR therapy; 2) explore Benson and Everly's strategic metatherapeutic approach to PSTD for the purpose of understanding the design necessities required of tactical therapeutic protocols; and 3) gain a knowledge of Biofeedback Assisted Relaxation training and its applicability to the establishment of a "Safe Place" during the first phase of EMDR, and the return to a "Safe Place" during the closure phase.
Keywords: Benson and Everly's Strategic Metatherapeutic Approach Safe Place Biofeedback Assisted Relaxation Neurologic Desensitization Tactile Protocol
Accuracy Verified: Yes
231. Dieffenbach, I. (2010, June). TAFO study II (Task force) long-term evaluation of specific therapeutic early interventions following acute strain among children and adolescents with multiple trauma experience. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Existing research into the after effects of
traumatic experiences with regard to children and adolescents
is scanty. Early intervention is intended to prevent or at least
reduce chronic manifestation of acute traumatic strain (Zehnder,
Hornung & Lanolt, 2006) since such strain has a negative
impact on the child's day-to-day quality of life and overall development, including the development and functioning of the
brain (Cohen, Perel, DeBellis, Friedman & Putnam, 2002).
Studies of multiple trauma among adults and adolescents have
shown that the severity of any impairment upon their psychological
health must be seen in relation to the number of traumatic experiences
that took place during childhood (Turner RJ, Lloyd DA
1995, Finkelhor D, Omrod RK, Turner HA 2007-1, Finkelhor D,
Omrod RK, Turner HA 2007-11, Holt MK. Finkelhor D, Kantor CK
2007). In this process, interpersonal traumatic experiences such
as accidents or severe illnesses can adversely affect development
as much as traumatic exposure connected to elements of crime.
Objectives: Interventions following acute traumatic strain will
be examined with regard to the symptoms and the mental
health of children and adolescents with multiple trauma experience
in the long term. The study will examine whether early
intervention has a positive effect on symptoms and whether
such effects are of a short or long-term nature.
The study should show whether gender specific and/or age
specific correlation can be identified in the development of
symptoms according to specific types of trauma, and whether
risk groups can be identified as a result.
The study will examine whether there exists an independent sub-group of children with multiple trauma under the age of 6,
whose symptoms correspond to a developmental trauma disorder
(van der Kolk 2005).
Methods: The study will be divided into a retrospective and
prospective part. The retrospective part will contain an examination of the treatment results of 150 children and adolescents
with multiple trauma experiences in the Vestische Children's
Clinic in Datteln between 2002 and 2009. This will be followed
by an evaluation of the treatment results by way of a newly
developed telephone catamnesis, based on validated questionnaires
(CRIES-13, ILK, Telekat) for measurement points TI-T3
Results: First results of the retrospective examination of children
and adolescents with multiple trauma experience will be presented
in comparison to the results of the evaluation of specific
therapeutic early interventions following acute strain among
children and adolescents with mono trauma experience.
Keywords: Acute Stress Adolescents Children Early Intervention Multiple Trauma Incidents Symposium TAFO
Accuracy Verified: Yes
232. Tarquinio, C., Fayard, A., & Tarquinio, P. (2007, Juin). Thérapie EMDR chez des vicimes d'accident d'automobile: Une suivi de 6 mois [A 6 month follow-up if victims of automobile accidents undergoing EMDR therapy]. Présentation à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.
Language: French
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Objectif: présenter les résultats d'une étude réalisée dans le cadre du traitement des victimes de la route. Nous avons fait la distinction entre les sujets qui ont présenté un (complet n = 16) ou une forme partielle (n = 8) du syndrome de stress post-traumatique (définie par la présence de grappes A et B et l'un des groupes C ou D ).
Sujets: Toutes les victimes (âge moyen: 34,3, s = 4,19; 17 hommes et 7 femmes) ont subi une thérapie EMDR pour quatre séances de 90 minutes. Les sujets ont été inclus dans le projet thérapeutique de 18 mois et ont été suivis pendant 6 mois après la fin de la thérapie.
Procédure: Les sujets ont été envoyées par différentes associations de victimes de consulter l'un des auteurs qui ont pris en charge tous les traitements, après la première consultation, une proposition a été faite au sujet de faire partie d'un protocole de recherche. Après des explications ont été données au diagnostic (complet vs partielle SSPT) a été faite par les deux autres co-auteurs qui ont également participé à l'évaluation des différentes phases.
Les sujets devaient ensuite répondre aux questions de l'échelle d'impact de l'événement d'Horowitz (Horowitz et al, 1979) et la State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - STAI (Spielberger et al 1983). Dans le cadre du protocole thérapeutique, les sujets devaient faire une évaluation SUDS (Wolpe, 1990) qui mesure l'état de détresse concevable par le patient, évalué sur un formulaire échelle de 0 (aucun) à 10 (le pire). Ces différentes mesures ont été administrés à tous les sujets avant de commencer le traitement (T1), après quatre séances de l'EMDR (T2), et six mois plus tard (T3).
Principaux résultats: En raison de la petite taille de l'échantillon et une distribution non normale, les données ont été traitées avec des tests non paramétriques (Mann et Whitney pour les groupes indépendants et de Wilcoxon pour les mesures appariées). [Tableau 1 de l'étude des données du Programme de la conférence originale abstraite ne figurent pas ici.]
Les différences entre le prétest, post-test et l'évaluation après six mois sont montrés également très importante, indiquant un effet très positif avec l'EMDR sur la réduction des symptômes intrusifs et d'évitement. Les effets positifs du traitement sur l'anxiété de la victime peuvent également être des notes, ainsi que sur la réduction de la mousse.
Objective: To present the results of a study carried out in the framework of treating road victims. We have made the distinction between the subjects who presented a complete (n=16) or a partial form (n=8) of post-traumatic stress disorder (defined by the presence of clusters A and B and one of the clusters C or D).
Subjects: All the victims (mean age: 34.3, s=4.19; 17 men and 7 women) underwent EMDR therapy for four 90 minute sessions. The subjects were included in the therapeutic project for 18 months and were followed for 6 months after the end of the therapy.
Procedure: The subjects were sent by different associations of victims to consult with one of the authors who took charge of all of the treatments, After the first consultation, a proposal was made to the subject to be part of a research protocol. After explanations were given the diagnosis (complete vs. partial PTSD) was made by the other two co-authors who also participated in evaluations of the different phases.
The subjects then had to answer questions from Horowitz’s Impact Event Scale (Horowitz et al, 1979) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory – STAI (Spielberger et al 1983). In the framework of therapeutic protocol, the subjects had to do a SUDS evaluation (Wolpe, 1990) which measures the state of distress conceivable by the patient, evaluated on a scale form 0 (none) to 10 (the worst). These different measures were administered to all of the subjects before beginning the therapy (T1), after four sessions of EMDR (T2), and six months later (T3).
Main results: Because of the small size of the sample and a non-normal distribution, the data was processed with non-parametric tests (Mann and Whitney for the independent groups and Wilcoxon for the paired measures). [Table 1 of study's data from the original Conference Program abstract not included here.]
The differences between the pretest, the posttest and the evaluation after six months are shown to be equally very significant, indicating a very positive effect with EMDR on the reduction of intrusive symptoms and avoidance. The positive effects of the treatment on the victim’s anxiety can also be notes, as well as on the reduction of the SUDS.
Keywords: Automobile Accident Motor Vehicle Accident
Accuracy Verified: Yes
233. Barre, K. & Biesold, K.-H. (2002). Therapie psychischer traumatisierungen bei soldaten der Bundeswehr [Treatment of psychological trauma suffered by soldiers of the Bundeswehr]. In Eberhard Okon & Rolf Meermann (Hsrg). Prävention und Behandlung posttraumatischer Störungsbilder im Rahmen militärischer und polizeilicher Aufgabenerfüllung, (S. 41-46).
Language: German
Format: Book Section
Abstract:
Traumatherapie ist eine spezifische Form der Psychotherapie. Sie orientiert sich schulübergreifend am Drei-Phasen-Modell von P. Janet. Im Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Hamburg werden seit 1994 Soldaten mit einsatzbedingten und einsatzunabhängigen psychotraumatischen Syndromen behandelt. Dabei wird im Rahmen eines integrativen Therapieansatzes insbesondere Eye-Movement-Desensitization-and-Reprocessing (EMDR) als therapeutische Methode eingesetzt. Der therapeutische Ansatz wird erläutert. Auf die spezifischen Bedingungen
im soldatischen Umfeld und anderen Gefahrenberufen wird eingegangen.
Trauma therapy is a specific form of psychotherapy. It is oriented across schools at the three-phase model of P. Janet. In Armed Forces Hospital Hamburg since 1994, soldiers with service-related and use-independent psycho-traumatic syndromes treated. It is in the context of an integrative therapy approach, in particular eye movement desensitization-reprocessing-and-(EMDR) is used as a therapeutic method. The therapeutic approach is discussed. On the specific conditions
in the military environment and other hazardous occupations will be discussed.
Keywords: Bundeswehr Soldiers
Accuracy Verified: Yes
234. Marcus, S., Marquis, P., & Sakai, C. (2004, August). Three- and 6-month follow-up of EMDR treatment of PTSD in an HMO setting. International Journal of Stress Management, 11(3), 195-208. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.11.3.195 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment was found to maintain superiority to newly initiated standard Kaiser Care, which consisted of individual therapy plus variations of medication and group therapy. A 3- and 6-month follow-up of individuals randomly assigned to either EMDR treatment or standard care (SC) treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) indicates that significantly greater improvements found with EMDR at posttreatment in an earlier article (S. Marcus, P. Marquis, & C. Sakai, 1997) were maintained on measures of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and general symptoms. Of the original 67 participants in this large HMO study, 44 were assessed at 3-month follow-up and 36 were assessed at 6-month follow-up by an independent assessor. The study indicates that a relatively small number of EMDR treatment sessions result in substantial benefits that are maintained over time.
Keywords: Empirical Study Follow-up Study HMO Managed Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study
Accuracy Verified: Yes
235. Ferrie, R. K. (2006, September). Transforming imagery in the treatment of complex PTSD. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Many trauma therapies, including EMDR, rely
on the transformation of traumatic imagery to
images of self-empowerment and safety, either
spontaneously or by design. When traumatic
memories resolve by transformation, many of the
same areas of the brain are involved, as in the
original perception: the brain revisits the scene
and has a second chance to "see" it a different
way i.e. to reprocess the memory. This workshop
will begin by examining the neuroscience
supporting this hypothesis. Fortunately, not only
is mental imagery central to trauma therapy,
facility with mental imagery is a set of skills,
which can be learned by clients. Participants will
be introduced to a method of teaching mental
imagery skills as part of no overall resource
development protocol the presenter has used in a single-case design study of Complex PTSD. This
study examines the correlation between the
client's degeee of facility with mental imagery and
subsequent recovery from the symptoms of
Complex PTSD. The method and results of this
study will be presented. Client material will be
used to illustrate these techniques and their
application to EMDR therapy. Participants will
be able to critique this study as well, and in the
process, will learn how to apply the single case
design paradigm to their own practices.
Keywords: Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD Mental Imagery
Accuracy Verified: Yes
236. Haskin, P. S. (2005). Trauma and the relational matrix: The therapeutic relationship in eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR): A project based upon an independent investigation. Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, MA.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Keywords: Countertransference Intersubjectivity Transference
Accuracy Verified: Yes
237. Brown, P. A. (2012). Trauma research and treatment of combat veterans: An evidence-based integrative literature review. California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
The mainstream treatments for Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD) are Cognitive Behavioral and Prolonged
Exposure Therapies (CBT & PE). These closely studied evidence based
treatments also show high relapse, dropout, and failure
rates of up to half of those treated (Bryant, R., et al., 2008, p.
555). While not as well researched and harder to measure in
terms of the gold standard in Evidence Based Practice of
Psychology (EBPP), studies of “alternative” treatments and their
methods, yield different and interesting evidence.
Using the standards espoused by EBPP alongside
alternative movements, this study examined modalities used in
veterans’ treatment. A guiding question was “What can the field
of trauma studies learn from a systematic and comparative
review of the research and treatment of combat veterans
suffering the sequelae of trauma?” Included in this integrative literature review—which
generates a critique and theoretical synthesis of a body of
literature (Torraco, R., 2005, p. 356)—were peer-reviewed
studies from 2006-2010. The participating studies consisted
largely of Veterans Administration (VA)-funded, CBT/PE
treatments, with an average of over 32 patients per participating
study, of approximately 13 weeks duration, and where 20% of
patients avoided treatment, 25% dropped out, and 30% failed
treatment altogether. Concept matrix analysis of data included
distillation of essential statements further reflecting poor
tolerability, dropout, failure, and an inability to maintain
symptom reductions (75% of studies). Authors tended to
overstate positive effects while omitting adequate examination of
study design and construct validity, leading to dearth bias,
defined as scarcity of evidence hiding behind citations.
From this integrative review of the literature a
reconceptualization and agenda for future research emerged.
The reconceptualization stems from the usefulness of hybridized
efficacy and effectiveness research, self-reflection and
bracketing, and more accounting for dearth bias. The future
agenda recommends practitioners use concept matrices as
iv
research and practice tools, conduct more common factors
research, and develop more clinical practice-based evidence.
Especially as related to knowledge evaluation, increased
accountability, and system-wide change, these recommendations
can assist the spread of more diverse and useful EBPP, to help
relieve some of the pain of the traumatized combat veteran.
Keywords: Combat Veterans Literature Review
Accuracy Verified: Yes
238. van der Kolk, B. (2011, November). Treating trauma: Helping the entire organism feel safe and live in the present. Presentation at the 27th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Baltimore, MD.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Trauma affects the entire human organism, which gets stuck in neruobiological, immunological and relational survival modes. Neuroscience research shows that the brain regions most affected by trauma are involved in attention and perception, biasing the organism into preceiving threat and annihilation. The subcortical process are independent from conscious appraisal and conscious control. This presentation will focus on evidence based treatments that address basic issues of safety, threat appraisal and embodied awareness, illustrated by EMDR, meditation, yoga, theater, martial arts and sensory integration.
Accuracy Verified: Yes
239. Swatzyna, R. (1997). The treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder utilizing biofeedback relaxation training with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy. University of Texas, Arlington, TX. AAT 1387189.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This study evaluates a protocol incorporating Biofeedback Assisted Relaxation (BAR) training with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for the treatment of PTSD. Based on Everly & Benson's strategic metatherapeutic approach for PTSD, a tactical therapeutic protocol was developed with specific attention to both neurologic and psychologic arousal factors. A single-subject design (A-B-C) was utilized for the three PTSD experimental subjects. The A phase consisted of three baseline psychophysiological assessments; the B phase consisted of four BAR training sessions; and, the C phase consisted of four sessions of EMDR therapy. The study results indicate resolution of PTSD attained by all three subjects, and psychologic and neurologic desensitization accomplished. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: BFB Biofeedback Training Posttraumatic Stress Diosrder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
240. Graves, A. L. (1993). Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Chicago School of Professional Psychology. AAT 9414735.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This work examines the effect of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on a 51-year-old PTSD patient. Using a multiple baseline design, the author compared EMDR with supportive therapy and a distraction technique. The author used the Impact of Events Scale (IES), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and electromyograph (EMG) readings as treatment measures. The study specifically addresses the eye movement component of EMDR as the crucial element of the intervention.The literature review includes the etiology and treatment of PTSD, an overview of EMDR, and case studies of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD. Along with these topics, the author also examines Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep and its possible connection to EMDR. The results of this work indicate that, when compared to expressive interventions and eye fixation, EMDR made the greatest changes in the subject's PTSD symptoms, particularly in the area of intrusive thoughts. The author concludes this work with recommendations pertaining to EMDR and its impact on the future of PTSD treatment. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 55(2-B), 1994, pp. 592.
Keywords: Case Report Empirical Study Intrusive Thoughts Middle Aged Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
241. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (2008). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: An assessment of the evidence. Atlanta, GA: The National Academies Press.
Language: English
Format: Other
Abstract:
Mental disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), constitute an important health care need of veterans, especially those recently separated from service. Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Assessment of the Evidence takes a systematic look the efficacy of pharmacologic and psychological treatment modalities for PTSD on behalf of the Department of Veterans Affairs. By reviewing existing studies in order to draw conclusions about the strength of evidence on several types of treatment, the Committee on the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder found that many of these studies were faulty in design and performance, and that relatively few of these studies have been conducted in populations of veterans, despite suggestions that civilian and veteran populations respond differently to various types of treatment. The committee also notes that the evidence is scarce on the acceptability, efficacy, or generalizability of treatment in ethnic and cultural minorities, as few studies stratified results by ethnic background.
Despite challenges in the consistency, quality, and depth of research, the committee found the evidence sufficient to conclude the efficacy of exposure therapies in treating PTSD. The committee found the evidence inadequate to determine efficacy of different types of pharmacotherapies, of three different psychotherapy modalities, and of psychotherapy delivered in group formats. The committee also made eight critical recommendations, some in response to the VA's questions related to recovery and the length and timing of PTSD treatment, and others addressing research methodology, gaps in evidence and funding issues.
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
242. Vaughan, K., Armstrong, M., Gold, R., O'Connor, N., Jenneke, W., & Tarrier, N. (1994, December). A trial of eye movement desensitization compared to image habituation training and applied muscle relaxation in post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(4), 283-291. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90036-1 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
36 patients with PTSD were randomly allocated to individual treatment with imaginal exposure (image habituation training - IHT), or applied muscle relaxation (AMR) or eye movement desensitization (EMD). Assessment by a blind independent rater and self-report instrument applied pre and posttreatment and at 3-month follow-up indicated that all groups improved significantly compared with a waiting list and that treatment benefits were maintained at follow-up. Despite a failure to demonstrate differences among groups, there was some suggestion that immediately after treatment EMD was superior for intrusive memories. [Author Summary]
Keywords: Adults Australians Exposure Therapy Longitudinal Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Relaxation Therapy Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
243. Acierno, R., Tremont, G., Last, C., & Montgomery, D. (1994). Tripartite assessment of the efficacy of eye-movement desensitization in a multi-phobic patient. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8(3), 259-276. doi:0.1016/0887-6185(94)90007-8.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The relative efficacy of Eye-Movement Desensitization (EMD) and Eye-Focus Desensitization (i.e., a treatment procedure designed to control for the effects of eye movement) in treating multiple phobias was assessed along behavioral, cognitive, and physiological response channels in a single-subject, multiple-baseline design across fear areas. Continuous physiological measurements, rather than presession/post- session change scores, were employed to permit accurate, fine-grained analysis of each intervention's effects. Results indicated that EMD failed to produce clinically significant intra- and intersession improvements beyond those produced by the control procedure on all dependent measures. A second multiple-baseline design across fear areas was implemented with the same subject and employed in vivo exposure/reinforced practice in order to demonstrate the patient's potential responsiveness to treatment. This procedure produced dramatic improvement on behavioral and subjective measures, but not on physiological indices. Results from this single-case experiment did not support the effectiveness of EMD. [ScienceDirect]
Accuracy Verified: Yes
244. MacPhee, A. R., & Andrews, J. J. W. (2003, December). Twelve-year review of in vivo exposure: Treating specific phobias in children. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 18(1/2). 183-201. doi:10.1177/082957350301800109.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This article reviews 15 studies using in vivo exposure to treat specific
phobias in children. Six elements of research methods are considered:
(a) participants clinically diagnosed; (b) subjective, behavioral, and
physiological components of the fear reaction measured; (c) research
design; (d) inclusion of a control group; (e) follow-up data collected; and,
(f) necessity of including other treatments with in vivo exposure. The
studies were obtained through a computerized search of PsycINFO
and CISTI This investigation revealed that all six elements of research
mc-,ethods examined inthis reieware in need ofimprovement. Suggestions
for future research in this area are provided.
Keywords: Children In Vivo Phobias
Accuracy Verified: Yes
245. Triscari, M. T., Faraci, P., D’Angelo, V., Urso, V., & Catalisano, D. (2011). Two treatments for fear of flying compared: Cognitive behavioral therapy combined with systematic desensitization or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors, 1(1), 9-14. doi:10.1027/2192-0923/a00003.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This study aimed to test a combined treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), compared with CBT integrated with systematic desensitization, in reducing fear of flying. Participants were patients with aerophobia, who were randomly assigned to two experimental groups in a before- and after-treatment research design. The Flight Anxiety Situations Questionnaire (FAS) and the Flight Anxiety Modality Questionnaire (FAM) were used. The efficacy of each program was evaluated comparing the pre- and post-treatment levels of fear of flying within subjects. A comparison of the post-treatment scores between subjects was also conducted. Results showed the effectiveness of each model with a significant improvement in the examined psychological outcomes in both groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved
Keywords: Air Transportation Phobias Psychotherapeutic Techniques Psychotherapy Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation
Accuracy Verified: Yes
246. Meignant, M. (2012, April). Un EMDR d’enfant (Formation EMDR sur la rivière Kwai) [A child of EMDR (EMDR Training on the River Kwai)]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Film de Michel Meignant(en anglais avec sous-titres français suivi d’une discussion en français) (Tous les niveaux)[Film by Michel Meignant (in English with French subtitles followed by a discussion in French
Lors de l’atelier de formation d’EMDR organisé en Thaïlande par Trauma-Aid, HAP Allemagne et Terre des Hommes Allemagne, la psychologue Dagmar Eckers se prépare à traiter par l’EMDR le jeune Indonésien Ooz, victime du Tsunami. Il souffre de cauchemars et de difficultés de concentration. Ce film présente deux séances d’EMDR sur cet enfant de 10 ans. Il montre aussi les efforts des formateurs EMDR qui, avec l’aide des associations caritatives, forment les Birmans, Chinois, Indiens, Indonésiens et Thaïlandais à devenir autonomes dans la pratique et l’enseignement de l’EMDR.
Objectifs d’apprentissage:
1. Comment utiliser l'EMDR pour soulager les conséquences traumatiques d'une catastrophe de la nature
2. L'utilisation d'EMDR auprès d'un enfant dans un contexte social et culturel non-occidental. (les 8 phases de la démarche EMDR dans un tel contexte)
During the training workshop held in Thailand by EMDR Trauma-Aid, PAHs and Germany Terre des Hommes Germany, psychologist Dagmar Eckers prepares to deal with the young Indonesian EMDR OOZ, victims of the Tsunami. He suffers from nightmares and difficulty concentrating. This film has two sessions of EMDR on this 10 year old child. It also shows the efforts of EMDR trainers who, with help from charities, are the Burmese, Chinese, Indians, Indonesians and Thais to become independent in practice and teaching of EMDR.
Learning Objectives:
1. How to use EMDR to relieve the traumatic consequences of a catastrophe of nature
2. The use of EMDR with a child in a social and cultural non-Western. (the 8 phases of EMDR approach in this context)
Keywords: Video
Accuracy Verified: Yes
247. Kaya, F. (2010, June). The use of EMDR with professional actors. In Experimental use of EMDR. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
EMDR has been used and known to be effective in
performance psychology area. Although there have been studies
for performance enhancement with EMDR, specific studies
regarding performance enhancement of actors are limited. In
this presentation, a new study with EMDR for performance enhancement
with professional actors will be proposed.
45 professional actors who were acting on stage and in front
of the camera with a minimum 3 years of experience were the
subjects of the current study. A survey was designed and used
in order to evaluate the subjective performance level (SPL) before
and after the end of the sessions. Due to the performance
evaluation of the actor, two different protocols was used. The
protocol for performance enhancement with EMDR was applied
to 23 actors and the protocol for cracking performance blocks
with EMDR was applied to 22 actors. The results of the survey
suggest that both the protocols have affected the subjective
performance level of the actors, and EMDR may be effective
means of providing performance enhancement of professional
actors. The case samples will be presented and the theoretical
issues concerning the current study will be discussed.
Keywords: Professional Actors Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
248. Bilal, M. S., & Rana, M. H. (2008, June). Use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in battle hardy soldiers after sustaining psychological trauma in various suicide bomb blast: A series of cases of post traumatic stress in terrorist acts. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Objective: The purpose of the study is to show the impact of the use of EMDR in survivors of suicide bomb blasts
in North of Pakistan. Design and Settings: The study involves an ongoing compilation of clinical data and the
study of therapeutic responses to various interventions including EMDR, at a tertiary mental health facility and
Centre for Trauma Research and Psychosocial Interventions (CTRPI), Rawalpindi /Islamabad, Pakistan. This mental
health facility is the catchment area of patients from Northern areas of Pakistan, currently the part of the
country, worst affected by series of suicide bombings targeting military and civil population. Method: Families of
the victims and those who survive suicide bombings without physical injuries are referred to CTRPI from
peripheral areas / hospitals for assessment for psychosocial consequences of facing a man made disaster.
Patients are interviewed at the point in time of referral and scoring is done on Impact of Event Scale (IES). Those
who fulfill the criteria of Post traumatic Stress Disorder according to ICD-10 are registered for further studies and
appropriate interventions. The individuals who fulfil the criteria for PTSD or any other psychiatric morbidity are
then enrolled for regular psychiatric follow up. The patients are first offered the use of EMDR and all who give an
informed consent are then assigned to a psychiatrist trained in EMDR (Level 2). Sessions of EMDR as per the
protocol of 8 stages are carried out. Scoring on IES is recorded serially. According to the degree of improvement
and severity of illness, sessions of EMDR are carried out using the bilateral stimulation during the hospital stay.
Results: The three individuals who have completed EMDR treatment had survived the suicidal bombing attacks
and fulfilled the entry criteria were administered 8 stage protocol EMDR. They all improved in their symptoms of
intrusive images, hyper-arousal, autonomic instability and avoidance. Their sleep improved and nightmares
diminished. Their social and interpersonal functioning improved. There was marked reduction of basal anxiety
levels in all three. Scores on IES done after intervention (EMDR) improved from initial pre EMDR score of 41, 38
and 40 respectively to post EMDR scores of 18, 15 and 14 for the three subjects who completed EMDR protocol
of 8 stages. On reporting to their respective units their occupational effectiveness has returned to previous levels
of functioning. Conclusions: EMDR proves to be an effective non pharmacological intervention in terms of post
traumatic stress disorder in special circumstances of acts of terrorism involving suicide bombing. The data
presented is only preliminary and is based on a small number out of a larger sample.
Keywords: Military Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Terrorism
Accuracy Verified: Yes
249. Staff. (1997, May). Using EMDR to treat psychological trauma. Clinician's Research Digest, 15(5), 3.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
This article discusses outcome studies on eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). It is noted that EMDR was originally designed for rapid treatment of traumatic memories, but practitioners have also applied it to such other problems as phobias, panic disorder, grief, chemical dependence, and dissociative disorders. Since the development of EMDR, numerous outcome reports in the form of case studies, single-subject experiments, and group design experiments have appeared in the literature. Several studies and meta-analyses of EMDR are described. While one meta-analysis concluded that the effects of EMDR are (a) not strong, (b) most apparent with self-report measures but absent with physiological indices of the disorder, and (c) absent altogether in some studies, other authors believe this is an overstatement. Two other meta-analyses note that there have been more controlled studies of EMDR than all other treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and both acknowledge a range in findings. It has been suggested that there are numerous explanations for negative or limited findings for EMDR, most notably the use of chronic, multiply traumatized veterans (where secondary gain may be a concern), lack of treatment fidelity, and insufficient length of treatment.
Keywords: Emotional Trauma Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
250. Farrell, D. (2008, June). Using EMDR with survivors of sexual abuse perpetrated by roman catholic priests. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England UK.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This paper is based upon a qualitative study which investigated the experiences of survivors of sexual abuse
perpetrated by Roman Catholic Priests. The premise of the research was based upon a perceived assumption that
such a distinct form of sexual traumatology generates unique trauma characteristics not accounted for within the
existing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder conceptual frameworks (DSM-IV.TR; ICD-10). In making sense of survivors
experiences evidence arose which indicated the majority of the research participants considered ‘God’ to have
been integral within the abuse, manipulated either by design or default by the perpetrator. These idiosyncratic
trauma characteristic created significant anxiety and distress in areas such as theological belief, crisis of faith and
fears surrounding participant’s own mortality. This paper will outline a particular case of a survivor of such sexual abuse and their experience of EMDR discussing the ways in which such sexual traumatology is both similar and
different to other survivor’s experiences and will critically consider the potential effectiveness of using EMDR
with this particular client group. [Note: Poster and text PDFs]
Keywords: Perpetrators Poster Priests Roman Catholocism Survivors Sexual Abuse
Accuracy Verified: Yes
251. Friday, S. (2003). Using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as an intervention for trauma and behavior symptom severity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Capella University, Minneapolis, MN. AAT 3093820.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This study investigated the intervention effects of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) on the trauma and behavior symptom severity of 10 children, ages 8 to 11, diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a common childhood disorder with increasing prevalence rates that raise questions concerning overdiagnoses, misdiagnoses, and possible inadequate assessment of primary, comorbid, and differential diagnoses. Accurate assessments for ADHD and trauma-related attentional problems have important implications for diagnostic intervention and treatment planning. The purpose of this research was to investigate if a three-phased treatment intervention including EMDR, a therapy method proven effective in the reduction of PTSD, would show a reduction in the trauma and behavior symptom severity in children with ADHD and trauma symptoms. Evaluation of the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of ADHD was examined using a multiple-component case study and a repeated measure design for evidence of trauma. Two of the three treatment phases were randomly adjusted from one to three sessions in length, with the intervention method, EMDR, remaining constant for a total of three sessions. Outcome measures were the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS), the Behavioral Assessment of Children Scales (BASC), (teacher and parent forms), and repeated assessments of trauma using the Lifetime Incidence of Traumatic Events Scales (LITE-P&S, parent and student forms), the Child and Parent Reports of Post-Traumatic Symptoms Scales (PROPS & CROPS), and the Problem Rating Scales (PRS). The results from quantitative analysis suggested that the intervention method incorporating EMDR affected a decrease in Externalizing and Internalizing behavior symptom severity and trauma symptom severity in the ADHD children that were studied. Qualitative data suggested that trauma and behavioral symptom severity decreased as a result of the intervention method incorporating EMDR. The results underscore the need for further research to distinguish between the symptom presentation of ADHD and comorbid trauma and behavioral symptoms. A continuous refining of the method of diagnosis and determination of the comorbid disorders is warranted. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 64(6-B), 2003, pp. 2901
Keywords: Comorbidity Disruptive Behavior Disorders Elementary School Students Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Empirical Study Quantitative Study School Age Children Stressors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
252. Leitch, M. L. (2000, September). Using multi-sensory learning in the EMDR treatment processing. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Participants will be able to: 1) identify aspects of brain function that are relevant to multi-sensory processing in psychotherapy; 2) describe and use a simple method for assessing and using individual information processing styles as reflected in the lateral dominance pattern of brain, eye, ear, hand, and foot; 3) demonstrate how to design multi-sensory interventions which can be used at various stages of the EMDR treatment process; 4) apply the multi-senosry protocol to the EMDR treatment process using at least three presenting problems (body dysmorphia, depression, and sexual abuse); and 5) demonstrate a structured way to use creativity and EMDR to enhance learning.
Keywords: Brain Function Multi-Sensory Learning
Accuracy Verified: Yes
253. Lilley, S. A., Andrade, J., Turpin, G., Sabin-Farrell, R., & Holmes, E. A. (2009, September). Visuospatial working memory interference with recollections of trauma. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48(3), 309–321. doi:10.1348/014466508X398943.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Objectives: Laboratory research using a working memory framework has shown
modality-specific reductions in image vividness and emotionality when concurrent tasks
are performed while maintaining the image in consciousness. We extended this
research to trauma images in a clinical population awaiting treatment for post-traumatic
stress symptoms.
Design: A within-subjects design was used, with each participant completing an
imagery task under three concurrent task conditions: side-to-side eye-movements,
counting, and exposure only (no concurrent task).
Methods: Eighteen participants selected three images each, the images being those
that were the most distressing from participants’ trauma memories and most likely to
intrude involuntarily. Participants gave baseline ratings of the vividness and emotionality
of each of their trauma images. Each image was assigned to a condition. Each condition
comprised 8 trials in which participants recollected the appropriate image for 8 s while
performing eye-movements, counting or no concurrent task, and then rated its
vividness and emotionality. Follow-up ratings were obtained by telephone 1 week later.
Results: The eye-movement task reduced vividness and emotionality of the trauma
images relative to the counting task and exposure only, but did so only during the
imagery period and not at follow-up. The images were predominantly visual.
Conclusions: Concurrent tasks matched to the modality of trauma images may
provide a useful treatment aid for temporarily dampening emotional responses to
recollections of trauma.
Keywords: Trauma Memory Visuospatial Working Memory Interference
Accuracy Verified: Yes
254. Levin, P., Lazrove, S., & van der Kolk, B. (1999, January-April). What psychological testing and neuroimaging tell us about the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 159-172. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00045-0.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
To better understand the pathophysiology and treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), standard psychological testing, Rorschach Ink Blot testing, and neuroimaging using Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) were administered to subjects with PTSD prior to and following three sessions of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Using this within-subject design, data from one of six subjects in our series is presented as a case report. Following EMDR, the subject experienced improvement in his level of distress, which correlated with decrements in PTSD and depressive symptomatology on psychological testing. Analysis of the Rorschach data corroborated these changes. Among other findings, the Hypervigilance Index went from positive to negative, indicating that the subject was spending less time scanning the environment for threats, and available ego resources also increased, as measured by the Experience Actual variable. Upon recall of the traumatic memory during SPECT scanning, two areas of the brain were hyperactive post-EMDR treatment relative to pretreatment: the anterior cingulate gyrus and the left frontal lobe. These changes were consistent with summed data from four out of six subjects in the ongoing study. An important implication of these findings is that successful treatment of PTSD does not reduce arousal at the limbic level, but instead, enhances the ability to differentiate real from imagined threat. The psychology and neurophysiology of PTSD are discussed in greater detail. (ScienceDirect)
Keywords: Adults Americans Brain Imaging Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
255. Bisping, V. S. (2011). Wirksamkeit von eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) bei zahnbehandlungsphobie [Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for dental phobia]. Universitätsklinikum Münster, Kliniken, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie,Forschung, Munster, Deutschland .
Language: German
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
In dieser Studie werden 30 Patienten mit Zahnbehandlungsphobie in einem Warte-Kontrollgruppen-Design mit Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) behandelt. Die manualisierte Intervention umfasst drei ca. 90-minütige Sitzungen. Vor und nach der Behandlung wird die Angst vor der Zahnbehandlung mit Fragebögen und einem Verhaltenstest erfasst. Darüber hinaus werden bildgebende Untersuchungen durchgeführt (siehe folgendes Projekt).
In this study, 30 patients treated with dental anxiety in a wait-control group design with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). The manualized intervention includes three 90-minute sessions. Before and after the treatment, the fear of dental treatment with a behavior test questionnaires and is detected. In addition, imaging studies are performed (see next project: Erfassung neurobiologischer Korrelate der EMDR-Behandlung bei Patienten mit Zahnbehandlungsangst, by S.
Doering, V. Bisping, N. Nora Liebergesell, B. Höffkes, M. Junghöfer, C. Dobel).
Keywords: Dental Phobia
Accuracy Verified: Yes