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1. Bergmann, U. (2011, August). Acute, chronic and complex PTSD: Exploring their neuroendocrinology and relationship to medically unexplained symptoms. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Orange County, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
What exactly happens on a neuroendocrine level in acute, chronic and complex PTSD? Is there a relationship between this unusual neuroendocrine profile and a number of medical disorders of unknown origin which, often, do not respond to traditional symptomatic medical treatment? This seminar will review and examine the results of extensive neuroendocrine research relative to these trauma-induced disorders. The data from these research bases will be integrated with neuroendocrine research findings regarding autoimmune compromises associated with chronic trauma. Anomalous conditions, such as Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD), Systemic Lupus Erythematosis, Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, Sjogren’s Syndrome, and Rheumatoid Arthritis will be examined. This presentation will illustrate the neuroendocrine and causal relationship between the various forms of PTSD and these medical disorders. Accordingly, the implications for treatment will be examined.

Keywords: Acute PTSD  Chronic PTSD  Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Complex PTSD  C-PTSD  Medically-Unexplained Sysmptoms  Neuroendocrinology  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

2. Bergmann, U. (2012, October). Acute, chronic and complex PTSD: Exploring their neuroendocrinology and relationship to medically unexplained symptoms. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Arlington, VA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
What exactly happens on a neuroendocrine level in acute, chronic and complex PTSD? Is there a relationship between this unusual neuroendocrine profile and a number of medical disorders of unknown origin which, often, do not respond to traditional symptomatic medical treatment? This seminar will review and examine the results of extensive neuroendocrine research relative to these trauma-induced disorders. The data from these research bases will be integrated with neuroendocrine research findings regarding autoimmune compromises associated with chronic trauma. Anomalous conditions, such as Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD), Systemic Lupus Erythematosis, Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, Sjogren’s Syndrome, and Rheumatoid Arthritis will be examined. This presentation will illustrate the neuroendocrine and causal relationship between the various forms of PTSD and these medical disorders. Accordingly, the implications for EMDR treatment will be examined, as well as referrals for medical treatment.

Keywords: Acute PTSD  Chronic PTSD  Complex PTSD  Medically Unexplained Symptoms  Neuroendocrinology  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

3. Staff. (2002, November/December). Alternative treatments for anxiety disorders: EMDR. Triumph Newsletter.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract: The alternative therapy addressed in this article is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) developed by Francine Shapiro, Ph.D. in 1987. One day, while walking in a park, Dr. Shapiro made a connection between her involuntary eye movements and the reduction of her negative thoughts. She decided to explore this link and began to study eye movements in relation to the symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by the development of symptoms after exposure to a traumatic event. Symptoms can include re-experiencing the event - either in flashbacks or nightmares - avoidance of reminders of the event, feeling jumpy, having difficulty sleeping, having an exaggerated startle response, and experiencing feelings of detachment.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders  General  Overview  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

4. Mueller-Schwefe, R. (2010, June). Back into life - EMDR with primary withdrawal after trauma. In Experimental use of EMDR. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
“Where I am? I am somewhere between heaven and earth, but I don't know where exactly." "My therapist waited for my anger, but it just isn't there...nowhere” – “I can't imagine anything helpful when I feel bad, I just don't have the energy... it's all too much for me." – “I just want to give up...” Reaction to traumatic events can vary a lot. This is true even when a PTSD has been diagnosed. Contrary to the 'classical' hyper-arousal response to traumatic memories there is also a different pattern of response that is characterized by a lack of an increase in heart rate, and very different pattern of neural activations, despite having a severe case of acute and subsequent PTSD'[l] and may go along with (peri- and posttraumatic) dissociation, emotional numbness, exhaustion, withdrawal and depression. The above statements belong to people with this pattern of response who have experienced subsequent difficulties already in the stabilization phase of their trauma-therapy. First, I will present an understanding of this symptomatology, the hypothesis being a predominance of the dorsal vagal system (see: Polyvagal Theory [2] and activation of the early withdrawal reflex (or: fear-paralysis reflex). This goes along with particular cognitive and especially emotional and physical features. Second, I will present a way to work with this condition, taking into account that the completion of "interrupted action." In this case does not imply an outward (fight or fight response) but an inward orientation withdrawal). EMDR with an adjusted protocol and tactile bilateral stimulation provides the way to process and pull through this interrupted (or unsatisfied) organismic withdrawal and the fear mostly associated with this process. Returning from this deep and primary withdrawal from life brings back the energy and the patient turns back towards life; vagal predominance subsides and the stuck impulse to withdraw releases. 1. Ruth A. Lanius, James W. Hopper, Ravi 5. Menon, Individual Differences in a Husband and Wife Who Developed PTSD After a Motor Vehicle Accident: A Functional MRI Case Study. Am J Psychiatry 160:4. April 2003, p. 668. 2. Porges. S.W. (2001). The Polyvagal Theory: Phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 42, 123-146. Learning objectives: 1. Recognize dorsal vagal predominance and primary withdrawal after trauma, 2. Understand the different orientation of interrupted action/ trauma scheme, 3. Know how to help withdrawal-patients to stabilize and process with adjusted EMDR-protocol and tactile or auditory bilateral stimulation. New and unique: Identifying this withdrawal-type of traumatic reaction and scheme, understanding it with the help of Polyvagal Theory and development of EMDR- adjusted protocol and way to process this.

Keywords: Primary Withdrawal  Symposium  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5. Ligeon, S. N. (2011). De invloed van oogbewegingen en klikjes op de naarheid en levendigheid van negatieve herinneringen [The influence of eye movements and clicks into the nature and vibrancy of negative memories]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a widely applied therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this therapy patients make eye movements while recalling traumatic memories. It is suggested that EMDR taxes working memory and this reduces ratings of the vividness and emotionality of traumatic memories. Although this has been studied extensively for the effectiveness of eye movements, research on bilateral beeps is scarce. Whit a sample of 42 students we compared the effectiveness of eye movements and bilateral beeps. Results indicate that eye movements are more effective in reducing vividness and emotionality of negative memories. Indirectly testing a mechanism proposed by the Working Memory Theory, we found that participants with a larger working memory focused their attention more on the memory as compared to students with a smaller working memory. In sum we conclude that bilateral beeps are inferior to eye movements in the reduction of vividness and emotionality of memories

Keywords: Intrusive Memory  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Startle Reflex  Working Memory  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

6. Vojtova, H., Bob, P., & Ptacek, R. (2012). Desenzitizace a zpracování pomocí očních pohybů (EMDR) - psychologické a neurobiologické souvislosti terapie posttraumatické stresové poruchy [Desensitization and processing using eye movements (EMDR) - A psychological therapy connection neurobiological posttraumatic stress disorder]. Československá psychologie, 56(5), 463-472.

Language: Czech

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desenzibilizace a přepracování (EMDR) představuje slibný přístup k léčbě posttraumatické stresové poruchy. Empirické poznatky poskytují důkazy o vlivu EMDR na snížení subjektivně vnímané živostí a emocionální zátěž z autobiographic vzpomínek a na snížení vzrušení autonomního nervového systému přesouváním rovnováhy směrem aktivace parasympatiku. Poslední hypotézy naznačují, že účinky EMDR spoléhají na neurobiologických mechanismů pracujících v duálním zaměřit pozornost, orientující reflex a REM spánek. Toto přepracování se zdá vyvolat specifickou neurobiological odpověď, že dělá pro zpracování informací v centrálním nervovém systému efektivnější, zejména u jedinců s PTSD.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) represents a promising approach to treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. The empirical findings provide evidence for the effect of EMDR on decreasing of subjectively perceived vividness and emotional burden of autobiographic memories and on reducing arousal of the autonomic nervous system by shifting the balance towards parasympathetic activation. Recent hypotheses suggest that the effects of EMDR rely on neurobiological mechanisms employed in dual focus attention, orienting reflex and REM sleep. This reprocessing seems to provoke a specific neurobiological response that makes the information processing in central nervous system more efficient, particularly in individuals with PTSD [Author Abstract].

Keywords: Neurobiology  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

7. Tripolt, R. (2012, June). EMDR in Motion. Using movement and body oriented therapeutic interweaves for complex trauma and dissociative symptoms [EMDR en movimiento. Usar el movimiento y la terapia orientada al cuerpo para traumas complejos y síntomas disociativos]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
"The Body Keeps the Score" (B. v.d. Kolk, 1996) Clients who suffer from traumatic stress are often afraid about disturbing and painful somatic symptoms. Structural dissociation alienates from body reactions. Nevertheless it is the body that "holds" the discomfort and painful memory of neglect and violence. Trauma Survivors tend to perceive their body as hostile. They suffer from Alexithymia deficiency of interpreting the meaning of body reactions and muscle activation. Trauma Survivors are easily irritated and tend to react with rage on very slight provocations and freeze when they are frustrated. Even minor problems cause fear and helplessness. The Polyvagal Theory (S. Porges 2010) proves the neurological aspect of behavioral patterns. Neurozeption describes how we perceive others in a neurological way. Certain behavioral patterns are established through life experiences. This research underlines Francine Shapiros AIP model and confirms the importance of a body orientated approach. We know that experiencing the effect of eye movement -­‐ and other bilateral stimulation, is a gentle and powerful way to bring the voice of the body into the therapeutic space. EMDR helps to integrate cognitive, emotional and body sensations. Using movement and body orientated skills in difficult processes f.e. with severely and/or early traumatised clients, even enhances the effect of EMDR. Content of the Workshop: Short theoretical implications: Polyvagal Theory and AIP Model. Stabilisation and Movement -­‐ creating a „Moving Container“: How to create a safe place of relationship and attachment between the client and the therapist by using movement and bodywork? The body is the most powerful resource: How to use movement to access this power. How to recognize and dissolve dissociation by body and movement awareness. EMDR Process and Movement : How to widen the „window of tolerance“ by using movement and deeper levels of body consciousness. Adding a fourth level of attention to the EMDR process: cognition -­‐ emotion -­‐ body scan -­‐ movement. Movement and reflex feedback as interweave technique in difficult processes. Methods used in the Workshop: Lecture and Video Presentation. Practical demonstration of some movement orientated techniques. Discussion.

“El cuerpo lleva la cuenta” (B. v.d. Kolk, 1996), los clientes que sufren de estrés traumático tienen a menudo miedo sobre sus síntomas somáticos preocupantes y dolorosos. La disociación estructural aliena las reacciones del cuerpo, sin embargo es el cuerpo el que “mantiene” el disconfort y el recuerdo doloroso de negligencia y violencia. Los supervivientes a un trauma suelen tender a percibir su propio cuerpo como hostil. Sufren de Alexitimia, deficiencias para interpretar las seńales corporales y la activación muscular. Son fácilmente irritables y tienden a reaccionar con ira, con leves provocaciones y se “congelan” cuando están frustrados. Incluso problemas de fuerza menor causan miedo y desesperanza. La teoría polivagal (S. Porges 2010) prueba el aspecto neurológico de los patrones de comportamiento. La neurocepción describe cómo percibimos a los otros desde un punto de vista neurológico. Ciertos patrones de comportamiento están establecidos a través de las experiencias vitales. Esta investigación se basa en el modelo SPIA de Francine Shapiro y confirma la importancia del enfoque orientado al cuerpo. Sabemos que al experimentar el efecto de la estimulación ocular, y otras estimulaciones bilaterales, es un camino poderoso y suave para traer la voz del cuerpo dentro del espacio terapéutico. EMDR facilita la integración cognitiva emocional y corporal. Usar el movimiento y las habilidades orientadas al cuerpo en los procesos difíciles con clientes traumatizados, severamente o tempranamente, incluso amplifica el efecto terapéutico del EMDR Contenido del taller: Implicaciones teóricas: Teoría Polivagal y modelo SPIA Estabilización y movimiento – Crear un “recipiente de movimiento” Cómo crear un lugar seguro en relación al apego entre el cliente y el terapeuta usando movimiento y trabajo corporal. El cuerpo es el recurso más poderoso: Cómo usar el movimiento para acceder a este poder. Cómo reconocer y disolver la disociación en el cuerpo y la atención al movimiento. Procesamiento EMDR y movimiento: Cómo ampliar la "ventana de tolerancia" mediante el uso de movimientos y niveles más profundos de la conciencia del cuerpo. Ańadir un 4 nivel de atención al procesamiento de EMDR: Cognición-­‐Emoción-­‐ Escáner corporal-­‐movimiento.

Keywords: Body Oriented Therapeutic Interweaves  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

8. MacCulloch, M. J., & Feldman, P. (1996, November). Eye movement desensitisation treatment utilises the positive visceral element of the investigatory reflex to inhibit the memories of post-traumatic stress disorder:  A theoretical analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169(5), 571-579.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) has attracted controversy and has led to publications covering a wide range of psychological problems treated by EMDR, in particular, PTSD. There is growing clinical evidence of the effectiveness of EMDR, but a lack of a convincing theoretical basis to explain its rapid effect. Method: This paper argues that a combination of Pavlovian and Darwinian theory provide a theoretical explanation for the therapeutic effectiveness of EMDR. Results: We suggest that the investigatory component of the orienting reflex is an evolutionary development enabling organisms to assess their environment for both opportunities and threats. We propose that EMDR is rapidly effective because it is a clinical method of Pavlovian conditioning by which the positive visceral element of the investigatory reflex can be paired with clinically-induced noxious memories to remove their negative affect. Conclusion: Compared with established forms of treatment for PTSD, EMDR is rapid, with resulting clinical and economic benefits. Our suggested theoretical basis for EMDR has implications for further explanatory research and for developments in EMDR treatment. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Conditioned Emotional Responses  Literature Review  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Treatment Effectiveness  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

9. Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., & van Uijen, S. L. (2011, May). Het vervagen van negatieve en positieve herinneringen [The blurring of negative and positive memories]. Psychologie & Gezondheid, 39(2), 61-69. doi:10.1007/s12483-011-0017-5.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Earlier studies have shown that horizontal eye movements (EM) during retrieval of a negative memory reduce its vividness and emotionality. This may be due to both tasks competing for working memory (WM) resources. This study examined whether playing the computer game “Tetris” also blurs memory. Participants recalled negative and positive memories in three conditions: recall only, recall with concurrent EM, and recall with playing Tetris. Before and after these conditions, vividness, emotionality, and physiological startle responses during recall were measured. A reaction time task showed that EM and Tetris both draw on WM, compared to no dual-task. Compared to recall only, EMand Tetris both decreased reported emotionality and startle responses. The effects of EM and Tetris did not differ, even though the tasks differed in the degree of taxing WM. This suggests that taxing WM and its effects on emotional memories may not be linearly related. Potential clinical implications are discussed.

Keywords: Memory Retrieval  Tetris  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

10. Barrowcliff, A., Gray, N., MacCulloch, S., Freeman, T., & MacCulloch, M. (2003, September). Horizontal rhythmical eye movements consistently diminish the arousal provoked by auditory stimuli. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42(3). 289-302. doi:10.1348/01446650360703393.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: Theoretical models implicating the orienting reflex as an explanatory mechanism in the eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment protocol are contrasted and tested empirically. We also test whether EMDR effects are due to a distraction effect. Design: A repeated measure design is used in two experiments. The first experiment employed two independent variables, eye condition (moving vs. stationary) and tone (a pseudo-randomized series of low and high intensity tones). In Expt 2, eye condition was replaced by attentional demand conditions (low or high). In both cases, electrodermal responses served as the dependent variable. Method: Participants were recruited from the Psychology Department at Cardiff University. In Expt 1, participants were required to either pursue a moving stimulus following auditory challenge or engage in an eyes-stationary task. In Expt 2, the task following auditory challenge required participants to identify specific items from letter strings in low and high attentional demand conditions. Results: Lower levels of electrodermal arousal were identified in tasks eliciting eye movements, compared to no eye movements. This effect was not due to the attentional requirements of the task. Conclusions: Eye movements following auditory challenge result in an effect of psychophysiological de-arousal. This supports the reassurance reflex model of EMDR proposed by MacCulloch and Feldman (1996).

Keywords: Distraction Effect  Empirical Study  Orienting Reflex  Quantitative Study  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

11. Gunter, R. W. (2007, 2008). How eye movements affect unpleasant memories: Support for a working memory account. University of Calgary, Canada. AAT NR44352.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing can reduce ratings of the vividness and emotionality of unpleasant memories--hence it is commonly used to treat posttraumatic stress disorder. The present experiments compared three accounts of how eye movements produce these benefits. Participants rated unpleasant autobiographical memories before and after eye movements or an eyes stationary control condition. In Experiment 1, eye movements produced benefits only when memories were held in mind during the movements, and eye movements increased arousal, contrary to an investigatory-reflex account. In Experiment 2, horizontal and vertical eye movements produced equivalent benefits, contrary to an interhemispheric-communication account. In Experiment 3, two other distractor tasks (auditory shadowing, drawing) produced benefits that were negatively correlated with working memory capacity. These findings support a working-memory account of the eye movement benefit in which the central executive is taxed when a person performs a distractor task while attempting to hold a memory in mind.

Keywords: Eye Movements  Working Memory  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

12. Gunter, R. W., & Bodner, G. E. (2008, August). How eye movements affect unpleasant memories: Support for a working-memory account. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(8), 913-931. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.04.006.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing can reduce ratings of the vividness and emotionality of unpleasant memories—hence it is commonly used to treat posttraumatic stress disorder. The present experiments compared three accounts of how eye movements produce these benefits. Participants rated unpleasant autobiographical memories before and after eye movements or an eyes stationary control condition. In Experiment 1, eye movements produced benefits only when memories were held in mind during the movements, and eye movements increased arousal, contrary to an investigatory-reflex account. In Experiment 2, horizontal and vertical eye movements produced equivalent benefits, contrary to an interhemispheric-communication account. In Experiment 3, two other distractor tasks (auditory shadowing, drawing) produced benefits that were negatively correlated with working-memory capacity. These findings support a working-memory account of the eye movement benefits in which the central executive is taxed when a person performs a distractor task while attempting to hold a memory in mind.

Keywords: Autobiographical Memory  Eye Movements  Psychotherapy  Working Memory  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

13. Engelhard, I. M., van Uijen, S. L., & van den Hout, M. A. (2010, December). The impact of taxing working memory on negative and positive memories. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 1, 5623,[8 pages]. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v1i0.5623.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Earlier studies have shown that horizontal eye movement (EM) during retrieval of a negative memory reduces its vividness and emotionality. This may be due to both tasks competing for working memory (WM) resources. This study examined whether playing the computer game ‘‘Tetris’’ also blurs memory. Method: Participants recalled negative and positive memories in three conditions: recall only, recall with concurrent EM, and recall with playing Tetris. Before and after these conditions, vividness, emotionality, and physiological startle responses during recall were measured. Results: A reaction time task showed that EM and Tetris both draw on WM, compared to no dual-task. Compared to recall only, EM and Tetris decreased reported emotionality and startle responses. Conclusions: The effects of EM and Tetris did not differ, even though the tasks differed in the degree of taxing WM. This suggests that taxing WM and its effects on emotional memories may not be linearly related. Potential clinical implications are discussed.

Keywords: Emotionality  Horizontal Eye Movement  Vividness  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

14. Munaro, D., Anchisi, R., Bossa, R., & Guzzi, R. (2001, October). Is orienting reflex in EMDR successful?. In International CIANS Conference (CIANS: Collegium Internationale Activitatis Nervosae Superioris; International Association for Integrative Nervous Functions, Neurobiology of behaviour and Psychosomatics, (pp 149-158) Palermo, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
We tried to “dissect” the EMDR method in the component desensitization through rapid eye movement (EMD), that is also the original part, to explain the neurophysiological functioning, Charney et al, say that a lot of persistent symptoms of PTSD are caused by an elevate arousal of NVS, particularly due to the increase of norepinephrine. Others hypothesize, again, that EMDR method is rapid because it is based on Classic Conditioning. Pavlov found that every stimulus of environment causes to the organism (animal or human) an immediate orienting response due to the arousal of the Autonomic Nervous System. In this situation the animal begins to look around moving its eyes laterality (as it happens during ocular movements of EMD); if it perceives a danger in the environment it stimulates a visceral negative response (hyperactivation that means fear) that leads an an avoidance behaviour (stiffening) and/or fighting. In other cases it causes a visceral positive response (de-arousal process that means reassurance) that leads to an approach behaviour through interaction or exploration.
The EMD should produce an orienting reflex in the patient in a protective sitaution like a psychotherapeutic setting; that means an important reduction of neuro-vegetative nervous system activity (dearousal) and some visceral positive response. We propose an experimental design with a single subject (ABACADA) by interruption treatment and by monitoring Neurophysiological functions through biofeedback instruments to test this neurophyiological hypothesis.

Keywords: Orienting Reflex  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

15. Sugawara Masakazu & Suzuki K (2004, July). Methodological and conceptual issues and tests - EMDR(Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing) and REM sleep. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Australian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment (ASSBI) and the International Neuropsychological Society (INS), Brisbane, Australia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: Desensitisation and Reprocessing) and REM sleep. [Background] Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a new innovative treatment with a high success rate for psychological disturbances rooted in traumatic memory. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms of EMDR have not yet been elucidated. Why is saccadic eye movement effective for the reprocessing of previously established conditioned reflex? [Aims] The present research analysed (i)the topographical changes of EEG (and ERP) and REM sleep after EMDR treatment, and (ii)the subjective units of emotional distress (SUDs) and VOC. [Methods] Subjects (13 males and 20 females) were assigned to three groups according to varied conditions (control, provocational, and EMDR), and engaged in sets of horizontal saccadic-eye movements lasting approximately 30 seconds per set. Topographical changes of EEG and ERP activities were recorded from 14 placements over frontal, central, parietal, temporal and occipital scalp locations in the international 10-20 system with linked mastoides (A1-A2). Electrodes were also placed on the lateral canthus and above the supercillium of the left eye in order to measure the electrooculographic and electromyographic responses. [Results and Conclusions] The statistical significance of topographical EEG differences and REM densities during the pre-0post EMDR treatment situations, were evaluated using an ANONA and Mann-Whitney U test. The neurophysiological and psychological data indicate that the density of eye movement during REM sleep increased after provocation and EMDR, and the left frontal activities might indicate a treatment efficacy. It supports the hypothesis is that REM sleep is intimately involved with the mechanisms of emotional and memory reprocessing.

Keywords: Poster  REM  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

16. Willemsen, H., Chowdhury, U., & Briscall, L. (2002, October). Needle phobia in children: A discussion of aetiology and treatment options. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7(4), 609-619. doi:10.1177/1359104502007004012.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In this article we review the current literature surrounding needle phobia, concentrating on clinical symptoms, aetiology and treatment options. Clinical symptoms include sudden increase in heart rate and blood pressure on exposure to needles followed by an immediate slowing of the heart and decrease in blood pressure (vasovagal reflex). The various schools of thought surrounding aetiology of this condition include biological, psychological and psychodynamic theories. Treatment options vary from simple education and reassurance to medication and specific behavioural approaches. Consideration should be given to past trauma associated with the phobia and relevant family factors. Careful clinical assessment will not only identify the problem but will also help to indicate appropriate treatment options.

Keywords: Behavioural Therapy  Needle Phobia  Psychotherapy  Trauma  Vasovagal Reflex  

Accuracy Verified: No

17. Vojtova, H., & Hasto, J. (2009). Neurobiology of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Activitas Nervosa Superior, 51(3), 98-102.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing represents a promising approach to treatment of posttraumatic disord-ers. The specific factors underlying its effectiveness rely particularly on bilateral stimulation, which seems to provoke a specific neurobiological response during traumatic recall particularly in individuals with PTSD. The empirical findings provide evidence for the effect of BLS on autonomic nervous system shifting the balance towards parasympathetic acti-vation (reducing arousal) as well as the effect on subjectively perceived vividness and emotional burden of autobiograph-ic memories (decrease). The most credible hypotheses derive the effects from neurobiological mechanisms employed in dual focus attention, orienting reflex and REM sleep. Further research is needed to explore the processes included in the EMDR therapy in more detail and clarify the role of bilateral stimulation.

Keywords: Brain  Dissociation  Neurobiology  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Psychotherapy  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

18. Denny, N. (1995, March). An orienting reflex/external inhibition model of EMDR and thought field therapy. Traumatology, 1(1), 1-6, Article 1. doi:10.1177/153476569500100101.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The clinical phenomena of the conduct of EMDR and Thought Field Therapy were interpreted in light of concepts in the field of classical conditioning with emphasis on the orienting reflex and its external inhibiting effects on conditioned responses. A model was proposed using the temporary suppression through external inhibition of the fear and avoidance conditioned responses to disturbing memories. The clinically helpful effect proposed is the emergence of previously suppressed competing responses to the troublesome memories. Those newly emerged responses are responsible for spontaneous cognitive restructuring of the meaning attribution of the memories, thus lowering SUDS ratings. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Conditioned Emotional Responses  Cognitive Processes  TFT  Thought Field Therapy  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

19. MacCulloch, M. (2002, June). Physiological data confirm that EMDR is a unique re-processing therapy:  A synergistic theoretical approach to the nature of both EMDR and PTSD. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In 1996, the existence of a cerebral de-arousal reflex was predicted. A suite of computer programs has been developed to administer EMDR and take sequential measurements of changes in PTSD symptoms. Physiological data show that computer-induced eye movements produce de-arousal, causing attitude, and mood changes within and between EMDR treatments. Theories to explain the variation in symptomatology in PTSD in terms of individual differences in "the strength of the nervous system" and the mechanism of EMDR are presented.

Keywords: Cerebral De-Arousal Reflex  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

20. Herbert, J. D., & Forman, E. M. (2006). Posttraumatic stress disorder. In J. E. Fisher & W. T. O'Donohue (Eds.), Practitioner's Guide to Evidence-Based Psychotherapy (pp. 555-566). New York: Springer.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
What is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a syndrome characterized by persistent anxiety-related symptoms provoked by a traumatic event. These symptoms are comprised of three clusters: Re-experiencing symptoms such as recurrent intrusive thoughts about the trauma, nightmares, and flashbacks, numbing symptoms such as detachment from others and loss of interest in usual activities, and a third cluster of miscellaneous symptoms including an exaggerated startle response, sleep disturbance, and memory impairment. Estimates of the prevalence of PTSD vary widely; the National Comorbidity Survey found rates of 8.2% among men and 20.4% among women (Kessler et al., 1995). The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS, Kulka et al., 1990) reported that 30.9% of American soldiers who served in Vietnam developed PTSD; this figure rose to 50% if subsyndromal PTSD was counted. Although these figures continue to be widely cited, the NVVRS has been widely criticized on several grounds, including reliance on undocumented, retrospective self-reports of trauma, lack of measurement of impairment, and most importantly the simple fact that only 15% of those serving in Vietnam were actually in combat units.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PSTD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

21. Hasto, J., & Vojtova, H. (2012). Posttraumatická stresová porucha, bio-psycho-sociálne aspekty EMDR a autogénny tréning pri pretrvávajúcom ohrození: Prípadová stúdia [Post-traumatic stress disorder, bio-psycho-social aspects of EMDR and autogenic training with ongoing risk: A case study]. (1.vyd) Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci.

Language: Slovak

Format: Book

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desenzibilizácia a prepracovanie predstavuje sľubný prístup k liečbe poúrazových porúch. Medzi špecifické faktory, z ktorých jej účinnosť spoliehajú predovšetkým na bilaterálnej stimulácie, ktorá ako sa zdá, vyvolať špecifickú neurobiological odpoveď počas traumatické odvolanie najmä u jedincov s PAS. Empirické poznatky poskytujú dôkazy o vplyve BLS na autonómneho nervového systému dosiahnuť rovnováhu smerom aktivácia parasympatiku (zníženie vzrušenie), ako aj vplyv na subjektívne vnímanú živosťou a emocionálne záťaž z autobiographic pamätí (pokles). Najdôveryhodnejší hypotézy odvodiť účinky z neurobiologických mechanizmov pracujúcich v duálnom zamerať pozornosť, orientujúca reflex a REM spánok. Ďalší výskum je potrebné preskúmať procesy zahrnuté v terapii EMDR podrobnejšie a objasniť úlohu bilaterálne stimulácie. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, všetky práva vyhradené)

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing represents a promising approach to treatment of posttraumatic disorders. The specific factors underlying its effectiveness rely particularly on bilateral stimulation, which seems to provoke a specific neurobiological response during traumatic recall particularly in individuals with PTSD. The empirical findings provide evidence for the effect of BLS on autonomic nervous system shifting the balance towards parasympathetic activation (reducing arousal) as well as the effect on subjectively perceived vividness and emotional burden of autobiographic memories (decrease). The most credible hypotheses derive the effects from neurobiological mechanisms employed in dual focus attention, orienting reflex and REM sleep. Further research is needed to explore the processes included in the EMDR therapy in more detail and clarify the role of bilateral stimulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Autonomic Nervous System  Bilateral Stimulation  Neurobiology  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  REM Sleep  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

22. Hopchet, M., & Detournay, F. (2012, June). Preliminary study on the effects of simultaneous application of two types of stimulations (eye movements and tactile stimuli) on psychophysiological autoreported symptoms in the treatment of negative autobiographical memories [Estudios preliminares sobre los efectos de la aplicación simultanea de dos tipos de estimulación (movimientos oculares y táctiles) en sintomatología psicofisiológica autoinformada en el tratamiento de recuerdos autobiográficos negativos]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Negative autobiographical memories are effectively treated using EMDR with patients making eye movements during the recall of negative autobiographical memories. While several studies have measured the effects of different types of stimulations, we are not aware of any research assessing the combined effects of two different stimulations applied simultaneously during the recall of the event. For this preliminary study involving 15 adult patients from both sexes, 4 EMDR counselor therapists measure 17 symptoms of the list proposed by Weimann (1968)). Each patient is evaluated before, during and at the end of each session. We control the effect of the sequence of one versus two types of stimulations by assigning each patient to both conditions but in a random way: (a) first target first session with one type of stimulation following with a second target first session, including two types of stimulation; (b) the inversed sequence. We compare the mean level intensity of each symptom (within factor) between one type vs. two types of stimulations (between factor) using the Anova and the t- Student tests. We hypothesize that an attenuation of intensity of the stress symptoms occurs when the patient is treated simultaneously with two types of bilateral stimulation (eye movements and tactile stimuli), compared to one (eye movements). The paper presents preliminary data, as well as a discussion of the results in the light of the theory of the working memory (Andrade et al.1997) and the reassurance reflex model of EMDR proposed by MacCulloch and Feldman (1996).

Los recuerdos autobiográficos negativos son tratados con efectividad usando el EMDR con pacientes a través del movimiento ocular de ojos durante el acceso al recuerdo negativo autobiográfico. Mientras muchos estudios han medido dos tipos diferentes de estimulación, no estamos al corriente de ninguna otra investigación que informe de los efectos combinados de los dos tipos de estimulación aplicada simultáneamente durante este acceso al recuerdo del evento. En este estudio preliminar contamos con los datos de 15 pacientes adultos de ambos sexos, 4 consultores EMDR midieron 17 síntomas de la lista propuesta por Weimann (1968). Cada paciente era evaluado antes, durante, y al final de cada sesión. Controlamos los efectos de una secuencia en función de los 2 tipos de estimulación, asignando a cada paciente ambas condiciones pero de manera aleatorizada: (a) Primer recuerdo Diana, primera sesión con un tipo de estimulación seguido de un Segundo recuerdo de la primera sesión incluyendo dos tipos de estimulación; (b) invertimos la secuencia anterior. Comparamos la media del nivel de intensidad de cada síntoma (dentro del factor) entre un tipo y dos tipos de estimulación (entre factores) usando cálculos estadísticos de Anoia y una t-­‐Student para los resultados. Nuestra hipótesis es que ocurrirá una atenuación de los síntomas de estrés cuando el paciente es tratado simultáneamente con dos tipos de estimulación bilateral (movimientos oculares y estímulos táctiles), comparados con la de un solo tipo (Movimientos oculares). Este artículo presenta el análisis preliminar de los datos, así como la discusión de los resultados en línea con la teoría de la memoria de trabajo (Andrade y cols 1997) y la reafirmación del modelo refractario del EMDR propuesto por MacCulloch y Feldman (1996).

Keywords: Autobiographical Memories  Bilateral Stimulation  Eye Movements  Tactile Stimulation  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

23. van Uijen, S. L. (2010). Taxing working memory during memory recall and the startle reflex. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
A dual-task during recall of an emotional memory reduces its vividness and emotionality, which may be due to both tasks competing for limited working memory (WM) resources. The dose-response relationship between WM taxing during memory recall and its benefits was investigated. Additionally, the fear-potentiated startle reflex was measured to obtain more objective information about the expected decrease in vividness and emotionality. Participants recalled negative and positive memories while performing no dual-task, a moderately taxing dual-task (eye movements), or a very taxing dual-task (Tetris), after which vividness, emotionality and the startle reflex were measured. Compared to no dual-task, eye movements and Tetris similarly decreased image vividness and/or emotionality, and the startle reflex. The findings suggest a WM account of EMDR, which indicates that a concurrent task is beneficial because it taxes WM during memory recall; and that WM taxing during memory recall and its benefits are not linearly related.

Keywords: Intrusive memory  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Startle Reflex  Working memory  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

24. Scaer, R. (1999, February). Whiplash, pain and PTSD: The gain in pain comes mainly from the brain. Presentation at the Winter Brain Meeting, Palm Springs, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The whiplash syndrome is a complex, poorly understood and controversial cluster of symptoms including spinal pain, cognitive dysfunction, neurologic symptoms and emotional complaints consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder. Perhaps its most perplexing feature is the fact that symptoms frequently are far out of proportion to the severity of the accident itself. The frequency of emotional symptoms has led many physicians to attribute symptoms of whiplash to somatization. The typical syndrome of whiplash includes chronic headaches, spinal and jaw pain, usually classified as myofascial pain. Neurologic symptoms include cognitive dysfunction, positional vertigo, balance disturbance, blurring of vision, photophobia and phonophobia, all of which are attributed to minor traumatic brain injury. Emotional complaints include driving phobias, irritability, hypervigilence, exaggerated startle, flashbacks, depression, nightmares and sleep disturbance. DSM IV compatible or subsyndromal forms of PTSD occur in up to 60% of patients. I began to question the traumatic basis for whiplash when I discovered that most of my patients with delayed recovery had remarkable past histories of trauma, especially child abuse. I discovered that early and rigorous use of somatically based trauma therapies, especially EMDR and Somatic Experiencing resulted in clearing not only of emotional symptoms, but also neurologic and pain-related complaints in many cases. I have concluded that the neurophysiological basis for traumatization includes not only kindled arousal, explicit and procedural memory circuits, but also automatic patterns of neuromuscular bracing, stored in procedural memory analogous to motor skill memory. Bracing patterns of involved muscles represent protective motor reflexes from the moment of injury. Linked to memory and arousal, this kindled circuit leads to perpetuation of regional myofascial pain. Dissociation plays a major role in perpetuation of this phenomenon, and accounts for many of the unusual neurologic symptoms of whiplash. This model conforms to current theories of PTSD as a model of kindling, but includes the somatic element that I believe is a universal part of the syndrome of traumatization. The pervasive neurohormonal effects of trauma account for the remarkable amount of somatic complaints in this syndrome, and may be the basis for many poorly understood chronic idiopathic disease processes. Incorporation of the neuromuscular system in the process of traumatization pleads for the study of somatically-based therapies for PTSD.

Keywords: Pain  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PSTD  Whiplash  

Accuracy Verified: Yes