Francine Shapiro Library ~ EMDR Bibliography

Francine Shapiro Library - EMDR Bibliography Links

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Your Results - you searched for the keyword Socia Phobia 148 Results

1. 陈维樑 [Chen Wei-Liang]. (2008, 年10月[October]). 复杂哀伤,EMDR和“人格结构性解体”理论 [Complicated grief, EMDR and the "structural disintegration of personality" theory]. Proceedings of the 5th World Congress for Psychotherapy, Beijing, China.

Language: Chinese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Presentation will address the therapeutic issues of a complex bereavement case with traumatized history in a bicultural society. EMDR as an integrative psychotherapeutic approach and theory like the "Structural Dissociation of the Personality" as proposed by Nijenhuis, Van der Hart, Steele complements each other in working with complex bereavement. The Presentation outlines the conceptualization of the case based on this theory, the working process and milestones. As the individual grieves, various aspects of structural dissociation are observed. Symptoms are understood in light of the "Apparently Normal and the Emotional Parts of the Personality". The working procedures within the EMDR framework involve processing materials from different aspects of structural dissociation. A reduction of trauma-related symptoms (i.e. depression, phobia, anxiety) over the course of EMDR treatment was observed. Finally, treatment issues as related to attachment, traumatic memory, and daily functioning are discussed in the context of a bicultural urban city. (Presented in English)

Keywords: Complication Grief Personality Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

2. 陳致豪 [Chen Chih-Hao]. (2004). 眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效 [The efficacy of eye movement and positive cognition components of EMDR in the treatment of cockroach phobia]. 國立台灣大學心理學研究所 [National Taiwan University Graduate Institute of Psychology].

Language: Chinese

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
陳致豪眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效
眼動減敏訊息再處理法（Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing; EMDR）是Shapiro（1989a, 1989b）所發展的一套治療方法，最早被用來治療創傷後壓力疾患（post traumatic stress disorder; PTSD，後來也被認為對其他心理疾患具有療效。雖然Shapiro認為眼動程序可以加速訊息處理並降低個案的焦慮與困擾，不同治療變項的療效仍待由控制性研究法進一步釐清。本研究以部分減除（dismantling）的方式，運用實驗法來探討「眼動」與「正向認知」對懼蟑症治療效果的影響。藉2（有眼動、無眼動）× 2（正向認知、減敏延長）受試者間設計，探討單一治療次對懼蟑症者的治療效果。受試者為自大樣本篩選出的40名懼怕蟑螂的大學女生。研究結果顯示治療程序的主要效果顯著，四組的療效相當。在治療階段中，受試者主觀害怕程度、對負向認知之相信程度皆呈顯著的線性下降；對正向認知之相信程度則僅眼動組呈顯著線性上升。雖然生理指標（心跳速率）在前測時顯著較基線時高，而在後測時回復至接近基線水準，但就微觀歷程分析，治療階段中各組之心跳速率變化為，在第一階段內逐漸上升，階段間休息時心跳速率略為降低，在第二階段開始又逐漸上升。本研究結果亦顯示，就微觀的治療歷程（micro process）而言，在正向認知的治療情境中，僅眼動組的受試者對正向認知之相信程度逐漸提高。在治療效果上，雖曝露法（exposure）本身便具有療效；但眼動能夠進一步促進受試者第二階段中正向認知的相信程度（可能藉由促進訊息處理）。就巨觀的療效指標而言，雖然單一治療次在各組皆有顯著的療效，但是正向認知對療效的影響無組別差異，該療效指標可能需要較多的治療次始能反映出來。本研究亦就研究結果所顯示的意義與未來的研究方向提出討論

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989a, 1989b) was initially used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and later has been thought to be effective in treating other psychological disorders also. Shapiro suggested that eye movement procedure could accelerate information processing and further reduced the client’s anxiety and disturbance. However, psychotherapy evaluation regarding crucial therapeutic parameters awaits elucidation. This dismantling study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of eye movement and positive cognition on phobias. Specifically, via a 2×2 between subject design, with “eye movement/non eye movement” and “treatment process” being two independent variables, a total of 40 female university students with fear of cockroaches were screened and recruited from introductory psychology class to explore the treatment effect of those two components. The results showed that, according to macro therapeutic indices, the effect of therapy was significant, and was not significantly different among groups. As to micro treatment process, while the participants’ SUDs decreased linearly, and so did the negative cognition VOCs, the positive cognition VOCs increased linearly only for the eye movement condition. In addition, while for macro index, the physical index, heart rate, was significantly higher at pre-test than at baseline and returned to baseline at post-test, the process measures indicated that heart rate increased during the first treatment stage, returned during rest period, and increased again during the second treatment stage. According to the micro process, the results also suggested that when presented with positive cognition participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions increased only for the eye movement condition. As to the therapeutic effects, although exposure by itself might be effective, eye movement could further promote participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions at the second treatment stage, probably by facilitating information processing. Nonetheless, regarding macro therapeutic index, there were equal therapeutic effects across groups within one-session therapy, and the superiority of positive cognition installation remained obscure, which implied that to become obvious more sessions might be called for. The implications of the present results and further research possibilities are postulated.

Keywords: Cockroach Phobia Eye Movement Phobia Positive Cognition Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

3. 陳致豪張素凰 [Chen Zhi-Hao, & Chang Sue-Hwang]. (2004年9月). 眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效國立台灣 [The efficacy of eye movement and positive cognition components of EMDR in the treatment of cockroach phobias]. 紙發表於第43屆年會台灣心理學會會議上，研討會焦慮症：心理素質，調解員和治療問題。政治大學，台北，台灣 [Presentation at the 43rd Annual Conferences on Taiwan Psychological Association, Symposium on Anxiety Disorders: Diatheses, Mediators and Therapeutic Implications. Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan].

Language: Chinese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
眼動減敏訊息再處理法（Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing; EMDR）是Shapiro（1989a, 1989b）所發展的一套治療方法，最早被用來治療創傷後壓力疾患（post traumatic stress disorder; PTSD，後來也被認為對其他心理疾患具有療效。雖然Shapiro 認為眼動程序可以加速訊息處理並降低個案的焦慮與困擾，不同治療變項的療效仍待由控制性研究法進一步釐清。本研究以部分減除（dismantling）的方式，運用實驗法來探討「眼動」與「正向認知」對懼蟑症治療效果的影響。藉2（有眼動、無眼動）× 2（正向認知、減敏延長）受試者間設計，探討單一治療次對懼蟑症者的治療效果。受試者為自大樣本篩選出的40 名懼怕蟑螂的大學女生。研究結果顯示治療程序的主要效果顯著，四組的療效相當。在治療階段中，受試者主觀害怕程度、對負向認知之相信程度皆呈顯著的線性下降；對正向認知之相信程度則僅眼動組呈顯著線性上升。雖然生理指標（心跳速率）在前測時顯著較基線時高，而在後測時回復至接近基線水準，但就微觀歷程分析，治療階段中各組之心跳速率變化為，在第一階段內逐漸上升，階段間休息時心跳速率略為降低，在第二階段開始又逐漸上升。本研究結果亦顯示，就微觀的治療歷程（micro process）而言，在正向認知的治療情境中，僅眼動組的受試者對正向認知之相信程度逐漸提高。在治療效果上，雖曝露法（exposure）本身便具有療效；但眼動能夠進一步促進受試者第二階段中正向認知的相信程度（可能藉由促進訊息處理）。就巨觀的療效指標而言，雖然單一治療次在各組皆有顯著的療效，但是正向認知對療效的影響無組別差異，該療效指標可能需要較多的治療次始能反映出來。本研究亦就研究結果所顯示的意義與未來的研究方向提出討論。

[Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989a, 1989b) was initially used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and later has been thought to be effective in treating other psychological disorders also. Shapiro suggested that eye movement procedure could accelerate information processing and further reduced the client’s anxiety and disturbance. However, psychotherapy evaluation regarding crucial therapeutic parameters awaits elucidation. This dismantling study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of eye movement and positive cognition on phobias. Specifically, via a 2×2 between subject design, with “eye movement/non eye movement” and “treatment process” being two independent variables, a total of 40 female university students with fear of cockroaches were screened and recruited from introductory psychology class to explore the treatment effect of those two components. The results showed that, according to macro therapeutic indices, the effect of therapy was significant, and was not significantly different among groups. As to micro treatment process, while the participants’ SUDs decreased linearly, and so did the negative cognition VOCs, the positive cognition VOCs increased linearly only for the eye movement condition. In addition, while for macro index, the physical index, heart rate, was significantly higher at pre-test than at baseline and returned to baseline at post-test, the process measures indicated that heart rate increased during the first treatment stage, returned during rest period, and increased again during the second treatment stage. According to the micro process, the results also suggested that when presented with positive cognition participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions increased only for the eye movement condition. As to the therapeutic effects, although exposure by itself might be effective, eye movement could further promote participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions at the second treatment stage, probably by facilitating information processing. Nonetheless, regarding macro therapeutic index, there were equal therapeutic effects across groups within one-session therapy, and the superiority of positive cognition installation remained obscure, which implied that to become obvious more sessions might be called for. The implications of the present results and further research possibilities are postulated.]

Keywords: Cockroach Phobia Eye Movement Phobia Positive Cognition Psychotherapy Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

4. シャピロ、フランシーヌ [Shapiro, Francine]. (2004). 眼球運動脱感作と再処理：基本的な考え方、プロトコル、および手順 [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols, and procedures]. 大阪：Niheisha [Ōsaka: Niheisha].

Language: Japanese

Format: Book

Abstract:
"この雑誌は、この本の初版（1996年世＃4頁99〜100）の主要な貢献として賞賛した。この新しい版は大幅に拡大され、更新された、反対の一部の研究者は、EMDRしなければならなかったことは多くを解決。結果は恐怖症の治療に有用な補助ステップバイステップの歴史的、理論的、実用的な導入され、心的外傷後ストレス障害を投稿してください。"-初版臨床老年学者称賛、"この実用的な本が重要であるの決定的なプレゼンテーションとしてEMDR法....臨床医は、その詳細な説明をお迎えいたします....いくつかの事例や五注釈転写物はきれいにし、メソッドの機微を示していますセラピストのクライアントは、ロールを中心に"-現代心理学は"書き込みは一般的には明らかである具体的な手順とサンプルのフレーズを説明するために典型的なケースのイラストでバランスのガイドラインは....利点の説明は特別な注意が、可能性のある副作用の説明で全体のバランスが期待されるセラピストによって使用されるように、困難な集団が発生したと手続きバリエーションは必要ありません。"- プライベート実践心理の"非常に数年間で、EMDRも進められている数多くの追加のアプリケーションとの（心的外傷後ストレス障害のための最も広く研究治療に奇妙な音新技術から成長してきた)....数最近のではなく、説得力のある研究が正当かつ強力な治療法としてEMDR確立している"-専門心理学-レビュー

"This journal praised the first edition of this book (1996 XVI #4, pp. 99-100) as a major contribution. This new edition is greatly expanded and updated, addressing many of the objections that some researchers have had to EMDR. The result is a step-by-step historical, theoretical, practical introduction to a useful adjunct for the treatment of phobia and post traumatic stress disorder."--Clinical Gerontologist PRAISE FOR THE FIRST EDITION "This pragmatic book is important as the definitive presentation of the EMDR method....Clinicians will welcome its detailed explanation....Several case examples and five annotated transcripts nicely illustrate subtleties in the method and the therapist's client-centered role."--Contemporary Psychology "The writing is clear with general guidelines balanced by exemplary case illustrations to illustrate specific procedures and sample phrases to be used by the therapist....The description of the benefits to be expected is balanced throughout by descriptions of the special precautions, possible side effects, difficult populations encountered and procedural variations needed."--Psychotherapy in Private Practice "In a very few years, EMDR has grown from a bizarre sounding new technique to the most extensively researched treatment for PTSD (with numerous additional applications also being pursued)....A number of recent, rather convincing studies have established EMDR as a legitimate and powerful treatment."--Professional Psychology -- Review

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5. 生月誠 , 田上不二夫 [Ikezuki Makoto, and Tagami Fujio]. (2003年12月). 視線恐怖の治療メカニズム [Terror mechanism eye treatment]. 教育心理学研究, 51(4), 425-430 [Educational Psychology, 51 (4), 425-430].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Abstract:
本研究では,視線恐怖を主訴とする被験者の,視線恐怖軽減のメカニズムを解明することが目的である。実験1では,言語反復を含むリラクゼーションによる脱感作の手続きを,実験2では,拮抗動作法による脱感作の手続きを用いた。いずれも,自己視線恐怖より,他者視線恐怖の軽減に効果的であり,distractionが視線恐怖軽減の重要な要因となることが示唆された。また,自己視線恐怖は自己の視線に関する独特の認知を伴っ …

In this study, the subjects complained of fear that someone, the goal is to elucidate the mechanism of reduced eye phobia. In Experiment 1, the relaxation process of desensitization by repetitive language, including, in the second experiment, using a desensitization procedure by antagonistic action. Both look over fear, self and others effectively to reduce eye phobia, distraction was suggested to be an important factor in reducing the look of fear. The look of fear on the unique self-awareness accompanied by their own eyes ...

Keywords: Fear Terror

Accuracy Verified: Yes

6. 伊丽武国城苏芳 (Yi Li, Wu Guocheng, & Su Fang] (2008, November). 运用EMDR技术治疗恐惧反应案例 [Treatment of Phobic Reaction with the EMDR]. 中国首届心理咨询师大会暨心理危机干预研讨会论文集 [1st Seminar of Psychotherapists and Psychological Intervention in China].

Language: Chinese

Format: Conference

Keywords: Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

7. 手代木君枝, 古暮恒夫 [Tshirogi Kimie, & Kogure Tsuneo]. (1999年6月). 15. EMDRが奏効した片頭痛発作に伴ったトイレ恐怖症の1例(第43回日本心身医学会東北地方会演題抄録) [A case of toilet phobia accompanied with a migraine attack successfuly treated by EMDR](Meeting Abstracts: the 43rd Tohoku Regional meeting of the Japanese Society of Psychosomatic Medicine)]. 心身医学、日本の学会誌39（5）、398 [Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 39(5), 398].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Keywords: Migraines Toilet Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

8. Leeds, A. (2012, June). Affect phobias in EMDR therapy - developing affect tolerance capacities in client and clinician [Fobias afectivas en la terapia con EMDR -‐ El desarrollo de habilidades para la tolerancia afectiva en el cliente y el clínico]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Affect phobias may also be described as psychodynamic or dissociative defenses or as ego state conflicts. When patients present with affect phobias and fail to progress with standard EMDR procedural interventions, EMDR therapy can still be effective when clinicians have the conceptual knowledge and perceptual skills to recognize these defenses, and when they can make use of a flexible set of advanced EMDR procedural stills for responding. EMDR trained clinicians must also confront their own affect phobias and psychodynamic conflicts as they experience a range of responses to their work with patients including countertransference and vicarious traumatization that can disrupt their ability to make use of their conceptual, perceptual and procedural knowledge and skills. This presentation provides an overview of concepts from Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (STDP: McCullough, 1997, 2003) and the Theory of Structural Dissociation of the Personality (TSDP: van der Hart, Nijenhuis & Steele, 2006) and identifies procedures from Knipe (1999, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010a, 2010b, 2010c), Mosquera (2010, 2011), Mosquera and Gonzalez (2010), and Leeds (2001), which clinicians can employ with cases involving affect phobia. We will also consider how clinicians can be sensitive to and mitigate the potential impact of their own affect phobias in their clinical work.

Las fobias al afecto también se pueden describir como defensas psicodinámicas, disociativas ó como conflictos del estado del yo. Cuando los pacientes presentan fobias al afecto y no avanzan con las intervenciones siguiendo los procedimientos de EMDR habituales, EMDR aún puede ser efectivo cuando los clínicos gozan del conocimiento conceptual, así como las habilidades perceptivas para reconocer dichas defensas y cuándo puede servirse de un conjunto flexible de habilidades de procedimiento de EMDR para responder [ante ellas]. Los clínicos formados en el uso de EMDR también han de afrontar sus propias fobias y conflictos psicodinámicos a medida que pasen por una variedad de respuestas a su trabajo con pacientes, incluidas la contra-‐transferencia y la traumatización indirecta que pueden perturbar su capacidad para aprovechar sus conocimientos y habilidades conceptuales, perceptivos y habilidades. La presente ponencia ofrece una visión del conjunto de los conceptos de Short-‐Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (STDP: McCullough, 1997, 2003) [psicoterapia dinámica breve] y de Theory of Structural Dissociation of the Personality (TSDP: van der Hart, Nijenhuis & Steele, 2006) [teoría de la disociación estructural de la personalidad] e identifica procedimientos de Knipe (1999, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010a, 2010b, 2010c), Mosquera (2010, 2011), Mosquera y Gonzalez (2010) y Leeds (2001) que pueden aplicar los clínicos en casos de fobia al afecto. También se contemplará cómo los clínicos pueden estar sensibles ante el impacto potencial de sus propias fobias al afecto y cómo mitigarlo en su trabajo clínico.

Keywords: Affect Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

9. Solvey, P., & Ferrazzano de Solvey, R. C. (2006, January 2). Algunas fobias...¿Algunos traumas? - Segunda Parte [Some phobias...some traumas - Part 2]. DePsicoterapias S.R.L. Retrieved from http://www.depsicoterapias.com/articulo.asp?IdArticulo=542/8/2009.

Language: Spanish

Format: Other

Abstract:
Este artículo postula una relación unívoca, causa efecto entre la existencia de un trauma y la aparición posterior de una fobia. Estos traumas pueden ser de distinta naturaleza, pueden ser recordados y relacionados con la fobia, recordados y no relacionados con la fobia, olvidados y cuyo recuerdo emerge con las técnicas de avanzada, y traumas perinatales, cuyo recuerdo también puede emerger durante el reprocesamiento de la fobia. Se incluye una casuística de ejemplos clínicos, complementando la parte teórica de este trabajo, que postula una función de evolución adaptativa para las fobias.

This article posits a unilinear relation cause-effect relationship between the existence of a trauma and the subsequent appearance of a phobia. These traumas can be of different nature, can be remembered and associated with the phobia, remembered and not related to the phobia, forgotten and whose memory emerges with advanced techniques, and perinatal trauma, the memory may also emerge during the reprocessing of phobia. It includes a case series of clinical examples, complementing the theoretical part of this work, we hypothesize a role of adaptive evolution for phobias.

Keywords: Phobias Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

10. Solvey, P., & Ferrazzano de Solvey, R. C. (2006, January 3). Algunas fobias...¿algunos traumas? [Some phobias...some traumas?]. DePsicoterapias S.R.L. Retrieved from ://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.depsicoterapias.com/articulo.asp%3FIdArticulo%3D54&ei=jV-zS9rxA4aKlwfm1_m7BA&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CA0Q7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3DAlgunas%2Bfobias...%25C3%2582%25C2%25BFalgunos%2Btraumas%253F%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4SNNT_enUS353US354 3/12/2006.

Language: Spanish

Format: Other

Abstract:
Este artículo postula una relación unívoca, causa efecto entre la existencia de un trauma y la aparición posterior de una fobia. Estos traumas pueden ser de distinta naturaleza, pueden ser recordados y relacionados con la fobia, recordados y no relacionados con la fobia, olvidados y cuyo recuerdo emerge con las técnicas de avanzada, y traumas perinatales, cuyo recuerdo también puede emerger durante el reprocesamiento de la fobia. Se incluye una casuística de ejemplos clínicos, complementando la parte teórica de este trabajo , que postula una función de evolución adaptativa para las fobias.

This article posits a unilinear relation cause-effect relationship between the existence of a trauma and the subsequent appearance of a phobia. These traumas can be of different nature, can be remembered and associated with the phobia, remembered and not related to the phobia, forgotten and whose memory emerges with advanced techniques, and perinatal trauma, the memory may also emerge during the reprocessing of phobia. It includes a case series of clinical examples, complementing the theoretical part of this work, we hypothesize a role of adaptive evolution for phobias.

Keywords: Phobias Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

11. de Jongh, A. (1999, June). The application of EMDR in the treatment of specific phobias. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will 1) gain an understanding of when and how to apply the phobia protocol; and 2) learn to integrate the use of adaptive coping skills and exposure techniques into their EMDR work with phobic individuals.

Keywords: Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

12. Cocco, N. (1995, June). Applications of EMDR to children: EMDR in the treatment of darkness phobia in children. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR in the treatment of darkness phobia in children: 1. Overview of Darkness Phobia: A. Assessment of Childhood Phobias; B. Definition; C. Prevalence; D. Consequences.
2. Treatment Literature on Darkness Phobia: A. Invivo Exposure; B. Imaginal Desensitization; C. Modeling Symbolic and Participant; D. Coping Self Talk; E. Emotive Imagery.
3. [Preliminary Data on Controlled Comparison Between Emotive Imagery and EMDR: A. Aims of Study; B. Method: Subject, Design, Procedure: Assessment, Treatment Protocols; C. Results; D. Discussion.
4. EMDR Protocol: A. Assessment of Darkness Phobia; B. Hero Interview; C. EMDR Target Selection; D. Fantasy Based Cognitive Interweave: Linking Cues/Cognition/Affect Superheros to Change Cognition and Affect.]

Keywords: Children Darkness Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

13. de Jongh, A., ten Broeke, E., & Meijer, S. (2011). Approche des deux méthodes: Un modèle de conceptualisation de cas dans le contexte de l’EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(1), 12–21. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.1.E12.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Cet article décrit un modèle complet qui permet d’identifier des souvenirs cibles essentiels pour le traitement EMDR. L’“Approche des deux méthodes” peut s’appliquer à la conceptualisation et à la réalisation du traitement pour une large gamme de symptômes et de problèmes autres que ceux qui sont directement en lien avec l’ESPT. Le modèle se compose de deux types de conceptualisation de cas. La Première méthode s’applique aux symptômes permettant de préciser de manière significative les événements étiologiques ou aggravants sur une ligne du temps. Elle est principalement destinée à la conceptualisation et au traitement de troubles de l’Axe I du DSM-IV-TR. La Seconde méthode est utilisée pour identifier les souvenirs qui sous-tendent les croyances fondamentales dysfonctionnelles. Cette méthode est principalement destinée à traiter les formes plus graves de psychopathologie, comme la phobie sociale sévère, l’ESPT complexe ou les troubles de la personnalité. Les deux méthodes de conceptualisation de cas sont expliquées point par point, en détail, et sont illustrées par des exemples de cas.

This article describes a comprehensive model that identifies key target of memories for the treatment EMDR. The "approach of the two methods " can be applied to the conceptualization and implementation treatment for a wide range of symptoms and problems other than those directly related PTSD. The model consists of two types of case conceptualization. First method applies to specific symptoms for significantly Events causative or aggravating on a timeline. It is mainly intended for the conceptualization and treatment of disorders of Axis I DSM-IV-TR. The second method is used to identify memories that underlie dysfunctional core beliefs. This method is primarily intended to address the more serious forms of psychopathology such as social phobia severe complex PTSD or personality disorders. Both methods of conceptualizing cases are explained point by point in detail and are illustrated by case examples.

Keywords: Case Conceptualization Model

Accuracy Verified: Yes

14. Gros, D. F., & Antony, M. (2006, August). The assessment and treatment of specific phobias: A review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 8(4), 298-303.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Specific phobia is one of the most common and easily treated mental disorders. In this review, empirically supported assessment and treatment procedures for specific phobia are discussed. Exposure-based treatments in particular are highlighted given their demonstrated effectiveness for this condition. The format and characteristics of exposure-based treatment and predictors of treatment response are outlined to provide recommendations for maximizing outcome. In addition, several other treatments for specific phobia are reviewed and critiqued, including cognitive therapy, virtual reality, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, applied tension, and pharmacologic treatments. The review concludes with a discussion of future directions for research.

Keywords: Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

15. Mevissen, L., & Lievegoed, R. (2011, April). Behandeling van tandartsfobie bij een niet sprekend kind met pre-verbaal medisch trauma [Treatment of dental phobia in a non-speaking child with pre-verbal trauma medical]. Presentatie op de 5e Jaarlijkse Conferentie van EMDR Vereniging Nederland, Nijmegen, Nederland.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In deze workshop staat de behandeling van een 5-jarig jongetje met extreme tandartsangst centraal. Er is sprake van een genetisch bepaalde overgevoeligheid van het mondgebied. Het patientje krijgt zijn dagelijkse voeding voornamelijk via een sonde. De oorsprong van de angst wordt toegeschreven aan pré-verbaal medisch trauma. Aan de hand van videobeelden worden zowel casusconceptualisatie, verloop van de behandeling als de effecten in de tandartskamer geïllustreerd. De complexe gehechtheidsrelatie is in de problematiek verweven; de behandeling daarvan wordt eveneens belicht.

In this workshop the treatment of a 5-year-old boy with extreme dental fear central. There is a genetically determined hypersensitivity of the mouth area. The young patient gets his daily diet primarily through a tube. The origin of fear is attributed to pre-verbal medical trauma. Using both video conceptualization, course of treatment if the effects illustrated in the dental room. The complex is in the attachment relationship issues intertwined their treatment is also highlighted.

Keywords: Dental Phobia Mutism Pre-Verbal Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

16. von Knorring, L., Thelander, S., & Pettersson, A. (2005, November 21-27). Behandling av angestsyndrom. En systematisklitteraturaversikt. SBUs sammanfattning och slutsatser [Treatment of anxiety syndrome: A systematic literature review. Summary and conclusions by the SBU]. Lakartidningen , 102(47), 3561-3562, 3565-3566, 3569.

Language: Swedish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
En rapport från det svenska rådet för medicinsk utvärdering (SBU) har gått igenom, klassificeras och utvärderas den vetenskapliga litteraturen om behandling av panik-syndrom, specifika fobier, social fobi, tvångssyndrom syndrom (OCD), generaliserat ångestsyndrom (GAD) och posttraumatiskt stressyndrom (PTSD). Översynen ingår behandling av barn, ungdomar och vuxna. Rapportens slutsats är att det finns effektiv behandling tillgänglig för alla ångest syndrom. Men i allmänhet, är effekten ofta måttliga och symtomen återkommer när behandlingen perioden avbryts. För vuxna, stödjer vetenskapliga bevis användning av paroxetin och sertralin för alla syndrom utom specifika fobier. För övriga SSRI-preparat Det finns också bevis för användning av Fluoxetin i OCD och PTSD, för fluvoxamin i social fobi och tvångssyndrom och för escitalopram i social fobi. Andra antidepressiva läkemedel med ett starkt vetenskapligt stöd är venlafaxin i social fobi och GAD, imipramin i panik syndrom och chlomipramine i panik syndrom och tvångssyndrom. Bland de psykologiska behandlingar, det finns vetenskapliga bevis för kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT) för behandling av panik-syndrom, specifika fobier, social fobi, PTSD och GAD. Exponering, med eller utan andra psykoterapeutiska interventioner har vetenskapligt stöd för effekt vid paniksyndrom (både i termer av antalet panikattacker och agorafobi för), specifika fobier, tvångssyndrom och PTSD. Användning av ögonrörelser desensibilisering och upparbetning (EMDR) har vetenskapligt stöd för behandling av PTSD.

A report by the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU) has reviewed, classified and evaluated the scientific literature on treatment of panic syndrome, specific phobias, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive syndrome (OCD), generalized anxiety syndrome (GAD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The review included treatment of children, adolescents and adults. The report concludes that there is effective treatment available for all anxiety syndromes. However in general, the effect is often moderate and symptoms reappear when the treatment period is discontinued. For adults, scientific evidence supports the use of paroxetine and sertraline for all syndromes except specific phobias. For the other SSRI's there is also evidence for the use of fluoxetin in OCD and PTSD, for fluvoxamine in social phobia and OCD and for escitalopram in social phobia. Other antidepressant drugs with a strong scientific support is venlafaxin in social phobia and GAD, imipramin in panic syndrome and chlomipramine in panic syndrome and OCD. Among psychological treatments, there is scientific evidence for cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for treatment of panic syndrome, specific phobias, social phobia, PTSD and GAD. Exposure, with or without other psychotherapeutic interventions, has scientific support for efficacy in panic disorder (both in terms of number of panic attacks and for agoraphobia), specific phobias, OCD and PTSD. Use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has scientific support for treatment of PTSD.

Keywords: Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

17. Chen, L. (2008, June). Bereavement, EMDR & structural dissociation of the personality theory. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The Poster Presentation will address the therapeutic issues of a complex bereavement case with traumatized history in a bicultural society. EMDR as an integrative psychotherapeutic approach and theory like the “Structural Dissociation of the Personality” as proposed by Nijenhuis, Van der Hart, & Steele complements each other in working with complex bereavement. The Presentation outlines the conceptualization of the case based on this theory, the working process and milestones. As the individual grieves, various levels of structural dissociation are observed. Symptoms are understood in light of the “Apparently Normal and the Emotional Parts of the Personality”. The working procedures within the EMDR framework involve processing materials from different levels of structural dissociation. A reduction of trauma-related symptoms (i.e. depression, phobia, anxiety) over the course of EMDR treatment was observed. Finally, treatment issues as related to attachment, traumatic memory, and daily functioning are discussed in the context of a bicultural urban city. [Note: Poster and Word Versions]

Keywords: Dissociation Personality Theory Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

18. Giti, S. M. (2011, May). Beyond social phobia: A review of the background, manifestations and varied therapeutic approaches for performance anxiety. Alliant International University, Los Angeles, California. 3503418.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Performance anxiety is ubiquitous in our present culture and is considered one of the most prevalent forms of anxiety. The famous actor and comedian Jerry Seinfeld once joked, “ At a funeral, most people would rather be in the casket than giving the eulogy!” While nearly eighty percent of people experience some form of anxiety when they are the center of attention, individuals who experience performance anxiety are severely distressed and debilitated by their anxiety (Plaut, 1990). In most cases, performance anxiety threatens to restrain an individual’s profession, goals, education, relationships or daily life activities. While the phenomenon of acute anxiety is commonly labeled as stage fright in the world of the performing arts, in psychological literature it is rarely specified or considered a diagnosable mental health disorder. It is often clustered with specific phobias or social phobia. Indeed, performance anxiety is not an experience solely limited to actors, musicians, singers and dancers. It affects athletes, politicians, writers, students, professionals, leaders, and individuals in all walks of life. For this reason, it is essential that clinicians become educated in the etiology, symptoms, manifestations and therapeutic approaches of performance anxiety.

Keywords: Socia Phobia Performance Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

19. Rossello-Mir, J., Revert-Vidal, X., Obrador, P., & Cardell, E. (2007, June). Brief EMDR protocol versus bilateral stimulation in the treatment of spider phobia. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR, that includes bilateral stimulation, causes the desensitization and reprocessing of traumatic memories, thus reducing anxiety, distress, fear, and other symptoms related with several anxiety disorders. Previous results show it is effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD, panic disorder, public speaking anxiety, etc. Relying on some previous results we think that a brief EMDR protocol could be applied to relieve symptoms of specific phobias.
To investigate this issue, we study the efficacy of a new brief EMDR protocol in the treatment of spider phobia. Furthermore, our design tries to clarify the controversy about which components of the EMDR procedure are relevant for patient’s improvement. More specifically, we compare the effectiveness of our brief procedures with that of simple bilateral stimulation that is, without eye movements, which necessity to obtain therapeutic outcome has been questioned.
We randomly assign twenty volunteers, female university students with spider phobia to one of three groups. We applied the brief EMDR protocol to the first one and bilateral stimulation to the second one, being the third group the control one. To assess the effectiveness of both treatments, in addition to apply traditional questionnaires, we designed a specific emotional Stroop task in order to make use of this tool to evaluate, before and after each treatment, the selective attentional biases, that seem to play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. We discuss the differences found in our results in reference to the controversy aforementioned and how they can help to understand the EMDR mechanism of action.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Brief EMDR Spider Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

20. Campbell-Beattie, J. (2002, May). Case presentation: "Swimming/fish phobia" - A single session case using an abbreviated EMDR protocol . The EMDR Practitioner. The EMDR Practitioner. Retrieved from http://www.emdr-practitioner.net on 12/27/2008.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
I have been using a short EMDR session along the same protocol lines as Parnell(1999), being less pedantic about the ordered protocol set-up. While the patient tells me about self and their issues, I consider the necessary approach. In this case the value of EMDR, and a focus on what is needed for it to work best. Working within a 40 minute time limit window some direct questioning is usually necessary to focus the patient's attention.

Keywords: Fish Phobia Swimming Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

21. Kim, D., & Kim, K-I. (2004, January). A case series of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in 30 psychiatric patients: Korean experience. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 43(1), 113-118.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an emerging psychotherapeutic technique for posttraumatic stress disorder and other conditions associated with psychological trauma. The effectiveness of this technique has been reported among North American and European populations; however, research on it's effectiveness among other ethnocultural groups is sparse. This is the first clinical study of EMDR in Korea with 30 Korean psychiatric patients in two clinical settings. METHODS: Diagnostically heterogeneous group of 30 psychiatric patients underwent a mean of 3.13 (95%CI=2.54-3.73) sessions of EMDR. The Clinical Global Impression-Change scale (CGI-C) was administered one week and six months after the termination of treatment. Results: Participants had a mean CGI-C score of 1.80 (95%CI=1.44-2.16). We designated as 'responders' those who were 'very much improved' or 'much improved' on the CGI-C, 23 (77%) After six months, 19/23 (83%) still characterized as remaimed responders. All the patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, phobia, and grief reaction were responders, and those with personality disorder nonresponders. Results for depressive and other disorders were mixed. Conclusion: Despite methodological limitations, results from this study suggest that the EMDR can be applied to Korean psychiatric patients.

Keywords: Korea Psychiatric Patients

Accuracy Verified: Yes

22. Mendoza-Weitman, L. (1992, May). Case study. EMDR Network Newsletter, 2(1), 11-12.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
A ten year-old Hispanic boy was referred by his mother for outpatient psychotherapy. The mother described her son as having been depressed since the father abandoned the family over five years ago. The depression was now worsening, although the mother could not identify any new stressors. The boy was described as having little or no interest in pleasurable activities, doing poorly academically, experiencing significant weight loss, panicking each morning about leaving home for school, complaining of stomachaches every morning, and having sad affect. Additionally, the mother was distressed that the boy had an intense phobia of eating in public and refused to do so. He complained of "picturing vomit" each time he tried to eat. The boy's stated goal of treatment was "to stop thinking about throwing up." He also asked for help " to not feel sick every morning, even though I'm not really sick."

Keywords: Case Study Throwing Up Vomiting

Accuracy Verified: Yes

23. Groenendijk, M. (2009). Casus 14 – Ik! Ben! Goed!: Een cliënte van 55 jaar met een dissociatieve identiteitsstoornis (DIS) [Case 14 - I! Am! Good!: A woman of 55 years with a dissociative identity disorder (DIS)]. In H. K. Hornsveld & S. Berendsen (Eds.), Casusboek EMDR, 25 voorbeelden uit de praktijk (1st Ed.), (pp. 205-222). Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum. doi:10.1007/978-90-313-7358-1_21.

Language: Dutch

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Miranda is 55 jaar en getrouwd met Peter, garagehouder. Zij hebben twee volwassen kinderen (een zoon en een dochter) en twee kleinkinderen. Miranda woont in een klein dorp in het noorden van het land. Tot acht jaar geleden werkte ze als administratief medewerkster op een kantoor, maar zij kwam in de ziektewet wegens problemen op het werk en in haar huwelijk. Ze meldde zich aan voor behandeling en bij haar werd als diagnose gesteld: reactieve depressie en sociale fobie bij een persoonlijkheid met ontwijkende trekken. Na een ambulante start werd ze aangemeld voor klinische psychotherapie en gedurende deze opname kwam voor het eerst haar geschiedenis met ernstig seksueel misbruik ter sprake. Op de deeltijdbehandeling die daarop volgde, kreeg ze steeds meer last van dissociatieve klachten. Ook thuis namen deze klachten toe en kreeg ze woedeaanvallen. Ze ging's nachts geregeld zwerven. Ze werd heropgenomen en nu werd de diagnose DIS gesteld. In de kliniek werden in het kader van traumaverwerking enkele EMDR-sessies gedaan, maar dit had weinig resultaat. Miranda herinnert zich er nauwelijks iets van.

Miranda is 55 years and married to Peter, mechanic. They have two grown children (a son and a daughter) and two grandchildren. Miranda lives in a small village in the north of the country. Until eight years ago she worked as an administrative assistant at an office, but she was on sick leave due to problems at work and in her marriage. She signed up for treatment and was considered its diagnosis: reactive depression and social phobia with avoidant personality in a draw. After a patient start, she was signed up for clinical psychotherapy and during this recording first came her history with sexual abuse seriously discussed. On the day hospital treatment that followed, she was increasingly suffering from dissociative symptoms. Also took home these complaints, and she rages. She went regularly roam at night. She was re-recorded and now the diagnosis was made DIS. In the clinic under some EMDR trauma processing sessions done, but this had little effect. Miranda remembers hardly anything.

Keywords: DID Dissociative Identity Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

24. Schurmans, K. (2007). A clinical vignette: EMDR treatment of choking phobia. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(2), 118-121. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.2.118.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A vignette is a brief case report that makes a contribution to the literature, but which has used only EMDR's standard protocol measures. This vignette describes the treatment of a woman who developed a severe choking phobia following an allergic reaction to a herbal beverage. She was hospitalized on several occasions because of her resultant inability to consume food and liquids. She received four years of various types of treatment for this phobia, including eating disorder treatment, brief psychodynamic therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and psychopharmacological treatment. None were successful in eliminating the disorder. Then when Mary received a course of EMDR treatment, addressing childhood etiological events, there was complete remission of the choking phobia and elimination of all related behaviors. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Anaphylactic Shock Case Report CBT Child Abuse Choking Phobia Cognitive Behaviorial Therapy Eating Disorders Females Phobia Spouse Abuse Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

25. Deacon, B. J., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2004, April). Cognitive and behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders: A review of meta-analytic findings. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60(4), 429–441. doi:10.1002/jclp.10255.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Behavioral and cognitive psychotherapies are the most widely studied psychological interventions for anxiety disorders. In the present article, the results of ten years of meta-analytic studies on psychotherapies for the various anxiety disorders are reviewed and the relative effectiveness of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic methods is examined. Meta-analytic results support the effectiveness of combined cognitive and behavioral approaches for anxiety disorders. Pure behavioral therapies also are effective and appear to work as well as combined treatment for some disorders. Due to the small number of outcome studies involving pure cognitive treatments, reliable conclusions about the effectiveness of this approach cannot be offered. Additional theoretical and practical considerations are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 60: 429–441, 2004.

Keywords: Anxiety GAD Generalized Anxiety Disorder Meta-Analysis Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder OCD Panic Disorder Social Phobia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

26. Makinson, R. A., & Young, J. S. (2012, April). Cognitive behavioral therapy and the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Where counseling and neuroscience meet. Journal of Counseling & Development, 90(2), 131-140. doi:10.1111/j.1556-6676.2012.00017.x .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
There is increasing evidence to support the biological basis of mental disorders. Subsequently, understanding the neurobiological context from which mental distress arises can help counselors appropriately apply cognitive behavioral therapy and other well-researched cognitive interventions. The purpose of this article is to describe the neurobiological context underlying the formation and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorders, a mental disorder frequently encountered by counselors, from a cognitive therapy framework.
Recent changes to the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (2009) accreditation standards include the need for counselors-in-training to understand the neurobiological basis of behavior, which marks a new direction for the training of professional counselors who have historically reacted ambivalently toward medical models for understanding client concerns and treatments. Yet recent findings in neuroscience actually support the verbally based interventions that counselors typically use in treatment; therefore, there is much to be gained by counselors and counselor educators in understanding the basics of human neurobiology and how commonly used counseling interventions intervene on these biological systems. The National Institute of Mental Health (2010) stated in a recent strategic plan that “Important discoveries in areas such as genetics, neuroscience, and behavioral science largely account for the substantial gains in knowledge that have helped us to understand the complexities of mental illnesses and behavioral disorders over the past 15 years” (“Introduction,” para. 4).
Given the increasingly biological focus of mental health research, the practicing counselor is faced with the task of understanding and using the emerging mental health treatments and explaining to clients, to reimbursing agencies, and to the broader public how counseling fits within the medically dominated mental health culture. Some counselors have long reacted ambivalently toward the pathologically oriented diagnostic categories of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV;American Psychiatric Association, 1994) system and the medication-dominated world of psychiatry. For example, the contrasting viewpoints on this issue were published in the Journal of Counseling & Development between Allen and Mary Ivey (1998, 1999) and Scott Hinkle (1999). Ivey and Ivey (1998) argued for a developmental interpretation to the DSM-IV, opposing what they called the “pathological view” (p. 334) of the manual. According to Ivey and Ivey, disorders could be viewed through a positive development tradition to lie not within the individual but within the contextual systems in which a person lives. Subsequently, disorders are viewed as a “logical response to a developmental history” (Ivey & Ivey, 1999, p. 484). By contrast, Hinkle (1999) argued that because anxiety and depressive disorders “are the most common clinical symptoms associated with presentation to counseling” (p. 475), the counseling profession is weakened if counselors shy away from direct participation in the DSM nomenclature and treatment parlance. As Hinkle indicated, “mental disorders according to the medical model describe disease processes, not people” (p. 475). Regardless of the reader's philosophical perspective, practicing counselors know participation in medical and psychiatric systems is necessary at times. Also, recent discoveries in the field of neuroscience are providing evidence that interventions often used by counselors have direct physiological impact on client neurobiology (Kennedy et al., 2007; Linden, 2006). For example, Felmingham et al. (2007) demonstrated significant differences in brain activity before and after 8 weeks of exposure therapy, which correlated with a reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. Similarly, Paquette et al. (2003) found that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) alters the activation and metabolism of specific brain regions following successful treatment of spider phobia. These findings, along with others (for a detailed review, see Beauregard, 2007; Frewen, Dozois, & Lanius, 2008), are significant because they support the techniques, interventions, and approaches used by counselors and provide a mechanism by which counseling positively affects brain physiology. Within the emerging physiologically based treatment milieu, counselors should be prepared to articulate how cognitive counseling interventions make measurable changes to the client. Although cognitive-behavioral-based approaches are effective in the treatment of a number of psychiatric illnesses, adult PTSD is arguably one of the best understood mental disorders from a neurological perspective. It thus presents a valuable model for exploring not only the basic tenets of neurobiology but also the mechanisms behind its successful treatment. Furthermore, PTSD is a disorder that counselors will likely encounter in practice.
PTSD is a mental disorder characterized by a sudden onset of symptoms due to environmental exposure to a psychologically stressful event such as war, natural disaster, or sexual victimization. Thus, it provides a clear example of how, even in adulthood, neurological adaptation (in this case maladaptive changes) can functionally “rewire” the brain in a short period of time, resulting in a sustained array of clinical symptoms. The diagnostic criteria for PTSD are a history of exposure to a traumatic event meeting two criteria and symptoms from each of three symptom clusters: intrusive recollections, avoidant/numbing symptoms, and hyperarousal symptoms. A fifth criterion concerns duration of symptoms and a sixth assesses functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).
The National Comorbidity Survey Replication, conducted between February 2001 and April 2003 (Kessler et al., 2005), determined that the estimated lifetime prevalence of PTSD among American adults is 6.8%, with women (9.7%) twice as likely as men (3.6%) to have the disorder at some point in their lives. These findings are very similar to those of the first National Comorbidity Survey conducted in the early 1990s (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995), which was composed of interviews of a representative national sample of 8,098 Americans ages 15 to 54 years. In this earlier sample, the estimated prevalence of lifetime PTSD was 7.8% in the general population. As in the more recent survey, women (10.4%) were more than twice as likely as men (5%) to have PTSD at some point in their lives (Kessler et al., 2005; Kessler et al., 1995).

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Neurobiological Basis of Behavior Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

27. Lipke, H. (1997, November-December). Commentary on the Bates et al. report on eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11(6), 599-602. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00044-3.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In their 1996 paper, Bates, McGlynn, Montgomery, and Mattke were critical of eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as an effective method of behavior therapy. The present commentary challenges the Bates et al. review of the literature, and the implementation of EMDR used in reaching their conclusions. Evidence is offered to support the clinical use of EMDR.

Keywords: Commentary Female Spider Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

28. Negadi, F., Jouvent, R., & Pelissolo, A. (2007, July). Contribution of EMDR's cognitive approach: A case of driving phobia. Journal International de Victimologie, 5(3), 146-152.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Most studies evaluating the efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for various problems have focused on the importance of eye movements and largely ignored the fact that EMDR is an integrative therapeutic approach in which the cognitive approach plays a large part. The case study presented here includes an evaluation of the efficacy of EMDR, on various standardised evaluation scales, for a patient with driving phobia due to a traumatic event. The treatment of this patient was largely based on a cognitive approach (cognitive interweave) and the reprocessing of dysfunctional information according to the EMDR thérapy. The outcome one month after treatment was favourable, with the absence of phobic avoidance and a marked improvement in the patient's mood.

Keywords: Cognitive Interweave Driving Phobia Dysfunctional Belief

Accuracy Verified: Yes

29. Carrigan, M., & Levis, D. (1999, January-April). The contributions of eye movements to the efficiacy of brief exposure treatment for reducing fear of public speaking. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 101-118. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00042-5.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The present study was designed to isolate the effects of the eye-movement component of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) procedure in the treatment of fear of public speaking. Seventy-one undergraduate psychology students who responded in a fearful manner on the Fear Survey Schedule II and on a standardized, self-report measure of public speaking anxiety (Personal Report of Confidence as a Speaker; PRCS) were randomly assigned to one of four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The two independent variables assessed were treatment condition (imagery plus eye movements vs. imagery alone) and type of imagery (fear-relevant vs. relaxing). Dependent variables assessed were self-reported and physiological anxiety during exposure and behavioral indices of anxiety while giving a speech. Although process measures indicated exposure to fear-relevant imagery increased anxiety during the procedure, no significant differences among groups were found on any of the outcome measures, except that participants who received eye movements were less likely to give a speech posttreatment than participants who did not receive eye movements. Addition of the eye movements to the experimental procedure did not result in enhancement of fear reduction. It was concluded, consistent with the results of past research, that previously reported positive effects of the EMDR procedure may be largely due to exposure to conditioned stimuli (ScienceDirect).

Keywords: Americans College Students Empirical Study Experimental Stressors Females Phobia Psychophysiology Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

30. Greenwald, R. (1994, March). Criticisms of Sanderson’s and Carpenter’s study on eye movement desensitization. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90072-8. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 90-91.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Discusses the validity of a study on the efficacy of eye movement desensitization that did not follow the exact principles of EMDR as enunciated by Francine Shapiro. [Pilots]

Keywords: Experimental Design Letter Phobia Professional Criticism Professional Criticism Reply

Accuracy Verified: Yes

31. Maxfield, L. (2002, June). Current research perspectives: What we know and don’t know about EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Besides providing an overview of current EMDR research, this presentation examine related clinical implications. Although EMDR is efficacious in PSTD treatment, different studies have achieved a range of results. Factors that might account for this disparity are examined, and their therapeutic relevance is emphasized. Possible explanations for poor outcomes in phobia/panc disorder studies are discussed, with treatment recommendations highlighted. Although fingings for the contribution of eye-movements are inconclusive, this research suggests aspects of dual attention stimulation that could be clinically monitored. Finally, suggestions are made to assist clinicians in objectively assessing client progress and evaluating edivence from their own practices.

Keywords: Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

32. Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1996). De behandeling van specifieke fobieën met eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Een gecontroleerde studie. Directieve Therapie, 16(1), 1-5. doi:10.1007/BF03060128 .

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In deze studie werd onderzocht of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) van nut kan zijn bij het behandelen van een specifieke fobie. De studie bestond uit twee fasen. Tijdens de eerste fase werden spinfobici toegewezen aan drie onderzoeksgroepen: een EMDR groep, een imaginaire exposure groep of een controlegroep die geen behandeling ontving. De behandeling werd geëvalueerd met een gestandaardiseerde gedragstest waarbij de fobici werd verzocht het gevreesde object (i.c. spin) zo dicht mogelijk te benaderen. Geen van de drie groepen – dus ook de EMDR–groep niet – boekte vooruitgang. De exposure in vivo behandeling, die alle fobici tijdens de tweede fase van het onderzoek ontvingen, leidde daarentegen wel tot een significante verbetering op de gedragstest.

This study investigated whether Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) can be useful in treating a specific phobia. The study consisted of two phases. During the first phase spinfobici assigned to three research groups: one group of EMDR, an imaginary exposure group or a control group that received no treatment. Treatment was evaluated with a standardized behavioral test in which the phobic invited the feared object (ie spin) as close as possible to approach. None of the three groups - including the EMDR group did not - made progress. Exposure in vivo treatment, all phobic during the second phase of the study, led however to a significant improvement on the behavioral test.

Keywords: Specific Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

33. Chen, C. H. & Chang, S. H. (2009). Dismantling effect of eye movement and positive cognition components of EMDR on the treatment of cockraoch phobias. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This dismantling study investigated the therapeutic effects of eye movement and positive cognition components on phobias. Forty female Ss with cockroach phobias received a single therapy session. The therapy conditions constituted a 2 (eye movement/non eye movement) × 2 (treatment procedure: positive cognition installed/negative cognition prolonged) between subject design. The results revealed that all groups showed significant therapeutic effects according to macro therapeutic indices and with regard to some micro indices such as SUDs, HRs and VOCs for negative cognition. However, VOCs for positive cognition were significantly increased only for the eye movement group. The findings suggested that although exposure itself might be effective in treating phobias, eye movement could further promote participants’ VOCs for positive cognitions at the second treatment stage, probably by facilitating information processing.

Keywords: Coackroach Phobia Dismantling Study Positive Cognition

Accuracy Verified: Yes

34. Cahill, S. P., Carrigan, M. H., & Frueh, B. C. (1999, January-April). Does EMDR work? And if so, why?: A critical review of controlled outcome and dismantling research. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 5-33. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00039-5.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Research on Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR) was reviewed to answer the questions “Does EMDR work?” and “If so, Why?” This first question was further subdivided on the basis of the control group: (a) no-treatment (or wait list control), (b) nonvalidated treatments, and (c) other validated treatments. The evidence supports the following general conclusions: First, EMDR appears to be effective in reducing at least some indices of distress relative to no-treatment in a number of anxiety conditions, including posttraumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, and public-speaking anxiety. Second, EMDR appears at least as effective or more effective than several nonvalidated treatments (e.g., relaxation, active listening) for posttraumatic stress reactions. Third, despite statements implying the contrary, no previously published study has directly compared EMDR with an independently validated treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (e.g., therapist-directed flooding). In the treatment of simple phobia, participant modeling has been found to be more effective than EMDR. Fourth, our review of dismantling studies reveals there is no convincing evidence that eye movements significantly contribute to treatment outcome. Recommendations regarding further research directions are provided(ScienceDirect).

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Literature Review PTSD Relaxation Therapy Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

35. Campbell-Beattie, J. (2004, June). Dog solution to cat phobia. The EMDR Practitioner. The EMDR Practitioner. Retrieved from http://www.emdr-practitioner.net on 12/27/2008.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Editor's Note: Dr Campbell-Beattie provides us with a creative, three session EMDR case utilizing both visual/light and auditory bilateral stimulation to resolve a cat phobia. Readers may especially appreciate his example of the potential value of "opportunistic" treatment props! - SEB

Keywords: Cat Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

36. Kristjansdottir, H., Blondahl, M., Sigurosson, E., Sigurosson, J. F., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2011, August-September). Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders in adults - Review. Presentation at the 41st EABCT annual conference, Reykjavík, Iceland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Introduction: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) represents the form of psychotherapy which has the most research data to build on in the treatment of mental disorders for adults. Method: In this review we will introduce CBT and present the results of pertinent outcome research for mood and anxiety disorders. Efficacy at the end of the treatment will be discussed, as well as long term effectiveness and the efficacy of combined treatment with medication and CBT Results: The results of this review show that CBT is an effective treatment for mood and anxiety disorders; depression, dysthymnia, GAD, panic disorder, social phobia, OCD, PTSD and specific phobia. Results of follow-up studies also show that the efficacy of CBT lasts for a considerable time after the termination of treatment. CBT is more effective than other forms of psychotherapy except for behaviour activation and interpersonal therapy in treatment for depression and EMDR in treatment for PTSD. When CBT is compared with medication (SSRI) results reveal that CBT is as effective or more effective than medication. This is true except for the treatment of dysthymnia, especially when the long-term effects are considered. Results are contradictory regarding whether medication improves or reduces the efficacy of CBT, e.g., there are indications that the medication reduces the efficacy of CBT for some disorders, like panic disorder. Discussion: It is clear that CBT is an effective treatment for most common mental disorders. Side effects are almost never a problem and long-term success is a good. Further research is needed on combined treatment – CBT and medication. Conclusion: Numerous studies support the efficacy of CBT for common mood and anxiety disorders and its good long term effects.

Accuracy Verified: Yes

37. de jongh, A., & van de Oord, H. J. M. (2002). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of specific phobias: Four single-case studies in dental phobia. Presentation at the 80th General Session of the International Association for Dental Research, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objectives: Several years ago a new treatment for anxiety related problems was introduced, named Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). EMDR combines short exposure periods with an external distracting stimulus. The aim of this study was to examine the applicability of EMDR to trauma-based dental phobia. Methods: EMDR treatment outcome was tested with four dental phobic individuals by means of a single-subject experimental design. Pretreatment assessment included: severity of dental fear (DAS), trauma-related symptomatology (IES), occurrence and believability of negative cognitions (DCQ), and general psychopathology (SCL-90-R). A psychologist administered a clinical interview and a behavior test. Behavior tests were videotaped and rated for observed anxiety level (0-10) by a blind and independent observer. Results: Following two to three sessions of EMDR treatment three of the four patients demonstrated substantially reduced self-reported and observer-rated anxiety, reduced credibility of dysfunctional beliefs, and behavior changes. These gains were maintained at six weeks follow-up. In all four cases the clinical diagnosis present at pretreatment was not present at posttreatment at a clinical level. All patients actually underwent the dental treatment they feared most within three weeks following EMDR treatment. Conclusion: The findings support the notion that EMDR can be an effective treatment alternative for traumatically induced dental phobia.

Keywords: Specific Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

38. de Jongh, A., van den Oord, H., & ten Broeke, E. (2002, December). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of specific phobias: Four single-case studies on dental phobia. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(12), 1489-1503. doi:10.1002/jclp.10100.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A series of single-case experiments was used to evaluate the application of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) to traumatically induced dental phobia. Following two to three sessions of EMDR treatment, three of the four patients demonstrated substantially reduced self-reported and observer-rated anxiety, reduced credibility of dysfunctional beliefs concerning dental treatment, and significant behavior changes. These gains were maintained at six weeks follow-up. In all four cases, the clinical diagnosis present at pretreatment was not present at posttreatment at a clinical level. All patients actually underwent the dental treatment they feared most within three weeks following EMDR treatment. The findings support the notion that EMDR can be an effective treatment alternative for phobic conditions with a trauma-related etiology. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Case Report Dental Procedures Females Follow-up Study Males Phobia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Young Adults

Accuracy Verified: Yes

39. Shapiro, F. (2003). EMDR als integrativer psychotherapeutischer ansatz: Experten verschiedenster psychotherapeutischer orientierung erforschen das paradigmenprisma [EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism]. Paderborn: Junfermannsche.

Language: German

Format: Book

Abstract:
Im vorliegenden Buch beschäftigen sich führende Vertreter der wichtigsten aktuellen psychotherapeutischen Schulen damit, wie EMDR, eine ursprünglich zur Behandlung von PTBS entwickelten Methode, sich mit ihren jeweiligen eigenen Ansätzen verbinden läßt. Die Autoren der einzelnen Beiträge geben Anwendungshinweise und beschreiben anschaulich Techniken für die Behandlung zahlreicher Probleme und Störungen, darunter Depression, Bindungsstörung, soziale Phobie, generalisierte Angststörung, Störung des Körperbildes, Eheprobleme und Existenzangst. Aus der Vielfalt der Sichtweisen schält sich ein Bild der Ähnlichkeiten zwischen den verschiedenen Disziplinen heraus: Es werden Möglichkeiten einer wirksameren Behandlung aufgezeigt, und die durch EMDR eröffneten Möglichkeiten einer integrativen Behandlungsweise werden erkennbar. Mit Beiträgen von: Francine Shapiro, Bessel A. van der Kolk, Paul L. Wachtel, Arnold A. Lazarus, Stephen Gilligan, John Norcross, u.a. Ein ausführlicheres Bild von diesem Buch können sich die Leser durch die Leseproben auf der Verlags-Website machen.

In this book, leading representatives of the main current schools of psychotherapy deals with how EMDR, one originally for the treatment of PTSD developed method to connect with their own approaches can. The authors of individual contributions provide application notes and vividly describe techniques for the treatment of many problems and disorders, including depression, attachment disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, body image disturbance, marital problems and existential angst. From the variety of perspectives emerges a picture of the similarities between the different disciplines: There are opportunities for more effective treatment identified, and the possibilities offered by EMDR treatment of an inclusive manner to be determined. With contributions by: Francine Shapiro, Bessel A. van der Kolk, Paul L. Wachtel, Arnold A. Lazarus, Stephen Gilligan, John Norcross, and Others A more complete picture of this book can make the reader through the excerpts on the publisher's website.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

40. Schmidlin, L. (2003). EMDR als therapie für spezifische phobien? [EMDR as a therapy for specific phobias?]. Med. Bern: ZB.

Language: German

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Keywords: Special Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

41. de Jongh, A. (2008, September). EMDR and phobias: Treatment of fears and phobias with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)[EMDR bei angst: Und panikstörungen]. Pre-Congress presentation at the European Congress of Hypnosis, Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been shown to be a structured, noninvasive, time-limited, and evidence-based treatment for the processing of memories of traumatic conditioning events and related symptomatology. There is a growing body of evidence showing the effectiveness of EMDR for specific phobias, a group of conditions that have been found to be more prevalent than any other group of psychiatric disorders studied. This workshop focuses on EMDR as a treatment approach for fear reactions related to - and avoidance of - specific objects and situations. The participants will learn: 1) about the fascinating possibilities of using EMDR in their work 2) how EMDR can be applied with clients who suffer from fears and phobias 3) to assess clients with patterns of fearful avoidance and to identify strategically important memories of earlier negative learning experiences for processing 4) to integrate EMDR interventions into a general (hypno)therapeutic approach. This will be illustrated by segments of video taped treatment sessions of clients suffering from a broad diversity of phobias (e.g., dental phobia, vomiting phobia, shark phobia).

Keywords: Phobias Dental Phobias Shark Phobias Vomiting Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

42. de Jongh, A. (2009). EMDR and specific fears: The phobia protocol. In M. Luber (Ed.), Eye movement desensitization (EMDR) scripted protocols: Special populations (pp. 575-610). New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:

Keywords: Fears Phobias Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

43. de Jongh, A., & ten Broeke, E. (2009). EMDR and the anxiety disorders: Exploring the current status. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(3), 133-140. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.3.133.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Based on the assumptions of Shapiro's adaptive information-processing model, it could be argued that a large proportion of people suffering from an anxiety disorder would benefit from eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). This article provides an overview of the current empirical evidence on the application of EMDR for the anxiety disorders spectrum other than posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Reviewing the existing literature, it is disappointing to find that 20 years after its introduction, support for the efficacy of EMDR for other conditions than PTSD is still scarce. Randomized outcome research is limited to panic disorder with agoraphobia and spider phobia. The results suggest that EMDR is generally more effective than no-treatment control conditions or nonspecific interventions but less effective than existing evidence-based (i.e., exposure-based) interventions. However, since these studies were based on incomplete protocols and limited treatment courses, questions about the relative efficacy of EMDR for the treatment of anxiety disorders remain largely unanswered.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorder Specific Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

44. Shapiro, F. (2002, December). EMDR and the role of the clinician in psychotherapy evaluation: Towards a more comprehensive integration of science and practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(12), 1453-1463. doi:10.1002/jclp.10104.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an integrative psychotherapy approach that has been consistently evaluated as efficacious in the treatment of PTSD. The information processing model that guides its clinical application posits that EMDR should be effective in treating other psychological disorders that have experiential contributors. Research is needed to assess such applications. This special issue features three case series in which EMDR was applied to the treatment of complex PTSD, phobias, and chronic pain, respectively. The authors discuss deficits in the research literature, provide preliminary data on EMDR treatment of these conditions, and offer descriptive guidelines for evaluation that are achievable by the practicing clinician. Two additional articles offer preliminary data on physiological and cognitive/affective concomitants of therapeutic change. It is argued that clinicians should play a greater role in the rigorous and extensive examination of psychological treatments in the context of the exigencies of clinical practice. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Assessment Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD EVT Integration Pain Phobia PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

45. Doctor, R. (1995, June). EMDR applications to anxiety disorders. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR therapy was originally developed around the effects of trauma on emotional and cognitive disorders. We are now seeing its effect application in other areas related to acquisition and maintenance of deviant and disabling reactions. The results of the application of EMDR outside of trauma itself have been very encouraging and successful. This presentation will focus on the use of EMDR with the anxiety disorders. Most of the presentation will concentrate on the most prevalent anxiety disorders, namely, panic, agoraphobia and phobia. There will be some-discussion on generalized anxiety disorders, social phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The anxiety disorders will be discussed as a complex set of disorders that have multiple acquisition factors including life style, reactivity (which may have some genetic components), "personality, stressors and stress management. The presenter will make a brief summary of the role of these factors in each anxiety disorder from what we currently know clinically and empirically. The research on EMDR with anxiety disorders is almost nonexistent but the few case studies that have been published will be discussed because they offer excellent support for EMDR and for particular forms of its application. The rest of the presentation is divided into two sections: the use of EMDR as an exclusive treatment and its use with supplemental tools. The exclusive use of EMDR will depend on premorbid history factors both personally and in regard to the anxiety disorder. The discussion will focus on important information in the history taking and personal contact with the client as well as the potential targets for EMDR work with the various anxiety disorders. In many cases, EMDR therapy must be supplemented with exposure work, relaxation training, medications and other supplemental tools in order to make the intervention effective and enduring. How these supplemental tools might be implemented in the various anxiety disorders will be discussed as well as the general factors from client history or client experience that would suggest the use of supplementals. Finally, the importance of the client-therapist relationship will be discussed in relation to working with the anxiety disorders and, in particular, therapist factors that can improve effectiveness.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

46. Merckelbach, H., & Muris, P. (1995). EMDR bij spinnenfobie: Twee gevalsbeschrijvingen [EMDR with spider phobia: Two case reports]. Directieve Therapie, 15(2), 64-70. doi:10.1007/BF03060109.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Nogal wat auteurs geven hoog op van de effecten die met Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) te behalen zijn bij de behandeling van angststoornissen. Voor een aanzienlijk deel steunen deze loftuigingen op dubieuze casuïstiek, dat wil zeggen casuïstiek waarin de werking van EMDR wordt gedocumenteerd aan de hand van subjectieve en ongevalideerde uitkomstmaten. Dit artikel beschrijft twee spinnenfobische gevallen waarbij eerst EMDR en vervolgens exposure in vivo werd uitgevoerd. Behandelingseffecten werden geëvalueerd met zowel subjectieve als objectieve maten. De resultaten laten zien dat de gunstige effecten van EMDR zich vooral afspelen op het niveau van de subjectief gerapporteerde angst en veel minder spectaculair zijn wanneer het gaat om vermijdingsgedrag. Deze observatie stelt die EMDR–critici in het gelijk die beweren dat positieve zelfrapportage–maten na EMDR niet noodzakelijkerwijze hand in hand gaan met vergelijkbare gedragseffecten.

Quite a few authors give high on the effects of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) can be achieved in the treatment of anxiety disorders. For a significant part in supporting these loftuigingen dubious casuistry, ie case studies where the effect of EMDR is documented by means of subjective and non-validated outcome measures. This article describes two cases where spinnenfobische first EMDR and exposure in vivo was then performed. Treatment effects were evaluated with both subjective and objective measures. The results show that the beneficial effects of EMDR mainly play at the level of subjectively reported anxiety and much less spectacular when it comes to avoidance. This observation suggests that EMDR critics were right who claim that positive self-report measures after EMDR does not necessarily go hand in hand with similar behavioral effects.

Keywords: Case Study Spider Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

47. Goldstein, A. J., de Beurs, E., Chambless, D., & Wilson, K. (2000, December). EMDR for panic disorder with agoraphobia: Comparison with waiting list and credible attention-placebo control conditions. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 68(6), 947-956.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In a randomized controlled trial, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) was compared with both waiting list and credible attention-placebo control groups. EMDR was significantly better than waiting list for some outcome measures (questionnaire, diary, and interview measures of severity of anxiety, panic disorder, and agoraphobia) but not for others (panic attack frequency and anxious cognitions). However, low power and, for panic frequency, floor effects may account for these negative results. Differences between EMDR and the attention-placebo control condition were not statistically significant on any measure, and, in this case, the effect sizes were generally small (eta2 = .00-.06), suggesting the poor results for EMDR were not due to lack of power. Because there are established effective treatments such as cognitive-behavior therapy for PDA, these data, unless contradicted by future research, indicate EMDR should not be the first-line treatment for this disorder. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults African Americans Asian Americans Empirical Study European Americans Panic Disorder Phobia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

48. Shapiro, F., & Forrest, M. (2002). EMDR in aktion - Die neue kurzeittherapie in der praxis [EMDR: The breakthrough therapy for overcoming anxiety, stress and trauma]. Paderborn, Germany, Junfermann Verlag GmbH & Co.

Language: German

Format: Book

Abstract:
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) ist eine von Francine Shapiro entwickelte innovative klinische Behandlungsmethode für Trauma-Opfer. Aufgrund äußerst positiver neuer Untersuchungsergebnisse ist EMDR mittlerweile die am gründlichsten untersuchte Methode zur Behandlung der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS). Gleichzeitig werden Untersuchungen über die Möglichkeiten der Anwendung von EMDR bei anderen Störungen durchgeführt. EMDR ist eine zeitsparende, umfassende Methode zur Behandlung traumatischer Erfahrungen, die die Ursache vieler Pathologien sind. Als integratives Therapiemodell, das verhaltenspsychologische, kognitive, psychodynamische, körperorientierte und systemische Elemente umfaßt, ermöglicht EMDR, in relativ kurzer Zeit tiefreichende und stabile Resultate zu erzielen. Die EMDR-Behandlungssequenz, die acht Phasen umfaßt und Augenbewegungen sowie andere Methoden der Rechts-Links-Stimulation nutzt, hilft Trauma-Opfern bei der Aufarbeitung beunruhigender Gedanken und Erinnerungen. Dieses umfassende Basiswerk zum Thema EMDR gibt einen Überblick über die Entwicklung und Erforschung der neuen Methode. Zu den vielen Patientengruppen, bei denen mit EMDR gearbeitet werden kann, zählen die Opfer von sexuellem Mißbrauch, von Verbrechen, kämpferischen Auseinandersetzungen, Kriegsfolgen und Phobie-Patienten. Als Einführung in eine neue wichtige Methode im Bereich der Traumabehandlung ist dieses Buch eine unverzichbare Lektüre für alle Kliniker und Forscher, die sich für die Arbeit mit Trauma-Opfern interessieren. Das Lehrbuch zu EMDR, dieser neuen, so überaus erfolgreichen Therapiemethode zur Behandlung von Traumaopfern.

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a technology developed by Francine Shapiro innovative clinical treatment for trauma victims. Due to extremely positive new findings EMDR is now the most thoroughly studied method for the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). At the same tests are carried out on the possibilities of the use of EMDR with other disorders. EMDR is a time-saving, comprehensive method for the treatment of traumatic experiences, which are the cause of many diseases. As an integrative therapy model includes the behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic, body-oriented and systemic elements, EMDR allows to achieve in a relatively short time, profound and stable results. The EMDR treatment sequence that includes eight stages, and uses eye movements as well as other methods of left-right stimulation helps trauma victims in the processing disturbing thoughts and memories. This comprehensive work based on EMDR provides an overview of the development and exploration of the new method. Among the many groups of patients that can be worked in those with EMDR, including the victims of sexual abuse, crime, fight conflicts, war and phobia patients. As an introduction to an important new method in the field of trauma treatment, this book is a unverzichbare reading for all clinicians and researchers interested in working with trauma victims. The textbook to EMDR, this new, so very successful treatment method for the treatment of trauma victims

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

49. Cohen, A., & Lahad, M. (1999). EMDR in hospital intervention. In O. Ayalon, M. Lahad, A. Cohen (Ed.), Community stress prevention, v.3 (pp. 14-20). Kiriat Shmona: Community Stress Prevention Centre.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The therapeutic effectiveness of EMDR has been wel1 documented since 1989, but the technique is far from reaching its optimal utilisation in the clinical and psychological world. I wish to present a case in which the improvement on the part of the patient was rapid, possibly even astounding to those who are unfamiliar with EMDR. The implications of this treatment for me, however, were much further reaching. Many of the points outlined in theoretical training sessions were brought home most strongly and many more priceless pieces of advice for people who wish to be of assistance to someone who has been involved in a traumatic incident were made so clearly apparent. [Text, p. 14]

Keywords: Adults Case Report Females Medical Procedures Multiple Traumatic Events Phobia Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

50. Whisman, M. (1996, June). EMDR in the treatment of panic, phobia, and obsessive compulsive disorders. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD Panic Disorders Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

51. Whisman, M. (1997, June). EMDR in the Treatment of Panic, Phobia, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorders. Presentation at the EMDR International Association Annual Conference, San Francisco, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
I have been using EMDR to treat Anxiety Disorders for five years now. I received my training back when Francine taught Level I herself. EMDR is to mental health what penicillin was to medicine. It seemed to me that I had traded in a jack hammer for a laser beam.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Obsessive Compulsive Disorders OCD Panic Disorders

Accuracy Verified: No

52. Kaiser, L. (2005). EMDR in the treatment of specific phobia. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Aims: To test the hypothesis that one session EMDR is more effective for the treatment of specific (animal) phobia than relaxation immediately after treatment and at follow-up. Secondly to test whether an additional one-session exposure therapy offered to both treatment groups (EMDR patients and relaxation patients) improves outcome in the EMDR-group and results in equal outcome for both treatment groups.

Keywords: Animal Phobia Specific Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

53. Sautai, G. (2011, June). EMDR intensive therapy (EMDRIT). Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Therapeutic Process seems to be blocked for some patients with strong Developmental Disorders or exposed to Disturbing Early Life Experiences (Bessel A. van der Kolk). A specific approach during EMDR Intensive Therapy (EMDRIT) using the Case Conceptualisation (Andrew Leeds), based on the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model (Francine Shapiro), the Attachment Theory (John Bowlby) and the Useful and Necessary Renouncement Principe (Judith Viorst) allow those patients to progress. As a pilot experience, we have been able to use this EMDRIT framework with 64 clients. Their complex disorders included, for each of them, at least 3 of the following symptoms: Anxiety, depression, primary structural dissociation, alcohol addiction, eating behaviour disorders, travel phobia, emotional numbing, affective isolation, hypochondria, phantom limb syndrome, fibromyalgia, cancer, psychological or physical abuse survivor, perpetrator of violent aggressions. For the 25 first clients, we have used the PCL-S (pathology threshold > 44) test. Their pre-treatment average score was 70. It dropped to 28 after EMDRIT treatment, down to 26 after 3 months and stabilised at 29 after 1 year. These first results allowed us to define a target population and an adapted protocol that provides client safety, efficiency and result sustainability. For the 39 next clients, we measured a decrease of the SCL-90-R (pathology threshold > 1,5) test score from 3 before treatment down to 1,4 after treatment, 1,2 after 3 months and 1,3 after 1 year. We measure efficiency on 87% of the clients and a suppression of 80% of the symptoms after 1 year. At the same time, a control cohort of 20 people with identical pathologies saw their score drop from 3 to 2,3 with the same treatment time, using the standard EMDR protocol. From this preliminary result, we are developing some research hypothesis: •Selection criteria for EMDRIT, based on the patient ability accessing Adaptive Memory Networks (AMN). •The Targeting Sequence Plan, seen as an expression of the Dysfunctional Memory Networks (DMN). •The importance of the client emotional Window Of Tolerance (WOT) for the efficiency of the Adaptive Information Processing system. •Epigenetic show possible structural brain modifications by rehabilitation of fluid links across the 3 levels of the brain (reptilian, limbic and neo-cortical). These changes are immediate and permanent. •Need to standardize appropriate scale for database, in order to foster international research and results sharing. We sea AIP model as an opportunity to move from an analytic and sequential approach to a systemic and integrative approach based on Complex System for a global understanding.

Keywords: EMDR Intensive Therapy EMDRIT

Accuracy Verified: Yes

54. Dale, S. (2007, September). EMDR successfully treats needle phobia in the ART setting. Poster presentation at the annual meeting of the Canadian Fertility and Andrology Society, Halifax, NS, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: ART Needles Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

55. de Roos, C., & de Jongh, A. (2008). EMDR treatment of children and adolescents with a choking phobia. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(3), 201-211. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.201.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Given the limited number of reported cases in literature, it might be concluded that it is rare to develop a choking phobia in childhood. However, it appears as though confusion in terminology and the time lapse between the onset of the disorder and treatment often results in the diagnosis being missed. In this article, we discuss a review of the clinical symptoms, differential diagnosis, comorbidity, etiology, and treatment options for choking phobia. We present a case series, describing the successful EMDR treatment of choking phobia for 4 children and adolescents, with positive outcomes achieved in 1 or 2 sessions. In addition, a detailed transcript is presented of a 15-year-old girl with a choking phobia related to an incident that occurred 5 years previously. The rapid elimination of symptoms in all 4 cases indicates that EMDR can be an effective treatment for choking phobias resulting from previous disturbing events. Randomized research on this promising intervention is strongly suggested.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Choking Phobia Specific Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

56. Marr, J. (2012). EMDR treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Preliminary research. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(1), 2-15. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.6.1.2.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article reports the results of two experiments, each investigating a different eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) protocol for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and each with two young adult male participants with long-standing unremitting OCD. Two adaptations of Shapiro’s (2001) phobia protocol were developed, based on the theoretical view that OCD is a self-perpetuating disorder, with OCD compulsions and obsessions and current triggers reinforcing and maintaining the disorder. Both adaptations begin by addressing current obsessions and compulsions, instead of working on past memories; one strategy delays the cognitive installation phase; the other uses mental video playback in the desensitization of triggers. The four participants received 14–16 one-hour sessions, with no assigned homework. They were assessed with the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), with scores at pretreatment in the extreme range (mean 5 35.3). Symptom improvement was reported by participants after 2 or 3 sessions. Scores at posttreatment were in the subclinical/mild range for all participants (mean 5 8.5). Follow-up assessments were conducted at 4–6 months, indicating maintenance of treatment effects (mean 5 7.5). Symptom reduction was 70.4% at posttreatment and 76.1% at follow-up for the Adapted EMDR Phobia Protocol and 81.4% at posttreatment and at follow-up for the Adapted EMDR Phobia Protocol with Video Playback. Theoretical implications are discussed, and future research is recommended.

Keywords: Adapted EMDR Phobia Protocol Adapted EMDR Phobia Protocol with Video Playback OCD Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Treatment Outcome Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

57. Young, W. (1994, June). EMDR treatment of phobic symptoms in multiple personality disorder. Dissociation, 7(2), 129-133.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Two multiple personality disorder patients with severe, persistent phobias were treated using Eye Movement Desensitization/Reprocessing (EMDR). Both patients achieved significantly beneficial results with a single session in one patient and two sessions in another. Each patient confronted the previously phobic object successfully showing an objective measure of success and results were maintained at six months follow-up. Caution should be exercised from generalizing the use of EMDR for specific target symptoms to using it as a total treatment technique. Further research is needed to determine the efficacy of EMDR as a treatment procedure in general and its role in the overall treatment of dissociative conditions. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Child Abuse DID Dissociative Identity Disorder Empirical Study Females Follow-up Study Incest Phobia Rape Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

58. Holmshaw, M. (2001, May). EMDR treatment of sexual dysfunction. Presentation at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, London, UK .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The prevalence of sexual dysfunction in women within primary care settings is often estimated to be as high as 42% with vaginismus, pain with intercourse, anorgasmia and lack of sexual desire being most commonly reported. Additionally, major clinical complaints among women often centre on their dissatisfaction with such non-genital behaviours as affection, communication, and non-genital touching, as well as issues of attraction and passion. Despite this high prevalence of sexual disorders, and the use of psychotherapy and sexual therapy in treatment the problems women experience,this is a frequently neglected area of both research and development of new treatment tdchniques. In fact, referring to vaginismus, some authors conclude the basic strategies and methods for assessing and treating vaginismus were proposed by the early 20th Century and have not essentially changed. This paper discusses an alternative approach to treatment vaginismus and "sexual phobia" in women. By way of case study material, the use of EMDR in combination with sensate focus techniques with partner involvement, is discussed. In a significant number of cases, past trauma and severe body image disturbances were detected. EMDR was successful not only in resolving such trauma, but also in correcting distorted body image and enabling imaginary exposure to appropriate sexual behaviour.

Keywords: Sexual Dysfunction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

59. Holmshaw, M. (2004, February). EMDR treatment of travel phobia after road traffic incidents (RTI). Presentation at the 2nd annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland Association, Birmingham, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Road Traffic Incidents are the most common cause of PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) in the UK. Travel phobia is a frequent comorbid condition in these cases and in some cases the primary disorder with which clients present. This paper addresses the systematic treatment of travel phoia after RTIs, highlighting the following: assessment and preparation for treatment with the emphasis on safety and resource installation; common themes or treatment targets to be addressed with EMDR; common blocking beliefs which prevent treatment progress and practical homework tasks to be used in conjunction with future templates. The aim of the paper is to offer a focused approach to the treatment of travel phobia with or without PTSD which has a high success rate in the author's experience.

Keywords: Road Traffic Incidents RTI Travel Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

60. van Haaften, H., Muris, P., & Mayer, B. (1996, July-August). EMDR versus exposure-in-vivo bij kinderen met een spinfobie [EMDR versus exposure in vivo in children with a spider phobia]. De Psycholoog, 7, 280-285.

Language: Dutch

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Uitgevoerd een cross-over studie van de werkzaamheid van EMDR en in vivo exposure bij de behandeling van spinangst bij kinderen en adolescenten. Human Ss: 22 Nederlandse school-kinderen en adolescenten (leeftijd van 10-14 jaar) (spinangst). Ss werden getest, en hun galvanische huid reactie werd gemeten. Tests die worden gebruikt: De korte vorm van de Spider Phobia Questionnaire for Children (M. Kindt et al., 1996), de Self Assessment oefenpop (RL Hodes et al., 1985) en de gedragsmatige Vermijden Test. Behandelingen: alle SS werden behandeld met 1 sessie van in vivo blootstelling en 1 sessie van EMDR. (Engels abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, alle rechten voorbehouden)

Conducted a cross-over study of the efficacy of EMDR and in vivo exposure in the treatment of spider phobia in children and adolescents. Human Ss: 22 Dutch school-age children and adolescents (aged 10-14 yrs) (spider phobia). Ss were tested, and their galvanic skin response was measured. Tests used: The short form of the Spider Phobia Questionnaire for Children (M. Kindt et al, 1996), the Self Assessment Manikin (R. L. Hodes et al, 1985) and the Behavioral Avoidance Test. Treatments: All Ss were treated with 1 session of in vivo exposure and 1 session of EMDR. (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Children Empirical Study Exposure In Vivo Spider Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

61. Bisping, V. (2011, June). EMDR with patients with dentophobia. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
An appointment at the dentist’s is not what most people look forward to. For some people, however, even the mere thought of having to undergo dental treatment causes them to feel extreme fear and panic. Between 5 and 15% of the world population suffer from such a pathological form of dental fear, called dental phobia. Dentally anxious individuals commonly avoid necessary dental procedures for many years despite deteriorating oral health, agonizing pain and severe psychosocial problems. The majority of individuals with dental phobia recall a traumatic event as cause for the onset of their fear. Interestingly, nearly 50% of them even suffer from posttraumatic stress symptoms, such as intrusive memories, nightmares, hyperarousal and avoidance behavior. EMDR can be a very useful instrument to help dentally anxious people to cope with past traumatic experiences and to prepare them for future confrontations with phobic stimuli. The 90-minute workshop will give background information to the problem of pathological dental fear and present evidence from research showing that EMDR is an effective treatment method for dentophobia. The main focus will be on the practical procedure, which will be illustrated using video sequences of patient sessions. Learning objectives: This workshop will provide you with the following information: •a short review of current research and literature •the use of the EMDR protocol in its specific application to dentally anxious patients, with special emphasis on preparing the patient for future confrontations by working with flashforwards, future template and video check •ways of combining EMDR with other cognitive, behavioral and imagery techniques in the treatment of dental phobia.

Keywords: Dentophobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

62. Kim, K. I. (2004, June). EMDR with phobia and panic disorder. Presentation at Annual Summer Conference of KEMDR, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.

Language: Korean

Format: Conference

Keywords: Phobia Panic Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

63. Faust, T. (2012, June). EMDR, los estados del yo, los policías y las reinas en un caso de ansiedad ante los exámenes[EMDR, ego states, policemen and Queens in a case of test anxiety]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
We present a case of Test Anxiety, handled using a combination of EMDR and Ego State Short Term Therapy. Shira, aged 27, is a bright science student. She recently failed a math test due to an anxiety attack. Shira feels that her ability to complete her degree studies is under a real threat. Reported symptoms: great stress, chest pain, pessimistic thoughts, and a general feeling of low self-‐esteem. The treatment consisted of four sessions before her forthcoming math exam, and a fifth follow-‐up session after it. The therapeutical approach Psycho-‐educational counseling, self-‐relaxation and guided imagery, EMDR phobia protocol (Shapiro F.), use of puppets for work on Ego States (Cohen-‐Posey K.) based on Voice Dialogue (Stone). During her EMDR processing, Shira chose different puppets to represent both her negative and positive cognitions (PC, NC). A Policeman puppet (NC) represented the "protecting part" of the vulnerable child. This failed part lacks in self-‐confidence and blocks her progress. Shira's successful PC part is represented by the Queen puppet. She is sure Shira will succeed, because she's able to. During the desensitization process, Shira created a dialogue between her different parts, and empowered the successful, functioning, Queen part. This reinforced her self-‐esteem and her Ego Awareness The awareness of these parts in her becomes a resource used by Shira for a successful performance in her math exam, in which she gets the highest grades. We shall present the protocol of our sessions, and the use of puppets as projection tools of the Ego parts.

Presentamos un caso de ansiedad ante exámenes, llevado a través del uso del EMDR y la terapia breve de estados del Ego combinados. Shira, tiene 27 años, es una brillante estudiante de ciencias. Recientemente suspendió un test de matemáticas debido a un ataque de ansiedad. Shira siente que su habilidad para completar sus estudios de grado esta bajo una amenaza real. Síntomas registrados: Gran estrés, dolor de pecho, pensamientos pesimistas, y sentimientos generales de baja autoestima. El tratamiento consistió en cuatro sesiones antes de su siguiente examen de matemáticas, y un seguimiento de 5 sesiones después de este. El enfoque terapéutico. El consejo psico-‐educacional, auto-‐relajación e imaginación guiada, protocolo EMDR para fobia(Shapiro F.), uso de marionetas para trabajar con los estados del Ego (Cohen-‐Posey K.) basado en el la voz del dialogo (Stone). Durante su procesamiento EMDR, Shira escoge diferentes marionetas para representar sus cogniciones negativas y positivas (PC, NC). Una marioneta de agente de policía (NC) representaba la “parte protectora” de un niño vulnerable. Esta parte fallo en su autoconfianza y bloque su progreso. La parte que representaba el éxito de Shira PC era la marioneta de la Reina. Ella estaba segura de que Shira Durante el proceso de desensibilización, Shira creó un dialogo entre sus diferentes partes, y reforzó el existo, y el funcionamiento de la parte de la Reina. Esto reforzó su autoestima y su conciencia del Ego. La conciencia de estas partes se convirtió en un recurso usado por Shira para el existo en la realización de su examen de matemáticas, en donde saco las notas más altas. Presentaremos el protocolo con nuestras sesiones y el uso de marionetas como herramientas de proyección de las partes del ego.

Keywords: Ego States Policement, Queens Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

64. Staff (2012, December). EMDR: Técnica ajuda a superar traumas,Tratamento dura em média 15 sessões e ajuda as pessoas traumatizadas a transmutarem o pensamento negativo [EMDR: Technique helps overcome trauma, Treatment lasts an average of 15 sessions and helps traumatized people ransmute negative thinking]. Folha de Londrina Website. Retrieved from http://www.folhaweb.com.br/?id_folha=2-1--3403-20121231 12/31/2012.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Other

Abstract:
Traumas psicológicos trazem consequências emocionais e físicas. Quem passou por um trauma geralmente lembra da situação com certa frequência e o sofrimento vivido vem à tona fazendo com que a pessoa reviva o momento. Angústia profunda, sensação de estar preso, fobia, isolamento, raiva, agressividade, depressão, dificuldade nos relacionamentos interpessoais são algumas consequências de um trauma. A questão é que a pessoa também pode apresentar sintomas físicos como enxaqueca, fibromialgia, síndrome do intestino irritável, amnésia psicogênica, tontura, sudorese, distúrbio do sono e outros. ''O trauma é um estresse crônico porque a pessoa que passa por uma situação assim fica reincidindo, lembrando da ocasião, e acaba ficando o tempo todo em estado de alerta, por isso desenvolve uma porção de sintomas que caracteriza o estresse pós-traumático'', conta a psicóloga Dorotéia Murcia Souza. As terapias com psicólogos são eficazes na superação de traumas, mas a psicologia convencional costuma ser um tratamento de longo prazo. Uma das técnicas usadas nesta área é uma abordagem psicoterápica chamada EMDR, ou Movimento Ocular, Dessensibilização e Reprocessamento (sigla em inglês). A técnica consiste em acessar as memórias traumáticas do paciente, dessensibilizá-lo para a ocasião e reprocessar o entendimento dele referente àquelas memórias. Este tipo de tratamento dura em média 15 sessões.

Psychological traumas bring emotional and physical consequences. Who went through the trauma. Usually remember the situation with some frequency and experienced Suffering comes up Causing the person to relive the moment. Deep distress, feeling of being trapped, phobia, isolation, anger, aggression, depression, difficulty in interpersonal relationships are some Consequences of the trauma. The point Is that the person may have physical Also Symptoms such as migraines, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, psychogenic amnesia, dizziness, sweating, sleep disturbance, and others. '' The trauma is a chronic stress because the person who goes through a situation like this is reincidindo, remembering the occasion and end up all the time on the alert, so a lot of Develops Symptoms That characterize the post-traumatic stress '' says psychologist Dorothy Souza Murcia. therapies with psychologists are effective in overcoming trauma, but conventional psychology is Often the long-term treatment. One of the techniques used in this area is a psychotherapeutic approach called EMDR, or Eye Movement, Desensitization and Reprocessing. The technique Consists in Accessing the patient's traumatic memories, it desensitize and reprocess the occasion is his understanding Regarding Those memories. This type of treatment lasts an average of 15 sessions.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

65. Pacheco, J. Q. (2010, Febrero-Marzo). EMDR: Tratamiento de la fobia social [EMDR: Treatment of social phobia]. Communicacion presentada en: 11º Congreso Virtual de Psiquiatría, Trujillo, Peru, Interpsiquis 2010. Psiquiatria.com..

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Social phobia is one of the most common diseases in the general population, according to American Psychiatric Association (2000) cited by Olivares-Rodríguez (2006) (1) shows a prevalence ranges from 1% to 15.6% in Europe, being higher in women than in men (Olivares, J., 2003) (2), has its onset most frequently in middle adolescence (Olivares-Olivares and Other, 2007) (3) in these patients presenting symptoms associated with other disorders anxiety, depression and substance abuse such as alcohol or other legal and illegal drugs (Olivares, J., 2003) (2), constituting a serious public health problem or suffering ever had in your life for 9.5% of the population (Olivares, J., 2003) (2)

Social phobia is one of the most common diseases in the general population, according to American Psychiatric Association (2000) cited by Olivares-Rodríguez (2006) (1) shows a prevalence ranges from 1% to 15.6% in Europe, being higher in women than in men (Olivares, J., 2003) (2), has its onset most frequently in middle adolescence (Olivares-Olivares and Other, 2007) (3) in these patients presenting symptoms associated with other disorders anxiety, depression and substance abuse such as alcohol or other legal and illegal drugs (Olivares, J., 2003) (2), constituting a serious public health problem or suffering ever had in your life for 9.5% of the population (Olivares, J., 2003) (2)

Keywords: Social Phobia Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

66. Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. R., Forman, E. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006, January). The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(1), 17-31. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.003.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This review summarizes the current meta-analysis literature on treatment outcomes of CBT for a wide range of psychiatric disorders. A search of the literature resulted in a total of 16 methodologically rigorous meta-analyses. Our review focuses on effect sizes that contrast outcomes for CBT with outcomes for various control groups for each disorder, which provides an overview of the effectiveness of cognitive therapy as quantified by meta-analysis. Large effect sizes were found for CBT for unipolar depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, social phobia, PTSD, and childhood depressive and anxiety disorders. Effect sizes for CBT of marital distress, anger, childhood somatic disorders, and chronic pain were in the moderate range. CBT was somewhat superior to antidepressants in the treatment of adult depression. CBT was equally effective as behavior therapy in the treatment of adult depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Large uncontrolled effect sizes were found for bulimia nervosa and schizophrenia. The 16 meta-analyses we reviewed support the efficacy of CBT for many disorders. While limitations of the meta-analytic approach need to be considered in interpreting the results of this review, our findings are consistent with other review methodologies that also provide support for the efficacy CBT. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive Therapy Literature Review Meta Analysis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

67. Doering, S., Bisping, V., Nora Liebergesell, N., Hoffkes, B., Junghofer, M., & Dobel, C. (2012). Erfassung neurobiologischer orrelate der EMDR-behandlung bei patienten mit zahnbehandlungsangst [Detection of neurobiological correlates of EMDR treatment in patients with dental anxiety]. Universitätsklinikum Münster, Kliniken, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Forschung, Munster, Deutschland.

Language: German

Format: Other

Abstract:
Im Rahmen des zuvor dargestellten Projektes werden die Patienten vor und nach der EMDR-Intervention mit einer Magnetencephalografie (MEG) untersucht. Dabei soll erfasst werden, ob die erwarteten angstassoziierten kortikalen Aktivierungen nach der EMDR-Behandlung zurückgehen. Als Angst auslösende Stimuli werden im MEG Bilder, Geräusche und Gerüche dargeboten werden, die in Zusammenhang mit der Zahnbehandlung stehen.

As part of the [Wirksamkeit des Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) bei Patienten mit Zahnbehandlungsphobie, (Doering, Bisping, Bohnke)] project a Magnetencephalografie (MEG) will be presented before the patients were examined before and after the EMDR intervention. It should be recognized that the expected angst associated cortical activations to go back to the EMDR treatment. As fear-inducing stimuli in the MEG images, sounds and smells will be presented, which are associated with dental treatment.

The purpose of this study is to find out whether Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is effective in the treatment of patients with dental phobia. This U.S. National Institues of Health Clinical trial has been completed. (U.S. National Institutes of Health ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01207960)

Keywords: Dental Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

68. Wolff, R. P. (2004). Evaluation of effectiveness of individual therapy sessions over 60 minutes. California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA. AAT 3158599.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Research has produced few studies that support the 50-minute therapy session as the most effective session length for achieving optimal therapeutic results. This descriptive study attempted to determine differences in therapists' perceptions of how session length might impact therapeutic process, therapeutic outcome, treatment of specific psychological disorders, and if session length preference was based on theoretical orientation or procedures/techniques. A total of 65 practicing therapists drawn from the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, EMDR International Association, Trauma Incident Reduction Practitioners, San Francisco Society of Lacanian Study, and California Psychological Network completed questionnaires regarding their perceptions about psychotherapy for individuals employing longer session lengths versus the standard 50-minute session.Overall frequencies of questionnaire responses and between groups comparisons were analyzed using Chi-Square. The sample endorsed the use of longer sessions at statistically significant frequencies on the following questionnaire items: three therapeutic outcome items: Increases client's satisfaction, Shortens overall duration of therapy, and Facilitates corrective emotional experience; and nine therapeutic process items: Access to client's emotional material, Integration of experience before leaving session, Deepens development of transference, Working through defenses, Access to traumatic experiences, Integrate traumatic experience within session, Working through traumatic experience, and Improving likelihood of breakthrough experiences. The sample also agreed on the use of longer sessions as potentially contributing to positive outcome for treatment of the following disorders: Substance Abuse, Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia, Specific Phobia, Social Phobia, PTSD, GAD, and Eating Disorders. The findings of this study suggest that longer session lengths may have a positive impact on therapeutic process, therapeutic outcome, and certain disorders. Specific implications for the field of psychology and suggestions for research are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 65(12-B), 2005, pp. 6680.

Keywords: Empirical Study Health Personnel Attitudes Individual Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Quantitative Study Treatment Duration Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

69. Muris, P., & de Jongh, A. (1996, August). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Kind en Adolescent, 17(3), 128-134. doi:10.1007/BF03060628.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is een nieuwe behandelingsmethode voor posttraumatische stress–stoornis en andere trauma–gerelateerde angstklachten. In essentie behelst EMDR het volgende: cliënten nemen een traumatische of aversieve herinnering in gedachten en voeren onderwijl oogbewegingen uit door de hand van de therapeut te volgen. Onder invloed van de oogbewegingen zouden negatieve herinneringen hun pathogene karakter verliezen en alsnog adequaat worden verwerkt. Na een beknopte uiteenzetting over de achtergrond van EMDR en de toepassing van deze techniek bij kinderen, wordt de procedure beschreven en toegelicht aan de hand van twee gevalsbeschrijvingen. Speciale aandacht gaat daarbij uit naar behandelingsaspecten die voor het gebruik van EMDR bij kinderen relevant kunnen zijn. EMDR lijkt een nuttige aanvulling op reeds beschikbare behandelingsvormen. Vooralsnog is een kritische houding echter geboden.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a new treatment for post traumatic stress disorder and other trauma-related anxiety. EMDR involves essentially the following: clients take an aversive or traumatic memory in mind and implement the while eye movements in the hands of the therapist to follow. Under the influence of eye movements were negative memories lose their pathogenic character and still be properly processed. After a brief discussion of the background of EMDR and the application of this technique in children, the procedure is described and illustrated by two case reports. Special attention is paid to aspects of treatment for the use of EMDR in children may be relevant. EMDR appears to be a useful complement the available treatment modalities. For now, however, offered a critical attitude.

Keywords: Anxiety Case Report Children Female Phobias Spider Phobia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trauma-Related Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

70. de Jongh, A., & ten Broeke, E. (1996, April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Een procedure voor de behandeling van aan trauma gerelateerde angst [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A procedure for the treatment of trauma-related anxiety]. Tijdschrift voor Psychotherapie, 22(2), 53-64. doi:10.1007/BF03079287.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR ) is een relatief nieuwe procedure op het terrein van de psychotherapie. Ervaringen met EMDR geven aanleiding tot hoopvolle verwachtingen van de behandeling van diverse aan trauma gerelateerde angststoornissen, met name post–traumatische stress–stoornis (PTSS). Onderdeel van deze procedure is dat de therapeut bij de cliënt een aantal snelle en ritmische oogbewegingen uitlokt door te vragen zijn of haar vinger te volgen, terwijl de cliënt een beeld van de traumatische herinnering in gedachten houdt. In dit artikel worden de achtergronden en de principes van EMDR belicht en wordt de stapsgewijze procedure uitvoerig beschreven. Een gevalsbeschrijving van een cliënt met een paniekstoornis en een tandartsfobie laat zien dat EMDR kan leiden tot een langdurige vermindering van angstklachten. Tevens wordt ingegaan op de huidige stand van zaken van de wetenschappelijke ondersteuning van EMDR . Het toepassen van EMDR bij PTSSwordt door wetenschappelijk onderzoek gesteund, maar empirische ondersteuning voor de therapeutische effectiviteit van EMDR bij andere angststoornissen ontbreekt.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new procedure in the field of psychotherapy. Experiences with EMDR give rise to hopes of treating various anxiety disorders related to trauma, especially post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Part of this procedure is that the therapist and the client a number of rapid rhythmic eye movements provoked by asking his or her finger to follow, while the customer a picture of the traumatic memory in mind. This article describes the background and principles of EMDR and highlights the stepwise procedure in detail. A case report of a patient with a dental phobia and panic disorder showed that EMDR could lead to a prolonged reduction of anxiety. It also discusses the current state of the scientific support of EMDR. The use of EMDR in PTSSwordt supported by scientific research, but empirical support for the therapeutic efficacy of EMDR with other anxiety disorders is lacking.

Keywords: Clinical Case Study Dental Phobia Empirical Study Follow-up Study Panic Disorder Phobia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

71. Goldstein, A., & Feske, U. (1994, October-December). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for panic disorder: A case series. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8(4), 351-362.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), a new technique that has shown some promise in the treatment of traumatic memories, was evaluated in this pilot study. Subjects were seven clients suffering from panic disorder who received EMDR treatment for memories of past and anticipated panic attacks and other anxiety-evoking memories of personal relevance. Standardized self-report inventories and behavioral monitoring instruments were employed to measure change with treatment. After five sessions of EMDR, subjects reported a considerable decrease in the frequency of panic attacks, fear of experiencing a panic attack, general anxiety, thoughts concerning negative consequences of experiencing anxiety, fear of body sensations, depression, and other measures of pathology (ScienceDirect).

Keywords: Adults Americans Anxiety Disorders Empirical Study Panic Disorder Phobia Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

72. Fernandez, I., & Faretta, E. (2007, February). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Clinical Case Studies, 6(1), 44-63. doi: 10.1177/1534650105277220.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article describes a comprehensive treatment of a case of panic disorder with agoraphobia. A thorough history taking revealed that experiential contributors had a pivotal role in the development of the condition. Therefore, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was used to address early traumatic events as well as the present stimuli that caused disturbance and had maintained symptomatology for the past 12 years. Although the client's symptoms were resolved after 15 sessions, EMDR was also effective in addressing future behaviors and resolving anticipatory anxiety. During EMDR processing, the client demonstrated emotional and cognitive changes consistent with trauma resolution, insight, and personal growth. The client gradually enacted functional new behaviors spontaneously as treatment unfolded. The therapeutic process and the targets are described in detail. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Agoraphobia Case Report Clinical Case StudyFemales Italians Panic Disorder Phobia Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

73. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., van Haaften, H., & Mayer, B. (1997, July). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus exposure in vivo: A single-session crossover study of spider-phobic children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171(1), 82-86. doi:10.1192/bjp.171.1.82 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new therapeutic technique that has been proposed as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder and other anxiety complaints. Method: We compared the efficacy of EMDR with that of exposure in vivo in the treatment of a specific phobia. Twenty-two spider-phobic children who met the DSM-III-R criteria for specific phobia participated in the study. Children were treated with one session of exposure in vivo and one session of EMDR in a crossover design. Treatment outcome was evaluated by self-report measures, a behavioural avoidance test and a physiological index (skin conductance level). Results: Results showed positive effects of EMDR, but also suggest that it is especially self-report measures that are sensitive to EMDR. Improvement on a behavioural measure was less pronounced, and exposure in vivo was found to be superior in reducing avoidance behaviour. With regard to skin conductance level, EMDR and exposure in vivo did not differ. Conclusions: EMDR has no additional value in treatment of this type of animal phobia, for which exposure in vivo is the treatment of choice.

Keywords: Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Phobias Spider Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

74. Protinsky, H., Sparks, J., & Flemke, K. (2001, June). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Innovative clinical applications. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 31(2), 125-135. doi:10.1023/A:1010217707351.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Neurologically-based therapies such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) are being clinically implemented and researched in the field of psychotherapy. While EMDR has a theoretical base and some research support for its effectiveness with PTSD, therapists are now developing and using EMDR for other clinical problems. This report illustrates some of the unique applications of EMDR with clinical problems such as: driving phobia, interpersonal arguments, dyspareunia, depression, anxiety, and eating problems. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Anxiety Conflict Depressive Disorders Dyspareunia Eating Disorders Interpersonal Interaction Phobia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Sexual Dysfunctions Somatic Symptoms Stressors Survivor Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

75. Sanderson, A., & Carpenter, R. (1992, December). Eye movement desensitization versus image confrontation: A single-session crossover study of 58 phobic subjects. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 23(4), 269-275. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(92)90049-O.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization (EMD) and a control procedure, image confrontation (IC) were compared in a group of 58 phobics, 31 of them arachnophobes. [There were 7 cases of "traumatic phobia" and 1 of "classical PTSD."] Subjects confronted disturbing images in a single-session crossover trial. Anxiety levels were recorded on the SUD Scale. Whenever practicable, SUDs to feared objects were also recorded. EMD and IC were equally effective in reducing anxiety levels. After 1 month, during which subjects were encouraged to use IC daily, improvement was maintained. Since exposure to the disturbing image is common to both methods it must be presumed to be the basis of change when EMD is used in cases of phobia. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Accidents Adults British Dog Bites Exposure Therapy Phobia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

76. de Jongh, A. (2010, April). Fijne kneepjes bij angsten en fobieën [Intricacies of fears and phobias]. Workshop gepresenteerd aan de vierde congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Nijmegen, The Nederlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
De fijne kneepjes van het behandelen van angsten- en fobieën Een fobie is de meest voorkomende psychische aandoening. Het hebben van een dergelijke angst is vervelend en degene die er last van heeft wordt vaak behoorlijk beperkt in het dagelijks functioneren. Omdat angsten meestal ontstaan als gevolg van gebeurtenissen blijkt EMDR – middels het op therapeutische wijze beïnvloeden van de kennisbestanden die daaraan ten grondslag liggen - een bijzonder geschikte behandelaanpak. Deze workshop is bedoeld voor ervaren therapeuten die hun reikwijdte ten aanzien van behandeling van patiënten met een angst of fobie - al dan niet met behulp van EMDR - verder wil vergroten. De deelnemers krijgen naast tips en ideeën, een nieuwe vorm van casusconceptualisatie en targetselectie aangereikt die vooral bij patiënten met veel vermijdingstendenties effectief is. Daarnaast wordt uitgelegd hoe cognitieve gedragstherapeutische interventies behulpzaam kunnen zijn om de patiënt voor te bereiden op - of te laten wennen aan – toekomstige, potentieel moeilijke confrontaties met de fobische stimulussituatie. Het aangeleerde materiaal - dat wordt ondersteund door videobeelden uit de praktijk - kan direct in de praktijk worden toegepast. Aan de orde komen een grote variëteit aan voorbeelden van behandelingen van patiënten met fobische problematiek: braakfobie, tandartsfobie, stikfobie, kattenfobie en bloed-letsel-injectiefobie. De workshop is geschikt voor behandelaars, zowel op het terrein van volwassenen als kinderen en jeugd. Het doel van de workshop is deelnemers na de workshop in staat te stellen om: ● fobische problematiek te conceptualiseren in termen van EMDR ● gebruik te maken van een nieuwe methode van casusconceptualisatie en targetselectie voor het behandelen van angsten en fobieën ● de verschillende effectieve componenten van een EMDR behandeling aan te wenden en te integreren (cognitive interweaves, future template, mental video etc.) ten behoeve van de behandeling van angsten en fobieën ● EMDR te combineren met diverse evidence based interventies zoals, copingstrategieën (bijvoorbeeld bij injectiefobie) gedragsexperimenten (bijvoorbeeld bij stikfobie) en applied tension (bij bloed-letsel-injectiefobie)

This workshop is designed for experienced therapists who range in relation to treatment of patients with a fear or phobia - or not using EMDR - continue to increase. Participants receive tips and ideas in addition, a new form of target selection and casusconceptualisatie handed mainly in patients with many avoiding tendencies effective. Besides explaining how cognitive behavioral interventions may be helpful to the patient to prepare for - or get used to - future, potentially difficult confrontation with the phobic stimulussituatie. The learned material - supported by video footage from the ground - straight into practice. It discusses a variety of examples of treatments of patients with phobic problem: empty phobia, dentist phobia, phobia sewing, cats phobia and blood-injection-injury phobia. The workshop is suitable for therapists, both in the field of adults and children and youth. The aim of the workshop participants after the workshop to allow for: ● phobic to conceptualize problems in terms of EMDR ● Using a new method of target selection and casusconceptualisatie to treat fears and phobias ● the various components of an effective EMDR treatment to use and integrate (cognitive interweaves futures template, mental video etc.) for the treatment of fears and phobias ● EMDR combined with various evidence based interventions such as coping strategies (eg injection phobia) behavioral experiments (eg nitrogen phobia) and Applied tension (In blood-injection-injury phobia)

Keywords: Fears Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

77. Logie, R. (2012, October). Flash forwards. A special type of future template. Presentation at the 4th Autumn EMDR Workshop Conference, Sheffield, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The “Flashforwards” procedure will explained as a sub category of the existing concept of the “Future Template”. Situations in which the use of Flashforwards might be appropriate will be explained. The use of Flashforwards for various disorders in which there is a fear of future events (eg phobia, PTSD, OCD) will be outlined together with case examples including video. Participants will work through the Assessment phase of the EMDR protocol for a future feared situation using their own material.

Keywords: Flash Forward Future Template

Accuracy Verified: Yes

78. Terwilliger, K. (1994, September 25). Fly anxiety: Fears of air travel can be paralyzing. Colorado Springs, CO: The Gazette, Lifestyle, 1.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
Some therapists claim success with Eye Movement Densensitization and Reprocessing - EMDR - an innovative technique that involves eye movement in tandem with visualization. Friedman participated in a recent Colorado Springs study of EMDR; she's also done some conventional therapy. Neither seemed to help her overcome her phobia - "but in some ways, I gave up," she says. Now, she's considering trying again.

Keywords: Colorado Springs Fear of Flying

Accuracy Verified: Yes

79. Bériault, M., & Larivée, S. (2005). Guérir avec l'EMDR: Preuves et controversies [Healing with EMDR: Evidence and controversies]. Revue de Psychoéducation, 34(2), 355-396.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
L'EMDR est une approche psychothérapie intégrative proposé de traiter un large éventail de troubles psychologiques. Il s'agit de la première revue française de l'efficacité de l'EMDR. L'efficacité EMDR est d'abord montrer par des études de cas non contrôlé qui souffre d'importantes lacunes méthodologiques. études de cas expérimentale des résultats équivoques. Des études contrôlées sont ensuite examinés en fonction du type de contrôle expérimental utilisé et le type de trouble traité. EMDR semble aussi efficace que la thérapie cognitivo-comportementale pour le traitement du trouble de stress post-traumatique, mais la thérapie cognitivo-comportementale reste le traitement de choix pour la phobie spécifique et le trouble panique. En outre, des études montrent que le démantèlement de façon répétée les mouvements oculaires ne sont pas nécessaires à l'efficacité de l'EMDR. Une analyse des différences et des similitudes entre l'EMDR et l'approche cognitivo-comportementale est présentée. pseudoscience éléments intégrés dans le développement de l'EMDR et la diffusion sont également présentées. (Base de données PsycINFO Record (c) 2008 APA, tous droits réservés)

EMDR is an integrative psychotherapy approach proposed to treat a wide range of psychological disorders. This is the first French review of EMDR effectiveness. The EMDR effectiveness is initially show with uncontrolled cases studies that suffers from important methodological weaknesses. Experimental case studies provide equivocal results. Controlled studies are then reviewed as a function of the type of experimental control used and the type of disorder treated. EMDR appears as effective as cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder but cognitive-behavioral therapy remains the treatment of choice for specific phobia and panic disorder. In addition, dismantling studies repeatedly show that eye movements are not necessary for the efficacy of EMDR. An analysis of the differences and similarities between EMDR and the cognitive behavioral approach is presented. Pseudoscience elements embedded in EMDR development and diffusion are also presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Therapy Integrative Psychotherapy Approach Mental Disorders Psychological Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

80. Adler-Tapia, R., & Settle, C. (2009). Healing the origins of trauma: An introduction to EMDR in psychotherapy with children and adolescents. In A. Rubin & D. W. Springer (Eds.) Treatment of traumatized adults and children - Clinician's guide to evidence-based practice series (pp. 349-418). New York, NY: Wiley.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
What if the brain had a similar mechanism for healing psychological injuries as the body does, just like a finger can heal a cut? Imagine tapping into that healing process in the brain and helping a child who witnessed her brother accidentally killed by a school bus, who then developed a school phobia, be able to return to school and eliminate her depression. What if you could help a foster child with a history of severe and chronic abuse, reduce his disruptive symptoms within a 9-month period so that he could stabilize and be adopted? Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) can be used in psychotherapy to help children heal from stressful experiences of both traumatic and developmental origins. And, while EMDR is not a magic wand, it is remarkable in its efficiency in reducing or eliminating significant mental health symptoms and healing the origins of trauma. This chapter is written for clinicians who have had little or no exposure to the EMDR treatment methodology or for those who may have wondered what it is and how it works. The goal of this chapter is to summarize the use of EMDR with children with case presentations woven through the steps of the EMDR protocol. As a potential paradigm shift for child and adolescent therapists who have been trained in child development and play therapy, this chapter will not only explain why EMDR with children and adolescents makes sense, but why EMDR is the treatment of choice for many children presenting with symptoms of trauma. The experienced child therapist will also learn how child development, play therapy, and other child-focused therapies can be integrated to overall case conceptualization with the eight phases of the EMDR protocol. Initially, this chapter provides a brief description of EMDR. While Chapter 5 covered EMDR with adult clients, this chapter will focus on translating the EMDR protocol into child language from a developmentally grounded perspective for use with child clients. Given that focus, this chapter will minimize coverage of generic EMDR content that was already covered in Chapter 5. However, some overlap is inescapable. For example, like Chapter 5, this chapter will address the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) theory that underlies the eight phases of the EMDR treatment protocol. This chapter also includes a brief theoretical overview of trauma and the impact on neurodevelopment as it guides psychotherapy. With a detailed explanation of the description, purpose, and concepts of each phase of the EMDR protocol, this chapter describes the clinical implications and procedural considerations for effectively using EMDR with children through each phase of the protocol. The chapter concludes with information for clinicians to learn how to get basic training in EMDR and advanced training in using EMDR with children. Integrated throughout this chapter are practical applications for successfully using EMDR in psychotherapy with children in order to heal the origins of trauma. With this introduction to EMDR, the reader should note that throughout this chapter, the terms client and child are often interchanged, and any reference to a child includes children and adolescents unless otherwise noted. Finally, the terms parent and caregiver refer to the child's primary caregiver. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adolescents Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

81. Leeds, A. (2007, June). Improving self-regulation and social functioning for survivors of early emotional neglect and abuse with positive affect tolerance and integration protocol: A case series. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Survivors of early emotional neglect experience pervasive difficulties including vulnerability to adult psychiatric disorders and inability to regulate emotional states (Schore, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2001a, 2001b; Teicher, 2000, 2002; Teicher et al, 1993; Teicher et al., 1997). Their inability to regulate emotional states is not solely linked to effects of adverse events, but is significantly linked to insufficient exposure to normal, developmental attachment sequences that foster capacities for self-regulation.
A subset of adult survivors of early, pervasive, emotional neglect who meet full or partial criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder also present with comorbid Cluster C Axis II symptoms (Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive) and meet criteria for dismissing (or fearful) insecure attachment (Cassidy & Shaver, 1999; Main, 1996).
Clinical assessment reveals these patients have low tolerance for positive interpersonal emotions and engage in defensive strategies to dismiss, minimize, deny or subtly avoid experiencing and assimilating this positive emotional states into their internal model of self. These strategies include overt and covert behavioral avoidance as well as dissociate defenses. Paradoxically, these patients may show superficial characteristics or competence, interpersonal skills, or emotional stability which on closer examination prove to be fragile or which collapse in the face of social stressors.
The general theoretical base for the Positive Affect Tolerance and Integration (PAT) protocol is related to McCullough’s (1996, 2003) model of affect phobia and recognizes McCullough’s emphasis on an anxiety regulating, titrated approach to developing tolerance for adaptive affect and associated coping behaviors. Putnam’s (1997) discrete behavioral states model provides an important conceptual framework for understanding these patients’ needs to gradually develop new discrete behavioral (psychophysiological and affective) states and new pathways (schemes and scripts) fostering access to these shared positive states often as a crucial early phase of treatment to help resolve their impairments in emotional self-regulation.
This presentation describes the use of standard EMDR procedural steps in a treatment plan that postpones the standard three pronged (past, present, future) PTSD protocol, but which is consistent with the consensus model for Complex PTSD (Brown, Scheflin & Hammond, 1998; Chu, 1998; Courtois, 1999; Hart, Nijenhuis, Steele, 2006) and other EMDR approaches focused initially on improving response to current stimuli (Hoffman, 2004; Leeds & Korn, 1998; Leeds & Shapiro, 2000) before attempting to target childhood traumatic memories. Targets for PAT are recent experiences in which the patient was exposed to positive, shared, interpersonal emotional states. The purposes for applying PAT to these targets are: to decrease defensive avoidance; dissociation and anxiety about shared positive emotional states; to increase capacity to tolerate and enjoy these shared positive emotional states; and to integrate these shared positive emotional states into positive schemas and self-concepts. Observed clinical gains following PAT included: improved mood and resilience, and decreased depersonalization during subsequent use of EMDR to reprocess traumatic memories.
The goal in presenting this “Positive Affect Tolerance and Integration Protocol” case series is to encourage research to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of this application of the standard EMDR procedures for a clinical subpopulation generally considered challenging to treat.

Keywords: Affect Tolerance Poster Self-Regulation Social Functioning

Accuracy Verified: Yes

82. Magirena, S. (2009, Julio 7). Incorporación de EMDR en la terapia sexual. Caso clínico de vaginismo [Incorporating EMDR in sex therapy. Case report of vaginismus]. DePsicoterapias S.R.L. Retrieved from http://www.depsicoterapias.com/articulo.asp?IdArticulo=454 om 1/4/2009.

Language: Spanish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
El vaginismo es una de las causas más frecuentes de matrimonio no consumado y fobia al coito. Es preciso diferenciar el vaginismo de la evitación fóbica del acto sexual y también de cualquier causa orgánica que pueda obstruir la entrada de la vagina. Por lo tanto es imprescindible el examen ginecológico de la paciente. A pesar del desarrollo y relativa proliferación de los tratamientos psicológicos para las disfunciones sexuales desde los trabajos pioneros de Masters y Johnson (1970), y a pesar del convencimiento de los psicólogos clínicos de la eficacia de estos tratamientos, la verdad es que existen pocos tratamientos empíricamente validados. En el caso de las mujeres el panorama no ha sido muy alentador, salvo el empleo de terapia hormonal en los trastornos del deseo, no es mucho lo que se ha avanzado.

Vaginismus is one of the most common causes of unconsummated marriage and sex phobia. We must distinguish vaginismus phobic avoidance of sexual intercourse and also any organic cause that may prevent the entrance of the vagina. Therefore it is essential to the gynecological examination of the patient. Despite the development and proliferation on psychological treatments for sexual dysfunction from the pioneering work of Masters and Johnson (1970), despite the belief of clinicians of the effectiveness of these treatments, the truth is that there are few treatments empirically validated. For women the situation has not been very encouraging, but the use of hormone therapy in disorders of desire, not much progress has been made.

Keywords: Sex Therapy Vaginismus

Accuracy Verified: Yes

83. Simpson, E. (1994, August 27). Keep an eye on the latest phobia cure. London, England: Daily Mail.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
John Spector, currently the only clinical psychologist fully-trained in EMDR, has found the technique invaluable with patients, including those traumatised by assaults, road accidents or having seen, a close friend in the military die.

Keywords: John Spector London Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

84. Leeds, A. (2006, September). Learning to feel good about positive emotions with the positive affect tolerance and integration protocol. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Survivors of profound early childhood emotional neglect and abuse often experience shared positive emotional states as aversive. For such survivors, these states are unfamiliar and may be associated with formative experiences of being ignored, shamed or hurt. Concepts from attachment theory, Putnam’s discrete behavioral states model and McCullough’s affect phobia, provide the foundation for the Positive Affect Tolerance and Integration Protocol. Standard EMDR procedural steps increase tolerance for an integration of positive emotional states and develop a more resilient and positive self-concept. Case examples illustrate criteria and potential benefits of this approach with the aim of encouraging further research.

Keywords: Affect Tolerance and Integration Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

85. Leeds, A. (2007, September). Learning to feel good about positive emotions with the positive affect tolerance and integration protocol. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Dallas, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Positive Affect Tolerance and Integration Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

86. Prado-Gasco, V. J., Perez-Marin, M., & Molero-Zafra, M. (2010, July). Narrative family therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and adoption: An intervention protocol. Poster presented at the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology, Melbourne, Australia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: From the model of Narrative family therapy we use tales that could symbolically represent in therapy settings a person or a legal entity, both individual and collective, and which expresses a personal identification, a family tie, a community link or a socially recognized status or personal worth. Externalisation, in narrative family therapy, is a process to “get out” from the person any element or quality that is transformed in some with entity (White, 1991; White y Epston, 1993). In psychotherapy, externalising is the use of language to convert problems that affect the person or family on to an independent entity. This transformation allows people to fight against them or to view them from a new perspective. Externalisation technique through the metaphoric use of tales as external representation of family entity and individual’s worth inside the family system is applied in children adoption cases. The objective here is not to fight against the external representation of the family. We use tales inside the symbolic techniques that permits families to work together with meanings, individualism and cohesion within their members, and after adoption. We present a therapeutic protocol that combined EMDR and narrative family therapy externalisation techniques. We expose in a format of clinical case report the therapeutic work with a family that have adopted a child who suffer of a simple phobia. Using the protocol we describe above we carried out an analysis of the therapeutic issues and benefices of EMDR and narrative therapy in these family processes. This protocol has been useful to manage the phobia symptoms and to improve the adoptive family identity and cohesion. The combined approach we describe could help adoptive families to understand and to interpret the meanings from the construction that family systems make of their own world and relieve psychological symptoms that children could present.

Keywords: Adoption Intervention Protocol Narrative Family Therapy Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

87. Willemsen, H., Chowdhury, U., & Briscall, L. (2002, October). Needle phobia in children: A discussion of aetiology and treatment options. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7(4), 609-619. doi:10.1177/1359104502007004012.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In this article we review the current literature surrounding needle phobia, concentrating on clinical symptoms, aetiology and treatment options. Clinical symptoms include sudden increase in heart rate and blood pressure on exposure to needles followed by an immediate slowing of the heart and decrease in blood pressure (vasovagal reflex). The various schools of thought surrounding aetiology of this condition include biological, psychological and psychodynamic theories. Treatment options vary from simple education and reassurance to medication and specific behavioural approaches. Consideration should be given to past trauma associated with the phobia and relevant family factors. Careful clinical assessment will not only identify the problem but will also help to indicate appropriate treatment options.

Keywords: Behavioural Therapy Needle Phobia Psychotherapy Trauma Vasovagal Reflex

Accuracy Verified: Yes

88. Maxfield, L. (2012, April). New advances with EMDR: A summary of interesting new research. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation reviews new advances in EMDR, reporting on recent research studies which have investigated EMDR's application with new problems, new populations, and/or with new protocols. It looks at EMDR treatment of somatic and physical health problems, such as migraine headaches and chronic pain, as well as the role of EMDR in reducing the stressful impact of life-threatening health problems such as cardiac events and neuromuscular disorders. Preliminary research on new EMDR applications is summarized, including treatment of clients with psychosis and individuals with developmental disorders. An effective new protocol for recent critical events is explained and examined, as well as a new protocol for obsessive-compulsive disorder. The presentation also reviews studies investigating the role of eye movements on memory and physiology, and what these findings reveal about possible mechanisms of action in EMDR.
Learning Objectives: 1. Participants will be able to describe applications for EMDR with non-PTSD populations and related supportive research 2. Participants will be able to summarize clinical practice strategies for EMDR treatment of several somatic and physical health problems 3. Participants will be able to explain the new EMDR Protocol for Recent Critical Events and to recount the differences between this and the standard EMDR protocol, and to summarize the research evidence for this intervention 4. Participants will be able to explain the new EMDR Adapted Phobia Protocol for OCD, and to discuss the theoretical implications of this protocol 5. Participants will develop a basic knowledge of research findings regarding the effects of eye movements, and will be able to apply these to an understanding of EMDR’s mechanisms of action.

Keywords: Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

89. Armbruster, S. (2000, July 9). No fear Valley: Readers share their flying anxieties and how they got over them. Fresno, CA: The Fresno Bee, Final, Life, E1.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
Fresno therapist Stark, who specializes in helping people with trauma, including flying phobia, claims success with a psychotherapy method called EMDR, or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing.

Keywords: Fear of Flying Fresno

Accuracy Verified: Yes

90. Krystal, S. (2003). A nondual approach to EMDR: Psychotherapy as satsang. In J. J. Prendergast, P. Fenner, & S. Krystal (Eds.), The sacred mirror: Nondual wisdom and psychotherapy, (1st ed.) (pp. 116-137). St. Paul, MN: Paragon House Publishers.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Tibetan Buddhist Dzogchen, Hindu Advaita, Taoism, Kabbalism, and mystical Christianity all suggest that the fulfillment of human potential and the liberation from suffering happen when attention rests peacefully in its source, prior to thought. These traditional spiritual disciplines inform a nondual approach to psychotherapy that views form as a natural and temporary expression of a unified, omnipresent, nonlocatable, and pregnant emptiness. In time all forms--everything and everyone--dissolve back into this emptiness which is present now. Once clients begin to appreciate that they are actually not their distracting thoughts, emotions, or bodily sensations, but rather a dispassionate, observing Presence, a process of disidentification begins and peace of mind unfolds naturally. Clients learn that they have within a natural predisposition toward health and wholeness. Freedom from psychological suffering is often immediately available when clients know how to look or how to just be. Clients learn that simply being fully present now in a timeless moment of silence can reveal what is already and always free. This philosophy informs the EMDR therapeutic approach. This chapter explains the EMDR model, illustrating its use with a case study. EMDR is an integrative psychotherapeutic appproach first discovered and developed by Dr. Francine Shapiro (2001) in 1987, which is guided by an information processing model that has numerous protocols and procedures including the administration of bilateral stimulation to the client. The procedure was originally used to treat trauma, but it has now developed into a comprehensive approach used widely to ameliorate a variety of psychological symptoms and disorders including anxiety and depression, phobia, addiction and substance abuse, among others. In fact, EMDR is now used to target experiential contributors of all clinical complaints. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Being Fully Present Now Clinical Case Study Cognitive Processes Emptiness Information Processing Model Integrative Psychotherapeutic Approach Models Nondual Approach Psychotherapeutic Processes Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

91. Dale, S. (2012, April). One in ten: Treating needle phobias with EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Canda, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
One in ten people has a needle phobia. This condition can be disabling for people whose inordinate fear of needles can keep them from accessing medical testing and treatment. In this presentation, needle phobia are defined and the types explained, including vaso-vagal, associative, resistive, and hyperalgesic. The EMDR Protocol for Phobias is outlined, and research on using EMDR with needle phobia is reviewed. Case studies are presented in which clients with different types and degrees of needle phobia are treated. Discussions on challenges working with this client group are presented, and cognitive interweaves specific to needle phobia are introduced.
Learning Objectives: 1. Examine the definition and prevalence of phobias 2. Identify the types and prevalence of needle phobia 3. Outline the psychological and physical impact of needle phobia 4. Discuss the EMDR Protocol for Phobias 5. Explore how EMDR can be used to treat needle phobia

Keywords: Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

92. de Jongh, A., & ten Broeke, E. (1994, June). Opmerkelijke veranderingen na één zitting met eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Een geval van angst voor misselijkheid en braken [Noteworthy changes after one session with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A case of fear of nausea and vomiting]. Directieve Therapie, 14(2), 90-102. doi:10.1007/BF03060064 .

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In deze bijdrage worden enkele principes van Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) beschreven. Met name het ‘reprocessing’ gedeelte van deze procedure wordt nader toegelicht, waaronder de selectie van negatieve en positieve cognities voorafgaande aan de therapie. Aan de hand van een gevalsbeschrijving van een cliënt met angst voor misselijkheid en braken worden de vaak optredende spontane cognitieve veranderingen tijdens EMDR gedemonstreerd. Ingegaan wordt op de vraag hoe de geconstateerde veranderingen kunnen worden verklaard.

The current paper presents some principles of EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing). The reprocessing part, particularly the selection of negative and positive cognitions concerning the traumatic event, is described. A case history of a client with fear of nausea and vomiting demonstrates the spontaneously occurring cognitive changes, and subsequent improvements in complaints, that are often associated with the EMDR procedure. Some plausible explanations for these rapid effects are discussed.

Keywords: Adults Case Report Dutch Females Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

93. Morfeld, D. (1997, September 30). Overcoming fear and phobia. Boulder, CO: Daily Camera, 10.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
Help finally came through a newer method of psychotherapy - Rapid Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprogramming, or EMDR. The therapy helped Morris to make a major life turnaround, she says. "It was not a bandage. For me, it was a genuine miracle."

Keywords: Fear Boulder Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

94. Terwilliger, K. (1995, January 9). Overcoming fright flight. Long Beach, CA: Press-Telegram, AM, Lifestle, F2.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
It's important to gradually go beyond visualizing the fearful situation to experiencing it, Frost says. ''The big issue here is feeling out of control; whatever you can do to help people experience being in control is going to make a difference.'' Some therapists claim success with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing - EMDR - an innovative technique that involves eye movement in tandem with visualization. Friedman participated in a recent Colorado Springs study of EMDR; she's also done some conventional therapy. Neither seemed to help her overcome her phobia - ''but in some ways, I gave up,'' she says. Now, she's considering trying again.
Also appeared in: Terwilliger, C. (1995, January 9). Overcoming fright flight. Long Beach, CA: Press-Telegram, AM, Lifestyle, F2.

Keywords: General Long Beach Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

95. Flu, B. R. L. (2012). P-267 - Tap, tap tap the usefulllness of EMDR on kids on the autism spectrum. European Psychiatry, 27(Supplement 1), 1. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(12)74434-6.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
EMDR, Eye movement Reprocessing and Desensitisation is an amalgamated psychotherapy and brain activation intervention. This hyper-focussed therapy has shown its value beyond the treatment of trauma i.e. in a large number of mental health issues and developmental disorders. In autism this method requires some adaptations as described below. Aim: To give an introductory of EMDR in autism children. Objective: To establish the usefulness of this treatment. Methods: The general method is after establishing a baseline of disturbance to work through the touchstone event or focus of the trauma/feared situation from image, feelings, self-judgment and bodily feelings. The preparation also consists of exploring the ability to work with imagery and understanding of feelings. Imagery is tailored to their special interest and at time bodily sensations and feelings are worked on together when no differentiation of these experiences exist 18 cases of the age of 9– 16 underwent the method. 11 had generalised but extreme anxiety issues, 5 had experienced bullying, 4 had aggression regulation problems, 1 had obsessive compulsive disorder, 1 had a spider phobia, one had a developing eating disorder. The level of disturbance went down in all cases. One relapsed. Three needed visual augmentation for the visualisation. Three could not bear physical contact and therefore required self-tapping. 12 cases needed only one session for the focussed treatment. 9 displayed continual improvement over the next 4 weeks and 5 were treated further under conventional therapy. Conclusion: EMDR is a valuable therapy in autism children but requires specific modification.

Keywords: Autism Spectrum Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

96. de Jongh, A., & Whisman, M. (2001, June). Panic and phobias: Diagnosis, treatment, and incorporation of EMDR. Preconfernece presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR has been found to be a valuable method to incorporate into the treatment of PTSD. It has also been found to be a structured, non-invasive treatment for a number of other anxiety disorders. This workshop will focus on the clinical application of EMDR with Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia, Specific Phobia, Social Phobia, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Participants will learn: 1) to assess clients with phobic conditions; 2) to identify core negative congitions related to fear; 3) to know when and how to apply EMDR with clients suffering from an anxiety disorder; and 4) to use creative adaptions of EMDR for these clients. Presenters will make use of lecture, case studies, and videotaped treatment sessions.

Keywords: Fear Panic Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

97. Nickeson, C. (2002, June). Panic disorder and physiology phobia: EMDR treatment. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Panic disorder can be viewed as a phobic fear of the body's physical sensations. It results from conditioning by the traumatic experience of having panic attacks. Conceptualizing panic disorder in this way provides a powerful way to structure treatment with EMDR since EMDR is clearly effective with trauma resolution. This workshop will describe how the preparation phase is especially important and, must be expanded in order for reprocessing to be successful. Participants will also learn how to select appropriate targets for the desensitization phase, how to identify suitable negative cognitions and positive cognitions, and how to employ cognitive interweave when needed. A videotape illustrating an important part of a client's work will be shown.

Keywords: Panic Disorder Phobia Physiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

98. Luber, M. & Shapiro, F. (2009). Phobia protocol. In M. Luber (Ed.), Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) scripted protocols: Basics and special situations, (pp. 155-173). New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
This chapter presents a summary of the Phobia Protocol scripted by Marilyn Luber (Shapiro, 2001, 2006). Shapiro distinguishes between two types of phobias: simple phobia (e.g., fear of an object), and process phobia (feature of a situation in which the client must actively participate). Therapists are instructed to use the Standard EMDR Protocol for the following targets over six steps: past memories, present triggers, and a future template. To do the full Phobia Protocol, all six steps should be included. The Phobia Protocol Script is included. [PsycINFO Database]

Keywords: Phobias Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

99. Holmshaw, M. (2009, October). Phobia Protocol. Presentation at the 2nd annual EMDR Autumn Workshop, Leeds, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Many phobias and current anxieties have their roots in past events, often unremembered. The EMDR phobia protocol follows Shapiro's three-layered approach. This workshop illustrates the use of the touchstone memory, the future template and the float-forward technique in processing phobias and current anxieties

Keywords: Anxiety Phobia Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

100. Rogers, S., & Lanius, U. F. (2001). Phobia, PTSD, endogenous opioids and EMDR treatment response. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Endogenous Opoids Phobia Poster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

101. Staff. (2000). Phobia: When an irrational fear takes control. Films for the Humanities & Sciences, Princeton, NJ.

Language: English

Format: Video

Abstract:
For a person with a phobia, overcoming the fear--or at least learning how to resist its debilitating effects--can open the door to a fuller, freer life. This riveting two-part series uses MRI scans, body imaging, EEG tracing, and thermal photography to take an unflinching look at the biological and psychological mechanics of terror, as courageous patients seek to master their fears through medication, behavioral therapy, hypnotherapy, desensitization, virtual reality exposure therapy, the controversial technique of flooding, and a new treatment called EMDR.

Keywords: Fear Phobias Psychosocial Factors Treatment

Accuracy Verified: No

102. McCann, D. (1992, December). Post-traumatic stress disorder due to devastating burns overcome by a single session of eye movement desensitization. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 23(4), 319-323. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(92)90055-N.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article reports on the effective use of a single session of eye movement desensitization (EMD) in the treatment of an exceptionally severe case of PTSD. The patient was the survivor of burns that left him with massive scarring, total deafness, bilateral amputations of the upper extremities above the elbow, severe contractures, and severely damaged feet and ankles. He had endured 8 years of intense suffering from symptoms of PTSD. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Accidents Adults British Dog Bites Exposure Therapy Phobia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

103. Gonzalez, A., Mosquera, D., & Seijo, N. (2010, April). Processing dissociative phobias with EMDR. Presentation at the 2nd Bi-Annual International European Society for Trauma and Dissociation Conference, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: The standard EMDR protocol (SP) was designed for the treatment of simple PTSD, and when it´s used on this cases, EMDR is a very powerful therapy. But when SP is applied on complex trauma and dissociative disorders 20% of patients may become de-compensated. The importance of the stabilization phase has been remarked by different authors. The existent proposals are to use interventions coming from different approaches sometimes enhanced with bilateral stimulation. Standard procedures used for simple PTSD must be adapted and modified for working with dissociative disorders. To do this is important to understand from recent research work what we know about the effects of EMDR therapy. We will try to dynamically integrate these features with conceptualizations coming from the EMDR Adaptive Information Processing Model (AIP) and the Theory of the Structural Dissociation of the Personality (TSDP) TSDP emphasizes the importance of working with dissociative phobias prior to trauma work. In the stabilization phase the work on the phobia of dissociative parts and of attachment (and the attachment with the therapist) is the most important one. We will show with clinic cases the effect of this intervention on improving internal communication and collaboration and overcoming therapist-patient relationship problems.
Learning Outcomes For those who are not EMDR therapists this workshop will help to understand how EMDR conceptualizes the work in structural dissociation from the Adaptive Information Processing Model (AIP). For people who are not expertise on Theory of Structural Dissociation of the Personality (TSDP) a brief description of dissociative phobias and their importance in the work with dissociative disorders will be put forward. The assistants will watch videos of therapies with different patients, in which EMDR is applied using dissociative phobias as targets. Differences with ego states therapy without introducing bilateral stimulation and with standard EMDR protocol will be observable in the case-examples and will be explained in detail. This work represents a different way of using EMDR to stabilize the patient and prepare her/him for future traumatic memory processing.

Keywords: Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

104. Paunovic, N. (2002, April). Prolonged exposure counterconditioning (PEC) as a treatment for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression in an adult survivor of repeated child sexual and physical abuse. Clinical Case Studies, 1(2), 148-169. doi:10.1177/1534650102001002004.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Prolonged exposure counterconditioning (PEC) was tested as a treatment for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in an adult survivor of repeated child sexual and physical abuse. PEC utilizes imaginal reliving of very pleasurable life moments in order to weaken traumatic conditioned emotional responses (CERs). A higher-order conditioned stimuli (CS) is used as a traumatic CER elicitor. Prolonged imaginal reliving of pleasurable CSs is used as a counterconditioner to the traumatic CERs. A statistical technique for analyzing single-case subject designs based on classical test theory was used to evaluate the client’s progress in treatment. Results showed that PEC effectively decreased the client’s PTSD symptoms, depression, and anxiety. In addition, the client’s negative cognitions became considerably more positive. Also, the client lost his comorbid conditions of chronic major depressive disorder and social phobia. Finally, other clinically observed symptoms, which are described in the article, improved markedly. All results were maintained at a 3-month follow-up.

Keywords: Imaginal Reliving PEC Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prolonged Exposure Counterconditioning PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

105. Kleinknecht, R. (1993, September). Rapid treatment of blood and injection phobias with eye movement desensitization. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 24(3), 211-217. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(93)90023-P .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A 21-year-old woman with injection and blood phobias was treated successfully using eye movement desensitization. Treatment was conducted over four abbreviated sessions involving less than 1 hour of actual treatment time. Fear changes following treatment were monitored through self-report and physiological response, both within and between sessions, and in relation to the behaviors of seeking and receiving an injection (flu shot) and having blood drawn. Treatment effects were maintained at follow-ups of 1, 14, and 24 weeks.

Keywords: Blood Phobia Injection Phoba

Accuracy Verified: Yes

106. Smyth, N., Maxfield, L., & Rogers, S. (2003, September). Recent research evaluating the role of eye movements in EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Findings of component studies are summarized, with a review of studies which reported that EMs reduced memory vividness and emotiveness. The results of three recent studies are presented. 1) A study evaluated the effects of EMs on the components of memory to test working memory explanations of EMDR; 2) a study using participants with dental phobia determined if memories of disturbing dental events,and related dental anxiety, were influenced by EMs; 3) A large-N comparison with combat veterans, compared EMDR and a non-eye-movement analog to evaluate the effect of EMs on treatment outcome, process and changes in trauma narratives.

Keywords: Eye Movements Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

107. McGlynn, F. D. (1997). Response to Lipke's comment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11(6), 603-606. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00043-1.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Lipke's criticisms of the experiment reported by Bates and colleagues are without merit. Data from the experiment show either that the procedure was sound or that the clinical measurement reported by eye-movement densitization (EMD) therapists is suspect. Lipke's statement that EMD enjoys increasing scientific support is likewise without merit. Scientific support for EMD seems to exist only when one disregards the methodological lessons taught by behavior-therapy research for the last three decades.

Keywords: Female Letter Phobias Reply Spider Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

108. Chang, S. H. (2007, September). Role of EM and stimulus valence presentation order in the return of fear: Possible implications for the therapeutic mechanism. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association Conference, Dallas, Texas. (NSC 93-2413-H-002-002-).

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Research background & aims: This study examined possible therapeutic mechanisms of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989, 1995, 2001) in terms of exposure and information processing model. While exposure model contended process of extinction and response habituation, Stickgold (2002) proposed that sleep induced change in associative memory via activation of weak association during REM state and EM functioned as REM sleep to integrate the episodic memory of trauma into general semantic memory. In this study, the effect of EM compared to that of Exposure-Only (non-EM) on process measures of SUDs, ratings of cockroach phobia across sessions, along with outcome measures were examined. Specifically, the degree of return of fear and response habituation was explored. Methods: Thirty-six college students with cockroach phobias were recruited as participants and invited after informed consent for 4 1-week interval treatment sessions and a 1 month follow-up session. The instruments for outcome measures included Cockroach Phobia Questionnaire, fear ratings of cockroach slides, FSS, STAI-S, BDI, short form of SCL-90, the Revised Thought-Action Fusion Questionnaire, White Bear Suppression Inventory, and cognitive tasks for measuring strength of associations. The SUDs, credibility and therapeutic relationship rating, and physiological measures such as HR, HRV, EOG, served as process measures. Due to space limitations, the results of cognitive task and physiological measures were reported elsewhere. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: EM condition (EM vs. Non-EM exposure only) × block order of cockroach theme presentation (negative cognition first vs. positive cognition first). A 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time: pre-assessment and post-assessment for each of the 4 sessions plus 1 month follow-up assessment) mixed factorial design was performed, with time serving as within Ss factor and the other two variables serving as between Ss factors. There were 20 trials in each therapeutic session. The duration of each trial was 30s for both the EM and Exposure-Only conditions. Results: After preliminary analyses for group differences on pretreatment variables, credibility-relationship ratings, and outcome variables were explored, the 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time) ANOVA on SUDs showed that the main effects of time and EM were both significant (p < .001 and p < .034). Subsequently, two 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time) ANOVAs were performed for EM condition and Exposure-Only condition, respectively. The results showed that for EM condition, only time effect was significant (p < .006); while for Exposure-Only condition, there were a significant time effect (p < .001) and an approaching significant valence presentation order effect (p < .065), with the SUDs being higher in negative cognition presented first condition compared to positive cognition presented first condition; whereas the effect was not significant for the EM condition. Using trend analyses and inspection of time effect showed that significant within session SUDs reduction for Exposure-Only conditions. Notwithstanding, the pairwise comparisons for the 9 time points indicated salient phenomena of return of fear among several of the 5 sessions for this condition when comparing the pre-assessment of each session with post-assessment of its previous session. Whereas for EM condition the return of fear between sessions was small and the trend analysis showed a reduction with linear trend. Conclusions & Discussion: Compared to Exposure-Only, EM resulted in less degree of sufferings while participants encountering negative theme which in turn might facilitate further processing of negative memory. In addition, EM might add something beyond the mechanism of pure exposure. The less return of fear indicating that information processing in addition to response inhibition might take place between sessions. The results echoed Shapiro’s Adaptive Information Processing model and Stickgold’s REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, suggesting that EM in EMDR might reflect a shift in associative memory systems by activating different strength of associations of negative semantic nodes for different semantically related words. Given that previous research showed that EM decreased emotionality and also generate greater amount of associations for negative stimuli, the implications of the present results from theoretical and therapeutic point of views and future research possibilities are discussed.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Saccadic Eye Movement Semantic Association

Accuracy Verified: Yes

109. Chang, S. H. (2009). Role of EM and stimulus valence presentation order in the return of fear: Possible implications for the therapeutic mechanism. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Saccadic Eye Movement Sematic Association

Accuracy Verified: Yes

110. Mueller, K-M. (2004, February). Separation anxiety disorder and vomit phobia: An integrated approach. Presentation at the 2nd annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland Association, Birmingham, UK .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This case report will illustrate how an integrated approach based on a combination of family therapy, CBT and EMDR was used for a 13 year old teenager who presented with vomit phobia and a background of separation anxiety disorder.

Keywords: Separation Anxiety Disorder Vomit Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

111. Klaff, F., & Dutton, P. (2004, September). The short and the long of it: Crisis versus routine treatment of children and adolescents. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montreal, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR techniques with children following crisis will be demonstrated drawing from interventions developed directly at international disaster sites. The nature of immediate intervention with dramatic trauma problems will be addressed in terms of treatment goals, techniques and outcomes. Safety preparation skills using interactive safe place and a quick phobia protocol to clear prior problems will be taught. This approach will be contrasted with more routine treatment for past trauma and resistant family system problems. Clinical issues will be analyzed with videotaped cases treated both in childhood and later in adolescence. Repetitive themes and unresolved issues will be highlighted. The evolution of therapist experience with resultant refinement of treatment skills will be discussed.

Keywords: Adolescents Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

112. de Roos, C., & de Jongh, A. (2006). Slikken of stikken - EMDR bij kinderen en jongeren met een slikfobie [Do or die - EMDR in children and adolescents with a mud phobia]. Kinder- & Jeugdpsychotherapie, 33(3), 83-102.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In de kindertijd zijn ontwikkelingsgerelateerde angsten normaal. Wanneer een angst echter aanhoudt en uitgelokt wordt door de aanwezigheid van of anticipatie op een bepaald voorwerp of een specifieke situatie spreekt men van een specifieke fobie (American Psychiatric Association, 2003). De in de literatuur gerapporteerde prevalentiepercentages lopen nogal uiteen en variëren van 1,7 tot 16 procent, maar de meeste studies komen uit op een percentage tussen de 7 en 9 procent (Silverman & Moreno, 2005).

In childhood development-related fears are normal. When a But fear persists and is triggered by the presence or anticipation of a certain object or a particular situation is called a specific phobia (American Psychiatric Association, 2003). In the literature reported prevalence rates vary considerably, ranging from 1.7 to 16 percent, but most studies come up with a percentage between 7 and 9 percent (Silverman & Moreno, 2005).

Keywords: Adolescents Children Mud Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

113. de Jongh, P. J., Andrea, H., & Muris, P. (1997, June). Spider phobia in children: Disgust and fear before and after treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(6), 559-562. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00002-8.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Fear of spiders, disgust sensitivity, and spiders' disgust-evoking status were assessed in a group of spider phobic girls (n = 22) who applied for treatment, in a group of non-phobic girls (n = 21), and in the parents of both groups of children. The phobic girls were tested both before and after behavioural treatment which consisted of 1.5 hr eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and 1.5 hr exposure in vivo. Findings support the idea that disgust is an important aspect of spider phobia: (a) spider phobic girls exhibited higher levels of disgust sensitivity and considered spiders per se as more disgusting than non-phobic girls; (b) there was a parallel decline of spider fear and spiders' disgust-evoking status as a result of treatment; and (c) spiders' disgust-evoking status was relatively strong in mothers of spider phobic girls. The latter finding may indicate, that the acquisition of spider fear is facilitated by specific parental disgust reactions when confronted with spiders. [ScienceDirect]

Keywords: Disgust Exposure In Vivo Exposure Therapy Fear of Spiders Disgust Sensitivity Parents Phobias Spiders' Disgust Evoking Status

Accuracy Verified: Yes

114. Grecchi, A., Grecchi, V., & Beraldo, S. (2008, June). Synergism between EMDR & hypnosis: The role of eye movement. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The aim of this paper is a theoretical and practical treatise on the synergism between hypnosis and EMDR focused on the treatment of Anxiety Disorders such as OCD, Panic Attack and Phobia. The clinical experience of the Authors suggests that the integration of both these approaches can help either the exploration or the processing of the cognitive and emotional dysfunction supporting the psychopathology of the Anxiety Disorders. This happens through the ability of these two techniques either in recovering and amplifing memories (somatic memories too) identified by patients as the mental organization supporting the pathology or in processing, neutralizing and integrating these memories (counscious and unconscious) till the re-equilibration of the dysfunctional behaviour. This process is due to two proceedings: induction of Alterated States of Counsciouseness (ASoC) by hypnotic techniques and the related changing in the psycho-physical disposition rhythm of eye movements (EM). The changing of the rhythm of EM integrated to ASoC has some important purposes: slow EM underline all the main and subordinate elements supporting the pathology these elements can be processed using quick EM till their neutralization alternation of slow EM and hypnotic periods can reequilibrate both the cognitive and the psycho-physical fields. The therapist has to pay attention in order to avoid the bio-electrical interferences occurring during the alternations of these two phases that could damage the therapy. Actually the Authors are assessing this integrative model of therapy.

Keywords: Eye Movement Hypnosis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

115. Tzan-Fu, S., & Nien-Mu, C. (2006, September). Synergism between mindfulness meditation training, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in psychotherapy of social phobia. Chang Gung Medical Journal, 29(4), 1-4.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
We report on the successful treatment of a psychiatric outpatient with long-term Social Phobia (SP), at best only marginally responsive to pharmacotherapy. He was treated by Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) because we suspected that his phobia derived from emotional trauma. He also received brief training in Mindfulness Meditation (MM), which enhanced his initially poor response to EMDR. The patient practiced meditation intensively during the treatment period and thereafter, and used it to relieve the distress that he experienced during both real and deliberately-imagined phobic situations. He recognized this distress pattern as identical to the one he reported to his EMDR therapist while processing traumatic images. The patient’s condition was much improved at discharge and he continued to practice meditation during 31/2 years of follow-up to sustain his relief. The two therapeutic approaches appear to be synergistic and useful in treating SP. We also comment on the usefulness of providing brief MM training, especially to highly-motivated patients. (Chang Gung Med J 2006;29(4 Suppl):1-5)

Keywords: Case Report Mindfulness Meditation Social Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

116. Marr, J. (2013). Traitement EMDR du trouble obsessionnel compulsif: Etude préliminaire [EMDR treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Preliminary research]. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7(2), 29E-43E. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.7.2.E29.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Cet article rapporte les résultats de deux expériences qui examinent chacune un protocole EMDR (désensibilisation et retraitement par les mouvements oculaires) différent pour le trouble obsessionnel-compulsif (TOC), chacune avec deux jeunes participants masculins adultes présentant un TOC sans rémission de longue date. Deux adaptations du protocole pour la phobie de Shapiro (2001) ont été développées à partir de la perspective théorique selon laquelle le TOC est un trouble qui s’autoperpétue, avec des compulsions et des obsessions TOC ainsi que des déclencheurs présents qui renforcent et maintiennent le trouble. Les deux adaptations commencent par viser les obsessions et compulsions actuelles, plutôt que de travailler sur des souvenirs passés ; l’une des stratégies retarde la phase d’installation cognitive tandis que l’autre utilise la lecture mentale d’une vidéo dans la désensibilisation des déclencheurs. Les quatre participants ont bénéficié de 14–16 séances d’une heure, sans tâche à effectuer entre les rendez-vous. Ils ont été évalués à l’aide de l’Echelle obsessionnelle compulsive de Yale-Brown (Yale- Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale [Y-BOCS]), avec des scores lors du prétraitement dans la gamme extrême (moyenne 5 35,3). Une amélioration des symptômes était rapportée par les participants après 2 ou 3 séances. Les scores lors du post-traitement étaient dans la gamme infraclinique/légère pour tous les participants (moyenne 5 8,5). Des évaluations de suivi ont été réalisées après 4–6 mois, indiquant le maintien des effets thérapeutiques (moyenne 5 7,5). La diminution des symptômes était de 70,4% lors du post-traitement et de 76,1% lors du suivi pour le protocole EMDR adapté pour les phobies et de 81,4% lors du post-traitement et du suivi pour le protocole EMDR adapté pour les phobies avec lecture vidéo. Les implications théoriques sont examinées et des recherches futures sont recommandées.

This article reports the results of two experiments, each investigating a different eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) protocol for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and each with two young adult male participants with long-standing unremitting OCD. Two adaptations of Shapiro’s (2001) phobia protocol were developed, based on the theoretical view that OCD is a self-perpetuating disorder, with OCD compulsions and obsessions and current triggers reinforcing and maintaining the disorder. Both adaptations begin by addressing current obsessions and compulsions, instead of working on past memories; one strategy delays the cognitive installation phase; the other uses mental video playback in the desensitization of triggers. The four participants received 14–16 one-hour sessions, with no assigned homework. They were assessed with the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), with scores at pretreatment in the extreme range (mean 5 35.3). Symptom improvement was reported by participants after 2 or 3 sessions. Scores at posttreatment were in the subclinical/mild range for all participants (mean 5 8.5). Follow-up assessments were conducted at 4–6 months, indicating maintenance of treatment effects (mean 5 7.5). Symptom reduction was 70.4% at posttreatment and 76.1% at follow-up for the Adapted EMDR Phobia Protocol and 81.4% at posttreatment and at follow-up for the Adapted EMDR Phobia Protocol with Video Playback. Theoretical implications are discussed, and future research is recommended.

Keywords: Adapted EMDR Phobia Protocol Adapted EMDR Phobia Protocol with Video Playback OCD Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Treatment Outcome Research

Accuracy Verified: No

117. Ortigosa, J. M. (2000). Tratamiento de la hematofobia mediante la desensibilización por movimientos de los ojos y reprocesamiento (DMOR): Estudio de un caso infantil [Treatment blood phobia by eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR): Child case study]. Cuadernos de Medicina Psicosomática y Psiquiatria de Enlace, 53, 62-68 .

Language: Spanish

Format: Journal

Keywords: Blood Phobia Case Study Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

118. Sanfiz, J. (2010). Tratamiento de un caso de origen traumatico de fobia a la sangre con EMDR en una sola sesion [Treatment of a case of traumatic origin of blood phobia in one EMDR session]. Revista de psicoterapia, 20(80). Terapias Psiconeurologicas del Trauma).

Language: Spanish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Describiremos el caso de una paciente adulta que después de una experiencia traumática en un parto de alto riesgo (parto que se presentó con placenta previa), con parada cardio-respiratoria en quirófano, desarrolló una fobia específica a la sangre con ataques de pánico. Cinco años más tarde de la experiencia traumática y de tener síntomas, fue tratada en nuestro servicio en una sola sesión con EMDR de dos horas. El resultado se pudo contrastar al salir de la sesión, pues al llegar a su trabajo, la paciente tuvo que curar a un operario que se había atravesado la mano con un clavo sin que la paciente sufriera los síntomas de ansiedad que anteriormente tenía.

In this article we will describe the case of adult blood phobia, who after a traumatic experience during very risky birth giving (with previous placenta), with cardiopulmonary arrest in the operating room, developed a specific blood phobia with panic attacks. Five years after the traumatic experience, the patient was treated in our consultancy during one two hours session with EMDR. The result were immediately, because when the patient came home after the session, she had to help a worker to take out a nail he had hammered in his hand, without suffering any of the anxiety symptoms she always had before.

Keywords: Anxiety Blood Phobia, Panic Attacks

Accuracy Verified: Yes

119. Molero, M. (2012, June). Trauma prenatal y del nacimiento en relación a un trastorno fóbico. Casos clínicos resueltos con EMDR [Prenatal and birth trauma in relation to a phobic disorder. Clinical cases resolved with EMDR]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is being successful in treatment of individuals with affect dysregulation from early traumatic experience included prenatal and birth traumatic experiences. There is a body of scientific investigation and knowledge on prenatal experience and trauma, and that indeed we do experience and are influenced by our environment in the womb. We can learn from such experience, and therefore, can be traumatized prior to birth. The prenatal self can feel and record this experience. Some researchers point that there is a pre-‐traumatic experience at the embryonic stage that could let somatic memories in the brain. In some individuals, reactivation of this pre-‐traumatic experience provokes some clinical disorders as specific phobia. We present two clinical cases of phobia treated with EMDR, one of them is a child with fireworks phobia and the other one is an adult with agoraphobia.

EMDR ha sido un tratamiento exitoso en individuos con desregulaciones desde una experiencia traumática temprana, incluyendo los traumas prenatales y del nacimiento. Existe un cuerpo de investigación científica y conocimiento acerca de la experiencia prenatal y el trauma, y de hecho, tenemos experiencias que están influenciadas por nuestro ambiente en el útero. Podemos aprender de ese tipo de experiencias y, por tanto, ser traumatizados antes del nacimiento. El yo prenatal puede sentir y grabar esta experiencia. Muchos investigadores señalan que existe una experiencia pre-‐traumática en el estado embrionario que permite los recuerdos somáticos en el cerebro. En algunos individuos, la reactivación de esta experiencia pre-‐traumática provoca algunas patologías clínicas y fobias específicas. Presentamos dos casos clínicos de fobia tratada con EMDR, uno de ellos es un niño con miedo a los petardos y el otro es un adulto que sufre de agorafobia.

Keywords: Prenatal Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

120. Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1999, January-April). Traumatic memories, eye movements, phobia, and panic: A critical note on the proliferation of EMDR. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 209-223. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00048-6.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In the past years, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has become increasingly popular as a treatment method for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The current article critically evaluates three recurring assumptions in EMDR literature: (a) the notion that traumatic memories are fixed and stable and that flashbacks are accurate reproductions of the traumatic incident; (b) the idea that eye movements, or other lateralized rhythmic behaviors have an inhibitory effect on emotional memories; and (c) the assumption that EMDR is not only effective in treating PTSD, but can also be successfully applied to other psychopathological conditions. There is little support for any of these three assumptions. Meanwhile, the expansion of the theoretical underpinnings of EMDR in the absence of a sound empirical basis casts doubts on the massive proliferation of this treatment method. (ScienceDirect)

Keywords: Literature Review Panic Disorder Phobia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Research Needs Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

121. Films for the Humanities (Firm). (2000). Treating phobias 1. Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities & Sciences.

Language: English

Format: Video

Abstract:
In this program, the treatment of John's claustrophobia, Judith's fear of flying, and David's fear of heights--phobias described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) as Situational Type and Natural Environment Type--are documented. Applications of virtual reality, by Emory University's Barbara Rothbaum, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, by clinical psychologist Carl Nickeson, are profiled. The research of Jeffrey Gray, of the Institute of Psychiatry (London), into blood flow in the brain during moments of stress, panic, and terror is also examined. This program is part of the series "Phobia: When an Irrational Fear Takes Control." This two-part series uses MRI scans, body imaging, EEG tracing, and thermal photography to take an unflinching look at the biological and psychological mechanics of terror, as courageous patients seek to master their fears through various forms of treatment.

Keywords: Behavior Therapy Phobias

Accuracy Verified: No

122. Blowers, C., Pawelzik, M., Zangwill, W., Fetko, D., Bondy, N., Cable, S., Thomson, J., & Fairhead, D. & Harrowes, M. (2003). Treating phobias desensitization, virtual reality exposure therapy, and EMDR. Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities & Sciences.

Language: English

Format: Video

Abstract:
This DVD draws excerpts from two programs, Treating Phobias: Behavioral Therapy, Hypnosis, Flooding, and SSRIs and the program Treating Phobias: Desensitization, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy, and EMDR. Both are issued as parts of the series Phobia: When an Irrational Fear takes control. Included from these two programs are the work of Dr. Colin Blowers who uses behavioral therapy to treat fear of dogs, Dr. Markus Pawelzik of the Christoph Dornier Centrum who uses flooding to treat the fear of heights and Dr. William Zangwill who uses EMDR (eye movement desensitization reprocessing) to treat the fear of driving. Also shown is a fear of flying course which combines behavioral therapy and flooding to combat this phobia. The work of animal behaviorist Dr. Dennis Fetko, "Dr. Dog" is also highlighted. (WorldCAT)

Keywords: Phobias Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

123. Blowers, C., Pawelzik, M., Zangwill, W., Fetko, D., Bondy, N., Cable, S., Thomson, J., Fairhead, D., & Harrowes, M. (2003). Treating phobias, behavioral therapy, hypnosis, flooding, and SSRIs. Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities & Sciences: Distributed under license from BBC Worldwide Americas.

Language: English

Format: Video

Abstract:
This DVD draws excerpts from two programs, Treating Phobias: Behavioral Therapy, Hypnoisis, Flooding, and SSRIs and the program Treating Phobias: Desensitization, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy, and EMDR. Both are issued as parts of the series Phobia: When an Irrational Fear takes control. Included from these two programs are the work of Dr. Colin Blowers who uses behavioral therapy to treat fear of dogs, Dr. Markus Pawelzik of the Christoph Dornier Centrum who uses flooding to treat the fear of heights and Dr. William Zangwill who uses EMDR (eye movement desensitization reprocessing) to treat the fear of driving. Also shown is a fear of flying course which combines behavioral therapy and flooding to combat this phobia. The work of animal behaviorist Dr. Dennis Fetko, "Dr. Dog" is also highlighted. (WorldCAT)

Keywords: Phobias Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

124. Films for the Humanities & Sciences (Firm); Films Media Group.; BBC Worldwide Ltd. (2006). Treating phobias. Pt. 1. New York, N.Y. : Films Media Group.

Language: English

Format: Video

Abstract: For 10-year-old Danny, it's dogs. For Trevor, it's falling. For Diane, it's air travel. And for Donna, it's the everyday act of driving a car. In this program, these four patients come to grips with their phobias by undergoing treatments involving behavioral therapy, flooding, and EMDR, eye-movement desensitization reprocessing-with impressive results.

Phobia: Uncontrollable Fear (4:37) -- Fear of Heights (4:47) -- Radical Phobia Treatment (3:27) -- Fear of Flying (2:28) -- Fear of Heights: Facing the Fear (3:08) -- Animals With Phobias (4:05) -- Behavior Treatment for Fear of Dogs (2:41) -- Treatment for Fear of Flying (4:11) -- Flooding Treatment for Fear of Heights (2:42) -- Fear of Driving: EMDR Treatment (5:09) -- Behavioral Treatment for Phobias (2:38) -- Flooding Therapy (3:29) -- Success With Phobias (2:54).

Accuracy Verified: Yes

125. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Holdrinet, I., & Sijsenaar, M. (1998, February). Treating phobic children: Effects of EMDR versus exposure. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 193-198. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.1.193.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study examined the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and exposure in the treatment of a specific phobia. 26 spider phobic children were treated during 2 treatment phases. During the first phase, which lasted 2.5 hr, children were randomly assigned to either (a) an EMDR group (n = 9), (b) an exposure in vivo group (n = 9), or (c) a computerized exposure (control) group (n = 8). During the 2nd phase, all groups received a 1.5 hr session of exposure in vivo. Therapy outcome measures (i.e., self-reported fear and behavioral avoidance) were obtained before treatment, after Treatment Phase 1, and after Treatment Phase 2. Results showed that the 2.5 hr exposure in vivo sesson produced significant improvement on all outcome measures. In contrast, EMDR yielded a significant improvement on only self-reported spider fear. Computerized exposure produced nonsignficant improvement. Furthermore, no evidence was found to suggest that EMDR potentiates the efficacy of a subsequent exposure in vivo treatment. Exposure in vivo remains the treatment of choice for childhood spider phobia. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents Children Empirical Study Phobia Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

126. Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1995, September-October). Treating spider phobia with eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing: Two case reports. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9(5), 439-449. doi:10.1016/0887-6185(95)00023-H.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Two spider phobics were first treated with Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and then received an exposure in vivo session. Results showed positive effects of EMDR, but also suggest that it is especially self-report measures that are sensitive to EMDR. Improvement on a behavioral measure was less pronounced and exposure was necessary to eliminate residual avoidance behavior. This observation confirms the position of those EMDR critics who point out that EMDR effects should be documented with objective and standardized evaluation instruments (Pilots).

Keywords: Arachnida Clinical Case Study Empirical Study Phobias Spider Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

127. de Jongh, A. (2012). Treatment of a woman with emetophobia: A trauma focused approach. Mental Illness, 4(1), 10-14. doi:10.4081/mi.2012.e3.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A disproportionate fear of vomiting, or emetophobia, is a chronic and disabling condition which is characterized by a tendency to avoid a wide array of situations or activities that might increase the risk of vomiting. Unlike many other subtypes of specific phobia, emetophobia is fairly difficult to treat. In fact, there are only a few published cases in the literature. This paper presents a case of a 46-year old woman with emetophobia in which a trauma-focused treatment approach was applied; that is, an approach particularly aimed at processing disturbing memories of a series of events which were considered to be causal in the etiology of her condition. Four therapy sessions of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) produced a lasting decrease in symptomatology. A 3-year follow up showed no indication of relapse.

Keywords: Emetophobia Specific Phobia Vomiting Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

128. Snyker, E. (1998, July). Treatment of affect phobias using EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will be able to 1) describe and use Tomkin's Three System Model of Emotion; 2) differentiate between the regressive/hysterical and obsessive/compulsive character defensive styles and modify treatment plans accordingly; 3) describe and apply the concept of the Two Triangles; 4) distinguish the functions of affect in order to determine if it is being used adaptively or maladaptively; and 5) integrate the knowledge gained with EMDR to help clients move through their defenses and become desensitized to their affect phobia.

Keywords: Afffect Phobia Phobias Tomkin's Three System Model of Emotion Two Triangles

Accuracy Verified: Yes

129. de Jongh, A. (2006, June). Treatment of anxiety and phobias with EMDR: Rapid conceptualization: Effective procedures and proposals for changes of the protocol. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Istanbul, Turkey.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Fears and phobias associated with EMDR situations where a single event for the well-structured, and short-term treatment is not compelling. Exposure in vivo EMDR'ın cognitive behavioral interventions, such as advantages, the fear-inspiring re-creation of the situation, situation (eg, sexuality, illness or death-related moments, situations) or phobic stimuli (eg, aircraft, mouse, snake) real life should be revived. However, inspiring fear and phobia on the basis of the number of lives to be in that situation, the phobic anxiety reactions to certain situations people may continue to give. Therefore EMDR'la fear and / or while working with phobias, anxiety-fear may danışanalr work preparing for the future status should not be terminated. This adaptive coping mechanisms to obtain, provide relief to improve the mental strategies in the future will need to be placed in a behavioral patterns and behavioral experiments can be done. EMDR'ın with fear and phobia clinical applications focusing on this at the end of the study group participants: 1) consult those who fear, avoidance of situations of mold assessment, 2) in terms of EMDR cases quickly formulated, 3) for those who need counseling EMDR protocol creative format can be adapted, and 4 ) EMDR intervention for their general treatment approach (cognitive-behavioral) to integrate aims to provide skills to develop.

Keywords: Anxiety Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

130. de Jongh, A., & ten Broeke, E. (1998). Treatment of choking phobia by targeting traumatic memories with EMDR: A case study. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 5(4), 264-269. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199812).

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Choking phobia is a specific phobia characterized by fear and avoidance of swallowing foods and liquids. It often develops following an episode of choking on food. A prospective case study of a 30-year-old woman with a phobia of choking, acquired after a series of traumatic incidents 5 years previously, demonstrates the usefulness of an approach that is aimed at processing the disturbing memories of a traumatic event. Two therapy sessions of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) produced a lasting decrease in symptomatology. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Report Females Medical Procedures Multiple Traumatic Events Phobia Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

131. Coste, L. (2007, June). Treatment of complex drivng phobia on the expressway (demonstrating the value of dreams, daydreams and metaphors through EMDR treatment). Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Here is the summary of the treatment of a complex phobia develop since 1 year by a 35 year old man who past brittleness symptoms, considered as a continuation of the parental separation, first appeared in adolescence. In fact, around this period, the malaises of the patient took various forms without releasing insurmountable fears.
Been born of Cameroonian father and a French mother, Mr. G. is the third child, two sisters preceding him. An abortion followed the birth of Mr. G. A few months after that event the parents divorced.
Mr., G. is living and working in a pharmaceutical and cosmopolitan environment. He met his English girlfriend 8 years ago in Spain, where they lived for 4 years. Mr. G. lives since 4 years in France, his birthplace. He frequently travels abroad. His resides in France 9 months. A year ago, Mr., G. met a woman that had tunnel anguishes too. Now, since his installation, Mr., G. complains about phobia on the expressway.
That began for the first time when he prepared himself to go by car from London to Marseilles. But arriving to Montpellier, a fear panic paralyzes him. He could not drive any more. His three year old girl sat down in the rear seat. And he said: “My girl will die.”
Besides, Mr. G. does not suffer from declared anguishes in other places or in other vehicles.
A treatment by medicines is followed since 5 months successfully.
My interventions have held, before each new session, taking into account the following originally: the content of dreams, referring to the psychoanalytic models; metaphors evolution through the “sure place” during treatment; the free expression of the patient after bilateral alternate stimulations, being able to evolve through awaken dreams, without systematic return to the target when the cognition-arborescence deviates lightly.
These three tools are excellent to prove and judge advances in therapy, because they constitute an ideal unconscious bottom revealed by the therapist is compared with the cognitions quoted by the patient, then discussed in order to obtain in the filed of future cognitions, the most adequate ones.
The first treatment being urgent, it is a matter to target priority the situation that releases the panic. The cognitions will evolve logically from the “one’s self esteem” to “the possibilities of choice.”
At the end of 9 EMDR sessions and three months of treatments, Mr. G. drives freely on the expressways. Consecutively, he did “the mourning” of his father and feels from that time the need to protect this mother.

Keywords: Daydreams Dreams Driving Phobia Metaphors Phobia Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

132. Whisman, M. (2000, May 6). Treatment of panic disorder with EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation will focus on incorporating EMDR into the treatment of panic and phobia. Emphasis will be given to the preparation phase of EMDR: an educational model will be presented which is a necessary prerequisite to processing. A three-level approach to processing will be presented, targeting different cognitions and affect at each level. Level three includes the behavioral aspect of overcoming phobia avoidance. It is Whisman’s experience that a panic disorder can be its own origin (i.e., panic from on overdose of caffeine perpetuates itself because the client does not have the knowledge that s/he experienced a caffeine/adrenaline reaction, not symptoms of impending mental or physical catastrophe); however, panic and phobia can also be symptoms of underlying trauma, acute stress disorder, or PTSD. These distinctions will be discussed and relevant case material will be offered. Targeting, negative and positive cognitions, cognitive interweaves, and resource installation will be addressed as each level is discussed. A videotaped session will be shown: the client enters this session experiencing anxiety, dissociation, and trauma response. Clinical observation and client self-report are demonstrating that EMDR can be an effective treatment component for panic/phobia.

Keywords: Panic Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

133. de Jongh, A. (2001, May). Treatment of phobias with EMDR. Presentation at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, London, UK .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In contrast with the learning model which proposes a strategy of gradual exposure to the 44 feared stimuli, the primary goal in EMDR is the processing of traumatic memories which are thought to be impaired. One advantage of EMDR above an exposure approach involves client comfort. Prolonged real-life exposure to anxiety provoking stimuli or thought is not always easy to pursue. Consequently, clients are not always ready or motivated enough to endure such a procedure; a procedure which also holds a potential risk of drop out before treatment can often not be successfully concluded. Another possible advantage of EMDR relates to the costs of treatment. For example, it may be more useful to apply EMDR than exposure in vivo treat flying phobia for which in many cases, as part of their in vivo treatment, clients have to take costly flights. The most important advantage seems to be the possibility of utilising EMDR for situations where the critical triggers cannot be reproduced or simulated in real life (e.g., certain sexual, illness or death situations) or, more generally, for which phobic stimuli are hard to obtain. This workshop focuses on the clinical application of EMDR with specific phobias. Participants will learn when and how to apply EMDR with phobias and integrate this into a general (cognitive-behavioural) treatment approach. This approach is illustrated by several video taped treatments.

Keywords: Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

134. de Jongh, A., & ten Broeke, E. (2007). Treatment of specific phobias with EMDR: Conceptualization and strategies for the selection of appropriate memories. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(1), 46-56. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.46.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been shown to be a structured, noninvasive, time-limited, and evidence-based treatment for unprocessed memories and related conditions. This paper focuses on EMDR as a treatment for specific fears and phobias. For this purpose, the application of EMDR is conceptualized as the selection and the subsequent processing of a series of strategically important memories of earlier negative learning experiences concerning specific objects or situations. Firstly, the practical application and conceptualization of the treatment of phobias with EMDR is presented and compared with an exposure-based treatment approach. Next, specific attention is given to the assessment and selection of appropriate memories for processing. It is hypothesized that phobias with a nontraumatic background, or those in later stages of treatment after some reduction in anxiety has been achieved, would profit more from the application of a gradual in vivo exposure, whereas trauma-based specific phobias and those with high initial levels of anxiety would respond most favorably to EMDR. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive Therapy In Vivo Exposure Phobia Psychotherapeutic Processes Specific Phobia Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

135. de Jongh, A., ten Broeke, E., & Renssen, M. (1999, January-April). Treatment of specific phobias with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Protocol, empirical status, and conceptual issues. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 69-85. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00040-1.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This paper considers the current empirical status of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as a treatment method for specific phobias, along with some conceptual and practical issues in relation to its use. Both uncontrolled and controlled studies on the application of EMDR with specific phobias demonstrate that EMDR can produce significant improvements within a limited number of sessions. With regard to the treatment of childhood spider phobia, EMDR has been found to be more effective than a placebo control condition, but less effective than exposure in vivo. The empirical support for EMDR with specific phobias is still meagre, therefore, one should remain cautious. However, given that there is insufficient research to validate any method for complex or trauma related phobias, that EMDR is a time-limited procedure, and that it can be used in cases for which an exposure in vivo approach is difficult to administer, the application of EMDR with specific phobias merits further clinical and research attention (ScienceDirect).

Keywords: Literature Review Phobia Review Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

136. Holmshaw, M. (2009, June). Treatment of travel phobia resulting from road traffic accidents. In K. Zaal (Chair), Research). Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Motor Vehicle Accident Research Road Traffic Accident Symposium Travel Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

137. King, J. (1997). A trial of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) compared to systematic desensitization in the treatment of specific phobias. Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Keywords: Phobia Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

138. Acierno, R., Tremont, G., Last, C., & Montgomery, D. (1994). Tripartite assessment of the efficacy of eye-movement desensitization in a multi-phobic patient. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8(3), 259-276. doi:0.1016/0887-6185(94)90007-8.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The relative efficacy of Eye-Movement Desensitization (EMD) and Eye-Focus Desensitization (i.e., a treatment procedure designed to control for the effects of eye movement) in treating multiple phobias was assessed along behavioral, cognitive, and physiological response channels in a single-subject, multiple-baseline design across fear areas. Continuous physiological measurements, rather than presession/post- session change scores, were employed to permit accurate, fine-grained analysis of each intervention's effects. Results indicated that EMD failed to produce clinically significant intra- and intersession improvements beyond those produced by the control procedure on all dependent measures. A second multiple-baseline design across fear areas was implemented with the same subject and employed in vivo exposure/reinforced practice in order to demonstrate the patient's potential responsiveness to treatment. This procedure produced dramatic improvement on behavioral and subjective measures, but not on physiological indices. Results from this single-case experiment did not support the effectiveness of EMD. [ScienceDirect]

Keywords: EMD Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

139. de Jongh, A., ten Broeke, E., & Meijer, S. (2010). Two method approach: A case conceptualization model in the context of EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(1), 12-21. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.1.12.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article outlines a comprehensive model that helps to identify crucial target memories for EMDR treatment. The “Two Method Approach” can be used for conceptualization and treatment implementation for a broad spectrum of symptoms and problems, other than those related to PTSD per se. The model consists of two types of case conceptualizations. The First Method deals with symptoms whereby memories of the etiological and/or aggravating events can be meaningfully specifi ed on a time line. It is primarily aimed at the conceptualization and treatment of DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders. The Second Method is used to identify memories that underlie patients’ so-called dysfunctional core beliefs. This method is primarily used to treat more severe forms of pathology, such as severe social phobia, complex PTSD, and/or personality disorders. The two methods of case conceptualization are explained step by step in detail and are illustrated by case examples.

Keywords: Case Conceptualization Model

Accuracy Verified: Yes

140. Howard, M. D., & Cox, R. P. (2006, December). Use of EMDR in the treatment of water phobia at Navy boot camp: A case study. Traumatology, 12(4), 302-313. doi:10.1177/1534765606297821.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has become one of the most scientifically researched mental health treatments in the world; yet little has been done specifically with active-duty service members. Initially used in the treatment of anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder, it has since become popular in the treatment of addictions, relationship problems, eating disorders, panic attacks, phobias, and mood disorders. This article expands the current study of EMDR through the use of a case study approach. Specifically, it provides a detailed case study of the treatment of water phobia experienced by a U.S. Navy recruit. The unique stressors and time pressures of the recruit training environment are discussed. A detailed account of the therapist’s adherence to the eight phases of the EMDR protocol is woven in to the case study. Although the efficacy research of EMDR in the treatment of specific phobias is mixed, this article demonstrates how EMDR can be effectively utilized to treat trauma-based phobias in a time-sensitive and pressure-based environment such as that of recruit training in the United States Navy.

Keywords: Case Study Navy Phobias Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

141. Scott, R. M. (2000). The use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in treating a public speaking anxiety/phobia for individuals of high, moderate, and low absorption ability. Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, San Francisco, CA. AAT 3105575.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new and seemingly effective but controversial therapeutic treatment used primarily for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and related anxiety disorders such as phobias. In this study, EMDR was used to treat a public speaking anxiety or public speaking phobia. It was predicted that EMDR would be an effective treatment but that the efficacy would vary as a function of the absorption ability of the participants. 30 healthy male and female participants between the ages of 18 and 55 were categorized into 3 groups based on their being high (n = 10), moderate (n = 10), or low (n = 10) in absorption ability. Only participants who scored low on the Dissociative Experience Scale (DES) were included in the study. Participants received up to 3 sessions of EMDR and were measured on 9 different outcome variables. Significant decreases in Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) verbal ratings were found from baseline to the end of session 1 for all three groups (ps < .05); no other significant improvements were found after the first session (ps > .10). Confidence in verbal reports of positive cognitions (Validity of Cognition scale; VoC) increased equally over the course of treatment for all absorption groups. Between-group comparisons revealed no significant differences between the absorption groups at the end of treatment on their verbal reports of disturbance (SUDS) and positive cognitions (VoC) regarding past, ongoing, and future projected speaking events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 64(9-B), 2004, pp. 4635.

Keywords: Anxiety Eye Movements Phobias Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Public Speaking Public Speaking Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

142. de Jongh, A., & ten Broeke, E. (2000, September). The use of ‘exposure’ in EMDR. EMDRIA Newsletter, 5(4), 4-8.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract: An important feature of PTSD is that it is not very likely that the same traumatic event will happen again. For example, if a client has been raped and succesfully been treated with EMDR, generally not many clinicians will feel the urge to prepare the client for a next rape. Conversely, in a number of cases (for instance phobic conditions) the client does have to anticipate future situations in which the former phobic stimuli are present; and where he will have to interact with these. As a result of the application of the EMDR basic protocol, the likelihood or severity of the initial threat may have been reappraised, and the incident that initially felt traumatic may have been reattributed to an innocuous event. However, if a dental phobic has been successfully treated for his phobia, it is likely that he will still have to undergo invasive dental work, such as injections, root canal treatments or extractions. This has implications for treatment. Therefore, with specific phobias, after any successful reprocessing of anxiety related material occurs, it is of paramount importance that the client be properly prepared for future confrontations with the anxiety provoking objects and situations.

Keywords: Exposure

Accuracy Verified: Yes

143. de Jongh, A., Holmshaw, M., Carswell, W., & van Wijk, A. (2011, March-APril). Usefulness of a trauma-focused treatment approach for travel phobia. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 18(2), 124-37. doi:10.1002/cpp.680.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Despite its prevalence and potential impact on functioning, there are surprisingly little data regarding the treatment responsiveness of travel phobia. The purpose of this non-randomized study was to evaluate the usefulness of a trauma-focused treatment approach for travel phobia, or milder travel anxiety arising as a result of a road traffic accident. Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (TF-CBT), and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing were used to treat a sample of 184 patients, who were referred to a psychological rehabilitation provider. Patients in both treatment groups were encouraged to encounter their feared objects and situations between sessions. Specific (i.e., travel) phobia was diagnosed in 57% of cases. Patients in both treatment conditions showed equally large, and clinically significant, decreases in symptoms as indexed by three validated measures (Impact of Event Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and General Health Questionnaire), therapist ratings of treatment outcome, and a return to driving or travelling by car or motorbike. These improvements were obtained within an average course of 7.3 sessions of 1 hour each. Patients with travel phobia responded with a greater reduction of anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms than those with milder travel anxiety. Passengers reported higher levels of trauma symptoms than drivers, but no difference in effectiveness of treatment was found between these groups. The results suggest that trauma-focused psychological interventions can be a treatment alternative for patients with travel anxiety. Given the seriousness of the clinical problems related to road traffic accidents more rigorous outcome research is warranted and needed. Copyright (c) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message: As the literature on the treatment of travel phobia is largely limited to small-n studies, this is the largest naturalistic outcome study of the treatment of patients with fear and avoidance of travel, subsequent to a traumatic event, to date. Travel phobia following road traffic accidents should be regarded as a treatable psychological condition requiring a limited number of sessions. In a significant minority of cases the condition is unlikely to remit spontaneously, potentially disrupting occupational, social and personal adjustment. Besides a purely exposure, in vivo-based approach, a mainly trauma-focused approach, such as imagery exposure or Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, can be an effective intervention for both travel phobia and milder forms of travel anxiety, and for both drivers and passengers.

Keywords: Phobia Travel Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

144. Lu, D. P. (2010, May/June). Using alternating bilateral stimulation of eye movement desensitization for treatment of fearful patients. General Dentistry, 58(3), e140-e147.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Since the mid-1990s, eye movement desensitization (EMD) has been used in the realm of clinical psychology and psychiatry as a nonpharmacotherapeutic modality for the treatment of phobias, post-traumatic symptoms, and various psychotrauma cases. EMD can also be incorporated into the use of hypnosis, although the two are not the same thing. This study examined various clinical applications of the eye movement component of EMD (known as alternating bilateral stimulation (ABS)) on fearful dental patients who had a history of traumatic dental experiences. Findings were based on the clinical impressions and assessments of both the patients and the operating team. Results show that ABS, while effective for enabling patients to undergo non-invasive dental procedures such as clinical examinations and simple prophylaxis, has only limited beneficial effect for extremely fearful patients who must undergo invasive procedures such as extraction, drilling, and injections. Nevertheless, ABS is effective for mild to moderate patient phobia and anxiety. Although EMD is more effective than ABS, ABS is simple and easy for patients and clinicians to perform during treatment and can be performed readily in the dental office.

Keywords: ABS Alternating Bilateral Stimulation Anxiety Dental Patients Denistry Drilling EMD Extraction Injections Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

145. Foster, S. (1998, July). Utilizing EMDR to reduce the fear of public speaking. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) understand Beck's formulation of evaluation anxieties in general and speech anxiety in particular; 2) learn the research-based cognitive-behavioral (CB) strategies helpful in reducing speech anxiety; 3) and learn a modified EMDR process phobia protocol that enhances the efficacy of the CB approach to treating speech anxiety.

Keywords: Beck Process Phobia Protocol Protocol Public Speaking Speech Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

146. de Jongh, A., & ten Broeke, E. (2000, September). Why and how to use ‘in vivo exposure’ in EMDR. EMDRIA Newsletter, 5(3), 18.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
An important feature of PTSD is that it is not very likely that the same traumatic event will ever happen again. Accordingly, if a client has been raped and succesfully been treated with EMDR, generally not many clinicians will feel the urge to prepare this client for a next rape. Conversely, in a number of cases (particularly phobic conditions) the client does have to anticipate future situations in which fear evoking stimuli are present; and where he will have to interact with these. For example, if a person who suffered from a dental phobia has been successfully treated for his phobia, it is likely that he will still have to undergo invasive dental work, such as injections, root canal treatments, or extractions. This has implications for treatment. As a result of the successful application of the EMDR basic protocol, the likelihood or severity of the initial threat may have been reappraised, and the incident that initially felt traumatic may have been reattributed to an innocuous event. Yet, it is possible that the client is still not completely convinced of her ability to cope, and therefore, avoids certain activities or situations. In that case, the client should be properly prepared for future encounters with the anxiety provoking objects and situations. One way to prepare the client for such confrontations, is the use of in vivo exposure.

Keywords: In Vivo Exposure

Accuracy Verified: Yes

147. Bisping, V. S. (2011). Wirksamkeit von eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) bei zahnbehandlungsphobie [Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for dental phobia]. Universitätsklinikum Münster, Kliniken, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie,Forschung, Munster, Deutschland .

Language: German

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
In dieser Studie werden 30 Patienten mit Zahnbehandlungsphobie in einem Warte-Kontrollgruppen-Design mit Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) behandelt. Die manualisierte Intervention umfasst drei ca. 90-minütige Sitzungen. Vor und nach der Behandlung wird die Angst vor der Zahnbehandlung mit Fragebögen und einem Verhaltenstest erfasst. Darüber hinaus werden bildgebende Untersuchungen durchgeführt (siehe folgendes Projekt).

In this study, 30 patients treated with dental anxiety in a wait-control group design with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). The manualized intervention includes three 90-minute sessions. Before and after the treatment, the fear of dental treatment with a behavior test questionnaires and is detected. In addition, imaging studies are performed (see next project: Erfassung neurobiologischer Korrelate der EMDR-Behandlung bei Patienten mit Zahnbehandlungsangst, by S. Doering, V. Bisping, N. Nora Liebergesell, B. Höffkes, M. Junghöfer, C. Dobel).

Keywords: Dental Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

148. Linklater, A. (2007, February 10). The woman who was afraid of water. London, England: The Guardian, Weekend, 69.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
Iris explained that, in cognitive therapy, this was called memory "processing", and the particular method she used had a rather scientific-sounding name - EMDR, or Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing. But it was actually quite simple. It wasn't about revisiting childhood fears; it didn't even do what was expected in some trauma treatment, which was to relive an event through "imaginal exposure". With EMDR, you had only to think about your particular symptoms, and the events or beliefs that went with them. This was called "dual awareness" - thinking about the past and present at the same time. And there was an easy trick involved. Iris would tap Mai's knees while she let her reactions sink in, or move a finger back and forward across her eyes.

Keywords: General Overview Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes