Francine Shapiro Library - EMDR Bibliography Links
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1. محمد جواد احمدى زاده *، حسين اسکندری ، محمدرضا فلسفى نژاد و احمد برجعلی [Ahmadizadeh, M. J., Eskandari, H., Falsafinejad, M. R., & Borjali, A.] (2010, Fall). مقایسه اثر بخشی جنبش چشم "شناختی رفتاری" و " حساسیت زدایی بازفرآوری "مدل های درمان در بیماران مبتلا به جنگ پس از سانحه اختلال استرس [Comparison the effectiveness of “cognitive-behavioral” and “eye movement desensitization reprocessing” treatment models on patients with war posttraumatic stress disorder]. Iranian Journal of Military Medicine, 12(3), 173-178.
Language: Persian
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Aims: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder which can develop after exposure to any
event which results in psychological trauma. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most commonly used
treatment for the disease and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a more rapid,
relatively recent method. This study was designed with the aim of comparing the efficacy of Cognitive-
Behavioral Therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing method on reduction of specific
symptoms and recovery in patients suffering from PTSD due to war.
Methods: This experimental study was performed in year 2008. 45 veterans suffering from PTSD were divided
randomly into three CBT, EMDR and control groups. Each of the mentioned groups contained 15 members. Two
questionnaires including PTSD checklist-military version and symptom checklist 90 revised were applied in
order to collect data. Data was analyzed using inferential statistical tests by SPSS 16.
Results: Scores of CBT group and EMDR group had a significant difference from control group scores.
Conclusion: Both models are effective on reduction of symptoms in PTSD.
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
2. Βεντουράτου, Δ. [Ventouratos, D.] (2004. Μιά νέα ελπίδα για τη θεραπεία ψυχικών τραυμάτων [A new hope for treating trauma]. Αθήνα, Ελλάδα Ελευθεροτυπία [Athens, Greece: Free Press][3 pages].
Language: Greek
Format: Other
Abstract:
Μια νεαρή γυναίκα, η Μαρία, δέκα εβδομάδες μετά από να υποστεί μια συντριβή αυτοκινήτων από τους ισχυρούς πονοκεφάλους και πόνους στο λαιμό. Οι δοκιμές, όμως έδειξε ότι δεν υπάρχει καμία οργανική βλάβη. τρομάζει εύκολα, ειδικά όταν είναι σε ένα αυτοκίνητο (φοβάται xanaodigisei μετά το ατύχημα). Η ξαφνική ήχος της κόρνας του προκαλεί πανικό. Όπως μπορεί να αποφύγει να βγουν στον δρόμο, ακόμη και τα πόδια της κυκλοφορίας. Η νύχτα ξυπνά μούσκεμα στον ιδρώτα, ενώ οι εικόνες από ατύχημα δεν τους αφήσουμε να κοιμηθεί. Αισθάνεται ένοχος και κατηγορεί τον εαυτό της ότι δεν ήταν αρκετά προσεκτικοί (από τη σύγκρουση τραυματίστηκαν ο οδηγός του άλλου αυτοκινήτου), επειδή δεν είναι σε θέση να θυμηθεί τι ακριβώς συνέβη. Η οικογένεια θεωρεί αλλάξει, είναι μελαγχολική και κλεισμένη στον εαυτό της.
A young woman, Mary, ten weeks after suffering an automobile
crash from strong headaches and neck pain. The tests, however,
showed that there is no organic lesion. frightens easily, especially when it is
in a car (she is afraid xanaodigisei after the accident). The sudden
sound of a horn of causing panic. As can avoid to go out on road
even foot traffic. The night awakens soaked in sweat, while images from
accident did not let them sleep. He feels guilty and blames herself that
was not careful enough (from the collision injured the driver of the other
car), because they are not able to remember exactly what happened. The
family finds it changed, it is melancholy and closed in on itself.
Keywords: Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
3. Giannantonio, M., Guzzi, R., Fernandez, I., & Ziveri, D. (2003, May). Advances in EMDR research – Qualitative analysis of EMDR – Efficacy for PTSD. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Rome, Italy.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Research on the efficacy of EMDR as a treatment for PTSD has concentrated its focus mostly on the measurement of quantitative variables. This approach facilitates the application of effective procedures of statistical analysis and the comparison of EMDR efficacy with other treatments. Conversely, important information is not reported like the different levels of efficacy in relation to individual characteristics. During this presentation, through the thorough discussion of 3 experimental cases treated with EMDR, we will review how different analysis tools (clinical interviews, biofeedback measures, tests, self-report, etc.) show evidence of different features of EMDR efficacy. The positive results achieved with EMDR treatment with these three subjects will be compared through biofeedback measures and self-administered tests.
Keywords: Efficacy Qualitative Analysis
Accuracy Verified: Yes
4. Kahveci, S., Erdogan, T., Karakus, D., Dogaroglu, S., Aydemir, S., Sen, G., Serpel, A., Kakan, N., & Ozgun S. (2010, June). Analyzing the effect of EMDR on pre-post menstrual disturbance. In Female issues. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Description of the study: Traumatic experiences may
lead to body sensations. Some illnesses such as Migraine, ulcer
and fibromyalgia which causes body disturbance have psychological
roots. Steven Marcus also shows the relation between
traumatic event and migraine in his studies. This study is inspired
by the relationship between body disturbance related illnesses
and traumatic experiences. In this study, physical and
emotional disturbances experienced by women during the
MDR menstrual cycle is studied by the use of EMDR.
Participants in this study will receive a (max) 12 session EMDR
treatment. All participants are going to fill a battery of tests
consisting of Beck Depression Scale, STAI, Life Events Check
List, Subjective Pain Level before and after the study and keep
a diary of disturbance during the study.
EMDR and the study: It is hypothesized that females who have
more traumatic experiences related to menstrual cycle will experience disturbances during the menstrual cycle and after 12 first session of EMDR treatment there will be a decrease in reported
disturbance levels. It is also hypothesized that the more negative cognitions a women has related to her gender/sexuality, the more disturbance she experiences.
Learning objectives: Showing the way EMDR can be used in
PMS and Dismenore Establishing the relationship between Pre- Post Menstrual Disturbances and negative & irrational beliefs related to gender identity.
Enhancing the knowledge on the effect of previous negative
life events on somatic sensations in the long term.
Our study suggests that: Despite the fact that premenstrual
Disturbances and Dismenore are quite common among the
women, it is rarely studied by psychotherapists. In this study
we reviewed the relevant literature and tried to show that these
problems can be studied by using EMDR.
Keywords: Female Issues Pre Menstrual Post Menstrual Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
5. De Marco, A. (2008, Novembre). Applicazione dell’EMDR nel lutto complicate-resoconto di un caso clinico [Application EMDR in complicated grief-reporting of clinical case]. Poster presentato al Applicazioni Cliniche dell'EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.
Language: Italian
Format: Conference
Abstract:
L’articolo si propone di evidenziare l’efficacia dell’EMDR nei casi di lutto, in particolare quando questo evento implica un trauma psicologico, che interferisce con il normale processo di elaborazione della perdita. Si delinea allora una situazione definita “lutto complicato o traumatico”, che determina una elaborazione complessa dell’evento luttuoso bloccandone la sua risoluzione.
Una perdita traumatica sconvolge le capacità di coping della persona e pregiudica le sue facoltà di adattamento, aumentando il disagio e complicando l’elaborazione dell’evento.
Laddove il lutto acuto è dominato dal trauma, l’impiego dell’EMDR facilita il passaggio il passaggio attraverso le varie fasi dell’elaborazione del lutto e favorisce l’assimilazione e l’adattamento alla perdita.
Ad illustrare quanto enunciato dal punto di vista teorico viene presentato un caso clinico, nel quale un lutto complicato, strettamente connesso a sintomi depressivi, viene sbloccato e ricondotto ad un normale processo di elaborazione grazie all’applicazione dell’EMDR su un solo targhet specifico.
La paziente, una giovane donna di 24 anni, presentava un disturbo distimico di gravità moderata, con spunti ansiosi. Non prendeva psicofarmaci. Qualche anno prima le era stato diagnosticato un disturbo di panico con agorafobia e aveva assunto Lexotan per un certo periodo.
Sono stati somministrati appositi test psicologici, all’inizio e al termine della terapia finalizzata all’elaborazione del lutto. Un altro re-test è stato fatto a distanza di un anno circa.
The article aims to highlight the effectiveness of EMDR in cases of bereavement, particularly when this event involves a psychological trauma, which interferes with the normal process of elaboration of the loss. It then outlines a situation as "complicated grief or traumatic, determines a complex event processing mournful blocking its resolution. A traumatic loss upsets the coping skills of the person and impairs his ability to adaptation, increasing the discomfort and complicating the development of the event.
where the mourning is dominated by acute trauma, the use EMDR facilitates the passage through the various stages of mourning and promotes assimilation and adaptation to loss.
Illustrate what is stated by the theoretical point of view is presented a clinical case in which a complicated grief, which is closely linked to depressive symptoms, is unlocked and returned to a normal process by applying EMDR on one target specific. The patient, a young woman of 24 years, had a dysthymic disorder of moderate severity, with ideas anxious. Not taking psychotropic drugs. A few years earlier had been diagnosed with panic disorder with agoraphobia and had taken Lexotan for a certain period. Appropriate psychological tests were administered at the beginning and end of therapy aimed elaboration of mourning. Another re-test was done at a distance of about one year.
Keywords: Complicated Grief Poster
Accuracy Verified: Yes
6. Zengin, F. (2009). Behandlung von hörsturz und tinnitus mit EMDR-therapie [Treatment of hearing loss and tinnitus with EMDR therapy]. In R. Plassmann, (Hg.) Im eigenen rhythmus, die EMDR-behandlung von essstörungen, bindungsstörungen, allergien, schmerz, angststörungen, tinnitus und süchten, (pp. 155-164), Giessen, Psychosozial-Verlag.
Language: German
Format: Book Section
Abstract:
Es wurden 17 an Tinnitus leidende Patienten mit der EMDR- Therapie behandelt.
Behandlung und die Kontrolluntersuchungen fanden in der Zeit von Juni 2002 bis
Juni 2005 in meiner psychiatrischen und psychotherapeutischen Praxis in Solingen
statt. Mit Ausnahme von zwei Patienten kamen alle Behandelten persönlich zur
Kontrolluntersuchung im Folgejahr der Behandlung( 88,2 %). 82,4 % waren 14
Patienten nach der 5-stündigen EMDR-Behandlung beschwerdefrei, 3 beklagten
weiterhin (eher geringe) Beschwerden, die durch 2 weitere EMDR-Therapie-
Sitzungen zum Abklingen gebracht konnten. Ein Patient hatte nach
Therapieabschluss einen Verkehrsunfall, der eine PTBS auslöste. Er wurde mit
traumazentrierter Psychotherapie behandelt, die auch die
Tinnitus-Symptome zum Abklingen brachte.
It treated 17 patients suffering from tinnitus with the EMDR therapy. Treatment and control tests were held in the period from June 2002 to June 2005 in my psychiatric and psychotherapeutic practice in Solingen. With the exception of two patients, all patients were personally check-in the following year of treatment (88.2%). 82.4% were 14 patients after 5-hour EMDR treatment of symptoms, three defendants remain (rather small) complaints which could by 2 other EMDR therapy sessions brought to subside. One patient had completed therapy after an accident which triggered a PTSD. He was treated with traumazentrierter psychotherapy, which also brought the tinnitus symptoms to subside.
Keywords: Hearing Loss Tinnitus
Accuracy Verified: Yes
7. Christman, S. D., & Butler, M. (2005, November). Bilateral eye movements impair the encoding and enhance the retrieval of episodic memories. Presentation at the 46th annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Toronto, Ontario Canada.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: Engaging in bilateral saccadic eye movements (EMs) immediately prior to retrieval has been shown to enhance the retrieval of episodic, but not semantic, memories (Christman, Garvey, Propper, & Phaneuf, 2003; Christman, Propper, & Dion, 2004). The present study extended this paradigm by investigating the effect of EMs at encoding, as well as at retrieval. EMs prior to encoding led to a significant impairment in episodic recall ( p = .004), relative to no-EM controls. In contrast, in the absence of EMs at encoding, EMs at retrieval led to marginally better episodic recall ( p = .12). EM manipulations had no effects on tests of implicit and semantic memory. Thus, bilateral saccadic EMs impair versus enhance the encoding versus retrieval of episodic memories, respectively. Results are interpreted in terms of EM-induced increases in cholinergic activity (resulting in episodic memories being integrated into semantic networks) versus interhemispheric interaction (resulting in enhanced access to right-hemisphere–based retrieval mechanisms).
Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Eye Movements
Accuracy Verified: Yes
8. Christman, S., & Garvey, K. (2001, June). Bilateral eye movements reduce cortical activation asymmetries. Presentation at the 2001 EMDR International Association Conference, Austin, TX.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Alternating left-right eye movements (EMs) have been shown to enhance episodic memory recall (Christman & Garvey, 2000). In turn, enhanced recall of episodic, or autobiographical, memories has been linked to increased interhemispheric interaction (Christman & Propper, 2001; Propper & Christman, 1997). Since leftward versus rightward EMs induce right versus hemisphere activation, respectively (Bakan & Svorad, 1969), bilateral EMs may facilitate interhemispheric interaction by balancing hemispheric activation levels. In other words, asymmetries in cortical activation may impair interhemispheric communication. Christman and Garvey (2000), however, demonstrated only that bilateral EMs enhance episodic memory performance; they did not directly measure hemispheric activation. To test this hypothesis directly, participants were administered two behavioral tests that are sensitive to variations in hemispheric activation. The Chimeric Faces Test (Levy, Heller, Banich, & Burton, 1983) involves mirror-image pairs of faces, with one smiling hemiface and one neutral hemiface, presented under conditions of free viewing. Participants are asked to judge which member of a pair looks happier. Right versus left hemiface biases are associated with relative increases in left versus right hemispheric activation. Line bisection tasks also tap into hemispheric activation, with leftward versus rightward bisection errors reflecting increased right versus left hemisphere activation. Bisection tasks, however, are also influenced by premotor asymmetries (e.g., Luh, 1995), and thus represent a less pure measure of hemispheric activation.
METHODS Participants performed blocks of chimeric face and line bisection trials. They then engaged in 30 seconds of alternating left-right saccades (2 eye movements per second). Participants then performed a second block of trials for both tasks.
RESULTS Results showed that behavioral asymmetries in the chimeric face task were significantly reduced after the EMs (p<.029). This supports the hypothesis that bilateral EMs reduce hemispheric activation asymmetries. Performance on line bisection task, however, was unaffected by EMs (F<1), perhaps reflecting the fact that this task is a less direct measure of hemispheric activation.
DISCUSSION These results provide further insight into mechanisms underlying EMDR therapy used for PTSD patients. Reduction in hemispheric activation asymmetry arising from bilateral EMs employed in the current study (and in EMDR) may enhance interhemispheric communication. This interpretation is consistent with Ramachandran (1995), who showed that vestibular stimulation (inducing optokinetic nystagmus and resulting in involuntary left-right EMs) reduces the denial of deficit found in anosagnosia patients.
Ramachandran (1995) suggested that the procedure benefits the hypoaroused right hemisphere, bringing its activation level up to par with the left hemisphere. Similarly, EMs used in EMDR may balance hemispheric activation levels, in turn enhancing interhemispheric communication and retrieval of episodic memories.
Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Eye Movements
Accuracy Verified: Yes
9. Anchisi, R., Guzzi, R., Fernandez, I., Giannantonio, M., & Ziveri, D. (2001, October). Biofeedback measures in EMDR treatment. In Collegium Internationale Activitatis Nervosae Superioris; International Association for Integrative Nervous Functions, Neurobiology of behaviour and Psychosomatics, (pp 141-148). Palermo, Italy.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
We compared the pre and post therapeutic treatment data using standard EMDR, using a lool such as biofeedback, capable of measuring certain physiologcail parameters in an objective way. The goal was to check variations in the physiological indices and subjective evaluations of well being and discomfort in the subjects.
Some psychotherapists will select subjects using an initial telephone screening followed by a battery of suitable tests. Using such tools, subjects affected by PTSD without comorbidity will be chosen. Independent assessors
will evaluate them again after six weeks (blind design). After this assessment, subjective data will be collected using the SUD scale and objective data will be collected using the SPR, Thermo, Heart Rate, EMG of the biofeedback channels. After exposure the subjects will be randomly assigned to an experimenta1 group, they will be going to meet in six sessions using the EMDR standard protocol and carried out by therapits recognized by the Association EMDR Italy; the other half of the sample will
represent the control group in a waiting list. Once more, all the subjects will be exposed to the trauma, this time listening to the recording of their description of the traumatic event. The SUD and biofeedback values will be then measured again. The comparison of the data of the SUD scale with the data of the biofeedback
channels, in particular the SPR channel, plus the evaluation of the group of independent clinicians using the above-mentioned tests, will provide the co-ordinates for an evaluation (both subjetive and physiological) of the clinical results of the EMDR therapy.
Keywords: Biofeedback Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
10. Rosental, V. (2009, Febrero 3). Caso clínico de horacio (Pedro). Trastorno por estrés postraumático crónico [Case report of Horace (Peter). Chronic PTSD]. DePsicoterapias S.R.L. Retrieved from http://www.depsicoterapias.com/articulo.asp?IdArticulo=469 4/6/2010.
Language: Spanish
Format: Other
Abstract:
Paciente que consulta a los 36 años de edad. Al momento de la consulta estaba realizando tratamientos psiquiátrico y psicológico sin resultados desde el año 1995, con un diagnóstico de Ataque de Pánico.
El comienzo del problema es después de la guerra de las Malvinas. Es en el año 1985 cuando él decide consultar por primera vez porque no se sentía bien, se encontraba muy nervioso e irritable. El médico clínico, después de varios exámenes de rutina le manifiesta que se encuentra bien, aunque le prescribe un ansiolítico, psicofármaco que tomo por 11 años, hasta el año 1996. En ese año es derivado a un psiquiatra y a un psicólogo por sus reiteradas visitas a la guardia.
Había estado en la guerra de las Malvinas como conscripto. Al volver, no podía concentrarse, por lo cual decidió abandonar sus estudios terciarios faltándo un año para recibirse. Se aisló además de todos sus amigos. Se casa con su vecina con quien tiene dos hijos. Presentaba dificultades maritales e inestabilidad laboral.
Patient refers to the 36 years of age. At the time of the consultation being conducted psychiatric and psychological treatments with no results since 1995, with a diagnosis of Panic Attack.
The beginning of the problem is after the Falklands war. It was in 1985 when he choose to go first because he felt well, was very nervous and irritable. The clinician, after several routine tests it shows that he's fine, but prescribed an anxiolytic, psychoactive drug that took for 11 years until 1996. In that year is referred to a psychiatrist and a psychologist for his repeated visits to the emergency.
He had been in the Falklands war as a conscript. Upon returning, he could not concentrate, so it decided to abandon their tertiary studies a year to graduate. Was isolated in addition to all his friends. He married his neighbor with whom he has two children. Had marital difficulties and job instability.
Keywords: Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Chronic PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
11. Opdyke, D. C. (1995, May). Clinical efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Georgia State University. AAT 9608510.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has gained notoriety as a brief treatment for PTSD. In EMDR, clients repeatedly bring up traumatic events in memory and visually track stimuli moving back and forth in front of them. Previous group studies of EMDR have had methodological problems, however. The present study attempted to (1) assess EMDR's effectiveness compared to an Eye Focus treatment controlling for eye movement; (2) compare both treatments to a wait-list control; and (3) rate therapist characteristics to check experimenter bias.20 participants suffering from PTSD were randomly assigned to either EMDR or Eye Focus (EF) treatments, and immediate treatment or wait-list conditions. After two 90-minute treatment sessions, outcomes were assessed on subjective measures of anxiety (SUDs) and cognitive beliefs (VOCs). The mean SUDs pre-post differences on matched pairs t-tests indicated significant reduction of disturbance for both the EMDR group, p < .001, and the Eye Focus group, p < .001. VOC ratings showed similar treatment gains. Two-factor analyses assessed changes across groups (2 administrations x 2 treatment groups) on two standardized measures, the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the Modified PTSD Symptom Scale (MPSS). The IES showed a main effect for treatment F (2, 18) = 16.45, p < .001, while wait-list remained unchanged F (2, 18) = 1.09, p > .05. A significant interaction F (2, 18) = 6.69, p < .05 supported treatment efficacy. EMDR and EF participants improved equally on the IES, i.e., no differences for type of treatment, F (2, 18) = 0.54, p > .05. The MPSS also showed a main effect for treatment, F (2, 18) = 6.46, p < .05, with wait-list unchanged, F (2, 18) = 0.27, p > .05. This interaction was not significant, p =.10. Further, both EMDR and EF groups demonstrated improvement on the MPSS. Results suggest that (1) EMDR and Eye Focus are both effective in reducing some self-reported PTSD symptoms; (2) EMDR and Eye Focus scores improved significantly compared to wait-list; and (3) ratings of experimenter bias suggested that the EMDR and Eye Focus participants were treated equally by the therapist. Future comparison studies should use larger samples, independent assessors, and equally-trained independent therapists. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 56(11-B), May 1996, pp. 6402
Keywords: Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
12. Khosropour, F., Ebrahiminejad, G. H., Salehi, M., & Farzad, V. (2012, April-May). Comparing the effectiveness of psychological debriefing, eye movement desensitization reprocessing, and imaginal exposure on treatment of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 19(2), 149-159 .
Language: Farsi (Iran)
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Background & Aims: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is considered as one of the most prevalent disorder during the life time and can negatively influence the individual, family and social relationships of patients, so, prevention and treatment of this disorder is highly important. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), psychological debriefing (PD), and imaginal exposure (IE) are some treatment methods, but there is controversy about long effects of these treatments, especially among chronic patients.
Method: In a semi experimental study, a total of 54 adult male patients, based on Davidson scale and psychiatric diagnostic, were randomly selected, and then were divided into 3 equal therapy groups. All participants were evaluated before, after and 3 months after the treatment. Data were analyzed through the repeated variance and Duncan post-hoc tests.
Results: Psychological debriefing and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing were better than imaginal exposure in relief of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder signs and remaining the effectiveness in three months follow-up.
Conclusion: It is concluded that all of the above methods are effective on chronic post-traumatic stress disorder and the efficacy of the therapeutic techniques would be still in force even after 3 months.
Considering the importance of psychological interventions, it is necessary that such methods be taught to psychologists so that they can use them after traumatic accidents.
Keywords: Imaginal Exposure Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychological Debriefing PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
13. Vienot, R. C. (1998, July). A comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and biofeedback/stress inoculation training in treating test anxiety. Union Institute and University, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 9822000.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment, Biofeedback/Stress Inoculation Training (B/SIT) treatment, and no treatment (NT) were compared in treating test anxiety. Subjects (30) reporting test anxiety were randomly assigned to EMDR, B/SIT or NT. Treatment consisted of three 90 minute sessions using B/SIT and one 45 minute session/three 75 minute sessions using EMDR. Treatment therapists were licensed psychologists, counselors or social workers with two to twenty years experience using EMDR or B/SIT. Subjects in the NT group were offered treatment following the study. Six dependent variables were measured pre/post: trait and state anxiety (State Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI-T.S.), test anxiety (Test Anxiety Inventory, TAI-T.W.E.), rationality of personal beliefs (Rational Behavior Inventory, RBI), negative self statements (TAI-W) and self report of physiological response (Autonomic Perception Inventory, APQ) using.05 level. ANOVAs were performed followed by a Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparison. There was a significant interaction between pre-post tests and type of group on all dependent measures except the RBI. EMDR showed a tendency toward greater improvement from pre to post test than B/SIT and NT. There were no significant differences between groups on the pre test. Post group means indicated: (a) STAI-S, there was no difference between the groups; (b) STAI-T and APQ, EMDR and B/SIT had a greater reduction than NT; (c) TAI-E, EMDR showed more reduction than B/SIT and NT; (d) TAI-T and W, there were differences between all three groups with EMDR showing the most reduction. A meta-analysis was performed to determine clinical significance. Prior to treatment all three groups were above the normative effect size of 1 SD. The NT group showed no change on post tests. The EMDR group showed a larger reduction in effect size than B/SIT. Based on the data both EMDR and B/SIT reduced test anxiety with EMDR generally outperforming B/SIT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 59(1-B), Jul 1998, pp. 0430.
Keywords: Biofeedback/Stress Biofeedback Training Empirical Study Inoculation Training Stress Management Test Anxiety Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
14. Struik, A. (2010, April). De zes testen, een stabilisatie methode voor chronisch getraumatiseerde en dissociatieve kinderen [The six tests, a stabilization method for chronically traumatized children and dissociative]. Presentatie Aan de Vierde congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Nijmegen, The Nederlands.
Language: Dutch
Format: Conference
Abstract:
De zes testen, een stabilisatie methode voor chronisch getraumatiseerde en dissociatieve kinderen.
De stabilisatie en behandeling van deze kinderen kan gecompliceerd zijn. Vanzelfsprekend is het creëren van een veilige omgeving en een hechtingsfiguur een eerste stap. Maar wat dan? Deze kinderen functioneren soms ogenschijnlijk goed. Hun vermijdingsstrategieën zijn effectief en ze weigeren om over het trauma te praten of zeggen dat ze het vergeten zijn. Ze hebben er geen last meer van. Maar de verleiding van de therapeut om dan geen slapende honden wakker te maken is een gevaarlijke. Want onder deze ogenschijnlijk goed functionerende buitenkant, zit een constant alert, angstig en eenzaam kind. Dit kind kan zich niet hechten en dit gebrek aan veilige hechting is verwoestend voor de ontwikkeling. Dit wordt echter vaak alleen zichtbaar door er expliciet naar te zoeken.
In deze presentatie zal ik ‘De zes testen’ demonstreren, een stabilisatie methode voor kinderen en een bewerking van de drie testen (Spierings, 2008). De zes testen helpen de therapeut om te beslissen of een kind verdere stabilisatie nodig heeft en hoe dat te bereiken, voordat met EMDR gestart kan worden. Aan de hand van casuïstiek wordt dit proces en het gebruik van stabilisatietechnieken gedemonstreerd. De kinderen moeten technieken leren om emoties te reguleren en stress te verminderen. Dan wordt het hechtingssysteem geactiveerd, zodat ze stress kunnen reguleren door steun te zoeken. Zo vermindert de noodzaak tot dissociatie. Door problemen die het kind ervaart te koppelen aan ervaringen in het verleden wordt het kind gemotiveerd om naar de trauma’s te kijken en met EMDR te starten. Dan worden nog aanpassingen in het EMDR protocol besproken voor dissociatieve kinderen om ze in het desensitisatie proces te houden en wordt besproken hoe EMDR kan worden geïntegreerd in een gefaseerde behandeling.
Spierings, J. (2008). Stabilisatie, een gestructureerd programma voor taxatie en interventie. In: Ten Broeke, E. De Jongh, A., & Oppenheim, H. Praktijkboek EMDR. Amsterdam: Harcourt
The six tests, a stabilization method for chronically traumatized and dissociative children.
The stabilization and treatment of these children can be complicated. Obviously, creating a safe environment and an attachment figure is a first step. But what then? These children sometimes seem to function properly. Their avoidance strategies are effective and they refuse to talk about the trauma or say they are forgotten. They have no more trouble. But the seduction of the therapist and then to wake sleeping dogs is dangerous. For among these seemingly well-functioning exterior, is a constant alert, anxious and lonely child. This child can not attach and the lack of secure attachment is devastating for the development. This is often visible only by explicitly to search.
In this presentation I will "The six tests" demonstrate a stabilization method for children and an adaptation of the three tests (Spierings, 2008). The six tests help the therapist to decide whether a child needs further stabilization and how to reach before EMDR can be started. Using case studies this process and the use of stabilization techniques are demonstrated. The children must learn techniques to regulate emotions and reduce stress. Then the attachment system is activated, so they can be regulated by stress to seek support. Thus reduces the need for dissociation. Due to problems experienced by the child to link past experience the child is motivated to look at the trauma and EMDR to start. Then further adjustments to the EMDR protocol for dissociative children to discuss them in the desensitization process and discusses how to keep EMDR can be integrated into a phased treatment.
Spierings J. (2008). Stabilization, a structured program of assessment and intervention. In: Ten Broeke, E. De Jongh, A., & Oppenheim, H. EMDR Practice Book. Amsterdam: Harcourt
Keywords: Children Dissociation Six Tests Stabilization
Accuracy Verified: Yes
15. Meneses, J. A. (2007). Efectividad del EMDR, en la reducción de la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes academicos, en las alumnas de los sextos cursos del instituto tecnológico “Eloy Alfaro”, de la ciudad de esmeraldas, durante el ano 2.006 [Effectiveness of EMDR in reducing extreme anxiety to academic examinations in the students of the sixth technical institute courses "Eloy Alfaro" emerald city, during the year 2006]. Universidad Central Del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Psicologicas, Instituto Superior de Postgrado, Quito, Ecuador.
Language: Spanish
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
El EMDR, es un método psicoterapéutico, efectivo para reducir la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes académicos, a niveles normales, en un 88.8%, de los casos, en 9.25 sesiones de tratamiento, como promedio, con un nivel de confianza del 95 y 99%, en las alumnas de los sextos cursos, del Instituto Tecnológico “Eloy Alfaro, de la ciudad de Esmeraldas, durante el año 2.006. OBJETIVOS DE APRENDIZAJE:
1. Demostrar que EMDR, es efectivo también para reducir la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes académicos.
2. Informar que EMDR, reduce además a niveles normales los sistemas de respuestas de ansiedad cognitiva, fisiológica, y motora y la ansiedad a la evaluación.
3. Concienciar que EMDR, provoca también cambios cognitivos, emocionales y conductuales, como por ejemplo, el aumento de la autoestima y de la autoeficacia.
4. Comunicar que, luego del estudio de seguimiento, se estableció que EMDR, es efectivo en la reducción de la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes, en forma estable, es decir sin que se produzcan recaídas o sustitución de síntomas
In this study, which is kind of explanation, then use the hypothetical-deductive method with a quasi-experimental design with experimental and control group, formed at random, with pre and post treatment, with statistical processing of data, with the Student t test, and ANOVA before and after treatment, and once tested the hypothesis, it was established that:
EMDR is a psychotherapeutic method, effective in reducing extreme anxiety to academic tests to normal levels in 88.8% of the cases, treatment sessions 9.25, on average, with a confidence level of 95 and 99 % of pupils in the sixth course, the "Eloy Alfaro" Technological Institute in Esmeraldas City Ecuador during the year 2006.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Show that EMDR is also effective to reduce extreme anxiety to academic exams.
2. Report that EMDR also reduces systems to normal levels of anxiety responses cognitive, physiological, and motor and anxiety evaluation.
3. Awareness that EMDR also causes cognitive, emotional and behavioral, for example, increased self-esteem and self-efficacy.
4. Report that, after the follow-up study established that EMDR is effective in reducing extreme anxiety tests in stable form, ie without the occurrence of relapse or symptom substitution.
Keywords: Anxiety Eloy Alfaro Students
Accuracy Verified: Yes
16. Meneses, J. A. (2007, Novembro). Efectividad del EMDR, en la reducción de la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes académicos, en las alumnas de los sextos cursos del instituto tecnológico “Eloy Alfaro”, de la ciudad de Esmeraldas, Ecuador, durante el año 2.006 [Effectiveness of EMDR in reducing extreme anxiety, academic tests, students in the sixth high school courses technological "Eloy Alfaro" City Esmeraldas, Ecuador, during the year 2006]. Apresentação no I Congresso Ibero-Americano de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.
Language: Spanish
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Objetivos de aprendizaje:
• Demostrar que EMDR es efectivo también para
reducir la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes
académicos.
• Informar que EMDR reduce además a niveles
normales los sistemas de respuestas de
ansiedad cognitiva, fisiológica, y motora y la
ansiedad a la evaluación.
• Concienciar que EMDR provoca también
cambios cognitivos, emocionales y conductuales,
como por ejemplo: el aumento de la
autoestima y de la autoeficacia.
• Comunicar que luego del estudio de seguimiento,
se estableció que EMDR, es efectivo
en la reducción de la ansiedad extrema a los
exámenes, en forma estable, es decir, sin que
se produzcan recaídas o sustitución de
síntomas.
Learning Objectives:
• Demonstrate that EMDR is effective also for
reduce extreme anxiety tests
academics.
• Inform that EMDR also reduces levels
normal response systems
cognitive anxiety, physiological, and motor and
evaluation anxiety.
• Raise awareness that EMDR also results
cognitive, emotional and behavioral
such as: increased
self-esteem and self-efficacy.
• Communicate that after the follow-up study
established that EMDR is effective
in reducing the extreme anxiety
examinations, in a stable, ie without
relapses occur or replacement of
symptoms.
Keywords: Ecuador Test Anxiety
Accuracy Verified: Yes
17. Becker, L. (2000). Effect size. Lee Becker, Ph.D..
Language: English
Format: Other
Abstract:
Effect size (ES) is a name given to a family of indices that measure the magnitude of
a treatment effect. Unlike significance tests, these indices are independent of sample
size. ES measures are the common currency of meta-analysis studies that summarize
the findings from a specific area of research. See, for example, the influential metaanalysis
of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatments by Lipsey and
Wilson (1993).
There is a wide array of formulas used to measure ES. For the occasional reader of
meta-analysis studies, like myself, this diversity can be confusing. One of my
objectives in putting together this set of lecture notes was to organize and summarize
the various measures of ES.
In general, ES can be measured in two ways:
a) as the standardized difference between two means, or
b) as the correlation between the independent variable classification and the
individual scores on the dependent variable. This correlation is called the "effect size
correlation" (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 1996).
These notes begin with the presentation of the basic ES measures for studies with two
independent groups. The issues involved when assessing ES for two dependent groups
are then described.
The psychotherapies include: behavioral treatments (primarily different forms of
exposure therapies), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR),
relaxation therapy, hypnosis, and psychodynamic therapy.
The control conditions include: pill placebo (used in the drug treatment studies), wait
list controls, supportive psychotherapy, and no saccades (a control for eye movements
in EMDR studies).
Keywords: Effect Size
Accuracy Verified: Yes
18. Lamphear, M. H. (2011). Effectiveness of the post critical incident seminar in reducing critical incident stress among law enforcement officers. Walden University, Minnesota. 3454138.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Summative program evaluation was used to examine the effectiveness of the Post Critical Incident seminar (PCIS) in reducing traumatic stress symptoms of law enforcement officers (LEOs). Previous trauma theory research indicated when not addressed, the impact of such trauma leads to serious physical and mental health problems. The use of the PCIS with the study population had not been evaluated. This study was conducted, using archival data, to address this gap. The sample consisted of LEOs in the southeastern US. Officers participated in either PCIS-only or PCIS + EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) groups and were also categorized according to time since the incident. The Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) was administered at the start of each PCIS and again at 6 months. Dependent t tests were used to demonstrate significant pre/post decreases in IES-R scores for both groups. Of clinical concern at pretest, the IES-R scores for the PCIS + EMDR group were reduced to below the scale's threshold for clinical concern. Regression analyses were used to also document significant links connecting the time since the incident, type of incident, and gender with IES-R scores. These preliminary findings lend support for the PCIS, with implications for social change and further study: With continued research and recommendations, the PCIS can be enhanced to best help LEOs remain healthy and fit for duty, resulting in a safer society.
Keywords: Critical Incidents Law Enforcement Officers Peer Support Posttraumatic Stress DIsorder Psychology Stress PTSD Recent Events Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
19. Parker, A., Relph, S., & Dagnall, N. (2008, January). Effects of bilateral eye movements on the retrieval of item, associative, and contextual information. Neuropsychology, 22(1), 136-145. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.22.1.136.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Two experiments are reported that investigate the effects of saccadic bilateral eye movements on the retrieval of item, associative, and contextual information. Experiment 1 compared the effects of bilateral versus vertical versus no eye movements on tests of item recognition, followed by remember-know responses and associative recognition. Supporting previous research, bilateral eye movements enhanced item recognition by increasing the hit rate and decreasing the false alarm rate. Analysis of remember-know responses indicated that eye movement effects were accompanied by increases in remember responses. The test of associative recognition found that bilateral eye movements increased correct responses to intact pairs and decreased false alarms to rearranged pairs. Experiment 2 assessed the effects of eye movements on the recall of intrinsic (color) and extrinsic (spatial location) context. Bilateral eye movements increased correct recall for both types of context. The results are discussed within the framework of dual-process models of memory and the possible neural underpinnings of these effects are considered. [PsycINFO]
Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Eye Movements
Accuracy Verified: Yes
20. Hampel, J. C. (1997, November). The effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on self-reported test anxiety in college students. Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI. AAT 9732881.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Test anxiety is a common problem among students in western culture due to the importance of academic achievement and the consequences for failure. Many consider test anxiety to be primarily an issue of poor study habits and test readiness. However, some students who appear to possess excellent study habits also appear to experience severe anxiety during tests. A recent meta-analysis of test anxiety research substantiated these claims, finding that test anxiety appeared to be an emotionally-based as opposed to a cognitively-based problem. Despite these findings, the etiologies for test anxiety remain unknown. Similar to nearly all DSM-IV diagnostic categories, test anxiety is a syndrome with no known pathognomonic sign(s) which singularly diagnose the condition. Hence, treatments for test anxiety, as for nearly all other DSM-IV mental disorders are symptomatic as opposed to strategic. Unfortunately, there are few symptomatic treatments for test anxiety that are both efficient and effective.Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), which was developed for the symptomatic treatment of PTSD, was chosen to treat the symptoms of test anxiety for the following essential reasons: (a) the reported efficacy of EMDR with PTSD; (b) the similarities between test anxiety and PTSD that include intrusive thoughts, inability to concentrate, behavioral avoidance, and emotional symptomatology; and (c) the need for a brief, effective symptomatic treatment for test anxiety. Using a waiting control group against which to compare the treatment group and subsequently replicate treatment effects, the results found that EMDR was highly effective for the symptomatic reduction of self-reported test anxiety as measured by all test anxiety scales. Moreover, these results also suggest that measures of study habits and attitudes are also sensitive to enhancement as a result of treatment with EMD/R. Although the current results did not suggest specific mechanism(s) by which EMDR was effective, the pattern of highly effective results across widely different types of test anxiety presentations suggests the actions of an active placebo treatment. It is suggested that future research contrast EMD/R with known active placebo protocols. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(5-B), Nov 1997, pp. 2676.
Keywords: Anxiety Disorders College Students Empirical Study Life Experiences Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
21. Bates, L. W., McGlynn, F., Montgomery, R. W., & Mattke, T. (1996, November/December). Effects of eye-movement desensitization versus no treatment on repeated measures of fear of spiders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10(6), 555-569. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(96)00030-8.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Multiple measures of fear of spiders were acquired during in vivo tests once before and several times after 7 subjects were exposed to an experimental rendition of eye-movement desensitization. The pre- and posttreatment measures were compared with corresponding measures acquired from 7 other subjects once before and several times after a concurrent no-treatment interval. There was no evidence from the in vivo tests that eye-movement desensitization affected fear of spiders.
Accuracy Verified: Yes
22. Choi, K. M., Min, J. A., Park, G. H., Lee, S.-H., & Chae, J.-H. (2011). The effects of horizontal eye movement on mental health indices and psychophysiological activities in healthy subjects. Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 18(3), 148-158.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Objectives: The eye movement (EM) has been reported to play a role in enhancing the retrieval of episodic memories and reducing effects of fearful episodes in the past and worries for the futures. However, it is still unclear in the mechanism of EM in normal subjects. We examined the horizontal eye movement (HEM) effect using an aiding apparatus on mental health indices including negative and positive psychological factors, and psychophysiological measures such as heart rate variability and quantitative electroencepaholography (qEEG) in healthy subjects.
Methods: Twenty eight healthy subjects were recruited and randomly allocated into two groups : active HEM group and control group. The active HEM group conducted the HEM training with usual stress management audio-intervention using the apparatus inducing eye movement once a day for 14 days. The control group also conducted the same training once a day for 14 days, however, the saccadic eye movement was not included in this training. Psychological measurements, neurocognitive function tests, heart rate variability measurement and qEEG were conducted before and after the training in both groups.
Results: In the active HEM group, sleep status using Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) positive factors significantly increased after the training. By contrast, scores on the negative items of Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWBS), and negative items of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) were significantly decreased after the training. The percentage of delta amplitude (1-3 Hz) in qEEG significantly decreased after the HEM training. The percentage of alpha amplitude (8-12 Hz) significantly increased after HEM training. The change of delta amplitude in the active HEM group was positively correlated with the change of sleep satisfaction of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the change of alpha amplitude was negatively correlated with depression of VAS, anxiety of VAS and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI).
Conclusions: The HEM training improved sleep quality and well-being, and sense of optimism. The HEM training also increased alpha amplitude and decreased delta amplitude in qEEG. The qEEG changes were well correlated with subjective improvement of mental health indices in healthy subjects. These results suggest some evidences that HEM training using the apparatus that induces EM would be helpful in improving subjective mental health in healthy subjects. Further study with larger samples size would be needed.
Keywords: Horitzontal Eye Movements
Accuracy Verified: Yes
23. Nijdam, M., Olff, M., & Gersons, B. (2005, November). Effects of psychotherapy on neuropsychological performance in PTSD. Poster presented at the 21st annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Toronto, ON.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Deficits in concentration and memory are some of the most persistent symptoms
of PTSD. Although many studies have investigated neuropsychological
deficits in different trauma populations with and without PTSD, no study to
our knowledge has looked carefully at improvement of neuropsychological
functioning after psychotherapy. In the present study, we randomly assigned
individuals to either Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
therapy (n=60) or Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n=60). Attention and
memory were investigated before and after treatment using the following
neuropsychological tests: Trail Making Test, STROOP task, Verbal Learning
and Memory Test and Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test. Different versions
of the memory tests were administrated at pre- and postassessment in order
to control for learning effects. Preliminary results of treatment completers
are presented, and the clinical relevance of the findings is discussed.
Keywords: Neurobiological Performance Poster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
24. Ruozzi, A. (2002). Efficacia dell'EMDR nella psicoterapia del PTSD e dei ricordi traumatici [Effectiveness of EMDR psychotherapy on PTSD and traumatic memories]. Retrieved from http://www.psicotraumatologia.com/pubblicazioni_psicotraumatologia_italiane.htm on 10/13/2012.
Language: Italian
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
L’EMDR inoltre progredisce su altri due versanti: da un lato incorpora al suo interno spunti teorici ed applicativi provenienti da diversi paradigmi psicoterapeutici allo scopo di potenziare l’efficacia e la flessibilità (Shapiro, 1995); dall’altro lato, si cerca di applicare il metodo a disturbi che vanno oltre al PTSD. Attualmente nei differenti paesi del mondo le persone che hanno effettuato un training organizzato dall’EMDR Institute sono circa 30.000.In Italia i primi corsi sull’EMDR sono stati condotti nel febbraio 1999 e sono attualmente coordinati dall’Associazione EMDR Italia, a sua volta riconosciuta e patrocinata dalla EMDR Europe (Giannantonio, 2000). L’associazione ha sede a Milano e dispone di un sito internet: www.emdritalia.it.
Il dibattito sull’efficacia di questo metodo è tuttora aperto e sono numerose e contrastanti le ricerche che si sono svolte su questo argomento. La questione ha assunto a tratti i toni dello scontro ideologico e sono subentrati anche problemi di carattere commerciale, un metodo che si propone come più efficace e più rapido nella terapia di alcuni disturbi psicologici non può non essere valutato come un rivale, soprattutto in una realtà come quella del Nord America dove le spese per la psicoterapia sono pagate dalle assicurazioni (Giannantonio, 2000).
L’EMDR è uno dei metodi che vanta il maggior numero di conferme sperimentali nella psicoterapia del PTSD. Questo gli ha consentito nel 1995 di essere considerata “trattamento probabilmente efficace” (valutazione A/B) nella terapia del PTSD dalla Task Force on Psychological Intervention dell’American Psychological Association. Questa valutazione di efficacia è uguagliata solo dallo Stress Inoculation Training e dalle terapie basate sull’esposizione (Chambless et al., 1998).
Gli studi prodotti sull’efficacia dell’EMDR sono numerosi (per una rassegna vedi Giannantonio, 2000), molti sono criticabili perché mal strutturati e con grossi problemi di validità. Esistono tuttavia una serie di studi ben organizzati che si sono dimostrati inattaccabili sul piano metodologico...
Questi studi tuttavia commettono uno o più dei seguenti problemi:
1) Impiegano una o due sedute di EMDR con reduci del Vietnam forse anche a causa dell’equivoco suscitato dalla stessa Shapiro (1989) che riferiva risultati importanti nei confronti del PTSD con una sola seduta di EMDR nel 100% dei soggetti. Una tale concezione dell’EMDR non è quella più attuale e condivisa (Shapiro, 1995).
2) Trattano con l’EMDR solo uno o due episodi traumatici in soggetti che devono essere considerati “pluritraumatizzati” (Shapiro, 1999).
La presente Tesi è divisa in due parti: nella prima di carattere essenzialmente bibliografico ho analizzato la letteratura esistente sull’EMDR e sul PTSD.
Nel secondo capitolo descriverò il Disturbo Post-Traumatico da Stress analizzando i vari approcci teorici al problema del trauma.
Nel terzo capitolo verrà analizzata la teoria dell’EMDR ovvero il modello esplicativo ritenuto più adeguato che fa riferimento alla “elaborazione accelerata dell’informazione”.
Il quarto capitolo, che conclude la prima parte, riporta il protocollo standard di somministrazione dell’EMDR per adulti e adolescenti.
Nella seconda parte viene riportata la descrizione della ricerca che si sta producendo in collaborazione con l’EMDR Italia che si propone di valutare l’efficacia dell’EMDR. Nel quinto capitolo viene descritto il disegno sperimentale. Nel sesto capitolo viene analizzato il metodo di campionamento e i presupposti di validità della ricerca. Nel settimo capitolo sono descritti i test che si è deciso di analizzare nel corso della presente tesi. Infine l’ottavo capitolo si concentra sull’analisi dei primi dati emersi dalla ricerca e sulle prime conclusioni.
EnglishSpanishArabicAlpha
EMDR also progressing on two other fronts: on the one hand it incorporates theoretical insights and applications from different psychotherapeutic paradigms in order to enhance the effectiveness and flexibility (Shapiro, 1995), on the other hand, it tries to apply the method to problems that go beyond PTSD.
Currently in different countries of the world, people who have a training organized dall'EMDR Institute 30.000.In Italy are about the first courses on EMDR have been conducted in February 1999 and is currently coordinated by the Association EMDR Italy, in turn recognized and sponsored by the EMDR Europe (Giannantonio, 2000). The association is based in Milan and has a website: www.emdritalia.it.
The debate on the effectiveness of this method is still open and they are many and conflicting research that took place on this topic. The issue has assumed at times the tone of the ideological battle and were replaced also problems of a commercial nature, a method is proposed as a more effective and faster in the treatment of certain psychological disorders can not be assessed as a rival, especially in a situation such as North America where the cost of psychotherapy are paid by insurance (Giannantonio, 2000).
EMDR is one of the methods which has the highest number of experimental confirmation in psychotherapy for PTSD. This enabled him in 1995 to be considered "probably efficacious treatment" (rated A / B) in the treatment of PTSD by the Task Force on Psychological Intervention of the American Psychological Association. This assessment of effectiveness is equaled only by the stress inoculation training and exposure-based therapies (Chambless et al., 1998).
Studies on the effectiveness of EMDR are numerous products (for review see Giannantonio, 2000), many are questionable because poorly structured and serious problems of validity. There are however a number of well-organized studies that have proven resistant in terms of methodology:
......
These studies, however, have committed one or more of the following problems:
1) They use one or two sessions of EMDR with Vietnam veterans possibly because of misunderstanding caused by the same Shapiro (1989) who reported significant results against PTSD with a single session of EMDR in 100% of subjects. Such a conception of EMDR is not the most current and shared (Shapiro, 1995).
2) They deal with EMDR only one or two traumatic events in people who should be considered "pluritraumatizzati" (Shapiro, 1999).
This thesis is divided into two parts: the first character essentially bibliographic I analyzed the existing literature on EMDR and PTSD.
In the second chapter I will describe the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder analyzing the various theoretical approaches to the problem of trauma.
In the third chapter we will analyze the theory of EMDR or the explanatory model deemed more appropriate that refers to the "accelerated processing of information."
The fourth chapter, which concludes the first part shows the standard protocol of administration of EMDR for adults and adolescents.
In the second part shows the description of the research that is being produced in collaboration with the EMDR Italy that aims to assess the effectiveness of EMDR. In the fifth chapter describes the experimental design. In the sixth chapter analyzes the sampling method and the conditions for validity of the research. In the seventh chapter describes the tests it was decided to analyze the course of this thesis. Finally, the eighth chapter will focus on early evidence from research and initial findings.
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
25. de jongh, A., & van de Oord, H. J. M. (2002). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of specific phobias: Four single-case studies in dental phobia. Presentation at the 80th General Session of the International Association for Dental Research, San Diego, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Objectives: Several years ago a new treatment for anxiety related problems was introduced, named Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). EMDR combines short exposure periods with an external distracting stimulus. The aim of this study was to examine the applicability of EMDR to trauma-based dental phobia. Methods: EMDR treatment outcome was tested with four dental phobic individuals by means of a single-subject experimental design. Pretreatment assessment included: severity of dental fear (DAS), trauma-related symptomatology (IES), occurrence and believability of negative cognitions (DCQ), and general psychopathology (SCL-90-R). A psychologist administered a clinical interview and a behavior test. Behavior tests were videotaped and rated for observed anxiety level (0-10) by a blind and independent observer. Results: Following two to three sessions of EMDR treatment three of the four patients demonstrated substantially reduced self-reported and observer-rated anxiety, reduced credibility of dysfunctional beliefs, and behavior changes. These gains were maintained at six weeks follow-up. In all four cases the clinical diagnosis present at pretreatment was not present at posttreatment at a clinical level. All patients actually underwent the dental treatment they feared most within three weeks following EMDR treatment. Conclusion: The findings support the notion that EMDR can be an effective treatment alternative for traumatically induced dental phobia.
Keywords: Specific Phobias
Accuracy Verified: Yes
26. Wilson, S. A. (1995). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for psychologically traumatized individuals. Union Institute and University, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 9524675.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
The effects of three, 1.5-hour Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment sessions on traumatic memories and psychological symptoms of 80 subjects were studied. The treatment sessions were administered within a two week period. 40 and 40 men ranging in age from 21-67 were interviewed and selected from a pool of 117. Subjects reported continuous difficulty and suffering (mean 13 years) in some area of their life since the occurrence of the traumatic event. Approximately 1/3 of subjects had no prior therapy experience. Subjects were randomly assigned to either EMDR treatment or delayed EMDR treatment condition, and to one of five EMDR trained therapists. Treatment therapists (licensed psychologists and counselors) consisted of 2 women and 2 men, each working with 5 men and 5 women in each group (gender study issues). The therapists had been trained in EMDR by Francine Shapiro. Each had various levels of EMDR experience and training, ranging from facilitator training with two to three years EMDR clinical experience, to Level I and minimal EMDR clinical experience. Treatment fidelity was consistent throughout the study. Subjects receiving EMDR showed decreases in anxiety and presenting complaints, and increases in positive self-evaluations. The six standardized tests and subjective reports were administered by an objective independent assessor (licensed psychologist) pre and post treatment, and at a 90-day follow-up. Subjects in the delayed EMDR treatment group showed no improvement on any of these measures during the 30 days before treatment. After treatment, the delayed EMDR treatment group showed decreases in anxiety and presenting complaints and increases in positive self-evaluations. All ANOVA interactions for both groups were significant at p < .001. These effects were maintained or improved at the 90-day follow-up. The main effect sizes in the present study range from 0.50 to 2.3, with an overall average of 0.93. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 56(4-B), Oct 1995, pp. 2347
Keywords: Adults Empirical Study Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
27. Fátima Panangeiro, M. F., Torres, A. F. S., Fernandez, R. M., & Trajano, S. R. (2012, Novembro). Eicácia do EMDR na prevenção e cura do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático em vítimas de terremoto [Efficacy of EMDR in the prevention and treatment of PTSD with victims of an earthquake]. In comunicações de pesquisa. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.
Language: Portuguese
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Introdução: Sabemos que quando uma pessoa vivencia um incidente crítico, essa exposição tem impacto considerável sobre seu funcionamento global. Assim, para assegurar a recuperação dos militares brasileiros que estavam no Haiti, escolhemos a técnica EMDR criada pela Dra.Francine Shapiro, que encontra respaldo teórico em descobertas recentes no campo neuropsicológico para realizar as intervenções. Justificativa: O EMDR é uma técnica eficaz, que permite que o trauma armazenado na memória de curto prazo passe para a memória de longo prazo, uma vez que com os estímulos criam-se novas conexões neurais que trazem alívio, paz e aceitação. Atualmente existem mais de 20 estudos randomizados que apoiam sua eficácia. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia da técnica EMDR na recuperação de vítimas de terremoto no Haiti, que apresentavam Transtorno Estresse Pós-Traumático e/ou Transtorno Estresse Agudo. Método: O estudo foi realizado com 14 militares sobreviventes do terremoto ocorrido no Haiti em janeiro de 2010, divididos em dois grupos: A (soterrados) e B (não soterrados). Foram utilizados para avaliação: entrevista inicial entrevista inicial e final, os testes IES- Escala de Impacto de Eventos e ISSL - Inventário de Sintomas de estresse de Lipp (antes e após a intervenção), EMDR, e reencontro (follow-up) seis meses após o último atendimento. Resultados: De acordo com os resultados obtidos no IES, os sujeitos que tinham o nível de estresse entre grave, moderado e leve, passaram após a intervenção para o nível leve e recomendado. Em relação aos sintomas físicos e emocionais (flashbacks, insônia, pesadelos, agressividade, instabilidade de humor e aumento no consumo de álcool), os sujeitos não apresentavam mais a queixa ao término das intervenções. Conclusões: Com base nos resultados apresentados podemos afirmar que o EMDR é uma técnica eficaz para resolução do transtorno estresse pós-traumático, assim como na sua prevenção, em vítimas de terremoto.
Introduction: We know that when a person experiences a critical incident, such exposure has considerable impact on their overall functioning. Thus, to ensure the recovery of the Brazilian military who were in Haiti, we choose the EMDR technique created by Dra.Francine Shapiro, who finds theoretical support in recent discoveries in the field to perform neuropsychological interventions. Rationale: The EMDR is an effective technique that allows the trauma stored in short-term memory to pass the long-term memory, since with the stimuli it creates new neural connections that bring relief, peace and acceptance. Currently there are more than 20 randomized trials that support its effectiveness. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of EMDR technique in the recovery of victims of the earthquake in Haiti, which had Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and / or Acute Stress Disorder. Method: The study was conducted with 14 military survivors of the earthquake in Haiti in January 2010, divided into two groups: A (buried) and B (not buried). All patients were evaluated: initial initial interview and final interview, tests IES-Impact of Events Scale and ISSL - Symptom Inventory stress Lipp (before and after the intervention), EMDR, and reunion (follow-up) six months after the last treatment. Results: According to the results of the IES, the subjects who had the stress level between severe, moderate and mild, passed after the intervention to the level recommended lightweight. Regarding the physical and emotional symptoms (flashbacks, insomnia, nightmares, aggression, mood instability and increased consumption of alcohol), subjects no longer had the complaint at the end of the interventions. Conclusions: Based on the presented results we can state that EMDR is an effective technique for resolution of post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as its prevention, earthquake victims.
Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder Brazil Earthquake Haiti Military Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prevention PTSD Treatment Victims
Accuracy Verified: Yes
28. Rosental, V. (2008, Diciembre 16). El método de EMDR: Un cambio de paradigma [The method of EMDR: A paradigm shift]. DePsicoterapias S.R.L. Retrieved from http://www.depsicoterapias.com/articulo.asp?IdArticulo=454 om 1/4/2009.
Language: Spanish
Format: Other
Abstract:
Patient refers to the 36 years of age. At the time of the consultation being conducted psychiatric and psychological treatments with no results since 1995, with a diagnosis of Panic Attack.
The beginning of the problem is after the Falklands war. It was in 1985 when he choose to go first because he felt well, was very nervous and irritable. The clinician, after several routine tests it shows that he's fine, but prescribed an anxiolytic, psychoactive drug that took for 11 years until 1996. In that year is referred to a psychiatrist and a psychologist for his repeated visits to the emergency.
He had been in the Falklands war as a conscript. Upon returning, he could not concentrate, so it decided to abandon their tertiary studies a year to graduate. Was isolated in addition to all his friends. He married his neighbor with whom he has two children. Had marital difficulties and job instability
Patient refers to the 36 years of age. At the time of the consultation being conducted psychiatric and psychological treatments with no results since 1995, with a diagnosis of Panic Attack.
The beginning of the problem is after the Falklands war. It was in 1985 when he choose to go first because he felt well, was very nervous and irritable. The clinician, after several routine tests it shows that he's fine, but prescribed an anxiolytic, psychoactive drug that took for 11 years until 1996. In that year is referred to a psychiatrist and a psychologist for his repeated visits to the emergency.
He had been in the Falklands war as a conscript. Upon returning, he could not concentrate, so it decided to abandon their tertiary studies a year to graduate. Was isolated in addition to all his friends. He married his neighbor with whom he has two children. Had marital difficulties and job instability
Trabajo desde hace años en esta profesión, la psicología, una especialidad que puede ayudar a muchas personas que sufren, que estoy investigando y encontrando nuevas maneras de dar a los pacientes alternativas que conduzcan a un cambio real.
En este viaje tuve la oportunidad de explorar el mundo un poco más emocionante de la mente humana a través de un enfoque integrado que cambió mi paradigma de la psicoterapia. Me refiero a EMDR, basado en el modelo de procesamiento de información, una poderosa herramienta para aliviar el sufrimiento de los pacientes que nos consultan a tiempo para mantener sus logros. reprocesamiento de adaptación se lleva a cabo a nivel neurofisiológico que permite a la salud mental.
Working for years in this profession, psychology, a specialty that can help many people suffering, I am researching and finding new ways to give patients alternatives that lead to real change.
In this journey I had the opportunity to explore a bit more exciting world of the human mind through an integrated approach that changed my paradigm of psychotherapy. I refer to EMDR, based on the information processing model, a powerful tool to alleviate the suffering of patients who consult us in time sustaining their achievements. Adaptive reprocessing takes place at a neurophysiological level that enables mental health.
The letters called EMDR that mean in English:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, which translates as desensitization and reprocessing eye movement. It is a method to work emotional difficulties caused by traumatic events such as war, natural disasters, accidents, assaults, duels unprocessed disturbing childhood experiences as well as phobias, somatic diseases and disorders, anxiety and disruptive behavior.
Keywords: Practice, Theory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
29. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N. L., Muraoka, M. Y., Saitou, Y., & Saitou, I. (1997). EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) for combat related post-traumatic stress disorder. Japanese Journal of Biofeedback Research, (24), 50-64.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Studied the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Human Ss: 35 male American adults (aged 41-70 yrs) (PTSD) (34 Vietnam War veterans and 1 Korean War veteran). Tests used: The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (D. D. Blake et al, 1995), the restandardized MMPI, the Mississippi Scale for Combat Related PTSD (T. M. Keane et al, 1988), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Impact of Events Scale and the Initial Screening Questionnaire. Treatments: 10 Ss were administered 12 EMDR sessions, 13 Ss were administered 12 sessions of biofeedback and relaxation, and 12 Ss were administered standard treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Combat Empirical Study Military Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial War
Accuracy Verified: Yes
30. Whalen, J. E. (1999, September). EMDR and hypnosis: A theoretical and clinical investigation. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. AAT 9923344.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a controversial new treatment for anxiety disorders that is proported to evince rapid and lasting treatment gains. EMDR theorists argue that humans have an innate biological drive to process events and their memories into adaptive and useful forms. Traumatic memories become "stuck" and unprocessed, resulting in a host of psychopathological symptoms. EMDR's curative power rests primarily in the eye movements. Shapiro argues that the eye movements directly access and alter traumatic memories at a neurophysiological level. Memories are then processed down into adaptive forms, with a concomitant abatement of symptoms. Research supports the clinical efficacy of EMDR. However, there is much debate as to the actual mutative element in the EMDR protocol. Support for eye movements playing a curative role is meager and equivocal. This study examines the proposition that the primary mutative component of EMDR is response to suggestion. Specifically, this study proposes that the EMDR treatment protocol is laced with suggestion for improvement. Highly hypnotizable individuals will respond to these suggestions even though EMDR is an explicitly nonhypnotic treatment. That is, subjects will improve to the extent they respond to suggestion. Further, this study tests the viability of Shapiro's eye movement theory. An eye movement condition is compared to an eye fixation condition in terms of treatment outcome. Results indicate a positive correlation between subjects' hypnotizability and treatment outcome. In addition, eye movement conditions were as efficacious as eye fixation conditions where treatment outcome is concerned. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 60(3-B), Sep 1999, pp. 1319.
Keywords: Anxiety Disorder Anxiety Disorders Effectiveness Empirical Study Hypnotic Susceptibility Hypnotizability Treatment Outcomes Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
31. Balbo, M. (2003, May). EMDR and treatment of binge eating disorders. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Rome, Italy.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
The study shows use of EMDR therapeutic method in treatment of eating disorders with binge eating episodes with and without purging with clients treated with cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy.
Dissatisfaction with the client’s own body and inadequacy stemming from the influence of cultural elements seem to be the highest maintenance factors of eating disorders associated with binge eating episodes.
The study analyzes n.10 cases of clients with various dysfunctional ideas caused by distorted constructions with respect to their self-esteem, self-acceptance and personal value, as shown both in their EDI 2 (Eating Disorder Inventory – 2 by David M. Garner) scores and the analysis of their life histories.
The SQ (Symptom Questionnaire by R. Keller) was also administered since it is particularly indicated for administration at short intervals.
The EDI 2 and SQ tests have been administered after n.6 EMDR sessions.
Results: Use of EMDR on the negative cognitions formulated, learnt and maintained by clients in their experience, as well as on alternatives to binge eating, has produced a considerable reduction of their dysfunctional ideas, and binge eating behaviors showing additionally an increase of the drive to change, leading to an increased compliance and autonomy in therapy progress.
The results obtained shall be presented and discussed.
Keywords: Binge Eating Eating Disorders Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
32. Faretta, E. (2012, March-April). EMDR e la terapia cognitivo-comportamentale nel trattamento del disturbo di panico: Un confronto [EMDR and cognitive-behavioural therapy in the treatment of panic disorder: A comparison]. Rivista di Psichiatria, 47(Supplement 1), 19S-25S. doi: 10.1078/1071.11735.
Language: Italian
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Un confronto tra due trattamenti utilizzati nel disturbo di panico: EMDR, un metodo evidence-based per il PTSD, e la Terapia Cognitivo Comportamentale (CBT), che è oggi considerato l'approccio più efficace psicoterapeutico per questo disordine. Metodo. Al fine di valutare eventuali miglioramento ottenuto dal trattamento adottato, un'analisi descrittiva attraverso l'uso del software SPSS è stata effettuata, su un campione di 20 soggetti, divisi in due gruppi (EMDR e CBT). Risultati. Dai dati ottenuti, una tendenza a migliorare è già chiaro dalla prima valutazione (dopo 12 sedute), in tutte le prove proposte. Il progresso sintomatica è risultato essere molto simile nei due gruppi a confronto. EMDR trattamento sembra però avere un progresso più veloce nella riduzione dei sintomi che viene mantenuta nel tempo, come evidenziato al follow-up. Conclusione. Dai risultati hanno mostrato, è possibile confermare che entrambi i trattamenti sono efficaci per la risoluzione di un disturbo di panico, anche se alcune differenze tra i due terapie sono chiari, sia dal sintomatico e un punto di vista temporizzazione. Così, si suggerisce di portare avanti la ricerca in questo settore di interesse.
A comparison between two treatments used in the Panic Disorder: EMDR, an evidence-based method for PTSD, and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), which is nowadays considered the most effective psychotherapeutic approach for this disorder. Method. In order to evaluate any improvement obtained from the adopted treatment, a descriptive analysis through the use of the SPSS software has been carried out, on a sample of 20 subjects, divided in two groups (EMDR and CBT). Results. From the data obtained, a tendency to improve is already clear from the first evaluation (after 12 sessions), in all the proposed tests. The symptomatic progress turned out to be quite similar in the two compared groups. EMDR treatment however seems to have a faster progress in symptom reduction which is maintained over time, as evidenced at follow-up. Conclusion. From the showed results, it is possible to confirm that both treatments are effective for the resolution of a Panic Disorder, even if some differences between the two therapies are clear, both from a symptomatic and a timing point of view. So, it is suggested to carry on the research in this area of interest.
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Panic Disorder
Accuracy Verified: Yes
33. Shapiro, F., & Forrest, M. (2002). EMDR in aktion - Die neue kurzeittherapie in der praxis [EMDR: The breakthrough therapy for overcoming anxiety, stress and trauma]. Paderborn, Germany, Junfermann Verlag GmbH & Co.
Language: German
Format: Book
Abstract:
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) ist eine von Francine Shapiro entwickelte innovative klinische Behandlungsmethode für Trauma-Opfer. Aufgrund äußerst positiver neuer Untersuchungsergebnisse ist EMDR mittlerweile die am gründlichsten untersuchte Methode zur Behandlung der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS). Gleichzeitig werden Untersuchungen über die Möglichkeiten der Anwendung von EMDR bei anderen Störungen durchgeführt. EMDR ist eine zeitsparende, umfassende Methode zur Behandlung traumatischer Erfahrungen, die die Ursache vieler Pathologien sind. Als integratives Therapiemodell, das verhaltenspsychologische, kognitive, psychodynamische, körperorientierte und systemische Elemente umfaßt, ermöglicht EMDR, in relativ kurzer Zeit tiefreichende und stabile Resultate zu erzielen. Die EMDR-Behandlungssequenz, die acht Phasen umfaßt und Augenbewegungen sowie andere Methoden der Rechts-Links-Stimulation nutzt, hilft Trauma-Opfern bei der Aufarbeitung beunruhigender Gedanken und Erinnerungen. Dieses umfassende Basiswerk zum Thema EMDR gibt einen Überblick über die Entwicklung und Erforschung der neuen Methode. Zu den vielen Patientengruppen, bei denen mit EMDR gearbeitet werden kann, zählen die Opfer von sexuellem Mißbrauch, von Verbrechen, kämpferischen Auseinandersetzungen, Kriegsfolgen und Phobie-Patienten. Als Einführung in eine neue wichtige Methode im Bereich der Traumabehandlung ist dieses Buch eine unverzichbare Lektüre für alle Kliniker und Forscher, die sich für die Arbeit mit Trauma-Opfern interessieren. Das Lehrbuch zu EMDR, dieser neuen, so überaus erfolgreichen Therapiemethode zur Behandlung von Traumaopfern.
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a technology developed by Francine Shapiro innovative clinical treatment for trauma victims. Due to extremely positive new findings EMDR is now the most thoroughly studied method for the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). At the same tests are carried out on the possibilities of the use of EMDR with other disorders. EMDR is a time-saving, comprehensive method for the treatment of traumatic experiences, which are the cause of many diseases. As an integrative therapy model includes the behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic, body-oriented and systemic elements, EMDR allows to achieve in a relatively short time, profound and stable results. The EMDR treatment sequence that includes eight stages, and uses eye movements as well as other methods of left-right stimulation helps trauma victims in the processing disturbing thoughts and memories. This comprehensive work based on EMDR provides an overview of the development and exploration of the new method. Among the many groups of patients that can be worked in those with EMDR, including the victims of sexual abuse, crime, fight conflicts, war and phobia patients. As an introduction to an important new method in the field of trauma treatment, this book is a unverzichbare reading for all clinicians and researchers interested in working with trauma victims. The textbook to EMDR, this new, so very successful treatment method for the treatment of trauma victims
Accuracy Verified: Yes
34. Kennert, G. (2008). EMDR und biofeedback in der behandlung von posttraumatischen belastungsstörungen [EMDR and biofeedback in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder]. Forum Psychotherapeutische Praxis, 8(1), 45-46. doi:10.1026/1860-7357.8.1.45b.
Language: German
Format: Journal
Abstract: rezensiert von Gabriele Kennert, In dem von Stefan Jacobs und Anna de Jong vorgestellten
Behandlungskonzept werden die kognitive Verhaltenstherapie, das EMDR-Verfahren sowie Biofeedback miteinander kombiniert, um die Angstreaktion im Rahmen traumatisierender Erinnerungen zu verringern
bzw. zu hemmen und somit auch die Symptomatik der
posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung abzubauen.
Im ersten Teil des Buches gehen die Autoren eingehend auf den theoretischen Hintergrund (Neurophysiologie, Hirnfunktionen) ein, die mit der neuronalen Bahnung von traumatisierenden Erinnerungen einhergehen. Hierbei vertreten sie die These, dass sich die neuronalen
Bahnungen der Traumata nicht löschen lassen, dass sozusagen die Angstreaktion in der Amygdalaregion im Gehirn löschungsresistent ist und es somit in der Konsequenz im Therapieziel nur um die Verringerung der Angstreaktion, bzw. Hemmung der Angstreaktion gehen könne. Konkret modifizieren die Autoren innerhalb des kognitiv,
verhaltenstherapeutischen Vorgehens das Modell
von Ehlers und Clark, ebenso das EMDR-Verfahren von
Shapiro. Das Biofeedbackverfahren nutzen die Autoren
als diagnostisches Instrument, um die subjektiven Bewertungen seitens der Patienten und Patientinnen auch objektiv überprüfbar zu machen mit Hilfe der Messung der elektrodermalen Aktivität (EDA). Im zweiten Teil des Buches beschreiben sie detailliert eine wissenschaftliche Studie an 16 Patienten und Patientinnen, die an dem Behandlungsprogramm an der Universität Göttingen teilgenommen haben. Hierbei sei bei allen Patienten und Patientinnen eine signifikante positive Symptomveränderung der PTB nachzuweisen gewesen. Im weiteren Teil des Buches stellen sie ihr ausführliches
Therapiekonzept und Behandlungsprotokoll vor.
Es wird eingehend auf die Diagnostik (psychologische
Testverfahren sowie Biofeedback eingegangen, ein wichtiger
Teil ist die Informationsvermittlung sowie Stabilisierung für die Patienten und Patientinnen. Danach erfolgt
die Traumabehandlung mit Konfrontation und Integration. Wert wird hierbei in Abgrenzung zu Shapiro auf die frühzeitige Verbindung zur positiven Kognition gelegt in Verbindung mit Hausaufgaben, die die Patienten
zwischen den Sitzungen bekommen mit eingehenden
Verhaltensübungen. Die Autoren grenzen ein, dass ihre Methode nicht für alle Patienten und Patie tinnen geeignet ist, sondern dissoziative
Störungen und Persönlichkeitsstörungen sowie Suchtproblematik explizit ausgeschlossen seien.
Die Stabilisierungsübungen werden praktisch beschrieben (Sicherer Ort, Tresor), ebenso die praktische Anwendung des Biofeedbackverfahrens sowie das Behandlungsprotokoll
für EMDR. Gegen Ende des Bandes schließen sich Fallstudien
aus der Arbeit der Autoren an, um die Praxis zu verdeutlichen.
Im Anhang gibt es Adressenverzeichnisse über den
Bezug von Tests, Biofeedbackgeräten oder Lehrfilmen.
Zusammenfassend kann man sagen, dass der Band
kurzgefasst, sehr übersichtlich und konkret sowie praxisnah das neuropsychotherapeutische Behandlungsprogramm darstellt, so dass dies hilfreich für die psychotherapeutische
Praxis in Bezug auf Traumabehandlungen erscheint.
Das Buch richtet sich an Fachleute und ist für
Laien eher weniger geeignet.
In the presented text by Stefan Jacobs and Anna de Jong, the treatments approached are the cognitive-behavioral therapy,
the EMDR method and biofeedback
combined to the fear reaction Framework to reduce traumatic memories
or to inhibit and thus the symptoms of
reduce post-traumatic stress disorder.
In the first part of the book, the authors detail
to the theoretical background (neurophysiology,
Brain functions, a), the facilitation of the neuronal accompanied by traumatic memories.
Here, they argued that the neuronal
Facilitations of trauma can not be cleared, so to speak, that the fear response in the Amygdalaregion Brain is resistant to extinction and thus in consequence the goal of therapy just to reduce the fear response, and inhibiting the fear response could. Specifically, the authors modify within the cognitive, behavioral approach, the model
by Ehlers and Clark, as well as the method of EMDR
Shapiro. The biofeedback method, the authors use
as a diagnostic tool for the subjective evaluation
on the part of the patients also
making objectively verifiable by measuring
electrodermal activity (EDA).
In the second part of the book they describe in detail a scientific study of 16 male and female patients, where the treatment program at the University Göttingen participated. Here is at
all patients, and patients had a significant positive Detect symptom change the PTB have been.
In another part of the book they put their detailed Therapeutic approach and treatment protocol first. It will detail the psychological diagnosis (
Test procedures and biofeedback received an important
Part is to communicate information and stabilization for male and female patients. Thereafter the confrontation with trauma treatment and integration. Value in this case in contrast to Shapiro on down early connection to the positive cognition in conjunction with homework, the patients who get between meetings with incoming Behavioral exercises.
The authors of a frontier that their method is not for All male and female patients is appropriate, but dissociative And personality disorders and addiction are explicitly excluded.
The stabilization exercises are described practically
(Safe Place, Safe), as well as the practical
Application of biofeedback procedure and the treatment protocol for EMDR. Towards the end of the tape to close case studies from the work of the authors in order to clarify the practice.
In the appendix, there are records of the address
Terms of testing, biofeedback devices or educational films. In summary, one can say that the band concise, very clear and concrete and practical the neuro-psychological treatment program represents, so this is helpful for the psychotherapeutic Practice in relation to trauma treatment appears. The book is aimed at professionals and is for Lay less suitable.
Keywords: Biofeedback Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
35. van Haaften, H., Muris, P., & Mayer, B. (1996, July-August). EMDR versus exposure-in-vivo bij kinderen met een spinfobie [EMDR versus exposure in vivo in children with a spider phobia]. De Psycholoog, 7, 280-285.
Language: Dutch
Format: Magazine
Abstract:
Uitgevoerd een cross-over studie van de werkzaamheid van EMDR en in vivo exposure bij de behandeling van spinangst bij kinderen en adolescenten. Human Ss: 22 Nederlandse school-kinderen en adolescenten (leeftijd van 10-14 jaar) (spinangst). Ss werden getest, en hun galvanische huid reactie werd gemeten. Tests die worden gebruikt: De korte vorm van de Spider Phobia Questionnaire for Children (M. Kindt et al., 1996), de Self Assessment oefenpop (RL Hodes et al., 1985) en de gedragsmatige Vermijden Test. Behandelingen: alle SS werden behandeld met 1 sessie van in vivo blootstelling en 1 sessie van EMDR. (Engels abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, alle rechten voorbehouden)
Conducted a cross-over study of the efficacy of EMDR and in vivo exposure in the treatment of spider phobia in children and adolescents. Human Ss: 22 Dutch school-age children and adolescents (aged 10-14 yrs) (spider phobia). Ss were tested, and their galvanic skin response was measured. Tests used: The short form of the Spider Phobia Questionnaire for Children (M. Kindt et al, 1996), the Self Assessment Manikin (R. L. Hodes et al, 1985) and the Behavioral Avoidance Test. Treatments: All Ss were treated with 1 session of in vivo exposure and 1 session of EMDR. (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Children Empirical Study Exposure In Vivo Spider Phobia
Accuracy Verified: Yes
36. Stickgold, R. (2002, January). EMDR: A putative neurobiological mechanism of action. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 61-75. doi:10.1002/jclp.1129.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Numerous studies have provided evidence for the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR) in the treatment of PTSD, including recent studies showing it to be more efficient than therapist-directed flooding. But few theoretical explanations of how EMDR might work have been offered. Shapiro, in her original description of EMDR, proposed that its directed eye movements mimic the saccades of rapid eye movement sleep (REM), but provided no clear explanation of how such mimicry might lead to clinical improvment. We now revisit her original proposal and present a complete model for how EMDR could lead to specific improvement in PTSD and related conditions. We propose that the repetitive redirecting of attention in EMDR induces a neurobiological state, similar to that of REM sleep, which is optimally configured to support the cortical integration of traumatic memories into general semantic networks. We suggest that this integration can then lead to a reduction in the strength of hippocampally mediated episodic memories of the traumatic event as well as the memories' associated, amygdala-dependent, negative affect. Experimental data in support of this model are reviewed and possible tests of the model are suggested. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Cognitive Processes Mechanism of Action Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiology PTSD Review Sleep Behavior Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
37. Schlosser, F. J. (1993, Fall/Winter). Exposure/EMDR: Diagnostic use of feedback. EMDR Network Newsletter, 3(2), 7-10.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
One of the tasks of psychotherapists
is to attempt to reduce anxiety in their
patients. They determine the level of
this anxiety through patient reports,
observations of body language, intuition,
or results of projective and objective
tests. They then gauge therapeutic
effectiveness by the amount of
anxiety reduction as indicated by these
relatively subjective measures. Even
behaviorists, who make much use of
numbers in their evaluations, are not
measuring anxiety but its effect on
the client's behavior. It is my contention
that subjective measures of
anxiety are not appropriate scientific
tools and, if we are to progress in the
development of more effective techniques
for removing or reducing anxiety,
we must devise more objective
and accurate techniques for measuring
this state which we describe ourselves
as "treating."
Accuracy Verified: Yes
38. Fannin, J. L. (1998, February). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of anxiety as it pertains to work-related issues. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN. AAT 9804439.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect Eye Movement Densitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has as a treatment protocol on work-related stressors. Today's faster pace, the growing perception of job insecurity, greater demands on the job, and inability to juggle family and work responsibilities has left millions of Americans to experience the debilitating effects of anxiety and stress. Many people lack the knowledge, resources, and strategies to effectively deal with such problems. The issue of stressors in work-related situations is costly and negatively impacts many individuals, organizations, and families. EMDR was found to be both effective and efficient in removing or substantially decreasing anxiety associated with work-related stressors and increase the association to positive cognitions. The data indicated both statistical and clinical improvement in all four areas of measure: subjective units of disturbance (SUD), verification of cognition (VOC), emotional state, and trait anxiety, after EMDR had been administered to members of the experimental group. This study found no statistical significance with these measures as they pertain to the control group. The three null hypotheses were rejected. Several different measures were employed to evaluate the statistical significance of the data produced by this study. Process measures of the verification of cognition (VOC) and subjective units of disturbance (SUD) scales were evaluated through paired sample t-tests. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the state and trait anxiety measures. Interactional analysis tested the hypotheses for interaction using repeated measures ANOVA with method and time. Pearson's product moment correlation tested for the association between two variables. Further study is recommended in both the conceptual and theoretical foundations of the EMDR protocol. Such research could lead to more effective and cost-efficient therapy for a wide range of problems affecting the individual, family, and the organization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(8-B), Feb 1998, pp. 4512.
Keywords: Anxiety Empirical Study Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy Occupational Stress Stress Management Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial Workplace Stress
Accuracy Verified: Yes
39. Estergard, L. (2008). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of chronic pain. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN. AAT 3336660.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Previous research has indicated that individuals with chronic pain who exhibit adaptive coping mechanisms are more likely to manage their pain effectively. If they experienced little success with pain management in the past, they are not likely to exhibit adaptive coping strategies in the present. However, there remains an important gap in the literature regarding the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as a strategy for chronic pain. One purpose of this study was to establish the effectiveness of EMDR in the reduction of chronic pain; another was to examine the relationship between chronic pain intensity and emotion, as suggested by the biopsychosocial model of pain and measured by the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist-Revised. In this matched 2-group design, participants were matched on pretest chronic pain scores and randomized to EMDR and a delayed treatment group. Pre- and posttreatment chronic pain levels were determined using the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using paired samples t-tests. There was a significant reduction in chronic pain following six EMDR sessions for the participants in the experimental group and the delayed-treatment group. The results also indicated a reduction in dysphoria for both groups following EMDR. The findings may help to clarify whether EMDR is effective in alleviating chronic pain, which may lead to more satisfying lives for patients and their families. This study is an important contribution to the literature and enhances social change initiatives by showing that collaboration between EMDR and other types of treatment may offer more expedient and long-term relief to patients, thus affecting the costs (e.g., health insurance) associated with chronic pain.[Author abstract]
Keywords: Biopsychosocial Models Chronic Pain Coping Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
40. Puffer, M. K. (1995, May). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with children and adolescents experiencing traumatic memories. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN. AAT 9608112.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This research project evaluated the effectiveness of using Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) techniques on children and adolescents (N = 20) between the ages of 7 to 18, who were experiencing anxiety due to traumatic memories. EMDR therapeutic techniques were administered in one 90-minute therapy session to subjects in an experimental group (N = 10) and after a 30-day waiting period, EMDR was administered to subjects in a delayed treatment group (N = 10) to help substantiate the effectiveness of using EMDR with this population. The results of the study indicated a highly significant reduction in anxiety related to traumatic memories in both an experimental group and a delayed treatment group, as measured by the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS), the Impact of Events (IES) scale, and in the delayed treatment group using the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (CMAS) after treatment. There was a lack of significance in the reduction of anxiety in the experimental group, as measured by the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (CMAS). The results showed a significant difference in cognition, changing from negative to positive thinking, as measured by the Validity of Cognition (VoC) scale. The findings demonstrate that EMDR may help to measure, treat, and enhance the lives of children and adolescents experiencing anxiety from traumatic memories. It is recommended that future research focus on using standardized psychological tests to support the efficacy of using EMDR with children and adolescents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 56(11-B), May 1996, pp. 6421.
Keywords: Adolescents Children Empirical Study Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
41. Eckley, T. L. (2002, August). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Efficacy with residential latency-age children. Alliant International University, Fresno, CA. AAT 3042989.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This archival study examined the efficacy of EMDR with residential latency-age children. Participants in the study were the records of 5 children who completed a 10-week EMDR treatment protocol, and 4 children who were in a control group. Treatment included art therapy, play therapy, drama therapy, and talk therapy. EMDR was included as a component of the overall treatment for the experimental group. Pre- and post-measures were assessed using the Behavior Assessment Scale for Children (BASC) and the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC). Three versions of the BASC were used in this study: the Parent Rating Scale (PRS), the Teacher Rating Scale (TRS), and the Self Report of Personality (SRP).Paired-sample t tests demonstrated significant differences on the BASC-SRP and the TSCC for the experimental group at pre- and post-measures. For the BASC-SRP, the children in the experimental group endorsed significantly fewer items for Atypicality, Locus of Control, Social Stress, and Anxiety at the conclusion of the study as compared to initial results. For the experimental group, three of the six scales on the TSCC were significantly lower at the end of the study than at the beginning of the study. The children endorsed significantly fewer symptoms of PTSD, Depression, and Dissociation at the end of treatment as compared to the beginning of treatment. Because of the numerous limitations of this study, generalizability is inevitably limited. However, the outcome of this research indicates that EMDR can be effective to reduce overall symptomology of severely traumatized children. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 63(2-B), Aug 2002, pp. 1021.
Keywords: Depressive Disorders Dissociative Symptoms Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD School Age Children Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
42. Rosen, G. M., McNally, R. J., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (1999, September 22). Eye movement magic: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing a decade later. The Skeptic, 7(4), 66-69.
Language: English
Format: Magazine
Abstract:
While strolling through a park one day, Francine Shapiro notices that certain of her troubling thoughts suddenly lost their distressing qualities. Curious about what had happened; Shapiro regenerated the mental images and again found them no longer upsetting. Attending closely to her behavior, she realized that her eyes had been spontaneously and rapidly shifting back and forth. Suspecting that rapid eye movements might possess hitherto untapped therapeutic powers, Shapiro began informal tests on her friends. She asked them to concentrate on a traumatic or disturbing memory and to track her finger visually as she moved it back and forth in front of their eyes. Her friends reported feeling better and their memories were no longer disturbing.
Reprinted in M. Shermer (ed.), The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience,Volume I, Santa Barbara:ABC-CLIO, Inc.
Keywords: Practice Skepticism Theory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
43. Kapoula, Z., Misset, P., Poncet, S., Bruneau, S., & Bucci, M. P. (2007, June). Eye movement patterns during the Rorschach test: Implications for EMDR. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
It is hypothesized that eye movements used in EMDR practice influence both memory and emotional state, some laboratory studies provide evidence for such influence (Christman et al, 2003, Neurobiology; Barrowcliff et al., J. Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 2004). From a neurophysiological point of view, it is also interesting to examine to what extent some eye movement parameters may be modulated by memory and emotions. For instance, it is well established that memory driven saccades in simplified laboratory tests, present different characteristics (longer preparation time, lower accuracy, lower velocity) than visually guided movement. During EMDR the eye movements (mostly pursuit) are elicited externally by the therapist, yet at the same time the patient is in touch mentally with the traumatic image and related negative emotions. The physiology of such movements might be different and this could be explored with specific studies. Another important issue is to what extent movements of the eyes are helpful in coding and retrieving visual images. Accordingly to scanpath theory, eye movements are cognitively driven by sensory and motor representation; repetitive eye movements to the same area of an image are attributed to checking if the image corresponds to what the observer imagines (Noton & Stack, 1971; Brandt & Stark, 1997). Future laboratory research could bring together such theories and EMDR psychotherapy, e.g., by examining spontaneous eye movements related to negative image.
In this conference, we will present preliminary data from a laboratory study on eye movement patterns during the Roschach test. Eight healthy students conducted the experiment. Seated in front of a computer screen, subjects were equipped with a binocular video eye tracker (Chronos) sampling eye position images from each eye every 4 msec. Instantaneous eye position data were stored on a computer and analyzed afterwards with laboratory software. Each are of the Roschach test was presented for 30 sec., after which, the experimenter (a psychologist) recorded the response given by the subject.
Analysis of eye movement patterns were examined in relation to subjective verbal reports.
Results: The first question asked was to what extent the eye movement pattern reflected the imaged projected by the subject or by the visual properties of the Rorschach image itself. To gain some insight, we concentrated on the cards for which our subjected gave no standard responses, thus very different from one subject to the other (e.g., card IX). Eye movement exploration (the surface of the image explored, its patiaol composition e.g. the resprctive proportion of horizontal versus vertical movements) was correlated with the verbal report and the specific mental imagery (larger surface, multiple focusing points when several personages or objects were imaged). This provides evident for top-down influence; the eyes are exploring the projective interpretative image; repetitive movements back and forth to same points which help in turn consolidate this mental imagery.
Psychological analysis of eye movements (saccades and fixation) was also made. Saccades are found to be as fast as when looking reflexively to single visual targets; during fixations, however, between saccades, the eyes were more instable, particularly the visual uses were crossing at different depths from one fixation to another. Further ongoing analysis will correlate fixation duration and depth instability to spatial and emotional content of the subjective report.
Keywords: Eye Movements Mechanism of Action Neurobiology Poster Rorschach Test
Accuracy Verified: Yes
44. van den Hout, M. A., & Engelhard, I. M. (2011, March). Hoe het komt dat EMDR werkt [How it is that EMDR works]. Directieve Therapie en Hypnose, 31(1), 5-23. doi:10.1007/s12433-011-0002-5.
Language: Dutch
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eye Movement and Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) is een effectieve behandeling van traumasymptomen en de positieve effecten worden teruggevonden in het laboratorium, onder goed gecontroleerde omstandigheden. Dat biedt de mogelijkheid om na te gaan hoe EMDR werkt. Er wordt verslag gedaan naar de bevindingen uit een lange reeks experimenten. De hypothese dat oogbewegingen (of andere taken die worden uitgevoerd tijdens het ophalen van herinneringen) overbodig zijn en dat de exposure aan aversieve herinneringen tijdens EMDR de effecten verklaart, is niet houdbaar. Het idee dat ‘bilaterale stimulatie’ noodzakelijk is, snijdt evenmin hout. Je kunt net zo goed de ogen van boven naar beneden laten bewegen of taken laten doen waarbij helemaal geen oogbewegingen worden gemaakt. Belangrijk is dat de taak het werkgeheugen belast. Uit de werkgeheugenverklaring van EMDR is een lange reeks voorspellingen af te leiden. Die blijken wonderwel bestand tegen kritische experimentele tests en er tekent zich een solide verklaring af van hoe EMDR werkt. Die theorie en de empirische bevindingen hebben allerhande implicaties voor de techniek van EMDR.
Eye Movement and Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment of trauma symptoms, while beneficial effects can be reproduced under controlled laboratory conditions. This opens the door for testing how EMDR works. The paper reports data from a long series of experiments. The hypothesis that eye movements (or other dual tasks) are superfluous and that EMDR effects are explained by exposure is untenable. The idea that ‘bilateral stimulation’ is crucial, does not match the data either. One can just as well move the eyes vertically, or carry out tasks that do not involve eye movements. The crucial factor seems to be that the dual task is taxing working memory. From the working memory account of EMDR a long series of predictions can be derived. The predictions survived critical experimental tests. The theory and empirical data have a range of technical implications for carrying out EMDR. These implications are discussed.
Accuracy Verified: Yes
45. Brunyé, T. T., Mahoney, C. R., Augustyn, J. S., & Taylor, H. A. (2009). Horizontal saccadic eye movements enhance the retrieval of landmark shape and location information. Brain and Cognition, 70(3), 279–288. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.03.003.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Recent work has demonstrated that horizontal saccadic eye movements enhance verbal episodic memory
retrieval, particularly in strongly right-handed individuals. The present experiments test three primary
assumptions derived from this research. First, horizontal eye movements should facilitate episodic memory
for both verbal and non-verbal information. Second, the benefits of horizontal eye movements should
only be seen when they immediately precede tasks that demand right and left-hemisphere processing
towards successful performance. Third, the benefits of horizontal eye movements should be most pronounced
in the strongly right-handed. Two experiments confirmed these hypotheses: horizontal eye
movements increased recognition sensitivity and decreased response times during a spatial memory test
relative to both vertical eye movements and fixation. These effects were only seen when horizontal eye
movements preceded episodic memory retrieval, and not when they preceded encoding (Experiment 1).
Further, when eye movements preceded retrieval, they were only beneficial with recognition tests
demanding a high degree of right and left-hemisphere activity (Experiment 2). In both experiments
the beneficial effects of horizontal eye movements were greatest for strongly right-handed individuals.
These results support recent work suggesting increased interhemispheric brain activity induced by bilateral
horizontal eye movements, and extend this literature to the encoding and retrieval of landmark
shape and location information.
Keywords: Bilateral Eye Movements Hemispheric Interaction Episodic Memory Spatial Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
46. Frustaci, A., Pozzi, G., Aurigemma, C., La Rosa, C., Lanza, G., Fernandez, I., & Ruggeri, G. (2006, Febbraio). Indicatori di cambiamento in pazienti con disturbi da eventi stressanti: Impiego della heart rate variability [Indicators of change in patients with disorders of stressful events: Use of heart rate variability]. Poster presentato al XI Congresso SOPSI (Società Italiana di Psicopatologia), Roma, Italia.
Language: Italian
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Introduzione: i pazienti traumatizzati presentano alterazioni sintomatiche quali intrusività, evitamento ed aumentato arousal, che ostacolerebbe la possibilità di elaborazione/integrazione
delle tracce mnesiche, oltre ad esprimersi a livello periferico. Tecniche specifiche di trattamento sembrano promuovere
l’elaborazione/integrazione delle memorie traumatiche, tra cui la Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
(EMDR). Nella ricerca valutativa è quindi necessario affiancare alle scale psicologiche un appropriato indicatore
biologico di attivazione neurovegetativa. La variabilità della frequenza cardiaca (Heart Rate Variability – HRV) esprime
l’integrità funzionale del sistema neurovegetativo in risposta
allo stress e può essere misurata nei domini di tempo o di frequenza. Lo studio della HRV è stato applicato in psichiatria ai disturbi
d’ansia (panico, DOC, PTSD) e dell’umore (depressione unipolare) in ricerche trasversali (confronto con controlli sani) e longitudinali di trattamento farmacologico (triciclici,
SSRIs) ma in pochi casi a trattamenti psicoterapici. Gli AA. valutano l’impiego della HRV come indicatore biologico nel trattamento psicoterapeutico di pazienti con Disturbo dell’adattamento erdurante da oltre un mese dopo l’esposizione ad eventi vitali stressanti (EVS). Metodi: sono stati reclutati 6 soggetti (M/F = 1/5, età 40,5 ± 11,0) esposti ad EVS ed avviati a ciclo di trattamento psicoterapico
breve (4-6 sedute a cadenza settimanale) di tipo
specifico (EMDR) o generico (colloqui supportivi). Costituivano criteri di esclusione: età < 18 o > 65 anni; comorbilità psichiatrica, neurologica e cardiologica; uso di farmaci interferenti. Le valutazioni psicopatologiche sono state eseguite al reclutamento
(TBASE: colloquio anamnestico, MINI, Brief
COPE), a inizio e fine ciclo di trattamento (TINI, TFINE: IES, SCL-90-R), a uno e tre mesi di follow-up (T30, T90: IES, SCL-90-R, Brief COPE). Le registrazioni Holter sono state effettuate ad ogni intervallo valutativo coprendo: 60 min. attività libera, 10 min. tilt-test, 3-5 min. ascolto dell’evento traumatico, 30-45 min. seduta psicoterapica. Sono stati impiegati test statistici non parametrici per l’analisi
delle correlazioni (Spearman) e delle differenze
(Wilcoxon). Risultati preliminari: vengono valutate le correlazioni a TINI e le variazioni T90 vs. TINI. Sono significative le seguenti correlazioni: ansia fobica SCL e SDNN (dev. standard intervalli R-R) [r = + 0,9; p = ,037]; collera-ostilità
SCL e SDNN [r = -0,95; p =.014]; depressione SCL e
r-MSSD (radice media somma quadrati diff. R-R) [r = + 0,9; p = ,037]; sint. intrusivi IES e LF (basse frequenze) [r
= -0,9; p = ,037]. Sono risultate statisticamente significative le seguenti variazioni:
IES totale [Z = -1,99; p = ,046], sintomi intrusivi IES [Z = -2,21; p = ,027], sintomi di evitamento IES [Z = -1,99; p = ,046], ideazione paranoide SCL [Z = -2,21; p = ,027]; R-R, LF e LF/HF (rapporto basse/alte frequenze) durante ascolto evento [Z = -2,02; p = ,043].
Discussione: a livello basale gli indicatori HRV di distress vegetativo correlano positivamente con collera-ostilità e sintomi intrusivi, negativamente con ansia e depressione. Anche dopo tre mesi dalla fine del trattamento gli interventi psicoterapeutici tendono a ridurre i punteggi sintomatici, e migliorano il bilancio simpato-vagale durante il riascolto dell’evento traumatico.
Introduction: trauma patients have symptomatic changes such as intrusiveness, avoidance and increased arousal, which hampers the development / integration
of memory traces, as well as speak at the peripheral level. Specific techniques of treatment seem to promote
the formulation and integration of traumatic memories, including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
(EMDR). In evaluation research is therefore necessary to combine psychological scales appropriate indicator
organic autonomic activation. The heart rate variability (Heart Rate Variability - HRV) expresses
functional integrity of the autonomic nervous system in response
stress and can be measured in time or frequency domains. The study of HRV has been applied in psychiatric disorders
anxiety (panic, DOC, PTSD) and mood (unipolar depression) in cross-disciplinary (compared with healthy controls) and longitudinal drug treatment (tricyclic
SSRIs), but in a few cases in psychotherapeutic treatment. The AA. evaluate the use of HRV as a biological indicator in the psychotherapeutic treatment of patients with adjustment disorder erdurante more than a month after exposure to stressful life events (EVS). Methods: 6 subjects were recruited (M / F = 1 / 5, age 40.5 ± 11.0) exposed to EVS and initiated treatment cycle psychotherapeutic
short (4-6 sessions weekly) type
specific (EMDR) or generic (hearing supported). Exclusion criteria were: age <18 or> 65 years, psychiatric comorbidity, neurological and cardiological, use of drugs interfering. Psychopathological assessments were performed at recruitment
(TBASE: anamnestic interview, MINI, Brief
COPE) at the beginning and end of treatment cycle (TINI, TFINE: IES, SCL-90-R) in a three-month follow-up (T30, T90: IES, SCL-90-R, Brief COPE). Holter recordings were made at each interval evaluation covering: 60 min. free activity, 10 min. tilt-test, 3-5 min. listening to the traumatic event, 30-45 minutes. psychotherapy session. Were used nonparametric statistical tests for analysis
correlations (Spearman) and differences
(Wilcoxon). Preliminary results: the correlations are evaluated and changes TINI vs. T90. TINI. Significant correlations are the following: SCL phobic anxiety and SDNN (standard dev. RR intervals) [r = + 0.9, p =, 037]; anger-hostility
SCL SDNN [r = -0.95, p =. 014]; SCL depression
r-mssd (root mean square sum diff. RR) [r = + 0.9, p =, 037]; sint. IES intrusive and LF (low frequency) [r
= -0.9, P =, 037]. Were statistically significant, the following changes:
IES total [Z = -1.99, p =, 046], IES intrusive symptoms [Z = -2.21, p =, 027], symptoms of avoidance IES [Z = -1.99, p =, 046] , SCL paranoid [Z = -2.21, p =, 027], RR, LF and LF / HF ratio (low / high frequencies) while listening event [Z = -2.02, p =, 043].
Discussion: At baseline HRV indicators of distress correlated positively with growing anger-hostility, and intrusive symptoms, negatively with anxiety and depression. Even after three months of the end of psychotherapeutic treatment interventions aimed at reducing symptom scores and enhance sympathetic vagal balance during the playback of the traumatic event.
Keywords: Heart Rate Variability Poster Stress Disorders
Accuracy Verified: Yes
47. Propper, R. E., & Christman, S. D. (2008). Interhemispheric interaction and saccadic horizontal eye movements - Implications for episodic memory, EMDR, and PTSD. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(4), 269-281. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.269.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The growing body of literature on the effects of bilateral saccadic eye movements, patterned after those
employed in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), on memory is reviewed. Research
indicates that engaging in bilateral saccadic eye movements prior to lab-based memory testing results in
signifi cant improvement in episodic memory across a wide range of memory tests. Other effects of these
types of eye movements on hemispheric activation and emotional state are also discussed. The fi ndings
are interpreted within a framework suggesting that bilateral saccadic eye movements, such as those employed
in EMDR, increase interaction between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. This framework
is also used to explain the effects of such eye movements on memory during EMDR treatment of posttraumatic
stress disorder.
Keywords: Eye Movements Episodic Memory Handedness Interhemispheric Interaction
Accuracy Verified: Yes
48. Dunne, T. (2010, March). An investigation into therapists’ beliefs about how eye movement desensitization & reprocessing (EMDR) works in clinical practice: Do the eyes have it?. Poster presented at the 8th EMDR Association UK & Ireland Annual Conference & AGM, Dublin, Ireland.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
These were subject to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
and Chi-Square tests to examine the relationships between Questionnaire items for
significance. A total of 9 subjects agreed to be interviewed regarding their EMDR practice
and integration issues. This qualititative data was content analyzed. No differences were
found between both groups on Biodata factors, years of experience as a Therapist or years
using EMDR which gives further confidence in the results when comparing both cohorts.
Results: Respondents endorsed two types of explanation as to why they believed EMDR
works (ie) EMDR facilitates communication between the Limbic system and Frontal Lobes
(77%) and Adaptive Information Processing (73%). This suggests that Therapists are not
just following Shapiro’s AIP model slavishly but are rather making up their own minds.
There were no significant differences between Analytic, CBT, Integrative and Humanistic
Therapists in terms of explanatory mechanisms endorsed about EMDR’s “active
ingredient”. CBT Therapists found it easier to incorporate EMDR into their clinical
practice than Analytic or Humanist Therapists. This finding was supported by the results of
the qualitative interview data. Indeed, up to 40% of Therapists sampled experienced
difficulties in integrating EMDR into their clinical practice, post training. The types of
difficulties identified included: Differences in theoretical beliefs, more active style of
EMDR, structure of EMDR Protocol, Therapist confidence issues, Organizational
issues and hostility from clinical colleagues, bullying, lack of supervision and support
post training.
Conclusions: The results of this study confirm findings from earlier studies regarding
Therapists’ beliefs about EMDR but also extend those finding internationally so that
previous findings can now be accepted as universal given that this present study
contained respondents from three other continents other than North America. This study
also found that up to 40% of Therapists trained in EMDR experienced significant
difficulties in integrating EMDR into their clinical practice post-training. Analytic and
Humanist Therapists reported the biggest difficulties which included conflict with the
Therapists’ original theoretical model, the EMDR Protocol structure itself, Therapist
confidence and lack of supervision and support, Organizational and Management issues of
opposition to EMDR and Therapist Bullying. The implications for EMDR training are
discussed and communicated to relevant EMDR Training Organizations.
Keywords: Poster Research Therapist's Beliefs
Accuracy Verified: Yes
49. Lustig, S., Smrz, A., Sladen, P., Sellers, T. D., & Hellman, S. (2000, January-February). It takes a village: Caring for a traumatized art student. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 7(5), 290-298. doi:10.3109/hrp.7.5.290.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
One of the fascinating developments in mental health care in the last decade has been the appearance of specific psychotherapies for various psychiatric illnesses. Perhaps the best known of these is dialetical behavior therapy (DBT), pioneered by Linehan and colleagues for borderline personality disorder and consisting of rigorous group and individual cognitive-behavioral therapy within an empathetic and validating psychotherapy setting. Another is eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), described by Shapiro and coworkers as a treatment for PTSD and other anxiety disorders.The following case study involves a patient in a team-treatment setting who benefitted significantly from the use of DBT and EMDR, as well as a complex psychopharmacology regimen, after receiving an extensive battery of psychological tests. The clinicians who were involved with the patient will discuss the aspects of her care for which they were responsible. We do not endeavor to isolate which modality was the "right" one; rather, we are looking at the manner in which each potentiated the others. [Introduction] [Pilots]
Keywords: Borderline Personality Disorder Case Report Child Abuse Cognitive Therapy College Students Drug Therapy European Americans Females Incest Individual Psychotherapy Partial Hospitalization Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Rape Survivors Young Adults
Accuracy Verified: Yes
50. Ziveri, D. (2002). L'efficacia dell‘EMDR nella psicoterapia del PTSD e dei ricordi traumatici: Valutazione delle risposte del potenziale elettrodermico (SPR) attraverso il biofeedback [The effectiveness of EMDR psychotherapy on PTSD and traumatic memories: Assessing the potential electrodermal responses (SPR) through biofeedback]. WWW.Psicotraumatologia.com, Pubblicazioni in linguia italiana..
Language: Italian
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Nel XXI secolo per la prima volta l'uomo avrà il potere di plasmare la Terra che desidera, costruire edifici alti come montagne e navi capaci di portarlo nello spazio, mettere insieme macchine intelligenti, sconfiggere molte malattie e cambiare se stesso intervenendo sui geni. A queste visioni ottimistiche (rassicuranti?) del futuro risponde la realtà del nuovo millennio: situazione ecologica planetaria prossima al collasso, panico ad occidente e disperazione a Sud. Vi sono circa 50 guerre in atto nel mondo con milioni di morti quasi tutti civili e colonne di profughi in fuga, nuovi pericoli terroristici e rilancio delle armi atomiche e dell'industria bellica. Ci sembra che tutto questo accada altrove, al di là di uno schermo televisivo; ma se oggi anche i problemi sono globalizzati allora allarmi ed appelli alla giustizia, alla pace ed alla solidarietà sono rivolti ad ogni coscienza. Particolarmente attente dovrebbero essere le menti di politici e scienziati di ogni parte del mondo. Particolarmente sensibili alle tematiche in questione dovrebbero essere le professioni d'aiuto. Dobbiamo chiederci cosa succeda alle vittime del potere di pochi.
“E poi so bene: tutto ciò che si affonda in noi, come un mucchio di pietrame, finché dura la guerra, si ridesterà un giorno a guerra finita, e allora comincerà la resa dei conti, per la vita e per la morte.” (Niente di nuovo sul fronte occidentale, Erich Maria Remarque, 1929).
Nella tradizione rileviamo un'attenzione quasi esclusiva per l’organismo e per le lesioni fisiche dell'uomo colpito dalla violenza. Il passo in avanti 6
consiste nel superare l'attenzione esclusiva al corpo per occuparsi anche delle ferite psichiche, altrettanto gravi e profonde di quelle fisiche.
Se il termine psicologia significa nella sua origine greca "discorso sull'anima" ad indicare la ricerca della conoscenza del comportamento e dell'animo umano, esso indica oggi una disciplina sempre più attenta al suo essere scientifica. Tuttavia non dobbiamo disgiungere la scientificità della ricerca dall'utilità dell'intervento clinico, fine ultimo della professione.
Il lavoro che vado presentando nasce da una riflessione sulla capacità della psicologia di fornire risposte concrete a situazioni complesse ed altrimenti difficili per ogni uomo. Ogni violenza, dai lontani scenari di guerra a quelli domestici di abuso, è un'immane tragedia: la ricerca sul disturbo post-traumatico da stress (PTSD) e gli interessanti e promettenti risultati di tecniche terapeutiche come l'Eyes Movements Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) meritano perciò molta attenzione.
Si ricordi che nel 1987 il primo studio della dott.sa Francine Shapiro, scopritrice di tale metodo, aiutò proprio una vittima della guerra del Vietnam. Questo caso oltre a gettare le basi per le successive ricerche controllate su tale terapia innovativa e a permetterne lo sviluppo, lasciò intravedere una speranza per le molte vittime dei conflitti armati e della violenza.
L’EMDR si presenta come una buona risposta rapida ed efficace, la più efficace secondo alcune valutazioni meta-analitiche, all’insorgenza del PTSD per la risoluzione di eventi non elaborati. Non stiamo parlando di una panacea indistinta per tutti i casi in ogni condizione. Tuttavia le sue caratteristiche di brevità (in circostanze favorevoli), di buoni risultati, di integrazione tra diversi approcci ed il carattere non invasivo, ne fanno un candidato ideale come strumento d’elezione per il PTSD.
7
Dato quindi l’alto potenziale presentato dalla metodica in ambito clinico, la ricerca si pone come assolutamente necessaria e le prove sperimentali come essenziali.
Queste alfine sono le considerazioni da cui muove l’intero percorso sperimentale qui esposto.
Vorrei testimoniare con questo lavoro l’affetto verso i miei genitori. Ringrazio l’equipe che sta conducendo questa ricerca: il relatore prof. Roberto Anchisi, il correlatore prof. Roberto Guzzi, il correlatore dott. Michele Giannantonio e l’Associazione Emdr per l’Italia, specialmente la dott.sa Isabel Fernandez, nonché i valutatori indipendenti.
Ringrazio di cuore tutte le persone a me vicine che mi hanno aiutato, Diego per la correzione delle bozze, il dott. Davide Gerevini perché è un amico e per il suo paziente aiuto.
Non dimenticherò mai Capitan Max, l'imprevedibile Davide e Valentina, le persone più speciali che abbia incontrato durante questo corso di laurea.
In the twenty first century man has the power to shape the earth he wants to build tall buildings like mountains and ships able to carry it into space, putting together intelligent machines, overcome many diseases and change himself by acting on genes. These optimistic views (reassuring?) Of the future meets the reality of the new millennium: global ecological situation close to collapse, panic and despair in the south west there are about 50 wars taking place in the world with millions of dead civilians and almost all columns of refugees fleeing new dangers of terrorism and revival of atomic weapons and war industry. It seems that this happens elsewhere, beyond the television screen, but if the problems today are globalized, then alarms and calls for justice, peace and solidarity are addressed to all consciousness. Should be particularly attentive minds of politicians and scientists all over the world. Particularly sensitive to these themes should be the helping professions. We must ask ourselves what happens to victims of the power of a few. "And then I know: all that sinks in us, like a pile of stones, as long the war lasts, you awaken one day after the war, and then begin the reckoning for the life and death." (All Quiet on the Western Front, Erich Maria Remarque, 1929). In tradition we find an almost exclusive to the body and the human suffering personal injury from violence. The sixth step is to overcome the exclusive attention to the body to deal also with psychic wounds, serious and profound as those of individuals. If the word psychology in its Greek origin means "soul talk" to indicate the search for knowledge of the behavior and the human soul, it now shows a discipline increasingly attentive to its being scientific. But we must not separate the scientific research of clinical utility of the intervention, the ultimate goal of the profession. The work that I presented comes from a reflection on the ability of psychology to provide practical answers to complex situations and otherwise difficult for everyone. All violence, far from war scenarios to domestic abuse, is a great tragedy: the research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the interesting and promising results of therapeutic techniques such as desensitization and reprocessing Eyes Movements ( EMDR) deserve so much attention. Remember that in 1987 the first study of dott.sa Francine Shapiro, discoverer of that method, he helped his victim of the Vietnam War. This case as well as lay the groundwork for subsequent research on that check and allow the development of innovative therapy, suggests a hope for many victims of armed conflicts and violence. EMDR is as good a rapid and effective response, the most effective according to some meta-analytic assessments, the occurrence of PTSD for the resolution of events not processed. We're not talking about a vague panacea for all cases in all conditions. However, the characteristics of brevity (under favorable circumstances), good results of integration between different non-invasive approaches and make it an ideal candidate as a tool of choice for PTSD. 7 Since then the high potential of the method presented in the clinical setting, the research is absolutely necessary and the tests as essential. These are the considerations which finally moves the entire experimental process outlined here. I would witness this job affection to my parents. I thank the team that is conducting this research: the advisor prof. Roberto Anchises, the co-professor. Roberto Guzzi, the co-Dr. Michael Giannantonio EMDR and the Association for Italy, especially dott.sa Isabel Fernandez, as well as independent evaluators. I warmly thank all the people close to me who helped me, Diego for proofreading, Dr. David Gerevini because he is a friend and for his patient help. I will never forget Captain Max, David and Valentina unpredictable, the most special people I have met during this course.
Keywords: Biofeedback Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD SPR Treatment Efficacy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
51. Farkas, L., Cyr, M., Lebeau, T. M., Lemay, J., & McDuff, P. (2008). L'efficacité de l'approche MASTR-EMDR Auprès d'adolescent(e)s qui ont été agressé(e)s sexuellement [Treatment effectiveness of MASTR-EMDR therapy for sexually abused adolescents]. Revue Québécoise de Psychologie, 29(3), 101-115.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Cette étude évalue l’efficacite du traitement manualise (MASTR-EMDR) supres d’adolescents ayant subi des agressions sexuelles. Les trente participants ont été repartis au hasard dans le groupe traitement ou dans le groupe-temoin qui continuait de recevoir les services habituels. Le traitement cible a la fois les problemes comportementaux des jeunes et la resolution de leurs traumatismes. Les participants ont complete des mesures du comportement et de symptomes post-traumatiques avant et apres le traitement et au suivi de 3 mois. Des analyses de type ANCOVA indiquent que les adolescents du groupe traitement presentent use amelioration significative de leur condition et les gains se sont maintenus dans le temps.
This study aims to assess the treatment outcomes of MASTR-EMDR therapy for sexually abused adolescents. Participants (n-30) were randomly assigned to the MASTR-EMDR therapy group or to a group receiving the usual treatment offered by Youth Protection Services. The MASTR component addresses treatment obstacles in youth with behavior problems and EMDR targets trauma resolution. Participants completed questionnaires on posttraumatic symptoms and behavior problems at the start of the study (pre-treatment), after completing either MASTR-EMDR or the routine treatment, and a 3-month follow-up. Repeated ANCOVA tests showed that MASTR-EMDR is associated with significant improvements compared with a control group and that these effects are maintained over time.
Keywords: Adolescents Conduct Disorders MASTR
Accuracy Verified: Yes
52. Chang, S. H. (2005). Mechanism of EM in EMDR: Change strength of semantic associations. Presentation at the American Psychological Association Annual Convention, Washington, DC.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Research background & objectives: Based on REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, this study examined possible therapeutic mechanisms of eye
movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989,
1995, 2001). Stickgold (2002) proposed that sleep induced change in associative memory
via activation of weak association during REM state and EMs functioned as REM sleep to
integrate the episodic memory of trauma into general semantic memory. Specifically, the
effect of EM in relation to order of relatedness of associations on change of strength of
semantic associations for negative words after saccadic bilateral eye movements was
examined in the present study.
Methods: Sixty-four college students were recruited as participants. Via semantic
priming task, a 2 (eye movement condition: horizontal saccadic eye movements vs. no
eye movements) × 3 (strength of semantic association: strong priming vs. weak priming
vs. unrelated priming) × 2 (block order of presentation: related prime first vs. unrelated
prime first) mixed factorial design was performed, with strength of semantic association
serving as within Ss factor and the other two variables serving as between Ss factors. The
primes consisted of negative word stimuli. Each trials consisted of an 8 seconds saccadic
horizontal eye movement manipulation (200 ms per movement in EM condition),
followed by 500-msec fixation point and then prime displayed for 32msec, which was
followed immediately by the target. The participant was instructed to read the target as
soon as possible and the reaction time was recorded by the compuer. While absolute
primeability index for strong (or weak) association was calculated as (RT
related – RT unrelated) for strong primes or weak primes, respectively, relative primeability index was calculated as (RT related – RT unrelated)/RT
unrelated. The dependent variables were correct (%), error (%), and primeability index for each of strong prime and weak prime. Change of primeability
of weak associations for negative stimuli as opposed to that of strong ones under different
EM conditions and different block order was compared.
Results: For absolute primeability index, the 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order) × 2 (strength
of priming) ANOVA showed that only the interaction effect of EM × strength of semantic
association was approaching significance, indicating that weak priming significantly
exceeded strong priming after EM (F (1, 56)
= 18.01, p < .001; partial ω 2= .210), while the
opposite was true after non-EM (F (1, 56)
= 25.86, p < .0001; partial ω 2 = .280). Further, for weak prime, the priming effect was stronger after EM than after non-EM (F
(1, 56) = 74.62,
p < .0001; partial ω 2 = .535). For relative primeability index, it also revealed that only the interaction effect of EM × strength of semantic association was significant (F (1, 56) = 6.09, p < .02; partial ω 2 = .074), and tests of simple main effects showed similar patterns as those of absolute primeability index. Conclusions: 8s EMs was associated with change of strength of semantic associations.
While EM didn’t weaken the primeability for the strong association, EM did enhance the
primeability for weak associations. Further, weak priming significantly exceeded strong
priming after EM, while the opposite was true after non-EM. The results echoed
REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, suggesting that EM in EMDR might
reflect a shift in associative memory systems by activating different strength of
associations of negative semantic nodes for different semantically related words. Given
that order of relatedness didn’t play a role and previous research showed that EM resulted
in decreased vividness and emotionality and generated greater amount of associations for
negative stimuli as well, the implications of the present results from theoretical and
psychotherapy point of views and future research possibilities are discussed.
Keywords: EMDR REM REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Saccadic Eye movement Semantic Association
Accuracy Verified: Yes
53. Sugawara Masakazu & Suzuki K (2004, July). Methodological and conceptual issues and tests - EMDR(Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing) and REM sleep. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Australian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment (ASSBI) and the International Neuropsychological Society (INS), Brisbane, Australia.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: Desensitisation and Reprocessing) and REM sleep. [Background] Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a new innovative treatment with a high success rate for psychological disturbances rooted in traumatic memory. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms of EMDR have not yet been elucidated. Why is saccadic eye movement effective for the reprocessing of previously established conditioned reflex? [Aims] The present research analysed (i)the topographical changes of EEG (and ERP) and REM sleep after EMDR treatment, and (ii)the subjective units of emotional distress (SUDs) and VOC. [Methods] Subjects (13 males and 20 females) were assigned to three groups according to varied conditions (control, provocational, and EMDR), and engaged in sets of horizontal saccadic-eye movements lasting approximately 30 seconds per set. Topographical changes of EEG and ERP activities were recorded from 14 placements over frontal, central, parietal, temporal and occipital scalp locations in the international 10-20 system with linked mastoides (A1-A2). Electrodes were also placed on the lateral canthus and above the supercillium of the left eye in order to measure the electrooculographic and electromyographic responses. [Results and Conclusions] The statistical significance of topographical EEG differences and REM densities during the pre-0post EMDR treatment situations, were evaluated using an ANONA and Mann-Whitney U test. The neurophysiological and psychological data indicate that the density of eye movement during REM sleep increased after provocation and EMDR, and the left frontal activities might indicate a treatment efficacy. It supports the hypothesis is that REM sleep is intimately involved with the mechanisms of emotional and memory reprocessing.
Accuracy Verified: Yes
54. Forgash, C. (2007, September). The negative impact of complex PTSD on health: an EMDR/ego state treatment plan. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Dallas, TX.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
EMDR and Ego State integrated treatment provides a clinical model for dealing with health problems in complex trauma survivors. Health problems are made more complex by the presence of dissociative disorders and PTSD symptoms in adult survivors. This presentation will focus on the treatment of these disorders. EMDR and Ego State techniques will be utilized to help the CTS patient: a) manage triggers and avoid re-traumatization, hyperarousal and numbing; desensitize and reprocess traumatic events; b) become assertive health consumers and deal with medical/dental procedures and tests; c) learn skills such as rehearsal, identifying problems, planning visits, etc.
Keywords: Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD Ego State Therapy Integrated Treatment Phased Treatment Plan
Accuracy Verified: Yes
55. Pagani, M., DiLorenzo, G., Verardo, A. R., Nicolais, G., Monaco, L., Lauretti, G., Russo, R., Niolu, C., Ammaniti, M. Fernandex, I., & Siracusano, A. (2012). Neurobiological correlates of EMDR monitoring - an EEG study. PLoS ONE, 7(9), 1-12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045753.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Background: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a recognized first-line treatment for psychological trauma. However its neurobiological bases have yet to be fully disclosed.
Methods: Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to fully monitor neuronal activation throughout EMDR sessions including the autobiographical script. Ten patients with major psychological trauma were investigated during their first EMDR session (T0) and during the last one performed after processing the index trauma (T1). Neuropsychological tests were administered at the same time. Comparisons were performed between EEGs of patients at T0 and T1 and between EEGs of patients and 10 controls who underwent the same EMDR procedure at T0. Connectivity analyses were carried out by lagged phase synchronization.
RESULTS: During bilateral ocular stimulation (BS) of EMDR sessions EEG showed a significantly higher activity on the orbito-frontal, prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in patients at T0 shifting towards left temporo-occipital regions at T1. A similar trend was found for autobiographical script with a higher firing in fronto-temporal limbic regions at T0 moving to right temporo-occipital cortex at T1. The comparisons between patients and controls confirmed the maximal activation in the limbic cortex of patients occurring before trauma processing. Connectivity analysis showed decreased pair-wise interactions between prefrontal and cingulate cortex during BS in patients as compared to controls and between fusiform gyrus and visual cortex during script listening in patients at T1 as compared to T0. These changes correlated significantly with those occurring in neuropsychological tests.
Conclusion: The ground-breaking methodology enabled our study to image for the first time the specific activations associated with the therapeutic actions typical of EMDR protocol. The findings suggest that traumatic events are processed at cognitive level following successful EMDR therapy, thus supporting the evidence of distinct neurobiological patterns of brain activations during BS associated with a significant relief from negative emotional experiences.
Keywords: EEG Study Neurobiological Correlates
Accuracy Verified: Yes
56. Bossini, L., Poliziotto, N., Tavanti, M., Calossi, S., Lombardelli, A., Vatti, G., & Castrogiovanni, P. (2006, Febbraio). Neuroimaging e PTSD: Dati morfovolumetrici e loro variazioni dopo trattamento [Neuroimaging and PTSD: Facts morfovolumetrici and their changes after treatment]. Presentazione al Congresso XI SOPSI (Società Italiana di Psicopatologia), Roma, Italia.
Language: Italian
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Introduzione: molti studi concordano sulla riduzione del volume ippocampale nei pazienti affetti da PTSD 1 e che tale alterazione anatomica è correlata con deficit cognitivi e
con la gravità dei sintomi. Comunque ad oggi non è stato ancora chiarito se l’atrofia ippocampale rappresenta l’esito di un effetto neurotossico del trauma o, piuttosto, una condizione
preesistente che predispone allo sviluppo di alcune patologie psichiatriche. Già da tempo studi su animali dimostrano
come lo stress causi atrofia ippocampale e inibizione della
neurogenesi, con meccanismi verosimilmente legati ai glucocorticoidi, all’increzione del fattore corticotropo, all’aumento degli aminoacidi eccitatori, all’inibizione fattore
neurotrofico cerebrale con perdita della plasticità neuronale. Nell’uomo, tuttavia, i risultati non sono così lineari. Da un
lato alcuni studi hanno individuato come fattore principale l’aumento dei glucocorticoidi 2, dall’altro tale teoria è stata fortemente criticata 3. Secondo Yehuda il meccanismo di
atrofia ippocampale è dovuto ad un’alterazione dell’asse
Ipotalamo-Ipofisi-Surrene (HPA), ma in termini di una bassa
increzione di glucocorticoidi che determina un aumento del
feedback negativo dell’asse stesso ed un’ipersensibilità recettoriale.
Indipendentemente dal meccanismo d’azione, la perdita di neuroni a livello ippocampale nei soggetti che hanno subito eventi traumatici sembra sufficientemente dimostrata e, fino a poco tempo fa, era considerata irreversibile. In realtà l’ippocampo sembra presentare una inusuale e spontanea capacità rigenerativa. Questo dato è stato individuato in molte specie animali e, in un unico studio, anche nell’uomo 4. Inoltre recenti evidenze pre-cliniche e cliniche hanno indicato che gli SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) promuovono la neurogenesi e riducono l’atrofia ippocampale
indotta dallo stress nell’animale 5 e nell’uomo sono in grado
di ridurre i sintomi del PTSD, incrementare le dimensioni
dell’ippocampo e ridurre i deficit mnesici tipici della patologia
6 7. Un altro fattore che sembra essere in grado di stimolare la neurogenesi negli animali sembra essere “l’ambiente arricchito” verosimilmente tramite i meccanismi molecolari dell’apprendimento che sembrano in grado di attivare la trascrizione dell’mRNA per il Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor. Questo dato della letteratura supporta il razionale dell’efficacia della psicoterapia anche se l’unico studio
che valuta le modificazioni morfostrutturali dopo psicoterapia non ha riportato risultati positivi 8. Gli scopi di questo studio sono:
– valutare la presenza di atrofia ippocampale nei pazienti affetti da PTSD (T0-drug-free);
– valutare l’effetto della terapia: farmacologica con SSRI e
psicoterapica con EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) sia sul piano clinico e neuropsicologico,
che sul volume ippocampale, sia sulla memoria (T1). Metodologia: abbiamo analizzato un campione di 20 pazienti, di età compresa tra i 15 ed i 65 anni, reclutati nell’ambulatorio psichiatrico del Policlinico universitario di
Siena affetti da PTSD e un gruppo di controllo di soggetti
sani appaiati per sesso, età, peso e altezza. I soggetti di entrambi
i gruppi sono stati sottoposti ad uno studio morfovolumetrico
computerizzato dell’Ippocampo tramite RM (Risonanza Magnetica). Inoltre, i diciassette pazienti con PTSD sono stati valutati tramite la somministrazione di test neuropsicologici
e scale psicometriche per approfondire il quadro
psicopatologico e valutare l’eventuale presenza di deficit cognitivi. Nei soggetti affetti da PTSD dopo un periodo di sei mesi di
terapia psicofarmacologica sono stati ripetuti i test neuropsicologici,
le scale psicometriche e l’analisi morfovolumetrica dell’ippocampo tramite RM.
Tre pazienti, dopo le valutazioni al T0, hanno effettuato un protocollo terapeutico con solo EMDR e sono stati rivalutati
dopo 8 sedute (due mesi).
Risultati: i risultati della prima parte sperimentale (T0-drug-free) evidenziano che le dimensioni dell’ippocampo di
sinistra nei soggetti affetti da PTSD sono significativamente minori rispetto ai controlli sani. Dai risultati osservati al follow-up (T1-post-terapia) è possibile
evincere che la terapia nei soggetti considerati è associata ad un miglioramento della sintomatologia e ad un aumento
dei volumi ippocampali, pari al 9,87% per l’ippocampo di destra e dell’8,37% per l’ippocampo di sinistra. Questi dati
sono concordi con i dati presenti in letteratura, anche se la percentuale di recupero su base neuroplastica nel nostro studio
risulta sensibilmente superiore rispetto ai due studi presenti in letteratura incremento pari al 4,6% 6; pari al 5% 7. I tre pazienti che hanno effettuato terapia con EMDR hanno
anch’essi mostrato al T1 un miglioramento sintomatologico (CAPS non più positiva per i criteri diagnostici) ed un aumento
medio dei volumi ippocampali pari a 338,25 mm3 per
l’ippocampo DX e 357,93 mm3 per l’ippocampo SN.
Conclusioni: la terapia nei soggetti considerati si è associata ad un aumento dei volumi ippocampali (9,87%-8,37%).
L’aumento dei volumi ippocampali appare rilevante, consistente con i dati in letteratura, sebbene quantitativamente superiore, sottolineando l’efficacia degli SSRI verosimilmente tramite il meccanismo di attivazione della neurogenesi;
è ipotizzabile che l’aumento di volume non sia da imputare ad un aumento delle cellule gliali ma ad un aumento di neuroni ippocampali visto il contemporaneo miglioramento clinico. Particolarmente interessante ci sembra il dato relativo all’efficacia clinica e sulla plasticità neurale della EMDR.
Questa osservazione su solo tre casi, necessita chiaramente di essere confermata su un campione più ampio ma rappresenta la prima evidenza in letteratura di un’azione della psicoterapia
diretta alla struttura cerebrale.
Introduction: Many studies agree on the reduction of hippocampal volume in patients with PTSD and that an anatomical alteration is correlated with cognitive deficits and the severity of symptoms. However to date has not yet been clarified whether hippocampal atrophy is the result of a neurotoxic effect of trauma or, rather, an underlying condition that predisposes to the development of some psychiatric disorders. For some time animal studies show that stress causes hippocampal atrophy and inhibition of neurogenesis, by mechanisms probably related to glucocorticoids, all'increzione corticotropo factor, increased excitatory amino acid, inhibition of brain neurotrophic factor with loss of neuronal plasticity. In humans, however, the results are not so linear. On the one hand, some studies have identified as the main factor increasing glucocorticoid two other such theory was strongly criticized 3. According to Yehuda mechanism of hippocampal atrophy is due to an alteration of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA), but in terms of a low secretion of glucocorticoids leading to an increase of negative feedback axis and the same receptor hypersensitivity . Regardless of the mechanism of action, loss of neurons in hippocampus in people who have suffered traumatic events seems sufficiently established and, until recently, was considered irreversible. In fact, the hippocampus appears to be an unusual and spontaneous regenerative capacity. This figure has been identified in many animal species and in one study in humans 4. Moreover, recent evidence pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) promote neurogenesis and reduce stress-induced hippocampal atrophy in animals 5 and humans are able to reduce symptoms of PTSD, increase the size of the hippocampus and reduce the deficit mnesic typical of the disease 6 7. Another factor that seems to be able to stimulate neurogenesis in animals seems to be "enriched environment" probably through molecular mechanisms of learning that seem able to activate the transcription of mRNA for Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor. This finding supports the rationale of the literature of the effectiveness of psychotherapy, even if the only study that evaluates changes morphostructural after psychotherapy has shown positive results 8. The aims of this study are: - To evaluate the presence of hippocampal atrophy in patients with PTSD (T0-drug-free) - to assess the effect of therapy: pharmacological SSRI and psychotherapy with EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) is a clinical and neuropsychological, and on hippocampal volume, and memory (T1). Methods: We analyzed a sample of 20 patients, aged between 15 and 65, recruited nell'ambulatorio Psychiatric University Hospital of Siena with PTSD and a control group of healthy subjects matched by sex, age, weight and height. Subjects in both groups were subjected to a computerized study morfovolumetrico dell'Ippocampo using MRI (Magnetic Resonance). In addition, seventeen patients with PTSD were assessed through administration of psychometric scales and neuropsychological tests to study the psychopathological picture and evaluate the possible presence of cognitive deficits. In subjects with PTSD after a period of six months of pharmacological therapy were repeated neuropsychological tests, scales psychometric analysis morfovolumetrica hippocampus by MRI. Three patients at T0 after assessments, carried out a treatment protocol with only EMDR and were reassessed after eight sessions (two months). Results: The results of the first experiment (T0-drug-free) show that the size of the left hippocampus in patients with PTSD are significantly lower compared to healthy controls. The results observed during the follow-up (T1-post-therapy) can be inferred that therapy in patients considered to be associated with improvement in symptoms and an increase in hippocampal volume, equal to 9.87% for the right hippocampus and 8, 37% for the left hippocampus. These data are consistent with the data in the literature, although the recovery rate based on neuroplastic in our study is significantly higher than in the two studies in the literature increase of 4.6% 6; 5% 7. The three patients who have treatment with EMDR have also shown an improvement in symptoms at T1 (CAPS no longer positive for the diagnostic criteria) and an average increase in hippocampal volume amounted to 338.25 mm3 for the hippocampus and DX 357, 93 mm3 for the hippocampus SN. Conclusions: Therapy in patients considered was associated with an increase in hippocampal volume (9.87% -8.37%). The increase in hippocampal volume appear to be relevant, consistent with the literature data, although quantitatively greater, stressing the effectiveness of SSRIs probably through the mechanism of activation of neurogenesis, it is conceivable that the increase in volume is attributable to an increase glial cells but an increase of hippocampal neurons seen the simultaneous clinical improvement. Seems particularly interesting given the relative clinical effectiveness of EMDR and neural plasticity. This observation on only three cases, clearly needs to be confirmed on a larger sample but represents the first evidence in the literature of action of psychotherapy directed at brain structure.
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
57. Olff, M., Nijdam, M., Samuelson, K., Golier, J., Meewisse, M., Marmar, C., Yehuda, R., Gersons, B., & Neylan, T. (2007, November). Neuropsychological Symptoms in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Changes Over Time. Symposium conducted at the 23rd annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Baltimore, MD.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Neuropsychological symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder and changes over time: Attention and memory problems are some of the most persisting
and debilitating symptoms related to PTSD. This symposium will
focus on neuropsychological symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder
with particular emphasis on changes over time or changes
due to treatment.
Effects of psychotherapy on neuropsychological
performance in PTSD:
Two of the most common findings in neuropsychological studies of
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are impairments of attention
and verbal memory. This presentation addresses whether these
impairments improve after trauma-focused psychotherapy. Data are
presented from an ongoing randomized controlled trial comparing
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy (n
= 70) and Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n = 70). Participants
were outpatients diagnosed with PTSD after a type I trauma of different
kind. Attention and memory were investigated before and
after treatment using the following neuropsychological tests: Trail
Making Test, STROOP task, California Verbal Learning Test and
Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test. Different versions of the memory
tests were administrated at pre- and postassessment in order to
control for learning effects. Preliminary results of treatment completers
indicate significant improvements of verbal memory and
divided attention after both treatments. Differences between the
treatments as well as the clinical relevance of the findings will be
discussed.
Keywords: Neuropsychological Performance Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
58. Henry, S. (1996, Winter). Pathological gambling: Etiologic considerations and treatment efficacy of eye movement desensitization/reprocessing. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12(4), 395-405. doi:10.1007/BF01539184.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This study of 22 subjects who meet DSM-IV criteria for Pathological Gambling (PG) tests a theory that the development of PG lies in the existence of unresolved trauma-related anxiety, similar to PTSD, and predicts that reduction of that anxiety will result in reduced pathological gambling behavior. The study compares the effect on gambling event frequency of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy with cognitive therapy to that of cognitive therapy alone for subjects with and without reported trauma history. Results are significant for pre- vs post-EMDR (p = .04), for those with reported trauma history (p = .01), and when controlled for frequency of sessions and time in therapy prior to the treatment (p = .04). Findings support an anxiety based model for the etiology of PG behavior. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Americans Clinical Trial Cognitive Therapy Empirical Study Etiology Impulse-Control Disorders Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
59. Hopchet, M., & Detournay, F. (2012, June). Preliminary study on the effects of simultaneous application of two types of stimulations (eye movements and tactile stimuli) on psychophysiological autoreported symptoms in the treatment of negative autobiographical memories [Estudios preliminares sobre los efectos de la aplicación simultanea de dos tipos de estimulación (movimientos oculares y táctiles) en sintomatología psicofisiológica autoinformada en el tratamiento de recuerdos autobiográficos negativos]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Negative autobiographical memories are effectively treated using EMDR
with patients making eye movements during the recall of negative
autobiographical memories. While several studies have measured the effects of
different types of stimulations, we are not aware of any research assessing the
combined effects of two different stimulations applied simultaneously during the
recall of the event.
For this preliminary study involving 15 adult patients from both sexes, 4 EMDR
counselor therapists measure 17 symptoms of the list proposed by Weimann
(1968)). Each patient is evaluated before, during and at the end of each session.
We control the effect of the sequence of one versus two types of stimulations by
assigning each patient to both conditions but in a random way: (a) first target first
session with one type of stimulation following with a second target first session,
including two types of stimulation; (b) the inversed sequence. We compare the
mean level intensity of each symptom (within factor) between one type vs. two
types of stimulations (between factor) using the Anova and the t- Student tests.
We hypothesize that an attenuation of intensity of the stress symptoms occurs
when the patient is treated simultaneously with two types of bilateral stimulation
(eye movements and tactile stimuli), compared to one (eye movements).
The paper presents preliminary data, as well as a discussion of the results in the
light of the theory of the working memory (Andrade et al.1997) and the
reassurance reflex model of EMDR proposed by MacCulloch and Feldman (1996).
Los
recuerdos
autobiográficos
negativos
son
tratados
con
efectividad
usando
el
EMDR
con
pacientes
a
través
del
movimiento
ocular
de
ojos
durante
el
acceso
al
recuerdo
negativo
autobiográfico.
Mientras
muchos
estudios
han
medido
dos
tipos
diferentes
de
estimulación,
no
estamos
al
corriente
de
ninguna
otra
investigación
que
informe
de
los
efectos
combinados
de
los
dos
tipos
de
estimulación
aplicada
simultáneamente
durante
este
acceso
al
recuerdo
del
evento.
En
este
estudio
preliminar
contamos
con
los
datos
de
15
pacientes
adultos
de
ambos
sexos,
4
consultores
EMDR
midieron
17
síntomas
de
la
lista
propuesta
por
Weimann
(1968).
Cada
paciente
era
evaluado
antes,
durante,
y
al
final
de
cada
sesión.
Controlamos
los
efectos
de
una
secuencia
en
función
de
los
2
tipos
de
estimulación,
asignando
a
cada
paciente
ambas
condiciones
pero
de
manera
aleatorizada:
(a)
Primer
recuerdo
Diana,
primera
sesión
con
un
tipo
de
estimulación
seguido
de
un
Segundo
recuerdo
de
la
primera
sesión
incluyendo
dos
tipos
de
estimulación;
(b)
invertimos
la
secuencia
anterior.
Comparamos
la
media
del
nivel
de
intensidad
de
cada
síntoma
(dentro
del
factor)
entre
un
tipo
y
dos
tipos
de
estimulación
(entre
factores)
usando
cálculos
estadísticos
de
Anoia
y
una
t-‐Student
para
los
resultados.
Nuestra
hipótesis
es
que
ocurrirá
una
atenuación
de
los
síntomas
de
estrés
cuando
el
paciente
es
tratado
simultáneamente
con
dos
tipos
de
estimulación
bilateral
(movimientos
oculares
y
estímulos
táctiles),
comparados
con
la
de
un
solo
tipo
(Movimientos
oculares).
Este
artículo
presenta
el
análisis
preliminar
de
los
datos,
así
como
la
discusión
de
los
resultados
en
línea
con
la
teoría
de
la
memoria
de
trabajo
(Andrade
y
cols
1997)
y
la
reafirmación
del
modelo
refractario
del
EMDR
propuesto
por
MacCulloch
y
Feldman
(1996).
Keywords: Autobiographical Memories Bilateral Stimulation Eye Movements Tactile Stimulation
Accuracy Verified: Yes
60. Robredo, J., & Gordillo, M. (2010, Abril). Protocolo de tratamiento breve para menores expuestos a situaciones de violencia de género familiar [Brief treatment protocol for children exposed to domestic violence situations familiar]. In Pautas de Intervención con menores infractores y situaciones de violencia de género. Simposio realizado en el Congreso Internacional sobre Avances en Tratamientos Psicológicos, Granada, Spain .
Language: Spanish
Format: Conference
Abstract:
El Instituto de Psicotrauma de Alicante y los Servicios Sociales del Ayuntamiento
de San Juan, aplican desde 2008 un protocolo de intervención breve
para menores expuestos a violencia de género, basado en las técnicas
de desensibilización y reprocesamiento a través del movimiento de los ojos,
EMDR© (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing).
Los resultados obtenidos con 28 menores de 4 a 12 años indican una
desaparición de los cuadros clínicos de estrés postraumático y depresión,
la remisión de los problemas de conducta concomitantes (desobediencia,
agresividad) y una mejora del vínculo afectivo con la madre.
El protocolo de intervención consta de 4 fases: evaluación, tratamiento,
prevención de recaídas y seguimiento. La evaluación se realiza en 2 sesiones,
una con la madre y otra con su hij@. Consta de sendas entrevistas
clínicas y la administración de la Escala de Ansiedad Manifiesta en Niños
(CMAS-R), la Escala de Gravedad de Síntomas del Estrés Postraumático y
el Test del Dibujo de la Familia (niñ@s menores de 6 años). El tratamiento
consiste en la aplicación de técnicas de EMDR a lo largo de 7 sesiones trabajando
con los recuerdos traumáticos del menor asociados a la violencia
vivida en la familia. Las 2 últimas sesiones se hacen junto con la madre,
trabajando escenas específicamente relacionadas con la figura del maltratador.
La prevención de recaídas se realiza en 1 sesión con la madre y el/la
niñ@, y se trabajan, también con EMDR, situaciones probables de su futuro,
como pueden ser encuentros con el padre. Al mes de seguimiento se volvieron
a realizar las entrevistas y a pasar los tests de evaluación. El 100% de
los menores atendidos experimentaron la remisión de sus síntomas de estrés
postraumático y en el 80% de los casos desaparecieron sus problemas
de conducta en el entorno familiar y escolar.
Psychotrauma Institute of Alicante and the Social Services of the City
San Juan, applied since 2008, a brief intervention protocol
for children exposed to domestic violence, based on the techniques
desensitization and reprocessing through movement of the eyes,
© EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing).
The results obtained with 28 kids from 4 to 12 years indicate a
disappearance of the clinical symptoms of PTSD and depression,
remission of concomitant behavior problems (disobedience,
aggression) and improved bonding with the mother.
The intervention protocol consists of four phases: assessment, treatment,
relapse prevention and monitoring. The evaluation is done in two sessions,
with each other with their mother and hij @. It consists of individual interviews
clinical and management Manifest Anxiety Scale in Children
(CMAS-R), the Symptom Severity Scale and Posttraumatic Stress
Drawing Test Family (children under 6 s). treatment
involves the application of techniques EMDR 7 along working sessions
with the minor traumatic memories associated with violence
experienced domestically. The last 2 sessions are done with the mother,
scenes work specifically related to the figure of the perpetrator.
Relapse prevention is done in one session with the mother and / the
Nin @, and worked also with EMDR, probable future situations,
such as meetings with the father. One month after they became
to conduct interviews and assessment tests pass. 100%
treated children experienced a remission of their symptoms of stress
posttraumatic and in 80% of cases their problems disappeared
behavior in the family and school environment.
Keywords: Children Domestic Violence
Accuracy Verified: Yes
61. Tarquinio, C., Fayard, A., & Mousel, P. (2008, June). Psychological consequences of family violence act in a small group of women victims and EMDR therapy: Preliminary results. Presentation at the 9th annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Objective: The present study would expose first results of a study about the consequences of family
violence act in a small group of women victims treated by EMDR therapy. Subjects: All of the victims
underwent EMDR therapy for seven 90-minute sessions. The subjects were included in the
therapeutic project for 12 months and were followed for 6 month after the end of the therapy.
Procedure: The victims (n=9) were referred by different associations of victims to consult with two of
the authors who took charge of all of the treatments. We have constructed a control group (n=9) with
the same characteristics (age, study level,...). After the first consultation a proposal was made to the
subjects to be part of a research protocol. The subjects then had to answer questions from Horowitz’s
Revised Impact Event Scale (Horowitz & al., 1979) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory –STAI-
(Spielberger & al. 1983). In the framework of therapeutic protocol, the subjects had to do a SUDS
evaluation. These different measures were administered to all of the subjects before beginning the
therapy (T1), after the seven sessions of EMDR (T2), and six months later (T3). Main results: Because
of the small size of the sample and a non-normal distribution, the data were processed with nonparametric
tests. We show differences between victims and non victims in the beginning of therapy.
The victims have higher scores in the IES-R and STAI than the control subjects. Difference continues
for the all duration of the experimentation, but the assessments after seven sessions and after six
months show fewer differences. It’s important to note that the differences between the pre-test, the
postest and the evaluation after six months are shown to be equally very significant, indicating a very
positive effect with EMDR on the reduction of intrusive symptoms and avoidance.
Keywords: Family Violence Act
Accuracy Verified: Yes
62. Guzzi, R., Bossa, R., & Masaraki, S. (2003). Psychophysiological analysis of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing treatment. Homeostasis in Health and Disease, 42(3), 129-131.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a new controversial treatment that claims to resolve long-standing traumatic memories within few treatment sessions. Evidence based data indicate that EMDR markedly reduces anxiety associated with a traumatic memory already at the first session, and behavioural changes tend to be maintained. In spite of the positive results, critical reviews have outlined some methodological biases in the EMDR previous studies, such as the lacking of a pre and post treatment standardised assessments, lacking of standardised inclusion criteria, poor study design. In the present study we have examined three subjects with PTSD, before and after EMDR therapy. Clinical interviews, psychological tests and self-reports have been administered. Biofeedback measures of electromyographic muscle tension, body temperature, heart rate and skin potential reaction have been used as well. An independent investigator was responsible for the collection of final data. The results showed an interesting trend after treatment compared to baseline. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Empirical Study Quantitative Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
63. Struik, A. (2011, April). Slapende honden? Wakker maken! Een stabilisatie methode voor vroegkinderlijk, chronisch getraumatiseerde kinderen [Dogs? Wake up! A stabilization method for early, chronic traumatized children]. Presentatie op de 5e jaarlijkse conferentie van EMDR Vereniging, Nijmegen, Nederland.
Language: Dutch
Format: Conference
Abstract:
De stabilisatie en behandeling van deze kinderen kan gecompliceerd zijn. Vanzelfsprekend is het creëren van een veilige omgeving en een hechtingsfiguur een eerste stap. Maar wat dan? Deze kinderen functioneren soms ogenschijnlijk goed. Hun vermijdingsstrategieën zijn effectief en ze weigeren om over het trauma te praten of zeggen dat ze het vergeten zijn. Ze hebben er geen last meer van, of ze weten er niks meer van omdat ze een dissociatieve stoornis hebben. Maar de verleiding van de therapeut om dan geen slapende honden wakker te maken is een gevaarlijke. Want onder deze ogenschijnlijk goed functionerende buitenkant, zit een constant alert, angstig en eenzaam kind. Dit kind kan zich niet hechten en dit gebrek aan veilige hechting is verwoestend voor de ontwikkeling. Dit wordt echter vaak alleen zichtbaar door er expliciet naar te zoeken, zeker als er sprake is van dissociatie.
In deze presentatie zal ik toelichten hoe je deze stabilisatiemethode, welke een bewerking is van De drie testen (Spierings, 2008), kunt gebruiken en met name bij dissociatieve stoornissen. Deze methode helpt de therapeut om te beslissen of een kind verdere stabilisatie nodig heeft en hoe dat te bereiken, voordat met EMDR gestart kan worden. Deze workshop is anders dan de presentatie van vorig jaar omdat de focus meer ligt op het toepassen van de methode en dan met name bij dissociatie.
Allereerst begin je natuurlijk met diagnostiek van dissociatie. Door dan de problemen die het kind ervaart te koppelen aan ervaringen in het verleden wordt het kind gemotiveerd voor behandeling. Dan worden de zes stappen van de stabilisatiemethode (veiligheid, rust in het dagelijks leven, hechting verbeteren, emotieregulatie, zelfbeeld en notendop) toegelicht. Dan wordt besproken hoe EMDR kan worden geïntegreerd in een gefaseerde behandeling voor deze kinderen en wat aanpassingen zijn bij dissociatieve stoornissen.
The stabilization and treatment of these children can be complicated. Obviously, creating a safe environment and an attachment figure is a first step. But what then? These children sometimes seemingly functioning properly. Their avoidance strategies are effective and they refuse to talk about the trauma or say they forgot it. They have no more trouble, they know nothing more because they have a dissociative disorder. But the seduction of the therapist and then to wake sleeping dogs is dangerous. For, by this seemingly well-functioning without, is a constant alert, anxious and lonely child. This child can not stick and this lack of secure attachment is devastating for the development. This is often visible only by explicitly to look for, especially when there is dissociation.
In this presentation I will explain how this stabilization method, which is a reworking of the three tests (Spierings, 2008), can use and in particular in dissociative disorders. This method helps the therapist to decide whether a child needs further stabilization and how to reach before EMDR can be started. This workshop is different than the presentation of last year because the focus is more on applying the method and especially for dissociation.
First you start with diagnostics course of dissociation. By then the problems the child experiences to link past experiences, the child is motivated for treatment. Then the six steps of the method of stabilization (safety, peace in everyday life, improve adherence, emotion regulation, and self nutshell) explained. Then discusses how EMDR can be integrated into a phased treatment for these children and what changes in dissociative disorders.
Keywords: Children Dissociative Disorders Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
64. Struik, A. (2011, Févrieri). Sleeping dogs: Stabilisation et EMDR pour enfants et adolescents avec traumatismes complexes [Sleeping dogs: Stabilizing and EMDR for children and adolescents with complex trauma]. Avc de l' UPC KULeuven, Campus Kortenberg, Belgium.
Language: Dutch
Format: Other
Abstract:
Stabiliser et traiter les enfants traumatisés et souvent dissociés peut être compliqué. En apparence, ils peuvent sembler fonctionner relativement bien. Leurs stratégies d'évitement paraissent efficaces et ils refusent de parler du trauma ou disent qu'ils l'ont oublié. Cela ne les perturbe plus. Mais le désir du thérapeute de laisser les chiens dormir tranquillement est une stratégie dangereuse. Sous cette apparence de bon fonctionnement extérieur l'enfant est terrifié, constamment en alerte et seul, incapable de trouver le réconfort. Cet enfant ne peut s'attacher et ce manque d'attachement sécure peut dévaster son développement futur. Cependant, ce n'est que par une anamnèse détaillée réalisée par les soignants et les instituteurs que ces problèmes souvent cachés peuvent être révélés.
Arianne expliquera les principes de base de la dissociation et de la dissociation structurelle chez les enfants dans le but d'aider à les traiter.
Dans ce workshop, elle fera une démonstration du "6 tests", un nouveau modèle unique de stabilisation pour enfants. La stabilisation inclut la motivation, la psycho-éducation, la création d'un lieu sûr, l'activation du système d'attachement, des outils d'auto-régulation, des changements cognitifs, etc . Le "6 tests" aide le thérapeute à décider si l'enfant a besoin de stabilisation supplémentaire et comment l'établir avant de commencer l'EMDR.
Stabilize and treat traumatized children and often dissociated can be complicated. Outwardly, they may appear to function relatively well. Their avoidance strategies seem effective and they refuse to talk about the trauma or say they have forgotten. That does not disturb more. But the therapist's desire to let the dogs sleep in peace is a dangerous strategy. Under the appearance of functioning outside the child is terrified, alone and constantly alert, unable to find comfort. This child can not concentrate and lack of secure attachment can devastate its future development. However, it is only through a detailed history completed by caregivers and teachers that these often hidden problems can be revealed.
Arianne will explain the basic principles of unbundling and structural separation of children in order to help address them.
In this workshop she will demonstrate the "6 tests," a new model for stabilization of single children. Stabilization includes motivation, psycho-education, creating a safe place, the activation of attachment system, tools for self-regulation, the exchange
In this workshop she will demonstrate the "6 tests," a new model for stabilization of single children. Stabilization includes motivation, psycho-education, creating a safe place, the activation of attachment system, tools for self-regulation, cognitive changes, etc.. "6 test" helps the therapist to decide if the child requires additional stabilization and how to prepare before starting EMDR.
Keywords: Adults Children Complex Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
65. Troost, P. W. (2011, April). Sociale informatieverwerking en behandeling bij kinderen met een verstandelijk beperking [Social information processing and treatment of children with a mental restriction]. Symposia op het 39ste Voorjaarscongres Nederlandse Vereniging voor Psychiatrie, Amsterdam.
Language: Dutch
Format: Conference
Abstract:
De psychiatrische morbiditeit
bij kinderen met een verstandelijke beperking
(VB) is hoog. Daarbij spelen tekorten in de
sociale informatieverwerking (SI) een belangrijke
rol. Bestaande diagnostische instrumenten als
intelligentietesten geven daarover onvolledige
informatie. Tegen deze achtergrond wordt de Sociale
Informatie Verwerkings Test (SIVT) ontwikkeld
om op gestandaardiseerde wijze tekorten in de
sociale informatievewerking te kunnen bepalen.
Kennis van de specifieke beperkingen bij kinderen
met een verstandelijke beperking maakt het
mogelijk voor normaal intelligente kinderen ontwikkelde
evidence-based behandelingen als eye
movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) en Functional Family Therapy (FFT) aan te passen voor kinderen met een verstandelijke beperking. Veel
van de gezinnen kampen met multipele problemen
en worden vanuit een poliklinische setting
onvoldoende bereikt. Om deze reden is een outreachende
vorm van hulpverlening ontwikkeld
waarbij zorg wordt geboden op school.
Leerdoel: De deelnemer heeft weet van:
1. de ontwikkeling van de SIVT voor kinderen met
een verstandelijke beperking; 2. hoe kennis over
specifieke beperkingen bij kinderen met een verstandelijke
beperking te gebruiken bij de aanpassing
van bestaande evidence-based behandelvormen
als emdr en FFT; 3. het inzetten van methodieken
van verplaatste zorg als ‘de zorgklas’.
The psychiatric morbidity
in children with intellectual disabilities
(VB) is high. While deficits in play
social information (SI), a major
role. Existing diagnostic tools such as
Intelligence tests provide about incomplete
information. Against this background, the Social
Information Processing Test (SIPT) developed
standardized manner to shortages in the
informative social force to be determined.
Knowledge of the specific limitations in children
with an intellectual disability makes it
possible for normally intelligent children developed
evidence-based treatments such as eye
Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Functional Family Therapy (FFT) to adapt for children with intellectual disabilities. Many
of families facing multiple problems
and from an outpatient setting
insufficiently reached. For this reason, an outreach
form of development assistance
where care is provided at school.
Objective: The participant knows:
1. the development of children with SIPT
learning disabilities; 2. how knowledge about
limitations in children with intellectual
restriction to use in adjusting
existing evidence-based treatment modalities
as EMDR and FFT; 3. the use of methodologies
to transfer care as' care class.
Keywords: Children FFT Functional Family Therapy Mental Disabilities Social Information Processing Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
66. Associated Press. (1997, November 30). Springs cops take part in stress study: Tests will compare new, traditional techniques. Denver, CO: Rocky Mountain News, Final, Local, 25A.
Language: English
Format: Newspaper
Abstract:
Colorado Springs - A California psychologist developed EMDR in 1989. Therapists have patients recall traumatic events, then waggle their fingers in the patients' faces in an effort to stimulate certain brain activities that allow patients to feel for the first time that the trauma is over.
Keywords: Denver, Police Stress
Accuracy Verified: Yes
67. Spiuerings, J. (2006, November). Stabilisatie: een gestructureerde benadering. Hoe doe je het en waarom? [Stabilization: a structured approach. How do you do it and why?]. Workshop gepresenteerd aan de tweede congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
Language: Dutch
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Bij iedere cliënt die zich aanmeldt met traumagerelateerde klachten en symptomen, wordt de vraag tenminste éénmaal in de loop van de behandeling gesteld: Wat doen we? Toedekken of openleggen? Stabilisatie of traumaverwerking?
In deze presentatie wordt een gesystematiseerde werkwijze beschreven om samen met de cliënt te onderzoeken of deze toe is aan traumaverwerking.
De verwerkingsmogelijkheden van de cliënt worden gezamenlijk getaxeerd, en waar nodig versterkt en uitgebouwd.
Dit gebeurt aan de hand van een informeel instrument, "De drie testen", waarmee de keuze voor stabiliseren dan wel confronteren op ieder moment in de behandeling zorgvuldig kan worden afgewogen.
Het resultaat laat precies zien wat de cliënt (nog) tekort komt, en geeft daarmee de behandelaar materiaal voor een op maat gemaakt behandelplan.
Sommige cliënten kunnen meteen beginnen aan traumawerk, voor anderen komt het moment van verwerken nooit. Maar ook voor die cliënten levert "De drie testen" een gestructureerd en zinvol behandelprogramma op.
De presentatie is vanuit een theoretisch kader buitengewoon praktisch van opzet: u kunt deze werkwijze meteen zelf de volgende dag toepassen.
For each client who signs up with trauma-related symptoms and signs, the question at least once in the course of treatment is: What do we do? Cover or open up? Stabilization or trauma?
This presentation is a systematized approach described together with the client to determine whether this is due for trauma.
The processing capabilities of the client are jointly valued, and where necessary, strengthened and expanded.
This is done by means of an informal tool, "The three tests, the fixing or stabilizing confront at any time during treatment can be carefully weighed.
The result shows exactly what the client (yet) lacks, thus indicating the material handler for a tailored treatment plan.
Some clients can start on trauma work for others is not the time of processing. But for clients who delivers "The three tests" a structured and meaningful treatment program.
The presentation is extremely practical from a theoretical framework of design: this method will choose the next day to apply.
Keywords: Stabilization
Accuracy Verified: Yes
68. Struik, A. L. (2010, June). Stabilization and EMDR treatment of young dissociative children, the use of the six tests, a stabilization model. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
The stabilization and treatment of young dissociative
children can be complicated. Providing the child with a safe
environment and attachment figure is obviously the first step.
But what's next? They can appear to function relatively well.
Their avoidance strategies seem effective and they refuse to
talk about trauma or say they forgot about it. It doesn't bother
them anymore. But the temptation of the therapist to let sleeping
dogs lie is a dangerous one.
Underneath this apparently well-functioning outside the child
is terrified, constantly alert, and lonely, unable to find comfort,
This child cannot attach and this lack of safe attachment is devastating
for future development. However, only detailed history
taking from caregivers and schoolteachers will often reveals
these otherwise often hidden problems.
In this presentation 1 will demonstrate. The six tests, a new and
unique stabilization model for children. The six tests help therapy
is to decide whether a child needs further stabilization and
how to establish this stabilization, before starting with EMDR. I
will present some cases to illustrate this process and the use of stabilization techniques. The children need to learn self-regulation
skills to reduce stress. Then we activate the attachment
system, so they car, reduce stress by seeking comfort. In this
way the need to dissociate reduces. By relating present problems
to past experiences their motivation increases to look into
their traumas and start EMDR, (but only on their request). Finally,
I will discuss adjustments in the EMDR protocol for these
dissociative children in order to keep them in the desensitization
process and how to integrate the use of EMDR Into the complete
phase-orientated treatment.
Learning objectives:
-The basic tenets of the six tests
-The ability to critically consider whether a child needs further
stabilization or can start EMDR.
- Understanding which techniques to utilize for particular conditions, through case presentations and questions.
New and unique: This model is an adjustment for children of
The tree test (Spieling, 2008) for adults, which is unique and
new. Up until now, many EMDR therapists don't treat these children,
because they are afraid to destabilize them or don't know
how to do it. With this model I hope they start to treat these
children who need EMDR the most.
Keywords: Children Dissociation: Six Tests
Accuracy Verified: Yes
69. Korzekwa, M. (2010, September/October). Strategic developmental model for EMDR in borderline personality Disorder post dialectical behavior therapy. Research symposium conducted at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Minneapolis, MN.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This pilot study (2 cases) tests the feasibility, safety and efficacy of 24 sessions of the Strategic Developmental Model for EMDR in Boderline Personality Disorder subjects who have completed Dialectical Behavior Therapy.
Keywords: DBT Dialectical Behavior Therapy Borderline Personality Disorder BPD Strategic Developmental Model Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
70. Pagani, M. (2008, Novembre). Sub-strato neurobiologico della sindrome da stress post-traumatico e relativo impatto funzionale e strutturale della terapia con EMDR [Neurobiological substrate of post-traumatic stress syndrome and impact on functional and structural therapy with EMDR]. Presentazione le Applicazioni Cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.
Language: Italian
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Recenti studi hanno dimostrato come la sindrome da stress post-traumatico (PTSD) possa causare nel cervello cambiamenti sia strutturali che funzionali. Studi di imaging funzionale tramite tomografia ad emissione di fotone singolo (SPECT) e ad emissione di positrone (PET) hanno evidenziato significative variazioni del flusso cerebrale in pazienti con PTSD durante la rivisitazione del trauma. A questo proposito sono stati riportati aumenti e diminuzioni di flusso nell’ippocampo, nell’amigdala, nella corteccia prefrontale mediale, nel cingolo anteriore e posteriore e nella corteccia temporale. Il modello prevalente collega i sintomi del PTSD ad una mancata inibizione dell’ amigdala, iperattivata dalla sensazione di incombente minaccia, da parte della corteccia prefrontale. E’ stato anche proposto che i cambiamenti strutturali dell’ippocampo e del cingolo anteriore rivelati dalla risonanza magnetica strutturale (RM) siano causati dalla risposta neuronale allo stress. L’obiettivo delle nostre ricerche e’ stato quello di analizzare la risposta funzionale e le variazioni strutturali in due gruppi di soggetti esposti a trauma occupazionale che hanno sviluppato (S=sintomatici, n=20) o no (NS=non sintomatici, n=27) il PTSD. Una parte dei S (n=16) è stata trattata con EMDR. La diagnosi di PTSD prima e dopo la terapia è stata basata sia sui criteri del DSM-IV sia su vari test neuropsicologici mirati. La SPECT (n=47) e la RM (n=33) sono state eseguite da 3 mesi a sei anni dal trauma e la prima è stata ripetuta dopo EMDR. I sintomi sono stati provocati da uno script individualizzato che ha riportato alla memoria il trauma e durante il quale è stato iniettato il tracciante di flusso cerebrale.
Le analisi eseguite hanno mostrato differenze significative tra S e NS nella risposta del flusso cerebrale allo script. Nei 33 soggetti in cui sono state eseguite sia la SPECT che la RM sono state trovate differenze significative sia funzionali che strutturali nella corteccia temporo-parietale sinistra e nell’ippocampo, regioni nelle quali gli score dei test neuropsicologici correlano significativamente con il flusso cerebrale. Nei soggetti con remissione sintomatologica dopo EMDR (R; n=11) sono state trovate rispetto ai soggetti che non hanno risposto alla terapia (NR; n=5) significative differenze di flusso in 4 aree corticali che processano funzioni deteriorate in corso di PTSD. Diminuzioni di flusso dopo la terapia sono state registrate nei R rispetto ai NR nell’ippocampo, nel giro fusiforme (corteccia parieto-occipitale) e nella corteccia visiva primaria. L’ippocampo è sede della memoria episodica ed autobiografica; il giro fusiforme processa il riconoscimento di volti, dei corpi e delle parole; la corteccia visiva primaria custodisce la memoria visiva degli eventi. La mancata inibizione e/o l’iperattività di queste regioni nel PTSD sono responsabili della rivisitazione patologica figurata e somatica dell’evento traumatico e della presenza di flashback ed immagini allucinatorie. Viceversa la corteccia frontale dorsolaterale ha mostrato un aumento di flusso nei R. Questa regione oltre ad essere deputata ad inibire nel sistema limbico la risposta patologica a stimoli che ricordano l’evento traumatico è essenziale per i processi di attenzione e del “senso di sé”, diminuiti in corso di PTSD e recuperati in seguito alla remissione della malattia. In questi soggetti la RM ha inoltre messo in evidenza il valore predittivo delle dimensioni dell’ippocampo rispetto all’efficacia della terapia con EMDR.
I nostri risultati confermano il coinvolgimento della corteccia temporo-parieto-occipitale nel PTSD e sottolineano il valore delle neuroimmagini sia nello svelare gli effetti neurobiologici dell’EMDR che determinare il valore delle indagini strutturali nel predirne l’efficacia.
Recent studies have shown that the post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) may result in both structural and functional brain changes. Imaging studies using functional Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) shown significant changes in cerebral blood flow in patients with PTSD during revisiting the trauma. In this regard have been reported increases and decreases in flow hippocampus, amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate and posterior and temporal cortex. The dominant model linking the symptoms of PTSD to a no inhibition of 'amygdala hyperactivity disorder by the sense of impending threat by the prefrontal cortex. E 'was also proposed that the structural changes of the hippocampus and
anterior cingulate revealed by structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are caused by the response neuronal stress. The aim of our research and 'was to analyze the response
functional and structural variations in two groups of subjects exposed to occupational trauma that have developed (S = symptomatic, n = 20) or not (NS = non-symptomatic, n = 27) PTSD. Part of S (n = 16) was treated with EMDR. The diagnosis of PTSD before and after the therapy was based on both DSM-IV has on several neuropsychological tests targeting. SPECT (n = 47) and MRI (n = 33) are were performed from 3 months to six years from the trauma and the first was repeated after EMDR. Symptoms were caused by a script individual who reported to the memory of the trauma and during which were injected with a tracer of cerebral blood flow. The analysis performed showed significant differences between S and NS in the response of flow brain to the script. In the 33 subjects in which they were performed both SPECT and MRI were found significant differences in both functional and structural temporo-parietal cortex left hippocampus, regions in which the scores of neuropsychological tests correlate significantly with the flow in the brain. In subjects with symptomatic remission after EMDR (R; n = 11) were found compared with subjects who did not respond to therapy (NR, n = 5) significant differences in flow in 4 cortical areas that process functions deteriorated in the course of PTSD. Decreases in flow after treatment were recorded in R than NR hippocampus, within fusiform (parieto-occipital cortex) and in the primary visual cortex. The hippocampus is the seat of episodic memory and autobiographical, and the processes around the fusiform recognition of faces, bodies and words, the primary visual cortex preserves the memory visual events. The non-inhibition and / or 'hyperactivity of these regions in PTSD are
responsible for pathological figured revisiting the traumatic event and physical and presence of flashbacks and hallucinatory images. Contrast, the dorsolateral frontal cortex has showed an increase of flow in R. This region in addition to being deputies to inhibit the system limbic response to pathological stimuli that recall the traumatic event is essential for processes of attention and the "sense of self, decreased in the course of PTSD and recovered following remission. In these subjects, MRI has also highlighted the predictive value the size of the hippocampus compared the efficacy of EMDR therapy. Our results confirm the involvement of the temporo-parietal-occipital cortex in PTSD and emphasize the value of neuroimaging in revealing both the neurobiological effects of EMDR that determine the value of the structural surveys in predicting effectiveness.
Keywords: Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
71. Puliatti, M., & Giannantonio, M. (2008, April). T08-O-15 Childhood sexual abuse and vulvodynia: Hypnotic psychotherapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) – An integrated approach. Sexologie, 17(Supplement 1), S109-S110. doi:10.1016/S1158-1360(08)72816-0 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Objectives: Dysesthetic vulvodynia plays an important role in the sexology of the most common female genital system disorders; its psychosomatic origin is by now widely acknowledged.
Its main symptoms are: acute pain at each penetration attempt (dyspareunia), pain under local pressure on the vaginal vestibule, erythemas of different intensities.
In recent years the role of childhood sexual abuse as one of the possible predisposing (vulnerability) factors of vulvodynia development has found positive confirmations in the literature. Author's aims are to verify this correlation and check efficacy of specific psychotherapeutical approaches.
Method: The choice of psychodiagnostic reactive tests, such as the Sexuality Questionnaire (symptomatology screening), the recent Female Sexual Disorders Analytical Questionnaire (screening and sexual abuse) and the Chronic Pain Risk Factors Questionnaire, assessing stressful and traumatic events such as sexual abuse, to identify vulvodynia is of particular importance.
The therapeutic approach presented here is integrated: gynecological, physical-rehabilitational, psycho-educational and psycho-sexological.
Results and conclusions; The psychological therapies recommended for the treatment of this disorder and the associated abuse (substantiated by international literature and years of clinical practice) are EMDR and hypnotic psychotherapy, integrated with sexological techniques, starting from the assumption that any eventual effective therapy of vulvodynia cannot but include appropriate (psychosomatic and not merely verbal) processing of the childhood sexual abuse.
Keywords: Dyspareunia Dysesthetic Vulvodynia Sexual Pain Sexological Techniques
Accuracy Verified: Yes
72. Tarquinio, C., Fayard, A., & Tarquinio, P. (2007, Juin). Thérapie EMDR chez des vicimes d'accident d'automobile: Une suivi de 6 mois [A 6 month follow-up if victims of automobile accidents undergoing EMDR therapy]. Présentation à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.
Language: French
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Objectif: présenter les résultats d'une étude réalisée dans le cadre du traitement des victimes de la route. Nous avons fait la distinction entre les sujets qui ont présenté un (complet n = 16) ou une forme partielle (n = 8) du syndrome de stress post-traumatique (définie par la présence de grappes A et B et l'un des groupes C ou D ).
Sujets: Toutes les victimes (âge moyen: 34,3, s = 4,19; 17 hommes et 7 femmes) ont subi une thérapie EMDR pour quatre séances de 90 minutes. Les sujets ont été inclus dans le projet thérapeutique de 18 mois et ont été suivis pendant 6 mois après la fin de la thérapie.
Procédure: Les sujets ont été envoyées par différentes associations de victimes de consulter l'un des auteurs qui ont pris en charge tous les traitements, après la première consultation, une proposition a été faite au sujet de faire partie d'un protocole de recherche. Après des explications ont été données au diagnostic (complet vs partielle SSPT) a été faite par les deux autres co-auteurs qui ont également participé à l'évaluation des différentes phases.
Les sujets devaient ensuite répondre aux questions de l'échelle d'impact de l'événement d'Horowitz (Horowitz et al, 1979) et la State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - STAI (Spielberger et al 1983). Dans le cadre du protocole thérapeutique, les sujets devaient faire une évaluation SUDS (Wolpe, 1990) qui mesure l'état de détresse concevable par le patient, évalué sur un formulaire échelle de 0 (aucun) à 10 (le pire). Ces différentes mesures ont été administrés à tous les sujets avant de commencer le traitement (T1), après quatre séances de l'EMDR (T2), et six mois plus tard (T3).
Principaux résultats: En raison de la petite taille de l'échantillon et une distribution non normale, les données ont été traitées avec des tests non paramétriques (Mann et Whitney pour les groupes indépendants et de Wilcoxon pour les mesures appariées). [Tableau 1 de l'étude des données du Programme de la conférence originale abstraite ne figurent pas ici.]
Les différences entre le prétest, post-test et l'évaluation après six mois sont montrés également très importante, indiquant un effet très positif avec l'EMDR sur la réduction des symptômes intrusifs et d'évitement. Les effets positifs du traitement sur l'anxiété de la victime peuvent également être des notes, ainsi que sur la réduction de la mousse.
Objective: To present the results of a study carried out in the framework of treating road victims. We have made the distinction between the subjects who presented a complete (n=16) or a partial form (n=8) of post-traumatic stress disorder (defined by the presence of clusters A and B and one of the clusters C or D).
Subjects: All the victims (mean age: 34.3, s=4.19; 17 men and 7 women) underwent EMDR therapy for four 90 minute sessions. The subjects were included in the therapeutic project for 18 months and were followed for 6 months after the end of the therapy.
Procedure: The subjects were sent by different associations of victims to consult with one of the authors who took charge of all of the treatments, After the first consultation, a proposal was made to the subject to be part of a research protocol. After explanations were given the diagnosis (complete vs. partial PTSD) was made by the other two co-authors who also participated in evaluations of the different phases.
The subjects then had to answer questions from Horowitz’s Impact Event Scale (Horowitz et al, 1979) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory – STAI (Spielberger et al 1983). In the framework of therapeutic protocol, the subjects had to do a SUDS evaluation (Wolpe, 1990) which measures the state of distress conceivable by the patient, evaluated on a scale form 0 (none) to 10 (the worst). These different measures were administered to all of the subjects before beginning the therapy (T1), after four sessions of EMDR (T2), and six months later (T3).
Main results: Because of the small size of the sample and a non-normal distribution, the data was processed with non-parametric tests (Mann and Whitney for the independent groups and Wilcoxon for the paired measures). [Table 1 of study's data from the original Conference Program abstract not included here.]
The differences between the pretest, the posttest and the evaluation after six months are shown to be equally very significant, indicating a very positive effect with EMDR on the reduction of intrusive symptoms and avoidance. The positive effects of the treatment on the victim’s anxiety can also be notes, as well as on the reduction of the SUDS.
Keywords: Automobile Accident Motor Vehicle Accident
Accuracy Verified: Yes
73. Spierings, J. (2007, June). The three tests: A structure approach to stabilization. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
For every client who comes for treatment with trauma-related symptoms and complaints, we ask ourselves at least once: What shall we do? Stabilization or confrontation? Sometimes the answer is easy, many times it is a difficult decision. In this presentation, a systemic approach is presented to asses, together with the client, whether the client is ready for trauma confrontation. The client’s capabilities for trauma processing are carefully estimated and strengthened when necessary. This is done with the help of an informal measuring instrument: “The three tests.” It helps the therapist to make a well-balanced choice between stabilization and trauma confrontation at any moment in treatment. The result shows what this specific client still needs to learn before EMDR traumawork can be safely and successfully started, and gives the therapist that necessary material for a tailor-made treatment plan. Some clients can start EMDR traumawork right away, for others the moment for confrontation will never come. But for these clients too “the three tests” offer a structured and meaningful treatment program. The presentation is both very practical and based on a solid theoretical base. The exercises and techniques can be applied immediately for many clients.
Keywords: Stablization
Accuracy Verified: Yes
74. Spierings, J. (2010, July). The three tests: A systemic approach to stabilization. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
“The Three Tests” A systematic approach to stabilization:
Working with severely traumatized clients, we are confronted with many difficult questions, impossible choices and dilemmas:
is the client ready for (EMDR-)trauma work, or is more stabilization needed? How do we assess the bearing strength and
affect regulation level of the client? What if the client is too unstable because of the trauma symptoms? How can we enhance
safety and control without working on the trauma? And if affect tolerance is too small to do EMDR, what can we do?
In this presentation you learn to assess the client’s readiness for EMDR in a systematic way, combined with a treatment
plan to work on the skills and resources the client needs to develop. The presentation gives many, many practical ideas for
interventions and exercises to help the client develop bearing strength and grow towards trauma confrontation.
Of course there will be lots of illustrating case stories.
Keywords: Stabilization
Accuracy Verified: Yes
75. Zampieri, A. J., & Filho, J. M. (2012, Novembro). Tratamento de disfunção erétil com EMDR: Estudo comparativo [Treatment of erectile dysfunction with EMDR: A comparative study]. In comunicações de pesquisa. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.
Language: Portuguese
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Introdução: A prevalência da disfunção sexual masculina em suas várias formas atinge a faixa de quase 90% em alguma fase da vida. Dentre elas, a Disfunção Erétil afeta aspectos primordiais do homem e pode ter sua origem em causas psicológicas, físicas ou mistas. Notam-se investimentos científicos para uma melhor compreensão e tratamento desses transtornos, nem sempre bem sucedidos. Objetivou-se no presente projeto comparar casos diagnosticados e encaminhados por médico urologista, em tratamento de disfunção erétil, sendo um grupo tratado com o método do EMDR, e outro tratado exclusivamente pelo médico. Os pacientes serão submetidos a uma entrevista estruturada e testes antes e após o tratamento. Método: Estudo comparativo de dois grupos com diagnóstico médico de disfunção erétil, submetidos ao tratamento médico. O grupo estudo será tratado com EMDR e o controle, apenas pelo médico. Antes e ao final do tratamento responderão a inventários de Beck para Ansiedade, depressão e desesperança além de um questionário mais específico sobre sua disfunção sexual, o Índice Internacional de Função Erétil (IIFE). Resultados: Projeto em andamento.
Introduction: The prevalence of male sexual dysfunction in its various forms reaches the age of almost 90% in some stage of life. Among them, Erectile Dysfunction affects key aspects of the man and may have its origin in causes psychological, physical or mixed. Note the scientific investments to better understanding and treatment of these disorders, not always successful. The objective of this project is to compare cases diagnosed and referred by the urologist in treating erectile dysfunction, one group treated with EMDR method and handled exclusively by another doctor. Patients will undergo a structured interview and tests before and after treatment. Methods: A comparative study of two groups with a medical diagnosis of erectile dysfunction, undergoing medical treatment. The study group will be treated with EMDR and control, just by the doctor. Before and after the treatment of inventories to respond to Beck Anxiety, depression and hopelessness as well as a more specific questionnaire about their sexual dysfunction, International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Results: Project in progress.
Keywords: Beck Depression Inventory Comparative Study Erectile Dysfunction
Accuracy Verified: Yes
76. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (2008). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: An assessment of the evidence. The National Academies Press, Washington, D. C. Retrieved from http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11955.html on 1/16/2009.
Language: English
Format: Other
Abstract:
This report was commissioned by the Department of Veterans Affairs
(VA) to assess the scientific evidence on treatment modalities for Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder (PTSD). Reviewing the PTSD treatment
literature dating back to 1980, the year the disorder was first defined
by
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association,
proved to be a challenging task. Assessing the outcomes of treatment
depends entirely upon the self-report of those affected, without “objective”
measures such as laboratory tests or imaging. Treatment modalities
and research methods used in their evaluation have been in continuous
development. The last 30 years have also seen dramatic changes in the way
scientific evidence has been assessed in general with emerging international
standards for conducting systematic qualitative and quantitative reviews
that are quite different from the methods used in the 1980s when research
on the treatment of PTSD began.
In applying a rigorous approach to the assessment of evidence that
meets today’s standards, the committee identified significant gaps in the
evidence that made it impossible to reach conclusions establishing the
efficacy
of most treatment modalities. This result was unexpected and may
surprise VA and others interested in the disorder. Important treatment
decisions for most modalities will need to be made without a strong body of evidence meeting current standards (the committee summarizes clinical
practice guidelines developed by others in the face of this scientific uncertainty).
This overall conclusion of scientific inadequacy is not a clinical
practice recommendation or guideline. It is also not a judgment on the quality
of the research in this field using methods acceptable at the time. The
overall conclusion also adds urgency to the committee’s recommendations
for a more strategic research effort that defines the relevant populations
and subpopulations; develops and tests treatment modalities alone and in
combination, in individual and group formats (for psychotherapy), and of
various intensities and durations; uses the latest and most rigorous methods
for designing and executing study protocols; and follows all study participants
through the end of treatment and for meaningful periods thereafter.
The committee was also struck by the scant evidence exploring some of
the possibly unique aspects of PTSD in veterans. For the most part we cannot
say whether the treatment of PTSD in veterans should be the same as in
civilians, and whether important subpopulations of veterans defined by age,
sex, trauma type, socioeconomic status, educational level, comorbidities,
and brain injury should be treated the same or differently.
The committee could only conclude that well-designed research is
needed to answer the key questions regarding the efficacy of treatment
modalities in veterans. Success will depend on the collaboration of VA and
other government agencies, researchers, clinicians, and patient and veterans’
groups and will further require the continued support and attention of
policymakers and the public. The individuals returning from current conflicts
and now re-entering civilian life with this disorder deserve no less.
Alfred O. Berg, Chair
The committee concludes that the evidence is inadequate to determine
the efficacy of the following psychotherapy modalities in the treatment
of PTSD:
• EMDR
• cognitive restructuring
• coping skills training [Extracted from p. 9).
Keywords: Posttraumtic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
77. Committee on Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Institute of Medicine (2008). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: An assessment of the evidence. National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine(IOM), Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
Language: English
Format: Publication
Abstract:
This report was commissioned by the Department of Veterans Affairs to assess the
scientific evidence on treatment modalities for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Reviewing
the PTSD treatment literature dating back to 1980, the year the disorder was first defined by the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, proved to be a
challenging task. Assessing the outcomes of treatment depends entirely upon the self-report of
those affected, without “objective” measures such as laboratory tests or imaging. Treatment
modalities and research methods used in their evaluation have been in continuous development.
The last 30 years have also seen dramatic changes in the way scientific evidence has been
assessed in general with emerging international standards for conducting systematic qualitative
and quantitative reviews that are quite different from the methods used in the 1980s when
research on the treatment of PTSD began.
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
78. Thompson, P. (1995, June). Using EMDR with adolescents: Life changes for adlescents - an empowerment tool. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This presentation describes an EMDR protocol for working with an adolescent in such a way as to enhance their self-empowerment
capabilities. As a preliminary, a medical and developmental history of the adolescent is taken from the parents, as well as obtaining
their view of present problems. Using this infomation and a subsequent history obtained from the adolescent provides the basis for
what may prove to be targets later.
I will talk about how, in early discussions with adolescents, when my aim is to gain rapport, I often go back over some of the
information their parents provided so as to obtain the teenager's views and feelings, idenfying the highs and lows in their view of
their life so far. I look for where they have felt successful and powerful, and where they have suffered trauma, loss and sadness with
reference to themselves as individuals and also in their family relationships. I seek to refine targets from both parental and
adolescent information. I also seek to understand what the teen would like in their life and begin to introduce the idea that they can
give direction to their life.
I believe it is important to provide the adolescent with new or clarified information about him or her. I use psychological tests to
assist in this process. I will cover briefly ways that I use the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC), as well as other
assessment instruments such as the Strong Interest Inventory, Rorschach and Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory (MAPI), to
give both the adolescent and me important information. Because the information stems from a comparison with the general
population, I can present it more objectively than if it were solely my assessment of them. The adolescent decides what fits them
and what doesn't. This process allows us jointly to identify problems and to look for ways to handle them. Emphasis is always
placed on the adolescent having the power - the information about themselves is power. What they choose to do with it breeds
power. They are in control. This process usually leads to a further explanation of EMDR and how they might choose to work with
me using EMDR.
In summary, I will cover :
Helping the adolescent look at choices as giving freedom Presenting EMDR as a way of having more choices; Looking at behavior problems as habits that can be changed if desired. Encouraging the use of imagination, imaging, finding a
safe place and helping make changes; Taking the position of being their coach for their effort to develop the kind of life they want.
Looking at what they think stands in their way and what they can do to change it.
Identifying negative cognition from these blocks.
Using EMDR in the context of what they want.
Building Self Esteem through goal attainment-EMDR as a tool for performance.
Coaching for positive change and clear thinking.
Teaching self direction and organization reinforcing with EMDR.
Teaching self coaching.
Keywords: Adolescents Self Coaching
Accuracy Verified: Yes
79. Accaria, P. L. (2009, March 10). The utilization of muscle testing as an ideomotor signal: How to bypass dissociation, ratify EMDR protocols and assess covert ego states. Presentation at the 51st American Society of Clinical Hypnosis Annual Scientific Meeting, Boston, MA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
The Eve Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing procedure requires the development
of a protocol comprised of the patient’s inner experiences in the forms of images, emotions,
sensations, cognitions and Likert scale type ratings. Some individuals are dissociated from
their inner experiences to a degree which makes it difficult for them to soundly identify and
consciously report these inner experiences. Applied Kinesiology muscle testing responses,
which are conceptualized as ideomotor signals, are utilized to assess and ratify data used
in developing EMDR protocols. Muscle tests are also effective for deciphering covert ego
states and assessing their unique responses. Demonstrations and experiential practice in
dyads.
Upon completing this workshop, the participant should be able to:
1. Use muscle testing as an ideomotor signal;
2. Use muscle testing to develop and ratify EMDR protocols; and
3. Use muscle testing to assess and access covert ego states.
Keywords: Dissociation Ego States Muscle Testing
Accuracy Verified: Yes