Francine Shapiro Library - EMDR Bibliography Links

 

 

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1. [Chang Sue-Hwang, & Lin C.-P.]. （2004年9月）. 從快速眼動到EM在EMDR的：跳視眼球運動和變化的語義關係的強度 [From REM to EM in EMDR: Saccadic eye movements and change of strength of semantic associations]. 在提交的文件 第43次年度會議在台灣心理學會，研討會 焦慮症：心理素質，調解員和治療問題。政大 大學，台北，台灣，9月26日。 （國科會92 -2815- C型002 -072- H）的 [Presentation at the 43rd Annual Conferences on Taiwan Psychological Association, Symposium on Anxiety Disorders: Diatheses, Mediators and Therapeutic Implications. Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan, September 26. (NSC 92-2815-C-002-072-H)].

Language: Chinese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
研讨会焦虑症：糖尿病，调解员和治疗的影响;（国科会92 - 2825 -架C - 002 - 072 - H）的研究背景及目的：本研究从快速眼动睡眠的眼动脱敏和再加工（EMDR）治疗的可能机制依赖内存后处理模型（夏皮罗，1995年; Stickgold，2002年）的建议，通过睡眠诱导活化的弱协会在REM国家和新兴市场在联想记忆改变运作为REM睡眠融入一般语义记忆创伤的情节记忆。该协会的新兴市场对语义变化的影响后，跳视眼球运动是双边审查了本研究。方法：22名大学生被招募参加者。通过语义启动的任务，一个2（眼球运动情况：水平跳视眼球运动主场迎战没有眼球运动）× 2（语义关联的强度：强主场迎战弱）因子之间的题目设计进行审查的EM在变化的影响强度为否定词的语义联想。为负的刺激弱协会primeability改变反对强者来，根据不同的电磁环境进行了比较。结果：2 × 2方差分析结果表明了显着的主要电磁效应和电磁×语义联想实力显着交互作用，显示弱吸大大超过了强大的电磁吸后，而恰恰相反后非统。结论：研究结果呼应快速眼动睡眠相关记忆加工模式，认为在EMDR电磁可能反映了联想记忆系统通过激活不同的语义相关的词负语义节点协会不同强度的转变。对心理治疗的可能性和未来研究的结果所造成的影响进行了讨论。

Symposium on Anxiety Disorders: Diabetes, Mediators and Therapeutic Implications; (NSC 92-2825-C-002-072-H) Research background & aims: This study examined possible therapeutic mechanisms of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) from REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model (Shapiro, 1995; Stickgold, 2002) that proposed that sleep induced change in associative memory via activation of weak association during REM state and EMs functioned as REM sleep to integrate the episodic memory of trauma into general semantic memory. The effect of EM on change of semantic associations after saccadic bilateral eye movements was examined in the present study. Methods: Twenty two college students were recruited as participants. Via semantic priming task, a 2 (eye movement condition: horizontal saccadic eye movements vs. no eye movements) × 2 (strength of semantic association: strong vs. weak) between subject factorial design was performed to examine the effect of EM on change of strength of semantic association for negative words. Change of primeability of weak associations for negative stimuli as opposed to that of strong ones under different EM conditions was compared. Results: The 2 × 2 ANOVA showed a significant main effect for EM and a significant interaction effect of EM × strength of semantic association, indicating that weak priming significantly exceeded strong priming after EM, while the opposite was true after non-EM. Conclusions: The results echoed REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, suggesting that EM in EMDR might reflect a shift in associative memory systems by activating different strength of associations of negative semantic nodes for different semantically related words. The implications of the results for psychotherapy and future research possibilities are discussed.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders  Postttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  REM  REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model  Saccadic Eye Movement  Semantic Association  Symposium  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

2. 張素凰、 [Chang Sue-Hwang]. (2008年3月). 眼球運動中的作用機制 EMDR的治療：證據為基礎的研究 [Role of eye movements in the therapeutic mechanisms of EMDR: Evidence-based research]. 論文發表於2008年TACP（台灣臨床心理學協會）年度會議（第三次大會），專題討論會以證據為基礎研究在台灣第1節心理障礙，3月8-9日，政治大學，台北，台灣。 （國科會91 -2413 - H型009 -鹽度-;國科會92 -2413 - H型002 -024-;國科會93 -2413 - H型002 -002-） [Presentation at the 2008 TACP (Taiwan Association of Clinical Psychology) Annual Conference (Third General Meeting), Symposium on Evidence-Based Research in Taiwan; Section of Mental Disorders, March 8-9, Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan. (NSC 91-2413-H-009-SSS-; NSC 92-2413-H-002-024-; NSC 93-2413-H-002-002-)].

Language: Chinese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
研討會以證據為基礎的研究，在台灣，部分精神疾病。 （國科會 91 - 2413 - H的009 -量表中文），國家安全委員會 92 - 2413 - H的- 002 - 024 -）;國家安全委員會 93 - 2413 - H的- 002 - 002 -）眼動脫敏和再加工（EMDR;夏皮羅，1989 ，1995，2001）最近聲稱要有效地紓緩創傷後應激障礙的症狀，恐怖疾病。眼運動（電磁）是一種治療的關鍵因素，其治療機制有待澄清。在這個談話的目的是要研究系列報告，從我們的實驗室就EM的作用，治療機制 EMDR。具體來說，在EMDR程序被簡單地描述，EM的功效及工藝相比，暴露了問題。此外，對影響電磁情緒變化和生動的圖像或自傳記憶，改變數量和強度的語義協會的報告。此外，關於如何EMDR問題可能的工作，無論是電磁沒有添加任何超出了純粹接觸機制和電磁相互作用，價的刺激，他們的陳述順序進行了討論。最後，在EM的作用方面提出的刺激價為了從理論的角度來看，其臨床意義，提出和未來研究的可能性進行了討論。

Symposium on Evidence-Based Research, in Taiwan; Section of Mental Disorders. (NSC 91-2413-H-009-SSS-); NSC 92-2413-H-002-024-); NSC 93-2413-H-002-002-) Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989, 1995, 2001) has recently been claimed to be effective in ameliorating the symptoms of PTSD and phobic disorders. Eye movement (EM) was one of the crucial treatment elements, of which the therapeutic mechanisms await elucidation. The aims of this talk were to report series of studies from our lab regarding the role of EM in the therapeutic mechanism of EMDR. Specifically, after EMDR procedure being briefly described, the efficacy of EM and its process compared to exposure were addressed. Further, the effects of EM on changes of emotionality and vividness of images or autobiographic memories, and changes of amount and strength of semantic associations were reported. Also, the issues regarding how EMDR might work, whether EM did add anything beyond the mechanisms of pure exposure, and the interplay of EM, valence of stimuli, and their presentation order were discussed. Finally, the role of EM in terms of stimulus valence presentation order from theoretical point of view and its clinical implications are proposed, and future research possibilities are discussed.

Keywords: Eye Movement  Exposure  Symposium  Therapeutic Mechanism  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

3. Lanius, U. F. (2004, September). Apego y disociacion, El papel de los opioides endógenos [Attachment and dissociation: The role of endogenous opioids]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montreal, Quebec Canada.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Endogenous opiates play a major role in attachment and they are also involved in dissociative processes and somatoform dissociation. The presentation discusses the adjunctive use of opoid antagonists both during stabilization and trauma processing with EMDR and the neurobiology of opiate with regard to attachment and dissociation. It delineates the effects of effects on learning including support for a differential mechanism for EMDR as compared to Exposure treatment. It describes how to integrate EMDR processing and the use of opioid antagonists in the treatment of Complex PTSD.

Opiáceos endógenos juegan un papel importante en la adhesión y que también están involucrados en los procesos disociativos y somatomorfos disociación. La presentación trata sobre el uso complementario de los antagonistas de opoides tanto durante la estabilización y el procesamiento del trauma con EMDR y la neurobiología de los opiáceos, con lo que se refiere a la unión y la disociación. Se exponen los efectos de los efectos en el aprendizaje incluido el apoyo a un mecanismo diferencial para EMDR, en comparación con el tratamiento de la exposición. En él se describe la forma de integrar el procesamiento EMDR y el uso de antagonistas de los opioides en el tratamiento del trastorno de estrés postraumático complejo.

Keywords: Attachment  Dissociation  Endogenous Opioids  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

4. Lanius, U. F. (2004, September). Attachment and dissociation:  The role of endogenous opoids. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montreal, Quebec Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Endogenous opiates play a major role in attachment and they are also involved in dissociative processes and somatoform dissociation. The presentation discusses the adjunctive use of opoid antagonists both during stabilization and trauma processing with EMDR and the neurobiology of opiate with regard to attachment and dissociation. It delineates the effects of effects on learning including support for a differential mechanism for EMDR as compared to Exposure treatment. It describes how to integrate EMDR processing and the use of opioid antagonists in the treatment of Complex PTSD.

Keywords: Attachment  Dissociation  Endogenousopoids  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5. Kraft, S., Schepker, R., Goldbeck, L., & Fegert, J. M. (2006). Behandlung der posttraumatischen belastungsstörung bei kindern und jugendlichen. Eine übersicht empirischer wirksamkeitsstudien [Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents -- A review of treatment outcome studies]. Nervenheilkunde: Zeitschrift für interdisziplinaere Fortbildung, 25(9), 709-716.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Basierend auf einer systematischen Literaturrecherche wird der aktuelle Stand des Wissens über die Wirksamkeit von pharmakologischen und psychotherapeutischen Behandlung der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen zusammengefasst und bewertet. Neunzehn kontrollierten randomisierten klinischen Studien wurden für die Psychotherapie gefunden, und keiner für die Pharmakotherapie. Die Wirksamkeit von kognitiver Verhaltenstherapie Programme erhärtet worden ist, mit der Teilnahme der Eltern oder Betreuer in die Behandlung zu sein scheint vorteilhaft. Es gibt vielversprechende Studien für Eye Movement Desensitizafion und die Wiederaufbereitung (EMDR) und für Multisystemische Familientherapie. Aufgrund der kleinen Fallzahlen und fehlenden Replikation, haben ihre Ergebnisse als vorläufig zu betrachten. Bis jetzt gibt es keine kontrollierten klinischen Studien zu pharmakologischen Therapien für traumatisierte Kinder und Jugendliche. Weitere Studien zu diesem zahlenmäßig relevant und zum Teil erheblich beeinträchtigt Gruppe sind, geltend gemacht werden. Untersuchungen zur differentiellen Indikation von verschiedenen Behandlungsansätze und über die Wirksamkeit von Kombinationstherapien, die Psychotherapie plus Pharmakotherapie, fehlen. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, alle Rechte vorbehalten)

Based on a systematic literature search, the current state of knowledge on the efficacy of psychotherapeutic and pharmacologic treatment of posttraumatic stress disorders in children and adolescents is summarized and reviewed. Nineteen randomized controlled clinical trials were found for psychotherapy, and none for pharmacotherapy. The efficacy of cognitive behavioral treatment programs has been substantiated, with the participation of a parent or caretaker in the treatment seeming to be beneficial. There are promising studies for Eye Movement Desensitizafion and Reprocessing (EMDR) and for Multisystemic Family Therapy. However, because of small sample sizes and lacking replication, their results have to be regarded as provisional. Up to now, there are no controlled clinical trials on pharmacological treatments for traumatized children and adolescents. More studies on this numerically relevant and partly severely impaired group are to be claimed. Studies on differential indication of different treatment approaches and on the efficacy of combination treatments, as psychotherapy plus pharmacotherapy, are lacking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adolescent Psychiatry  Child Psychiatry  Drug Therapy  Literature Review  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychotherapy  Treatment Outcomes  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

6. Christman, S. D., & Butler, M. (2005, November). Bilateral eye movements impair the encoding and enhance the retrieval of episodic memories. Presentation at the 46th annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: Engaging in bilateral saccadic eye movements (EMs) immediately prior to retrieval has been shown to enhance the retrieval of episodic, but not semantic, memories (Christman, Garvey, Propper, & Phaneuf, 2003; Christman, Propper, & Dion, 2004). The present study extended this paradigm by investigating the effect of EMs at encoding, as well as at retrieval. EMs prior to encoding led to a significant impairment in episodic recall ( p = .004), relative to no-EM controls. In contrast, in the absence of EMs at encoding, EMs at retrieval led to marginally better episodic recall ( p = .12). EM manipulations had no effects on tests of implicit and semantic memory. Thus, bilateral saccadic EMs impair versus enhance the encoding versus retrieval of episodic memories, respectively. Results are interpreted in terms of EM-induced increases in cholinergic activity (resulting in episodic memories being integrated into semantic networks) versus interhemispheric interaction (resulting in enhanced access to right-hemisphere–based retrieval mechanisms).

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation  Eye Movements  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

7. Christman, S. D., & Stieber, P. (2005, February). Bilateral eye movements lead to a neutralization of affective state. Poster presented at the 33rd annual meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, St. Louis, MO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: Engaging in bilateral eye movements (EM) leads to increases in Stroop interference, improvements in episodic memory, and decreases in false memories in a converging semantic associates paradigm. These results are interpreted as reflecting EM-induced equalization of cortical activation and subsequent enhancement of interhemispheric interaction. Since increased right versus left hemisphere activation is associated with negative versus positive affect, respectively, it was hypothesized that EMs following a mood-induction procedure should result in neutralization of affect. Seventy three right-handed participants engaged in happy or sad mood induction procedures, providing mood ratings on a 1-9 scale, followed by 30 seconds of either bilateral EMs or, as a control, watching a dot change color repeatedly. Participants then supplied a second mood rating. Analyses of the Happy condition showed no mood differences after mood induction, with all participants yielding scores significantly happier than neutral. After administration of the visual condition, participants in the Colored Dot condition showed no change in mood. In the EM condition, however, participants showed a significant reduction in positive affect. Analyses of the Sad condition showed that the mood induction procedure failed, with participants reporting neutral moods after mood induction. Post hoc analyses of only those participants reporting sad moods after induction showed that participants in the EM condition exhibited a marginally greater neutralization of affect than in the Colored Dot condition. The results provide tentative support for the hypothesis that bilateral EMs result in neutralization of emotional states, reflecting an equalization of cortical activation in the left and right hemispheres.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation  Eye Movements  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

8. Busuttil, W. (2009, August). Complex post-traumatic stress disorder: A useful diagnostic framework?. Psychiatry, 8(8), 310-314 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases do not distinguish clearly between the clinical presentations resulting from exposure to single as opposed to multiple trauma. The developmental age of the victim is similarly not emphasized in symptom development and clinical presentation. Developmental trauma disorder and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are emerging as useful diagnostic frameworks in children and adults. This article reviews the literature and highlights conceptual evolution and differences from simple PTSD, as well as discussing differential diagnoses and clinical management.

Keywords: Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Complex PTSD  C-PTSD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

9. Hopper, J., Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M., Yehuda, R., van der Kolk, B. A., & Simpson, W. (2003, October-November). Differential biological outcomes of EMDR and fluoxetine for PTSD. In B. A. van der Kolk (Chair), Treatment outcome studies of PTSD. Symposium conducted at the 19th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Treatment Outcome Studies of PTSD: This symposium presents three large carefully controlled treatment outcome studies using four different treatment modalities (CBT, EMDR, psychopharmacology and Cognitive Processing) and presents data on comparative efficacy, treatment responsiveness and resistance, effects on comorbidity, quality of life, and biological changes that accompany symptom improvement.

Differential Biological Outcomes of EMDR and Fluoxetine for PTSD: Two major developments in PTSD research have been the development of effective treatments and the delineation of pathophysiology. While major gains have been made in both of these areas, they have occurred in parallel. There is a need for investigations of possible differential effects of different treatment modalities on biological aspects of PTSD. In this randomized controlled trial (N = 105), we compared the exposure treatment Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, the serotonergic reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine, and pill placebo for their effects on both PTSD symptoms and biological parameters. The outcome measures were severity of reexperiencing, avoidant/numbing, and hyperarousal symptoms; psychophysiological reactivity to script-driven imagery; basal salivary cortisol and dexamethasone suppression test (DST). At pre-treatment, post-treatment and 3-month follow-up, saliva samples were acquired at 8 a.m., 11 p.m. (immediately followed by dexamethasone) and 8 a.m.. Participants also underwent a script-driven imagery protocol utilizing four 30s scripts, each followed by a 60s script imaging period and 2 minute recovery periods (fixed order: neutral, trauma, neutral, trauma). Preliminary analyses partially support hypothesizes concerning differential efficacies of pharmacological and psychological treatments on different symptom clusters and biological markers of the disorder, at post-treatment and 3- month follow-up. Potential implications for treatment and future research will be discussed.

Keywords: Fluoxetine  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Symposium  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

10. Becich, H. A. (1995). The effect of varying the rate of the eye movements in eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) with battered women. California School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles, CA. AAT 9531596.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The rapid saccades used in eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) have been reputed to be critical to its efficacy. To evaluate this hypothesis, the rate of the eye movements was varied in this study. Subjects included 27 battered women who were rated PTSD-positive by a modified version of the Symptom Checklist (MSC). Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: EMDR Fast, EMDR Slow or Control.Prior to treatment, subjects completed the Revised Impact of Events Scale (IES). Treatment involved one experimental session lasting up to 90 minutes. Dependent variables included the Subjective Units of Distress (SUDs) (derived from the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale), the Validity of Cognition (VOC) and the Vividness of Traumatic Image (VTI) Scales as well as the Intrusion subscales of the MSC and the IES. At post-treatment one week later, subjects again provided responses to the five dependent variables and, for ethical reasons, were provided another session of treatment at the EMDR Fast rate if their SUDs were 2 or greater. Results of the mixed, two factor analyses indicated no differences between the groups. Hence, the outcomes showed that the rapid eye movements did not provide a differential treatment effect as hypothesized. All groups experienced improvement on the SUDs and VTI Scales and the MSC Intrusion subscale, supporting occurrence of an exposure effect. This investigation was the first controlled EMDR study conducted with battered women, as well as the first experiment on this procedure using a clinical population in which the rate of the eye movements was varied. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 56(5-B), Nov 1995, pp. 2854

Keywords: Adults  Americans  Battery  Empirical Study  Follow-up Study  Females  Posttraumatic Stress DIsorder  PTSD  Spouse Abuse  Survivors  Treatment Effectiveness  Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

11. Enright, M. B. (1995, August). The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of test anxiety. University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO. AAT 9617465.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study explores the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of test anxiety. Thirty-five college students who scored above the 50th percentile on test anxiety were randomly assigned to either a treatment or wait-list control group. Subjects received two 1 hour sessions of EMDR. After posttesting, the control group also received EMDR treatment. The treatment group had a significant reduction in Test Anxiety Inventory total score, emotionality scale score, worry scale score, and state anxiety as compared to the control group. After treatment, the control group matched the experimental group for significant reductions on all dependent measures. The subject group as a whole had significant reductions in subjective units of distress during treatment as well as a significant increase in the validity of positive self-statements. Reductions in anxiety measures were maintained at one month follow-up. The differential effect of EMDR on subjects based on gender and pretreatment level of trait anxiety was also examined. Subjects with high trait anxiety had a greater reduction in total test anxiety, emotionality, and worry on posttesting as compared to subjects with lower trait anxiety. Males and females were found to respond equally to the treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 57(2-B), Aug 1996, pp. 1436

Keywords: Anxiety Management  College Students  Empirical Study  Test Anxiety  Treatment of Test Anxiety  Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

12. Stevens, M. J., & Florell, D. (1999). EMDR as a treatment for test anxiety. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 18(4), 285-296. doi:10.2190/FJWQ-HKQQ-UEJW-6VLH .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
We assigned sixty-two test-anxious undergraduates to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), rational emotive therapy (RET), and information only, which were administered in a single session by trained, "blind" therapists. At posttest, EMDR was most effective in reducing distress whereas RET decreased global test anxiety more than information only. These results may reflect the differential impact of EMDR and RET on verbalized distress and on combined affective and cognitive dimensions of test anxiety, respectively. Perceptions of therapist credibility and helpfulness of treatment moderated the results. We discuss the clinical and research implications of these findings.

Keywords: Empirical Study  Information  Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy  Test Anxiety  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

13. Stevens, M. J., & Florell, D. W. (1997, August). EMDR as a treatment for test anxiety. Preentation at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL..

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
We assigned sixty-two test-anxious undergraduates to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), rational emotive therapy (RET), and information only, which were administered in a single session by trained, "blind" therapists. At posttest, EMDR was most effective in reducing distress whereas RET decreased global test anxiety more than information only. These results may reflect the differential impact of EMDR and RET on verbalized distress and on combined affective and cognitive dimensions of test anxiety, respectively. Perceptions of therapist credibility and helpfulness of treatment moderated the results. We discuss the clinical and research implications of these findings.

Keywords: Information  Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy  Test Anxiety  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

14. Rouanzoin, C. (2006, September). EMDR Master Series – II. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Dissociation is a normal human process. We all dissociate. Some individuals are so severely and chronically traumatized that, in order to survive, they split their awareness into at least two levels or streams of consciousness - one level being the participant in the abuse drama and the other level being an observer watching as if the abuse was happening to someone close. This defense mechanism, which allows severely abused individuals to survive, can become an obstacle to the reprocessing of their traumatic memories. This presentation will discuss dissociative process from the Accelerated Informational Processing Model of EMDR. It will cover: the implications and complications of clinical treatment with dissociative process; the nature of dissociative process; screening for dissociation and the 'Red Flags' of treatment concerns; the differential diagnoses of dissociation - from dissociation found in diagnostic categories other than Dissociative Disorders (e.g., Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, PTSD) to DDNOS (ego states work) and DID; the use of EMDR in the treatment of dissociation in relation to trauma; therapist attributes that help contribute to the successful treatment of dissociative patients. Participants will be encouraged to share their own insights and difficulties in working with this very traumatized population of individuals.

Keywords: Accelerated Information Processing Model  AIP  DID  Dissociation  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

15. de Roos, C., & de Jongh, A. (2008). EMDR treatment of children and adolescents with a choking phobia. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(3), 201-211. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.201.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Given the limited number of reported cases in literature, it might be concluded that it is rare to develop a choking phobia in childhood. However, it appears as though confusion in terminology and the time lapse between the onset of the disorder and treatment often results in the diagnosis being missed. In this article, we discuss a review of the clinical symptoms, differential diagnosis, comorbidity, etiology, and treatment options for choking phobia. We present a case series, describing the successful EMDR treatment of choking phobia for 4 children and adolescents, with positive outcomes achieved in 1 or 2 sessions. In addition, a detailed transcript is presented of a 15-year-old girl with a choking phobia related to an incident that occurred 5 years previously. The rapid elimination of symptoms in all 4 cases indicates that EMDR can be an effective treatment for choking phobias resulting from previous disturbing events. Randomized research on this promising intervention is strongly suggested.

Keywords: Adolescents  Children  Choking Phobia  Specific Phobia  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

16. Stickgold, R. (2002, January). EMDR:  A putative neurobiological mechanism of action. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 61-75. doi:10.1002/jclp.1129.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Numerous studies have provided evidence for the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR) in the treatment of PTSD, including recent studies showing it to be more efficient than therapist-directed flooding. But few theoretical explanations of how EMDR might work have been offered. Shapiro, in her original description of EMDR, proposed that its directed eye movements mimic the saccades of rapid eye movement sleep (REM), but provided no clear explanation of how such mimicry might lead to clinical improvment. We now revisit her original proposal and present a complete model for how EMDR could lead to specific improvement in PTSD and related conditions. We propose that the repetitive redirecting of attention in EMDR induces a neurobiological state, similar to that of REM sleep, which is optimally configured to support the cortical integration of traumatic memories into general semantic networks. We suggest that this integration can then lead to a reduction in the strength of hippocampally mediated episodic memories of the traumatic event as well as the memories' associated, amygdala-dependent, negative affect. Experimental data in support of this model are reviewed and possible tests of the model are suggested. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive Processes  Mechanism of Action  Neurobiology  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychophysiology  PTSD  Review  Sleep Behavior  Treatment Effectiveness  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

17. Christman, S., & Garvey, K. (2000, November). Episodic versus semantic memory:  Eye movements and cortical activation. Poster presented at the 41st annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, New Orleans, LA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Cortical Activation  Epidosic Memory  Eye Movements  Poster  Semantic Memory  

Accuracy Verified: No

18. Carlson, J., Chemtob, C., Rusnak, K., & Hedlund, N. (1996, Spring). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for combat PTSD. Psychotherapy, 33(1), 104-113. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.33.1.104.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
4 Vietnam veterans diagnosed with PTSD were treated with 12 sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), targeting their combat memories. An extensive multimodal assessment battery showed very substantial clinical improvement for 3 of the veterans along a number of psychological dimensions that characterize the disorder, but not along several physiological parameters. A fourth veteran showed only very modest changes. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of several issues, including numbers of treatment sessions and differential effects of treatment on cognitive-behavioral and physiological symptoms. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: African Americans  Case Report  European Americans  Male  Middle Aged  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychophysiology  PTSD  Treatment Effectiveness  Veterans  Vietnam War  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

19. Solomon, R. (2008, November). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Clinical case presentation. Master clinician series at the 24th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an integrative psychotherapeutic approach that conceptualizes current symptoms resulting from experiences that are inadequately processed; that is, “frozen” in the brain. When these inadequately stored memories are triggered, symptoms result (e.g. nightmares, flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, etc.). The EMDR protocol involves accessing the dysfunctionally stored information, stimulating the innate processing system through standardized protocols (including eye movements), allowing it to transmute the memory to an adaptive resolution. Processing is evident by a rapid progression of intrapsychic connections as emotions, insights, sensations and memories surface and change with each new set of bilateral stimulation. The mechanisms of action include adaptive information from other memory networks linking into the network holding the dysfunctionally stored information. There is a shifting of the information from implicit to episodic and then semantic memory. The memory is no longer isolated, and becomes appropriately integrated within the larger memory network. Hence, processing involves the forging of new associations and connections enabling learning to take place with the memory stored in a new adaptive form. This presentation will discuss the eight phases, three-pronged, EMDR treatment model and illustrate the dynamics of treatment through a video case presentation. Participant Alert: A taped session with a client who has experienced trauma will be presented.

Keywords: Eight Phases  Master Series  Three-Pronged Protocol  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

20. Kuiken, D., Bears, M., Miall, D., & Smith, L. (2001/2002). Eye movement desensitization reprocessing facilitates attentional orienting. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 21(1), 3-20. doi:10.2190/L8JX-PGLC-B72R-KD7X .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is a controversial treatment for PTSD that requires clients to make rapid eye movements while revisualizing a traumatic event. Although seemingly effective, the process by which EMDR exerts its effects is poorly understod. We propose that EMDR's eye movements facilitate the orienting response, i.e., the attentional adjustment to unexpected stimuli. Since the orienting response has been implicated in spontaneous transformations of dream content during REM sleep, we reasoned that, similarly, activation of the orienting response during EMDR may facilitate content transformations in traumatic memories. To examine this hypothesis, 25 undergraduates completed 20 seconds of eye movements or 20 seconds of visual fixation before each of two tasks: (1) a covert visual attention task, in which a cue indicated the likely position of a subsequent target, and (2) a sentence rating task, in which sentences with either metaphoric or non-metaphoric endings were rated for strikingness. Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated that the eye movement manipulation facilitated attentional adjustments to targets presented in invalidly cued locations and increased the extent to which metaphoric sentence endings were found striking. Together these results suggest that the eye movements in EMDR induce attentional and semantic flexibility, thereby facilitating transformations in the client's narrative representation of the traumatic event. The implications of these findings for theories of dream formation and metaphor comprehension are also considered. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults  College Students  Empirical Study  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Stressors  Survivors  Treatment Effectiveness  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

21. Bergmann, U. (2000, September). Further thoughts on the neurobiology of EMDR: The role of the cerebellum in accelerated information processing. Traumatology, 6(3), 175-200. doi:10.1177/153476560000600303 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This discussion explores, briefly, the position that the repetitive redirecting of attention in EMDR is capable of turning on the brain's REM sleep system, leading to the activation of specific areas of the the anterior cortex of the cingulate gyrus, facilitating its function as a filter, thereby facilitating the integration of traumatic memory into general semantic networks. This integration is seen to lead to the subsequent reduction in both the strength of hippocampally mediated episodic memories of the traumatic event as well as the amygdaloid mediated negative affect of PTSD. The possibility is suggested that another underlying mechanisms of EMDR stimulation is the activation of the lateral cerebellum. The contribution of the cerebellum to cognitive and language functions is explored. The activation of the dentate nuclei in the lateral neocerebellum is shown to facilitate activation of the ventrolateral and central lateral thalamic nuclei. The activation of the ventrolateral nucleus is shown to lead to the activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; further facilitating the integration of traumatic memory into general semantic and other neocortical networks. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive Processes  Neurobiology  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Sleep Behavior Stressors  Survivors  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

22. Bergmann, U. (1999, November). How does EMDR work?  An exploration of possible neurobiological mechanisms. Presentation at the annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation Fall Conference, Miami, FL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: This discussion explores, briefly, the position that the repetitive redirecting of attention in EMDR is capable of turning on the brain's REM sleep system, leading to the activation of specific areas of the the anterior cortex of the cingulate gyrus, facilitating its function as a filter, thereby facilitating the integration of traumatic memory into general semantic networks. This integration is seen to lead to the subsequent reduction in both the strength of hippocampally mediated episodic memories of the traumatic event as well as the amygdaloid mediated negative affect of PTSD. The possibility is suggested that another underlying mechanisms of EMDR stimulation is the activation of the lateral cerebellum. The contribution of the cerebellum to cognitive and language functions is explored. The activation of the dentate nuclei in the lateral neocerebellum is shown to facilitate activation of the ventrolateral and central lateral thalamic nuclei. The activation of the ventrolateral nucleus is shown to lead to the activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; further facilitating the integration of traumatic memory into general semantic and other neocortical networks

Keywords: Cognitive Processes  Neurobiology  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Sleep Behavior  Stressors  Survivors  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

23. Lipke, H. (2003, December). Integrating EMDR into clinical work:  When getting started is a problem. EMDRIA Newsletter, 8(4), 11-13.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Updated May 31, 2004
As EMDR is traditionally taught the components are each described and then combined for the practice sessions. When EMDR is then used with clients it is natural for therapists to expect themselves to apply it as a whole, with the exception of perhaps pairing eye movement with a “safe place” or “resource installation” exercise instead of a trauma processing protocal. For many new EMDR practitioners this is an effective and satisfactory way of introducing EMDR. For many others it does not work as well, for reasons such as differential comfort thresholds in trying a new method with a client, or having no clients who appear to meet the criteria for beginning EMDR. Because, in these, and other situations, it is difficult to bring the whole package to clients at once, the method doesn’t get used, even when the practitioner has had positive experiences in the training sessions.

Keywords: Practice  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

24. Rouanzoin, C. (2007, September). The integration of EMDR in the treatment of dissociative clients. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Dallas, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop will focus on the use of EMDR in the treatment of patients who span the dissociative spectrum. The participants will learn how to understand dissociative process from simple to complex dissociation and how to utilize EMDR in their treatment. This presentation will discuss dissociative process from the Adaptive Information Processing Model of EMDR. It will cover: the implications and complications of clinical treatment with dissociative process; the nature of dissociative process; screening for dissociation and the ‘Red Flags’ of treatment concerns; the differential diagnoses of dissociation – from dissociation found in diagnostic categories other than Dissociative Disorders (e.g., Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, PTSD) to DDNOS (ego states work) and DID; the use of EMDR in the treatment of dissociation in relation to trauma; and therapist attributes that help contribute to the successful treatment of dissociative patients. Participants will be encouraged to share their own insights and difficulties in working with this highly traumatized population of individuals.

Keywords: Dissociation  Dissociative Disorders  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

25. Kaye, B. (2006). Interactive cognitive motor interweaves during EMDR. Cary, NC: Allied Psychological Services.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
A new interweave technique is described for when patients are slow to desensitize or when they are emotionally overwhelmed during EMDR treatment. The interweave is comprised of two parallel components: a finger-touching go/no-go tracking task as well as a semantic priming task. The theoretical rationale for the finger-touching task is explained relative to neuroimaging studies of the anterior cingulate cortex and other areas. The rationale for the semantic priming task is explained relative to research about dopaminergic activation projecting from the ventral tegmentum as well as novelty generated orienting responses. A two-stage model is proposed for constructing effective EMDR stimulation techniques.

Keywords: Cognitive Interweave  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

26. Puliatti, M. (2008, Novembre). L'EMDR nel trattamento del dolore uro-genitale [EMDR in the treatment of uro-genital pain]. Presentazione le Applicazioni Cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
La rilevazione di disturbi uro-ginecologici è in costante crescita, è ciò probabilmente a causa della maggiore attenzione che i clinici dimostrano nei confronti di disturbi variegatati, a volte quasi impalpabili, ma che possono anche dimostrarsi invalidanti. Oltre al vaginismo e alla dispareunia, ben noti nella letteratura scientifica da decenni, crescente interesse stanno dimostrando disturbi come la cistite interstiziale, il dolore pelvico e la vulvodinia. Complessivamente considerati, la componente psicosomatica di tali disturbi viene abbondantemente confermata dalla letteratura. A prescindere dagli approcci più chiaramente monolaterali e riduttivi, si nota nella letteratura un interesse consolidato per una terapia che sia per definizione integrata: ginecologica/riabilitativa, psicoeducazionale, sessuologica e psicoterapeutica. L’EMDR si propone in questo ambito clinico come uno strumento di straordinaria versatilità, potendo infatti intervenire sia a livello delle cause remote (eventi stressanti/traumatici, educazione sessuale distorta, etc.), che delle contingenze attuali che mantengono o peggiorano la sintomatologia, offrendo inoltre la possibilità di intervenire direttamente sia sul dolore inteso come sintomo, che sugli scenari futuri connotati negativamente dalla paziente, che frequentemente sono connessi alla percezione del dolore stesso. Infine, si rivela di particolare utilità nel caso in cui il dolore sia correlato a difficoltà relazionali caratterizzate da scarsa assertività. Nell’ambito del Workshop verranno approfondite le seguenti tematiche: • Diagnosi differenziale tra i differenti tipi di dolore uro-ginecologico. • Valutazione dell’eziologia multifattoriale: cause biologiche, psicosessuali, relazionali e presenza di eventi traumatici. • Ruolo dell’abuso sessuale. • Meccanismi psicofisiologici nell’insorgenza dei disturbi: il ruolo della tensione muscolare. • Caratteristiche psicologiche della donna che presenta dolore uro-ginecologico. • Strumenti di screening psicodiagnostico. • Cenni sulle principali strategie di valutazione e di intervento uro-ginecologiche e farmacologiche • Pianificazione e fasi del trattamento con l’EMDR, e loro integrazione con differenti approcci psicoterapeutici: aree di indagine, aspetti psicoeducazionali, tecniche sessuologiche specifiche, target caratteristici, l’utilizzo dell’EMDR nelle differenti fasi del trattamento.

The detection of uro-gynecological disorders is growing, this is probably due to the increased attention that clinicians demonstrate against variegatati disorders, sometimes almost intangible, but can also prove crippling. In addition to vaginismus and dyspareunia, well known in the scientific literature for decades, are showing increasing interest in disorders such as interstitial cystitis, pelvic pain and vulvodynia. Overall, the psychosomatic component of these disorders is abundantly confirmed by the literature. Apart from unilateral and reductionist approaches more clearly, there is a vested interest in literature for a treatment that is by definition integrated: gynecological / rehabilitation, psycho-educational, sexology and psychotherapy. EMDR is proposed in this clinical setting as an instrument of extraordinary versatility, allowing it to intervene at the level of remote causes (stressful events / trauma, distorted sex education, etc..) That the current quotas that maintain or worsen the symptoms, offering the possibility to intervene directly understood as a symptom is pain, which adversely on future scenarios of patient characteristics, which are frequently associated with pain perception itself. Finally, it proves particularly useful in cases where the pain is related to interpersonal difficulties characterized by lack of assertiveness. As part of the workshop will examine the following issues: • Differential diagnosis between different types of pain, uro-gynecology. • Evaluation multifactorial etiology: biological, psychosexual, relationship and presence of traumatic events. • Role of sexual abuse. • psychophysiological mechanisms in the onset of the disorder: the role of muscle tension. • Psychological characteristics of women with uro-gynecological pain. • psycho-diagnostic screening tools. • Work on the main strategies for assessment and intervention uro-gynecological and pharmacological • Planning and stages of treatment with EMDR, and their integration with different psychotherapeutic approaches: areas of inquiry, psychoeducational aspects, technical sexological specific target features, using EMDR in different stages of treatment.

Keywords: Urogenital Pain  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

27. Puliatti, M. (2009). L’EMDR nel trattamento delle sindromi uro-ginecologiche [EMDR in the treatment of uro-gynecological syndromes] . Medicina Psicosomatica, 54(4), 131-142 .

Language: Italian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
La rilevazione di disturbi uro-ginecologici è in costante crescita, è ciò probabilmente a causa della maggiore attenzione che i clinici dimostrano nei confronti di disturbi variegatati, a volte quasi impalpabili, ma che possono anche dimostrarsi invalidanti. Oltre al vaginismo e alla dispareunia, ben noti nella letteratura scientifi ca da decenni, crescente interesse stanno dimostrando disturbi come la cistite interstiziale, il dolore pelvico e la vulvodinia. Complessivamente considerati, la componente psicosomatica di tali disturbi viene abbondantemente confermata dalla letteratura. A prescindere dagli approcci più chiaramente monolaterali e riduttivi, si nota nella letteratura un interesse consolidato per una terapia che sia per definizione integrata: ginecologica/riabilitativa, psicoeducazionale, sessuologica e psicoterapeutica. L’EMDR si propone in questo ambito clinico come uno strumento di straordinaria versatilità, potendo infatti intervenire sia a livello delle cause remote (eventi stressanti/traumatici, educazione sessuale distorta, etc.), che delle contingenze attuali che mantengono o peggiorano la sintomatologia, offrendo inoltre la possibilità di intervenire direttamente sia sul dolore inteso come sintomo, che sugli scenari futuri connotati negativamente dalla paziente, che frequentemente sono connessi alla percezione del dolore stesso. Infine, si rivela di particolare utilità nel caso in cui il dolore sia correlato a difficoltà relazionali caratterizzate da scarsa assertività. In questo lavoro verranno approfondite le seguenti tematiche: • diagnosi differenziale tra i differenti tipi di dolore uro-ginecologico. • Valutazione dell’eziologia multifattoriale: cause biologiche, psicosessuali, relazionali e presenza di eventi traumatici. • Ruolo dell’abuso sessuale. • Meccanismi psicofi siologici nell’insorgenza dei disturbi: il ruolo della tensione muscolare. • Caratteristiche psicologiche della donna che presenta dolore uro-ginecologico. • Strumenti di screening psicodiagnostico. • Cenni sulle principali strategie di valutazione e di intervento uro-ginecologiche e farmacologiche • Pianifi cazione e fasi del trattamento con l’EMDR, e loro integrazione con differenti approcci psicoterapeutici: aree di indagine, aspetti psicoeducazionali, tecniche sessuologiche specifi che, target caratteristici, l’utilizzo dell’EMDR nelle differenti fasi del trattamento.

The detection of uro-gynecological disorders is growing, this is probably due to the increased attention that clinicians demonstrate against variegatati disorders, sometimes almost impalpable, but may also prove to be disabling. In addition to vaginismus and dyspareunia, well known in the scientific literature about for decades, are showing increasing interest in disorders such as interstitial cystitis, pelvic pain and vulvodynia. Overall, the psychosomatic component of these disorders is abundantly confirmed by the literature. Apart from the unilateral and reductionist approaches more clearly, there is a vested interest in the literature for a treatment that is by definition integrated: gynecological / rehabilitation, psycho-educational, sexology and psychotherapy. EMDR is proposed in this clinical setting as an instrument of extraordinary versatility, allowing it to intervene at the level of remote causes (stressful events / trauma, distorted sex education, etc..) That the current quotas that maintain or worsen the symptoms, while also offering the opportunity to speak directly about pain is understood as a symptom, which negatively on future scenarios of patient characteristics, which are frequently related to the perception of pain itself. Finally, it proves particularly useful in cases where the pain is related to relationship difficulties with low assertiveness. In this paper we will examine the following issues: • differential diagnosis between different types of pain, uro-gynecology. • Evaluation multifactorial etiology: biological, psychosexual, relationship and presence of traumatic events. • Role of sexual abuse. • psychophysical mechanisms in the onset of physiological disorders: the role of muscle tension. • Psychological characteristics of women with uro-gynecological pain. • Tools psychodiagnostic screening. • Work on the main strategies of assessment and intervention and uro-gynecological drug • Plans and application phases of treatment with EMDR, and their integration with different psychotherapeutic approaches: survey areas, psychoeducational aspects, specific sexological techniques that target characteristic the use of EMDR in various stages of treatment.

Keywords: Uro-Gynecological Syndromes  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

28. Chang, S. H. (2005). Mechanism of EM in EMDR: Change strength of semantic associations. Presentation at the American Psychological Association Annual Convention, Washington, DC.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Research background & objectives: Based on REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, this study examined possible therapeutic mechanisms of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989, 1995, 2001). Stickgold (2002) proposed that sleep induced change in associative memory via activation of weak association during REM state and EMs functioned as REM sleep to integrate the episodic memory of trauma into general semantic memory. Specifically, the effect of EM in relation to order of relatedness of associations on change of strength of semantic associations for negative words after saccadic bilateral eye movements was examined in the present study. Methods: Sixty-four college students were recruited as participants. Via semantic priming task, a 2 (eye movement condition: horizontal saccadic eye movements vs. no eye movements) × 3 (strength of semantic association: strong priming vs. weak priming vs. unrelated priming) × 2 (block order of presentation: related prime first vs. unrelated prime first) mixed factorial design was performed, with strength of semantic association serving as within Ss factor and the other two variables serving as between Ss factors. The primes consisted of negative word stimuli. Each trials consisted of an 8 seconds saccadic horizontal eye movement manipulation (200 ms per movement in EM condition), followed by 500-msec fixation point and then prime displayed for 32msec, which was followed immediately by the target. The participant was instructed to read the target as soon as possible and the reaction time was recorded by the compuer. While absolute primeability index for strong (or weak) association was calculated as (RT related – RT unrelated) for strong primes or weak primes, respectively, relative primeability index was calculated as (RT related – RT unrelated)/RT unrelated. The dependent variables were correct (%), error (%), and primeability index for each of strong prime and weak prime. Change of primeability of weak associations for negative stimuli as opposed to that of strong ones under different EM conditions and different block order was compared. Results: For absolute primeability index, the 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order) × 2 (strength of priming) ANOVA showed that only the interaction effect of EM × strength of semantic association was approaching significance, indicating that weak priming significantly exceeded strong priming after EM (F (1, 56) = 18.01, p < .001; partial ω 2= .210), while the opposite was true after non-EM (F (1, 56) = 25.86, p < .0001; partial ω 2 = .280). Further, for weak prime, the priming effect was stronger after EM than after non-EM (F (1, 56) = 74.62, p < .0001; partial ω 2 = .535). For relative primeability index, it also revealed that only the interaction effect of EM × strength of semantic association was significant (F (1, 56) = 6.09, p < .02; partial ω 2 = .074), and tests of simple main effects showed similar patterns as those of absolute primeability index. Conclusions: 8s EMs was associated with change of strength of semantic associations. While EM didn’t weaken the primeability for the strong association, EM did enhance the primeability for weak associations. Further, weak priming significantly exceeded strong priming after EM, while the opposite was true after non-EM. The results echoed REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, suggesting that EM in EMDR might reflect a shift in associative memory systems by activating different strength of associations of negative semantic nodes for different semantically related words. Given that order of relatedness didn’t play a role and previous research showed that EM resulted in decreased vividness and emotionality and generated greater amount of associations for negative stimuli as well, the implications of the present results from theoretical and psychotherapy point of views and future research possibilities are discussed.

Keywords: EMDR  REM  REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Saccadic Eye movement  Semantic Association  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

29. Zarghi, A., Zali1, A., & Tehranidost, M. (2013, February). Methodological aspects of cognitive rehabilitation with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Basic and Clincal Neuroscience, 4(1), 97-103.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A variety of nervous system components such as medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, basal ganglia, parietal, frontal and occipital lobes have role in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) processes. The eye movement is done simultaneously for attracting client's attention to an external stimulus while concentrating on a certain internal subject. Eye movement guided by therapist is the most common attention stimulus. The role of eye movement has been documented previously in relation with cognitive processing mechanisms. A series of systemic experiments have shown that the eyes’ spontaneous movement is associated with emotional and cognitive changes and results in decreased excitement, flexibility in attention, memory processing, and enhanced semantic recalling. Eye movement also decreases the memory's image clarity and the accompanying excitement. By using EMDR, we can reach some parts of memory which were inaccessible before and also emotionally intolerable. Various researches emphasize on the effectiveness of EMDR in treating and curing phobias, pains, and dependent personality disorders. Consequently, due to the involvement of multiple neural system components, this palliative method of treatment can also help to rehabilitate the neuro-cognitive system.

Keywords: Rehabilitation  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

30. Ferrie, R. K., & Lanius, U. F. (2002, June). The neurobiology of opiates:  Opoid antagonists and EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Endogenous opiates not only play a major role in attachment, but are also involved in dissociative processes and somatoform dissociation. We present a series of case studies of severely dissociative clients. In our sample administration of an opioid antagonist significantly enhanced EMDR processing. Possible caveats and contraindications are discussed. Findings support the notion of a differential mechanism for EMDR as compared to exposure treatment.

Keywords: Neurobiology  Opiates  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

31. Litt, B. (2009, August). Node isolation theory: The eye-zone differential technique. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Atlanta, GA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Clients with complex PTSD, dissociation, and attachment issues are easily hyper – or hypo-aroused and may dissociate or abreact. Moreover, many clients report complex or “undifferentiated” responses to targets, including multiple affects and negative cognitions, confusion, or ego-state conflict in which processing loops, is blocked, or is inefficient. Possibly, multiple nodes are being activated in the setup phase simultaneously. The proposed remedy is to isolate the node at the epicenter of the target trauma for a more focused desensitization experience. A series of “Node Isolation Strategies” are described that lead to safe, efficient processing of difficult material, while maintaining inter-session stability.

Keywords: Eye-Zone Differential Technique  Node Isolation Theory  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

32. Litt, B. K. (2008, September). Overcoming impasses in trauma reprocessing; The eye-zone differential technique. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Eye-Zone Differential Technique  Poster  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

33. MacCulloch, M. J., Blore, D. C., & Gray, N. S. (1998). Pre and post session measures of traumatic memories by semantic differential indicate that EMDR is a rapid counter-conditioning process which catalyses stalled emotional processing. Presentation at the XXVIIIth EABCT Conference, Cork, Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Semantic Differential  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

34. Rothbaum, B. (2008, November). Predictors of treatment response for EMDR and prolonged exposure. Symposium/panel conducted at the 24th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Recent developments in PTSD treatment outcome research: Although cognitive behavior therapy is the treatment of choice for PTSD, there is a need to develop more effective treatments and to determine factors that influence treatment response. This symposium presents four studies that address treatment outcome research. The initial paper provides an overview of treatment predictors from two trials of cognitive processing therapy. The second paper reviews the differential responses to treatment of survivors of terrorist attacks and motor vehicle accidents. The third paper reviews predictors of outcome following EMDR and Prolonged Exposure. The fourth paper overviews a series of studies that have used structural and functional fMRI to identify the neural factors that predict response to CBT and also the impact of CBT on neural functioning.

Predictors of treatment response for EMDR and prolonged exposure: Predictors for response to treatment in a controlled study aimed to evaluate the relative efficacy of Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) compared to a no-treatment wait-list control (WAIT) in the treatment of PTSD in adult female rape victims were examined. In this study, 74 participants with PTSD were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions to achieve 20 completers per group. Independent Assessors blind to the treatment condition administered standard measures of PTSD and related symptoms. Improvement in PTSD, depression, dissociation, and state anxiety was significantly greater in both PE and EMDR group than the WAIT group. PE and EMDR did not differ significantly for change from baseline to either post-treatment or 6-month follow up measurement for any quantitative scale. EMDR subjects with 2 or more comorbid diagnoses, however, improved significantly less than all other active treatment subjects. At post-treatment and 6- months, 95% and 94% of PE subjects and 75% and 74% EMDR subjects no longer met DSM-IV PTSD criteria, respectively. At the 6-month follow-up assessment, 78% of those who received PE and 35% of those who received EMDR met criteria for good end state functioning (p=.017).

Keywords: Panel  Prolonged Exposure  Symposium  Treatment Response Predictors  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

35. Cantelmi, T. (2010, Novembre). Prevalenza, incidenza e diagnosi differenziale dei disturbi da stress post-traumatici in oncologia [Prevalence, incidence and differential diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder in oncology]. Presentazione al "Convegno La psicotraumatologia Oncologica, Roma, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Il PTSD abbraccia una gamma ampia di fenomeni: dagli eventi naturali catastrofici, dalle violenze maltrattamenti ed abusi su bambini ed adulti ad altre forme di aggressioni fisiche, gravi malattie ed interventi chirurgici, gravi problemi nel lavoro, come il mobbing ed altro ancora. L prevalenza del PTSD oscilla tra l’1 ed il 9% della popolazione generale e può raggiungere il 50/60% in sottogruppi di soggetti esposti a traumi considerati di particolare gravità.. Tra i disturbi mentali conseguenti a traumi solo il PTSD è identificato dall’evento traumatico che in questo disturbo assume un ruolo specifico, tanto che la presenza di uno stressor a cui collegare i sintomi è l’elemento necessario per fare diagnosi. Si discute se lo stesso possa e debba sufficientemente essere rappresentato da un evento che ha le qualità per minacciare alla vita e qualità della vita di un soggetto o se sia identificabile esaurientemente con un vissuto soggettivo di impotenza che cambia l’adattamento della persona alla realtà in modo disfunzionale. Sembra comunque che la malattia oncologica e le sue fasi evolutive nonché i processi di guarigione che implica presentano occasioni ripetute per il paziente oncologico a rischio di traumatizzazione sia a causa delle circostanze oggettive che mettono in pericolo la qualità di vita della persona e la sua vita medesima, sia per le simbolizzazioni drammatiche che a volte essa può assumere nell’immaginario collettivo e soggettivo. Gli studi epidemiologici indicano come il PTSD interessi maggiormente il sesso femminile (11% vs 5% del sesso maschile) sulla cui prevalenza può anche influire il tipo di trauma (violenze e molestie sessuali, neglect ed abusi infantili vs. aggressioni fisiche, minacce con armi prigionia e rapimento negli uomini. IL PTSD rappresenta una sfida in psichiatria non solo in generale perché i sintomi che emergono sono diversi e sintetizzano una miscela di processi sociali, biologici e psicologici, ma anche soprattutto in oncologia perché esiste una vasta gamma di sintomi dello spettro post-traumatico, come ad esempio i disturbi dell’adattamento, ma si è spesso in presenza di un PTSD sottosoglia difficilmente discriminabile anche agli occhi di esperti preparati. Così possiamo intendere i disturbi dell’adattamento come tutte quelle manifestazioni in cui, in assenza di vulnerabilità individuale, un evento stressante, ad esempio la diagnosi di cancro ed i trattamenti ad essa legati, rappresenta il fattore causale ed esclusivo di insorgenza dei sintomi, che si presume non sarebbero altrimenti occorsi. Essi influiscono negativamente sull’adattamento del soggetto alla malattia e sul funzionamento psicofisico generale. I sintomi possono essere rappresentati da reazioni depressive, reazioni d’ansia o miste (ansioso-depressive), reazioni con altri aspetti emozionali (irritabilità, aggressività labilità emotiva) o con disturbi della condotta (comportamenti inadeguati). Importante risulta la diagnosi differenziale con i disturbi d’ansia e depressivi. I disturbi dell’adattamento rappresentano i quadri di sofferenza psicologica più frequentemente diagnosticabili nei pazienti con cancro, avendo una prevalenza del 30-35%. I sintomi sottosoglia possono rappresentare invece i prodromi di una sindrome conclamata oppure i sintomi residui di un PTSD in remissione parziale. E’ importante volgere l’attenzione ai PTSD in oncologia, alla diagnosi differenziale con altri tipi di disagi psicooncologici, ed in particolare alla peculiarità, gravità cronicità del quadro clinico per la possibilità di attuare una prevenzione efficace prima che il disturbo insorga o si strutturi, e per le potenzialità di comprensione di alcuni meccanismi di funzionamento cerebrale che creano un ponte fra psicologico e biologico.

The PTSD embraces a wide range of phenomena: from natural catastrophic events, from violence and abuse, ill-treatment of children and adults with other forms of physical assaults, serious illness and surgery, severe problems in the work, such as bullying and more. The prevalence of PTSD ranges between 1 and 9% of the general population and can reach 50/60% in subgroups of subjects exposed to trauma considered particularly serious .. Among the mental disorders resulting from trauma, PTSD is identified only by the traumatic event that in this disorder takes on a specific role, so that the presence of a stressor that link symptoms is a necessary element to diagnose. It was discussed whether the same can and should be sufficiently represented by an event that has the quality to threaten the life and quality of life of an individual, or whether it is fully identifiable with a subjective experience of powerlessness that changes to adapt to the reality of the person in dysfunctional way. It seems that the oncological disease and its evolutionary phases as well as the healing process that involves repeated opportunities to present the cancer patient at risk of trauma and because of objective circumstances that endanger the quality of life of the person and his life itself , both for the dramatic symbolization that sometimes it can take in the collective and subjective. Epidemiological studies indicate that PTSD interests most of the women (11% vs. 5% of males) on the prevalence of which may also affect the type of trauma (violence and sexual harassment, child abuse and neglect Vs. Physical attacks, threats with weapons imprisonment and kidnapping in men. IL PTSD represents a challenge in psychiatry not only in general because the symptoms that emerge are different and synthesize a mixture of social processes, biological and psychological, but also especially in oncology because there exists a wide range of symptoms spectrum post-traumatic, such such as adjustment disorders, but it is often in the presence of a subthreshold PTSD hardly discriminated even in the eyes of experts prepared. So we can understand the adjustment disorders like all those events where, in the absence of individual vulnerability, a stressful event, such as the diagnosis of cancer and the treatments associated with it, is the causal factor and exclusive of onset of symptoms, which it is assumed would not otherwise have occurred. They have a negative impact on the adaptation of the subject to physical and mental illness and the general operation. Symptoms may be represented by depressive reactions, anxiety reactions or mixed (anxious-depressive), reactions with other aspects of emotional (irritability, aggressiveness, emotional lability) or conduct disorder (inappropriate behavior). Important results in the differential diagnosis of anxiety disorders and depression. The adjustment disorders represent the paintings of psychological distress more frequently diagnosed in patients with cancer, having a prevalence of 30-35%. The subthreshold symptoms may instead represent the beginnings of a full-blown syndrome or residual symptoms of PTSD in partial remission. It 'important to turn our attention to PTSD in oncology, the differential diagnosis with other types of inconvenience psicooncologici, and in particular to the peculiarities, chronicity, severity of the clinical picture for the possibility of implementing effective prevention before the disorder arises or is structured, and the potential of understanding of some mechanisms of brain function that create a bridge between psychological and biological.

Keywords: Cancer  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PSTD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

36. Rothbaum, B., & Astin, M. C. (2001, December). Prolonged exposure vs. EMDR for PTSD rape victims. Symposium conducted (B. O. Rothbaum, Chair and T. Keane, Discussant) at the 17th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Three randomized controlled trials treating PTSD in adult female rape victims will be presented: Patti Resick on long-term follow-up of Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) vs Prolonged Exposure (PE); Edna Foa on PE alone or with Cognitive Restructuring (CR); and Barbara Rothbaum on PE vs Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) vs waitlist control.
Prolonged exposure vs. EMDR for PTSD rape victims: This controlled study aimed to evaluate the relative efficacy of Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) compared to a notreatment wait-list control (WAIT) in the treatment of PTSD in adult female rape victims. In this study, 75 Ss with PTSD were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions to achieve 20 completers per treatment group. All assessments were conducted by an Independent Assessor blind to the treatment condition, and standard measures of PTSD and related symptoms were incorporated. The primary goals of this study were to compare the relative efficacy of EMDR and PE, and compare them to the WAIT control group in treating PTSD in rape victims; to gather information on the differential rate of response to treatment; to develop predictors for response to treatment; and to gather information on the long-term response to treatment for six and twelve months following treatment. The mean age of participants was 34.3 (SD = 11.9) and ranges from 18-63 years. Most participants were Caucasian (69%); 24% are African American, 3% are Latino, and 3% are Other. The majority were single (53%), while 28% were married or living with a partner, and19% were divorced or separated. Treated patients were significantly more improved on all of the PTSD symptom categories as well as by PTSD diagnostic status than the WAIT participants immediately post-treatment. Means and standard deviations of PTSD symptom measures and other symptom measures will be presented and compared for participants who received PE, EMDR, and WAIT at Pre-Treatment and Post-Treatment and 6-month follow-up. Saturday, Dec. 8 Concurrent Sessions - Saturday, December 8

Keywords: Prolonged Exposure  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Rape  Symposium  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

37. Monticelli, M. L. (2008, Novembre). Psicoterapia cognitivo costruttivista e EMDR integrati: verso un’evoluzione mente-corpo consapevole e collettiva [Cognitive constructivist EMDR integrated into development mind-body awareness and collective]. Poster presentato al Applicazioni Cliniche dell'EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
I limiti mentali autoimposti acquisiti da copioni familiari reiterati in età evolutiva e da modelli operativi interiori acquisiti dalle autorità societarie attraverso mezzi di comunicazione di massa e regole educativo-lavorative, inducono percentuali sempre più rilevanti della popolazione europea alla vulnerabilità psicopatologica. L’esordio delle sintomatologie psichiche e somatiche di varia entità, avviene già in fasi precoci, nella primissima infanzia e spesso già nelle fasi prenatali, e il limite di età tende percentualmente a essere sempre più sensibile fin dal primo mese di vita. In età scolare si manifestano situazioni comportamentali quali il cosiddetto “bullismo” e fenomeni con campionature rilevanti di sindromi ipercinetiche con deficit attentivo e disturbi del-l’apprendimento. In adolescenza il contesto si complica e gli attacchi di panico, le sindromi depressive e i disturbi alimentari psicogeni dilagano, fino all’esordio di disturbi post-traumatici da stress che si incrementano in seguito alle difficili scelte di orientamento universitario o lavorativo. La vulnerabilità dell’età adulta si manifesta con disturbi somatoformi di diversa natura, disturbi psicocardiologici, sindromi ansioso-depressive, attacchi di panico, disturbi di coppia e relazionali, per citare i più frequenti e limitandomi solo ad accennare l’esistenza della molteplicità di disturbi iatrogeni. In tali soggetti, la consapevolezza di essere indotti in stati di shock che incrementano molteplici disturbi somatoformi e psicopatologici è praticamente assente. Essi, come pazienti, si rivolgono agli specialisti in ambito sanitario con la convinzione, spesso indotta da propagande dei mass-media, che tutto sia solo genetico, e vada "curato" con farmaci per lunghi periodi se non per tutta la vita. Anche da parte degli operatori sanitari vi sono ampie aree di inadeguatezza metodologica: ad esempio, la gravidanza viene gestita come fosse una malattia, riducendo la donna partoriente a una paziente alla quale troppo facilmente si “consiglia” il parto cesareo (statisticamente tra i più frequenti in Italia!) come metodo “veloce e sicuro” di parto, togliendo la competenza materna dell’imprinting alla nascita del bambino con le conseguenze psicologiche che ne derivano per la relazione madre-bambino e per la crescita serena di quest’ultimo, e, sempre a titolo esemplificativo, ignorano quasi del tutto gli aspetti di psicocardiologia, e il loro intervento si riduce a esami medici invasivi e a somministrazione di farmaci. Eppure, la psicoterapia cognitiva costruttivista, e specificamente modelli teorici e tecniche strategiche specialistiche note come EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), l’utilizzo di biofeedback, l’innovativo training emotivo-cognitivo-comportamentale da me ideato nelle due versioni per la psicoterapia e per i gruppi in formazione che incrementa il riconoscimento emotivo e l’implementazione di immagini mentali idonee a modificare cognizioni e comportamenti irrazionali, quando eticamente e competentemente applicati, fanno molto per questi pazienti, sia in quanto si incrementa sensibilmente il livello della loro consapevolezza e della loro capacità di farsi protagonisti nel-l'evoluzione positiva della loro “guarigione”, sia in quanto si può intervenire in modo mirato con sperimentati protocolli per la risoluzione dello stato di trauma psichico in tempi ragionevolmente rapidi e con risultati attendibili e verificabili. Passando dalla dimensione individuale a quella collettiva, ossia alla psicopatologia collettiva cagionata dall’esposizione (anche solo mediatica) ad eventi catastrofici o angoscianti (magari associati a senso di impotenza, insicurezza, precarietà) o a diversi tipi di stress e vulnerabilità, possiamo aggiungere che, analogamente, mediante un lavoro su sistemi di neuroni specchio e sull'attivazione di nuove connessioni di reti neurali con un modello operativo non invasivo, si potrebbe migliorare la condizione di intere popolazioni rispetto a disturbi che, oggettivamente, sono in continua diffusione. Sarebbe opportuno iniziare una sensibilizzazione collettiva partendo dalla formazione per livelli differenziati degli operatori educativi e sanitari, per poi estenderla alla popolazione suddividendola per fasce di età e per territori di appartenenza; purtroppo la consapevolezza non è tra le aspettative primarie di committenti rivolti solo al profitto economico. In un contesto storico-culturale dove l’etica, le relazioni umane, la cooperazione sembrano utopiche fiabe, questa è la sfida di essere una perturbatrice emotivamente orientata ad amplificare la consapevolezza attraverso un nuovo modello psicoterapeutico e formativo integrato, al quale sto lavorando da alcuni anni con risultati incoraggianti e che sarà mia premura esporre dettagliatamente durante il Congresso EMDR 2008.

The self-imposed mental limitations acquired from family scripts repeated age and developmental models inner acquired by the company operating through means of mass communication and educational and working rules, induce percentage increasing as the population of Europe vulnerability to psychopathology. The onset of symptoms of various psychological and somatic entity, is already in the early stages, in early childhood and often known during prenatal and age limit percentage tends to be more sensitive since the first month of life. Age school behavioral situations occur where the so-called "bullying" and phenomena samples relevant syndromes of attention-deficit and hyperactive disorder - learning. In adolescence the context is complicated and panic attacks, the syndromes psychogenic depression and eating disorders are rampant, until onset of post-traumatic disorders stress which increases as a result of difficult choices of university or business orientation. The vulnerability of adulthood is manifested by different types of somatoform disorders, disorders psycho, anxious-depressive syndrome, panic attacks, disorders of torque and relational to cite the most frequent is limited only to mention the existence of multiplicity of disorders iatrogenic. In these subjects, conscious of being led into a state of shock that increase multiple somatoform disorders and psychopathology is virtually absent. They, like patients, addressed to specialists in the health field with the belief, often driven by propaganda media, that everything is just genetic, and must be "cured" with drugs for long periods if not for life. Including by health workers there are large areas of inadequacy methodological: for example, pregnancy is managed as if it were a disease, reducing the woman in labor to a patient which too easily "advise" Caesarean (statistically the most frequent in Italy!) as a method of "fast and safe childbirth, removing the competence of imprinting the birth mother of the child with the psychological consequences that entailed for the mother-child and to the peaceful growth of the latter, and, also example, know little about the aspects of psycho, and their intervention reduces to invasive medical examinations and medication. Yet, cognitive psychotherapy constructivist theoretical models and specific strategic and technical specialists known as EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing), the use of biofeedback, the innovative emotional-cognitive-behavioral training which I designed in two versions for psychotherapy and groups in training that increases the emotional recognition and implementation of mental images likely to change, knowledge and irrational behavior, when ethically and competently applied, do a lot for these patients, both because it increases significantly the level of their awareness and their ability to get players in - the positive development of their "healing", both as it can intervene in a targeted manner with tested protocols for the resolution of the state of psychic trauma in the reasonably rapid and reliable and verifiable results. Moving from individual dimension to that collective, that is caused by exposure to psychopathology group (even the media) to distressing or catastrophic event (perhaps associated with the sense of powerlessness, insecurity, instability) or different types of stress and vulnerability, we can add that, similarly, through a work on systems of mirror neurons and activation of new connections of neural networks with a model operating non-invasive, it could improve the condition of entire populations than disorders that, objectively, are in constant circulation. It would be appropriate to start a collective awareness levels, starting from training differential operators' education and health, then extend it to the population divides by age and territories belonging unfortunately the awareness is not between the expectations primary principals addressed only in profit or loss. In a historical-cultural context where ethics, human relations, cooperation seem utopian fairy tales, this is the challenge of being an emotionally disturbing oriented to amplify the awareness through a new model of psychotherapy and integrated training, which I working for several years with encouraging results and that will spell out my readiness EMDR 2008 during the Congress.

Keywords: Mind-Body Awareness  Poster  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

38. Kaye, B. (2008). Reversing reciprocal suppression in the anterior cingulated cortex: A hypothetical model to explain EMDR effectiveness. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(1), 88-99. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.2.88.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A theoretical model is proposed to explain desensitization during Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as resulting from the reversal of reciprocal suppression of cognitive processing in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Dual-attention and error monitoring are known to activate dorsal regions of the ACC that mediate metacognitive processing. Neuroimaging research has produced evidence that cognitive areas in the upper ACC may reciprocally suppress affective processing in the lower areas and vice versa. It is therefore proposed that the original eye-to-finger tracking task of EMDR may achieve its therapeutic effect by using error monitoring to reverse suppression of the upper ACC by the lower ACC. Contributions to EMDR effectiveness from resource installation and novelty-driven orienting reflexes may also influence ACC functioning. A distraction effect is proposed to be a negative and potentially disruptive by-product of very interactive stimulation tasks. A semantic priming procedure is suggested to limit distraction effects during more interactive forms of stimulation. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Anterior Cingulate  Cognitive Processes  Neurotransmitters  Reciprocal Suppression  Semantic Priming  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

39. Chang, S. H. (2007, September). Role of EM and stimulus valence presentation order in the return of fear: Possible implications for the therapeutic mechanism. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association Conference, Dallas, Texas. (NSC 93-2413-H-002-002-).

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Research background & aims: This study examined possible therapeutic mechanisms of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989, 1995, 2001) in terms of exposure and information processing model. While exposure model contended process of extinction and response habituation, Stickgold (2002) proposed that sleep induced change in associative memory via activation of weak association during REM state and EM functioned as REM sleep to integrate the episodic memory of trauma into general semantic memory. In this study, the effect of EM compared to that of Exposure-Only (non-EM) on process measures of SUDs, ratings of cockroach phobia across sessions, along with outcome measures were examined. Specifically, the degree of return of fear and response habituation was explored. Methods: Thirty-six college students with cockroach phobias were recruited as participants and invited after informed consent for 4 1-week interval treatment sessions and a 1 month follow-up session. The instruments for outcome measures included Cockroach Phobia Questionnaire, fear ratings of cockroach slides, FSS, STAI-S, BDI, short form of SCL-90, the Revised Thought-Action Fusion Questionnaire, White Bear Suppression Inventory, and cognitive tasks for measuring strength of associations. The SUDs, credibility and therapeutic relationship rating, and physiological measures such as HR, HRV, EOG, served as process measures. Due to space limitations, the results of cognitive task and physiological measures were reported elsewhere. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: EM condition (EM vs. Non-EM exposure only) × block order of cockroach theme presentation (negative cognition first vs. positive cognition first). A 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time: pre-assessment and post-assessment for each of the 4 sessions plus 1 month follow-up assessment) mixed factorial design was performed, with time serving as within Ss factor and the other two variables serving as between Ss factors. There were 20 trials in each therapeutic session. The duration of each trial was 30s for both the EM and Exposure-Only conditions. Results: After preliminary analyses for group differences on pretreatment variables, credibility-relationship ratings, and outcome variables were explored, the 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time) ANOVA on SUDs showed that the main effects of time and EM were both significant (p < .001 and p < .034). Subsequently, two 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time) ANOVAs were performed for EM condition and Exposure-Only condition, respectively. The results showed that for EM condition, only time effect was significant (p < .006); while for Exposure-Only condition, there were a significant time effect (p < .001) and an approaching significant valence presentation order effect (p < .065), with the SUDs being higher in negative cognition presented first condition compared to positive cognition presented first condition; whereas the effect was not significant for the EM condition. Using trend analyses and inspection of time effect showed that significant within session SUDs reduction for Exposure-Only conditions. Notwithstanding, the pairwise comparisons for the 9 time points indicated salient phenomena of return of fear among several of the 5 sessions for this condition when comparing the pre-assessment of each session with post-assessment of its previous session. Whereas for EM condition the return of fear between sessions was small and the trend analysis showed a reduction with linear trend. Conclusions & Discussion: Compared to Exposure-Only, EM resulted in less degree of sufferings while participants encountering negative theme which in turn might facilitate further processing of negative memory. In addition, EM might add something beyond the mechanism of pure exposure. The less return of fear indicating that information processing in addition to response inhibition might take place between sessions. The results echoed Shapiro’s Adaptive Information Processing model and Stickgold’s REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, suggesting that EM in EMDR might reflect a shift in associative memory systems by activating different strength of associations of negative semantic nodes for different semantically related words. Given that previous research showed that EM decreased emotionality and also generate greater amount of associations for negative stimuli, the implications of the present results from theoretical and therapeutic point of views and future research possibilities are discussed.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model  REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model  Saccadic Eye Movement  Semantic Association  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

40. Chang, S. H. (2009). Role of EM and stimulus valence presentation order in the return of fear: Possible implications for the therapeutic mechanism. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Research background & aims: This study examined possible therapeutic mechanisms of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989, 1995, 2001) in terms of exposure and information processing model. While exposure model contended process of extinction and response habituation, Stickgold (2002) proposed that sleep induced change in associative memory via activation of weak association during REM state and EM functioned as REM sleep to integrate the episodic memory of trauma into general semantic memory. In this study, the effect of EM compared to that of Exposure-Only (non-EM) on process measures of SUDs, ratings of cockroach phobia across sessions, along with outcome measures were examined. Specifically, the degree of return of fear and response habituation was explored. Methods: Thirty-six college students with cockroach phobias were recruited as participants and invited after informed consent for 4 1-week interval treatment sessions and a 1 month follow-up session. The instruments for outcome measures included Cockroach Phobia Questionnaire, fear ratings of cockroach slides, FSS, STAI-S, BDI, short form of SCL-90, the Revised Thought-Action Fusion Questionnaire, White Bear Suppression Inventory, and cognitive tasks for measuring strength of associations. The SUDs, credibility and therapeutic relationship rating, and physiological measures such as HR, HRV, EOG, served as process measures. Due to space limitations, the results of cognitive task and physiological measures were reported elsewhere. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: EM condition (EM vs. Non-EM exposure only) × block order of cockroach theme presentation (negative cognition first vs. positive cognition first). A 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time: pre-assessment and post-assessment for each of the 4 sessions plus 1 month follow-up assessment) mixed factorial design was performed, with time serving as within Ss factor and the other two variables serving as between Ss factors. There were 20 trials in each therapeutic session. The duration of each trial was 30s for both the EM and Exposure-Only conditions. Results: After preliminary analyses for group differences on pretreatment variables, credibility-relationship ratings, and outcome variables were explored, the 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time) ANOVA on SUDs showed that the main effects of time and EM were both significant (p < .001 and p < .034). Subsequently, two 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time) ANOVAs were performed for EM condition and Exposure-Only condition, respectively. The results showed that for EM condition, only time effect was significant (p < .006); while for Exposure-Only condition, there were a significant time effect (p < .001) and an approaching significant valence presentation order effect (p < .065), with the SUDs being higher in negative cognition presented first condition compared to positive cognition presented first condition; whereas the effect was not significant for the EM condition. Using trend analyses and inspection of time effect showed that significant within session SUDs reduction for Exposure-Only conditions. Notwithstanding, the pairwise comparisons for the 9 time points indicated salient phenomena of return of fear among several of the 5 sessions for this condition when comparing the pre-assessment of each session with post-assessment of its previous session. Whereas for EM condition the return of fear between sessions was small and the trend analysis showed a reduction with linear trend. Conclusions & Discussion: Compared to Exposure-Only, EM resulted in less degree of sufferings while participants encountering negative theme which in turn might facilitate further processing of negative memory. In addition, EM might add something beyond the mechanism of pure exposure. The less return of fear indicating that information processing in addition to response inhibition might take place between sessions. The results echoed Shapiro’s Adaptive Information Processing model and Stickgold’s REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, suggesting that EM in EMDR might reflect a shift in associative memory systems by activating different strength of associations of negative semantic nodes for different semantically related words. Given that previous research showed that EM decreased emotionality and also generate greater amount of associations for negative stimuli, the implications of the present results from theoretical and therapeutic point of views and future research possibilities are discussed.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model  REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model  Saccadic Eye Movement  Sematic Association  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

41. Chang, S. W. (2010, September/October). The role of eye movement in the therapeutic mechanisms of EMDR: An evidenced-based experimental approach. Research symposium conducted at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Minneapolis, MN.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation will address differential effects of EMs and exposure from outcome/process measures, interplays of EMs, valence of cognitions, and presentation order from theoretical/clinical viewpoints, and how EMDR might work from informational processing evidence.

Keywords: Eye Movements  Symposium  Therapeutic Mechanisms  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

42. Chang, S. H., & Chen, K. P. (2009). Saccadic eye movement and change of semantic associations: Possible therapeutic mechanisms of EMDR. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
In light of a putative model proposed by Stickgold and to mimic clinical trial of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), this study examined possible therapeutic mechanism and effect of eye movements (EM) on change of semantic associations and to explore if the effect would be influenced by valence of stimuli and order of presentation. Seventy-five college students were recruited as participants. The results showed that the effect of 8s saccadic bilateral eye movement in terms of change of semantic associations was associated with valence of words and their presentation order, which echoed Stickgold’s model, Shapiro’s clinical procedure, and also advanced the evidence regarding the mechanism of EM from the framework of working memory model. The present study further highlights the importance of taking into consideration these three treatment variables simultaneously when doing EM. The implications of the findings from both the theoretical and clinical viewpoints are discussed.

Keywords: Imagery Vividness  Negative Emotiveness  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Saccadic Eye Movement  Semantic Association  Working Memory  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

43. Chang, S. H. & Chen, K. P. (2004, July). Saccadic eye movement and change of semantic associations: Possible therapeutic mechanisms of EMDR. Presentation at the Hawaii International Conference on Social Sciences, Honolulu, Hawaii, In 2004 HICSS (Hawaii International Conference on Social Science) Conference Proceedings (pp. 569-574).

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In light of a putative model proposed by Stickgold and to mimic clinical trial of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), this study examined possible therapeutic mechanism and effect of eye movements (EM) on change of semantic associations and to explore if the effect would be influenced by valence of stimuli and order of presentation. Seventy-five college students were recruited as participants. The results showed that the effect of 8s saccadic bilateral eye movement in terms of change of semantic associations was associated with valence of words and their presentation order, which echoed Stickgold’s model, Shapiro’s clinical procedure, and also advanced the evidence regarding the mechanism of EM from the framework of working memory model. The present study further highlights the importance of taking into consideration these three treatment variables simultaneously when doing EM. The implications of the findings from both the theoretical and clinical viewpoints are discussed.

Keywords: Imagery Vividness  Negative Emotiveness  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Saccadic Eye Movement  Semantic Association  Working Memory  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

44. Fullam, P. (2007, August). Successful EMDR in conditions of patient avoidance: To seek or not to seek the negative cognition. EMDR Practitioner. Retrieved from http://www.emdr-practitioner.net on 12/27/2008.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
The willingness of a victim to re-experience trauma through the use of words and felt emotion, to approach rather than avoid the experience under conditions of safety, is generally associated with the resolution of the trauma (Van der Kolk 2002, Harbour & Pennebaker, 1992). This is usually considered an essential prerequisite for successful therapy. In this paper I would like to consider two associated areas, those of control and the role of semantic processing as they relate to the conduct of brief therapy under adverse conditions in cases where there remain high levels of avoidance.

Keywords: Avoidance  Negative Cognition  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

45. Kapfhammer, H.-P. (2008, December). Therapeutische möglichkeiten nach traumatischen erlebnissen [Therapeutic possibilities after traumatic experiences]. Psychiatria Danubina, 20(4), 532-545.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Acute Belastungsstörung (ASD) und Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (PTSD) sind häufige, aber nicht zwingend psychologische Folgeerscheinungen nach einem Trauma. Eine wichtige Untergruppe der Patienten vor einer chronischen Verlauf der Erkrankung mit einem erhöhten psychiatrischen Komorbidität und erhebliche Beeinträchtigungen in psychosozialen Anpassung assoziiert. Der typische psychopathologische Symptome von ASD und PTSD werden am besten in einem multifaktoriellen Modell der Integration sowohl neurobiologische und psychosoziale Einflüsse beschrieben. Die komplexen Ätiopathogenese von akuten und posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung begünstigt multimodalen Ansätzen in der Behandlung. Differential psychotherapeutische und pharmakologische Strategien zur Verfügung stehen. In einer kritischen Studie über empirische Studien, können psychologische Debriefing nicht als einen positiven Ansatz betrachtet werden, als allgemeine vorbeugende Maßnahme in der unmittelbaren posttraumatischen Phase empfohlen werden. Positive Auswirkungen der kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Interventionen kann für ASD eingerichtet werden. Psychodynamische Psychotherapie, kognitive Verhaltenstherapie und EMDR zeigen viel versprechende Ergebnisse bei der Behandlung von PTSD. Wesentliche klinische Einschränkungen der Patienten innerhalb von speziellen Probenahmen Forschungseinrichtungen, jedoch nicht gestatten, eine bedingungslose Verallgemeinerung dieser Daten zu psychiatrischen Routineversorgung. In einer empirischen Analyse der SSRIs sind die meisten und am besten untersuchten Medikamente für ASD und PTSD. Im Vergleich zu trizyklischen Antidepressiva SSRIs zeigen ein breiteres Spektrum an therapeutischen Wirkungen und sind besser verträglich. Die Substanzklassen der SNRI, DAS, SARI und NaSSA sind als Medikamente der zweiten Wahl angesehen werden. Sie versprechen eine therapeutische Wirksamkeit der SSRI gleichwertig, wobei bisher nur in offenen Studien untersucht. MAO-Hemmer können eine positive therapeutische Potenzial verfügen, müssen ihr Profil der Nebenwirkungen geachtet, jedoch werden. Mood-Stabilisatoren und atypische Neuroleptika können in Anspruch genommen werden und vor allem im Add-On-Strategien. Benzodiazepine sollten nur mit Vorsicht erhöht für eine kurze Zeit in den Staaten der akuten Krise eingesetzt werden. In frühen Interventionen, die blockierende Substanzen norepinephric Hyperaktivität scheinen vielversprechende Alternativen. Stress Dosen von Hydrocortison kann als experimentelle pharmakologische Strategie betrachtet so weit sein. [PubMed]

Acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are frequent, but not obligatory psychological sequelae following trauma. A major subgroup of patients face a chronic course of illness associated with an increased psychiatric comorbidity and significant impairments in psychosocial adaptation. The typical psychopathological symptoms of ASD and PTSD are best described within a multifactorial model integrating both neurobiological and psychosocial influences. The complex etiopathogenesis of acute and posttraumatic stress disorder favours multimodal approaches in the treatment. Differential psychotherapeutic and pharmacological strategies are available. In a critical survey on empirical studies, psychological debriefing cannot be considered as a positive approach to be recommended as general preventive measure during the immediate posttraumatic phase. Positive effects of cognitive-behavioral interventions can be established for ASD. Psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy and EMDR show promising results in the treatment of PTSD. Major clinical restrictions of patient sampling within special research facilities, however, do not allow an unconditional generalization of these data to psychiatric routine care. In an empirical analysis the SSRIs are the most and best studied medications for ASD and PTSD. In comparison to tricyclic antidepressants SSRIs demonstrate a broader spectrum of therapeutic effects and are better tolerated. The substance classes of SSNRI, DAS, SARI and NaSSA are to be considered as drugs of second choice. They promise a therapeutic efficacy equivalent to the SSRIs, being investigated so far only in open studies. MAO-inhibitors may dispose of a positive therapeutic potential, their profile of side effects must be respected, however. Mood stabilizers and atypical neuroleptics may be used first and foremost in add-on strategies. Benzodiazepines should be used only with increased caution for a short time in states of acute crisis. In early interventions, substances blocking the norepinephric hyperactivity seem to be promising alternatives. Stress doses of hydrocortisone may be considered as an experimental pharmacological strategy so far.[PUBMED]

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder  ASD  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

46. Giannini, A. M., & Segat, I. (2002, Junio). Trastornos disociativos, deteccion, diagnosticos diferenciales y tratimiento con EMDR [Dissociative disorders, screening, diagnosis and differential treatment with EMDR]. Mesa redonda de discusión presentada en El II Congreso Internacional de Trauma y Psiquico y Estres Traumatico, Buenos Aires.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Keywords: Dissociative Disorders  Roundtable  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

47. Urtz, A. (2010, June). Trauma treatment via EMDR after heart attack. A psychologist´s report from a rehabilitation hospital for heart and cardiovascular diseases. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Incidence of heart disease: 43 % of all death cases are caused by heart disease. In total this means 32,294 persons a year in Austria. Stationary treatment receiving 314,010 patients, with an average term of hospitalization of 8 days (Statistics Austria 2008). For Germany the total figures are around 10 times higher. This is the largest single patient group. 11.25% of the heart disease patients get PTSD, adjustment disorder or other reactions to severe stress (Titscher. 2008). Only for Austria a minimum of 35.000 patients could benefit from a trauma treatment like EMDR. For Germany the figure rises up to 350,000 patients a year who could benefit from EMDR. To physicians the problem is well known, but the only treatment they can offer is medication or further diagnostics like angiography which doesn't cure the problem. Despite the high number of traumatized heart patients, there are only publications about trauma as a risk factor for heart disease. There are a few publications about heart disease causing trauma, but there are nearly no publications about treating trauma caused by heart disease. Typical symptoms for trauma after heart attack: Feeling of tightness or pressure on the chest, tightness in the throat, with difficulties in breathing. Ascending feeling of heat from the stomach, trembling, weeping, fear and panic. Flashbacks of the heart attack, with symptoms looking similar to angina pectoris. Reduced stress tolerance by getting easily angry or depressed. Useful questions for differential diagnostics between organic and mental symptoms: What are the symptoms? How long do they last? Were there any symptoms prior to the heart disease? Which symptoms were present during the heart attack? Is it distressing to remember the heart attack? How distressing on a SUD-scale 0 to 10. What are the medical findings? Two specifics: 1. Mainly I use the butterfly hug or tapping on the chest for processing. This form of tapping is easy applicable and the patients like it. 2. Weaving in Positive Cognitions (PCs) during the processing, makes the processing less stressful, I offer PCs during the processing and look if they help to reduce the stress. Useful PCs: I survived. I am still alive. I am through. It is a long time ago. i have trust in my body and my heart. If that doesn't work: Even when my trust in my heart is shattered, I love and accept myself. I am grateful. I live as long as I may I am confident. Usually I use them in that succession with some adoptions according to the process. What is special about my presentation. 1. Hear about a large group of patients who can benefit from EMDR. 2. Mostly heart disease are to consider as mono-traumatic. With some specific knowledge and experience they are not difficult to treat. 3. Notice the advantage of bipolar tapping on the chest. 4. Understand the advantage of weaving in PCs during the processing. 5. The big question is: How to install EMDR in the rehabilitation system?

Keywords: Heart Attack  Medical Issues  Symposium  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

48. van der Kolk, B. A., Hopper, J., Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M., Hopper, E., & Simpson, W. (2003, October/November). Treatment outcome of fluoxetine vs. EMDR in PTSD. Symposium conducted (B. A. van der Kolk, Chair) at the 19th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Treatment Outcome Studies of PTSD: This symposium presents three large carefully controlled treatment outcome studies using four different treatment modalities (CBT, EMDR, psychopharmacology and Cognitive Processing) and presents data on comparative efficacy, treatment responsiveness and resistance, effects on comorbidity, quality of life, and biological changes that accompany symptom improvement.

Treatment outcome of fluoxetine vs. EMDR in PTSD: This NIMH funded study compared the efficacy of two widely different treatment approaches for treating patients with PTSD: fluoxetine, which acts directly on biological systems (N=30), and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) (N=30). There also was a pill placebo control group (N=30). We assessed subjects with a multi-modal biological and psychological assessment, in order to determine whether treatment efficacy is associated with changes: 1) social adjustment, 2) psychophysiological reactivity to personalized trauma scripts (heart rate and skin conductance), and 3) basal salivary cortisol. We also tracked the stability of symptom change for nine months following the cessation of active treatment. Preliminary results suggest that at the end of 8 weeks of treatment, there is a 30% improvement in the pill placebo condition, while both active treatments demonstrate additional symptom improvement, with EMDR being most effective for the treatment of acute PTSD, and Prozac for subjects with prolonged childhood histories of trauma. Clinically significant improvement in CAPS scores is accompanied by an increase in basal cortisol and improvement in social and occupational functioning. We will also present data on the differential rates of symptom change in the different PTSD symptom clusters between the two treatment groups during the nine months of follow- up after cessation of the acute treatment phase.

Keywords: Fluoxetine  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Symposium  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

49. Sprang, G. (2001, May). The use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of traumatic stress and complicated mourning: Psychological and behavioral outcomes. Research on Social Work Practice, 11(3), 300-320. doi:10.1177/104973150101100302 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the differential effects of treatment of a complex of symptomatology that includes grief, PTSD, anxiety, and self-esteem by comparing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and guided mourning (GM) treatments. Method: 23 EMDR clients and 27 GM clients completed measures designed to assess psychosocial and behavioral symptoms of loss before and after treatment and at a 9-month-follow-up period. Results: Out of the 5 psychosocial measures of distress, four (State Anxiety, Impact of Event Scale, Index of Self-Esteem, and PTSD) were found to be significantly altered by type of treatment provided, with EMDR clients reporting the greatest reduction of PTSD symptoms. Data from the behavioral measures revealed similar findings. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults  Americans  Cognitive Therapy  Empirical Study  Follow-up Study  Grief  Non-Randomized Study  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Self Esteem  Social Casework  Survivors  Traumatic Bereavement  Treatment Effectiveness  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

50. Friday, S. (2004, September). Using EMDR as an intervention for symptom severity in attention deficit disorder. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montréal, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This study investigated the intervention effects of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) on the trauma and behavior symptom severity of ten children, ages 8 to 11, diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). ADD is a common childhood disorder with increasing prevalence rates that raise questions concerning over diagnoses, misdiagnoses, and possible inadequate assessment, of primary, comorbid and differential diagnoses. Accurate assessments for ADD and trauma related attention problems have important implications for diagnostic intervention and treatment planning. The purpose of this research was to investigate if a three-phased treatment intervention, including EMDR, would show a reduction in the trauma and behavior symptom severity in children with ADD and trauma symptoms.

Keywords: Comorbidity  Disruptive Behavior Disorders  Elementary School Students  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  School Age Children  Stressors  Treatment Effectiveness  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

51. Friday, S. (2003). Using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as an intervention for trauma and behavior symptom severity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Capella University, Minneapolis, MN. AAT 3093820.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study investigated the intervention effects of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) on the trauma and behavior symptom severity of 10 children, ages 8 to 11, diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a common childhood disorder with increasing prevalence rates that raise questions concerning overdiagnoses, misdiagnoses, and possible inadequate assessment of primary, comorbid, and differential diagnoses. Accurate assessments for ADHD and trauma-related attentional problems have important implications for diagnostic intervention and treatment planning. The purpose of this research was to investigate if a three-phased treatment intervention including EMDR, a therapy method proven effective in the reduction of PTSD, would show a reduction in the trauma and behavior symptom severity in children with ADHD and trauma symptoms. Evaluation of the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of ADHD was examined using a multiple-component case study and a repeated measure design for evidence of trauma. Two of the three treatment phases were randomly adjusted from one to three sessions in length, with the intervention method, EMDR, remaining constant for a total of three sessions. Outcome measures were the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS), the Behavioral Assessment of Children Scales (BASC), (teacher and parent forms), and repeated assessments of trauma using the Lifetime Incidence of Traumatic Events Scales (LITE-P&S, parent and student forms), the Child and Parent Reports of Post-Traumatic Symptoms Scales (PROPS & CROPS), and the Problem Rating Scales (PRS). The results from quantitative analysis suggested that the intervention method incorporating EMDR affected a decrease in Externalizing and Internalizing behavior symptom severity and trauma symptom severity in the ADHD children that were studied. Qualitative data suggested that trauma and behavioral symptom severity decreased as a result of the intervention method incorporating EMDR. The results underscore the need for further research to distinguish between the symptom presentation of ADHD and comorbid trauma and behavioral symptoms. A continuous refining of the method of diagnosis and determination of the comorbid disorders is warranted. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 64(6-B), 2003, pp. 2901

Keywords: Comorbidity  Disruptive Behavior Disorders  Elementary School Students  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Empirical Study  Quantitative Study  School Age Children  Stressors  Treatment Effectiveness  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

52. Morris-Smith, J. (2007, June). What can we learn from using EMDR with children on the autistic spectrum?. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Assocation, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Children suffering from Autistic Spectrum Disorders have fundamental impairments in their understanding of social relationships, emotions and understand the perspectives of others. They also have impairment in their communicative abilities. They can be frequently traumatized by their daily living experiences whilst living in a world in which their understandings are impaired. This paper aims to open up the discussion and stimulate research into and about just how far their deficits in understanding their worlds extends and to what extent these might be addressed or ameliorated during EMDR therapy. The paper will consider the cases of 10 ASD children when EMDR was used and its affects. ASD is a spectrum of disorders subsumed under a single diagnostic category. This paper also hopes to shed some light on these and will also offer some directions for parental differential diagnosis of different forms of ASD and whether EMDR therapy might be efficacious for these. Recent research in ASD suggests that the corpus callosum may be affected and also included in this paper, for comparison, are two cases of children who have agenesis of the corpus callosum who also receive EMDR. The paper will be illustrated by the use of video clips.

Keywords: Autism  Children  

Accuracy Verified: Yes