Francine Shapiro Library - EMDR Bibliography Links
Choose any combination of the search options below. If you do not wish to include an option in your search, leave the box blank, or select "Any."
Your Results - you searched for the keyword Retrieval 54 Results
1. van den Hout, M., Muris, P., Salemink, E., & Kindt, M. (2001). Autobiographical memories become less vivid and emotional after eye movements. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40(2), 121-130. doi:10.1348/014466501163535.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Objectives: To test (1) whether eye movements during retrieval of emotional memories are followed by less vividness and less emotionality of future recollections, (2) whether this effect, if present, is stronger than the effects of a control activity (finger tapping), (3) whether the alleged effects of tapping and eye movements are stronger than a no-movement, control condition (mere imagery), (4) whether reductions in vividness and emotionality after eye movements (and finger tapping) are specific to negative memories or also occur in the case of positive memories. Method: 60 healthy volunteers recalled either positive or negative memories and scored the vividness and emotionality of the recollections. Next, memories were recalled whilst the participant was performing rapid eye movements, finger tapping, or not performing a dual task. Then participants were asked to recall the event again and to rate its vividness and emotionality. Results: Compared to finger tapping and the no-dual-task condition, recollections after eye movements made future recollections less vivid. After eye movements, but not after the other interventions, negative memories became less negative, and positive memories became less positive. Conclusion: The findings show that eye movements not only reduce vividness and emotionality of memories during the eye moving, but also affect future recollections, during which no eye movements are made. Some theoretical explanations are discussed. As to clinical implications, it is suggested that if there is a role for eye-movement-based treatments, it is very limited. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adolescents Cognitive Processes College Students Dutch Exposure Therapy Memory Impairment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Young Adults
Accuracy Verified: Yes
2. Keller, B., Stevens, L. C., Boyce, K., Lui, C., & Murray, J. (2011). Bilateral eye movements and EEG coherence during positive memories: Implications for PTSD and EMDR. Presentation at the American Psychological Association Conference, Washington, DC.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of bilateral eye movements in the processing of long-term emotional memories, especially as it pertains to the treatment method for PTSD known as EMDR. EMDR utilizes methods similar to cognitive therapy and exposure but also employs saccadic eye movements to facilitate the treatment. The saccadic eye movements are theorized by Shapiro and others to decrease emotional valence and vividness of episodic memories allowing for easier reprocessing. There remains some disagreement as to the actual role and importance of the saccadic eye movements as well as to the neurological effects of EMDR.
This study used EEG power-spectral analysis and measures of interhemispheric coherence on 30 individuals who underwent one of three conditions while recalling positive episodic memories. The 3 conditions were (1) a solid black dot with no eye movement (control), (2) a low frequency color changing dot with no eye movement, and (3) a bilateral eye movement condition simulating EMDR. After a 5’ eyes-open baseline, participants experienced one of the three conditions while recalling a positive memory for five 1’ episodes. After each episode, each participant had 19-channel EEGs recorded while they stared ahead eyes opened. EEG data were noise artifacted, power spectral analyzed, and statistically analyzed for interhemispheric coherence differences between conditions for clusters of frontal pole (Fp), frontal (F), central (C), parietal (P), and occipital (O) electrodes.
ANCOVA analysis of post-treatment coherence values, with baseline values as the covariate, across conditions showed significantly increased Low Beta (12-20Hz) activity in the Frontal region of the brain during the saccadic eye movements condition compared to the low frequency dot condition (p=.012). Also found were significantly increased Low Theta (4-6Hz) coherence values in the Parietal region of the brain in the low frequency dot condition compared to both the eye fixation (p=.017) and saccadic eye movement (p=.022) conditions. Self reports of memory clarity and vividness indicated significantly increased measures across all conditions. LORETA cortical localization analyses revealed Low Beta (12-20Hz) activation during the saccadic eye movements condition occurring primarily in Brodmanns Area 11 (BA11) and Brodmann Area 25 (BA25) and Low Theta (4-6Hz) activation during the low frequency dot condition focused in BA35 and BA36. LORETA neuroimages are presented.
Cortical localizations of increased Low Beta interhemispheric coherence in BA11 (VentroMedial Frontal Cortex) and BA25 (Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex) following bilateral eye movements during the recall of positive memories suggest a synchronization of information processing activities in parts of the frontal cortex involved in planning, reasoning, and decision making (11) and in verbal episodic memory retrieval (25). These functions are consistent with the assigned tasks of review of positive episodic memories in this study. Coincident with this pattern of cortical activation was an obtained increase in memory clarity and vividness during episodic memory retrieval. It is possible that the obtained effects on beta activity were an artifact of eye movements; however, the lack of significantly increased signal coherence at the Fp region and the removal of eye movement artifacts prior to data analysis reduce this possibility. These results provide support for an Interhemispheric Coherence Model as an explanation for the positive effects of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing of retrieved memories. Additionally, these outcomes suggest that it is the saccadic eye movements, not a repetition of a rhythmic stimulus, that elicits the changes in interhemispheric coherence, and possibly in emotional valence and vividness, highlighting the importance of saccadic eye movements in EMDR.
Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation EEG Coherence Eye Movements: Positive Memories Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: No
3. Christman, S. D., Garvey, K. J., Propper, R. E., & Phaneuf, K. A. (2003, April). Bilateral eye movements enhance the retrieval of episodic memories. Neuropsychology, 17(2), 221-229. doi: 10.3758/PBR.15.3.515.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Two experiments examining effects of eye movements on episodic memory retrieval are reported. Thirty seconds of horizontal saccadic eye movements (but not smooth pursuit or vertical eye movements) preceding testing resulted in selective enhancement of episodic memory retrieval for laboratory (Experiment 1) and everyday (Experiment 2) events. Eye movements had no effects on implicit memory. Eye movements were also associated with more conservative response biases relative to a no eye movement condition. Episodic memory improvement induced by bilateral eye movements is hypothesized to reflect enhanced interhemispheric interaction, which is associated with superior episodic memory (S. D. Christman & R. E. Propper. 2001). Implications for neuropsychological mechanisms underlying eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (F. Shapiro, 1989, 2001), a therapeutic technique for posttraumatic stress disorder, are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Bilateral Eye Movements Episodic Memory Retrieval Saccadic Eye Movements
Accuracy Verified: Yes
4. Christman, S. D., & Butler, M. (2005, November). Bilateral eye movements impair the encoding and enhance the retrieval of episodic memories. Presentation at the 46th annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Toronto, Ontario Canada.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: Engaging in bilateral saccadic eye movements (EMs) immediately prior to retrieval has been shown to enhance the retrieval of episodic, but not semantic, memories (Christman, Garvey, Propper, & Phaneuf, 2003; Christman, Propper, & Dion, 2004). The present study extended this paradigm by investigating the effect of EMs at encoding, as well as at retrieval. EMs prior to encoding led to a significant impairment in episodic recall ( p = .004), relative to no-EM controls. In contrast, in the absence of EMs at encoding, EMs at retrieval led to marginally better episodic recall ( p = .12). EM manipulations had no effects on tests of implicit and semantic memory. Thus, bilateral saccadic EMs impair versus enhance the encoding versus retrieval of episodic memories, respectively. Results are interpreted in terms of EM-induced increases in cholinergic activity (resulting in episodic memories being integrated into semantic networks) versus interhemispheric interaction (resulting in enhanced access to right-hemisphere–based retrieval mechanisms).
Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Eye Movements
Accuracy Verified: Yes
5. Christman, S., & Garvey, K. (2001, June). Bilateral eye movements reduce cortical activation asymmetries. Presentation at the 2001 EMDR International Association Conference, Austin, TX.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Alternating left-right eye movements (EMs) have been shown to enhance episodic memory recall (Christman & Garvey, 2000). In turn, enhanced recall of episodic, or autobiographical, memories has been linked to increased interhemispheric interaction (Christman & Propper, 2001; Propper & Christman, 1997). Since leftward versus rightward EMs induce right versus hemisphere activation, respectively (Bakan & Svorad, 1969), bilateral EMs may facilitate interhemispheric interaction by balancing hemispheric activation levels. In other words, asymmetries in cortical activation may impair interhemispheric communication. Christman and Garvey (2000), however, demonstrated only that bilateral EMs enhance episodic memory performance; they did not directly measure hemispheric activation. To test this hypothesis directly, participants were administered two behavioral tests that are sensitive to variations in hemispheric activation. The Chimeric Faces Test (Levy, Heller, Banich, & Burton, 1983) involves mirror-image pairs of faces, with one smiling hemiface and one neutral hemiface, presented under conditions of free viewing. Participants are asked to judge which member of a pair looks happier. Right versus left hemiface biases are associated with relative increases in left versus right hemispheric activation. Line bisection tasks also tap into hemispheric activation, with leftward versus rightward bisection errors reflecting increased right versus left hemisphere activation. Bisection tasks, however, are also influenced by premotor asymmetries (e.g., Luh, 1995), and thus represent a less pure measure of hemispheric activation.
METHODS Participants performed blocks of chimeric face and line bisection trials. They then engaged in 30 seconds of alternating left-right saccades (2 eye movements per second). Participants then performed a second block of trials for both tasks.
RESULTS Results showed that behavioral asymmetries in the chimeric face task were significantly reduced after the EMs (p<.029). This supports the hypothesis that bilateral EMs reduce hemispheric activation asymmetries. Performance on line bisection task, however, was unaffected by EMs (F<1), perhaps reflecting the fact that this task is a less direct measure of hemispheric activation.
DISCUSSION These results provide further insight into mechanisms underlying EMDR therapy used for PTSD patients. Reduction in hemispheric activation asymmetry arising from bilateral EMs employed in the current study (and in EMDR) may enhance interhemispheric communication. This interpretation is consistent with Ramachandran (1995), who showed that vestibular stimulation (inducing optokinetic nystagmus and resulting in involuntary left-right EMs) reduces the denial of deficit found in anosagnosia patients.
Ramachandran (1995) suggested that the procedure benefits the hypoaroused right hemisphere, bringing its activation level up to par with the left hemisphere. Similarly, EMs used in EMDR may balance hemispheric activation levels, in turn enhancing interhemispheric communication and retrieval of episodic memories.
Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Eye Movements
Accuracy Verified: Yes
6. Nieuwenhuis, S., Elzinga, B. M., Ras, P., Berends, F., Duijs, P., Samara, Z., & Slagter, H. (2013, February). Bilateral saccadic eye movements and tactile stimulation, but not auditory stimulation, enhance memory retrieval. Brain & Cognition, 81(1), 52-56. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2012.10.003.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Recent research has shown superior memory retrieval when participants make a series of horizontal saccadic eye movements between the memory encoding phase and the retrieval phase compared to participants who do not move their eyes or move their eyes vertically. It has been hypothesized that the rapidly alternating activation of the two hemispheres that is associated with the series of left–right eye movements is critical in causing the enhanced retrieval. This hypothesis predicts a beneficial effect on retrieval of alternating left–right stimulation not only of the visuomotor system, but also of the somatosensory system, both of which have a strict contralateral organization. In contrast, this hypothesis does not predict an effect, or a weaker effect, on retrieval of alternating left–right stimulation of the auditory system, which has a much less lateralized organization. Consistent with these predictions, we replicated the horizontal saccade-induced retrieval enhancement (Experiment 1) and showed that a similar retrieval enhancement occurs after alternating left–right tactile stimulation (Experiment 2). Furthermore, retrieval was not enhanced after alternating left–right auditory stimulation compared to simultaneous bilateral auditory stimulation (Experiment 3). We discuss the possibility that alternating bilateral activation of the left and right hemispheres exerts its effects on memory by increasing the functional connectivity between the two hemispheres. We also discuss the findings in the context of clinical practice, in which bilateral eye movements (EMDR) and auditory stimulation are used in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. [Copyright &y& Elsevier].
Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Memory Retrieval Saccadic Eye Movements Saccades Tactile Stimulation
Accuracy Verified: Yes
7. van den Hout, M. A., Engelhard, I. M., Smeets, M. A. M., Hornsveld, H., Hoogeveen, E., de Heer, E., Toffolo, M. B. J., & Rijkeboer, M. (2010, April). Counting during recall: Taxing of working memory and reduced vividness and emotionality of negative memories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(3), 303-311. doi:10.1002/acp.1677.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
While initially subject to debate, meta-analyses have shown that eye movement desensitization and
reprocessing (EMDR) is effective in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Earlier
studies showed that eye movements during retrieval of emotional memories reduce their vividness and emotionality, which may be due to both tasks competing for limited working memory (WM)resources. This study examined whether another secondary task that taxes WM has beneficial effects, and whether the stronger the taxing, the stronger the reductions in vividness/adversity. A reaction time (RT) paradigm showed that counting backwards requiresWMresources, and that more complex
counting is more demanding than simple counting. Relative to a retrieval-only condition, counting
during retrieval of emotional memories reduced vividness and emotionality during later recall of
these memories. However, the counting conditions did not differ in the magnitude of this reduction,
and did not show the predicted dose-response relationship. Implications for a working-memory
explanation of EMDR and for clinical practice are discussed. Copyright#2010 JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: Counting Reaction Time Paradigm Working Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
8. Shapiro, F., Hurley, E. C., de Roos, C., Horst, F., de Jongh, A., & Hornsveld, H. (2013, April). Current research on eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Presentation at the Anxiety Disorders and Depression Conference, La Jolla, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
EMDR therapy is widely recognized as an empirically supported trauma treatment and was given an “A” rating in the most recent practice guidelines of both the DVA/DOD and the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Meta-analytic findings report similar effect sizes for trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) and EMDR therapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there are distinct differences between the two modalities in both theory and practice. Unlike TF-CBT exposure therapies, with EMDR therapy there is only intermittent attention to the index trauma, homework is not required and detailed descriptions of the memory are not needed. Further, the eye movement component has been the subject of more than 20 randomized controlled trials that have reported positive effects supporting both working memory and orienting response/REM hypotheses. These effects include a rapid decrease in physiological arousal and negative emotion, as well as increased episodic memory retrieval and recognition of true information. Videotaped clinical sessions will illustrate these findings, as well as the differences between EMDR therapy and prolonged exposure.
Accuracy Verified: Yes
9. Littel, M. (2013, April). De rol van emotionaliteit op de effectiviteit van EMDR [The role of emotionality in the effectiveness of EMDR]. In Onderzoek track 1 and 2. Presentatie op Het congres EMDR Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Nijmegen, Nederland.
Language: Dutch
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Als tijdens het ophalen van een autobiografische herinnering een andere taak wordt uitgevoerd die het werkgeheugen belast, zoals het maken van oogbewegingen, wordt de herinnering waziger terug opgeslagen: de levendigheid en emotionaliteit van de herinnering neemt af. Dit fenomeen kan verklaren waarom EMDR zo goed werkt als behandeling voor PTSD. Al het onderzoek dat tot nu toe gedaan is naar de effecten van oogbewegingen op herinneringen maakte gebruik van emotionele (positieve/negatieve) herinneringen. In de huidige presentatie zal worden ingegaan op de rol van deze emotionaliteit op de effectiviteit van EMDR.
Uit onderzoek blijkt dat emotionele gebeurtenissen beter en gedetailleerder in het geheugen worden opgeslagen dan neutrale gebeurtenissen. Dit gebeurt als gevolg van verhoogde emotionele arousal, ofwel verhoogde afgifte van diverse stoffen in het brein, met als belangrijkste noradrenaline. Als noradrenaline wordt geblokkeerd met medicatie worden emotionele gebeurtenissen namelijk even slecht onthouden als neutrale.
Ook tijdens het ophalen van emotionele herinneringen ontstaat er emotionele arousal. En het blokkeren van noradrenaline na het ophalen van een emotionele herinnering zorgt ervoor dat deze minder intens wordt terug opgeslagen in het geheugen. Emotionaliteit zorgt dus voor betere geheugen (re)consolidatie.
De vraag is nu of het feit dat de in EMDR opgehaalde herinneringen emotioneel geladen zijn belangrijk is voor de effectiviteit van EMDR. En zo ja, zorgt de emotionele arousal die vrijkomt er dan voor dat de wazig-gemaakte herinneringen beter worden opgeslagen in het geheugen? Of werkt het op een andere manier?
In de huidige presentatie zullen de resultaten worden besproken van een studie waarin onderzocht is of ook levendige neutrale herinneringen, net als emotionele herinneringen, door oogbewegingen minder levendig kunnen worden. Voorts zullen plannen besproken worden voor een studie naar oogbewegingen waarin emotionele arousal gemanipuleerd wordt. Ook zullen wetenschappelijke en klinische implicaties worden besproken.
If during the retrieval of autobiographical memories another task that taxed working memory, such as making eye movements, the reminder is stored back blurred: the vividness and emotionality of the memory decreases. This phenomenon may explain why EMDR works so well as a treatment for PTSD. All the research done so far has been on the effects of eye movements made use of emotional memories (positive / negative) memories. In the current presentation will discuss the role of emotionality on the effectiveness of EMDR.
Studies show that emotional events better and more detailed in the memory than neutral events. This happens due to increased emotional arousal, or increased release of various substances in the brain, the main noradrenaline. If norepinephrine is blocked with medication emotional events are remembered because as bad as neutral.
During the retrieval of emotional memories creates emotional arousal. And blocking norepinephrine after getting an emotional memory makes it less intense back stored in memory. Emotionality thus provides better memory (re) consolidation.
The question now is whether the fact that the EMDR retrieved emotionally charged memories are important for the effectiveness of EMDR. And if so, will the emotional arousal released sure the blurry-made memories are better stored in memory? Whether it works in a different way?
In the current presentation, the results are discussed from a study which investigated is whether vivid memories neutral, like emotional memories, by eye movements may be less vivid. Further plans will be discussed for a study of eye movements in which emotional arousal is manipulated. Also, scientific and clinical implications are discussed.
Keywords: Emotionality
Accuracy Verified: Yes
10. Rijken, T. A. (2012). De werkzaamheid van eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Ondersteuning voor een afleidingstheorie [The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Support for a theoretical derivation]. Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
De eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) interventie wordt veelvoudig gebruikt in de gezondheidszorg en is een van de meest onderzochte interventies voor posttraumatische stress-stoornis. De populariteit van deze interventie kan mede worden toegeschreven aan de aangetoonde werkzaamheid van EMDR voor het verminderen van traumasymptomen. EMDR is een behandeling die bedoeld is om de helderheid en aversiviteit van traumaherinneringen te verminderen. Tijdens de interventie staat het ophalen van traumatische herinneringen en tegelijkertijd het maken van oogbewegingen centraal. De laatste jaren zijn labstudies toegepast om te achterhalen hoe EMDR precies werkt. Uit deze studies blijkt dat de belasting van het werkgeheugen door een duale taak een belangrijk component van EMDR is. Het werkgeheugen heeft namelijk een beperkte capaciteit. Dit zorgt ervoor dat er minder capaciteit beschikbaar is voor de traumatische herinnering wanneer deze tijdens de behandeling wordt belast met een taak (bv. oogbewegingen). De werkgeheugentheorie is bruikbaar, maar er is wellicht een simpelere verklaring voor de werkzaamheid van EMDR: afleiding. Het is praktisch te weten hoe EMDR werkt zodat er meer duidelijkheid ontstaat over hoe EMDR precies moet worden toegepast. Daarnaast is het begrip van de werking van EMDR belangrijk voor het vaststellen van eventuele bruikbaarheid bij meerdere stoornissen. Het doel van huidig experiment is het kritisch onderzoeken of er een verschil is tussen het ophalen van een negatieve herinnering met een visuele afleidingstaak en het ophalen van een negatieve herinnering met het maken van oogbewegingen op de mate van levendigheid en emotionaliteit. Daarnaast dient het onderzoek als replicatie van Kavanagh et al. (2001) die hetzelfde beoogde te onderzoeken, maar geen rekening hield met de cognitieve belasting van de taken. Uit de resultaten van het huidige onderzoek blijkt dat de oogbewegingstaak en de visuele afleidingstaak verschillen in de mate van vertraging op de reactietijdtaak. De oogbewegingen leiden tot een grotere vertraging. Desondanks laten de resultaten van het experiment zien dat tijdens het toepassen van de interventies de visuele ruis tot grotere reductie van zowel levendigheid als emotionaliteit leidt in vergelijking met de oogbewegingen en het niets doen. Oogbewegingen laten intermediaire resultaten zien. Het lijkt er op dat de resultaten in strijd zijn met de gangbare werkgeheugentheorie en de ‘afleidingstheorie’ ondersteunen als verklaring voor de werkzaamheid van EMDR. Het is wellicht afleiding dat voldoende zou kunnen zijn om de werkzaamheid van EMDR te bewerkstelligen. Meer onderzoek is nodig om deze resultaten te ondersteunen.
The Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) intervention is multiple used in health care and is one of the most studied treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. The popularity of this intervention may also be attributed to the demonstrated efficacy of EMDR for reducing trauma symptoms. EMDR is a treatment designed to reduce the brightness and aversiviteit memories of trauma reduction. During the intervention is retrieving traumatic memories while making eye movements centrally. In recent years labstudies used to determine how EMDR works. These studies show that the load on working memory by a dual task is an important component of EMDR. The memory has a limited capacity ie. This ensures that there is less capacity available for the traumatic memory during treatment when it is subjected to a task (eg eye movements). The working memory theory is useful, but there may be a simpler explanation for the efficacy of EMDR: distraction. It is practical to know how EMDR works so that more clarity about exactly how EMDR should be applied. In addition, the concept of the operation of EMDR important for determining the potential usefulness in multiple disorders. The purpose of the present experiment is to critically examine whether there is a difference between getting a negative memory with a visual distraction task and retrieval of a negative memory making eye movements on the degree of vividness and emotionality. Research must also as a replication of Kavanagh et al (2001) that the same was intended to investigate, but took no account of the cognitive load of the tasks. The results of the present study show that the oogbewegingstaak and visual distraction task differences in the extent of delayed response task. The eye movements lead to a longer delay. Nevertheless, the results of the experiment show that while applying the intervention visual noise to greater reduction in both vividness and emotionality results in comparison with the eye movements and do nothing. Eye movements show intermediate results. It seems that the results are contrary to the usual working memory theory and the "distraction theory 'support as an explanation for the efficacy of EMDR. It might distractions that may be sufficient to establish the efficacy of EMDR to achieve. More research is needed to support these results.
Keywords: Theory Derivation Working Memory Theory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
11. Samara, Z., Elzingal, B. M., Slagter, H. A., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2011, March). Do horizontal saccadic eye movements increase interhemispheric coherence? Investigation of a hypothesized neural mechanism underlying EMDR. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2(4), 1-9. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00004.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Series of horizontal saccadic eye movements (EMs) are known to improve episodic memory retrieval in healthy adults and to facilitate the processing of traumatic memories in eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Several authors have proposed that EMs achieve these effects by increasing the functional connectivity of the two brain hemispheres, but direct evidence for this proposal is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate whether memory enhancement following bilateral EMs is associated with increased interhemispheric coherence in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Fourteen healthy young adults were asked to freely recall lists of studied neutral and emotional words after a series of bilateral EMs and a control procedure. Baseline EEG activity was recorded before and after the EM and control procedures. Phase and amplitude coherence between bilaterally homologous brain areas were calculated for six frequency bands and electrode pairs across the entire scalp. Behavioral analyses showed that participants recalled more emotional (but not neutral) words following the EM procedure than following the control procedure. However, the EEG analyses indicated no evidence that the EMs altered participants’ interhemispheric coherence or that improvements in recall were correlated with such changes in coherence. These findings cast doubt on the interhemispheric interaction hypothesis, and therefore may have important implications for future research on the neurobiological mechanism underlying EMDR.
Keywords: Eye Movements EMs
Accuracy Verified: Yes
12. Tym, R., Dyck, M., & McGrath, G. (2000, July-August). Does a visual perceptual disturbance characterize trauma-related anxiety syndromes?. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14(4), 377-394. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(00)00029-3.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The i-test was developed to assess the visual-perceptual disturbances (VPDs) frequently reported by anxious patients. Persons with the disturbance report a specific abnormal illusion of movement when they maintain a fixed gaze at the i-test stimulus. Base rates for positive responses to the i-test and for reports of a "recurrent specific memory" (RSM) of a fear experience were obtained in psychiatric outpatient (n = 301) and community (n = 128) samples. In each case, approximately one fifth of participants had a positive response to the i-test and one fifth of participants reported an RSM of fear. A positive response to the i-test is observed in women more frequently than in men. Among psychiatric patients, approximately 90% of patients who report one symptom also report the other symptom; among community members, the concordance rate is approximately 33%. When psychiatric patients with both an abnormal illusion of movement response and an RSM of trauma are treated with eye movement desensitization, both symptoms are removed in 70% of cases; when these patients undergo some other form of treatment, both symptoms are removed in 30% of cases. These results indicate that the i-test is an effective way of identifying VPDs associated with psychopathologic conditions; the association between the abnormal illusion of movement and reports of recurrent specific memories of fear experiences suggests that the VPD may be a marker of traumatic stress syndromes. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adolescents Adults Assessment Children Depressive Disorders Females Males Injuries Memory Retrieval Techniques Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Somatic Symptoms Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Visual Hallucinations Witnesses
Accuracy Verified: Yes
13. Hornsveld, H., & van den Hout, M. (2010, April). Een serie experimenten naar oogbewegingen en klikjes: Wat werkt beter? [A series of experiments on eye movements and clicks, what works better?]. Presentatie op de suxth congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederlands, Nijmegen, Nederlands.
Language: Dutch
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Er zijn verschillende theorieën over de werkingsmechanismen van EMDR. De belangrijkste theorieën zullen kort worden toegelicht en het wetenschappelijk bewijs ervoor samengevat.
Vervolgens zullen we een serie eigen experimenten presenteren: drie studies bij studenten en één studie bij PTSS- patiënten. In deze experimenten zullen oogbewegingen telkens worden vergeleken met andere taakjes of stimuli. Implicaties voor de theorievorming en voor de klinische praktijk zullen worden bediscussieerd tijdens de workshop aan de hand van stellingen.
Exp 1 laat zien dat de positieve bevindingen voor oogbewegingen (ten opzichte van een controle conditie) ook gevonden worden bij negatieve herinneringen aan een verlieservaring. Dit geeft een empirische basis voor de suggestie dat EMDR ook zinvol toegepast kan worden bij gecompliceerde rouw.
Exp 2 gaat over het werkgeheugen en een eventuele dosis respons relatie. Met andere woorden: geven taken die een grotere belasting voor het werkgeheugen vormen ook grotere SUD-dalingen?
Exp 3 Laat zien dat de werkgeheugenbelasting van oogbewegingen veel groter is dan van de bekende koptelefoon met klikjes. Vervolgens vergelijken we de werkzaamheid van oogbewegingen, klikjes, en een controle-conditie bij studenten die negatieve herinneringen ophalen.
Exp 4 is een klinische studie bij PTSS patiënten, waarbij we oogbewegingen, klikjes en controle (herinneringsbeeld zonder bilaterale stimulatie) met elkaar vergelijken. Verwacht wordt dat de eerste voorlopige data tijdens het congres beschikbaar zijn.
Hornsveld, H., Landwehr, F., Stein, W., Stomp, G., Smeets, M. &. van den Hout, M. (2010). Emotionality of loss-related memories is reduced after retrieval plus eye movements but not after retrieval plus music or retrieval only. Submitted.
Hout, M.A. van den, Engelhard, I.M., Rijkeboer, M., Koekebakker, J., Hornsveld, H. Toffolo, M., & Akse, N. (2010). Eye movements tax working memory, but binaural stimulation does not. Manuscript in preparation.
Hout, M.A. van den,, Engelhard, I., Smeets, M, Hornsveld, H., Hoogeveen, E., de Heer, E. & Rijkeboer, M. ( 2010). Counting during recall: taxing of working memory and reduced vividness and emotionality of negative memories. In press, Applied Cognitive Psychology.
There are several theories about the mechanisms of action of EMDR. The main theories will be briefly explained and summarized the scientific evidence before.
Then we will present a series of own experiments: studies in three students and a study in PTSD patients. In these experiments will be compared with each eye movement or other minor assignments stimuli. Implications for theory and for clinical practice will be discussed during the workshop by means of propositions.
Exp 1 shows that the positive findings for eye movements (compared to a control condition) also found associated with negative memories of a loss experience. This provides an empirical basis for the suggestion that EMDR is also useful can be used for complicated grief.
Exp 2 is about memory and a possible dose response relationship. In other words, tasks that give a greater burden on working memory are also larger SUD decreases?
Exp 3 Shows that the memory load of eye movements is much greater than the known Headphones clicks. Then we compare the efficacy of eye movements, clicks, and a control condition in which students negative memories.
Exp 4 A clinical study in PTSD patients, we eye movements, clicks and control (memory image without bilateral stimulation) compared. It is expected that the preliminary data available at the conference.
Horn Field, H., Landwehr, F., Stein, W., Stump, G., Smeets, M. &. van den Hout, M. (2010). Emotionality or loss-related pleadings Reduced after retrieval plus eye movements but not after retrieval or retrieval plus music only. Submitted.
Wood, M.A. van den, Engelhard, IM, Rijkeboer, M., Koekebakker, J., Horn Field, H. Toffolo, M., & Akse, N. (2010). Eye movements tax working memory, but Does Not binaural stimulation. Manuscript in preparation.
Wood, M.A. van den, Engelhard, I., Smeets, M, Horn Field, H., Hoogeveen, E., Mr. E. Farmer & Rich, M. (2010). Counting consistently recall: Taxing of working memory and Reduced vivid ness and emotionality or negative statements. In press, Applied Cognitive Psychology.
Keywords: Eye Movements Mechanism of Action
Accuracy Verified: Yes
14. Propper, R. E., Pierce, J., Geisler, M. W., Christman, S. D., & Bellorado, N. (2007, September). Effect of bilateral eye movements on frontal interhemispheric gamma EEG coherence: Implications for EMDR therapy. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 195(9), 785-788. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e318142cf73.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The use of bilateral eye movements (EMs) is an important component of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for PTSD. The neural mechanisms underlying EMDR remain unclear. However, prior behavioral work looking at the effects of bilateral EMs on the retrieval of episodic memories suggests that the EMs enhance interhemispheric interaction. The present study examined the effects of the EMs used in EMDR on interhemispheric electroencephalogram coherence. Relative to noneye-movement controls, engaging in bilateral EMs led to decreased interhemispheric gamma electroencephalogram coherence. Implications for future work on EMDR and episodic memory are discussed. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Americans Brain Imaging Bilateral Eye Movements College Students Empirical Study Neurophysiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study
Accuracy Verified: Yes
15. Merckelbach, H., Hogervorst, E., Kampman, M., & de Jongh, A. (1994). Effects of '"eye movement desensitization" on emotional processing in normal subjects. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 22(4), 331-335. doi:10.1017/S1352465800013217.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
A number of single case reports have made impressive claims for the efficacy of "eye movement desensitization" (EMD) in the treatment of traumatic memories. Many of these case reports claim that EMD reduces the unpleasant feelings associated with traumatic images. However, at present, there are no published controlled studies that provide evidence for these claims. The present experiment investigated whether EMD inhibits emotional responding during retrieval of aversive information. Normal Ss (N = 40) were exposed to an aversive slide. During a next stage, half of the Ss underwent EMD while they rehearsed the slide information, whereas the other half underwent a control procedure (i.e., finger tapping) while rehearsing slide information. Before and after EMD or control intervention, heart rate and self-report data were obtained while Ss retrieved and visualized the aversive slide. No evidence was found to suggest that EMD inhibits emotional reactivity more than does finger tapping. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Aversive Stimulation Emotional Responding During Retrieval of Aversive Information Emotional Responses Eye Movements Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
16. Parker, A., Relph, S., & Dagnall, N. (2008, January). Effects of bilateral eye movements on the retrieval of item, associative, and contextual information. Neuropsychology, 22(1), 136-145. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.22.1.136.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Two experiments are reported that investigate the effects of saccadic bilateral eye movements on the retrieval of item, associative, and contextual information. Experiment 1 compared the effects of bilateral versus vertical versus no eye movements on tests of item recognition, followed by remember-know responses and associative recognition. Supporting previous research, bilateral eye movements enhanced item recognition by increasing the hit rate and decreasing the false alarm rate. Analysis of remember-know responses indicated that eye movement effects were accompanied by increases in remember responses. The test of associative recognition found that bilateral eye movements increased correct responses to intact pairs and decreased false alarms to rearranged pairs. Experiment 2 assessed the effects of eye movements on the recall of intrinsic (color) and extrinsic (spatial location) context. Bilateral eye movements increased correct recall for both types of context. The results are discussed within the framework of dual-process models of memory and the possible neural underpinnings of these effects are considered. [PsycINFO]
Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Eye Movements
Accuracy Verified: Yes
17. Choi, K. M., Min, J. A., Park, G. H., Lee, S.-H., & Chae, J.-H. (2011). The effects of horizontal eye movement on mental health indices and psychophysiological activities in healthy subjects. Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 18, 148-158.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Objectives: The eye movement (EM) has been reported to play a role in enhancing the retrieval of episodic memories and reducing effects of fearful episodes in the past and worries for the futures. However, it is still unclear in the mechanism of EM in normal subjects. We examined the horizontal eye movement (HEM) effect using an aiding apparatus on mental health indices including negative and positive psychological factors, and psychophysiological measures such as heart rate variability and quantitative electroencepaholography (qEEG) in healthy subjects.
Methods: Twenty eight healthy subjects were recruited and randomly allocated into two groups : active HEM group and control group. The active HEM group conducted the HEM training with usual stress management audio-intervention using the apparatus inducing eye movement once a day for 14 days. The control group also conducted the same training once a day for 14 days, however, the saccadic eye movement was not included in this training. Psychological measurements, neurocognitive function tests, heart rate variability measurement and qEEG were conducted before and after the training in both groups.
Results: In the active HEM group, sleep status using Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) positive factors significantly increased after the training. By contrast, scores on the negative items of Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWBS), and negative items of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) were significantly decreased after the training. The percentage of delta amplitude (1-3 Hz) in qEEG significantly decreased after the HEM training. The percentage of alpha amplitude (8-12 Hz) significantly increased after HEM training. The change of delta amplitude in the active HEM group was positively correlated with the change of sleep satisfaction of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the change of alpha amplitude was negatively correlated with depression of VAS, anxiety of VAS and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI).
Conclusions: The HEM training improved sleep quality and well-being, and sense of optimism. The HEM training also increased alpha amplitude and decreased delta amplitude in qEEG. The qEEG changes were well correlated with subjective improvement of mental health indices in healthy subjects. These results suggest some evidences that HEM training using the apparatus that induces EM would be helpful in improving subjective mental health in healthy subjects. Further study with larger samples size would be needed.
Keywords: Horitzontal Eye Movements
Accuracy Verified: Yes
18. Lovett, J. (2011, August). EMDR with children: Getting dtarted. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Orange County, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Dr. Lovett’s workshop will focus on practical treatment approaches for resolving trauma in children and adolescents, focusing on the 8 phases of EMDR and the 3 pronged protocol. Participants will learn to identify developmental differences in the encoding and retrieval of a memory that would impact EMDR processing with children. They will learn to use EMDR with cooperation games as a source of resources for children. The presentation will include videos, case discussion and experiential learning.
Keywords: Children
Accuracy Verified: Yes
19. Hornsveld, H. & van den Hout, M. A. (2010, June). EMDR working mechanisms research. In Research. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
It has repeatedly been shown that eye movements during retrieval of negative memories reduce their emotionality. In this presentation we will present a series of analogue studies (with undergraduate students) which further investigates the role of eye movements and other dual tasks.
Study 1 shows that the positive findings for eye movements could be replicated in subjects with negative memories of experiences of loss. This provides an empirical basis for the suggestion that EMDR can be used in the treatment of complicated grief.
Study 2 examined whether another secondary task that taxes working memory has beneficial effects, and whether the stronger the taxing, the stronger the reductions in vividness adversity.
Study 3 shows that eye movements do tax working memory but right-left auditory stimulation does not.
Study 4 compared eye movements (EM), auditory bilateral stimulation (ABS) and no stimulation. Results show EM do better (i.e, larger decreases in emotionality) than ABS and ABS do better than no stimulation.
Study 5 is a replication of study 4 in PTSS patients. EM will be compared to ABS and no stimulation. Data are expected to be available in June 2010.
Objective: Implications for a working-memory explanation of EMDR and for clinical practice will be discussed.
Keywords: Mechanism of Action Research Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
20. Cuijpers, A. (2012). EMDR: Experimentele studie naar de werkgeheugentheorie en introductie van de afleidingstheorie [EMDR: Experimental study of the working memory theory and introduction of the distraction theory]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement and Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) is al jaren een veelgebruikte
behandelmethode voor Post-traumatische Stresstoornis (PTSS). In voorgaande
onderzoeken werd een verklaringsmechanisme voor het effect van EMDR aangetoond, de
werkgeheugentheorie. Deze studies lieten zien dat de kenmerkende oogbewegingen (EM)
van EMDR als secundaire taak, tijdens het ophalen van de negatieve herinnering, zorgen
voor een afname van emotionaliteit en levendigheid. Dit doordat beide taken competeren
voor het werkgeheugen welke slechts een beperkte capaciteit heeft. Deze studie
onderzoekt een nieuwe theorie, de afleidingstheorie, welk gebruik maakt van visuele ruis
(VN) als alternatieve secundaire taak. Huidig onderzoek richt zich op de vraag of EMDR
verklaard kan worden volgens de actieve werkgeheugen belasting van de EM-taak of
volgens de passieve belasting van de VN-taak. Om beide condities te vergelijken werd
middels een pilot de mate van cognitieve belasting gelijk gemaakt. Aan deze pilot namen
10 participanten deel. Uit de resultaten bleek dat een vertraagde cyclus van 8 seconde
voor een gelijke belasting zorgde voor alle condities.
In totaal namen er 30 participanten aan dit onderzoek deel. Het eerste deel van het
onderzoek bestond uit een reactietijdtijdtaak (RT) bestaande uit RT alleen, RT+EM en
RT+VN. Het tweede deel bestond uit het ophalen van de herinnering alleen,
herinneren+EM en herinneren+VN. Tijdens het tweede deel werd tevens bij iedere meting
de emotionaliteit en levendigheid van de herinnering gemeten. De werkgeheugentheorie
voorspelt dat (a) na de interventie de mate van levendigheid en emotionaliteit bij
herinneren + EM significant lager zal zijn voor de interventie en dat (b) de gemiddelde
daling van de score van herinneren + EM in vergelijking met de andere twee condities
groter zal zijn. De afleidingstheorie voorspelt dat (a) na de interventie de mate van
levendigheid en emotionaliteit bij herinneren + VN significant lager zal zijn voor de
interventie en dat (b) het gevonden effect groter is dan herinneren alleen en gelijk aan
herinneren + EM.
Uit de resultaten blijkt dat beide hypothesen niet bevestigd kunnen worden. Er is te zien
dat visuele ruis in vergelijking met de voor- en nameting, tegen de verwachting in, bij
zowel emotionaliteit als levendigheid voor een grotere daling van de scores zorgt in
vergelijking met oogbewegingen en de controleconditie. Wanneer er werd gekeken naar de
tussenmetingen was er te zien dat de scores van visuele ruis (oogbewegingen +
levendigheid) in het midden lagen tussen herinneren alleen en oogbewegingen in.
Verklaringen en aanbevelingen worden besproken.
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been a commonly used method of treatment for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In previous studies, an explanation mechanism for the effect of EMDR demonstrated the working memory theory. These studies showed that the characteristic eye movements (EM) of EMDR as a secondary task during retrieval of negative memories, ensuring a reduction of emotionality and vividness. This is because both tasks compete for the main memory to which only has a limited capacity. This study examines a new theory, the theory derivation, which uses visual noise (UN) as alternative secondary task. Current research focuses on the question whether EMDR can be explained by the active working memory load of the EM task or by the passive load of the UN mission. In order to compare both conditions was a pilot held the degree of cognitive load equal. 10 participants in this pilot took part. The results showed that a delayed cycle of 8 seconds for an equal load caused all conditions. In total there are 30 participants in this study. The first part of the study consisted of a reaction time task (RT) consisting of RT alone, RT + RT + EM and UN. The second part consisted of retrieving the memory only, recall + EM and recall + UN. During the second part was also in each measurement the emotionality and vividness of the memory were measured. The working memory theory predicts that (a) after the intervention the degree of vividness and emotionality in recall + EM significantly lower for the intervention and (b) the average decrease of the score of recall + EM compared to the other two conditions greater will be. The derivation theory predicts that (a) after the intervention the degree of vividness and emotionality in recall + UN significantly lower for the intervention and (b) the observed effect is greater than and equal to only remember remind + EM. The results show that both hypotheses can not be confirmed. It can be seen that visual noise in comparison with the pre-and post-test, contrary to expectation, both emotionality and vividness to a larger decrease in the scores causes compared with eye movements and the control condition. When it was examined between the measurements was to see that the scores of visual noise (eye movements + vividness) in the middle layer between recall and eye movements only in. Statements and recommendations are discussed.
Keywords: Distraction Memory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
21. Blok, T. P., Casteleijn, W. N., Winkler, T. J., & Hakimi, S. (2012). EMDR: Werkgeheugenbelasting bij negatief-emotionele herinneringen [EMDR: Working memory load on negative emotional memories]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Deprocessing and Recall (EMDR) is een therapievorm waarbij met het maken van oogbewegingen getracht wordt traumatische herinneringen te verwerken. Hoewel effectief, is de werking van EMDR nog onduidelijk. Uit eerder onderzoek is gebleken dat het ophalen van neutrale herinneringen in combinatie met oogbewegingen niet, maar negatief emotionele herinnering wel leiden tot een afname van emotionaliteit en levendigheid. Dit zou verklaard kunnen worden doordat het ophalen van een emotionele herinnering meer werkgeheugencapaciteit kost dan het ophalen van een neutrale herinnering. Deze hypothese is onderzocht door bij 23 participanten een reactietijd taak af te nemen waarbij zij geen, een negatieve en een neutrale herinnering ophaalden. Zoals verwacht bleek dat het ophalen van negatieve herinneringen in combinatie met de reactietijdtaak leidde tot een significant langere reactietijd dan in de overige twee condities.
Eye Movement Deprocessing and Recall (EMDR) is a form of therapy that making eye movements attempt traumatic memories. Although effective, the operation of EMDR still unclear. Previous research has shown that the retrieval of neutral memories in combination with eye movements, but negative emotional memory or cause a decrease in emotionality and vividness. This could be explained by the retrieval of emotional memories more working memory consuming than getting a neutral reminder. This hypothesis was examined by a reaction time task in 23 participants to take off where they do not, a negative and a neutral memory fetched. As expected, it was found that the retrieval of negative memories in conjunction with the reaction time task resulted in a significantly longer reaction time than in the other two conditions.
Keywords: Working Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
22. Shapiro, F. (1998, April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Audio Digest Psychiatry, 27(7).
Language: English
Format: Audio
Abstract:
Origin of EMDR: "I noticed that some disturbing thoughts I
was having were suddenly disappearing, and when I went
to bring them back, they just didn't have the same charge
anymore, they just weren't as emotionally loaded; ..I noticd
that when that kind of thought came to mind, my
eyes started moving spontaneously in a certain way, a very
rapid ballistic movement, and I noticed the thought shift
out of consciousness, and then when I brought it back
again. it no longer had that same charge; . . . I wanted to see
whether it would work if I did it deliberately, so I brought
up something that bothered me, something minor, and I
moved my eyes in the same way, and I found the same
thing happen; the thought shifted, and then on retrieval it
wasn't as valid. it didn't have the same emotional load; .. .
I wanted to see if it would work for anyone else"
Keywords: Lecture Practice Theory Transcript
Accuracy Verified: Yes
23. Luber, M. (2012). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) scripted protocols with summary sheets CD-ROM version: Basic and special situations. New York, NY: Springer Publishing, ISBN-13:9780826193414.
Language: English
Format: Book
Abstract:
These scripted protocols and summary sheets in a fill-in PDF format offer the EMDR practitioner an adjunct to the chapters of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Scripted Protocols: Basics and Special Situations. The excerpted digitalized scripts give the clinician a unique opportunity to record data on the computer or as a hard copy. In addition, there are new summary sheets for each chapter to condense the data collected, allowing for quick retrieval. These digital scripts and summary sheets assist in protocol information retrieval for different populations, and facilitate the gathering and organization of important client data, as well as case conceptualization. These forms are available as a digital download or on a CD-ROM and are compatible with any computer or device that supports PDF.
Special populations addressed include children, adolescents, couples, and clients suffering from complex posttraumatic stress disorder, dissociative disorders, anxiety, addictive behaviors, and severe pain.
Key Features:
•Available in an expandable and editable digital format for easy access and customized tailoring
•Provides concise summary sheets for quick information retrieval and case conceptualization
•Facilitates gathering and organization of protocol and client data
•Assists in the formulation of concise and clear treatment plans
•Offers select scripts and summary sheets customized for client populations
•Includes templates for repeat use
Keywords: Scripted Protocols Special Populations Summary Sheets
Accuracy Verified: Yes
24. Luber, M. (2011). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) scripted protocols with summary sheets CD-ROM version: Special populations. New York, NY: Springer Publishing.
Language: English
Format: Book
Abstract:
These fill-in PDF forms offer editable and savable summary sheets and actual scripts of protocols from Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Scripted Protocols: Basics and Special Situations. The digital summary sheets and scripts consolidate all material needed for case conceptualization, and facilitate the gathering and organization of important client data, protocol information retrieval, and treatment implementation. These forms are available as a digital download or on a CD-ROM, and are compatible with any computer or device that supports PDF. A one-stop resource which uniquely facilitates EMDR treatment, this product is invaluable for mental health practitioners, consultants, and supervisors who are fully trained in the practice of EMDR.
Keywords: Scripted Protocols Special Populations Summary Sheets
Accuracy Verified: Yes
25. Engelhard, I., van den Hout, M. A., Janssen, W. C., & van der Beek, J. (2010, May). Eye movements reduce vividness and emotionality of “flashforwards”. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(5), 442-447. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.01.003.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Earlier studies have shown that eye movements during retrieval of disturbing images about past events reduce their vividness and emotionality, which may be due to both tasks competing for working memory resources. This study examined whether eye movements reduce vividness and emotionality of visual distressing images about feared future events: "flashforwards". A non-clinical sample was asked to select two images of feared future events, which were self-rated for vividness and emotionality. These images were retrieved while making eye movements or without a concurrent secondary task, and then vividness and emotionality were rated again. Relative to the no-dual task condition, eye movements while thinking of future-oriented images resulted in decreased ratings of image vividness and emotional intensity. Apparently, eye movements reduce vividness and emotionality of visual images about past and future feared events. This is in line with a working memory account of the beneficial effects of eye movements, which predicts that any task that taxes working memory during retrieval of disturbing mental images will be beneficial.
Keywords: Anxiety Cognitive Process Eye Movements Flashforwards Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Visual Images Working memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
26. Pagani, M. (2010, June). Gray matter density is associated with EMDR outcome in PTSD patients. In Research. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
There is converging evidence of gray matter (GM) structural alterations in different limbic structures in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder patients. Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is currently used to treat PTSD but its neurobiological implications are still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate GM density in PTSD relation to trauma load, and to assess the GM differences between responders (R) and non-responders (NR) to EMDR therapy.
Structured clinical interviews for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders were carried out before and after EMDR treatment. Those who no longer fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD were classified as R and those who still met the diagnostic criteria of PTSD after treatment were classified as NR. Two scales 0f self-related Trauma Antecedent Questionnaire (‘trauma and neglect’ TAQ-, and ‘resilience factors’ TAQ+), were administered to assess lifelong trauma load and resilience. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans 10 R and of 5 NR were compared before therapy by means of an optimized Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) analysis as implemented in SPM. For group analysis, a threshold of p<0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons at cluster level and an uncorrected threshold of p <0.001 at voxel-level were used.
NR subjects showed no significant differences nor in TAQ- scores neither in TAQ+ as compared to R(t=0.140, p+0.891). The contract R>NR exhibited a significant GM lower density in NR as compared to R in three different cluster: the first bilaterally located over posterior cingulate (Brodmann Areas, Bas 23 and 31); the second centered over the left precentral (BA 4), middle and medial frontal gyri (BA 6); the third including anterior insula (BA 13), and the complex anterior parahippocampal gyrus/amygdala, over the right hemisphere.
To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating GM alterations with a VBM approach in a sample of PTSD patients respond and non responding to EMDR therapy. Posterior cingulate, parahippocampal and insular lower GM concentrations have been found to relate to responsiveness to EMDR therapy suggesting a high vulnerability of these structures to the effects of stress and trauma. These regions are well known to be implicated in processes such as: integration, encoding and retrieval of autobiographical and episodic memories; emotional processing, interoceptive awareness and sefl-referential conscious experience. Thus, our study supports lower GM densities in limbic and paralimbic cortices as a potential structural basis for memory and dissociative dysfunction in PTSD. Using such methodological approach can contribute to better understand the neurostructural basis for traumatic responses and their treatment.
The goals for the audience are: 1. To understand the methodological research principles; 2. To be updated on neurobiological research in EMDR; 3. to be informed on the neural basis of EMDR.
Keywords: Gray Matter Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Research Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
27. Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., & van Uijen, S. L. (2011, May). Het vervagen van negatieve en positieve herinneringen [The blurring of negative and positive memories]. Psychologie & Gezondheid, 39(2), 61-69. doi:10.1007/s12483-011-0017-5.
Language: Dutch
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Earlier studies have shown that horizontal eye movements (EM) during retrieval of a negative memory reduce its vividness and emotionality. This may be due to both tasks competing for working memory (WM) resources. This study examined whether playing the computer game “Tetris” also blurs memory. Participants recalled negative and positive memories in three conditions: recall only, recall with concurrent EM, and recall with playing Tetris. Before and after these conditions, vividness, emotionality, and physiological startle responses during recall were measured. A reaction time task showed that EM and Tetris both draw on WM, compared to no dual-task. Compared to recall only, EMand Tetris both decreased reported emotionality and startle responses. The effects of EM and Tetris did not differ, even though the tasks differed in the degree of taxing WM. This suggests that taxing WM and its effects on emotional memories may not be linearly related. Potential clinical implications are discussed.
Keywords: Memory Retrieval Tetris
Accuracy Verified: Yes
28. van Beek, F. (2011). Het werkingsmechanisme van EMDR en het effect van associëren op negatieve herinneringen [The mechanism of action of EMDR and the effect of associating to negative memories]. .
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement and Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is een
effectieve behandeling voor PTSS. Twee belangrijke onderdelen van deze
behandeling zijn het maken van oogbewegingen en associaties tijdens het ophalen van
een negatieve herinnering. Uit eerder onderzoek blijkt dat het maken van
oogbewegingen de naarheid en de levendigheid van een stilstaand beeld van een
negatieve herinnering vermindert. De rol van het stimuleren van associëren tijdens de
behandeling is niet eerder onderzocht, terwijl dit wellicht ook tot een afname van de
naarheid en levendigheid kan leiden. Therapeuten merken op dat niet enkel de
naarheid en levendigheid van het beeld verandert. Andere aspecten lijken ook te
veranderen, zoals de scherpte van het beeld, de mate waarin het beeld dichtbij lijkt te
staan, het aantal details van het beeld en de mate waarin iemand het gevoel heeft
teruggebracht te worden naar het moment dat de gebeurtenis plaatsvond. Aan dit
onderzoek, met een gemengd binnen en tussen proefpersonen design, hebben 40
studenten deelgenomen. Elke deelnemer haalde twee negatieve herinneringen op. 20
deelnemers maakten oogbewegingen. Deze groep werd tijdens het ophalen van één
herinnering wel gestimuleerd om associaties te maken, en bij de andere herinnering
niet. De andere 20 deelnemers werden geen oogbewegingen aangeboden, zij fixeerden
hun blik op een wit vel papier. Ook bij deze groep werd tijdens het ophalen van één
herinnering wel geassocieerd, en bij de andere herinnering niet. Het effect van
oogbewegingen is in dit onderzoek niet teruggevonden. Wel is er een effect van
associëren gevonden. Het maken van associaties tijdens het herinneren van negatieve
herinneringen vermindert de naarheid en levendigheid van die herinneringen. Verder
blijkt uit dit onderzoek dat het beeld van een negatieve herinnering minder scherp
wordt, en dat de mate waarin iemand het gevoel heeft teruggebracht te worden naar
het moment dat de gebeurtenis plaatsvond vermindert. Deze veranderingen kunnen
echter niet verklaard worden door het gebruik van associaties of oogbewegingen.
De bevindingen van het onderzoek tonen een belangrijk effect aan van het
associëren tijdens de behandeling EMDR.
And Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for PTSD. Two important components of this treatment are making eye movements and associations during retrieval of a negative memory. Previous research shows that making eye movements to the nature and the vibrancy of a still image of a negative memory reduces. The role of stimulating associate during treatment has not been previously investigated, while this might also lead to a decrease in lead and liveliness. Therapists noted that not only the dreariness and vividness of the image changes. Other aspects also seem to change like the sharpness of the image, the extent to which the image appears to be close, the amount of detail of the image and the degree to which one feels to be reduced to the time the event occurred. In this study, with a mixed within and between subjects design, 40 students have participated. Each participant took two negative memories. 20 participants made eye movements. This group was while retrieving a memory is encouraged to make associations, and other non reminder. The other 20 participants were offered no eye movements, they fixated their gaze on a white sheet of paper. Also in this group, while retrieving a memory is associated, and not in the other memory. The effect of eye movements in this study found. However, there is an effect of associating found. Making associations during recall of negative memories reduce the dreariness and vividness of these memories. It also appears from this study that the image of a negative memory less sharp, and the degree to which one feels to be reduced to the time the event occurred decreases. These changes, however, can not be explained by the use of associations or eye movements. The findings of the study show a significant effect of associating during EMDR treatment.
Keywords: Mechanisms of Action Negative Memories
Accuracy Verified: Yes
29. Brunyé, T. T., Mahoney, C. R., Augustyn, J. S., & Taylor, H. A. (2009). Horizontal saccadic eye movements enhance the retrieval of landmark shape and location information. Brain and Cognition, 70(3), 279–288. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.03.003.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Recent work has demonstrated that horizontal saccadic eye movements enhance verbal episodic memory
retrieval, particularly in strongly right-handed individuals. The present experiments test three primary
assumptions derived from this research. First, horizontal eye movements should facilitate episodic memory
for both verbal and non-verbal information. Second, the benefits of horizontal eye movements should
only be seen when they immediately precede tasks that demand right and left-hemisphere processing
towards successful performance. Third, the benefits of horizontal eye movements should be most pronounced
in the strongly right-handed. Two experiments confirmed these hypotheses: horizontal eye
movements increased recognition sensitivity and decreased response times during a spatial memory test
relative to both vertical eye movements and fixation. These effects were only seen when horizontal eye
movements preceded episodic memory retrieval, and not when they preceded encoding (Experiment 1).
Further, when eye movements preceded retrieval, they were only beneficial with recognition tests
demanding a high degree of right and left-hemisphere activity (Experiment 2). In both experiments
the beneficial effects of horizontal eye movements were greatest for strongly right-handed individuals.
These results support recent work suggesting increased interhemispheric brain activity induced by bilateral
horizontal eye movements, and extend this literature to the encoding and retrieval of landmark
shape and location information.
Keywords: Bilateral Eye Movements Hemispheric Interaction Episodic Memory Spatial Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
30. Rothschild, B. (2002, June). How the body remembers trauma. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Memory is comprised of the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information gathered from the communication network of the body's
nervous system. Traumatic memory can go awry when communication between brain and nervous system become short circuited. In this workshop, theoretical lecture and simple exercises will inform participants on how the brain and body communicate to form normal and traumatic memories. Participants will have the opportunity to: learn the difference between explicit and implicit memory; became familiar with physiology of memory; participate in direct, non-touch, experience of somatic memory; become able to apply theory to practice for use wlth EMDR.
Keywords: Body Brain Memory Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
31. Engelhard, I. M., van Uijen, S. L., & van den Hout, M. A. (2010, December). The impact of taxing working memory on negative and positive memories. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 1, 5623,[8 pages]. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v1i0.5623.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Background: Earlier studies have shown that horizontal eye movement (EM) during retrieval of a negative memory reduces its vividness and emotionality. This may be due to both tasks competing for working memory (WM) resources. This study examined whether playing the computer game ‘‘Tetris’’ also blurs memory. Method: Participants recalled negative and positive memories in three conditions: recall only, recall with concurrent EM, and recall with playing Tetris. Before and after these conditions, vividness, emotionality, and physiological startle responses during recall were measured. Results: A reaction time task showed that EM and Tetris both draw on WM, compared to no dual-task. Compared to recall only, EM and Tetris decreased reported emotionality and startle responses. Conclusions: The effects of EM and Tetris did not differ, even though the tasks differed in the degree of taxing WM. This suggests that taxing WM and its effects on emotional memories may not be linearly related. Potential clinical implications are discussed.
Keywords: Emotionality Horizontal Eye Movement Vividness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
32. Christman, S. D., Propper, R. E., & Brown, T. J. (2006, May). Increased interhemispheric interaction is associated with earlier offset of childhood amnesia. Neuropsychology, 20(3), 336-345. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.3.336 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Experiment 1 found that mixed-handedness, which is associated with increased interaction between the left and right cerebral hemispheres relative to strong right-handedness, was associated with an earlier offset of childhood amnesia. In Experiment 2, bilateral saccadic eye movements, which have been shown to enhance interhemispheric interaction, were also associated with an earlier offset of childhood amnesia. These results build upon a growing body of research indicating an interhemispheric basis for the retrieval of episodic memories. Moreover, the results of Experiment 2 suggest that interhemispheric interaction has its effect on the retrieval, not encoding, of episodic memories. (PsycINFO]
Accuracy Verified: Yes
33. Cohn, L., & Chapman, L. (2002, June). Innovations in child trauma treatment: Combining EMDR and drawings. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This workshop will feature a treatment intervention for traumatized children
who have experienced incident based trauma. The intervention is being utilized in a controlled study funded by the Centers for Disease Control
lnjury Prevention Grant at University of California San Francisco and Children's Hospital Oakland. Through lecture, slide and case format, this presentation will describe a protocol combining EMDR and drawing for the remediation of PSTD symptoms in children. The presenters will discuss how developmental, psychological and neurological functioning affect the
storage and retrieval of traumatic memories and sensations. They will demonstrate how and why the combination of EMDR with drawings is
effective as a method of trauma resolution therapy for children.
Keywords: Art Therapy Children Disease Control Injury Prevention Grant Treatment Intervention
Accuracy Verified: Yes
34. Chang, S. H. & Lee, Y. H. (2005, August). Interfering CLEM reduces vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories. Presentation at the 2005 American Psychological Association Annual Convention, Washington, DC C. (NSC 93-2413-H-002-002-).
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Research background: It was noted that when people recalled an
emotional event, there is a spontaneous eye movements during retrieval
of memory, known as conjugate lateral eye movements (CLEM). Eye
movements during mental imagery are not epiphenomenal but assist the
process of image generation (Hebb, 1968; Brandt & Stark, 1997). If
restricted to a fixed point, then the image of recall is impaired (Laeng &
Teodorescu 2002). These findings might shed light on why bilateral eye
movements during imagery could decrease vividness and emotionality of
recollections.
Objectives: Based on the above findings, this study examined possible
therapeutic mechanism of eye movements in Eye Movement
Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989, 1995, 2001),
of which eye movement was a crucial treatment component. Specifically,
the hypothesis that interfering CLEM via introducing bilateral eye
movements or a fixed position could reduce vividness and emotionality of
autobiographical memories was examined in the present study. Further,
whether there are different CLEMs (more rightward in positive and more
leftward in negative) during retrieval of positive and negative memories
was also investigated.
Method: Seventeen healthy volunteers recalled two positive and two
negative memories and rated their vividness and emotionality of the
recollections. Next, memories were recalled whilst the participant was
performing either bilateral eye movements (interference of CLEM) or
mere image condition (non-interference of CLEM). Then participants
were asked to recall the event again and to rate its vividness and
emotionality. Vividness and emotionality ratings were analyzed using a 2
(EM condition: bilateral eye movement vs. mere image) × 2 (valence of
memory: positive vs. negative) × 2 (time: before vs. after the intervention)
repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). During the first and
last recall of each memory CLEM were recorded by a digital camera. To
examine the effect of CLEM during recollections on emotionality and
vividness of autobiographical memories, eye movements in each recall
were counted into percentage time of eye gaze in three regions (leftward,
middle, rightward), instead of counting the first lateral eye movement as
used by the traditional method.
Results: Compared to mere image condition, recollections after bilateral
eye movements made subsequent recollections less vivid and less
emotive, while the opposite was true for mere image condition.
Regarding vividness, the 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA showed that there was a
significant condition × time interaction. None of the other interactions or
main effects reached significance. Simple main effect indicated that the
change in vividness was significant in the mere image condition, but not
in the eye movement condition. As to emotionality, the three way
ANOVA showed that there was also a significant condition × time
interaction. None of the other interactions or main effects reached
significance. Simple main effect indicated that the change in emotionality
was significant in the mere image condition, and in eye movement
condition. Concerning percentage of gaze direction (left, right) in positive
and negative memories, pair t test showed that there was a significant
right gaze difference between positive and negative memories, and
approached significant left gaze difference between positive and negative
memories. With regard to CLEM, negative memories showed less right
gazes and more left gazes than positive memories.
Conclusion:The bilateral eye movements made autobiographical
memories less vivid and less emotive than mere image condition, while
mere image increased the vividness and emotionality of autobiographical
memories. Further, there is different CLEM for negative and positive
memories. While the hypothesis that interference of CLEM reduced the
vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories was confirmed,
the role of eye movement in the EMDR was discussed and future research
possibilities are proposed.
Keywords: Autobiographical Memory CLEM Eye Movements Gaze Direction
Accuracy Verified: Yes
35. Hermans, H. P., & de Putter, M. (2012). Is een toevoeging van een aspect uit de contraconditionering aan EMDR zinvol? [Is an addition of one aspect of the counter-conditioning to EMDR useful?]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement and Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is een beproefde methode
voor de behandeling van posttraumatische stressstoornis (PTSS). Het
verklaringsmechanisme van EMDR lijkt de werkgeheugentheorie te zijn. De
werkgeheugentheorie voorspelt dat het belasten van het werkgeheugen tijdens het
ophalen van een nare herinnering, de emotionaliteit van de herinnering doet afnemen.
Het huidige onderzoek betrekt een aspect vanuit de contraconditionering bij
oogbewegingen. Participanten werden ingedeeld in 3 condities: positief, negatief en
neutraal. Elke participant voerde een tweetal reactietijd taken uit op de computer,
waarvan één met een stilstaande stip en één met een bewegende stip. Daarnaast haalde
elke participant 2 negatieve autobiografische herinneringen op, tijdens het ophalen
van één herinnering keken participanten naar een stilstaande stip, terwijl bij de andere
herinnering een bewegende stip gepresenteerd werd. Op het beeldscherm werd –
afhankelijk van de conditie – een positieve, neutrale of negatieve foto als achtergrond
geselecteerd om te kijken of de valentie van aangeboden foto’s het effect van
oogbewegingen beïnvloeden. De reactietijd taken bieden inzicht in welke mate
oogbewegingen een belasting voor het werkgeheugen vormen. De resultaten tonen
significant tragere reactietijden wanneer participanten oogbewegingen moesten
maken. Op het gebied van emotionaliteit is er eveneens een significant effect van
oogbewegingen gevonden. De narigheid van de opgehaalde herinnering nam –
onafhankelijk van conditie - af wanneer participanten oogbewegingen maakten.
Uitkomsten van het huidige onderzoek vormen een bevestiging van de
werkgeheugentheorie. Het verwachtte effect van valentie is uitgebleven, vermoedelijk
doordat participanten de valentie van de foto’s niet goed meekregen. Adequaat
vervolg onderzoek zal moeten uitwijzen of een toevoeging aan EMDR vanuit de
contraconditioneringstheorie zinvol is.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a proven method for the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The declaration mechanism of EMDR seems to be working memory theory. The working memory theory predicts that taxing working memory during retrieval of a bad memory, the emotionality of the memory decreases. The present study involves an aspect from the counter-conditioning at eye movements. Participants were divided into 3 conditions: positive, negative and neutral. Each participant performed a two reaction tasks on the computer, one with a stationary dot and one with a moving dot. In addition, each participant took 2 negative autobiographical memories, while retrieving a reminder to participants watched a stationary spot, while the other memory a moving dot was presented. On the screen was - depending on the condition - a positive, neutral or negative picture as background selected to see if the valence of pictures presented the effect of eye movements influence. The response functions provide insight into the extent to which eye movements constitute a burden on the working memory. The results show significantly slower reaction times when participants had to make eye movements. In the area of emotionality is also a significant effect of eye movements found. The misery of the retrieved memory Rose - regardless of condition - off when participants made eye movements. Results of the present study are a confirmation of the working memory theory. The expected effect of valence failed to materialize, probably because participants the valence of the pictures are not good afterworld. Adequate follow-up study is needed to determine whether an addition to EMDR from the contralateral conditioning theory makes sense.
Keywords: Counter Conditioning Memory Theory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
36. Brewin, C. (2005, June). Memory and identity in PTSD: Core processes underlying treatment efficacy. Plenary presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
PTSD appears to incorporate two quite separate sets of processes. One is concerned with specific reactions to extreme threat. The encoding
of long-lasting image-based memories interferes with the encoding of verbal
memories that are necessary to represent the trauma as a past event and
inhibit the reliving of the trauma. The second set of processes is concerned
with the challenge the trauma poses to the victim's identity. "Trauma
processing" leaves original memory representations intact and involves the construction of alternative memories that are helped to compete more
effectively for retrieval in the presence of reminders of the traumatic event.
Keywords: Identity Memory Plenary Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
37. Suzuki, A., Josselyn, S. A., Frankland, P. W., Masushige, S., Silva, A. J., & Satoshi, K. (2004). Memory reconsolidation and extinction have distinct temporal and biochemical signatures. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(20), 4787–4795. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5491-03.2004.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The article explores the differences between memory reconsolidation and extinction. This new area of investigation is worthy of additional attention. Reconsolidation may prove to be the underlying mechanism of EMDR, as opposed to extinction caused by prolonged exposure therapies. “Memory reconsolidation after retrieval may be used to update or integrate new information into long-term memories . . . Brief exposure … seems to trigger a second wave of memory consolidation (reconsolidation), whereas prolonged exposure . . leads to the formation of a new memory that competes with the original memory (extinction).”
Keywords: Consolidation Extinction Fear Conditioning Reconsolidation Protein Synthesis Spatial Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
38. Cvetek, R., & Tusak, M. (2000). Metoda EMDR in njena ucinkovitost pri zmanjsevanju anksioznosti, ki jo povzroca priklic nepredelanega spomina [EMDR method and its effectiveness in reducing anxiety caused by untreated memory retrieval]. University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Language: Slovenian
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Keywords: Anxiety Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD STAI X-1 STAI X-2 State Trait Anxiety Inventory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
39. Hornsveld, H. (2011, June). More support for the working memory hypothesis: Results and clinical implications. Presentation at the 12th European Conference on Traumatic Stress (ECOTS), Vienna, Austria.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Eye movements (EMs) during retrieval of negative memories reduce the vividness and emotionality of these memories when they are being recalled later. This is a robust phenomenon and is the basis of the EMDR method. Of the many explanations that have been put forward to explain the benefits of EMs, the working memory (WM) explanation has – by far - the most empirical support.
The WM hypothesis will be explained and a new series of experiments will be presented that give additional support for the WM account and have some large clinical implications.
1.In over 50% of the EMDR treatments eye movements are replaced by other bilateral stimulation like auditory tones or tapping. These ‘variants’ lack empirical support. Several studies (in healthy subjects and patients) strongly suggest that these alternatives are inferior to eye movements. This is in line with the working memory account.
2.Eye movements are also used in (non-desensitization) procedures like the safe place and the RDI procedure. Again, there is no empirical support for the added value of eye movements. Our research indicates that – in line with the WM theory – EM’s seem counterproductive in RDI.
3.EMs also reduce the vividness and emotionality of (disturbing) images of feared future events: "flashforwards". Research data in a non-clinical sample and some clinical cases will be presented.
Hornsveld,H.K. & van de Hout, M.A.
Utrecht University, Dept of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht, Netherlands
Marcel van den Hout, Iris Engelhard en Hellen Hornsveld received the 2010 EMDR Award for Outstanding Research.
Keywords: Working Memory Hypothesis
Accuracy Verified: Yes
40. van den Hout, M. A., Bartelski, N., & Engelhard, I. M. (2013, January). On EMDR: Eye movements during retrieval reduce subjective vividness and objective memory accessibility during future recall. Cognition and Emotion, 27(1),177-183 p. doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.691087.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
In eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), a treatment for post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD), patients make eye movements (EM) during trauma recall. Earlier experimental
studies found that EM during recall reduces memory vividness during future recalls, and this was
taken as laboratory support for the underlying mechanism of EMDR. However, reduced vividness
was assessed with self-reports that may be affected by demand characteristics. We tested whether
recallEM also reduces memory vividness on a behavioural reaction time (RT) task. Undergraduates
(N32) encoded two pictures, recalled them, and rated their vividness. In the EM group, one of the
pictures was recalled again while making EM. In the no-EM group one of the pictures was recalled
without EM. Then fragments from both the recalled and non-recalled pictures, and new fragments
were presented and participants rated whether these were (or were not) seen before. Both pictures
were rated again for vividness. In the EM group, self-rated vividness of the recalledEM picture
decreased, relative to the non-recalled picture. In the no-EM group there was no difference between
the recalled versus non-recalled picture. The RT task showed the same pattern. Reduction of
memory vividness due to recallEM is also evident from non-self-report data.
Keywords: Memory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Reaction Time Test
Accuracy Verified: Yes
41. van der Schoot, O. M. (2010, Juli). Oogbewegingen en imaginatie: Een kritische toets van de werkgeheugen theorie bij EMDR [Eye movements and imagination: A critical test of working memory theory in EMDR]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
‘Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing’ (EMDR), een veel gebruikte behandelingbij posttraumatische stressstoornis, kan de helderheid en emotionaliteit van plezierige enonplezierige herinneringen reduceren. Tevens kunnen visuele beelden van gevreesdetoekomstige gebeurtenissen worden gedegradeerd. Verondersteld wordt dat EMDR zijnwerking verleent door manipulatie van het gelimiteerde werkgeheugen. In de huidige tweeexperimenten wordt deze veronderstelling nogmaals kritisch getoetst aan de hand van eenoogbewegingen, alleen ophalen (controle) en imaginatie conditie. Er werd verondersteld datwanneer imaginatie gebruik zou maken van dezelfde processen als EMDR (manipulatie vanhet werkgeheugen) er spiegelbeeldige effecten zouden moeten optreden. In experiment 1 werdgebruik gemaakt van neutrale herinneringen (huiskamers). In de oogbewegingen en alleenophalen conditie werd geen effect gevonden. In de imaginatie conditie nam de compleetheiden waarheidsgetrouwheid van de herinnering toe. In experiment 2 werd gebruik gemaakt vaneen Reactie Tijden (RT) taak om te objectiveren of de oogbewegingen en de imaginatiedaadwerkelijk het werkgeheugen taxeren: zowel oogbewegingen als imaginatie vertraagdende RT, maar oogbewegingen het meest, hetgeen suggereert dat oogbewegingen het meestewerkgeheugen taxeert. Vervolgens werd experiment 1 herhaald, echter ditmaal met specifiekepositieve autobiografische herinneringen. In de drie condities werd geen effect gevonden.Huidig onderzoek biedt geen ondersteuning voor de werkgeheugentheorie. Echter, geen vande andere prominente theorieën over het werkingsmechanisme van EMDR kan het uitblijvenvan effect in huidig onderzoek verklaren. Verder onderzoek naar EMDR zal nodig zijn om debehandeling verder te kunnen optimaliseren en het werkingsmechanisme beter te kunnenbegrijpen.
"Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), a widely used behandelingbij posttraumatic stress disorder, the clarity and emotion of pleasant memories enonplezierige reduced. It may also feared future events of visual images are degraded. It is assumed that EMDR effect gives through manipulation of the limited memory. In the present two experiments were critically tested this assumption on the basis of one eye movements, only to retrieve (control), and imagery condition. It was assumed datwanneer imagination would use the same processes as EMDR (manipulation of working memory) are mirrored effects should arise. In experiment 1 was used neutral memories (homes). In the retrieval condition, eye movements and all found no effect. In the imagination condition heathlands took the complete veracity of the increased memory. Experiment 2 was used asunder Reaction times (RT) task to objectify or eye movements and working memory imaginatiedaadwerkelijk value: both eye movements and imagination-using RT slowed, but the most eye movements, suggesting that eye movements appraises the most memory. Experiment 1 was then repeated, this time with specific positive autobiographical memories. In the three conditions, no effect gevonden.Huidig research does not support the working memory theory. However, no Vande other prominent theories on the mechanism of EMDR uitblijvenvan effect may explain current research. Further research on EMDR debehandeling will be needed to further optimize the mechanism and to better understand.
Keywords: Imagination Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Vividness Working Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
42. Benedek, D. M., & Ursano, R. J. (2009, Spring). Posttraumatic stress disorder: From phenomenology to clinical practice. Focus, the Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry, VII(2), 160-175.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The psychological and behavioral consequences of exposure to traumatic events—particularly combat—have
been recognized throughout the ages. Since its 1982 introduction in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, 3rd edition much has been learned about the pathophysiology of PTSD. Current theories focus on brain regions
and neurobiological systems regulating stress and fear response, fear memory formation and retrieval. Effective
pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic interventions target these systems. New treatments must prove more effective in
specific subpopulations of patients with PTSD. These will include combinations of pharmacologic agents and psychotherapy,
and treatments targeting different regions, receptors, or mechanisms involved in the traumatic stress response.
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
43. Pearson, H. J. (2009). Present and accounted for: Sensory stimulation and parietal neuroplasticity. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(1), 39-49. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.1.39.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
There are commonalities between neurologic syndromes arising from lesions of the parietal cortex and psychiatric syndromes secondary to psychological trauma. Additionally some posttraumatic syndromes may reflect functional disruption of parietal areas. Directional or bilateral alternating peripheral sensory stimulation appear to assist in the amelioration of a wide range of clinical conditions, including the neglect syndrome and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. It is posited that the stimulation may exert its effect through activation of parietal higher-order functions. The activation may result in an integration of sensory information and an updating of the current representation of person and space, which incorporates an awareness of current body reality, sense of self, and world view. It is hypothesized that the EMDR procedure is ideally constructed to facilitate parietal activation through multimodal sensory stimulation, attention and episodic memory retrieval and focus on internal and external body, space, and self. Further investigations and an integration of data between disciplines are suggested, in order to expand our range of effective treatments.
Keywords: Neglect Parietal Lobe Plasticity
Accuracy Verified: Yes
44. Janssen, W. C., & van der Beek, J. (2010). Prospectieve intrusies worden minder levendig en onaangenaam door oogbewegingen [Prospective intrusions are less vivid and uncomfortable by eye movements]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universteit Utrecht.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
In eerder onderzoek werd aangetoond dat intrusieve herinneringen aan het verleden minder levendig en onaangenaam worden wanneer deze worden opgehaald tijdens het maken van oogbewegingen. Dit zou kunnen komen doordat beide taken beslag leggen op de capaciteit van het werkgeheugen. Sommige mensen gaan echter gebukt onder verontrustende voorstellingen van de toekomst. In dit onderzoek wordt geprobeerd vast te stellen of ook deze zogenoemde prospectieve intrusies minder levendig en onaangenaam worden wanneer deze worden opgehaald tijdens het maken van oogbewegingen. Methode 28 gezonde deelnemers werd gevraagd twee prospectieve intrusies op te halen en deze op levendigheid, onaangenaamheid en toegankelijkheid te beoordelen. Alle deelnemers werden toegewezen aan een controleconditie, waarin deze intrusie enkel hoefde te worden opgehaald en vastgehouden, en een experimentele conditie, waarin de proefpersonen gevraagd werd tijdens het vasthouden van de intrusie horizontale oogbewegingen te maken. Na iedere conditie werd de herinnering opnieuw opgehaald en gescoord. Resultaten In de experimentele conditie namen de levendigheid en onaangenaamheid van prospectieve intrusies af, terwijl de levendigheid in de controleconditie juist toenam en de onaangenaamheid gelijk bleef. Discussie De resultaten suggereren dat het maken van oogbewegingen tijdens het ophalen van prospectieve intrusies de levendigheid en onaangenaamheid van deze beelden vermindert. De implicaties van deze bevinding worden besproken.
Earlier research has shown that intrusive memories of the past are less vivid and unpleasant when they are retrieved when making eye movements. This could be because both tasks seize the capacity of working memory. Some people, however, suffer from disturbing images of the future. This study attempted to determine whether these prospective intrusions known as less vivid and unpleasant when they are retrieved while making eye movements. Methods 28 healthy participants were asked to pick two prospective intrusions and the liveliness, unpleasantness and accessibility assessment. All participants were assigned to a control condition in which these intrusions just have to be picked up and detained, and an experimental condition in which the subjects were asked during the intrusion of horizontal eye movements hold it. After each condition, the memory retrieval and scored. Results In the experimental condition took the vibrancy and unpleasantness of prospective intrusions, while the liveliness in the control condition just increased and remained constant discomfort. Discussion The results suggest that making eye movements prospective intrusions while getting the vibrancy and reduces discomfort of these images. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Keywords: Prospective Intrusions Working Memory Theory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
45. Ranck, C. (2010, September/October). Quantum EMDR: Examining EMDR with quantum/holographic theory. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Minneapolis, MN.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Quantum physics, called the “science of consciousness,” challenges our assumptions about the nature of reality. At the subatomic level everything is interconnected, though the connections are hidden. EMDR too is a process of revealing an Essential Truth that, because of trauma, has been hidden. Two principles will be examined: 1) Belief creates reality: Quantum physics states that the way we look at things changes what we see. This relates directly to EMDR cognitions; and 2) The part contains the whole: Consciousness and memories may be distributed everywhere (holographically) throughout the brain. The brain may use holograms for memory storage and retrieval, and EMDR may amplify this process. These fascinating concepts will illuminate EMDR in new and creative ways.
Keywords: Quantum/Holographic Theory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
46. Jenkins, S. (2009, May). Retrieving the missing pieces: A cross-cultural approach to memory fragmentation. Presentation at the EMDR Canada Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
The behavioural, emotional, somatic, and cognitive aspects of traumatic memory often remain fragmented, but
present through symptomology. The EMDR practitioner is challenged to process key aspects of clients’ traumatic
histories, with incomplete narrative. Ancient cultures, across continents, emphasize the importance of processing
dissociated aspects of the self. This presentation explores the relationship between current research, ego state
therapy, and cross-cultural approaches to trauma. While staying true to the eight-phase EMDR treatment model,
traditional shamanic imageries for processing sensory-motor aspects of trauma are introduced. Attendees will learn
interventions including the “Retrieval Interweave,” via case studies, video, interactive activities, and didactic
presentations.
Keywords: Cross-Cultural Approaches Ego State Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
47. Hopper, J. W., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2001). Retrieving, assessing, and classifying traumatic memories: A preliminary report on three case studies of a new standardized method. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 4(2), 33-71. doi:10.1300/J146v04n02_03.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The study of traumatic memories is still an emerging field, both methodologically and theoretically. Previous questionnaire and interview methods for studying traumatic memories have been limited in their ability to evoke and assess remembrances with the characteristics long observed by clinicians. In this article, we introduce a new standardized method that incorporates a laboratory procedure for retrieving memories of traumatic events and a clinically informed measure for assessing these memories' characteristics. We present three case studies to demonstrate the data yielded by script-driven remembering and the Traumatic Memory Inventory - Post-Script Version (TMI-PS). We then discuss subjects' script-driven remembrances in terms of methodology, theoretical classification of traumatic memories, and the interplay between the two. Finally, we critique our method in detail and offer suggestions for future research. If validated as a method for evoking and assessing traumatic memories, and shown to yield reliable data, this integrative method shows great promise for advancing both clinical and cognitive research on traumatic memories. [Author Summary]
Keywords: Adults Brain Imaging Interview Schedules Memory Impairment Memory Retrieval Techniques PTSD Assessment Instruments Stressors Survivors
Accuracy Verified: Yes
48. Shapiro, F. (1992, Winter). Stray thoughts: Memory retrieval. EMDR Network Newsletter, 2(3), 1-3.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
It appears as though one of the heritages
ofthe psychodynmc model is the belief
in the need for "uncovering memories"
as necessary prerequisites for "working
themthrough." Consequently, it appears
as though some EMDR-trained clinicians
have decided to use a combination
of EMDR and hypnosis for "memory
retrieval." While hypnosis has been a
highly successful and standard form of
practice for many years, its interaction
effects with EMDR have not been systematically
investigated. Therefore, I
would like to issue some additional words
of caution in this regard, since each
clinician is bound to approach issues of
possible "repression" and "resistance"
in ahighly subjective manner. The points
are made below in order to highlight
factors that might possibly have been
forgotten or overlooked by some clinicians
in the merging of variant models.
Keywords: Memory Retrieval Repression Resistance
Accuracy Verified: Yes
49. Foreningen EMDR Sverige. (2009). Synpunkter akutstressyndrom och PTSD [EMDR Sweden Association comments acute stress syndrome and PTSD]. In Foreningen EMDR Sverige, Inkomna synpunkter, Nationella riktlinjer för depressionssjukdom och ångestsyndrom preliminär, (pp. 163-164). Denmark: Riksforeningen Psykoterapi Centrum.
Language: Swedish
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
Föreningen EMDR Sverige vill lämna följande kommentarer till
utkastet till riktlinjer avseende behandling av akut stressyndrom
och posttraumatiskt stressyndrom.
International Society for Traumatic Stress studies gör regelbundet sammanställningar
av evidensläget [1]. Det är viktigt att beakta att psykologiska
behandlingsformer i form av traumafokuserad KBT och EMDR är de viktigaste
och mest effektiva behandlingar. EMDR har varit kontroversiell men
är det inte längre, utan är en internationellt accepterad behandlingsmetod för
PTSD. Det är fortfarande inte allmänt accepterad att ögonrörelser har betydelse,
men nyligen har svensk och australisk forskning visat att ögonrörelser
under EMDR har tydliga fysiologiska effekter som är meningsfulla [2, 9],
dessutom har alla studier av fysiologi vid EMDR hittills samstämmande
visat dessa effekter, enligt en litteratursammanställning [3].
Under senaste åren har forskning om minnesfunktion och sakkadiska
ögonrörelser visat att minnessystem som till exempel episodminne (som ofta
är störd vid PTSD) påverkas på ett gynnsamt sätt av ögonrörelser [4-8]. Således
finns det i dag mycket som stödjer att ögonrörelser är meningsfulla
även om det kan vara svårt att förstå vid första anblicken. EMDR och exponeringsbehandling
är lika effektiva enligt metastudier, bland annat Cochrane
och i ISTSS aktuella genomgång av effektiva behandlingsmetoder för
PTSD.
Referenser
1. Foa E, Keane TM, Friedman MJ & Cohen JA. 2009. Effective
Treatments for PTSD Practice Guidelines from the International Society
fro Traumatic Stress Studies. Guilford,New York.
2. Elofsson, U.O., et al., Physiological correlates of eye movement desensitization
and reprocessing. Journal of anxiety disorders, 2008.
22(4): p. 622-34.
3. Söndergaard, E., Psychophysiological studies of EMDR. Journal of
EMDR Practice and Research, 2008. 2(4): p. 282-288.
4. Stickgold, R., EMDR: A putative neurobiological mechanism of action.
Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2002. 58(1): p. 61-75.
5. Parker, A. and N. Dagnall, Effects of bilateral eye movements on
gist based false recognition in the DRM paradigm. Brain and cognition,
2007. 63(3): p. 221-5.
6. Parker, A., S. Relph, and N. Dagnall, Effects of bilateral eye movements
on the retrieval of item, associative, and contextual information.
Neuropsychology, 2008. 22(1): p. 136-45.
EMDR Association of Sweden makes the following comments to
Draft Guidelines for the treatment of acute stress disorder
and post-traumatic stress disorder.
International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies makes regular summaries
of evidence-mode [1]. It is important to note that psychological
treatments in the form of trauma-focused CBT and EMDR is the most important
and most effective treatments. EMDR has been controversial but
it is no longer, but is an internationally accepted method of treatment for
PTSD. There is still no generally accepted that eye movements are important,
but lately, Swedish and Australian research has shown that eye movements
during EMDR has clear physiological effects that are meaningful [2, 9],
Moreover, all studies of physiology at the convergence of EMDR to date
shown these effects, according to a literature review [3].
In recent years, research on memory function and Sakka wash
eye movements showed that memory systems, such as episodic memory (which is often
is disturbed in PTSD) is affected in a favorable way of eye movements [4-8]. Thus
today there are a lot of support that eye movements are meaningful
although it may be difficult to understand at first glance. EMDR and exposure therapy
are as effective as meta-studies, including Cochrane
and in ISTSS current review of effective treatments for
PTSD.
References
1st Foa E, Keane TM, Friedman MJ & Cohen JA. 2009th Effective
Treatments for PTSD Practice Guidelines from the International Society
fro Traumatic Stress Studies. Guilford, New York.
2nd Elofsson, UO, et al., Physiological correlator of eye movement desensitization
and Reprocessing. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2008.
22 (4): p. 622-34.
3rd Sondergaard, E., Psychophysiological studies of EMDR. Journal of
EMDR Practice and Research, 2008. 2 (4): p. 282-288.
4th Gold Stick, R., EMDR: A putative neuro Biological mechanism of action.
Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2002. 58 (1): p. 61-75.
5th Parker, A. and N. Dagnall, Effects of bilateral eye movements on
GIST-based false recognition in the DRM paradigm. Brain and Cognition,
2007th 63 (3): p. 221-5.
6th Parker, A., S. Relph, and N. Dagnall, Effects of bilateral eye movements
On the retrieval of item, associative, and contextual information.
Neuro-Psychology, 2008. 22 (1): p. 136-45.
Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
50. de Heer, E. W., & Hoogeveen, E. M. (2009). Taxing working memory during recall of distressing memories with a counting task and EMDR benefits. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Dit experiment is gebaseerd op de hypothese dat de omvang van de EMDR-effecten kritisch hangt af van de mate waarin het werkgeheugen (WM) is belast tijdens het ophalen. De deelnemers deden herinneren aan pijnlijke herinneringen tijdens het uitvoeren van een van de twee afleidende taken (terugtellend met stappen van 2 of 7), het ene meer, afhankelijk van WM dan de andere. Hoe meer WM was belast, de grotere verlagingen van de levendigheid en emotionaliteit werden verwacht. De uitkomsten werden vergeleken met een controle conditie. Terugtellend met stappen van 2 of 7, terwijl we een verontrustende autobiografisch geheugen in het achterhoofd, verlaagt de emotionaliteit van het geheugen dat met name in vergelijking met het tellen van helemaal geen. De verlaging van de 7's staat, echter niet significant afwijken van de verlaging van de eenvoudige (dwz 2's) staat. Kortingen voor levendigheid werden niet gevonden. Deze resultaten ondersteunen het werkgeheugen account. Er is echter meer onderzoek nodig om de dosis-respons relatie tussen WM-load en EMDR-effecten en tot een beter begrip van de elementaire onderdelen van EMDR te krijgen verklaren.
This experiment is based upon the hypothesis that the magnitude of the EMDR effects critically depends on the degree to which working memory (WM) is taxed during retrieval. Participants did recall distressing memories while performing one of two distracting tasks (counting backwards with steps of 2 or 7); the one more depending on WM than the other. The more WM was taxed, the larger reductions in vividness and emotionality were expected. The outcomes were compared to a control condition. Counting backwards with steps of 2 or 7, while holding a distressing autobiographical memory in mind, decreases the emotionality of that particular memory compared to no counting at all. The reduction in the 7’s condition, however, did not differ significantly from the reduction in the simple (i.e. 2’s) condition. Reductions for vividness were not found. These results do support the working memory account. However, more research is needed to explain the dose-response relation between WM-load and EMDR-effects and to get a better understanding of the elementary components in EMDR.
Keywords: Retrieval Working Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
51. Ranck, C. (2006, September). What the bleep do we know?: Examining EMDR with quantum/holographic theory. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Quantum theory is the "science of possibility."
The 2004 documentary film, "What the Bleep.. . "
presents quantum/holographic concepts that
challenge assumptions about the nature of reality
and the healing process. In this discussion-based
and experiential workshop, we will examine
EMDR with two of these principles: 1) Belief
creates reality. A subatomic particle (a tiny piece of matter) always behaves like a wave, spread out
all over space, until it is looked at. It only
manifests as a particle when it is being observed. Thus, human consciousness plays a central role in quantum theory. That is, we create our own reality. 2) The part contains the whole. This holographic concept is best illustrated by the cloning of a sheep from a single DNA cell. In profound trauma, painful experiences of powerlessness are reduced into more manageable holographic fragments (such as a physical symptom, a distinctive odor, etc.) which contain the whole event. Triggering these unresolved holographic encodings floods the nervous system
with the whole traumatic memory. EMDR
facilitates resolution of these holograms. The brain may use holograms for memory storage and
retrieval, and EMDR appears to amplify this
process. Quantum concepts will be explored to
illuminate aspects of EMDR in new and creative
ways. Participants will leam dynamic strategies
to enrich EMDR treatment by incorporating
quantudholographic principles.
Keywords: Holographic Theory Quantum Theory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
52. Ranck, C. (2005, September). What the bleep to we know?: Examining EMDR with quantum/holographic theory. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Seattle, WA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Quantum theory is the "science of possibility."
The 2004 documentary film, "What the Bleep.. . "
presents quantum/holographic concepts that
challenge assumptions about the nature of reality
and the healing process. In this discussion-based
and experiential workshop, we will examine
EMDR with two of these principles: 1) Belief
creates reality. A subatomic particle (a tiny piece of matter) always behaves like a wave, spread out all over space, until it is looked at. It only manifests as a particle when it is being observed. Thus, human consciousness plays a central role in quantum theory. That is, we create our own reality. 2) The part contains the whole. This holographic concept is best illustrated by the
cloning of a sheep from a single DNA cell. In
profound trauma, painful experiences of
powerlessness are reduced into more manageable
holographic fragments (such as a physical
symptom, a distinctive odor, etc.) which contain
the whole event. Triggering these unresolved
holographic encodings floods the nervous system
with the whole traumatic memory. EMDR
facilitates resolution of these holograms. The brain may use holograms for memory storage and
retrieval, and EMDR appears to amplify this
process. Quantum concepts will be explored to
illuminate aspects of EMDR in new and creative
ways. Participants will leam dynamic strategies
to enrich EMDR treatment by incorporating
quantum/holographic principles.
Keywords: Quantum Theory Holographic Theory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
53. Hornsveld, H. (2011, June). Work mechanisms in EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Vienna, Austria.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Eye movements (EMs) during retrieval of negative memories reduce the vividness and emotionality of these memories when they are being recalled later. This is a robust phenomenon and is the basis of the EMDR method. Of the many explanations that have been put forward to explain the benefits of EMs, the working memory (WM) explanation has – by far - the most empirical support.
The WM hypothesis will be explained and a new series of experiments will be presented that give additional support for the WM account and have some large clinical implications.
1.In over 50% of the EMDR treatments eye movements are replaced by other bilateral stimulation like auditory tones or tapping. These ‘variants’ lack empirical support. Several studies (in healthy subjects and patients) strongly suggest that that these alternatives are inferior to eye movements. This is in line with the working memory account.
2.Eye movements are also used in (non-desensitization) procedures like the safe place and the RDI procedure. Again, there is no empirical support for the added value of eye movements. Our research indicates that – in line with the WM theory – EM’s seem counterproductive in RDI.
3.EMs also reduce the vividness and emotionality of (disturbing) images of feared future events: “flashworwards”.
Learning objectives:
Research data in a non-clinical sample and some clinical cases will be presented.
Keywords: Mechanisms
Accuracy Verified: Yes
54. van der Landen, M. E. (2012). Zijn de effecten van EMDR en imagination inflation tegengesteld bij herinneringen? Een onderzoek naar levendigheid en emotionaliteit van herinneringen bij geconcentreerde imaginatie en oogbewegingen [Are the effects of EMDR and imagination inflation opposed to memories? A study of vividness and emotionality of memories with concentrated imagery and eye movements]. Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is een veelgebruikte, effectieve therapievorm voor posttraumatische stressstoornis (PTSS). Imagination Inflation (II) kan optreden na geconcentreerde imaginatie. Bij EMDR worden herinneringen minder levendig en minder emotioneel. Het omgekeerde gebeurt bij II; door geconcentreerde imaginatie lijken herinneringen juist levendiger en emotioneler te worden. De vraag is of EMDR begrepen kan worden als de inverse van II. De effecten van EMDR zijn goed te modelleren onder laboratorium condities. Als II het omgekeerde is van EMDR zouden onder dezelfde lab condities, maar met het vervangen van oogbewegingen door geconcentreerde imaginatie er omgekeerde effecten op moeten treden van EMDR. Namelijk een toename van levendigheid en emotionaliteit van de herinneringen. Methoden: In totaal participeerden 60 personen verdeeld over twee groepen. Bij de ene groep werd 1) ophalen + oogbewegingen en 2) alleen ophalen toegepast, waarbij men twee negatieve herinneringen kreeg. De andere groep kreeg 1) ophalen + geconcentreerde imaginatie en 2) alleen ophalen toegepast met twee neutrale herinneringen. Resultaten: Geconcentreerde imaginatie leidde tot meer levendigheid van de neutrale herinnering, maar leidde niet tot toename van de emotionaliteit van de herinnering. Bij oogbewegingen zijn er geen statistisch significante resultaten gevonden. Conclusie: In tegenstelling tot eerdere literatuur, kon er geen significant effect van oogbewegingen aangetoond worden. Verondersteld is dat dit mogelijk een toevalsfluctuatie betreft. Geconcentreerde imaginatie leidde wel tot een significante toename van levendigheid van een neutrale herinnering. Vervolgonderzoek is nodig om dit verder te onderzoeken.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a widely used and effective form of therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Imagination Inflation (II) can occur after concentrated imagination. In EMDR memories are less vivid and less emotional. The reverse happens when II by concentrated imagination seem more vivid and emotional memories just be. The question is whether EMDR can be understood as the inverse of II. The effects of EMDR are well modeled under laboratory conditions. If II is the opposite of EMDR would under the same laboratory conditions, but with the replacement of movements by concentrated imagination is opposite effects have occurred in EMDR. Namely an increase of vividness and emotionality of memories. Methods: A total of 60 people participated divided into two groups. In one group, 1) + pick eye movements, and 2) only applied retrieval, where one received two negative memories. The other group received 1) + pick concentrated imagination and 2) only get applied with two neutral memories. Results: Concentrated imagination led to greater vividness of the neutral memory, but did not lead to increased emotionality of memory. When eye movements are no statistically significant results were found. Conclusion: Contrary to previous literature, there could be no significant effect of eye movements demonstrated. It is assumed that this may be a chance fluctuation concerns. Concentrated imagination did lead to a significant increase vibrancy of a neutral memory. Further research is needed to investigate this further.
Keywords: Emotionality Eye Movements Imagery Imagination Inflation Vividness
Accuracy Verified: Yes