Francine Shapiro Library ~ EMDR Bibliography

Francine Shapiro Library - EMDR Bibliography Links

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Your Results - you searched for the keyword Relaxation 117 Results

1. Everly, G. S. Jr., & Lating, J. M. (2002). A clinical guide to the treatment of the human stress response, 2nd ed. Springer Publishing Company.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
This updated edition of A Clinical Guide to the Treatment of the Human Stress Response reflects the dramatic changes in this field over the past decade. This edition covers a range of new topics, including stress and the immune system, post-traumatic stress and crisis intervention, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD), Crisis Management Briefings in response to mass disasters and terrorism, Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM), spirituality and religion as stress management tools, dietary factors and stress, and updated information on psychopharmacologic intervention in the human stress response. As with the previous edition, this volume is designed as a comprehensive and accessible guide to both the clinically relevant physiology and treatment of the human stress response. Discussion of treatment protocols, using selected behavioral treatment strategies, is purposefully brief and clinically targeted. Supplemental information for practitioners includes a flow chart on the nature of stress physiology, a relaxation report form, specific protocols for teaching the relaxation response, a self-report checklist designed for health education purposes, and over 700 references. [Springer] Springer Series on Stress and Coping

Keywords: Human Stress Response

Accuracy Verified: Yes

2. 生月誠 , 田上不二夫 [Ikezuki Makoto, and Tagami Fujio]. (2003年12月). 視線恐怖の治療メカニズム [Terror mechanism eye treatment]. 教育心理学研究, 51(4), 425-430 [Educational Psychology, 51 (4), 425-430].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Abstract:
本研究では,視線恐怖を主訴とする被験者の,視線恐怖軽減のメカニズムを解明することが目的である。実験1では,言語反復を含むリラクゼーションによる脱感作の手続きを,実験2では,拮抗動作法による脱感作の手続きを用いた。いずれも,自己視線恐怖より,他者視線恐怖の軽減に効果的であり,distractionが視線恐怖軽減の重要な要因となることが示唆された。また,自己視線恐怖は自己の視線に関する独特の認知を伴っ …

In this study, the subjects complained of fear that someone, the goal is to elucidate the mechanism of reduced eye phobia. In Experiment 1, the relaxation process of desensitization by repetitive language, including, in the second experiment, using a desensitization procedure by antagonistic action. Both look over fear, self and others effectively to reduce eye phobia, distraction was suggested to be an important factor in reducing the look of fear. The look of fear on the unique self-awareness accompanied by their own eyes ...

Keywords: Fear Terror

Accuracy Verified: Yes

3. Grenough, M. (2007, September). 4 brief strategies to calm, relax, and re-wire the brain. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Dallas, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Looking for calm in the chaos – for you and your clients? Examine findings of recent research regarding the brain’s neuroplasticity and our ability to re-wire our own brains. Learn four 60-second strategies that can calm, relax, heighten sense of personal control, diminish power of old patterns, and strengthen healthy neural pathways. Understand, and be able to explain to clients, how research testifies to the efficacy of these simple strategies and how their implementation can be useful in EMDR treatment. In this highly experiential workshop, you will learn four strategies and explore how/when to use each with your clients – and with yourself.

Keywords: Relaxation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

4. Tarrier, N., Liversidge, T., & Gregg, L. (2006, November). The acceptability and preference for the psychological treatment for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(11), 1643-1656. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.11.012.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The acceptability and preference of psychological treatments is important in understanding patient treatment seeking, choice, engagement and attrition and possibly treatment response in health care. The acceptability of, and preference for, 14 different types of psychological treatment for PTSD were investigated in a student population through invitation to participate in a web-based survey. Respondents were asked to rate each treatment on 10 scales and to rank the treatments in order of preference. Respondents were also asked whether they would seek treatment themselves, recommend treatment to friends and family, feel stigmatised by suffering from PTSD, had any prior knowledge of the treatments and if this had been positive or negative, and whether they had a history of psychological problems or treatment. A total of 330 respondents completed the survey. A past or current history of psychological problems and treatment was surprisingly high. Almost all respondents indicated that they would seek or recommend treatment in spite of high levels of stigmatisation. Factor analysis of the 10 scales indicated two factors: Endorsement and Discomfort. Rank ordering on preference and Endorsement scores was highly consistent. The highly preferred and endorsed treatments involved cognitive therapy, exposure, or psycho-education in spite of high levels of discomfort anticipated with exposure. Treatments involving new technologies, EMDR, and psychodynamic psychotherapy received the lowest Endorsement and preference. There was a modest influence of prior knowledge of a treatment. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy Cognitive Therapy Exposure Therapy College Students Computer Assisted Psychotherapy Empirical Study Family Therapy Group Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Preference Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Psychological Treatment Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Quantitative Study Relaxation Therapy Treatment Acceptability Virtual Reality Exposure Web-Based Survey

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5. Zdravkovic, J. (1994). Behavioural-cognitive therapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psihijatrija Danas, 26(2-3), 129-146.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The basic theoretical postulations on PTSD are given in the first part of the work. Hypotheses are given on PTSD as being a kind of conditioned emotional reaction to trauma and, possibly, an illness that has disturbed REM sleep mechanism at its roots. The second part describes behavioural and cognitive techniques that have been proven empirically to be successful in the treatment and the prevention of this disorder. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Behavior Therapy Cognitive Therapy Epidemiology Etiology Nosology Psychophysiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Relaxation Therapy

Accuracy Verified: No

6. Aurora, R. N., Zak, R. S., Auerbach, S. H., Casey, K. R., Chowdhuri, S., Karippot, A., Maganti, R. K., Ramar, K., Kristo, D. A., Bista, S. R., Lamm, C. I., & Morgenthaler, T. I. (2010, August). Best practice guide for the treatment of nightmare disorder in adults. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 6(4), 389-401.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Prazosin is recommended for treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)-associated nightmares. Level A. Image Rehearsal Therapy (IRT) is recommended for treatment of nightmare disorder. Level A. Systematic Desensitization and Progressive Deep Muscle Relaxation training are suggested for treatment of idiopathic nightmares. Level B. Venlafaxine is not suggested for treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares. Level B. Clonidine may be considered for treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares. Level C. The following medications may be considered for treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares, but the data are low grade and sparse: trazodone, atypical antipsychotic medications, topiramate, low dose cortisol, fluvoxamine, triazolam and nitrazepam, phenelzine, gabapentin, cyproheptadine, and tricyclic antidepressants. Nefazodone is not recommended as first line therapy for nightmare disorder because of the increased risk of hepatotoxicity. Level C. The following behavioral therapies may be considered for treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares based on low-grade evidence: Exposure, Relaxation, and Rescripting Therapy (ERRT); Sleep Dynamic Therapy; Hypnosis; Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR); and the Testimony Method. Level C. The following behavioral therapies may be considered for treatment of nightmare disorder based on low-grade evidence: Lucid Dreaming Therapy and Self-Exposure Therapy. Level C No recommendation is made regarding clonazepam and individual psychotherapy because of sparse data.

Keywords: Nightmares Posttruamatic Stress Disorder PSTD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

7. Maxwell, E. (1994). Beyond deficiency motivation: EMDR, peak experiences, and transcendence. EMDR Network Newsletter, 4(1), 6.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
When I initially heard of EMDR, I was totally uninterested. I was happy with my repertoire of skills and simply could not be bothered. However, the reports of colleagues who had the training were so exceptional I thought it was time to have a look. I still was not prepared to waste my precious hours on a training, and my way around this was to experience EMDR myself. I had genuine difficulties isolating a problem since I was at a particularly fulfilling stage of my life; however, I finally settled on a minor irritation that I was having with one of my clients. That session, plus two others, moved me very rapidly to a decision to move into private practice, to implementing that decision, and to currently experiencing a life of ease, gentle pacing, and tranquility that I had no previous vision of being possible. In fact, there has been a total life style transformation. I now work only three days a week, have time to follow the joyous explorations of my toddler for hours, am writing a novel, and am experiencing considerable relaxation of the Puritan work ethic. The starting point had been a life style I had previously perceived as fulfilling and perfectly for me.

Keywords: General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

8. Gersons, B. (2013, June). Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD (BEP). Presentation at the 13th annual conference for the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS), Bologna, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD (BEP) is a trauma-focused treatment which has been shown to be equally effective for the treatment of PTSD as CBT/PE and EMDR. It is the treatment of choice if there is a need not only for decreasing anxiety but also for learning how the traumatic event has changed one's life and view on the world. It has been developed as a 16-session treatment manual for PTSD when CBT and EMDR were not available (www.traumatreatment.eu). BEP consists of (1) psychoeducation, together with a partner or close friend; (2) imaginal exposure preceded by relaxation exercises, focused on catharsis of emotions of grief and helplessness; (3) writing tasks to express aggressive feelings and use of mementos; (4) domain of meaning, focused on learning from the trauma, oneself and the world; (5) farewell ritual, to end treatment. The BEP-protocol has proved to be effective in randomized controlled trials. Also psychobiological recovery has been demonstrated. In the workshop the different elements of BEP will be outlined and taught, also using a DVD. Similarities and differences between CBT and EMDR will be presented. To summarize, CBT, EMDR and BEP are equally effective in reducing PTSD by different forms of exposure. BEP also offers essential learning from the traumatizing events based on psychodynamic insights and stimulates posttraumatic growth. Clinical cases will be discussed.

Keywords: BEP Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

9. Gersons, B. (2011, June). Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD (BEPP). Preconference presentation at the 12th annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD (BEPP) is a trauma-focused treatment which has shown to be equally effective for the treatment of PTSD as CBT/PE and EMDR. It is the treatment of choice if there is need for not only decreasing anxiety but also for learning from the traumatic how it has changed one's life and view on the world. It has been developed as a 16-session treatment manual for PTSD when CBT and EMDR were not available (www.traumatreatment.eu). BEPP consists of (1) psychoeducation, together with a partner or close friend; (2) imaginal exposure preceded by relaxation exercises, focused on catharsis of emotions of grief and helplessness; (3) writing tasks to express aggressive feelings and use of mementos; (4) domain of meaning, focused on learning from the trauma, oneself and the world; (5) farewell ritual, to end treatment. The BEPP -protocol in RCT 's has proofed to be effective. Also psychobiological recovery has been demonstrated. In the Workshop the different elements of BEPP will be outlined and trained, also with DVD. Similarities and differences with CBT and EMDR will be presented. To summarize, CBT, EMDR and BEPP are equal effective in reducing PTSD by different forms of exposure. BEPP also offers essential learning from the traumatizing events based on psychodynamic insights and stimulates posttraumatic growth. Cases of participants will be discussed.

Keywords: BEPP Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disosder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

10. Gersons, B. (2011, June). Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy for PTSD (BEPP). Pre-conference presentation at the 12th European Conference on Traumatic Stress (ECOTS), Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD (BEPP) is a trauma-focused treatment which has shown to be equally effective for the treatment of PTSD as CBT/PE and EMDR. It is the treatment of choice if there is need for not only decreasing anxiety but also for learning from the traumatic how it has changed one's life and view on the world. It has been developed as a 16-session treatment manual for PTSD when CBT and EMDR were not available (http://www.traumatreatment.eu/). BEPP consists of (1) psychoeducation, together with a partner or close friend; (2) imaginal exposure preceded by relaxation exercises, focused on catharsis of emotions of grief and helplessness; (3) writing tasks to express aggressive feelings and use of mementos; (4) domain of meaning, focused on learning from the trauma, oneself and the world; (5) farewell ritual, to end treatment. The BEPP -protocol in RCT 's has proofed to be effective. Also psychobiological recovery has been demonstrated. In the Workshop the different elements of BEPP will be outlined and trained, also with DVD. Similarities and differences with CBT and EMDR will be presented. To summarize, CBT, EMDR and BEPP are equal effective in reducing PTSD by different forms of exposure. BEPP also offers essential learning from the traumatizing events based on psychodynamic insights and stimulates posttraumatic growth. Cases of participants will be discussed.

Keywords: BEPP Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

11. Gersons, B. (2011, June). Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy for PTSD (BEPP). PreConference presentation at the 27nd annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: BEPP Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disosder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

12. Byron, H. (1999). Clinician adherence to and combination of methods with EMDR for post traumatic stress disorder. University of Canberra, Australia.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The clinical adherence to and combination of methods with EMDR to treat PTSD has not been explored. This is of some concern as 27 000 clinicians are trained in EMDR globally. This exploratory study gained information on Australian trained EMDR clinicians' adherence to EMDR, and the methods they combined with EMDR to treat PTSD. Survey responses from 126 clinicians were analysed using predominantly descriptive statistics. The findings of this study showed that the majority of respondents perceived that they closely adhered to the standard EMDR treatment. However, respondents reported adhering more closely to the phases than the steps of EMDR. Statistically significant findings showed that more experienced EMDR level 1 clinicians were more likely to add steps and phases to EMDR, and to change the standard sequence of steps. Clinicians with greater years of experience were also more likely to change the standard sequence of steps. In addition, more experienced EMDR level 2 clinicians, were less likely to educate their clients about PTSD. Almost all respondents combined EMDR with other methods to treat PTSD. Combined methods included CBT, hypnosis / relaxation, system / solution focused methods and exposure. This research has contributed to theory and practice by uncovering that clinicians appear to use EMDR differently to researchers, by changing EMDR to meet client needs, combining EMDR with other methods and Holly Byron 16/9/99 vi therapies, and introducing EMDR in the mid stage of treatment. These findings are vital to reduce the scientist-practitioner divide by accurately testing EMDR's efficacy and enabling future controlled trials to reflect the clinical use of EMDR.

Keywords: Postrraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

13. Barfoot, K. M., Casey, M. C., & Callaway, A. J. (2012, July). Combined EEG and eye-tracking in sports skills training and performance analysis. Presentation at the World Congress of Performance Analysis of Sport IX, University of Wooster.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The use of mobile EEG brainwave monitoring and eye-tracking recorded synchronously during the training of sports skills offers significant opportunities but creates challenges. Opportunities: ¨ Measuring neurocognitive activity and visual focus in real time which can be used to provide immediate feedback to the coach, in ‘real world’ settings, for optimising training protocols for the individual athlete. ¨ Use of sound output (‘sonification’) in proportion to EEG regions of interest as a neurofeedback mechanism for athlete self-training. ¨ Application of visualisation protocols and ‘EEG-driven’ PC games where game feedback based on state of mind is used to optimise mental state prior to performance. ¨ Examining the relationship between eye movement and neuro activity (e.g. saccades and gamma waves) and in athlete coaching interventions such as sports visual scanning strategies, Eye Movement Desensitisation & Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, focussed relaxation, etc. Challenges: ¨ The recording of EEG during gross motor behaviour is subject to non-brain artefacts in the raw (time-domain) EEG, due to the much larger (than EEG) electrical voltages arising from muscle and eye movements. Practical approaches and signal processing (frequency domain spectrum) techniques to address these problems will be discussed. ¨ The synchronisation of data recorded on different types of equipment (e.g. EEG, eyetracker, video, sound, EMG, etc.) with different ‘clocks’ and diverse data formats is difficult – both in terms of time-stamping the original recordings across all the systems and playing them back synchronously for subsequent performance analysis. Progress on creating real-time data export methods which allow synchronous data recording and playback will be reported. Examples of studies carried out in archery, golf, motorsport, football and skiing will be discussed, with a focus on archery where: ¨ Measurements were taken from intermediate, county level, near elite and elite archers. ¨ Archery was chosen to demonstrate the real-time and in-situ quantification of neural activity compared with target-based measures of performance that archery provides, over a range of time-spans and skills. ¨ Results demonstrate that there are significant and measurable changes in EEG patterns during a shot with evidence suggesting that the patterns vary as a function of skill level, but not simply as a function of score. Significance of each of these studies for goal-directed learning and performance enhancement are discussed.

Keywords: EEG Eye Tracking Performance Analysis Sports Skills

Accuracy Verified: Yes

14. van Etten, M. L., & Taylor, S. (1998). Comparative efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 5(3), 126-144. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199809).

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A meta-analysis was conducted on 61 treatment outcome trials for PTSD. Conditions included drug therapies (TCAs, carbamazepine, MAOIs, SSRIs, and BDZs), psychological therapies (behaviour therapy, Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), relaxation training, hypnotherapy, and dynamic therapy), and control conditions (pill placebo, wait-list controls, supportive psychotherapies, and non-saccade EMDR control). Psychological therapies had significantly lower drop-out rates than pharmacotherapies (14% versus 32%), with attrition being uniformly low across all psychological therapies. In terms of symptom reduction, psychological therapies were more effective than drug therapies, and both were more effective than controls. Among the drug therapies, the SSRIs and carbamazepine had the greatest effect sizes, although the latter was based upon a single trial. Among the psychological therapies, behaviour therapy and EMDR were most effective, and generally equally so. The most effective psychological therapies and drug therapies were generally equally effective. Differences across treatment conditions were generally evident across symptom domains, with little matching of symptom domain to treatment type. However, SSRIs had some advantage over psychological therapies in treating depression. Follow-up results were not available for most treatments, but available data indicates that treatment effects for behaviour therapy and EMDR are maintained at 15-week follow-up. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Antimanic Drugs Benzodiazepine Derivatives Hypnotherapy Meta Analysis Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy PTSD Relaxation Therapy Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Treatment Effectiveness Tricyclic Derivatives

Accuracy Verified: Yes

15. Taylor, S., Thordarson, D., Maxfield, L., Fedoroff, I., Lovell, K., & Ogrodniczuk, J. (2003, April). Comparative efficacy, speed, and adverse effects of three PTSD treatments: Exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 330-338. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.330.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The authors examined the efficacy, speed, and incidence of symptom worsening for 3 treatments of PTSD: prolonged exposure, relaxation training, or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR; N = 60). Treatments did not differ in attrition, in the incidence of symptom worsening, or in their effects on numbing and hyperarousal symptoms. Compared with EMDR and relaxation training, exposure therapy (a) produced significantly larger reductions in avoidance and reexperiencing symptoms, (b) tended to be faster at reducing avoidance, and (c) tended to yield a greater proportion of participants who no longer met criteria for PTSD after treatment. EMDR and relaxation did not differ from one another in speed or efficacy (Pilots).

Keywords: Adults Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Negative Therapeutic Reaction Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Relaxation Therapy Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Witnesses

Accuracy Verified: Yes

16. Williams, K. (2006, August). A comparative experimental treatment outcome study: Female survivors of sexual assault suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and trauma-related guilt – self-report and psychophysiological measures. Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, CAN.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Diverse psychotherapeutic approaches for treating trauma-related sequelae have emerged over the last several decades in response to the widespread prevalence of sexual assault and resultant posttraumatic stress disorder among women (PTSD). In a recent formal study (Grace, 2003), a newer treatment called one eye integration (OEI) has been shown to be effective for traumatized individuals. The purpose of this study was to build upon those findings by comparing the effectiveness of two treatments for reducing PTSD symptoms with a breathing, relaxation, autogenics, imagery, and grounding (BRAIN) control condition. Twenty-seven female rape or sexual assault survivors who met the criteria for PTSD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Text-Revision, (DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000) were randomly assigned to three groups: (a) a neurologically-based therapy called OEI, (b) an information processing model referred to as cognitive processing therapy-revised (CPT-R), or (c) a control condition (BRAIN), PTSD, depression, and trauma-related guilt symptoms were assessed pretreatment, posttreatment and at 3-month follow up, and qualitative electroencephalography (qEEG) brainwave patterns of two regions of the scalp (frontal and parietal) were measured pre and posttreatment. The following dependent measures were used: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), and t he Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI). Though there were no significant differences in PTSD symptoms between groups from pretreatment to post treatment assessments, a significant difference occurred between pretreatment and 3-month follow up, with OEI manifesting greater reductions than CPT-R or BRAIN. There were no significant differences between groups in depression, but there was a reduction in BDI-II scores over time. Reduction in guilt-related symptoms occurred on several scales and subscales for all three groups over time from pretreatment of posttreatment assessments, though not significantly by group. A significant difference was found for the Global Guilt subscale at 3-month follow up, with greater improvement for the OEI group. Preliminary results from cortical brain activity assessments indicate typical qEEG asymmetry patterns for PTSD and depression, though there were no significant group differences apart from minor post hoc analyses. Implications of these findings for clinical work and directions for future research were discussed.

Keywords: Depression Female Guilt Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Sexual Assault Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

17. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., & Hedlund, N. L. (1995). A controlled study of EMDR and biofeedback assisted relaxation for the treatment of PTSD. Presentation at the Fourth European Conference on Traumatic Stress.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Biofeedback Assisted Relaxation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

18. Arnold, C. (2002). David Lister's 1999 paper. The EMDR Practitioner. Retrieved from http://www.emdr-practitioner.net on 12/27/2008.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
"I concur with David Lister's model of utilising EMDR in Medical Practice. My own personal trauma has been around radical surgery when I was 24, which was life saving but nonetheless changed the course of my life. The possibilities for healing are endless if EMDR could be incorporated into complementary care units of hospitals that are becoming popular here in the USA. (Complementary care units are quite unlike British health centres, complementary care units offer yoga, meditation, message, visualization, relaxation techniques, hypnosis and biofeedback to patients suffering from a broad range of medical problems, including those with catastrophic illness. Some include homeopathy and herbal medicine as part of the treatment plan. These units have not been without controversy, and administrators have waged a long and hard battle against the medical establishment.)

Keywords: David Lister Letter

Accuracy Verified: Yes

19. Erdmann, C. (2005). Die beeinflussung chronischer schmerzen durch psychologische, schmerztherapisverfahren und EMDR [The influence of psychological chronic pain, chronic pain procedures and EMDR]. Institut fur Traumatherapie.

Language: German

Format: Other

Abstract:
Das in den 80er Jahren von der amerikanischen Psychologin Francine Shapiro veröffentlichte Verfahren EMDR (Eye Movement and Desensitization and Reprocessing) beinhaltet als zentrale Komponente, dass die Aufmerksamkeit des Patienten sich auf eine traumatische Erinnerung und die damit verbundenen Gedanken und Gefühle richtet, während gleichzeitig rhythmische Augenbewegungen induziert werden. (Shapiro 1998) EMDR eignet sich signifikant gut zur Behandlung der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS). Hierbei handelt es sich um ein Störungssyndrom, meistens bestehend aus vegetativer Übererregtheit, Erstarrung, Schlaflosigkeit, Angst und Depression, das häufig auftritt nach sehr belastenden Ereignissen oder starken Bedrohungen, wie z.B. schweren Unfällen, Naturkatastrophen, Folter, sexuellem Missbrauch, Vergewaltigungen, usw. Das Störungsbild der PTBS zeigt große Ähnlichkeiten mit dem Chronischen Schmerzsyndrom. Chronischer Schmerz kann als eigenständiges Trauma gelten mit dem eigenen Körper als Opfer und Täter. Oft finden sich auch Traumata im Vorfeld oder begleitend. Chronischer Schmerz ist signifikant assoziiert mit Posttraumatischer Belastungsstörung, mit Angsterkrankungen, Depressionen und weiteren psychischen Störungen. EMDR wird inzwischen auch mit guten Erfolgen eingesetzt bei anderen Erkrankungen, z.B. Suchterkrankungen, Depressionen, Angst- und Zwangsstörungen. Überzeugende Erfolge stellen sich ein bei der Behandlung auch sehr kleiner Kinder mit unterschiedlichen psychischen Erkrankungen. (Tinker, Wilson 1999) Bislang gibt es aber noch relativ wenig Forschungen über die Wirksamkeit von EMDR bei Akutschmerz, bei Chronischem Schmerz und im Bereich der Psychosomatik. Es ist allerdings bekannt, dass EMDR sich bei Akutschmerz eignet zum Abbau der den Schmerz häufig begleitenden Angst und darüber hinaus bei Chronischem Schmerz zur Erhöhung der Schmerztoleranz, zu mehr Entspannung, zu positiven kognitiven Strategien, zu Desensibilisierung und zur Ablenkung. (Groth, Rogers 1994). EMDR führt zu nachweislichen neurologischen Veränderungen und damit einhergehenden vom Patienten berichteten positiven Veränderungen im Beschwerdebild. (van der Kolk 2000) EMDR lässt sich nach ersten Untersuchungen ebenfalls erfolgreich einsetzen zur Behandlung von Phantomschmerzen. (Wilson nach Tinker, Wilson 2000).

That in the 80s by the American psychologist Francine Shapiro published procedures EMDR (Eye Movement and Desensitization and Reprocessing) includes as a central component that the patient's attention on a traumatic memory and associated thoughts and feelings directed, while rhythmic eye movements be induced. (Shapiro 1998) EMDR is significantly well to the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This is a disorder syndrome, consisting mostly of vegetative over-arousal, numbness, insomnia, anxiety and depression that occurs very often after stressful events or severe threats, such as serious accidents, natural disasters, torture, sexual abuse, rape, etc. The disorder of PTSD shows great similarities with the chronic pain syndrome. Chronic pain can be considered as a separate trauma of his own body as victims and perpetrators. Often also found in the run or incidental trauma. Chronic pain is significantly associated with post traumatic stress disorder, with anxiety disorders, depression and other mental disorders. EMDR is now used with good results in other diseases, such as Addiction, depression, anxiety and compulsive disorders. Convincing results are adapting to treat even very young children with different mental disorders. (Tinker, Wilson 1999) So far there is relatively little research on the effectiveness of EMDR in acute pain, Chronic pain and in the field of psychosomatic medicine. However, it is known that EMDR is suitable for acute pain to reduce the pain often associated with anxiety and also to increase the pain Chronic pain tolerance, more relaxation, positive cognitive strategies to desensitization and distraction. (Groth, Rogers 1994). EMDR leads to demonstrable neurological changes resulting from the patient and reported positive changes in symptoms. (Van der Kolk 2000), after initial investigations EMDR can also be used successfully to treat phantom pain. (Wilson to Tinker, Wilson 2000).

Keywords: Chronic Pain Chronic Pain Protocol Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

20. Schubbe, O. (2000). Die wirksamkeit von EMDR: Zur behandlung posttraumatischer störungen [The effectiveness of EMDR]. Institut für Traumatherapie.

Language: German

Format: Other

Abstract:
Der steile Weg von EMDR zur wissenschaftlichen Anerkennung war von Anfang an von großer Begeisterung und heftigen wissenschaftlichen Kontroversen begleitet. Shapiros erste Berichte (1989a, 1989b) mit Darstellungen der Vorgehensschritte beschrieben bedeutsame Besserungen der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS) nach einer einzigen Sitzung "Eye Movement Desensitization" (EMD). Auf dem Hintergrund, dass PTBS bis dahin als schwer behandelbar und die Behandlungsmethoden als langwierig, anstrengend und begrenzt wirksam galten (Solomon, Gerrity, & Muff, 1992), stieß EMDR zunächst auf skeptische Zurückhaltung. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt gab es nur noch eine weitere Wirksamkeitsstudie zur Therapie von PTBS, in der Peniston (1986) 45 Sitzungen Entspannung und Systematische Desensibilisierung plus Biofeedback mit einer Kontrollgruppe ohne Therapie verglichen und nur bei einzelnen Symptomen [Albträume, Muskelanspannung, Angst] von PTBS einen signifikanten Rückgang festgestellt hatte. Im Jahr der ersten Untersuchung von Francine Shapiro wurden noch drei weitere Untersuchungen zur Behandlung von PTBS veröffentlicht, von denen keine auch nur annähernd vergleichbare Behandlungserfolge berichten konnte.

The steep path of EMDR to the scientific recognition was accompanied by the beginning of great enthusiasm and fierce scientific controversies. Shapiro's first reports (1989a, 1989b) with descriptions of the action steps described significant improvement of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after a single session "Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD). On the background of PTSD until then treated as serious and the treatment methods were considered to be lengthy, exhausting, and have limited effect (Solomon, Gerrity, & Muff, 1992), EMDR struck first on skeptical restraint. At this time there was only one additional efficacy study for the treatment of PTSD, in the Peniston (1986) 45 meetings, relaxation and systematic desensitization plus biofeedback with a control group compared with no therapy and only in individual symptoms [nightmares, muscle tension, fear] of PTSD a significant decrease was noted. In the first investigation by Francine Shapiro, three other studies have been published for the treatment of PTSD, which was able to report not even close to comparable treatment results.

Keywords: Effectiveness Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

21. Roth, W. T. (2010). Diversity of effective treatments of panic attacks: What do they have in common?. Depression and Anxiety, 27(1), 5-11. doi:10.1002/da.20601.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
By comparing efficacious psychological therapies of different kinds, inferences about common effective treatment mechanisms can be made. We selected six therapies for review on the basis of the diversity of their theoretical rationales and evidence for superior efficacy: psychoanalytic psychotherapy, hypercapnic breathing training, hypocapnic breathing training, reprocessing with and without eye-movement desensitization, muscle relaxation, and cognitive behavior therapy. The likely common element of all these therapies is that they reduce the immediate expectancy of a panic attack, disrupting the vicious circle of fearing fear. Modifying expectation is usually regarded as a placebo mechanism in psychotherapy, but may be a specific treatment mechanism for panic. The fact that this is seldom the rationale communicated to the patient creates a moral dilemma: Is it ethical for therapists to mislead patients to help them? Pragmatic justification of a successful practice is a way out of this dilemma. Therapies should be evaluated that deal with expectations directly by promoting positive thinking or by fostering non-expectancy.

Keywords: Anxiety Depression

Accuracy Verified: Yes

22. Cahill, S. P., Carrigan, M. H., & Frueh, B. C. (1999, January-April). Does EMDR work? And if so, why?: A critical review of controlled outcome and dismantling research. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 5-33. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00039-5.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Research on Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR) was reviewed to answer the questions “Does EMDR work?” and “If so, Why?” This first question was further subdivided on the basis of the control group: (a) no-treatment (or wait list control), (b) nonvalidated treatments, and (c) other validated treatments. The evidence supports the following general conclusions: First, EMDR appears to be effective in reducing at least some indices of distress relative to no-treatment in a number of anxiety conditions, including posttraumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, and public-speaking anxiety. Second, EMDR appears at least as effective or more effective than several nonvalidated treatments (e.g., relaxation, active listening) for posttraumatic stress reactions. Third, despite statements implying the contrary, no previously published study has directly compared EMDR with an independently validated treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (e.g., therapist-directed flooding). In the treatment of simple phobia, participant modeling has been found to be more effective than EMDR. Fourth, our review of dismantling studies reveals there is no convincing evidence that eye movements significantly contribute to treatment outcome. Recommendations regarding further research directions are provided(ScienceDirect).

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Literature Review PTSD Relaxation Therapy Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

23. Rogers, S. (2006, December). Drifting away from EMDR. EMDRIA Newsletter, 11(4), 7-8.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Those who have attended Francine Shapiro’s Plenary Addresses in recent EMDRIA Conferences are aware of her wish that EMDR clinicians accurately reproduce the EMDR procedure and understand her Adaptive Information Processing model. This concern was sparked by the frequency of phone calls to the EMDR Institute from clients who had been treated with variations of the EMDR protocol with poor results. Also, here in Pennsylvania, we have had several veterans come into our treatment program claiming that they had been treated with EMDR and it didn’t work. When we asked for a description of the treatment, it was clear that the therapist had added elements to the desensitization phase, such as affi rmations, positive imagery, and relaxation techniques.

Keywords: Cautions Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

24. Cole, F. J. (1996, November). The effect of alpha theta brainwave production on self-efficacy in the treatment of substance abuse. California School of Professional Psychology, Fresno, CA. AAT 9734483.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Two new brief treatments, Alpha Theta Brainwave Training (ATBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) were compared to Systematic Muscle Relaxation (SMR) training during the treatment of 45 hospitalized veterans in the Chemical Dependency Treatment Program of the Fresno Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center. Fifteen veterans were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, ATBT, EMDR, and SMR, to investigate whether these treatments affected self-efficacy, or confidence in the ability to resist the urge to drink. In behavioral change, self-efficacy levels are consistent predictors of short and long-term success. It was hypothesized that the greater the amount of time spent in theta brainwave frequency (4-8 Hz) during treatment, the greater the increase in self-efficacy. Brainwave activity, temperature, skin conductance and electromyographic levels were recorded during the treatment sessions. Measures of self-efficacy, self-efficacy expectancy, outcome expectancy, and level of overall physical and emotional symptoms were taken before and after treatment. Results indicated that all treatments increased self-efficacy and decreased overall physical and emotional symptoms in alcoholic subjects. Overall, there was no significant difference in the amount of time spent in theta brainwave frequency between groups, but results indicated that the treatments did produce a significant difference in the amount of time spent in theta brainwave frequency between the first and last treatment sessions in the groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(5-B), Nov 1997, pp. 2667.

Keywords: Brain Stimulation Drug Abuse Drug Rehabilitation Empirical Study Military Veterans Relaxation Therapy Self Efficacy Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

25. Colosetti, S. D. (1997). Effect of relaxation training alone and relaxation training paired with EMDR on incarcerated, battered women. University of Georgia, Athens, GA. AAT 9735499.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Every 15 seconds a woman is beaten in the U.S. Many of these women meet the criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD. Some of them end up in prison. This study used a sample of 5 battered women, incarcerated in a Southern state prison, to test the efficacy of EMDR following relaxation training. A-B-C designs were used to compare baseline assessment (Phase A), relaxation training utilizing Miller and Halpern's audiotaped instructions (Phase B), and EMDR (Phase C). A script of the worst memory of abuse was dictated by each woman during assessment and read by the researcher at the beginning of each session. The Beck Anxiety Inventory and Impact of Events Scale, measuring avoidant behaviors and intrusive thoughts, were given weekly, following the script. Client logs and measures of SUDS and VOC were taken during the EMDR phase only. A one-month follow-up was used. ANOVAs with repeated measures comparing 2 groups, E1 (n = 2) that received 3 weeks of relaxation training prior to EMDR and E2 (n = 3) that received 6 weeks of relaxation training prior to EMDR, were not statistically significant. Avoidant Behaviors scores approached significance for the main effect of treatment (F = .06) and for the group by phase interaction (F = .08). Due to intrasubject variability, blocking was used to identify trends. A distinct improvement was noted in Subject 2 -- Anxiety dropped from 36.5 to 8.0, Intrusive Thoughts 27.5 to 11.0, and Avoidant Behaviors 27.0 to 24.0. Individually graphed data and calculated mean scores by phase permit further investigation. Implications for future research include appropriate screening for dissociation and development of coping skills prior to EMDR, decreasing avoidance by having the woman read her script aloud prior to completing outcome measures, monitoring medication during treatment, continuing treatment as needed, using additional outcome measures, and employing a multi-baseline design across subjects, matching women on several demographic variables. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. 58(6-A), Dec 1997, pp. 2392.

Keywords: Adults Americans Battery Empirical Study Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prison Inmates PTSD Relaxation Therapy Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

26. Becker, L. (2000). Effect size. Lee Becker, Ph.D..

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Effect size (ES) is a name given to a family of indices that measure the magnitude of a treatment effect. Unlike significance tests, these indices are independent of sample size. ES measures are the common currency of meta-analysis studies that summarize the findings from a specific area of research. See, for example, the influential metaanalysis of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatments by Lipsey and Wilson (1993). There is a wide array of formulas used to measure ES. For the occasional reader of meta-analysis studies, like myself, this diversity can be confusing. One of my objectives in putting together this set of lecture notes was to organize and summarize the various measures of ES. In general, ES can be measured in two ways: a) as the standardized difference between two means, or b) as the correlation between the independent variable classification and the individual scores on the dependent variable. This correlation is called the "effect size correlation" (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 1996). These notes begin with the presentation of the basic ES measures for studies with two independent groups. The issues involved when assessing ES for two dependent groups are then described.
The psychotherapies include: behavioral treatments (primarily different forms of exposure therapies), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), relaxation therapy, hypnosis, and psychodynamic therapy. The control conditions include: pill placebo (used in the drug treatment studies), wait list controls, supportive psychotherapy, and no saccades (a control for eye movements in EMDR studies).

Keywords: Effect Size

Accuracy Verified: Yes

27. Stapleton, J. A., Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. J. (2006, February). Effects of three PTSD treatments on anger and guilt: Exposure therapy, eye movement sensitization and reprocessing, and relaxation training. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(1), 19-28. doi:10.1002/jts.20095.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study sought to investigate the efficacy of prolonged exposure, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and relaxation training on trait anger and guilt and on trauma-related anger and guilt within the context of PTSD treatment. 15 PTSD patients completed each treatment and were assessed at posttreatment and at 3-month follow-up. All three treatments were associated with significant reductions in all measures of anger and guilt, with gains maintained at follow-up. There were no significant treatment differences in efficacy or in the proportion of patients who worsened on anger or guilt measures over the course of treatment. Between-treatment effect sizes were generally very small. Results suggest that all three treatments are associated with reductions in anger and guilt, even for patients who initially have high levels of these emotions. However, these PTSD therapies may not be sufficient for treating anger and guilt; additional interventions may be required. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Anger Canadians Exposure Therapy Guilt Longitudinal Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Relaxation Therapy Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

28. Taylor, S. (2004). Efficacy and outcome predictors for three PTSD treatments: exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training. In S. Taylor (Ed.), Advances in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Cognitive-behavioral perspectives (1st ed.) (pp. 13-37). NewYork: Springer Publishing.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
In a study that directly compared exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training in patients with PTSD, we simply provided patients with a verbal description of PTSD and its treatment, then assessed the patient's treatment goals, and discussed how the treatment was relevant to the goals. For patients who do not drop out of treatment, our findings suggest that the most consistent predictor of good outcome is whether or not the patient receives exposure therapy, and that the severity of reexperiencing symptoms is an important predictor of treatment outcome, largely because relaxation training has a poorer outcome when these symptoms are severe. The efficacy of exposure and EMDR does not appear to be affected by the severity of reexperiencing. These findings provide further support for the efficacy of exposure and, to a limited extent, support the use of EMDR. Our findings, however, suggest that exposure is a first-line psychosocial treatment for PTSD. [Adapted from Text, pp. 16, 34] [Pilots]

Keywords: Adults Exposure Therapy Manual-Based Treatments Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Relaxation Therapy Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

29. Sellers, J. L. (1997, October). Efficacy of the eye movement desensitization procedure as compared to accelerated massed desensitization in the treatment of test anxiety. California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA. ATT 9729659.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) procedure had been widely promoted as an effective anxiety reducing treatment, yet the methodology of many studies has not been adequate to clearly investigate the procedure (Lohr, Kleinknecht, Conley, Dal Cerro, Schmidt, & Sonntag, 1992) and comparison treatments have been inappropriately applied (Lohr, Kleinknecht, Tolin & Barrett, 1995). This study compared EMDR and Accelerated Massed Desensitization (AMD), which has been empirically supported as a short term intervention in the treatment of test anxiety. All participants were screened for participation and 38 were determined test anxious, according to the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI; Spielberger, 1980). No subjects were involved in any form of relaxation training or taking any medications to reduce anxiety at the time of their participation. All participants were recruited from college and university classes in the Orange and San Bernardino counties and were paid $10 for their participation. Six therapists and the primary investigator conducted therapy sessions for both treatments. All therapists completed the EMDR training, completed relevant reading materials for the AMD procedure, and followed protocols for both procedures throughout the therapy sessions. Participants were randomly assigned to either the EMDR or AMD treatment condition and a therapist. Participants completed the state portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger, 1983) and the Subjective Units of Distress scale (SUD; Wolpe, 1982) measures at pre and post treatment and at pre and post in-class exam. Participants received two sessions of treatment for each of the conditions. This study hypothesized that the EMDR treatment would significantly reduce anxiety as measured by the STAI and the SUD as compared to the AMD treatment. This study also hypothesized that EMDR would significantly reduce anxiety in both treatment and in vivo settings. Supplementary hypotheses predicted that the AMD treatment would reduce anxiety in both the treatment and in vivo settings. Results indicated that students in the AMD condition experienced more anxiety reduction than students in the EMDR condition. However, both treatments were effective in reducing anxiety in both the treatment and in vivo setting, as measured by the STAI and SUD scales. These results suggest that both treatments may be effective for reducing anxiety. However, the AMD treatment led to greater reductions in anxiety, as compared to the EMDR treatment. It is suggested that further research of the EMDR procedure include suitable comparison groups in order to assess its effectiveness and allow clinicians to choose appropriate treatments based on empirical support. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(4-B), Oct 1997, pp. 2139.

Keywords: College or University Students Identified As Test Anxious Efficacy of Eye Movement vs Accelerated Massed Desensitization for Treating Test Anxiety Psychotherapeutic Techniques Sellers Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

30. Stapleton, J. A., Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2007, Spring). Efficacy of various treatments for PTSD in battered women: Case studies. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 21(1), 91-102. doi:10.1891/088983907780493287.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Spousal abuse and other forms of domestic violence can lead to PTSD. Little is known about how to best treat this form of PTSD. The current case series, based on data collected as part of a larger clinical trial, was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of exposure therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), or relaxation therapy. 3 women with battered-spouse-related PTSD were assigned to one of these treatments. The patient receiving exposure responded well to treatment and no longer met the criteria for PTSD at post-treatment or at 3-month follow-up. The battered women in the other two conditions continued to meet the criteria for PTSD at post-treatment and at follow-up. The patterns of treatment response were similar to those experienced by individuals with other forms of PTSD (N = 42) examined in the larger trial. The results of these case studies encourage further studies of exposure therapy for battered-spouse-related PTSD. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Battered Women Canadians Exposure Therapy Domestic Violence Empirical Study Females Follow-Up Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Quantitative Study Relaxation Training Spouse Abuse Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

31. Taylor, S., Thoradarson, D. S., & Maxfield, L. (2002). Efficacy, speed, and adverse effects of three PTSD treatments: Exposure therapy, relaxation training, and EMDR [Abstract]. Canadian Psychology, 43, 139.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Keywords: Exposure Therapy Posttraumatic Stress DIsorder PTSD Relaxation Training Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

32. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N. L., Muraoka, M. Y., Saitou, Y., & Saitou, I. (1997). EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) for combat related post-traumatic stress disorder. Japanese Journal of Biofeedback Research, (24), 50-64.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Studied the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Human Ss: 35 male American adults (aged 41-70 yrs) (PTSD) (34 Vietnam War veterans and 1 Korean War veteran). Tests used: The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (D. D. Blake et al, 1995), the restandardized MMPI, the Mississippi Scale for Combat Related PTSD (T. M. Keane et al, 1988), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Impact of Events Scale and the Initial Screening Questionnaire. Treatments: 10 Ss were administered 12 EMDR sessions, 13 Ss were administered 12 sessions of biofeedback and relaxation, and 12 Ss were administered standard treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Combat Empirical Study Military Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

33. Grand, D. (2001, June). EMDR acting coaching: The healing art form. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR applied to issues of acting, entering character, creating bodily held character memory, exiting character, and also audition anxiety, role prep, relaxation. EMDR acting coaching also provides healing by processing emotional aspects of creative blocks. Includes live demo by actors of before/after scene work and monologues with EMDR acting coaching.

Keywords: Acting Audition Anxiety Coaching Creative Blocks

Accuracy Verified: Yes

34. Marquis, P. (2007, June). EMDR and the treatment of anxiety disorders. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Dr. Marquis will present on the treatment of Anxiety Disorders using Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). This treatment is based on clinical research and practice, integrating Anxiety Disorder treatments such as interceptive exposure, psych-education, mindfulness, relaxation training, breathing retraining, cognitive techniques and exposure and response prevention with EMDR. The diagnosis of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Hoarding, Trichotillomonia, Skin Picking, Panic Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorders, Phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Somatization Disorder and their interaction with underlying PSTD will be discussed and standard EMDR treatment protocols presented. This will be presented in context of the Adaptive Information Processing Model. Theoretical models will be presented. This treatment integrates the use of future template and behavioral feedback for success of anxiety treatment. Participants will learn how to specify EMDR targets for rapid symptom reduction and how clients scan integrate self-use of bilateral stimulation to increase treatment results. Case examples will be presented. Participants will be encouraged to discuss and receive feedback on anxiety cases of their own. Cross-cultural applications and understanding will be explored. Dr. Marquis is the Anxiety Team Leader at Kaiser Hospital and has been practicing, teaching, and training EMDR internationally since 1991.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

35. Marquis, P., & Sprowls, C. (2011, August). EMDR and the treatment of anxiety disorders: Clinical applications using the anxiety protocol. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Orange County, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Dr. Marquis and Dr. Sprowls will present on the treatment of Anxiety Disorders using Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, (EMDR). This treatment is based on clinical research and practice, integrating Anxiety Disorder treatments such as interoceptive exposure, psycho-education, mindfulness, relaxation training, breathing retraining, cognitive techniques and exposure and response prevention with EMDR. Participants will learn how to specify EMDR targets for rapid symptom reduction and how clients can integrate self-use of bilateral stimulation to increase treatment results. Participants will be encouraged to discuss and receive feedback on anxiety cases of their own. Cross-cultural applications and understanding will be explored.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

36. Doctor, R. (1995, June). EMDR applications to anxiety disorders. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR therapy was originally developed around the effects of trauma on emotional and cognitive disorders. We are now seeing its effect application in other areas related to acquisition and maintenance of deviant and disabling reactions. The results of the application of EMDR outside of trauma itself have been very encouraging and successful. This presentation will focus on the use of EMDR with the anxiety disorders. Most of the presentation will concentrate on the most prevalent anxiety disorders, namely, panic, agoraphobia and phobia. There will be some-discussion on generalized anxiety disorders, social phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The anxiety disorders will be discussed as a complex set of disorders that have multiple acquisition factors including life style, reactivity (which may have some genetic components), "personality, stressors and stress management. The presenter will make a brief summary of the role of these factors in each anxiety disorder from what we currently know clinically and empirically. The research on EMDR with anxiety disorders is almost nonexistent but the few case studies that have been published will be discussed because they offer excellent support for EMDR and for particular forms of its application. The rest of the presentation is divided into two sections: the use of EMDR as an exclusive treatment and its use with supplemental tools. The exclusive use of EMDR will depend on premorbid history factors both personally and in regard to the anxiety disorder. The discussion will focus on important information in the history taking and personal contact with the client as well as the potential targets for EMDR work with the various anxiety disorders. In many cases, EMDR therapy must be supplemented with exposure work, relaxation training, medications and other supplemental tools in order to make the intervention effective and enduring. How these supplemental tools might be implemented in the various anxiety disorders will be discussed as well as the general factors from client history or client experience that would suggest the use of supplementals. Finally, the importance of the client-therapist relationship will be discussed in relation to working with the anxiety disorders and, in particular, therapist factors that can improve effectiveness.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

37. Maiberger, B. (2009). EMDR essentials: A guide for clients and therapists. New York: W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
1)In easy-to-understand terms, Barb Maiberger explains EMDR to clients and, in turn, equips clinicians with a shorthand way of explaining it to their own patients. Topics include understanding trauma and its symptoms, how and why EMDR works (and when it won't), how to find the right therapist, and sample relaxation exercises. 2)This book discusses eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Part I explains EMDR, the phases involved in treatment, the nature of trauma and its effect on memory. Theories about why EMDR works, how it can work for children, and safety issues are addressed. Part II provides illustrations from the author's experiences as an EMDR therapist, presenting client issues and how EMDR helped them. The author notes that the purpose of this book is to inform potential EMDR clients what to expect from EMDR therapy and how it may help in trauma healing. (PsycINFO Database)

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

38. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N. L., & Muroaka, M. Y. (1995, June). EMDR in combat-related PTSD: A controlled study. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In view of potential, but largely undocumented benefits of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as an intervention for PTSD in combat veterans, in our laboratory a study of EMDR treatment included (1) randomized patient assignment, (2) clinically appropriate comparison (treatment and control) groups, (3) a 12-session EMDR protocol administered by experienced, EMDR trained clinicians, and (4) extensive clinical assessment, including physiological evaluation at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Thirty-five veterans who met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD completed an extensive multimodal assessment protocol. Assessment instruments included: The Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD, the Impact of Events Scale (IES), the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), a self-rating of overall severity of "PTSD symptoms," the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventories (STAI). In addition, each subject completed a Stressful Scene Construction Questionnaire (SSCQ) in which scripts of specific traumatic combat incidents were prepared for presentation during psychophysiological assessment. Following pre-assessment, a subset of the subjects constituted a waiting list control (CON, N = 12). Routine clinical care for these subjects was available at the VA Medical Center. Seven of these subjects also participated in group sessions for discussion of PTSD designed as an attentional control. There were no differences between the two control subgroups and their data was combined for all subsequent analyses. For the treatment groups, subjects assigned to the EMDR (EMD, N = 10) and relaxation (RXT, N = 13) groups were seated in a semi-reclined chair and continuous measures were taken of muscle tension levels (four sites), hand temperature, skin conductance levels, heart rate, and blood pressure. For all subjects, there were 20 minutes in each of the baseline sessions with no additional stimuli presented. At the end of session 2 of baseline, the patients remained in the experimental room and were assessed for an additional 20 minutes (pre-treatment) during which the SSCQ scripts also were presented. There were two sessions per week with a minimum of one day between sessions. Each subsequent treatment session for the EMD and RXT subjects was approximately 60 minutes in duration, allowing for set-up time and briefing. In the EMD group, a standard protocol for the EMDR interventions was administered, including periodic SUDS ratings and VoC scaling of combat and related images and cognitions (cf Shapiro, 1995). In the RXT group, home relaxation tapes and biofeedback on four sites (face, neck, arm, and back) to assist lowered muscle tension were provided. Following 12 treatment sessions (post-treatment), and again after three months (follow-up) the psychometric instruments and psychophysiological assessment were readministered using the format outlined above. Relative to the other conditions, the EMDR treatment produced substantially more positive clinical effects at post-treatment and follow-up. Comparing the EMD group to the CON group, significant effects (p<.05 or better) were obtained on measures of PTSD including the Mississippi and PTSD symptoms self-rating, and on the Beck and STAI-Trait. Comparing the EMD group to the RXT subjects, significant differences were found on the Mississippi, the IES-Intrusion scale, the CAPS, PTSD symptoms ratings, and the STAI-Trait scale. No differences were obtained on any of the physiological measures. Therefore, the present results support the effectiveness of EMDR with combat veterans with chronic PTSD. The data strongly suggest that some previous negative results obtained when EMDR was applied to chronic and severe combat PTSD may have resulted from methodological artifacts, such as inadequate amount of treatment and therapist inexperience. While the failure to find physiological effects is consistent with results of other controlled treatment exposure trials in PTSD, this finding raises clinical and conceptual questions with respect to the arousal component of the disorder.

Keywords: Combat Controlled Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

39. Schubbe, O. (2000). EMDR in der therapie mit psychisch traumatisierten jugendlichen [EMDR in the treatment of the mentally traumatized young people]. Institut für Traumatherapie.

Language: German

Format: Other

Abstract:
Der erste Teil des Beitrags fasst den Stand der Forschung zu EMDR zusammen. Der zweite Teil beschreibt ein paar allgemeine Aspekte der Traumatherapie mit Jugendlichen und der dritte die Anwendung von EMDR bei Jugendlichen in Verbindung mit einer manualisierten Vorgehensweise nach Dr. Ricky Greenwald. EMDR ist keine neue Therapierichtung, sondern ein schulenergänzendes Zusatzverfahren; und so ist die hier vorgestellte Möglichkeit, EMDR bei Jugendlichen anzuwenden, nur eine von vielen, die sich allerdings bewährt hat.
Der steile Weg von EMDR zur wissenschaftlichen Anerkennung war von Anfang an von großer Begeisterung und heftigen wissenschaftlichen Kontroversen begleitet. Shapiros erste Berichte (1989a, 1989b) mit Darstellungen der Vorgehensschritte beschrieben bedeutsame Besserungen der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS) nach einer einzigen Sitzung "Eye Movement Desensitization" (EMD). Auf dem Hintergrund, dass PTBS bis dahin als schwer behandelbar und die Behandlungsmethoden als langwierig, anstrengend und begrenzt wirksam galten (Solomon, Gerrity, & Muff, 1992), stieß EMDR zunächst auf skeptische Zurückhaltung. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt gab es nur noch eine weitere Wirksamkeitsstudie zur Therapie von PTBS, in der Peniston (1986) 45 Sitzungen Entspannung und Systematische Desensibilisierung plus Biofeedback mit einer Kontrollgruppe ohne Therapie verglichen und nur bei einzelnen Symptomen [Albträume, Muskelanspannung, Angst] von PTBS einen signifikanten Rückgang festgestellt hatte. Im Jahr der ersten Untersuchung von Francine Shapiro wurden noch drei weitere Untersuchungen zur Behandlung von PTBS veröffentlicht, von denen keine auch nur annähernd vergleichbare Behandlungserfolge berichten konnte.

The first part of the paper summarizes the state of research on EMDR. The second part describes some general aspects of trauma therapy with adolescents and the third is the use of EMDR among young people in conjunction with a manualized approach to Dr. Ricky Greenwald. EMDR therapy is not a new direction, but a schulenergänzendes additional procedures, and so is the opportunity presented here, EMDR applicable to young people, only one of many that has proven, however. The steep path of EMDR to the scientific recognition was accompanied by the beginning of great enthusiasm and fierce scientific controversies. Shapiro's first reports (1989a, 1989b) with descriptions of the action steps described significant improvement of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after a single session "Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD). On the background of PTSD until then treated as serious and the treatment methods were considered to be lengthy, exhausting, and have limited effect (Solomon, Gerrity, & Muff, 1992), EMDR struck first on skeptical restraint. At this time there was only one additional efficacy study for the treatment of PTSD, in the Peniston (1986) 45 meetings, relaxation and systematic desensitization plus biofeedback with a control group compared with no therapy and only in individual symptoms [nightmares, muscle tension, fear] of PTSD a significant decrease was noted. In the first investigation by Francine Shapiro, three other studies have been published for the treatment of PTSD, which was able to report not even close to comparable treatment results.

Keywords: Children Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

40. Kaiser, L. (2005). EMDR in the treatment of specific phobia. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Aims: To test the hypothesis that one session EMDR is more effective for the treatment of specific (animal) phobia than relaxation immediately after treatment and at follow-up. Secondly to test whether an additional one-session exposure therapy offered to both treatment groups (EMDR patients and relaxation patients) improves outcome in the EMDR-group and results in equal outcome for both treatment groups.

Keywords: Animal Phobia Specific Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

41. Aytun, O. A. (2010, June). The EMDR integrated group treatment with child victims of a terrorist. In treatment of children/acute stress. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The present study is carried out within a psychological counseling project which is governed by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. The study was designed to assess the effects of EMDR Integrated Group Treatment Protocol (EMDR-ICTP: on the child victims of a terrorist bombing in Gun Goren, Istanbul. In this study the EMDR-IGTP was used with 60 children who are in 5th, 3rd and 4th grade and effected by the event (exposed, witnessed or their relatives harmed, etc.) with high scores on the Turkish version of 'Impact of Event Scale' (IES). Before the group session. Child Report of Post-Traumatic Symptoms (CROPS) and a survey asking 5 stress-related symptoms of their lives after the bomb attack were applied. The group sessions consist of: meeting with children. explaining trauma, psychological debriefing, EMDR (Installing the safe place, assessment, drawing the first picture, drawing the second and the third picture, tapping, relaxation), healing story and art therapy. Participants completed another survey about what they have realized during and after their group experience. The study is completed with a re-evaluation of one and three months follow-up. Analyses of the data collected from the participants will demonstrate the effectiveness of EMDR in group setting with children for reducing traumatic symptoms and developing new resources to handle problems. In this study the effectiveness of EMDR is examined according to the difference between the ages of children, and the level of exposure (witnessing, watching on TV etc.) to the traumatic event.

Keywords: Acute Stress Children Group Therapy Symposium Terrorism Victims

Accuracy Verified: Yes

42. Purandare, M., Bhagwagar, H., & Tank, P. (2010, July). EMDR on children affected by the earthquake. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Efficacy of EMDR on Children Affected by Earthquake: The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of EMDR as an intervention technique for trauma victims. A sample of 50 students, studying in 10th grade, age ranging from 14 to 16 years were selected. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) was administered to measure the intensity of trauma experienced. A pre-post test research design was used in the study. The results were in the predicted direction. EMDR was found to be effective in reducing avoidance, intrusion and hyper arousal as well as overall impact of trauma. “Group EMDR With Earthquake Survivors” The current study is an attempt to understand the impact of a specific traumatic events and its expression in children i.e. the earthquake that occurred in Gujarat, Western India in January 2001. This study was a part of the therapy work conducted with the survivors of the earthquake by the group of 40 practitioners from Mumbai and was over 4 months. The paper will present the following aspects: 1. The symptoms seen among the children depicting PTSD as per DSM IV criteria. Signs of Hyper-arousal, Avoidance and Intrusion were clearly seen especially in children 2. The process used. This was a modified version of the standard 8 phase protocol appropriate for use with group work. Butterfly hugs were used as BLS. Stages of EMDR for this group: 3. Observations and a few unique experiences These include blocking of trauma image, difficulty in safe place visualizing, difficulty in distancing and using creative techniques for soothing and relaxation. 4. Impact of the EMDR intervention with this group More than 16000 children from about 30 schools were seen. based on observations and reports by teachers during the follow up showed reduction in anxiety, reports of life resembling pre-earthquake, improved attention and concentration, better sleeping patterns and lowering of somatic complaints. Impact and expression of trauma in children exposed to the earthquake: The current study is an attempt to understand the impact of a specific traumatic event and its expression in children i.e. the earthquake that occurred in Gujarat, western India in January 2001. The Butterfly hug technique for bilateral stimulation was used following 8 steps of EMDR. Drawings of children were used as their expressions during different phases of EMDR. Drawings during “ Assessment phase” depicted feelings of insecurity, a sense of vacuum and emptiness, low energy levels, a desire for contact and help, feelings of guilt, poor body image, hypersensitivity was noticed almost universally and even during therapy. Drawings, following the processing and installation phases indicated the facial expression changed to a smile. Tears which were present in almost all drawings were not noted Positive cognitions were reflected in terms of the growth and freshness e.g. the newly growing grass. In spite of the various symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder, no gross disintegration of personality had been noted.

Keywords: Children Earthquake

Accuracy Verified: Yes

43. Montes-Berges, B., Aranda, M., Castillo-Mayén, M. del R. (2011). EMDR Para el tratamiento de estrés postraumático en casos de violencia de género [EMDR for treatment of PTSD in cases of domestic violence]. Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Introducción: La violencia de género es uno de los problemas sociales más graves de nuestra sociedad tanto por su prevalencia (en el pasado año 2010 fueron asesinadas 74 mujeres, y se estima que alrededor del 11.1% de las mujeres andaluzas son maltratadas), como por las consecuencias psicológicas que conlleva en las víctimas. Objetivos: En el Gabinete de Psicología de la Universidad de Jaén, atendemos a las mujeres (alumnas, PAS o PDI o familiares de éstos) que han sido o aún son víctimas de violencia de género, con el objetivo prioritario de que superen las situaciones traumáticas y que estén preparadas emocional y cognitivamente para llevar una vida plena con el desarrollo máximo de sus capacidades. Durante la evaluación, entre otras escalas, las usuarias contestan al cuestionario sobre Síndrome de Estrés Postraumático (Echeburúa, Corral, Amor, Zubizarreta y Sarasúa, 1997), pues los episodios de violencia psicológica, sexual y física extrema que la mayoría de ellas viven, ocasionan en el 100% de los casos este síndrome de manera crónica y acusada. Metodología: Para tratar este síndrome se acomete el entrenamiento en técnicas de respiración y relajación y posteriormente el tratamiento con EMDR. Esta técnica consiste en el procesamiento de los sucesos que quedaron bloqueados por el miedo sentido en el momento en que ocurrieron, mediante la movilización de los ojos de manera simultánea a la escucha del episodio, tratando nuevamente de revivirlo. Aplicamos esta técnica con 5 pacientes. Resultados: En todos los casos las usuarias superaban la situación en 4 o 5 sesiones de 5 minutos cada una, de manera que posteriormente, informaron de que la situación ya no les producía tristeza ni dolor, y que la habían aceptado. Discusión: Estos resultados sugieren que esta técnica es eficaz y rápida en la intervención de sucesos traumáticos de violencia de género, por lo que resulta altamente recomendable para estos casos.

Introduction: Gender violence is one of the most serious social problems our society because of its prevalence (in the past year 2010 were killed 74 women, and it is estimated that about 11.1% of women are battered Andalusian), as for the psychological consequences on the victims involved. Objectives: In the Cabinet of Psychology, University of Jaén, we look at women (students, PAS or PDI or their relatives) who have been or still are victims of domestic violence, with priority objective of exceeding trauma and who are prepared emotionally and cognitively to lead a full life with the maximum development of their capabilities. During the assessment, including scales, users answer the questionnaire on PTSD (Echeburúa, Corral, Love, Zubizarreta and Sarasua, 1997), because episodes of psychological, physical and sexual extreme than most living, result in 100% of cases this syndrome chronically and charged. Methodology: To treat this syndrome is undertaken the training in breathing and relaxation techniques and subsequent treatment with EMDR. This technique consists in processing events that were blocked sense of fear at the time they occurred, by mobilizing the eyes simultaneously listening to the episode, trying to revive him again. We apply this technique in 5 patients. Results: In all cases the user exceeded the 4 or 5 position in 5-minute sessions each, so that subsequently reported that the situation no longer produce sadness or pain, and that the had accepted. Discussion: These results suggest that this technique is effective and fast intervention in the traumatic events of violence, so it is highly recommended for these cases.

Keywords: Domestic Violence Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

44. Shapiro, F. (2000). EMDR ten years after its introduction: A review of past, present, and future directions. Mental Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, 1-15.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
At the time a controlled study of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was introduced in a peerreviewed journal (Shapiro, 1989a) as a method for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) only one other controlled clinical outcome study of this disorder had been published (Peniston, 1986). The Peniston (1986) study compa.red 45 sessions of relaxation and biofeedback-assisted desensitization to a non-treatment control and reported significant differences in muscle tension and in unstandardized measures of nightmares and anxiety. In the same year as the Shapiro study, three other controlled PTSD studies were published (Brom, Kleber, & Defares, 1989; Cooper & Clum, 1989; Keane, Fairklank, Caddell, & Zimering, 1989). The Brom et al. (1989) study compared the results of psychodynamic therapy, hypnotherapy, and desensitization based on a mean of 16 sessions. Equivalent (small to moderate) clinical treatment effects were obtained with all three approaches in approximately 60% of the subjects as assessed by various measures. The Cooper and Clun? (1989) study compared flooding to standard VA care and reported small clinical effects after 6-14 sessions, with a 30% partiicipant drop-out rate. The Keane et al. (1989) study compared flooding to a wait-list control and reported small clinical effects after 14-16 sessions. In contrast to the preceding three studies, Shapiro (1989a) found very substantial treatment effects with EMDR (then called 'EMD") after only one session.

Keywords: Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

45. Wilcox, J. (1994). EMDR with panic disorder: Patients who inhibit anxiety reactions. EMDR Network Newsletter, 4(1), 9-10.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Introducing EMDR to panic disorder patients who have been educated in that reduce anxiety responses can pose some interesting challenges. Several patients who had been in therapy with me for a year or more had learned quite well the skills of using deep breathing, relaxation, and cognitive pattern interruption techniques to inhibit their anxiety reactions. I discovered how well they internalized these strategies as we began the EMDR in our attempts to clear the root causes of their panic disorder.

Keywords: Panic Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

46. Gunter, R. W., & Bodner, G. E. (2009). EMDR works . . . But how? Recent progress in the search for treatment mechanisms. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(3), 161-168. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.3.161.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a highly scrutinized but efficacious psychotherapy commonly used in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Despite much theorizing and speculation, EMDR's mechanism of action remains unspecified. This article reviews several accounts of how EMDR works to reduce symptoms and/or aid memory reprocessing, including disruption of a traumatic recollection in working memory, increased psychological distance from the trauma, enhanced communication between brain hemispheres, and psychophysiological changes associated with relaxation or evocation of a rapid-eye-movement-like brain state. Several gaps in knowledge are also identified: The working memory account has received considerable support but has yet to be evaluated using clinical samples. How psychological distancing translates into symptomatic improvement is unclear. Psychophysiological effects of EMDR are well demonstrated but leave open the question of whether they constitute a treatment mechanism or an outcome of memory processing. Multiple mechanisms may work to produce treatment gains in EMDR; hence, an integrative model may be necessary to capture its myriad effects.

Keywords: Eye Movements Psychotherapy Treatment Mechanism

Accuracy Verified: Yes

47. Thordarson, D., Taylor, S., Maxfield, L.¸ Wilensky, M. S., Ladd, W. G., Lanius, U. F., Fedoroff, I. C., & Sochting, I. (2001, July). EMDR, exposure therapy, and relaxation training for PTSD: A controlled outcome study. Presentation at the World Congress meeting of Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

48. Faust, T. (2012, June). EMDR, los estados del yo, los policías y las reinas en un caso de ansiedad ante los exámenes[EMDR, ego states, policemen and Queens in a case of test anxiety]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
We present a case of Test Anxiety, handled using a combination of EMDR and Ego State Short Term Therapy. Shira, aged 27, is a bright science student. She recently failed a math test due to an anxiety attack. Shira feels that her ability to complete her degree studies is under a real threat. Reported symptoms: great stress, chest pain, pessimistic thoughts, and a general feeling of low self-‐esteem. The treatment consisted of four sessions before her forthcoming math exam, and a fifth follow-‐up session after it. The therapeutical approach Psycho-‐educational counseling, self-‐relaxation and guided imagery, EMDR phobia protocol (Shapiro F.), use of puppets for work on Ego States (Cohen-‐Posey K.) based on Voice Dialogue (Stone). During her EMDR processing, Shira chose different puppets to represent both her negative and positive cognitions (PC, NC). A Policeman puppet (NC) represented the "protecting part" of the vulnerable child. This failed part lacks in self-‐confidence and blocks her progress. Shira's successful PC part is represented by the Queen puppet. She is sure Shira will succeed, because she's able to. During the desensitization process, Shira created a dialogue between her different parts, and empowered the successful, functioning, Queen part. This reinforced her self-‐esteem and her Ego Awareness The awareness of these parts in her becomes a resource used by Shira for a successful performance in her math exam, in which she gets the highest grades. We shall present the protocol of our sessions, and the use of puppets as projection tools of the Ego parts.

Presentamos un caso de ansiedad ante exámenes, llevado a través del uso del EMDR y la terapia breve de estados del Ego combinados. Shira, tiene 27 años, es una brillante estudiante de ciencias. Recientemente suspendió un test de matemáticas debido a un ataque de ansiedad. Shira siente que su habilidad para completar sus estudios de grado esta bajo una amenaza real. Síntomas registrados: Gran estrés, dolor de pecho, pensamientos pesimistas, y sentimientos generales de baja autoestima. El tratamiento consistió en cuatro sesiones antes de su siguiente examen de matemáticas, y un seguimiento de 5 sesiones después de este. El enfoque terapéutico. El consejo psico-‐educacional, auto-‐relajación e imaginación guiada, protocolo EMDR para fobia(Shapiro F.), uso de marionetas para trabajar con los estados del Ego (Cohen-‐Posey K.) basado en el la voz del dialogo (Stone). Durante su procesamiento EMDR, Shira escoge diferentes marionetas para representar sus cogniciones negativas y positivas (PC, NC). Una marioneta de agente de policía (NC) representaba la “parte protectora” de un niño vulnerable. Esta parte fallo en su autoconfianza y bloque su progreso. La parte que representaba el éxito de Shira PC era la marioneta de la Reina. Ella estaba segura de que Shira Durante el proceso de desensibilización, Shira creó un dialogo entre sus diferentes partes, y reforzó el existo, y el funcionamiento de la parte de la Reina. Esto reforzó su autoestima y su conciencia del Ego. La conciencia de estas partes se convirtió en un recurso usado por Shira para el existo en la realización de su examen de matemáticas, en donde saco las notas más altas. Presentaremos el protocolo con nuestras sesiones y el uso de marionetas como herramientas de proyección de las partes del ego.

Keywords: Ego States Policement, Queens Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

49. Hornsveld, H. K., Landwehr, F., Stein. W., Stomp, M. P. H., Smeets, M. A. M., & van den Hout. M. A. (2010). Emotionality of loss-related memories is reduced after recall plus eye movements but not after recall plus music or recall only. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(4), 106-112. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.3.106.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Numerous studies have shown that eye movements during recall of negative memories reduce their emotionality. We investigated whether these findings can be extended specifically to negative memories of loss. Sixty undergraduate students participated and recalled a negative autobiographical memory of loss and performed—in counterbalanced order—three types of tasks: recall-plus-eye-movements, recall-only, and recall-plus-relaxing-music. Recall-plus-music was added to investigate whether reductions in emotionality are associated with relaxation. Levels of emotionality, relaxation, and concentration were assessed before and after each stimulus condition. Participants reported a greater decline in emotionality and concentration after eye movements in comparison to recall-only and recall-with-music. It is concluded that eye movements are effective when negative memories pertain to loss and grief, suggesting possibilities for treatment intervention in individuals suffering from complicated grief.

Keywords: Eye Movements Grief Loss Mechanism of Action Relaxation Working Memory Grief

Accuracy Verified: Yes

50. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD. (2001). Empirical evidence regarding behavioral treatments for PTSD, Factsheet. Washington, DC.

Language: English

Format: Publication

Abstract:
EMDR involves having the patient bring to mind images of the trauma while engaging in back-and-forth eye movements (or while alternating oneâs attention back and forth using taps or sounds). It also addresses trauma-related negative beliefs. It has been shown to be more effective than psychodynamic, relaxation, supportive, or placebo wait list therapies (where patients are put on a waiting list to receive treatment but don't actually receive it by the time they are tested). Research comparing EMDR to the more generally accepted cognitive-behavioral techniques shows significantly better results with CBT than with EMDR, particularly at three-month follow-up. CBT results also show greater sustainability. Research looking at the different components of EMDR shows that the eye movement component adds no additional treatment effect to the imagery exposure and the process of dealing with negative beliefs.

Keywords: Behavioral Treatments Fact Sheet Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

51. Sack, M., Lempa, W., & Lamprecht, F. (2005, September 24). Empirische befunde zu wirkmechanismen des EMDR [Empirical evidence of mechanisms of action of EMDR]. In A. Karl & W. Lempa, (Moderators), Symposium 2 Traumaspezifische Interventionen in Forschung und Praxis, Jahrestagung der deutschsprachigen Gesellschaft für Psychotraumatologie DeGPT, Dresden .

Language: German

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Das Traumabearbeitungsverfahren EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) kombiniert die imaginäre Exposition mit der traumatischen Erinnerung mit repetitiver Stimulation durch Augenbewegungen oder durch taktile bzw. auditive Reize. Während die Wirksamkeit des EMDR gut belegt ist, sind die spezifischen Wirkungen der bilateralen Stimulation noch weitgehend unbekannt. Wir führten ein psychophysiologisches Monitoring mittels Impedanzkardiographie aller EMDR-Behandlungssitzungen ( N= 55) bei 10 Patienten mit PTSD durch. Aufgezeichnet wurden Herzfrequenz (HR), Parasympathikotonus (RMSSD), Sympathikotonus (PEP), und Atemfrequenz (RESP). Beginn und Ende der Stimulationsperioden (N = 811) wurden markiert. Es fand sich ein steiler Anstieg des Parasympathikotonus verbunden mit einem signifikanten Abfall der Herzfrequenz zu Beginn der Stimulationsperioden, entsprechend dem psychophysiologischen Reaktionsmuter einer deutlich ausgeprägten Orientierungsreaktion. Im weiteren Verlauf der Stimulation nahm der Parasympathikotonus wieder ab und der Sympathikotonus nahm zu, was sich als Stresseffekt während der Exposition interpretieren lässt. Im Sitzungsverlauf zeigte sich jedoch eine signifikante Abnahme der Herzfrequenz und eine Zunahme des Parasympathikotonus. Unsere Befunde weisen darauf hin, dass es während EMDR-Sitzungen zu einem signifikanten psychophysiologischen Dearousal kommt. Die Stimulation durch Augenbewegungen scheint eine Orientierungsreaktion auszulösen, die über eine passagere Erhöhung des Parasympathikotonus eine Entspannungsreaktion auslöst. Es stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit die von uns beobachteten psychophysiologischen Reaktionen mit dem Therapieerfolg korrelieren.[Author abstract]

The EMDR trauma processing method (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) combines the imaginary exposure to the traumatic memory with repetitive stimulation of eye movements or tactile or auditory stimuli. While the effectiveness of EMDR is well documented, the specific effects of bilateral stimulation are still largely unknown. We conducted a psycho-physiological monitoring using impedance cardiography of EMDR treatment sessions (N = 55) of 10 patients with PTSD. Recorded were heart rate (HR), parasympathetic tone (RMSSD), sympathetic (PEP) and respiratory rate (RESP). Beginning and end of the stimulation periods (N = 811) were selected. There was a steep increase in parasympathetic tone associated with a significant decrease in heart rate at the beginning of the stimulation periods, according to the psycho-physiological Reaktionsmuter a clearly marked orientation reaction. In the course of the stimulation of the parasympathetic tone took off again and the sympathetic tone increased, which can be interpreted as a stress effect during exposure. During the session, however, showed a significant decrease in heart rate and an increase in parasympathetic tone. Our findings indicate that occurs during EMDR sessions to significant psychophysiological Dearousal. The stimulation of eye movements seems to trigger a policy response that triggers a transient increase in parasympathetic tone a relaxation response. This begs the question of the extent to which we have observed psychophysiological responses correlate with treatment success. [Author abstract]

Keywords: Mechanism of Action

Accuracy Verified: Yes

52. Feinstein, D. (2008). Energy psychology: A review of the preliminary evidence. Psychotherapy, 45(2), 199-213. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.45.2.199.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Energy psychology utilizes imaginal and narrative-generated exposure, paired with interventions that reduce hyperarousal through acupressure and related techniques. According to practitioners, this leads to treatment outcomes that are more rapid, powerful, and precise than the strategies used in other exposure-based treatments such as relaxation or diaphragmatic breathing. The method has been exceedingly controversial. It relies on unfamiliar procedures adapted from non- Western cultures, posits unverified mechanisms of action, and early claims of unusual speed and therapeutic power ran far ahead of initial empirical support. This paper reviews a hierarchy of evidence regarding the efficacy of energy psychology, from anecdotal reports to randomized clinical trials. Although the evidence is still preliminary, energy psychology has reached the minimum threshold for being designated as an evidence-based treatment, with one form having met the APA Division 12 criteria as a “probably efficacious treatment” for specific phobias; another for maintaining weight loss. The limited scientific evidence, combined with extensive clinical reports, suggests that energy psychology holds promise as a rapid and potent treatment for a range of psychological conditions.

Keywords: Energy psychology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

53. deGraffenreid, D., & Page, R. (2009, April 18). The enhanced safe place: A practitioners guide to using multi sensory imaging to strengthen the safe place. Presentation at the Western Massachusetts EMDRIA Conference "EMDR and the Body," Amherst, MA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Enhanced Safe Place (ESP) builds comfort and trust early in treatment. EP is especially effective in community MH settings. ESP contains preparatory information, multi sensory imaging, progressive relaxation and simple hypnotherapy techniques. Participants will practice the three stages (preparation, beginning, debriefing) and 10 specific techniques to help create highly effective body-oriented ESP experiences.

Keywords: Enhanced Safe Place

Accuracy Verified: Yes

54. Corrigan, F. M., & Jennett, J. (2004, August). Ephedra alkaloids and brief relapse in EMDR-treated obsessive compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110(2), 158. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00368.x.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Letter to the editor commenting on an article by E. Ernst (see record 2003-05653-002). We report the case of a patient who was effectively treated for severe obsessive compulsive disorder but relapsed briefly following ingestion of herbal products containing ephedra alkaloids that she bought to facilitate weight loss. The patient was a 29-year-old woman with a 10-year history of obsessive compulsive disorder who was referred for Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) when her condition had not responded to cognitive behavior therapy nor to various medications including Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, Clomipramine and Amitriptyline. Her score on the Dissociative Experiences Scale was low and there was nothing in the clinical history to suggest major dissociative disorder, so after preparation with mindfulness, relaxation and safe place imagery she proceeded to treatment with EMDR. Nine months later she reported a relapse into increased anxiety with a partial return to compulsive thoughts and behaviours after she had obtained a herbal health product sold to promote weight loss. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Comment Desensitization Ephedra Letter Luvoxamine Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD Plant Preparations Relapse Reply Review Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

55. Tripp, T. (2010, April). Every picture tells a story: Art therapy and trauma processing. Presentation at the 2nd Bi-Annual International European Society for Trauma and Dissociation Conference, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In the aftermath of trauma, it is widely accepted that memories are stored predominately in the right hemisphere of the brain, where they lack narrative organization and cognitive perspective. Preverbal, implicit memories of trauma appear to be held in fragments best expressed visually in images and somatically through body sensation. For this reason, art therapy, a non verbal expressive and body based approach, may be ideally suited for facilitating the healing of complex psychological trauma. This paper will illustrate the use of art therapy in resolving traumatic memories in the case of a woman with complex trauma. The author, an art therapist and social worker, utilized a modified EMDR protocol with bilateral stimulation: tapping the body while the patient created consecutive images on paper. It is hypothesized that the tapping facilitated a relaxation response and aided the processing of negative emotion while the creation of imagery produced a tangible graphic narrative tracking shifts in emotional states and making the process visible. Once the trauma processing was complete, the art productions were reviewed with increased insight and reflective distance. Ultimately, the patient was able to make a dramatic shift in both cognition and perception, and a desired, positive outcome was achieved. Learning Outcomes Gain an awareness of the power of the image to express and contain trauma Describe a modification of the EMDR protocol that introduces art making and tactile bilateral stimulation Understand the significance of using non verbal approaches in healing of complex psychological trauma

Keywords: Art Therapy Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

56. Taylor, S. (2003, October-November). Exposure therapy, EMDR and relaxation. In M. Creamer (Chair), PTSD treatment outcome predictors. Symposium conducted at the 19th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Several psychosocial treatments appear to be effective in treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, little is known about the predictors of treatment outcome. It is possible that some variables predict poor outcome for some treatments but not for others. To investigate this issue, outcome predictors were examined for three 8-session treatments: Exposure therapy (entailing prolonged imaginal and in vivo exposure), relaxation training, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Sixty people with PTSD entered and 45 completed treatment. To our knowledge, ours was the first EMDR study to meet all the Foa and Meadows Gold Standards for methodologically sound outcome research. Treatments did not differ in attrition or perceived credibility. Predictors of treatment outcome in PTSD: While psychological treatments for PTSD have developed considerably in recent years, large variation in individual treatment response is apparent. This symposium integrates research from the USA, Canada, and Australia to examine the impact of personal characteristics, childhood abuse history, and treatment setting as predictors of response to cognitive behavioral interventions.

PTSD treatment outcome predictors: Exposure therapy, EMDR and relaxation: Exposure tended to be most effective, and EMDR and relaxation did not differ in efficacy. Low patient ratings of treatment credibility (assessed in session 2) predicted treatment dropout, regardless of treatment type. Of the potential outcome predictors examined, severe reexperiencing symptoms (assessed prior to treatment) predicted poor outcome for relaxation training but not for the other therapies. The best predictor of treatment outcome was whether or not patients received exposure therapy.

Keywords: Exposure Therapy PSTD Outcome Predictors Relaxation Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

57. Fernandez, I. (2001, Aprile). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 7(1), 35.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
L'articolo di J. Wolpe e J. Abrams presenta un caso trattato nel 1991 con Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD), erano le prime applicazioni cliniche dopo la scoperta di F. Shapiro nel 1989 dell'azione dei movimenti oculari sullo stress traumatico e sulle situazioni ansiogene. Negli anni successivi l'EMD è diventato EMDR, infatti, la desensibilizzazione è il primo effetto che avviene durante una seduta dove viene applicata la stimolazione bilaterale, ma successivamente l'osservazione massiccia ed approfondita degli effetti clinici di questo metodo terapeutico ha rivelato che il processo che avviene è molto più complesso. È stato notato che simultaneamente alla desensibilizzazione avviene una ristrutturazione cognitiva e che entrambe sono il risultato dell'elaborazione dell'informazione legata ai ricordi traumatici. Nel lavoro realizzato con la paziente Shirley, Wolpe descrive tutta la storia di terapie a cui era stata sottoposta fino a quel momento che però non erano riuscite ad affrontare e risolvere l'esperienza traumatica della violenza sessuale. L'EMDR è stato efficace perché ha lavorato sul piano neurofisiologico, dove l'informazione è immagazzinata in modo disfunzionale ed è accessibile soltanto a questo livello, infatti, le terapie prettamente verbali non sempre riescono ad accedere e ad agire su questo piano e di conseguenza non riescono a modificare gli aspetti clinici legati alle esperienze di stress traumatico. Il programma terapeutico di Wolpe per l'introduzione dell'EMDR si è focalizzato inizialmente sull'esperienza traumatica della violenza (2 sedute) e dopo aver elaborato l'esperienza in sé sono stati individuati altri bisogni terapeutici legati all'ansia sociale e agli spunti agorafobici. Le 5 sedute successive sono state utilizzate per la desensibilizzazione di una serie di situazioni a cui era stato attribuito dalla paziente un valore della scala SUD. Si è iniziato dalla situazione più ansiogena (85) nella scala SUD e anziché utilizzare il rilassamento proprio della desensibilizzazione sistematica, sono stati realizzati movimenti oculari. La paziente riportava una riduzione dell'ansia dopo ogni set di stimolazione bilaterale e l'immagine della situazione temuta tendeva a sparire e in alcune situazioni addirittura diventava positiva. La ristrutturazione cognitiva è avvenuta nella paziente in modo spontaneo man mano che la terapia procedeva, fino a riportare che poteva camminare per strada sentendosi una cittadina normale, avendo un progetto per il futuro, inoltre aveva smesso quasi completamente di bere e si sentiva che un peso si era sollevato dalle sue spalle. Riportava di essere più rilassata sul lavoro, si godeva le passeggiate solitarie sulla spiaggia, aveva cominciato a curare il suo aspetto fisico e aveva iniziato ad avere interesse per gli uomini e ad avvicinarsi a qualcuno, ha riportato che non temeva più di essere violentata e non aveva più i pensieri suicidi e gli autori hanno ritenuto la terapia conclusa. I risultati si sono mantenuti ai vari follow up realizzati nel tempo. Quindi possiamo vedere i risultati della terapia con EMDR a livello cognitivo, nelle attribuzioni che fa del mondo e di se stessa, differenziando i pericoli veri da quelli meramente ansiogeni, soggettivo per quello che la paziente riporta emotivamente e a livello comportamentale, dove ha messo in atto dei nuovi comportamenti adattivi in modo spontaneo. Nella parte conclusiva gli autori menzionano una serie di 100 casi che sarebbero stati pubblicati nel Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry e si augurano che altre pubblicazioni potessero rispondere al bisogno di delucidare i meccanismi che permettono questi cambiamenti dopo una seduta di EMDR. Come si evince dagli articoli che vengono pubblicati in questo numero la ricerca, il lavoro empirico e le osservazioni cliniche hanno dato un grande contributo in questo senso negli ultimi anni. Sull'EMDR sono stati pubblicati più di 150 articoli che ne dimostrano la efficacia. Tra le riviste scientifiche più accreditate dove sono pubblicati dei lavori di ricerca sull'EMDR troviamo: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, Journal of Behaviour and experimental psychiatry, Behavioural and Cognitive psychotherapy, Behaviour Therapy, Journal of traumatic stress, The Clinical Psychologist, Journal of Psychotherapy integration, Harvard Mental Health letter, Journal of Clinical psychology, Psychotherapy, British Journal of Psychiatry, International Journal of Psychiatry. Inoltre, sono stati pubblicati libri e manuali per terapeuti tradotti in varie lingue (in Italia dall'Astrolabio e dalla Mc Graw Hill Italia). Inoltre, recentemente, l'International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) ha stabilito e comunicato che l'EMDR è uno dei metodi terapeutici più rapidi ed efficaci per superare e risolvere il disturbo post-traumatico da stress.

The article by J. Wolpe, J. Abrams has a case treated in 1991 with Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD), were the first clinical applications since the discovery of F. Shapiro in 1989 of the eye movements on traumatic stress and anxiety-provoking situations. In subsequent years the EMD became EMDR, in fact, the first effect is the desensitization that occurs during a session where the stimulation is applied bilaterally, but then observing massive and thorough clinical effects of this therapy revealed that the process that takes place is much more complex. It was noted that desensitization occurs simultaneously with a cognitive restructuring, and that both are the result of information related to traumatic memories. In work done with the patient Shirley, Wolpe describes the history of therapies that had been subjected up to that point but had failed to address and resolve the traumatic experience of sexual violence. EMDR was effective because he worked on the neurophysiological level, where information is stored in a dysfunctional and is accessible only at this level, in fact, purely verbal therapies are not always able to access and act on this plan and therefore can not modify the clinical aspects related to the experience of traumatic stress. The treatment plan for the introduction of Wolpe EMDR focused initially traumatic experience of violence (2 sessions) and after processing the experience itself more therapeutic needs were identified related to social anxiety and agoraphobic cues . 5 The subsequent sessions were used for the desensitization of a variety of situations to which the patient was given a value of SUD scale. It was started by the most anxiety-inducing situation (85) in the scale instead of using SUD and their relaxation in systematic desensitization, eye movements were made. The patient reported a reduction in anxiety after each set of bilateral stimulation and the image of the feared situation, and tended to disappear in some situations even became positive. The cognitive restructuring has taken place in the patient spontaneously as the therapy progressed, he could bring up to walk down the street feeling like a normal citizen, having a vision for the future, also had almost completely stopped drinking and felt that a weight had lifted from his shoulders. Reported to be more relaxed at work, enjoyed solitary walks on the beach, he began to treat her physical appearance and had started to have interest to men and to approach someone, reported that no longer feared being raped and not had more suicidal thoughts and the authors have considered the therapy ended. The results were maintained at various follow-up made in time. So we can see the results of EMDR therapy at the cognitive level, which is within the functions of the world and of itself, differentiating the real dangers than mere anxiety, subjective to what the patient experiences emotional and behavioral level, where he implemented of new adaptive behaviors in a spontaneous way. In the concluding section the authors refer to a series of 100 cases were published in the Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry and hope that other publications might respond to the need to elucidate the mechanisms that allow these changes after a session of EMDR. It is clear from articles published in this issue the research, the empirical work and clinical observations have given a great contribution in this direction in recent years. EMDR has been published over 150 articles which demonstrate its effectiveness. Among the most accredited scientific journals which are published on EMDR research work are: the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, Journal of Behavior and Experimental Psychiatry, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, Behaviour Therapy , Journal of Traumatic Stress, The Clinical Psychologist, Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, Harvard Mental Health Letter, American Journal of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, British Journal of Psychiatry, International Journal of Psychiatry. Were also published books and manuals for therapists translated into several languages (in Italy and the McGraw Hill dall'Astrolabio Italy). In addition, recently, the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) has established and communicated that EMDR is one of the fastest and most effective treatment methods to overcome and resolve the post-traumatic stress disorder.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

58. Ahmad, A. (2009, November). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in children. Presentation at the Globen Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
During treatment, clients focus on the traumatic memory for 30 seconds at a time while the therapist provides a stimulus. For most clients, the therapist moves his hand slowly back and forth in front of the client (eye movement); for younger children, the therapist may, instead, tap the child's hand. The client reports on what comes up and clients are guided to refocus on that in the next stimulus session. During therapy visits, clients report on the level of distress they feel. In later phases, a positive thought is emphasized during the stimulus sessions. Afterward, clients are asked to focus on residual physical tensions they may feel in order to enhance relaxation.

Accuracy Verified: Yes

59. Klingler, O. J. (2010). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in der behandlung der posttraumatischen belastungsstörung (PTSD): Seine irksamkeit im vergleich zu alternativen verfahren [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Its effectiveness compared to alternative methods]. Grin, 34.

Language: German

Format: Book

Abstract:
Hintergrund: Untersuchungen zur Wirksamkeit des EMDR in der Behandlung der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung liefern uneinheitliche Ergebnisse und keine ausreichende Grundlagen für Behandlungsentscheidungen. Fragestellung: Welche Entscheidungsgrundlagen liefert ein „entscheidungsorientiertes Modell der besten Vergleiche“, nach dem nur jene direkten Vergleiche mit anderen aktiven Behandlungsverfahren berücksichtigt werden, die besonderen methodischen Kriterien entsprechen? Methoden: Zusammenfassende Auswertung von randomisierten Vergleichen des EMDR mit alternativen Behandlungsverfahren bezüglich der Zielvariablen Remissionen, Schweregrad der Symptomatik, allgemeines Wohlbefinden und Completer. Ergebnisse: EMDR führt zu günstigeren Ergebnissen im Vergleich zu Placebo und ver-haltenstherapeutischer Exposition und zu keinen ungünstigeren Ergebnissen als Fluoxetine, Entspannungsverfahren und „unvollständiges“ EMDR ohne Augenbewegungen. Schlussfolgerungen: Bei Anwendung des entscheidungs-orientierten Modells der besten Vergleiche legen die vorliegenden Ergebnisse nahe, bei der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung EMDR vorläufig als die Behandlungsmethode der Wahl anzusehen.
[Background: Studies on the effectiveness of EMDR in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder deliver inconsistent results and insufficient basis for treatment decisions. Question: What are the bases for decision provides a "decision-oriented model of the best comparisons" are taken into account according to which only those direct comparisons with other active treatments that meet specific methodological criteria? Methods: Summary analysis of randomized comparisons of EMDR with alternative treatment methods in relation to the target variable remission, severity of symptoms, general well-being and Completer. Results: EMDR leads to better results compared to placebo and behavioral therapeutic exposure and no less favorable results than fluoxetine, relaxation techniques and "incomplete" EMDR without eye movements. Conclusions: Application of decision-oriented model of the best comparisons suggest the results presented at the post-traumatic stress disorder EMDR provisionally be regarded as the treatment of choice.]

Background: Studies on the effectiveness of EMDR in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder deliver inconsistent results and insufficient basis for treatment decisions. Question: What are the bases for decision provides a "decision-oriented model of the best comparisons" are taken into account according to which only those direct comparisons with other active treatments that meet specific methodological criteria? Methods: Summary analysis of randomized comparisons of EMDR with alternative treatment methods in relation to the target variable remission, severity of symptoms, general well-being and Completer. Results: EMDR leads to better results compared to placebo and behavioral therapeutic exposure and no less favorable results than fluoxetine, relaxation techniques and "incomplete" EMDR without eye movements. Conclusions: Application of decision-oriented model of the best comparisons suggest the results presented at the post-traumatic stress disorder EMDR provisionally be regarded as the treatment of choice.
[Background: Studies on the effectiveness of EMDR in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder deliver inconsistent results and insufficient basis for treatment decisions. Question: What are the bases for decision provides a "decision-oriented model of the best comparisons" are taken into account according to Which only those direct comparisons with other active treatments that meet specific methodological criteria? Methods: Summary analysis of randomized comparisons of EMDR with alternative treatment methods in relation to the target variable remission, severity of symptoms, general well-being and Completer. Results: EMDR leads to better results compared to placebo and behavioral therapeutic exposure and no less Favorable results than fluoxetine, relaxation techniques and "incomplete" EMDR without eye movements. Conclusions: Application of decision-oriented model of the best comparisons suggest the results presented at the post-traumatic stress disorder EMDR provisionally be regarded as the treatment of choice].

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

60. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N.L., & Muraoka, M. Y. (1998, January). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(1), 3-24. doi:10.1023/A:1024448814268.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Despite the clinical and social impact of PTSD, there are few controlled studies investigating its treatment. In this investigation, the effectiveness of two psychotherapeutic interventions for PTSD were compared using a randomized controlled outcome group design. 35 combat veterans diagnosed with combat-related PTSD were treated with either (a) 12 sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, EMDR (n = 10), (b) 12 sessions of biofeedback-assisted relaxation (n = 13), or (c) routine clinical care, serving as a control (n = 12). Compared with the other conditions, significant treatment effects in the EMDR condition were obtained at posttreatment on a number of self-report, psychometric, and standardized interview measures. Relative to the other treatment group, these effects were generally maintained at 3-month follow-up. Psychophysiological measures reflected an apparent habituation effect from pretreatment to posttreatment but were not differentially affected by treatment condition. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Adults Americans Arousal Biofeedback Training Males Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Relaxation Therapy Treatment Effectiveness Veterans War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

61. Shepherd. J., Stein, K., & Milne, R. (2000, July). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A review of an emerging therapy. Psychological Medicine, 30(4), 863-871.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new form of psychotherapy for PTSD. We critically reviewed randomized controlled trials of EMDR. Methods: A wide range of electronic databases and reference lists of articles obtained were searched and relevant experts were consulted. Studies were critically appraised according to established criteria. Results: We found 16 published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing EMDR with alternative psychotherapy treatments, variants of EMDR, and with delayed treatment groups. Studies were generally small (mean number of patients = 35) and of variable methodological quality, with only 5 reporting blinding of outcome assessors to treatment allocation, and in some cases with high loss to follow-up. In most cases EMDR was shown to be effective at reducing symptoms up to 3 months after treatment. In one case benefit was maintained up to 9 months and in another (uncontrolled) followup treatment effect was present at 15 months. 2 studies suggest that EMDR is as effective as exposure therapies, 3 claim greater effectiveness in comparison to relaxation training, and 3 claim superiority over delayed treatment groups. Of the studies examining specific treatment components, 2 found that treatment with eyes moving was more effective than eyes fixed, while 3 studies found the two procedures to be of equal effectiveness. CONCLUSION: The evidence in support of EMDR is of limited quality but results are encouraging for this inexpensive, simple therapy. Further research is warranted in larger samples with longer periods of follow-up. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Health Care Costs Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

62. Wilson, D. L., Silver, S. M., Covi, W. G., & Foster, S. (1996, September). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Effectiveness and autonomic correlates. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27(3), 219-229. doi:10.1016/S0005-7916(96)00026-2.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
18 subjects distressed by memories of a specific traumatic event were randomly assigned to a single session of 1 of 3 conditions: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), a Time Interval Condition (TIC), or Tapping Alternate Phalanges (TAP). All subjects treated in the EMDR group showed desensitization as monitored by SUDs, which correlated with the physiological data and cessation of pronounced symptomatology. Only 1 subject in a control group showed desensitization. Compared to TIC and TAP, autonomic measures showed distinct changes during EMDR: (1) respiration synchronized with the rhythm of the eye movements in a shallow, regular pattern; (2) heart rate slowed significantly overall; (3) systolic blood pressure increased during early sets, invariable declined during abreactions, and decreased overall; (4) finger tip skin temperature consistently increased; and (5) the galvanic skin response consistently decreased in a clear "relaxation response." This relaxing effect of the eye movements suggests that at least one of the mechanisms operating during EMDR is desensitization by reciprocal inhibition, by pairing emotional distress with an unlearned or "compelled" relaxation response. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Adults Arousal Empirical Study European Americans Longitudinal Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

63. Friedberg, F. (2004, November). Eye movement desensitization in fibromyalgia: A pilot study. Complementary Therapies in Nursing and Midwifery, 10(4), 245-249. doi:10.1016/j.ctnm.2004.06.006.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization (EMD) for the relief of pain, fatigue and anxiety and depression in fibromyalgia patients. Six Caucasian female patients (mean age=43.2 yr) participated in two treatment sessions. Outcome assessments included the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Fatigue Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory. In-session process measures included thermal biofeedback monitoring and subjective units of discomfort ratings of pain, stress, and fatigue. Four out of six subjects were considered treatment responders. Thermal biofeedback monitoring revealed an average increase in hand temperature of 5.4 degrees indicating a relaxation effect. At treatment termination, average scores decreased on the measures of anxiety (28.6%), depression (29.9%), fibromyalgia impact (12.6%), and fatigue (11.5%). At the 3-month follow-up assessment, total reductions in average scores from pre-treatment baseline reflected further improvements on measures of anxiety (45.8%), depression (31.6%), fibromyalgia impact (19.2%), and fatigue (26.7%). Because EMD produced a somewhat automatic relaxation response with minimal patient participation, it may be especially useful when standard relaxation techniques fail.

Keywords: Fibromyalgia Pilot Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

64. Alatalo, G. L. (1994). Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing: A new treatment for trauma. Spalding University, Louisville, KY. AAT 9522299.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been hailed as a new experimental treatment for survivors of trauma that can provide rapid relief from the debilitating symptoms associated with PTSD. EMDR's efficacy reportedly stems from the use of eye-movements that are postulated to stimulate physiological changes in brain activity to produce cognitive restructuring and desensitization of emotional discomfort. This novel procedure has become more prominent with reported benefits for an increasing range of clinical applications. Since there is minimal controlled research, especially in a civilian population, on psychological methods to treat the ill effects of trauma and because EMDR has limited empirical support, further controlled investigation was warranted to supplement this limited body of scientific knowledge.Consequently, the specific goals of this controlled study were to evaluate (1) the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of civilian trauma survivors, (2) whether or not eye-movements are instrumental to the therapeutic process, and (3) the treatment impact on intrusive and avoidant symptoms. It was hypothesized that (1) an EMDR treatment group would demonstrate greater efficacy when compared to an Alternative group which followed the same treatment protocol except for the substitution of deep breathing for the eye-movements, (2) both the EMDR and Alternative treatments would show significant improvement over a Control group, and (3) there would be similar changes in intrusive and avoidant symptoms. Findings at two month follow-up indicated the EMDR group had significant reductions in intrusive/avoidant symptoms (using the Impact of Event Scale), decreased emotional discomfort related to traumatic memories (rated by Subjective Units of Distress), and improvements in positive self-evaluations (measured by the Validity of Cognition Scale). There were similar results in the Alternative group with the exception of no significant improvement in self-evaluation. This latter finding provides some support for the hypothesis that eye-movements facilitate a cognitive restructuring. Comparisons between the EMDR and Alternative treatments, however, found no significant differences on any of the dependent measures. That is, both treatments appeared to produce comparable positive results which implied eye-movements were no more effective than deep breathing. In addition, both treatments were found to be more effective in easing intrusive symptoms. Other similarities included observable relaxation reactions in both treatments. These overall findings imply a similar change mechanism. Therefore, the efficacy of EMDR may stem more from reciprocal inhibition rather than a cognitive restructuring induced by the eye-movements. If this is valid, then EMDR may be a variant of systematic desensitization. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 56(3-B), Sep 1995, pp. 1690

Keywords: Americans Avoidance Cognitive Impairment Empirical Study Intrusive Thoughts Longitudinal Study Self Concept Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

65. Richards, J. B. (2010, June). Group EMDR after individual trauma treatment as assistance back into everyday life. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The learning objectives are as follows; By the end of the workshop, participants will demonstrate: An awareness of the potential value of group EMDR for traumatised clients. An understanding of the place of group EMDR as a final stage in treatment, after individual EMDR trauma therapy. Familiarity with a range of EMDR techniques which are useful in this mode of treatment. This experiential workshop will commence with a short Power- Point presentation, including some client material. There will then follow a brief discussion, followed by an opportunity to try out a group experience of using EMDR techniques The use of group EMDR as a stage of EMDR trauma treatment arose from the expressed need of clients for a sense of shared experience, and peer support as they returned to everyday life as a changed person. Many have physical impairments as a re^ suit of their traumatic experiences, and feel a sense of empathic understanding when sharing their difficulties. A further benefit has been the improved reflective functioning displayed by the group members, which may be related to greater Vagus nerve relaxation, and resulting increased neocortical activity. The workshop leader is an accredited EMDR practitioner, who has been treating traumatised people individually and in groups for more than thirty years, and has been using EMDR in groups increasingly in recent times.

Keywords: Group Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

66. Maltz, W. (1995, June). Healing the sexual problems caused by sexual abuse. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Sexual abuse is abuse to a person's sexuality. It can seriously harm the development of healthy sexual attitudes, self-concept, and behavior. In particular, survivors are often troubled by a variety of sexual problems, such as, fear and avoidance of sex, approaching sex as an obligation, automatic negative reactions to touch, difficulty becoming aroused or feeling sensation, emotional detachment during sex, disturbing sexual thoughts and fantasies, compulsive sexual behaviors, difficulty with intimate partners, and sexual functioning concerns. EMDR is a technique which can effect significant changes in cognition, sensation, and emotional experience. It can be a powerful tool to help survivors reprocess traumatic material blocking healthy sexual experience. But because sex is often an extremely loaded issue for survivors, and EMDR is seen as technique in which the therapist "does something" to the client, precautions must be taken to avoid negative, retraumatizing reactions and increase positive results. Due to the high potential for negative transference in sex therapy with survivors, the therapist must present the EMDR technique in a style which values client safety and empowerment. This can involve associating the techque with safe images and prior positive experiences, developing relaxation and containment skills, and modifying the physical aspects associated with the technique. There are a variety of sexual concerns which respond well to EMDR intervention. EMDR can be used to help replace old negative messages about sex with new messages which view sex as based on consent, equality, respect and safety. Sexual self-concept can be improved as survivors undo irrational belief systems which blame their sexuality and/or sexual parts for having caused the abuse. EMDR can help introduce new experiences of self-forgiveness and self-acceptance. EMDR can also help desensitize particular objects, sexual settings, types of touch, and associations to the intimate partner which trigger negative reactions. Therapists who focus on sexual healing need to be familiar with a variety of sexual healing techniques. These include the sexual response cycle exercise, relearning touch exercises, techniques for healing unwanted sexual fantasies, and techniques for improving sexual functioning. Therapists can use EMDR to help survivors work through blocks and impasses encountered with the techniques.

Keywords: Sexual Abuse Sexual Issues

Accuracy Verified: Yes

67. Brivio, R., & Bergamaschi, L. (2008, January). Human and organizational aspects affecting the wellbeing in rescue-working activity: EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing), Mirror Neuron and Stress Inoculation: The role of training methods, practice and simulation for psychological risks prevention and management in emergency workers.. International Workshop Reinforce Rescuers' Resilience by Empowering a well-being Demension Workshop, Turin, Italy .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The wellbeing of rescuers: Relational, organizational and technical aspects that can affect rescuers' wellbeing during rescue activities: Stress inoculation, role playing and the role of mirror neurons in training, also through the use of video recordings. Relaxation techniques, psychological debriefing and EMDR in trainings.

Focus of our intervention is the wellbeing of the rescuer. The study and research on this matter came and were carried out thanks to the activity done both during trainings and simulations of the Civil Protection than real emergencies. Our team work received contribution by some psychologists of OPP (Parma’s Psychologists’ Observatory: A.Sozzi, E.Pedrelli, F.Frati, A. Bocelli, T. Serra). Wellbeing, defined as a subjective and positive emotional state together with a global life satisfaction (Diener, 1984), is strongly at risk during rescuer’s emergency activities and can affect the rescuer both physically and psychologically. The rescuer's capabilities, that we think are technical “know how” and thorough knowledge, are essential to give the best performance according to the complexity and urgency of the intervention. These skills can really contribute to the rescuer's wellbeing, because they can improve the self-efficiency perception. To effectively manage and train rescuers, it is furthermore important to consider and acknowledge the influence of interpersonal relationships on technical performances. It is, in fact, particularly important to recognize and support the typical relationships that can be created in a team with the same task and specialization, as well as in multidisciplinary teams, or teams belonging to different Institutions but operating in the same scenario.

In recent years increasing attention has been given to training activities, even through the use of the role play for interventions in artificial emergency scenarios. To recreate scenarios of massive emergencies, different Civil Protection Associations, as well as First Aid volunteer associations and the local Institutions have been involved. In these simulations, most cases focus on improving technical performances. Lately psychologists have been asked to join the rescuers team. During these simulations, the role-play of emotional and psychological problems occurs thanks to the cooperation between emergency psychologists and the medical team. The introduction of the role and expertise of psychologists allowed to extend and strengthen the attention to cross support and care aspects for the psychological wellbeing of both victims and rescuers. The psychologist must therefore consider the “wellbeing” in all the emergency scenarios and contexts, as a sum of all the components that we talked about here and the ones we will describe during our intervention. He must first of all be aware of the complexity of each intervention in the field, and adopt a kind of approach aimed at creating and recovering wellbeing strategies, that can be used by himself as well. Strategies on how to build, recover and maintain the wellbeing identify stress as the first danger source the rescuer has to face in his training and emergency activity. When external events or stimuli are perceived as difficult to face compared with resources available at that moment, the individual gets stressed. When the person's efforts are not adaptive to the external requests and/or coherent with his performance expectations, he becomes vulnerable to emotional, behavioural, cognitive and physical reactions, which can be even very difficult to manage both in the short and/or in the medium-long term. This can happen when the sources of stress depend on the rescuer’s performance, and it can also happen in case of post traumatic stress, visible in different stages after the event. From the psychologist's specialist background and from the integration of this with the result of field experiences, the demand for a range of different tools to manage the different kinds of stress emerges, and these tools must be applicable both to the individual and to the group. This range is still improving, and the results of our observational activity from past and present experiences lead us to see the opportunity to carry on our research of tools of efficacy. During this speech we would like to underline that approaches like Stress Inoculation Training (SIT, Michenbaum, 1983) and the use of role playing allow the technical appraisal and let the rescuers improve their stress management skills, and all that can lead to a decrease in the risk of PTSD. In past simulations of emergencies, we found out that the use of videotapes for the role plays is a tool that should be taken more into account. We think it is important to evaluate its potential for the rescuers' benefit, because it seems to be not only “a record of technical performances”, but also an observation and learning tool about the rescuer's own defence and adaptive strategies. In fact, during these simulations we found out that the rescuers' psychological and emotional vulnerability emerged in several situations. The fact that even in these artificial situations there were acute stress episodes and O codes urged us to focus more on the matter of mutual influence between technical performance and internal experience of stress. We understand that such acute stress episodes may occur during real life critical events but we can see how role playing and video recordings show that such acute stress episodes affected the simulators themselves even during the simulation. The videos show that even apparently “high immunity” simulators, who are considered 'immune' thanks to their comprehensive and strong experience, experienced acute stress, perhaps because of an incorrect selfevaluation of their own stress management skills. The interest in the use of videos as a training and reprocessing tool for rescuers led some of us to specialize in role playing recording, so as to carry out a more accurate and comprehensive study on those same videos and use them as a mirror of reality and better educational tool through a vicar experience or through “seeing oneself from within the experience” and in the interpersonal dynamics that took place in the scenario. Videotapes are a very known and widely used tool in other kinds of trainings, disciplines and therapies (i.e. Family Therapy and CBT). The discovery of mirror neurons by Rizzolati, Gallese et Al., provides the evidence that when someone observes the same action performed by another person, the neurons "mirrors" the behaviour of that person, as though the observer were itself acting. Thanks to these researchers it is now proven that this can happen thanks to the motor neurons in the pre-motor cortex. Therefore, we would like to underline the role of videos as very useful and versatile training tools, since they expose a situation in an unexpected realistic manner “as if” it were true and “as if” we were really experiencing that situation, with the consequent learning movements at the emotional, cognitive and behavioural level, at the stress management level, as well as at the level of team work dynamics. Visual imagination activates the same brain regions that are active during visual perception and motor imagination activates the same brain regions activated the movement is really happening. More importantly, it was possible for us to verify that the videos recorded by other operators were not focused on showing the important psychological aspects we mentioned for the goal of the trainings, thing that happened instead with the videos recorded by psychologists. We think therefore that the use of videotapes recorded by psychologists should be given more consideration in the trainings of rescuers. During this intervention we will devote part of the time to broadcasting two short videos; the first one shows the role playing of an intervention in an emergency context, and the second one shows a part of an EMDR session (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing). We think it is important to recreate and protect rescuers wellbeing in the post-role playing and post emergency stages too. For years EMDR has been proven effective in improving the individual's coping skills and in reprocessing, wherever necessary, the post traumatic aspects resulting from critical events to whom not only the victims, but also the rescuers too, are exposed during emergencies.

Keywords: Emergency Workers Mirror Neuron and Stress Inoculation Rescue-Working Activity Risk Prevention and Management

Accuracy Verified: Yes

68. Vasquez, S., & Breiling, B. (1997). Illuminating the windows of the soul: Facilitating psychotherapy with eye movements and strobic colored light stimulation. Bridges, 8(2), 5-7 .

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Eighteen hundred years ago the Greek astronomer, and mathematician, Ptolemy, discovered he could induce a feeling of contentment in those who looked at sunlight through the spokes of a spinning wheel. In the late 1800's, French psychiatrist, Dr. Pierre Janet, noted that patients at the Salpetriere Hospital in Paris experienced increased relaxation and a reduction in the symptoms of hysteria when they were exposed to flickering light. Since the late 1930's neuroscientists have known that brainwaves would rapidly mimic the rhythm of a flashing light ( or sound ) stimulus. British EEG researcher, W. Grey Walter originally called this the "flicker phenomena," noting that strobic light produced states of profound relaxation and vivid mental imagery. Today this same principle is known as visual entrainment.

Keywords: Eye Movements Strobic Colored Light Stimulation

Accuracy Verified: No

69. Delpierre, M. (2005, June). Improving human potential in sport, business and education with EMDR. In EMDR in the extreme, chronic fatigue and peak performance. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
'Mental Fitness' has nothing to do with a killer instinct or ruthless play. Rather it is a precise way of thinking and acting under stress. Consider top athletes: do words like cold, callous and insensitive accurately describe their competitive performance? Hardly. Much more accurate words are flexible, responsive, strong and resilient. The difference in 'winning' is as much in technical and physical ability/potential than in mental performance. Top athletes recognize that to be at their best, they must think their best. To perform at an optimum level under high pressure (the same for top manager, musician, fire fighters...), they need to keep their ability to make choice at every moment.
EMDR and other techniques can help them (others tools also presented: Goal setting, Self-talk, Relaxation techniques, Imagery, Rituals.)

Keywords: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome CFS Peak Performance Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

70. Lutz, J. (2009, April 18). Integrating yogic postures, breathing techniques and deep relaxation with EMDR practice. Presentation at the Western Massachusetts EMDRIA Conference "EMDR and the Body," Amherst, MA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop will offer theoretical information on, research findings about, and an experience of, seated yoga postures, breathing practices and deep relaxation, including yoga nidra, which are currently being used in the healing of trauma. Specific applications to EMDR processing and resource development will be described.

Keywords: Breathing Relaxtion Yoga

Accuracy Verified: Yes

71. Korn, D. (1995, June). Integrative and strategic utilization of EMDR in treating survivors of sexual abuse. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation will focus on integrating EMDR into an overall treatment plan and utilizing EMDR in conjunction with other cognitive behavioral approaches. Strategic utilization of EMDR to move clients through the various stages of recovery will be discussed. 1) In the first stage of treatment, safety, stabilization, coping, and development of a strong therapeutic relationship are emphasized. Treatment focuses on decreasing (1) suicidal and parasuicidal behavior, (2) treatment - interfering behavior, and (3) quality-of-life-interfering behavior (Linehan, 1993). Efforts are made to assist the client in developing a repertoire of cognitive-behavioral coping skills; relevant skills address grounding, trigger awareness, basic self - care, mindfullness, distress tolerance, affect regulation, assertiveness, relaxation, self - monitoring, stress inoculation, and cognitive restructuring. At this stage, EMDR can be used to shift negative cognitions which interfere with commitment to treatment, skill development, and the restoration of hope. The following are examples of negative cognitions whlch interfere with first stage stabilization goals: - I will only get acknowledgment of my pain if I act out. - I don't deserve to feel better. - If I take care of myself, no one will know I hurt. - I'm pathetic, a failure. - I will die/go crazy fiom these feelings. - I can never do anything right. - I can't stand this feeling. I must cut myself. - Don't trust anyone or anything. Newly learned information about coping can be reinforced and further integrated in the course of an EMDR session. Clients can be encouraged to notice their ability to tolerate affect and to practice their assertiveness skills, grounding skills, mindfulness skills, etc. 2) In the second stage of treatment, the focus is on processing traumatic memories and decreasing behaviors related to post-traumatic stress. EMDR interventions can be designed to assist clients with specific recovery tasks or issues: - fear/terror and associated avoidance - sense of powerlessnesshelplessness - responsibility/accountability - safety - self, others, environment - self-esteem/self as bad, defective, unlovable - lack of individuation - dependency - anger - grief/mouming - trust/mistrust - fear of abandonment - guilt/self-blame - shame/self-loathing With regard to each of these issues, maladaptive schemas can be addressed via effective cognitive interweave strategies. Ideas for supplementing EMDR work with written assignments, imagery exercises, recovery rituals, and planned in vivo exposure will be discussed. Strategies for handling possible problems, obstacles, or resistance at this stage will also be noted. Finally, the role of ongoing assessment and data collection in making decisions about EMDR targets will be addressed. 3) In the third stage of treatment, the emphasis is on personal development and increased connection with others. Recovery tasks and issues addressed via EMDR include: - Increasing intimacy and healthy connections - Increasing self-esteem - Increasing self-efficacy and sense of mastery - Reclaiming sexuality - Increasing self-efficacy and sense of mastery - Identity exploration and development - Establishing goals, initiating new projects, and taking reasonable risks At this stage, EMDR can be useful in detecting remnants of shame, fear, etc. In addition, EMDR can be used to reduce anxiety and increase confidence as a client sets his/her sights on the future and prepares to face new and challenging situations. EMDR can aid in the generalization of skills and adaptive schemas across time and place. It can facilitate the integration of a new, more positive and vital self-image. The presentation will conclude with a videotape case presentation highlighting relevant recovery tasks and issues in applying EMDR at a specific stage of treatment.

Keywords: Sexual Abuse Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

72. Rossman, M. & Bresler, D. (1995, June). Interactive guided imagery and EMDR: Synergy and complementarity. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
I. What is Imagery? An image is a thought-form with sensory qualities. It is an internal representation of personal reality. Imagery is the natural, efficient way the human nervous system stores, processes and accesses information. Imagery is the major natural language of the unconscious II. What is Interactive Communication? There are three levels of interactive communication. (1) Non-interactive communication in which the client is a passive participant of suggestion and the guide sets the pacing and direction of the experience. (2) One way interactive communication in which the guide provides the direction but the client sets the pace (e.g. "let me know when you are feeling more comfortable and relaxed). (3) Two way interactive communication in which the client provides both the pace and the direction of the experience. There are many great advantages to working interactively. Greater client participation in the process leads to greater client empowerment, and with a greater sense of personal control, clients are able to progress more rapidly with less resistance to the change process. III. What is Interactive Guided Imagery"? - Interactive Guided Imagery is a therapeutic approach that quickly accesses and simultaneously utilizes the rich resources available from both the client's conscious and unconscious minds. It includes a set of techniques designed to enhance relaxation, reduce the effects of stress, modulate affect, increase motivation, expand creativity and problem solving abilities, resolve conflicts and the sequellae of trauma and facilitate action planning. IV. The Inner Advisor - The Inner Advisor is an internalized image that has the qualifies of wisdom and compassion. It can represent a crucial inner support system for clients dealing with PTSD. Participants are taught how to find their own Inner Advisors and to establish a dialogue that can lead to future inner exploration. The benefits and potential complications of working with Advisor figures are discussed. V. EMDR and Interactive Guided Imagery - (IGI) Drs. Bresler and Rossman discuss what Interactive Guided Imagery and EMDR have in common and how they differ. In particular, EMDR therapists are encouraged to utilize Conditioned Relaxation to enhance the clearing process during eye movements, and to recruit the assistance of the Inner Advisor to prevent or reduce flooding, traumatic insight, and/or regression panic. Conflict resolution techniques are also discussed.

Keywords: Guided Imagery

Accuracy Verified: Yes

73. Shapiro, F. (2012, October). Introduction to EMDR therapy. Presentation at the Pre-Meeting Institute of the 28th Annual Meeting of ISTSS, Los Angeles, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation will introduce the basics of EMDR therapy and provide an overview of treatment. Both the theoretical foundation and recent research findings will be explored. EMDR is an evidence-based psychotherapy supported by more than 20 randomized controlled studies. Meta-analyses have indicated that the effects of EMDR on PTSD symptoms are comparable to those of trauma-focused CBT. However, EMDR therapy does not require homework, sustained arousal, detailed descriptions of the index trauma, or extended exposure to the event. While the eye movement component has been the subject of controversy, in the past decade an additional 20 randomized trials have evaluated the eye movements and demonstrated significantly superior effects compared to “exposure-only” conditions. The eye movements have been shown to (a) decrease the emotionality and vividness of memories, (b) create physiological relaxation responses, (c) facilitate access to associative memories and (d) lead to an increase in recognition of correct information. Two dominant theories regarding the role of the eye movements have emerged: (1) disruption of working memory and (2) elicitation of an orienting response. The research and clinical implications will be examined. The goals of this presentation parallel those of the conference itself by allowing participants to evaluate ways in which EMDR therapy offers innovations in both conceptualization and clinical treatment. These innovations include ways to support therapy retention and increase stability for those clients ordinarily considered too fragile to tolerate memory processing. Outreach can also be increased through the use of consecutive-day trauma treatment. Relevant research will be reported on the use of EMDR therapy with diverse populations. Participants will learn how the adaptive information processing theory that guides EMDR therapy practice offers a reconceptualization of (a) psychopathology, (b) therapeutic change, (c) the therapy relationship, (d) preparation for processing and (e) the multiple methods included in the therapy. The presentation will provide participants with the theoretical basis for EMDR therapy, an overview of the eight treatment phases, the three-pronged selection of processing targets, pertinent research, as well as applications to the full range of trauma victims. Videotaped sessions will demonstrate diverse treatment effects and provide participants with comparisons to other research-supported trauma treatments. 1-Describe the relevant research findings 2-Identify the components of the standard EMDR therapy three-pronged approach to processing 3-Contrast EMDR therapy with other empirically supported trauma treatments

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

74. Sharpley, C., Montgomery, I., & Scalzo, L. (1996). An investigation of some hypothetical mechanisms underlying EMDR. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy, 25(2), 87-98.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Keywords: Alpha Activity Australia Alpha Rhythm Empirical Study Heart Rate Relaxation T-Wave Amplitude

Accuracy Verified: Yes

75. Tutarel-Kıslak, S. (2004). Kaygi duyarligini azaltmada göz hareketieriyle duyarsizlastirma ve yeniden isleme (EMDR) tedavisi [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) approach in the treatment of anxiety sensitivity]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 19(53), 65-67.

Language: Turkish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Göz Hareketleriyle Duyarsızlaştırma ve Yeniden İşleme (EMDR) ve kontrollü araştırma destek olmak amacıyla Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu (TSSB) ilk tedavilerden biridir artık giderek diğer psikolojik bozukluklar kadar uzatıldı. Bu çalışmada anksiyete duyarlılığı tedavisinde kas gevşetme ve EMDR işlemlerin etkilerini karşılaştırmak için planlandı. Ondokuz lisans öğrencileri dört alt ölçekleri ile standartlaştırılmış, özbildirim ölçmek oldu Anksiyete Duyarlılığı Profile (ASP) cevap verdi. Onlar rastgele iki gruba (; kas gevşeme ve EMDR tedavisi koşul); atanmış oldukları ve beş gün önce, ASP ölçek doldurulan ve girişim (müdahale süresi; öncesi ve sonrası müdahale ve takip) dört ay sonra. Sonuçlar, EMDR tedavisi alt puanı solunum semptomları korkusu önemli bir düşüş gösterdi üretilen bu düşüşün ardından devam etmek için ortaya dört aylık takip. Kardiyak semptomların yanı sıra korku içinde çok sonra EMDR durumda azalmış dört aylık takip. bulgular EMDR kim bir travma ilgili etyolojisi bir kaygı duyarlılığı olanlar için kas gevşeme daha etkili tedavi ve ayrıca bazı durumlarda deneyim kaygı duyarlılığı edilebilir olduğu görüşünü desteklemektedir. literatür ile elde edilen bulguların tutarlılığı tartışılmıştır. (PsycINFO Veritabanı Record (c) 2008 APA, tüm hakları saklıdır) (dergi soyut)

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is one of the first treatments of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) to be supported in controlled research, and it is now increasingly extended to other psychological disorders. The present study was designed to compare the effects of muscle relaxation and EMDR procedures in the treatment of anxiety sensitivity. Nineteen undergraduate students responded on the Anxiety Sensitivity Profile (asp) which was a standardized, self-report measure with four subscales. They were randomly assigned to two groups (treatment condition; muscle relaxation and EMDR); and they were filled out the ASP scale before, five days, and four months after the intervention (intervention time; pre and post intervention and follow up). Results showed that EMDR treatment produced a significant decline in fear of respiratory symptoms subscale score, and this decline appeared to continue after a four month follow-up. In addition fear of the cardiac symptoms too decreased in EMDR condition after a four month follow-up. The findings support the notion that EMDR can be a more effective treatment than the muscle relaxation for those who have an anxiety sensitivity with a trauma related etiology and also who experience anxiety sensitivity in certain circumstances. Consistency of the findings with the literature was discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)(from the journal abstract)

Keywords: Anxiety Sensitivity Empirical Study Etiology Follow-up Study Psychological Disorders Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

76. Samec, J. R., & Ekstrom, B.-M. M. (2006, April). Korttids gruppterapi anpassad att möta utvecklingsspecifika behov hos traumatiserade flyktingungdomar [Short term group therapy for traumatized refugee children]. Matrix: Nordisk Tidsskrift for Psykoterapi, 23(1), 73-88.

Language: Swedish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Getraumatiseerde vluchtelingen en allochtone jongeren hebben specifieke ontwikkelingsbehoeften. Om te voldoen aan de ontwikkelingsbehoeften in behandeling, om methoden te wijzigen op korte termijn groepstherapie voor getraumatiseerde kinderen van vluchtelingen, zoals beschreven door Angel-Poblete (1995) worden gepresenteerd. De methoden zijn oefeningen die de vijf zintuigen te stimuleren, om de interventies omgaan met 'acting out', en een ontspanningsoefening ontwikkeld op basis van Eye Movement Desensibilisatie and Reprocessing (EMDR) - die allemaal worden beoefend in het kader van een nauwe samenwerking met ouders en school personeel. Deze presentatie is gebaseerd op het werk met dertien groepen van deelnemers (N = 98) van beide geslachten en uit verschillende landen, 16-20 jaar oud (mediane leeftijd van 17 jaar oud). De theoretische basis, planning, uitvoering en de resultaten worden beschreven. Evaluaties met de deelnemers en school personeel, alsmede de reacties van de ouders, geven positieve therapeutische resultaten. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, alle rechten voorbehouden)

Traumatized refugee and immigrant adolescents have specific developmental needs. To meet those developmental needs in treatment, methods to modify the short term group therapy for traumatized refugee children as described by Angel-Poblete (1995) are presented. The methods are exercises that stimulate the five senses, interventions to deal with acting out, and a relaxation exercise developed from Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) - all of which are practiced within the framework of close cooperation with parents and school personnel. This presentation is based on the work with thirteen groups of participants (N = 98) of both sexes and from different countries, 16-20 years old (median age of 17 years old). The theoretical basis, planning, execution, and results are described. Evaluations with the participants and school personnel, as well as the reactions of the parents, indicate positive therapeutic results. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adolescent Development Childhood Development Empirical Study Group Psychotherapy Immigration Quantitative Study Refugees Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

77. Haour, F., & Servan-Schreiber, D. (2009). Les bases neuroscientifiques de l’EMDR [Neuroscientific bases of EMDR]. In J. Cottraux (Ed.), TCC et Neurosciences (pp.187-202). Issy-les-Moulineaux: Elsevier Masson.

Language: French

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
France Haour et David Servan-Schreiber présentent avec clarté la désensibilisation par les mouvements oculaires et le retraitement de l’information (EMDR), ainsi que les études qui ont été effectuées par des méthodes neuroscientifiques pour tester ces processus. Plusieurs points restent néanmoins en suspens. Effectivement, l’EMDR est d’efficacité démontrée dans le stress post-traumatique, et les traumatismes plus légers, mais il n’y a pas de données dures pour le valider dans d’autres indications. De plus, son processus, comme il est souligné dans le chapitre, demeure controversé. Il ne faudrait pas oublier qu’un EMDR sans mouvements oculaires aboutit à de résultats identiques à ceux d’un EMDR avec mouvements oculaires, dans la méta-analyse de Davidson et Parker (2001), qui inclut 13 études comparant ces deux conditions. Cinq méta-analyses ne retrouvent pas de différence d’efficacité entre TCC et EMDR. Ces faits expérimentaux ont amené aussi bien l’Association psychiatrique américaine (2004) que le rapport INSERM (2004) à classer l’EMDR dans les TCC, dont il représente une variante technique, sans véritable discontinuité. Par ailleurs, l’analogie souvent faite entre EMDR et la phase REM (phase paradoxale du sommeil correspondant au rêve et à des mouvements oculaires rapides) n’est qu’une hypothèse et ne repose pas à ce jour sur des données scientifiques. Enfin, toutes les thérapies d’exposition utilisent des distracteurs (relaxation, images mentales de sécurité, pensées positives) pour faciliter l’accès aux émotions liées au traumatisme. L’hypnose, qui a montré son efficacité dans le stress post-traumatique lors d’une seule étude contrôlée (Brom, 1989), elle aussi, se sert de mouvements oculaires, pour capter l’attention. Ainsi faisait son ancêtre, Franz Anton Mesmer, comme le montre le rapport établi en 1784 par la commission royale sur le magnétisme animal (Darnton, 1995). Quoi qu’il en soit, l’EMDR propose un protocole utile, robuste et aisé à enseigner et à appliquer.

France Haour and David Servan-Schreiber present with clarity desensitization Eye Movement and reprocessing of information (EMDR) and studies that have been conducted by neuroscientists methods to test these processes. Several points are still open. Indeed, EMDR is proven efficacy in post-traumatic stress, and lighter injuries, but there is no hard data to validate in other indications. In addition, its process, as outlined in the chapter remains controversial. We should not forget that EMDR without eye movements leads to results identical to those of EMDR with eye movements in the meta-analysis of Davidson and Parker (2001), which includes 13 studies comparing these two conditions. Five meta-analyzes found no difference in efficacy between CBT and EMDR. These experimental facts led both the American Psychiatric Association (2004) report that the INSERM (2004) to classify EMDR in CBT, which is a variant technique, no real discontinuity. Moreover, the analogy often made between EMDR and REM sleep (REM sleep corresponding dreams and rapid eye movement) is only a hypothesis and not based so far on scientific data. Finally, all therapies exposure using distractors (relaxation, mental imagery security positive thoughts) to facilitate access to the emotions related to the trauma. Hypnosis, which has shown its effectiveness in post-traumatic stress in one controlled study (Brom, 1989), it also uses movements eye for attention. So was his ancestor, Franz Anton Mesmer, as shown in the report prepared in 1784 by the Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism (Darnton, 1995). Anyway, EMDR offers a useful protocol, robust and easy to teach and apply.

Keywords: Neuroscience Neuroscientific Bases

Accuracy Verified: Yes

78. Zimmermann, P., Biesold, K. H., Barre, K., & Lanczik, M. (2007, May). Long-term course of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in German soldiers: Effects of in patient eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy and specific trauma characteristics in patients with non-combat-related PTSD. Military Medicine, 172(5), 456-460 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objective: In this study, we retrospectively evaluated a patient population of 89 German soldiers who received inpatient treatment for PTSD at the German Armed Forces Hospital in Hamburg from 1998 to 2003. Methods: Patients were nonrandomly assigned to a treatment group who received eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and a comparison group with general hospital treatment and relaxation training. Follow-up information was obtained 29 months post-treatment. Trauma-related symptoms were assessed using the Impact of Event Scale and the Post-Traumatic Stress Scale (PTSS-10) as parameters of improvement. Results: The Impact of Event Scale showed that inpatient trauma therapy with EMDR significantly improved the course of PTSD. In addition, the Impact of Event Scale indicated a significantly poorer long-term outcome for patients who had been confronted with death during their traumatic experience. Other factors tested were of no significant influence. CONCLUSIONS: These results may influence further treatment strategies for traumatized German soldiers. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Army Personnel German Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Psychiatric Inpatients Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

79. Schlesinger, M. (1998, November 23). Medical Q & A. Boulder, CO: Daily Camera, First, Fit, 3B.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
It may be very effective to seek brief psychotherapy to reduce the experienced stressfulness of unchangeable life circumstances or to evaluate possible changes in other conditions. 2) You may benefit from coaching in relaxation methods that can be added to your daily life to change the proportion of time you spend in a "relaxed" rather than "stressed" frame of mind. 3) The relatively new technique of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Restructuring) has been shown to be very efficient in reducing tensions and anxieties. 4) Since teeth-grinding is a behavioral expression of tensions we are not consciously aware of while asleep, hypnotherapy aimed at facilitating changes on the unconscious level or directly suggesting relaxed jaw while sleeping, can be particularly effective.

Keywords: Mary Schlesinger Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

80. Glang, C. (1997, June). Meditation/Relaxation exercise. EMDRIA Newsletter, 2(4), 5-7.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
For twenty years, I have been guiding most of my clients through a particular meditation/relaxation exercise. It seems widely applicable, and to be well received by most people. Recently, I have use eye movements to enhance the effect. For several clients, it has served as a positive introduction to EMDR, and an effective way to establish a very safe place, often with a spiritual feel to it.

Keywords: Meditation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

81. Radke, M. (2004, September). Mindfulness meets EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montreal, Quebec Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Trauma interferes with living in the present moment; mindfulness expands awareness of the present. It is a helpful adjunct to therapy by increasing the client's dual focus of the "observing self' while processing past material. This workshop will apply mindfulness to EMDR protocol in these specific areas: safe place, resource accessing and installing, feedback of present beliefs, feelings and sensation, looping and cognitive interweaves. Bilaterally stimulated relaxation exercises will be offered to enhance mindfulness. It will also be used to bracket and contain unfinished material as well as aid between-session integration.

Keywords: Mindfulness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

82. Pagani, M., Flumeri, F., Salmaso, D., Nardo, D., Sanchez-Crespo, A., Danielsson, A. M., Brolin, F., Jacobsson, H., Larsson, S. A., & Hogberg, G. (2008, October). Neurobiological changes in post traumatic stress disorder following treatment with eye movement desensitisation reprocessing. Presentation at the European Association of Nuclear Medicine Congress, Munich, Germany, European Journal of Nuclear Medical and Molecular Imaging, 35(Supp 2).

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Background: Only few studies have reported functional or structural modifications in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients following pharmacological treatment or psychotherapy. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a novel eclectic psychotherapy utilising, among other techniques, relaxation and safe place exercises, cognitive restructuring, future projections, and imaginal exposure of the trauma combined with sensory stimulation. The aim of the study was to analyse the differences in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) distribution and in brain volumetry before and after EMDR therapy. Subjects and Methods: Fifteen subjects with chronic PTSD following occupational health hazards were treated with five sessions of EMDR. They were assessed with psychometric scales and diagnostic interviews before and directly after treatment. SPECT, during administration of an individualised trauma script, was performed using 99mTc-HMPAO. After EMDR, the subjects were subdivided into responders (R, n=10) and non-responders (NS, n=5), based on the absence or presence, respectively, of full PTSD diagnosis. SPECT and volumetric data (MRI) analyses were carried out by Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM2). SPECT and MRI data were covaried by age and by time elapsed from trauma to SPECT. SPECT data were further covaried by the amount of grey matter normalised by the total intracranial volume. Results: Immediate significant post-treatment changes towards normality in all scales measuring psychological status were found in responders. As compared to NR, R showed a significantly decreased tracer uptake in parieto-occipital (Brodmann Area, BA, 37, fusiform gyrus) and in primary visual cortex (BA17) and in the hippocampus (p<0.001). The opposite comparison highlighted an increased tracer uptake in left frontal cortex (BA 44; p<0.05). Structural grey matter modifications were found in visual, posterior cingulate and parieto-temporal cortex, paralleling the functional changes. Conclusion: The positive EMDR outcome corresponded to increased 99mTc-HMPAO uptake in the left dorsolateral frontal cortex, processing attention and self confidence and exerting an inhibitory effect on the amygdala whose firing is supposed to be responsible for PTSD. After successful treatment significant decreases were found in primary visual cortex, processing images of traumatic memories and flashbacks; in fusiform gyrus, processing the memories of faces, bodies and words and in the hippocampi, involved in episodic and autobiographical memories. Volumetric changes paralleled the ones in tracer uptake in all regions Taken as a whole these findings suggest that the positive clinical outcome following EMDR therapy causes functional and structural neurobiological changes towards normality.

Keywords: Brain Volumetry Neurobiological Changes Posttraumtic Stress Disorder PTSD rCBF Regional Cerebral Blood Flow

Accuracy Verified: Yes

83. Lewis, B. (2009, July 4). New PTSD program answers need for comprehensive treatment. U.S. Department of Defense News Release.

Language: English

Format: Publication

Abstract: The first few weeks focus on learning basic coping skills such as how to reduce anxiety and fight fear, as well as yoga and meditation for relaxation. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, an evidence-based practice for treating PTSD, is also conducted during the early phases of the treatment program.

Keywords: General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

84. Hedstrom, J. (1991, March). A note on eye movements and relaxation. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 22(1), 37-38. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(91)90031-Y.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movements and certain visual mechanisms appear to be related to states of relaxation and levels of wakefulness. The hatha yoga tradition in its historical and contemporary forms uses certain eye 'exercises' or postures to induce relaxation and reduce arousal. Visual correlates of the alpha state are well known. These phenomena may be involved in the success of the new eye desensitization procedure.

Keywords: Eye Movements Relaxation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

85. Grenough, M. (2008, September). OASIS in the overwhelm - For you & your clients: 4 breif strategies to calm, relax, re-wire the brain. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Looking for calm in the chaos – for you and your clients? Examine findings of recent research regarding the brain’s neuroplasticity and our ability to re-wire our own brains. Learn four 60-second strategies that can calm, relax, heighten sense of personal control, diminish power of old patterns, and strengthen healthy neural pathways. Understand and be able to explain to clients how research testifies to the efficacy of these simple strategies and how their implementation can be useful in EMDR treatment. In this highly experiential workshop, you will learn four strategies and explore how/when to use each with your clients – and with yourself.

Keywords: OASIS Relaxation Exercises

Accuracy Verified: Yes

86. Wilson, D. (1999, June). An orienting response model for EMDR: Research, clinical applications, and new instrumentation. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will learn about: 1) the Orienting Response (OR) interpretation of EMDR phenomena, the relationship of the OR to sleep and dream research, affect theory, and information processing; 2) research into the effects of variations of stimuli in EMDR applications with respect to modality (audio, visual, tactile), speed, complexiity, and content on measures of autonomic functioning, relaxation, information processing, and memory; 3) the implications of this research for clinical applications of EMDR; and 4) new instrumentation for implementing new treatment approaches.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Dream Research Modality Orienting Response Sleep

Accuracy Verified: Yes

87. Taylor, S. (2003, Summer). Outcome predictors for three PTSD treatments: Exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 17(2), 149-162. doi:10.1891/jcop.17.2.149.57432.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Several psychosocial treatments appear to be effective in treating PTSD. However, little is known about the predictors of treatment outcome. It is possible that some variables predict poor outcome for some treatments but not for other treatments. To investigate this issue, outcome predictors were investigated for three 8-session treatments: exposure therapy (entailing prolonged imaginal and in vivo exposure), relaxation training, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). 60 people with PTSD entered and 45 completed treatment. Treatments did not differ in attrition or perceived credibility. Exposure tended to be most effective, and EMDR and relaxation did not differ in efficacy. A number of clinical and cognitive variables were examined to identify predictors of treatment dropouts as well as predictors of the likelihood that patients would be remitted from PTSD after treatment. These analyses were conducted by controlling for treatment condition. Low patient ratings of treatment credibility (assessed in session 2) predicted treatment dropout, regardless of treatment type. Severe reexperiencing symptoms (assessed prior to treatment) predicted poor outcome for relaxation training but not for the other therapies. These findings suggest that treatment outcome could be improved by improving treatment credibility. The findings also support the use of exposure therapy and, to a lesser extent, the use of EMDR in treating PTSD. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Brief Psychotherapy Disability Evaluation Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Follow-up Study Insurance Legal Processes Manual-Based Treatments Quantitative Study Relaxation Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial Reexperiencing RCT Social Security Stressors Survivors Treatment Dropouts Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

88. Lilieblad, B. (2004, June). Pain, stress and quality of life. In EMDR, biology and the body (P. Lieberman, Chair). Symposium conducted at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, Stockholm, Sweden .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Long time pain in the low back and neck is often difficult to diagnose and treat. We have known for a long time that patients’ personality and motivation are crucial for progress in treatment. Patients treated by physiotherapists in southern Stockholm were invited to 2 seminars on Pain, Stress, and Quality of Life. The patients were taught about pain in general, about stress and how to handle it, about body awareness and how to handle daily situations. During the seminars we collected data about the patients’ background, coping resources and quality of life. They also filled out the personal pain drawing test (PPD). They are offered individual counseling by a physiotherapist, an occupational therapist and 10 meetings with a psychologist.
114 patients participated in 17 seminars. The patients were followed up. Half of the group had decreased pain according to the PPD, even those who had not consulted the psychology. Around 50% had less treatment by physiotherapist, 24% had less sick leave. 57% had started relaxation and/or exercise body awareness. The 34 patients treated by the psychologist (mostly with EMDR) increased their emotional and spiritual/philosophic coping resource as well as their emotional quality of life.
Our experiences are that many pain patients suffer from psychosomatic disorders and that psychological staffs is an effective and necessary part of the multidisciplinary treatment in primary health care.

Keywords: Coping Holistic Treatment Pain Pain Drawing Quality of Life Psychosomatic Pain Stress Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

89. Gerge, A. (2008, April). Phase I Preparations of severely traumatized women for exposure by extended EMDR-protocols in phase II treatment. Presentation at the 1st Bi-Annual International European Society for Trauma and Dissociation Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation offers a description of an integrative approach of group treatment within phase I treatment leaning on psychodynamic theory, a clear psycho-educative approach that uses methods as hypnosis/relaxation training/mindfulness training, aims for enhanced relational capacity and self-regulation by using hypnotic techniques aiming at enhanced containment capacity (Brown & Fromm, 1986; Kluft, 1993, 1999; Phillips & Fredericks 1995; Chu 1998; Cardeña et al., 2000). The treatment aims at enhanced capacity to mentalize, i.e., using the reflective functions in self-organization (Fonagy, 1997). This is considered to offer the participants an enhanced ”self soothing capacity” (Krystal 1988a,1988b), i. e., the capacity to calm and soothe the self by enhanced self regulation and capacity to rest, by helping the participants to reach experiential states where they can contain their own reactions, as well as offering training in order to tolerate and understand the signals of the body, i. e. the “felt sense” (Gendlin, 1978; Ogden, Minton, & Pain 2006). The trauma therapy within phase II-work by extended EMDRprotocols is exemplified with special focus on the restoration of the capacity for adequate self-care as well as care-giving functions. Learning Objectives: 1. To show how an integrative group treatment in phase I treatment can be used in trauma therapy for stabilization with patients with complex PTSD and high levels of dissociation (psychoform and/or somatoform co-morbidity). 2. Exemplify trauma-therapy within phase II work by extended EMDR-protocols addressing the special needs of continuous reinforcement of stabilization for the same population. 3. Focus on restoration of the capacity for adequate self-care as well as care giving functions.

Keywords: Trauma Women

Accuracy Verified: Yes

90. Kreyer, A. K., & Egon, S. (2008, June). Physiological effects of eye movements of different speeds and eye fixation during engagement in negative autobiographical memories: Experimental research regarding EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: The aim of the study was to explore the working mechanism of the bilateral stimulation component in EMDR in relation to current hypotheses. Physiological hypotheses (of orienting response and relaxation response) were tested in an analogous experimental setting. Moreover, the clinical advice to use different stimulation speeds for different phases of EMDR was examined at the autonomic level, exploring two different speeds of eye movements. In a within-subject design 42 female students performed 7 short sets each of rapid eye movements (1 Hz), slow eye movements (0.3 Hz) and eye fixation while engaging in negative autobiographical memories. Order of the tasks was counterbalanced. Electrooculogramm (EOG), electrocardiogramm, electrodermal activity and distal pulswave were recorded continuously. Skin conductance level (SCL), heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (RMSSD) and pulse wave transit time (PWTT) were calculated. Performance of the eye movement tasks were controlled through EOG. All three conditions showed a clear-cut de-arousal at stimulation onset, which was 30 indicated by a decrease in HR and SCL and an increase in RMSSD and PWTT. That means, fast and slow eye movements as well as eye fixation initiated a moderate, but clear relaxation response with increased parasympathetic and reduced sympathetic activity. These results suggest that the speed of eye movements do not influence autonomic functions. Furthermore, the results of this study do not support most of the current hypotheses regarding the working mechanism of the bilateral stimulation in EMDR. Alternative explanations are discussed

Keywords: Autobiographical Memories Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

91. Kim, D., Choi, J., Kim, S. H., Oh, D. H., Park, S.C., Lee, S. H. (2010, May). A pilot study of brief eye movement desensitization and reprossessing (EMDR) for treatment of acute phase schizophrenia. Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 17(2), 94-102.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing(EMDR) is a novel, time-limited psychotherapy originally developed for treatment of psychological trauma. The effectiveness of this therapy has been validated only for posttraumatic stress disorder; however, EMDR is often applied to other psychiatric illnesses, including other anxiety disorders and depression. This pilot study tested the efficacy of EMDR added to the routine treatment for individuals with acute stage schizophrenia. Methods: This study was conducted in the acute psychiatric care unit of a university-affiliated training hospital. Inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to either three sessions of EMDR, three sessions of progressive muscle relaxation(PMR) therapy, or only treatment as usual(TAU). All the participants received concurrent typical treatments(TAU), including psychotropic medication, individual supportive psychotherapy and group activities in the psychiatric ward. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale were administered by a clinical psychologist who was blinded to the patients' group assignment. Results: Forty-five patients enrolled and forty patients(89%) completed the post-treatment evaluation. There were no between-group differences in the withdrawal rates of patients during the treatment or at the three-month follow-up session. All three groups improved significantly across each of the symptomatic domains including schizophrenia, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. However, a repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences among the groups over time. Effect size for change in total PANSS scores was also similar across treatment conditions, but effect size for negative symptoms was large for EMDR(0.60 for EMDR, 0.39 for PMR and 0.21 for TAU only). Conclusion: These findings supported the use of EMDR in treating the acute stage of schizophrenia but the results failed to confirm the effectiveness of the treatment over the two control conditions in three sessions. Further studies with longer courses of treatment, more focused target dimensions of treatment, and a sample of outpatients are necessary.

Keywords: Schizophrenia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

92. Staff. (2002, May 26). Post traumatic stress. Glasgow, Scotland: Sunday Mail.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
Sometimes an anti-depressant helps alleviate some of the anxiety symptoms. Referral to a psychologist is often needed for cognitive behavioural and relaxation therapies. There is also a new technique called EMDR that is practised by some psychologists and psychiatrists which helps symptoms within two or three sessions. It involves thinking about the trauma while the therapist moves his finger back and forward twice a second, asking you to follow it with your eyes.

Keywords: Glasgow, Scotland Posttraumatic Stress

Accuracy Verified: Yes

93. McLean, P. D., & Woody, Sheila, R. (2001). Posttraumatic stress disorder. In P. D. McLean & S. R. Woody (Eds.), Anxiety disorders in adults: An evidence-based approach to psychological treatment (pp. 205-241). New York: Oxford University Press.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Description and conceptualization (phenomenology; diagnostic trends; prevalence and course); Theoretical perspectives; Assessment (diagnosis; assessment of symptoms; assessing contextual factors: social support, cognitive distortions, avoidant coping, multiple trauma history, occupational adjustment, physical history/pain/litigation; case formulation); Treatment models and guidelines (cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD: education, exposure, cognitive control, cognitive restructuring, relaxation training; specific types of trauma: sexual assault, motor vehicle accident, combat; pharmacological treatment for PTSD; eye movement desensitization and reprocessing [EMDR]; client-treatment matching; minimal vs. optimal interventions; common problems: noncompliance due to fear and avoidance, comorbidity, medical and litigation complications; treatment outcome evaluation and life planning). [Pilots]

Keywords: Adults Evidence Based Treatment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

94. Lehrer, P. M., Woolfolk, R. L., & Sime, W. E. (2007). Principles and practice of stress management. (3rd. ed.) New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
Recent years have seen significant advances in understanding psychosocial stress and its clinical management. Now in a thoroughly revised and expanded third edition, this comprehensive work reviews effective stress management techniques and their applications for treating psychological problems and enhancing physical health and performance. Bringing together recognized leaders in the field to present their respective approaches and demonstrate the nuts and bolts of intervention, the volume is structured for optimal use as a clinical reference and text. All chapters retained from the prior edition have been extensively rewritten, and many new chapters have been added. Part I examines conceptual foundations and describes basic mechanisms of stress and relaxation. Part II, the largest section, covers the full range of methods, including progressive relaxation, hypnosis, biofeedback, meditation, cognitive methods, and other therapies. Each tightly edited chapter: (1) Details the method's history, theoretical underpinnings, and evidence base; (2) Spells out assessment procedures and techniques; (3) Provides step-by-step implementation guidelines; (4) Considers common treatment obstacles and how to overcome them; (5) Discusses strategies for increasing patient motivation and adherence; and (6) Illustrates the method with an in-depth case example. New to the third edition are chapters on mindfulness meditation, neurofeedback, EMDR, breathing retraining, heart rate variability biofeedback, exercise therapy, and Qigong. Finally, Part III explores applications in mental health, behavioral medicine, and sport psychophysiology (another new topic in this edition), shedding light on which approaches are most suitable for particular problems. The concluding chapter reviews the clinical research literature and offers clear recommendations for improving outcomes. This timely, authoritative book is an indispensable resource for clinical and health psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, counselors, nurses, and other professionals interested in learning and using stress management techniques. It will serve as a text in graduate-level courses in stress management, behavioral medicine, social work in health care, and related areas. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Stress Management

Accuracy Verified: Yes

95. Rothbaum, B. O., Astin, M. C., & Marsteller, F. (2005, December). Prolonged exposure versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(6), 607-616. doi:10.1002/jts.20069.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This controlled study evaluated the relative efficacy of Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) compared to a no-treatment waitlist control (WAIT) in the treatment of PTSD in adult female rape victims (n = 74). Improvement in PTSD as assessed by blind independent assessors, depression, dissociation, and state anxiety was significantly greater in both the PE and EMDR group than the WAIT group (n = 20 completers per group). PE and EMDR did not differ significantly for change from baseline to either posttreatment or 6-month follow-up measurement for any quantitative scale. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Anger Canadians Cognitive Processing Therapy Empirical Study Exposure Exposure Therapy Guilt Longitudinal Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Relaxation Therapy Stress Inoculation Training Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

96. Tausch, R. (2007, Spring). Promoting health: Challenges for person-centered communication in psychotherapy, counseling and human relationships in daily life. Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 6(1), 1-13. doi:10.1080/14779757.2007.9688424.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
For person-centered psychotherapy and counseling to be scientifically acknowledged and accepted by public health services, the following are required: (a) more empirical research on the effectiveness of person-centered therapy for different diagnostic categories (ICD-10) and counseling modes (group, family, health-related counseling); (b) incorporation of alternative interventions to increase the effectiveness of short-term person-centered psychotherapy consistent with the approach and the client-centered behavior of the therapist, such as having patients choose their therapists, providing written information on stress reduction and self-help, teaching daily relaxation exercises, using EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) with minor anxiety, and suggesting homework assignments; (c) improvement of the therapist-patient relationship via regular written feedback from the patient for the therapist, reflections that incorporate cognitions and emotions in proportion to clients' expressions, and active, intensive (non-directive) efforts by the therapist to improve the therapeutic relationship; and (d) promotion of person-centered behaviors by people in daily situations and relationships outside the therapeutic setting (e.g., teachers, parents, partners). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Client Centered Therapy Counseling Interpersonal Relationships Person-Centered Therapy Psychotherapeutic Techniques

Accuracy Verified: Yes

97. Sanchez-Meca, J., Rosa-Alcazar, A. I., Marín-Martínez, F., & Gomez-Conesa, A. (2010). Psychological treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(1), 37–50. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.011.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Although the efficacy of psychological treatment for panic disorder (PD) with or without agoraphobia has been the subject of a great deal of research, the specific contribution of techniques such as exposure, cognitive therapy, relaxation training and breathing retraining has not yet been clearly established. This paper presents a meta-analysis applying random- and mixed-effects models to a total of 65 comparisons between a treated and a control group, obtained from 42 studies published between 1980 and 2006. The results showed that, after controlling for the methodological quality of the studies and the type of control group, the combination of exposure, relaxation training, and breathing retraining gives the most consistent evidence for treating PD. Other factors that improve the effectiveness of treatments are the inclusion of homework during the intervention and a follow-up program after it has finished. Furthermore, the treatment is more effective when the patients have no comorbid disorders and the shorter the time they have been suffering from the illness. Publication bias and several methodological factors were discarded as a threat against the validity of our results. Finally the implications of the results for clinical practice and for future research are discussed.

Keywords: Panic Disorder Agoraphobia Psychological Treatment Outcome Evaluation Meta-Analysis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

98. Lamprecht, F., Sack, M., Lempa, W., & Eickhoff-Fels, S. (2001). Psychophysiological activation via trauma script in PTSD patients and matched healthy controls and its reversal after succesful treatment. Presentation at the annual meeting of the German Society for Psychotraumatology.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Purpose: It is well known that hyperarousal in PTSD patients leads to an increase in heart rate to trauma related stimuli. The purpose of this study was to see if this peripheral physiological activation in PTSD patients by a trauma script can be reversed by successful trauma treatment including EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). Methods: 12 PTSD patients fulfilling DSM IV criteria with 52.6 mean level of the impact of event scale (IES) and 8.1 of the subjective unit of distress (SUD) were compared to 12 matched healthy controls (IES level 23, SUD level 4.8). Glued electrodes were placed according to published guidelines for electrophysiological research on thorax (ECG) and palmar skin of the left (non dominant) hand (SCL). Psychophysiological data (heart rate and skin conductance) were recorded continually and stored on a PC card during three conditions: neutral, relaxation and trauma script. In the patient group the procedure was repeated after finishing treatment. Results: The patient group and control group did not differ in the baseline heart rate, however, the stimulation by the trauma script in the PTSD patients was significant in the mean 15.6 (T-2.88) (p < 0.01) increase in heart rate and in the control group 1.6 not significant (the script here was derived from the worst life event). There was a wide variation in the patient group with three patients without any reaction. In those with a strong reaction after trauma script, successful treatment was accompanied by a decline in heart rate response after trauma script, which remained stable during 6 months follow-up. SCL data did not show any consistent relationship. Since this is an ongoing study with increasing numbers and further analysis, additional data will be given during presentation. A decline of the SUD level to 2.3 and within the IES-score to 21 at the three months follow-up measurement was also significant (p < 0.01).

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiological Activation PSTD Trauma Script

Accuracy Verified: Yes

99. Rothbaum, B. (2001). Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. The Economics of Neuroscience: Ten, 3(10), 59-63.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Impressive advances in treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been made in the past 15 years especially with respect to pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). This review offers a summary of literature on psychosocial interventions for PTSD. It begins with a brief review of traditional therapies for PTSD and then examines the larger literture on the efficacy of CBTs for PTSD.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

100. Colosetti, S., & Thyer, B. A. (2000, October). The relative effectiveness of EMDR versus relaxation training with battered women prisoners. Behavior Modification, 24(5), 719-739. doi:10.1177/0145445500245006 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
5 women prisoners with a history of being battered and who met the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD were assessed (A phase) and provided with structured relaxation training (RT) (B phase, or placebo treatment), followed by eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy (C phase). Using the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Impact of Events Scale's avoidance behavior and intrusive thoughts subscales as outcome measures, RT alone did not result in any clinical improvements. The subsequent provision of EMDR did not improve upon this lack of success with 4 of the 5 participants; 1 did improve on anxiety and intrusive thoughts. The apparent ineffectiveness of EMDR with these participants may be attributed to several explanations. Foremost perhaps is the hypothesis that EMDR is not sufficient to ameliorate the effects of chronic abuse. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults African American Anxiety Disorders Avoidance Battery Drug Abuse Effectiveness Empirical Study European Americans Females Intrusive Thoughts Quantitative Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prison Inmates PTSD Rape Relaxation Therapy Survivors Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial Treatment Spouse Abuse

Accuracy Verified: Yes

101. Figley, C., Dietrich, A., Maxfield, L., & Gentry, J. E. (1999, November). Review of neoteric trauma treatments and suggested practice guidelines. In C. Figley (Chair) Discussion, Clinical Theory. International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Miami, FL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Thought Field Therapy (TFT), Time-Limited Trauma Therapy (TLTT), Traumatic Incident Reduction (TIR), and Visual/Kinesthetic Dissociation (V/KD) are relatively new approaches in the treatment of trauma-related disorders. These approaches have come under intense scientific and professional scrutiny and criticism, with proponents and critics offering diverse and intriguing arguments in support of their respective points of view. This discussion will focus on the current empirical and anecdotal evidence on the efficacy of these five approaches, as well as various criticisms that have been proferred in response to the empirical and clinical literature on treatment efficacy and theory. EMDR will be highlighted, given the growing empirical database on EMDR outcome studies and the contention surrounding the treatment and its’ theory. The evidence for and/or against the other four approaches will also be presented, upon which we will raise for discussion issues relating to methodological rigour, scientific reporting of clinical data, and the interpretation of efficacy studies in general. The discussion will occur within the context of philosophical discourse on the ideal of integration of science and practice, and the feasibility of attaining this ideal within the current scientific Zeitgeist. INTERVENTION RESEARCH, CLINICAL CASE STUDY Sandringham Skills-Based Treatment of Dissociation: A Case Study 238 Chair: ELHAI, Jon D., Nova Southeastern University Discussant: GOLD, Stephen A clinical case study of skills-based treatment of a 48-year-old, female survivor of child sexual abuse (CSA) reporting severe dissociative symptomatology is presented. Chief complaints were daily amnestic episodes, depersonalization, panic attacks, agoraphobia, and consequent long-term unemployment. In contrast to most approaches to therapy for dissociative syndromes, it is argued that treatment does not need to be primarily trauma-focused. Instead treatment focused on targeting dissociation and anxiety by teaching skills to be implemented by the client outside of session. Functional behavioral analysis of particular recent incidents of dissociation were conducted over several sessions. Imagery-based relaxation and progressive muscle relaxation were used and monitored to help the client learn additional methods of reducing distress. Grounding techniques were implemented to counter the dissociative tendency to lose experiential awareness of the here and now. Cognitive interventions were utilized to challenge the erroneous notions reported about dissociative experiences, such as the panic she experienced when her dissociation had been revealed to others. Last, in vivo systematic desensitization was used with a fear hierarchy, ranging from the least to most fearful stimuli that precipitate dissociation, where graduated exposure was followed by relaxation. At termination the client reported elimination of panic attacks, resumption of driving, and marked reduction in frequency and duration of amnestic periods, with substantial additional gains and progress in finding full-time employment reported at 8 month follow-up. Treatment outcome is assessed based on psychological test data obtained at intake, discharge, and 8 month follow-up, as well as client anecdotal report.

Keywords: Neoteric Trauma Treatments Practice Guidelines

Accuracy Verified: Yes

102. Simonson, E. L. (2009). School-based intervention programs for symptoms of traumatic stress. Universitetet i Stavenger, Stavenger, Norway.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This thesis attempts to provide an up-to-date overview of school-based intervention programs for symptoms of traumatic stress. The objectives were: 1) to identify school-based intervention programs for preventing or reducing symptoms of traumatic stress, 2) to examine the effectiveness of the intervention programs, and 3) to identify the accordance of the intervention programs with three current theories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The three main academic databases used to locate the studies for this thesis were ERIC, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE. Inclusionary/exclusionary criteria included: 1) use of a control group, 2) use of randomized/quasi-experimental design, 3) school setting, 4) participant exposure to a traumatic event, 5) targeted at the prevention/ reduction of symptoms of traumatic stress, 6) use of standardized instruments, and 7) not targeted Type II trauma. Using these criteria, 19 studies conducted in 11 different countries were selected. Unfortunately, school-based studies conducted in Norway were not located. The selected studies dealt with various types of trauma exposure such as natural disasters, community violence, and war. Fourteen of the studies used cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) methods as the main treatment approach. Other treatment approaches used included Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), mind-body techniques (e.g., guided imagery, relaxation techniques, and meditation), play therapy, art therapy, and drama. The findings of this thesis suggest that intervention provided within the school setting can be effective in helping children and adolescents following a variety of traumatic events. The majority of the studies had good results in relation to reducing symptoms of PTSD. Of the 19 studies, 14 had effect sizes in the medium to large range. Most of the intervention programs were found to be in accordance with the treatment recommendations of the three theories presented; however, none appeared to be explicitly based on the theories.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD School Intervention Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

103. HaLevi, E. (2008, February 7). Sderot teacher's song empowers children in face of rockets. Arutz Sheva 7, Israel National News.

Language: English

Format: Video

Abstract:
A Sderot teacher’s song has empowered area schoolchildren to deal with the fear of Kassam rocket attacks, integrating forms of relaxation therapy into a children’s diddy.

Keywords: Butterfly Hug Children Israel Song War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

104. Stickgold, R. (2013, May). Searching for the scientific basis of EMDR [À la recherche des fondements scientifiques de l’EMDR]. Presentaton at the annual EMDR Canada Conference, Banff, Alberta CAN.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Several scientific models have been proposed to explain the unique efficacy of EMDR in treating PTSD. These include models based on the relaxation response, on working memory, and on REM-sleep associative processing. In this workshop I will describe and discuss these and other models within a larger framework that views PTSD as primarily a memory disorder. Memories are not like photographs. They evolve. After a memory is initially formed, it goes through an extended period of processing—a complex set of automatic processes, occurring without intent or conscious awareness, that modifies the memory. In the end, a memory can be substantially different from its original form, with some parts still as vivid as the day they were formed and other parts forgotten. At the same time, the memory becomes integrated into wide-ranging memory networks that create a context for the original memory and, in the process, construct an implicit interpretation of the memory. While the processing of small, everyday, distressful events is normally handled efficiently by these automatic mechanisms, grief and painful traumas can overwhelm them. When this happens, the memory is left frozen in its original form—raw, intrusive, distressing, and unexplained––a condition that can lead to PTSD. The goal of any treatment for PTSD, then, should be to “restart” these processes of memory evolution, and to thereby support resolution of the trauma. How each of the various scientific models of EMDR might explain this facilitation of memory processing will be the focus of the workshop. Learning Objectives: • The structure and physiology of the human sleep cycle • The role of sleep in memory “evolution” • How PTSD can be seen as a disorder of sleep-dependent memory evolution • How EMDR might act to restore normal memory processing

Plusieurs modèles scientifiques ont tenté d’expliquer l’efficacité de l’approche EMDR dans le traitement du SSPT. Dans ces modèles, il y a ceux portant sur la réponse de relaxation, sur la mémoire de travail, sur le processus associatif durant la phase ‘REM’ du sommeil. Dans cet atelier, l’auteur abordera ces différents modèles et bien d’autres et ce dans une optique élargie mais qui se fonde sur la prémisse que le SSPT est principalement un trouble de la mémoire. Les souvenirs ne sont pas comme des photos. Elles évoluent. Alors que le souvenir prend forme, il se passe un certain laps de temps où le traitement de l’information se poursuit –une série complexe de processus automatiques, loin du champs de la conscience, modifiant le souvenir. Finalement, le souvenir peut être considérablement différent de sa forme originale dans ce sens que certaines parties demeurent très claires et très vivides et d’autres sont oubliées. Lorsque le souvenir se forme, celui-ci est intégré dans un large réseau de la mémoire qui crée un contexte et dans son traitement de l’information construit une interprétation implicite de ce souvenir. Alors que le traitement d’événements stressants du quotidien sont normalement bien gérés par ces mécanismes automatiques, ceux-ci sont complètement envahis par les pertes ou les traumas douloureux. Quand cela se produit, le souvenir demeure ‘gelé’ (‘frozen’) dans sa forme originale- à l’état brute, intrusif, perturbant, inexpliqué- conditions pouvant mener au SSPT. L’objectif du traitement du SSPT est de ‘’redémarrer’’ ces processus évolutifs de la mémoire afin de permettre la résolution du trauma. L’intérêt premier de cet atelier est de voir comment les différents modèles scientifiques en EMDR facilitent ces processus de traitement de la mémoire. Objectifs d’apprentissage: • La structure et la physiologie du cycle du sommeil chez l’humain • Le rôle du sommeil dans ‘’ l’évolution ‘’ de la mémoire • Comment le SSPT peut être vu comme un syndrome dépendant du sommeil dans l’évolution de la mémoire • Comment l’ EMDR peut jouer un rôle important à rétablir le processus normal de la mémoire.

Keywords: Memory Processing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Scientific Models Sleep Cycle Sleep-Dependent Memory Evolution

Accuracy Verified: Yes

105. Stickgold, R. (2013, May). Searching for the scientific basis of EMDR [À la recherche des fondements scientifiques de l’EMDR]. Presentation at the annual EMDR Canada Conference, Banff, Alberta CAN.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Memory Processing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Scientific Models Sleep Cycle Sleep-Dependent Memory Evolution

Accuracy Verified: Yes

106. Taylor, S., Adminson, G., Gordon, J. G., & Carolton, R. N. (2006). Simple versus complex PTSD: A cluster analytic investigation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(4), 459-472. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.04.003.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A cluster analytic investigation was conducted on measures of PTSD associated features (e.g., personality pathology, dissociative tendencies) to investigate whether empirically-defined clusters correspond to Herman's distinction between simple and complex PTSD. Results from a sample of 60 PTSD patients were broadly consistent with this distinction, although some inconsistencies were observed. Treatment outcome generally did not differ between the two clusters. Implications for classifying and treating PTSD are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Canadians Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD Dissociative Symptoms Exposure Therapy Nosology Personality Disorders Random Clinical Trial RCT Relaxation Therapy Somatic Symptoms Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

107. Otto, M. W. (2003, May). Summary and Comment: Keeping an eye on EMDR efficacy for PTSD. Journal Watch Psychiatry, 3.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Recent years have witnessed claims that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), which combines aspects of exposure and cognitive therapy with therapist-directed eye movements, is a fast and effective treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. To examine this claim, researchers randomized 60 outpatients with PTSD to undergo eight 90-minute sessions of prolonged exposure, EMDR, or relaxation training. Treatments were manual-based; blinded evaluators assessed outcomes directly after treatment and after 3 months.

Keywords: Efficacy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

108. Swatzyna, R. (1998, July). A tactical therapeutic protocol, for the treatment of PTSD, accentuating both neurologic and psychologic desensitization. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) understand the theory behind neurologic desensitization and it physiological necessity as a precursor to EMDR therapy; 2) explore Benson and Everly's strategic metatherapeutic approach to PSTD for the purpose of understanding the design necessities required of tactical therapeutic protocols; and 3) gain a knowledge of Biofeedback Assisted Relaxation training and its applicability to the establishment of a "Safe Place" during the first phase of EMDR, and the return to a "Safe Place" during the closure phase.

Keywords: Benson and Everly's Strategic Metatherapeutic Approach Safe Place Biofeedback Assisted Relaxation Neurologic Desensitization Tactile Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

109. Lipke, H. (1995, June). Theoretical understanding of EMDR: Examples from treatment of veterans. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The rapidity and thoroughness of EMDR therapeutic effectiveness, compared to more traditional methods of psychotherapy, calls for a general reconceptualization of the field. As EMDR and, perhaps, other new methods continue to demonstrate what Francine Shapiro has referred to as "accelerated information processing" these new therapeutic effects will undoubtedly become better understood. In an initial effort to systematically integrate EMDR with other methods of treatment, the following four categories of psychotherapeutic activity are proposed: 1. Accessing of present associative networks - the bringing forward of information (distressing, dysfunctional, comforting, adaptive, etc.) already stored in both procedural and non-procedural systems. 2. Introduction of new information - the teaching of facts and skills, which form new or add to old associative networks. 3. Inhibition of information accessing - the tuming of attention away from dysfunctional information, with the goal of decreasing arousal, such as with relaxation training. 4. Facilitation of the processing of information - abstract activity that makes it more likely information networks will connect in an adaptive way, leading to the dissipation of unwarranted negative emotion and the attainment of adaptive understanding. Methods of psychotherapy may be distinguished by the ways in which they use or don't use activities in each of these categories. EMDR like other methods can be so distinguished. While the proposed categorization system can be used to clarify the differences and similarities among the various methods of psychotherapy, more relevantly to clinical practice, this conceptualization may promote more efficient intervention choices when progress during therapy sessions has slowed or stopped. Examples of the theoretical and clinical value of the proposed model are offered, especially in the treatment of combat related psychological trauma.

Keywords: Veterans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

110. Wizanky, B., & Sadeh, E. B. (2013, June). Treating early trauma-engaging parent and child in the therapeutic journey of healing with EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Geneva, Switzerland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The EMDR treatment of early trauma begins best when both the child and parent can truly experience relaxation and safety in the therapy room. Here we would like to share our experience in creating a non-threatening, environment that is both playful and nurturing. Our presentation will concentrate on teaching ways in which to use the parent-child dyad as a major safety resource as well as integrating the EMDR protocol with a variety of playful modalities tailored to the language of a child. We will demonstrate and teach the specific methods with which our young clients strengthen the attachment bond as they learn to talk about feelings and use spontaneous games to move the treatment forward through the EMDR protocol.
Learning objectives: Learn to use the parent-child dyad as a major safety resource; and Learn to integrate the EMDR protocol with a variety of playful modalities tailored to the language of a child.

Keywords: Children Early Trauma Parents Safety Resourcing

Accuracy Verified: Yes

111. Wetherell, J. L. (1998, Winter). Treatment of anxiety in older adults. Psychotherapy, 35(4), 444-458. doi:10.1037/h0087745.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Although late life anxiety is common and appears to have potentially serious consequences, older adults generally underutilize mental health services. This article is a broad review of psychological literature that addresses the prevalence, consequences, and psychological treatment of anxiety in older adults. Psychological treatments, including relaxation, cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychodynamic therapy, and life review, are explored as alternatives to pharmacological approaches to treatment of anxiety. Several anxiety associated conditions are discussed: dementia, depression, phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and PTSD. Case histories illustrate the effectiveness of psychological intervention for treatment of anxiety in the elderly. Included is a comprehensive list of manuals for anxiety treatment procedures. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Aged Anxiety Disorders Behavior Modification Cognitive Therapy Depressive Disorders Drug Therapy Health Care Utilization Literature Review Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

112. Swatzyna, R. (1997). The treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder utilizing biofeedback relaxation training with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy. University of Texas, Arlington, TX. AAT 1387189.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study evaluates a protocol incorporating Biofeedback Assisted Relaxation (BAR) training with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for the treatment of PTSD. Based on Everly & Benson's strategic metatherapeutic approach for PTSD, a tactical therapeutic protocol was developed with specific attention to both neurologic and psychologic arousal factors. A single-subject design (A-B-C) was utilized for the three PTSD experimental subjects. The A phase consisted of three baseline psychophysiological assessments; the B phase consisted of four BAR training sessions; and, the C phase consisted of four sessions of EMDR therapy. The study results indicate resolution of PTSD attained by all three subjects, and psychologic and neurologic desensitization accomplished. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: BFB Biofeedback Training Posttraumatic Stress Diosrder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

113. Silver, S., Brooks, A., & Obenchain, J. (1995, April). Treatment of Vietnam war veterans with PTSD: A comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, biofeedback, and relaxation training. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(2), 337-342. doi:10.1007/BF02109568.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Analyses of scaled self-report data from Vietnam War veterans receiving inpatient treatment for PTSD drawn during a program evaluation study suggested inpatient treatment as provided by the program resulted in significant improvement in the areas of anxiety, anger, depression, isolation, intrusive thoughts (of combat experiences), flashbacks, nightmares (of combat experiences), and relationship problems. Comparing the relative effects of the incremental addition of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), relaxation training, and biofeedback found that EMDR was for most problems the most effective extra treatment, greatly increasing the positive impact of the treatment program. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Biofeedback Training Empirical Study Males Non-Randomized Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychiatric Inpatients PTSD Relaxation Therapy Treatment Effectiveness Veterans Vietnam War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

114. Vaughan, K., Armstrong, M., Gold, R., O'Connor, N., Jenneke, W., & Tarrier, N. (1994, December). A trial of eye movement desensitization compared to image habituation training and applied muscle relaxation in post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(4), 283-291. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90036-1 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
36 patients with PTSD were randomly allocated to individual treatment with imaginal exposure (image habituation training - IHT), or applied muscle relaxation (AMR) or eye movement desensitization (EMD). Assessment by a blind independent rater and self-report instrument applied pre and posttreatment and at 3-month follow-up indicated that all groups improved significantly compared with a waiting list and that treatment benefits were maintained at follow-up. Despite a failure to demonstrate differences among groups, there was some suggestion that immediately after treatment EMD was superior for intrusive memories. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Adults Australians Exposure Therapy Longitudinal Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Relaxation Therapy Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

115. Taylor, S. (2000, July 14). University of British Columbia UBC psychologists offer free post-trauma stress therapy. PressWire.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
In the first direct comparison study ever done, researchers who are also qualified therapists will evaluate the effectiveness of two traditional therapies (exposure therapy and relaxation training) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). EMDR, a controversial treatment created in the mid-1980s, combines conscious rapid eye movement and thoughts of the trauma. Although shown to be effective, it has not been directly compared to traditional treatments.

Keywords: Trauma Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

116. Demick, I. (2007, Juin). Utilisation du dispositif tac/audioscan (neurotek) dans la traitement des migraines [Use of the tac/audioscan machine (neurotek) in treatment of migraines]. Document présenté à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Ce qui suit est une procédure expérimentale proposée comme traitement préliminaire pour les patients souffrant de migraines chroniques qui nécessitent de repos total, le retrait de tous active sociale et professionnelle et qui doivent être traités par des médicaments. Cette procédure utilise l'EMDR, l'hypnose et la relaxation et est destiné aux patients souffrant de douleur chronique (symptômes connus et traités depuis cinq à 10 ans).
Les trois composantes de la migraine sont les suivants: MENTALE - expressions de l'impuissance, la solitude, le rejet, l'épuisement physique et psychique, perte de contrôle; émotionnel - la dépression, la colère, la peur, et physique - les sensations physiques, dans des séquences fluctuant évalué entre 6 et 10 sur le échelle de la douleur.
La durée moyenne de ce traitement est de 4 mois pour 6 consultations.
L'objectif du traitement est de rétablir la confiance du patient par l'amélioration physique et bien-être psychologique.
Le principe cliniques: Le patient
douloureux chronique alterne entre le désespoir, la peur de ne jamais trouver un remède (un état mental qui peut être provoquée par l'entourage familial et médical), de la colère contre une histoire personnelle qui peut être amené le syndrome douloureux ( maltraitance parentale ou de l'absence, accident, intervention chirurgicale), l'épuisement physique et l'espoir qu'il ya encore la possibilité d'une guérison. Il est donc important de transmettre un message d'espoir et de la vision d'un traitement qui implique les patients avec son physique, émotionnelle, les ressources psychiques. Explication de la souffrance comme une accumulation de facteurs de stress et le cerveau comme ayant la possibilité de solution, il est proposé au patient de se concentrer sur cette partie du corps qui «parle» dans le phénomène de la douleur. Le patient entend »ou« sent »le mouvement alternatif du Tac / machine Audioscan (Neurotek) tout en étant assuré de la physique et bien-être psychique au cours du traitement.
Le principe neuropsychologiques:
Le patient se concentrer sur la "douloureuse" zone associés sensorielle, psychique souvenirs conscients et inconscients; ces souvenirs traités progressivement par le mouvement de la Tac / machine Audioscan qui fonctionne comme un balayage interne pour éliminer les tensions et à intégrer mental, émotionnel, physique et informations par les chaînes successives.

The following is an experimental procedure proposed as preliminary treatment for patients suffering from chronic migraines which require total rest, withdrawal from all social and professional activates and which must be treated by medication. This procedure used the EMDR, hypnosis and relaxation and is intended for patients suffering from chronic pain (symptoms known and treated since five to 10 years).
The three components of the migraines are: MENTAL – expressions of impotence, loneliness, rejection, physical and psychic exhaustion, loss of control; EMOTIONAL – depression, anger, fear; and PHYSICAL – physical feelings in fluctuating sequences evaluated between 6 and 10 on the pain scale.
The average duration for this treatment is 4 months for 6 consultations.
The objective of the treatment is to restore the patient’s confidence by improving physical and psychological well-being.
The clinical principle:
The chronic painful patient alternates between despair, fear of never finding a cure (a mental state which may be provoked by the family and medical entourage), anger against a personal history which may have cause the painful syndrome (parental maltreatment or absence, accident, surgical operation), physical exhaustion and hope that there is still the possibility for a cure. It is therefore important to transmit a message of hope and the vision of a treatment which involves the patients with his physical, emotional, psychic resources. Explaining the suffering as an accumulation of stressful factors and the brain as having the possibility of solution, it is proposed to the patient to concentrate on that part of the body which 'speaks’ in the phenomenon of pain. The patient ‘hears’ or ‘feels’ the alternative movement of the Tac/Audioscan machine (Neurotek) while being assured of the physical and psychic well-being during the treatment.
The neuropsychological principle:
The patient’s concentration on the “painful zone” associates sensory, psychic conscious and unconscious memories; these memories treated progressively by the movement of the Tac/Audioscan machine which operates like an internal sweeping to eliminate tensions and to integrate mental, emotional, and physical information by successive channels.

Keywords: Medical Illness Migraines

Accuracy Verified: Yes

117. Thatcher, P. (2013, May). Utilizing mind/body resources with EMDR in the treatment of complex trauma and dissociation. Presentation at the Western Massachusetts EMDRIA Regional Network 9th Annual Spring Conference, Amherst MA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop offers an overview in the etiology and diagnosis of complex PTSD and dissociative disorders from a developmental perspective; how to develop resources including strengthening positive qualities of Self, relaxation techniques and selfadministered acupressure to reduce stress and stabilize the client in preparation for and during EMDR processing.

Keywords: Dissociation Mind/Body Connection

Accuracy Verified: Yes