Francine Shapiro Library ~ EMDR Bibliography

Francine Shapiro Library - EMDR Bibliography Links

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1. 伊東ゆたか [Ito Yutaka]. (2006年9月). 子どものトラウマ--その特徴と新しい治療的試み(EMDR) (特別企画 PTSD--ストレスとこころ) -- (さまざまなPTSD) [Children's trauma - its features and new therapeutic trial (EMDR) (Special PTSD - Mental stress) - (various PTSD)] . 人間の心（129）、77から82 [Human Mind, (129), 77-82].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Keywords: Children Mental Stress Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

2. 市井雅哉 [Ichii Masaya]. (1997年12月). 眼球運動による脱感作と再処理法(EMDR)の急性ストレス障害(ASD)を示した阪神淡路大震災被災者への適用 : ストレス障害に対するストレスの少ない治療法 [Application of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) to ASD survivors of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Treatment with less stress for stress disorder]. バイオフィードバック研究、（24）、38から44 [Japanese Journal of Biofeedback Research, (24), 38-44].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Abstract:
市井雅哉眼球運動による脱感作と再処理法(EMDR)の急性ストレス障害(ASD)を示した阪神淡路大震災被災者への適用: ストレス障害に対するストレスの少ない治療法バイオフィードバック研究日本バイオフィードバック学会
阪神・淡路大震災の被災者で急性ストレス障害を呈した2名の女性に対して震災1ケ月後にEMDRを適用した.いずれも1セッションで地震への恐怖感は消失した.EMDRをPTSDやASDといったストレス障害の治療に用いることの有効性が示された.治療技法としてのEMDRの特徴として、即効性,クライエント・治療者双方に対してのストレスの少なさを指摘し,作用機序についてこれまで提唱されている仮説について紹介した.

The Author applied EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) to two women survivors, who suffered from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and diagnosed as ASD one month following the earthquake. Within a session, their fears of the earthquake were diminished. The results showed that EMDR is effective for stress disorders like ASD or PTSD. A 25-year-old single woman initially complained of trauma-related imagery (e.g. fire) with an initial SUD level of eight. After four sets of eye movement (EM) the level of distress decreased to zero. After the seventh set of EM, her rating of cognition as "it was over" went up to "completely true." Five months later, these therapeutic changes were maintained without any relapse of symptoms. A married 28-year-old woman, re-experienced earthquake-related symptoms with a strong sense of fear during a therapy session of EMDR. The fear quickly decreased to a level of zero on SUD after the eleventh set of EM. At the same time she reported that she could believe a desirable cognition or that "everything is all right" without any doubt. The author pointed out that the therapeutic characteristics of EMDR are rapid effectiveness and less stress for both clients and therapists. Also some hypotheses of working mechanisms of EMDR were introduced.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder Clinical Case Study Earthquake Empirical Study Females Natural Disasters Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

3. 이선혜; 김석현; & 김대호 [Lee, Sun Hye, Kim, Seok Hyeon, & Kim, Daeho] (2007). 차 항우울제 치료에 반응 않는 외상후 스트레스 장애의 EMDR 병합 치료 증례 [ Add-on EMDR for posttraumatic stress disorder not responding to initial antidepressant therapy：Case report]. 생물치료정신의학 제13권 제2호, 46 [Journal of the Korean Society of Biological Therapy in Psychiatry, 13(2), 346-351].

Language: Korean

Format: Journal

Abstract:
외상후 스트레스 장애 (PTSD)의 치료 전략에 대한 문학의 성장 본문있다. 그리고 metaanalyses 및 임상 지침 등장으로 진행합니다. CBT 또는 EMDR이 인구에 대한 치료의 첫번째 라인에 대한 권장되었습니다 최근 외상 중심. 그러나, 아주 작은 문학은 약물과 PTSD의 심리 치료의 통합 치료를위한 존재합니다. 이 사건 보고서는 처음 약은 치료에 대응하는 데 실패하지만, EMDR이 추가된 후에 나중에 향상했다 PTSD 두 개인을 소개합니다. 또한 제어 연구는이 찾는 일반화하기 위해 필요합니다.
There is a growing body of literature on the treatment strategy of posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD). And metaanalyses and clinical guidelines continue to emerge. Recently, trauma-focused CBT or EMDR have been recommended for the 1st line of therapy for this population. However, very little literature exists for combined treatment of medication and psychotherapy in PTSD. This case report introduces two individuals with PTSD, who had initially failed to respond to antidepressant therapy, but later improved after EMDR was added. Further controlled studies are needed to generalize this finding.

Keywords: Antidepressants Combined Treatment Drug Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

4. 이선혜 (저자) ; 김석현 (저자) ; 김대호 (저자) [Yiseonhye; Seok; & Dae-Ho] (2007). 차 항우울제 치료에 반응 않는 외상후 스트레스 장애의 EMDR 병합 치료 증례 [EMDR for posttraumatic stress disorder not responding to initial antidepressant therapy：Case report]. 생물치료정신의학 제13권 제2호, 46 [Biological Treatment of Psychiatry, 13(2), 246].

Language: Korean

Format: Journal

Abstract:

외상후 스트레스 장애 (PTSD)의 치료 전략에 대한 문학의 성장 본문있다. 그리고 metaanalyses 및 임상 지침 등장으로 진행합니다. CBT 또는 EMDR이 인구에 대한 치료의 첫번째 라인에 대한 권장되었습니다 최근 외상 중심. 그러나, 아주 작은 문학은 약물과 PTSD의 심리 치료의 통합 치료를위한 존재합니다. 이 사건 보고서는 처음 약은 치료에 대응하는 데 실패하지만, EMDR이 추가된 후에 나중에 향상했다 PTSD 두 개인을 소개합니다. 또한 제어 연구는이 찾는 일반화하기 위해 필요합니다.
There is a growing body of literature on the treatment strategy of posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD). And metaanalyses and clinical guidelines continue to emerge. Recently, trauma-focused CBT or EMDR have been recommended for the 1st line of therapy for this population. However, very little literature exists for combined treatment of medication and psychotherapy in PTSD. This case report introduces two individuals with PTSD, who had initially failed to respond to antidepressant therapy, but later improved after EMDR was added. Further controlled studies are needed to generalize this finding.

Keywords: Antidepressants Combined Treatment Drug Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: No

5. Hennessey, V. (2010, April 10). 'Jane Doe 5' testifies in Pollacci rape hearing. Monterey County, CA: The Herald.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
The woman said she believes she retrieved memories because her brain is healing from injuries sustained during the incident, not as a result of a controversial form of therapy called eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, or EMDR.

Keywords: Court Hearing Rape Retrieved Memories Testimony Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

6. Wilson, S., Becker, L., & Tinker, R. H. (1995, June). 15-Month follow up of EMDR treatment for traumatic memory. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
We previously reported on the outcomes of a controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) effectiveness in the treatment of traumatic memory (Wilson, Tinker, & Becker, 1994; Wilson, Becker, & tinker, in press). In that study we found that three, 90-minute sessions of EMDR (Shapiro, 1995) "normalized the psychological functioning of the previously traumatized participants (g = 80) on all dependent measures. The present study is a 15-month follow up of those participants. I Method: The research design is shown in Table 1. Participants were randomly assigned to EMDR or to Delayed EMDR conditions. Pretreatment measurement occurred at measurement time TI. Participants in the EMDR condition received EMDR between T1 and T2; those in the Delayed EMDR condition received EMDR between T2 and T3. All participants were tested immediately following treatment and at 3 months following treatment (at T4). The 15 month, long-term follow up occurred at measurement time T5. An independent assessor collected all of the following dependent measures: Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS; Wolpe, 1990), Impact of Events Scale (IES; Hmowitz, Wilner, & Alvarez, 1979), State/Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983), and the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R, Derogatis, 1992). [Table 1. The Research Design, Treatment Condition, Measurement Time: T1 T2 T3 T4 T5; EMDR Treatment: 01 x 02 03 04; Delayed EMDR Treatment 01 02 x 03 04 05; Note: T = Time of measurement; 0 = Observation; X = Treatment administered.] II. Results: Two analyses were performed to assess the impact of EMDR treatment at the 15-month follow up. First, in order to assess the overall, long-term impact of EMDR, the 15-month follow-up scores were compared with the pretreatment scores. There was significant improvement on all nine measures at the 15-month follow up: The multivariate effect was significant (Wilk's Lambda =.11, p<.0005) as were all nine of the univariate effects (all p <.0005). Second, in order to assess whether the improvement shown immediately following EMDR treatment had been maintained over the following year the immediate posttreatment scores were compared with, the 15-month follow-up scores. The multivariate test was nonsignificant (Wilk's lambda=.74, p=.079), indicating the improvement shown immediately following EMDR was maintained 15 months later. The univariate analyses indicated additional improvement for the PTSD symptoms of intrusions (IES Intrusion: F(1,56)=7.71, p=307) and avoidance (IES avoidance: F_(1,56) -4.44, p=.040). None of the nine measures showed deterioration at the 15-month follow up. Prior to EMDR treatment 45% (g= 9) of the responders had been diagnosed as PTSD, at the 15-month follow up only 7% (g = 4) were diagnosed as PTSD (chi-squareo, N=61)= .72, p < .05). III. Responders Versus Nonresponders at the 15-Month Follow up.: At the time of writing this abstract, 75% of the participants (g=61) have responded to the 15-month follow up. In general, measures taken prior to treatment did not differentiate responders fiom nonresponders. Responding at the 15-month follow up was unrelated to age, gender, marital status or years of education, although the annual income of the responders (Mdn=21,500) was higher than that of the nonresponders (Mdn = 14,750, Mann-Whitney U=372.5, p=.017). Responding or not at 15 months was unrelated to the type of trauma experienced, whether or not the participants had been in therapy prior to EMDR treatment, or how long ago the trauma had occurred. It was also unrelated to the severity of the trauma as measured by the pretreatment scores on the nine dependent variables and to whether or not the participant met the PTSD diagnosis criteria prior to treatment. A multiple regression analysis used the immediate posttreatment and 90-day posttreatment scores to predict whether or not the participant responded at the 15-month follow up. Nonrespondents were more likely to be depressed at 90-days following treatment than were respondents (R square=.O8, B=-.16, Beta = -.28, F_L1,71)=5.99, p=.017). No other variables entered into the regression model. IV Discussiona and Conclusion, Tretement effects found immediately following EMDR treatment wer maintained or improved 15 months later and thee was a significant decrease in the number of participants diagnosed as PTSD at the 15 month follow up. The comparison of responders to nonresponders at the 15 month follow up showed that the nonresponders were more depressed than the responders, raising the possiblity that the present results may be favorably biased to some extent. The discussion will include the additional, subjective impressions of participants who did not respond to the follow up. Limitations of EMDR with this population will be discussed, including the influence of comorbidity, multiple traumas, retraumatization after treatment, and spontaneous recurrence of symptoms. V. References: 1) Derogatis, L. R. (1992). SCL-90: Administration Scoring and Procedures Manual II. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research. 2) Horowitz, M. J., Wilmer, N. & Alverez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A Measure of Subjective Distress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218. 3) Shapiro, F. (1995), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures. 4) Speilberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R. D., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press. 5) Wilson, S. A., Tinker, R. A., & Becker, L. A. (1994, November). Efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)Treatment for Trauma Victims. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL. 6) Wilson, S. A., Becker, L. A., & Tinker, R. A. (In press), EMDR, treatment for psychologically traumatized individuals, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.

Keywords: Follow-up Traumatic Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

7. Shapiro, F. (2009, August). A 20 year update of EMDR clinical applications: What is the depth and scope of treatment?. Plenary at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Atlanta, GA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In 1989, the seminal randomized controlled study on EMD appeared in the Journal of Traumatic Stress. However, by the time the first trainings began in the US in 1990, the principles now known as the Adaptive Information Processing model were guiding the development of the procedures and protocols, which in 1991, were officially renamed EMDR. All participants in these early trainings and in the years following were introduced to the hypothesis that most pathology emerges from unprocessed memories of earlier life experiences (AKA “small t trauma”) and that targeting and processing these experiences could provide the basis of efficient and effective treatment outcomes. These predictions have been supported in the widespread use of EMDR. Consequently, we have much to learn from examining these treatment effects, starting with the first published report in 1991 of the elimination of a delusional state, through the myriad applications that have been reported to date. This presentation will review a variety of these clinical reports and explore their implications for current and future EMDR practice.

Keywords: Plenary

Accuracy Verified: Yes

8. Foa, E. B., & Resick, P. (2001, December). 3 controlled trials for PTSD: PE compared to 1)EMDR; 2) CPT; and 3) CR and CR + PE. B. O. Rothbaum (Chair), Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Cognitive Processing Therapy CPT Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prolonged Exposure PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

9. Carbonell, J. L. (2008). Active ingredient study: Preliminary findings. In V. R. Volkman, (Ed.), Traumatic incident reduction: Research and results (2nd ed.) (pp. 65-73). Ann Arbor, Michigan: Loving Healing Press.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
In 1994, TIR, V/KD, EMDR, and TFT were investigated through a systematic clinical demonstration (SCD) methodology at Florida State University. This methodology guides the examination but does not test the effectiveness of clinical approaches. Each approach was demonstrated by nationally recognized practitioners following a similar protocol, though their methods of treatment varied. A total of 39 research participants were treated, and results showed that all four approaches had some immediate impact on clients and appear to also have some lasting impact. The paper also discusses the theoretical, clinical, and methodological implications of the study. [Text, p. 65] [Pilot]

Keywords: Adults Americans Neurolinguistic Programming NLP Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors TIR Trauma Focus Therapy Traumatic Incident Reduction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

10. Carbonell, J. (2005). Active ingredient study: Preliminary findings. In V. R. Volkman, (Ed.), Beyond trauma: Conservations in trauma incident reduction (2nd ed.) (pp. 116-124). Ann Arbor, Michigan: Loving Healing Press .

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Keywords: Adults Americans Neurolinguistic Programming NLP Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors TIR Trauma Focus Therapy Traumatic Incident Reduction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

11. Swedish Council on Technology Assessment (2001, April). Alert: EMDR - Psychotherapy in posttraumatic stress syndrome in young people - early assessment briefs. Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU).

Language: English

Format: Publication

Abstract:
Findings by SBU Alert, Version: 1,
METHOD AND TARGET GROUP: EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a new psychotherapeutic method aimed at processing memories of traumatic events, thereby ameliorating the psychological consequences of these memories. EMDR involves elements from several different psychological approaches. It is uncertain which of the treatment elements are effective. Clients with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are the main target group for EMDR treatment. Although both children and adults have been treated with EMDR, this document is aimed particularly at children and adolescents.
PATIENTS BENEFITS, RISKS AND SIDE EFFECTS: Published studies of EMDR mainly cover adults with PTSD. There are two randomized and controlled studies, one of which has yet to be published, of EMDR treatment in 47 children and adolescents. One of the studies suggests that EMDR yields a better treatment outcome in the short term compared to the control treatment (active listening). In the second study, no significant difference was found between EMDR treatment in combination with standard treatment and standard treatment alone as regards reduction in avoidance and invading thoughts. However, the PTSD symptom of behavioral disorders declined significantly in the EMDR group. Furthermore, numerous case studies suggest that EMDR has a positive treatment effect in children and adolescents with PTSD. No harmful effects have been reported.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS: There are no economic assessments of EMDR. Limited data suggest that fewer treatments are needed to achieve the desired outcome with EMDR compared to other psychotherapeutic methods. This suggests that EMDR is a potentially cost-effective method in relation to the alternatives, under the assumption that the effects of treatment are permanent.
CURRENT SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE: There is moderate* scientific evidence to show the benefits of EMDR treatment in children and adolescents. There is no* documentation concerning the cost-effectiveness or effects beyond 6 months. Since the scientific documentation is limited, the effects of EMDR treatment in both the short and long term should be compared in studies with other treatment alternatives, including standard treatment. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of the method should be studied under Swedish conditions. *This assessment by SBU Alert uses a 4-point scale to grade the quality and evidence of the scientific documentation. The grades indicate: (1) good, (2) moderate, (3) poor, or (4) no scientific evidence on the subject. This summary is based on a report prepared at SBU in collaboration with Kerstin Bergh Johannesson, Lic. Psychol., Akademiska Hospital, Uppsala and has been reviewed by Prof. Mats Fredriksson, Uppsala University, Uppsala.
REFERENCES: 1.) Cahill SP, Carrigan MH, Frueh BC. Does EMDR work? And if so, why? A critical review of controlled outcome and dismantling research. J Anxiety Disord 1999;13(1-2):5-33. 2.) Chemtob CM, Nakashima J, Hamada R, Carlson J. Brief treatment for elementary school children with disaster-related PTSD: a field study. J Clin Psychol, in press. 3.) Chemtob et al. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. In: Foa EB, Keane TM, Friedman MJ, eds. Effective treatments for PTSD. New York: Guilford, 2000. 4.) Devilly GJ, Spence SH. The relative efficacy and treatment distress of EMDR and a cognitive-behavior trauma treatment protocol in the amelioration of posttraumatic stress disorders. J Anxiety Disord 1999;13(1-2):131-57. 5.) Lovett J. Small Wonders: Healing childhood trauma with EMDR. New York: Free Press, 1999. 6.) Macklin ML, Metzger LJ, Lasko NB, Berry NJ, Orr SP, Pitman RK. Five-year follow-up study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for combat-related post traumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2000;41(1),24-27. 7.) Puffer MK, Greenwald R, Elrod DE. A treatment outcome study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with traumatized children and adolescents. Presented at the annual conference of the EMDR International Association, Denver, June 1996. 8.) Renfrey G, Spates CR. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A partial dismantling procedure. J Behav Ther Experiment Psychiatr 1994;25:231-239. 9.) Scheck MM, Schaeffer JA, Gilette CS. Brief psychological intervention with traumatized young women: The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. J Trauma Stress 1998;11:25-44. 10.) Shapiro F. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols and procedures. New York: Guilford Press, 1995. 11.) Stallard P, Velleman R, Baldwin S. Prospective study of post-traumatic stress disorder in children involved in road traffic accidents. BMJ 1998;317:1619-1623. 12.) Soberman GB, Greenwald R, Rule DL. A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for boys with conduct problems. J Aggression Maltreatment Trauma, in press. 13.) Tinker RH, Wilson SA. Through the Eyes of a Child: EMDR with children. New York: Norton & Co, 1999. 14.) van der Kolk B. Biological response to psychic trauma. In: Wilson JP, Raphael B, eds. International Handbook of Traumatic Stress Syndromes. New York: Plenum Press, 1993:25-33. 15.) van der Kolk B, Burbridge J, Susuki J. The psychobiology of traumatic memory; clinical implications of neuroimagery studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1997;821:99-113. 16.) van Etten M, Taylor S. Comparative efficacy of treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother 1998;5:126-144. 17.) Wilson SA, Becker LA, Tinker RH. Fifteen-month follow-up of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological trauma. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997;65(6):1047-1056. 18.) Wilson SA, Tinker RH, Hoff.
Alert is a joint effort by the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU), the Medical Products Agency, the National Board of Health and Welfare, and the Federation of Swedish County Councils. The complete report is available in Swedish only.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Practice Guidelines PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

12. Engelhard, I. M. (2011, April). Altrecht en de Universiteit Utrecht [Altrecht and Utrecht University]. Casusbesprekingen op het 39ste Voorjaarscongres Nederlandse Vereniging voor Psychiatrie, Amsterdam.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Beschrijving casus: Het Utrechtse samenwerkingsverband dat wordt besproken, betreft een samenwerking tussen Altrecht en de Universiteit Utrecht. Altrecht is een gespecialiseerde ggz-instelling in de regio Utrecht en heeft een lange historie op het gebied van wetenschappelijk onderzoek. Door naast het doen van patiëntenzorg, wetenschappelijk onderzoek te verrichten in samenwerking met universiteiten en andere onderzoeksinstituten ontstaat wisselwerking tussen de klinische en de onderzoekspraktijk die de patiëntenzorg ten goede komt. In diverse onderzoekslijnen (onder meer bipolaire stoornissen, agressie/gedragstoornissen, eetstoornissen, somatoforme stoornissen, ouderen) zijn onderzoekers actief wat zich onder meer uit in internationale publicaties. Om academisering te faciliteren, is Altrecht in 2006 een formele relatie aangegaan met de Universiteit Utrecht. Methoden: De wijze van samenwerken zal worden besproken en geïllustreerd aan de hand van een specifiek onderzoeksproject, te weten een gerandomiseerde en gecontroleerde studie naar de effectiviteit van eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) bij posttraumatische stressstoornis (PTSS). Regionale.

Case Description: The Utrecht partnership that is discussed, a joint venture between Altrecht and Utrecht University. Altrecht is a specialized mental health institution in the region of Utrecht and a long history in scientific research. By also doing patient care, scientific research in collaboration with universities and Other research results interact between clinical and research practice the patient benefit. In several lines of research (including bipolar disorder, aggression / conduct disorder, eating disorders, somatoform disorders, the elderly) are researchers what is itself actively in international inter alia, publications. In order to facilitate academic, Altrecht was in 2006 entered into a formal relationship with the University of Utrecht. Methods: The mode of cooperation will be discussed and illustrated using a specific research project, to out a randomized controlled study of the efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Regional

Keywords: Case Discussions

Accuracy Verified: Yes

13. Garcia, F. (2011, Julio). Aplicacion de EDMR en el tratamiento de distintos trastornos [Application of EMDR in the treatment of various disorders]. Presentación en la IX Congreso Nacional de Psicología Clínica, San Sebastian, España.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR es actualmente un acercamiento psicoterapéutico reconocido como tratamiento efectivo del trauma (American Psychiatric Association, 2004; Bisson y Andrew, de 2007; Bleich et al, 2002;. CREST, 2003; Foa et al, 2009; Niza, 2005). El trauma produce un cambio en nuestro sentido del yo, en nuestro sentido del significado del mundo, de su seguridad, de su racionalidad, existe un “antes y después” a nivel vivencial. La psicóloga Francine Shapiro observó que bajo ciertas condiciones el movimiento ocular puede reducir la intensidad de los pensamientos perturbadores, a partir de esta observación estudió científicamente este efecto y en 1989, informó del éxito al utilizar EMDR en el tratamiento de víctimas de trauma en el Journal of Traumatic Stress. Desde entonces, EMDR se ha desarrollado y ha evolucionado a través de las contribuciones de terapeutas e investigadores de todo el mundo. Estudios controlados en víctimas de Vietnam, abusos, accidentes, víctimas de catástrofes..., indican que EMDR es un método eficaz en el tratamiento del TEPT (trastorno por estrés postraumático), siendo también efectivo en el tratamiento de otras problemáticas como dolor crónico, trastornos psicosomáticos, problemas de apego, malos tratos y adopción.(Shapiro and Forrest, 1997; Shapiro, 2002; Shapiro, 2007; Van Der Kolk et al, 1997). El EMDR está basado en un modelo de "procesamiento adaptativo de la información" (Shapiro, 1991), que postula que la experiencia (los sentimientos, pensamientos y sensaciones) se transforma normalmente en aprendizaje adaptativo (Shapiro, 2001). Presentamos aquí este abordaje terapéutico, con una primera intervención que muestra las bases del EMDR y su aplicación en el dolor crónico y tres comunicaciones más en las que, a partir de la presentación de un caso, se mostrará la aplicación de los protocolos de tratamiento para los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, problemas adaptativos en niños adoptados y la violencia doméstica en menores.

EMDR is now recognized as a psychotherapeutic approach effective treatment of trauma (American Psychiatric Association, 2004, Bisson and Andrew, 2007, Bleich et al, 2002,. CREST, 2003, Foa et al, 2009, Nice, 2005). The trauma causes a change in our sense of self, our sense of meaning of the world, their security, their rationality, there is a "before and after" to experiential level. The psychologist Francine Shapiro observed that under certain conditions eye movement can reduce the intensity of disturbing thoughts, from this observation scientifically studied this effect and in 1989, reported the successful using EMDR to treat trauma victims in the Journal of Traumatic Stress. Since then, EMDR has developed and evolved through contributions of therapists and researchers from around the world. Controlled studies in Victims of Vietnam, abuse, accident, disaster victims ... indicate that EMDR is a effective method in treating PTSD (PTSD), with also effective in treating other problems such as chronic pain disorders psychosomatic problems of addiction, abuse and adoption. (Shapiro and Forrest, 1997; Shapiro, 2002; Shapiro, 2007; Van Der Kolk et al, 1997). EMDR is based on a model of "adaptive processing of information "(Shapiro, 1991), which postulates that the experience (feelings, thoughts and feelings) becomes normally adaptive learning (Shapiro, 2001). We present here this therapeutic approach, with the first intervention shows the basics of EMDR and its application in chronic pain and three more communications where, from the case report will show the application of protocols of treatment for eating disorders, problems adaptive adopted children and domestic violence on children.

Keywords: Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

14. Srivastava, U., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2008, September). Application of EMDR in the treatment of major depressive disorder: A case study. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35(2), 163-172.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article presents a case study applying Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in major depressive disorder. The study describes the application of Shapiro’s Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model in the treatment of major depressive disorder and explores the use of EMDR with a 30 year old woman experiencing depressive symptoms with 3 suicidal attempts in 5 years. Due to strong negative reactions to psychiatric medicines, her treatment was discontinued several times and she was referred for psychotherapeutic intervention. After 9 EMDR treatment sessions, her depression was completely cured; her coping improved and other symptoms of anxiety and social withdrawal were completely controlled. Effects were checked and found maintained up to 6 months follow up. The clinical implications of application of EMDR have been explored.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP Bilateral Stimulation BLS Case Study Depression EMs Eye Movements Major Depressive DIsorder Somatic Symptoms BHUJ experience.

Accuracy Verified: Yes

15. Darker-Smith, S. (2007, June). Application of mindfulness for impulse control and self harm. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Self harm presents a risk in using EMDR with emotionally vulnerable clients, due to the dangers of their immediate behaviours. However, often these behaviours are in response to deep-seated memories linked to traumas, which with the help of EMDR could safely be processed once the impulsive and risky behaviours are controlled. Mindfulness has been utilised by the Author as a stabilisation method of reducing dissociation in clients, prior to trauma processing (CEP conference – Darker-Smith, 2005). More recently, the author has discovered that the application of mindfulness and imagery techniques work more effectively for clients with tendencies for self-harm, compared to alternative behavioural techniques designed to distract from or substitute for impulsive desires to self-harm (e.g.., the use of ice cubes or elastic bans, to create a distraction from the impulse). Two groups were studied in the process of treating co-morbid symptoms for alternative conditions with EMDR, ranging from eating disorders, anxiety disorders, and trauma, prior to EMDR processing. For clinical reasons, clients with depression, personality disorders and other Axis 2 disorders were not included in this study due to contraindications in current research relating to Mindfulness. Participants self-harming behaviours related to superficial cutting, punching, and burning. Group 1 consisted of six clients who were offered alternative behavioural techniques (e.g., elastic bands or ice cubes) to distract or substitute for the desire for self-harm. Group 2 consisted of eight clients who were offered mindfulness techniques, including imagery meditations to distract or substitute for the desire to self harm. The groups were distributed as evenly as possible and no major emphasis was placed on the treatment of self-harming behaviours, instead being placed on the major problems (anxiety, eating disorder or trauma).
The Group (1)[consisted of 6 persons:(3 with Anxiety, 3 with Eating Disorders, 1 with Trauma)] who were offered suitable behavioural techniques utilised them effectively when their distress levels were mild (between 1-4 on a 0-8 behavioural scale), however, reverted back t self harming behaviours (e.g., cutting, burning, pinching) when distress levels reached 5 or higher. The Group (2)[consisted of 8 persons: (3 with Anxiety, 4 with Eating Disorders, 1 with Trauma)] who were offered aspects of Mindfulness training to facilitate tolerance of distressing emotions and being aware of the active moment did not tend (on average) to revert back to self-harming behaviours, choosing instead to utilise mindfulness methods (such as 3-minute breathing space).
Conclusion: Mindfulness is more effective as impulse control for self-harming behaviours than behavioural alternative strategies and can be utilised as a form of stabilisation in combination with controlling impulsive behaviours, prior to EMDR.

Keywords: Impulse Control Mindfulness Poster Self Harm

Accuracy Verified: Yes

16. Cocco, N. (1995, June). Applications of EMDR to children: EMDR in the treatment of darkness phobia in children. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR in the treatment of darkness phobia in children: 1. Overview of Darkness Phobia: A. Assessment of Childhood Phobias; B. Definition; C. Prevalence; D. Consequences.
2. Treatment Literature on Darkness Phobia: A. Invivo Exposure; B. Imaginal Desensitization; C. Modeling Symbolic and Participant; D. Coping Self Talk; E. Emotive Imagery.
3. [Preliminary Data on Controlled Comparison Between Emotive Imagery and EMDR: A. Aims of Study; B. Method: Subject, Design, Procedure: Assessment, Treatment Protocols; C. Results; D. Discussion.
4. EMDR Protocol: A. Assessment of Darkness Phobia; B. Hero Interview; C. EMDR Target Selection; D. Fantasy Based Cognitive Interweave: Linking Cues/Cognition/Affect Superheros to Change Cognition and Affect.]

Keywords: Children Darkness Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

17. Sukirna, S., Sadatun, T. I., & Direzkia, Y. (2008, June). Applying EMDR for tsunami survivors with severe PTSD in a disaster region with minimum mental health facilities. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Tsunami that hit Aceh on the 26th of December 2004 taken approximately 150,000 lives has changed the region into a devastated area. Although health services and facilities had been re-established and some NGOs started delivering psychosocial and mental health services, only a few of them focussed on effective trauma therapy while the number of survivors who need the treatment are enormous. Tsunami survivors in this region are more likely to suffer from complex PTSD because of years of armed-conflict had been going on in this region. A survey conducted by Crisis Centre of the Faculty of Psychology University of Indonesia in collaboration with Terre des Hommes Germany showed high incidents of various psychological disorders amongst child survivors.. The program of trauma therapy and EMDR organized by Indonesian Psychological Association and TdH Germany funded by BMZ Germany since 2006 has treated a good number of tsunami survivors with severe PTSD. Hyperarousal, flashbacks and bad dreams, avoidance, and somatisation are common. There has been no indication whether there has been a natural process of recovery among those who were not treated. Starting in February 2008 a controlled study on the effectiveness of EMDR is conducted with 30 tsunami survivors with PTSD that will be randomized into two groups of 15. The treatment group will be given EMDR therapy until April 2008 and waitlist group will be given EMDR in May 2008. The effectiveness of EMDR will be measured using IES, HTQ, DES pre and post treatment with EMDR. First follow up will be collected until June 2008.

Keywords: Disasters Poster Tsumani

Accuracy Verified: Yes

18. Ahmad, A., & Sundelin-Wahlsten, V. (2007, September). Applying EMDR on children with PTSD. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 17(3), 127-132. doi:10.1007/s00787-007-0646-8.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objective: To find out child-adjusted protocol for eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Methods: Child-adjusted modification were made in the original adult-based protocol, and within-session measurements, when EMDR was used in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) on thirty-three 6–16-year-old children with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results: EMDR was applicable after certain modifications adjusted to the age and developmental level of the child. The average treatment effect size was largest on re-experiencing, and smallest on hyperarousal scale. The age of the child yielded no significant effects on the dependent variables in the study. Conclusions: A child-adjusted protocol for EMDR is suggested after being applied in a RCT for PTSD among traumatized and psychosocially exposed children (Springer).

Keywords: Case Studies Children Child Psychiatry Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PTSD Quantitative Study Randomize Control Trial RCT Trauma Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

19. Edmond, T., & Rubin, A. (2004). Assessing the long-term effects of EMDR: Results from an 18-month follow-up study with adult female survivors of CSA. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 13(1), 69-86. doi:10.1300/J070v13n01_04.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This 18-month follow-up study builds on the findings of a randomized experimental evaluation that found qualified support for the short-term effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in reducing trauma symptoms among adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). The current study provides preliminary evidence that the therapeutic benefits of EMDR for adult female survivors of CSA can be maintained over an 18-month period. Furthermore, there is some support for the suggestion that EMDR did so more efficiently and provided a greater sense of trauma resolution than did routine individual therapy. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Child Abuse Empirical Study Females Follow-up Study Quantitative Study Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

20. Cocco, N., & Sharpe, L. (1993, December). An auditory variant of eye movement desensitization in a case of childhood post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 24(4), 373-377. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(93)90062-2.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The present paper reports a case study documenting the success of a child-appropriate variant of eye movement desensitization (EMD) in the treatment of PTSD. Although there have been numerous case studies and some preliminary controlled trials of this method in adult cases of PTSD, there does not appear to be any information on its use in children. The available literature suggests that it is a more rapid and less traumatic treatment than traditional exposure based therapies. The present paper describes a child-appropriate auditory variant of eye-movement desensitization applied to a case of childhood PTSD. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Case Report Males Preschool Age Children Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Robbery Survivors Terrorism

Accuracy Verified: Yes

21. Kraft, S., Schepker, R., Goldbeck, L., & Fegert, J. M. (2006). Behandlung der posttraumatischen belastungsstörung bei kindern und jugendlichen. Eine übersicht empirischer wirksamkeitsstudien [Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents -- A review of treatment outcome studies]. Nervenheilkunde: Zeitschrift für interdisziplinaere Fortbildung, 25(9), 709-716.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Basierend auf einer systematischen Literaturrecherche wird der aktuelle Stand des Wissens über die Wirksamkeit von pharmakologischen und psychotherapeutischen Behandlung der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen zusammengefasst und bewertet. Neunzehn kontrollierten randomisierten klinischen Studien wurden für die Psychotherapie gefunden, und keiner für die Pharmakotherapie. Die Wirksamkeit von kognitiver Verhaltenstherapie Programme erhärtet worden ist, mit der Teilnahme der Eltern oder Betreuer in die Behandlung zu sein scheint vorteilhaft. Es gibt vielversprechende Studien für Eye Movement Desensitizafion und die Wiederaufbereitung (EMDR) und für Multisystemische Familientherapie. Aufgrund der kleinen Fallzahlen und fehlenden Replikation, haben ihre Ergebnisse als vorläufig zu betrachten. Bis jetzt gibt es keine kontrollierten klinischen Studien zu pharmakologischen Therapien für traumatisierte Kinder und Jugendliche. Weitere Studien zu diesem zahlenmäßig relevant und zum Teil erheblich beeinträchtigt Gruppe sind, geltend gemacht werden. Untersuchungen zur differentiellen Indikation von verschiedenen Behandlungsansätze und über die Wirksamkeit von Kombinationstherapien, die Psychotherapie plus Pharmakotherapie, fehlen. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, alle Rechte vorbehalten)

Based on a systematic literature search, the current state of knowledge on the efficacy of psychotherapeutic and pharmacologic treatment of posttraumatic stress disorders in children and adolescents is summarized and reviewed. Nineteen randomized controlled clinical trials were found for psychotherapy, and none for pharmacotherapy. The efficacy of cognitive behavioral treatment programs has been substantiated, with the participation of a parent or caretaker in the treatment seeming to be beneficial. There are promising studies for Eye Movement Desensitizafion and Reprocessing (EMDR) and for Multisystemic Family Therapy. However, because of small sample sizes and lacking replication, their results have to be regarded as provisional. Up to now, there are no controlled clinical trials on pharmacological treatments for traumatized children and adolescents. More studies on this numerically relevant and partly severely impaired group are to be claimed. Studies on differential indication of different treatment approaches and on the efficacy of combination treatments, as psychotherapy plus pharmacotherapy, are lacking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adolescent Psychiatry Child Psychiatry Drug Therapy Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy Treatment Outcomes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

22. Gersons, B., & Schnyder, U. (2007, November). Beyond exposure alone: Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD. Presentation at the pre-meeting for Institute of the 23rd of the International Society for Traumatic Stress, Baltimore MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The efficacy of psychotherapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of PTSD can be regarded as empirically demonstrated. Overall, effect sizes seem to be higher for psychotherapy as compared with medication. Many well-controlled trials with a mixed variety of trauma survivors have demonstrated that CBT is particularly effective in treating PTSD. More specifically, exposure therapy currently is seen as the treatment modality with the strongest evidence for its efficacy. However dropout rates from studies of CBT (including EMDR) usually are around 20 percent. Up to 58 percent of patients who completed CBT are still diagnosed with PTSD at posttreatment assessment. Furthermore, only 32-66 percent of patients included achieved good end-state functioning. There is a need to have treatment protocols based on CBT which meet more the expectations of traumatized clients. The 16-sessions Brief Eclectic Protocol (BEP) originally developed for police officers with PTSD proved to be effective in two randomized controlled trials and has been accepted in the NICE-Guidelines (2005). The second trial also showed effectivity on biological data. A trial in Zurich is still running. BEP encompasses apart from a slightly different form of exposure psychoeducation at the start (with the partner present), the use of letter writing to express angry feelings, the use of memorabilia and 12 sessions for the domain of meaning, how it changes the view on the world and on the person his or herself. It is ended with a farewell ritual. The dropout rate is lower compared to the traditional CBT. In the workshop the protocol will be presented, discussed and parts of it will be trained. www.

Keywords: Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

23. Korn, D., Weir, J., & Rozelle, D. (2005, June). Beyond the data: Clinical lesions learned from a four-year treatment outcome study comparing EMDR to prozac. Plenary presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
"Bridging the gap between research and clinical practice" is a challenging and elusive goal. Outcome data, while critical for the legitimacy and advancement of clinical work, often fail to translate into practical skill sets. It is only when clinicians look beyond the data that they learn some of the most valuable lessons of research.
In this session, we will present the results of a four-year, randomized controlled study comparing EMDR to Prozac in the treatment of PTSD. We will also explore the clinical and practical lessons learned throughout the study. We will address assessment and history taking, treatment planning, readiness for processing, target selection. transference and countertransference, and adult versus childhood onset trauma. We hope to give EMDR practitioners an in-depth analysis of the real-life processes, dilemmas, and learning that took place during our protocol based treatment outcome study. Video segments will be used to illustrate clinical concepts and key points. And perhaps, most importantly, these same segments will be used to demonstrate how we struggled to recognize and learn from our own mistakes.

Keywords: Plenary Prozac

Accuracy Verified: Yes

24. van der Kolk, B. A., Hopper, J., & Spinazzola, J. (2004, November). Biological changes in arousal and cortisol following PTSD treatment. Symposium conducted (M. Olff, Chair) at the 20th annual meeting of the International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Effects of treatment of PTSD on psychobiological measures: It is well known that PTSD is associated with changes in several biological systems. However little research has been done on whether it is possible to “reset” these biological systems with effective psychotherapy of pharmacological therapy. This symposium will present data on neuroendocrine and neuroimaging outcome measures.
Biological changes in arousal and cortisol following PTSD treatment: This presentation will discuss the results of a controlled treatment outcome study comparing EMDR, fluoxetine and pill placebo and demonstrate how effective treatment resulted in changes in memory processes, utilizing the Traumatic Memory Inventrory. In the EMDR condition, but not fluoxetine, the change in traumatic memory towards an integrated narrative was linearly correlated with physiological arousal in response to script driven imagery. This presentation will also present the relationship between clinical improvement in the three conditions and change in the cortisol response to a dexamethasone challenge.

Keywords: Fluoxetine Pill Placebo Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

25. Hawkes, H. (2001, July 15). Brain sells. Sydney, Australia: The Sunday Telegraph, Features, B04.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
Sure, it sounds wacky, but 14 controlled studies support EMDR's effects, making it the most thoroughly researched method ever used in the treatment of trauma. It has also been supported by Professor Van der Kolk, of Harvard University, and a world authority on trauma

Keywords: General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

26. Borstein, S. S. (2006, September). Brief adjunctive EMDR: A collaborative consultation model. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Non-EMDR trained clinicians sometimes ask if "a little EMDR" might help some of their clients. When painful feelings about a single incident continue to intrude or interfere with otherwise productive psychotherapy, a short trial of EMDR may indeed resolve the impasse. By narrowly targeting specific traumatic memories or intrusive material, adjunctive EMDR can accelerate progress in traditional therapy, help the client and the primary therapist to clarify stuck points, and enrich the ongoing work. This workshop will describe a model of brief adjunctive EMDR consultation, a focused application of standard EMDR therapy, provided by the EMDR consultant to clients in collaboration with their referring therapist. In this model, adjunctive EMDR does not replace or intempt ongoing therapy. It is complementary to the primary therapy relationship. The workshop will include guidelines for identifying appropriate referrals and for maintaining a collaborative stance with referring therapists. Ethical issues will be addressed, and potential pitfalls will be discussed. The presenter will describe a pilot study of this model, including qualitative and quantitative measures of outcome.

Keywords: Consultation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

27. Gersons, B. (2013, June). Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD (BEP). Presentation at the 13th annual conference for the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS), Bologna, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD (BEP) is a trauma-focused treatment which has been shown to be equally effective for the treatment of PTSD as CBT/PE and EMDR. It is the treatment of choice if there is a need not only for decreasing anxiety but also for learning how the traumatic event has changed one's life and view on the world. It has been developed as a 16-session treatment manual for PTSD when CBT and EMDR were not available (www.traumatreatment.eu). BEP consists of (1) psychoeducation, together with a partner or close friend; (2) imaginal exposure preceded by relaxation exercises, focused on catharsis of emotions of grief and helplessness; (3) writing tasks to express aggressive feelings and use of mementos; (4) domain of meaning, focused on learning from the trauma, oneself and the world; (5) farewell ritual, to end treatment. The BEP-protocol has proved to be effective in randomized controlled trials. Also psychobiological recovery has been demonstrated. In the workshop the different elements of BEP will be outlined and taught, also using a DVD. Similarities and differences between CBT and EMDR will be presented. To summarize, CBT, EMDR and BEP are equally effective in reducing PTSD by different forms of exposure. BEP also offers essential learning from the traumatizing events based on psychodynamic insights and stimulates posttraumatic growth. Clinical cases will be discussed.

Keywords: BEP Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

28. Nijdam, M. J., Gersons, B. P. R., Reitsma, J. B., de Jongh, A., & Olff, M. (2012, March). Brief eclectic psychotherapy v. eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(3), 224-231. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.099234.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Trauma-focused cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy (EMDR) are efficacious treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but few studies have directly compared them using well-powered designs and few have investigated response patterns. Aims: To compare the efficacy and response pattern of a traumafocused CBT modality, brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD, with EMDR (trial registration: ISRCTN64872147). Method: Out-patients with PTSD were randomly assigned to brief eclectic psychotherapy (n = 70) or EMDR (n = 70) and assessed at all sessions on self-reported PTSD (Impact of Event Scale – Revised). Other outcomes were clinician-rated PTSD, anxiety and depression. Results: Both treatments were equally effective in reducing PTSD symptom severity, but the response pattern indicated that EMDR led to a significantly sharper decline in PTSD symptoms than brief eclectic psychotherapy, with similar drop-out rates (EMDR: n = 20 (29%), brief eclectic psychotherapy: n = 25 (36%)). Other outcome measures confirmed this pattern of results. Conclusions: Although both treatments are effective, EMDR results in a faster recovery compared with the more gradual improvement with brief eclectic psychotherapy. Declaration of interest: A.d.J. teaches and supervises clinical psychologists and psychiatrists in psychological trauma and its treatment by means of seminars, workshops and conferences, for which the participants pay a fee. He is also director and shareholder of a trauma treatment unit. For both activities he has the formal permission of the executive board of the University of Amsterdam to which he is affiliated.

Keywords: BEP Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Randomized Controlled Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

29. Nijdam, M. (2009, June). Brief eclectic psychotherapy versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized clinical trial. In treatment issues (J. de Jong, Chair). Presentation at the 11th Annual European Conference on Traumatic Stress, Oslo, Norway.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Randomized Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

30. Scheck, M. M., Schaeffer, J. A., & Gillette, C. (1998, January). Brief psychological intervention with traumatized young women: The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(1), 25-44. doi:10.1023/A:1024400931106.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
To study the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with traumatized young women, 60 women between the ages of 16 and 25 were randomly assigned to 2 sessions of either EMDR or an active listening (AL) control. Factorial ANOVA interaction effects and simple main effects for outcome measures (Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Penn Inventory for PTSD, Impact of Event Scale, Tennessee Self-Concept Scale) indicated significant improvement for both groups and significantly greater pre-post change for EMDR-treated participants. Pre-post effect sizes for the EMDR group averaged 1.56 compared to 0.65 for the AL group. Despite treatment brevity, the posttreatment outcome variable means of EMDR-treated participants compared favorably with nonpatient or successfully treated norm groups on all measures. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Americans Battery Child Abuse Effects Emotional Abuse Females Empirical Study Follow-up Study Incest Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial Rape RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Young Adults

Accuracy Verified: Yes

31. Chemtob, C., Nakashima, J., & Carlson, J. (2002, January). Brief treatment for elementary school children with disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A field study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 99-112. doi:10.1002/jclp.1131.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Effective psychological intervention is needed to help children recover from disaster-related PTSD. This controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of a brief intervention for disaster-related PTSD. At one-year follow-up of a prior intervention for disaster-related symptoms, some previously treated children were still suffering significant trauma symptoms. Using a randomized lagged-groups design, we provided three sessions of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment to 32 of these children who met clinical criteria for PTSD. The Children's Reaction Inventory (CRI) was the primary measure of the treatment's effect on PTSD symptoms. Associated symptoms were measured using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Treatment resulted in substantial reductions in both groups' CRI scores and in significant, though more modest, reductions in RCMAS and CDI scores. Gains were maintained at six-month follow-up. Health visits to the school nurse were significantly reduced following treatment. Psychosocial intervention appears useful for children suffering disaster-related PTSD. Conducting controlled studies of children's treatment in the postdisaster environment appears feasible. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Americans Brief Psychotherapy Child Treatment Disasters Elementary School Students Empirical Study Follow-up Study Health Care Utilization Hurricanes Hurricane Iniki Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT School Age Children Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Victim Service

Accuracy Verified: Yes

32. Kip, K. E., Sullivan, K. L., Lengacher, C. A., Rosenzweig, L., Hernandez, D. F., Kadel, R., Kozel, F. A., Shuman, A., Girling, S. A., Hardwick, M. J., & Diamond, D. M. (2013). Brief treatment of co-occurring post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms by use of accelerated resolution therapy. Front Psychiatry, 4(11). doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00011.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This uncontrolled prospective cohort study evaluated the use of accelerated resolution therapy (ART) for treatment of comorbid symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder. Twenty-eight adult subjects, mean age of 41years (79% female, 36% Hispanic), received a mean of 3.7±1.1 ART treatment sessions (range 1–5). ART is a new exposure-based psychotherapy that makes use of eye movements. Subjects completed a range of self-report psychological measures before and after treatment with ART including the 17-item PCL-C checklist (symptoms of PTSD) and 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). For the PCL-C, the pre-ART mean (±standard deviation) was 62.5 (8.8) with mean reductions of −29.6 (12.5), −30.1 (13.1), and −31.4 (14.04) at post-ART, 2-month, and 4-month follow-up, respectively (p<0.0001 for comparisons to pre-ART score). Compared to pre-ART status, this corresponded to standardized effect sizes of 2.37, 2.30, and 3.01, respectively. For the CES-D, the pre-ART mean was 35.1 (8.8) with mean reductions of −20.6 (11.0), −18.1 (11.5), and −15.6 (14.4) at post-ART, 2-month, and 4-month follow-up, respectively (p≤0.0001 compared to Pre-ART score). This corresponded to standardized effect sizes of 1.88, 1.58, and 1.09, respectively. Strong correlations were observed at 2-month and 4-month follow-up for post-treatment changes in PTSD and depression symptom scores (r=0.79, r=0.76, respectively, p≤0.0002). No serious treatment-related adverse effects were reported. In summary, ART appears to be a promising brief, safe, and effective treatment for adults with clinically significant comorbid symptoms of PTSD and depression. Future controlled and mechanistic studies with this emerging therapy are warranted, particularly given its short treatment duration, and in light of current heightened emphasis on health care cost constraints.

Keywords: Accelerated Resolution Therapy ART Brief Treatment Depression Exposure Therapy Eye Movements Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychological Trauma PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

33. Forgash, C., Leeds, A., Stramrood, C. A. I., & Robbins, A. (2013). Case consultation: Traumatized pregnant woman. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7(1), 45-49. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.7.1.45.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Case consultation is a new regular feature in the Journal of EMDR Practice and Research in which a therapist requests assistance regarding a challenging case and responses are written by three experts. In this article, Amy Robbins, a certified eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapist from Atlanta, Georgia, briefly describes a challenging case in which a pregnant woman seeks treatment for trauma suffered in a tornado. The clinician asks if it is advisable to provide EMDR treatment and what concerns she should be aware of. The first expert, Carol Forgash, provides some general information about pregnancy and psychotherapy and outlines considerations, concerns, and contraindications for proceeding with EMDR. She recommends that if treatment is chosen, the therapist proceed with a recent trauma protocol to specifically target the traumatic memories of the recent tornado. The second expert, Andrew Leeds, comments on the absence of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or other scientific reports exploring the safety of EMDR treatment of pregnant women. He states that pregnant women with symptoms of posttraumatic stress should understand that there is a high probability that EMDR will improve maternal quality of life and that the risks of adverse effects on stability of pregnancy are probably low, but that these remain unknown. The third expert, Claire Stramrood, explains that the few case studies that evaluated EMDR during pregnancy have found positive effects but pertained to women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following childbirth. She asserts that once obstetricians have been consulted, women have been informed about possible risks and benefits, and, given their informed consent, they should be able to choose to commence EMDR therapy during pregnancy.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Pregnancy PTSD Tornado

Accuracy Verified: Yes

34. Cartwright, L. (2000, September-October). Case Studies: Expanding our tool kit: A new technique that compliments TFT and EMDR. Family Therapy Networker, 24(5), 71-82.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
In recent years, increasing numbers of therapists have discovered the effectiveness of neurologically based therapy techniques, such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Thought Field Therapy (TFT), not only for trauma, but for a wide range of problems, including anxiety, anger, grief and phobias. Like most therapeutic approaches, however, they provide remarkable results for one client and little or no results for another, no matter how skilled the therapist. Even more mysterious, they can significantly help a client with one problem, but not with a different problem. For instance, Sarah, age 40, had been suffering from depression for five years. The depression was triggered by the death of her father, loss of a good-paying job due to downsizing and her fiance's breaking off their engagement--all within a one-year period. After six months of increasing anxiety and worsening depression (accompanied by low energy, disinterest in life and withdrawal from social situations), Sarah entered therapy. Biweekly sessions for the next three years, which frequently included EMDR, significantly reduced her anxiety, but did not alleviate the depression. Nor did antidepressants. Years before, I had had a similar experience. EMDR had sharply reduced my obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but didn't help my depression. TFT eliminated recurring anger, but also didn't help my depression.

In the course of five years of research into neurologically based approaches, I happened upon a working hypothesis that explains such inconsistent results. The side-to-side eye movements of EMDR that activate the left and right hemispheres of the brain seem to help people resolve problems based on a lack of communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. The tapping, or front/back stimulation of acupuncture points, in TFT is effective when there is a lack of communication between the front and back of the nervous system (controlled by the energy center, well known to acupuncturists and martial artists, that lies below the navel). And since we are three-dimensional creatures, I hypothesized that some problems stem from a lack of communication between the top and bottom of the nervous system as well, which I correlate with the brain and the enteric nervous system of the digestive tract (the source of gut feelings). Working from this hypothesis, I have also developed processes to reintegrate the top/bottom dimension.

I have found that although certain emotions tend to be based within a given neurological dimension (indecisiveness is often in left/right, anxiety in front/back and depression in top/bottom, for example), a client may experience any emotion as a block within any dimension or combination of dimensions. As a result, depending upon both the client and the specific problem being addressed, a therapist might need to use techniques that facilitate integration of the left/right, front/back and/or top/bottom dimensions of the nervous system. When a client is blocked within two or three dimensions of the nervous system, working within just one dimension will sometimes activate healing across the entire nervous system. If this does not happen, it is then necessary to work in the remaining dimensions.

From these hypotheses I developed a system called Shifting Consciousness through Dimensions (SCtD), which provides therapists ways to assess the dimension(s) the client is blocked in, processes to identify, if necessary, which dimension to start with and specific integrating techniques for each dimension.

Keywords: TFT Thought Field Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

35. McFarlane, A. (2003, October-November). CBT vs. EMDR in the treatment of PTSD. In B. A. van der Kolk (Chair), Treatment outcome studies of PTSD. Symposium conducted at the 19th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Treatment Outcome Studies of PTSD: This symposium presents three large carefully controlled treatment outcome studies using four different treatment modalities (CBT, EMDR, psychopharmacology and Cognitive Processing) and presents data on comparative efficacy, treatment responsiveness and resistance, effects on comorbidity, quality of life, and biological changes that accompany symptom improvement.

CBT vs. EMDR in the treatment of PTSD: 114 subjects were randomized into the study, but only 45 completed up to week 10. The subjects in the study comprise 45 sufferers of Post traumatic stress disorder as defined by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) (caps score > 50, and who satisfied criteria A,B,C and D for PTSD diagnosis) and the PCL-C (PCL-C>50). All subjects were victims of a traumatic experience and were recruited through newspaper or radio advertisements, referrals from private practitioners (18 subjects) or through the State Government Insurance Commission (SGIC) (27 subjects). Subjects were randomised into one of three treatments. Fourteen subjects received EMDR, 21 received CBT and 10 were control subjects. The mean age of the sample was 41.38 (SD=11.55) with the minimum age of 19 and the maximum age of 61. Sixteen of the subjects were male and 29 were female. During the treatment period 17 of the subjects were taking antidepressants and 6 were taking anxiolytics. Approximately half of the sample was married (22 subjects 48.9%), 12 had never married, 4 were separated, 1 was defacto and 6 were divorced. The mean number of treatment sessions for the entire sample was 8.53 (SD 1.65). Out of the 45 participants in the study, 26 had suffered only one single trauma in their lives, 11 had experienced several single traumas, 3 had suffered one ongoing trauma and 5 individuals had suffered at least one ongoing and one specific trauma. The following results were performed on the treatment groups (total 35 subjects), with the control group being excluded from all analyses. All subjects, were aged between 18 and 65, lived in metropolitan Adelaide and had an adequate command of English (reading and writing).All subjects gave informed consent to the study and expressed their willingness to comply with the protocol. Subjects with a history of adult seizure disorder, organic brain disease or who were assessed to be at significant suicide risk (a score of 3 or more on suicide question in HAM-D), were excluded from the study, as were subjects taking psychotropic drugs (anticonvulsive/ antipsychotic) or sedatives more than 4 times a week. All assessment and treatment sessions were conducted at the University of Adelaide Department of Psychiatry at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital. Assessment sessions were conducted by trained research assistants and all therapy sessions were conducted by a clinical psychologist, trained in both EMDR and CBT. Subjects were assessed for suitability to enter the study via an initial screening instrument (sent out to subjects in the post) and an initial screening interview. Patients were further evaluated at week 0 (baseline/immediately prior to commencement of treatment), 3, 4, 6, 8 10, 20 (10 week followup).

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

36. Inoue, N., Nawa, J., Katoh, T., & Shirakawa, M. (2010, July). Changes in personality functioning over the course of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing trauma therapy: Findings on the early changes. Poster presented at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objective: Although eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is said not only to reduce trauma-related symptoms but also to enhance ability to function in life, its effectiveness in other than reducing trauma-related symptoms has yet to be verified. The objective of this study was to explore the broad range of effectiveness of EMDR, especially changes in the personality functioning during the early phase of treatment. Methods: Using the non-randomized design, we assessed and compared the treatment changes in subjects treated with EMDR and subjects who participated in the psycho-education course of trauma. Eligible subjects were adult women who experienced human-caused trauma such as domestic violence, rape, or childhood abuse. The Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS) was used as the first outcome measure to evaluate personality functioning, and self-report questionnaires and a clinical interview for trauma-related symptoms were used as the secondary outcome measures. Subjects of both groups were assessed at the time of enrollment in the study and 4 months after the enrollment. We completed the evaluation of 5 and 6 subjects in the EMDR and the control group, respectively. Results: The CS index for self-esteem and self-concern was improved in the EMDR sample compared with the controls. Women treated with EMDR showed increased openness to internal and external stimuli (assessed by CS F%), whereas some women in the control group even developed a tendency to avoid internal and external stimuli after 4 months. Conclusion: The differences of early changes in personality functioning between the EMDR group and the controls will be discussed in detail.

Keywords: Changes in Personality Functioning Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

37. Tutarel-Kıslak, S. (2002). Cinsel tacize maruz kalan kişiler üzerinde kontrollü EMDR uygulamaları [Sexual harassment on the victim controlled EMDR applications]. Türk Psikoloji Bülteni, 8(26-27), 75-78.

Language: Turkish

Format: Newsletter

Keywords: Sexal Harassment

Accuracy Verified: No

38. The Australian Psychological Society (2010, August). Clarification of evidence base for eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR). InPsych Bulletin .

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
In the June edition of InPsych, an article summarising a recent APS review of evidence-based psychological interventions for mental health disorders did not sufficiently highlight the high level of evidence for the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In particular, a summary table of psychological interventions with the highest level of research evidence (according to National Health and Medical Research Council criteria) should have prominently presented EMDR for the treatment of PTSD in the body of the table. As EMDR had not been systematically included in the review of psychological interventions, a footnote to the table stated the high level of efficacy of EMDR for PTSD. This oversight has been corrected in the online version of the InPsych article (www.psychology.org.au/publications/inpsych/2010/june/murphy/#s3) and a summary of the research evidence for EMDR from 19 randomised controlled trials will be included in a revision of the full evidence-based psychological interventions review document.

Keywords: Evidence Base

Accuracy Verified: No

39. Figley, C. R., Carbonnell, J., Boscarino, J., & Chang, J. (1999, Summer). A clinical demonstration model for assessing the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions: An expanded clinical trials methodology. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 1(Part 3), 155-164 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Both the evaluation of current treatment interventions and the innovation of new ones are vital to maintaining a viable clinical profession. In the field of psychology, however, often there are serious challenges facing these worthy endeavors. This article reviews several problems and limitations with evaluation of innovative psychotherapy treatments in clinical practice and suggests a strategy to overcome these. This approach, which we term the "Systematic Clinical Demonstration Methodology" (SCDM), combines the skills of clinicians with the rigors of clinical trials methods and permits concurrent clinical innovation and scientific evaluation. Here we suggest that the SCDM approach allows innovative practitioners to assist in the development and evaluation of promising clinical interventions by working closely with clinical trials researchers. This allows innovative clinicians to demonstrate new treatment approaches, while clinical researchers evaluate the effectiveness and safety of these interventions using clinical trials methods that incorporate qualitative data. We suggest that this approach can result in the development and evaluation of new treatment innovations more quickly and cost effectively than traditionally has been the case. In addition, some limitations commonly associated with clinical trials, such as not treating patients typically found in clinical practice, failing to treat patients with multiple disorders, or treating patients from different cultural or sociodemographic groups, can be more effectively addressed. Our experiences with using this method to evaluate different psychotherapy treatments for PTSD are presented as an example of this new approach. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Brief Psychotherapy Methodology Neurolinguistic Programming NLP Outcomes Research Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Controlled Trials RCT Systematic Clinical Demonstration Methodology TFT Thought Field Therapy TIR Traumatic Incident Reduction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

40. Opdyke, D. C. (1995, May). Clinical efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Georgia State University. AAT 9608510.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has gained notoriety as a brief treatment for PTSD. In EMDR, clients repeatedly bring up traumatic events in memory and visually track stimuli moving back and forth in front of them. Previous group studies of EMDR have had methodological problems, however. The present study attempted to (1) assess EMDR's effectiveness compared to an Eye Focus treatment controlling for eye movement; (2) compare both treatments to a wait-list control; and (3) rate therapist characteristics to check experimenter bias.20 participants suffering from PTSD were randomly assigned to either EMDR or Eye Focus (EF) treatments, and immediate treatment or wait-list conditions. After two 90-minute treatment sessions, outcomes were assessed on subjective measures of anxiety (SUDs) and cognitive beliefs (VOCs). The mean SUDs pre-post differences on matched pairs t-tests indicated significant reduction of disturbance for both the EMDR group, p < .001, and the Eye Focus group, p < .001. VOC ratings showed similar treatment gains. Two-factor analyses assessed changes across groups (2 administrations x 2 treatment groups) on two standardized measures, the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the Modified PTSD Symptom Scale (MPSS). The IES showed a main effect for treatment F (2, 18) = 16.45, p < .001, while wait-list remained unchanged F (2, 18) = 1.09, p > .05. A significant interaction F (2, 18) = 6.69, p < .05 supported treatment efficacy. EMDR and EF participants improved equally on the IES, i.e., no differences for type of treatment, F (2, 18) = 0.54, p > .05. The MPSS also showed a main effect for treatment, F (2, 18) = 6.46, p < .05, with wait-list unchanged, F (2, 18) = 0.27, p > .05. This interaction was not significant, p =.10. Further, both EMDR and EF groups demonstrated improvement on the MPSS. Results suggest that (1) EMDR and Eye Focus are both effective in reducing some self-reported PTSD symptoms; (2) EMDR and Eye Focus scores improved significantly compared to wait-list; and (3) ratings of experimenter bias suggested that the EMDR and Eye Focus participants were treated equally by the therapist. Future comparison studies should use larger samples, independent assessors, and equally-trained independent therapists. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 56(11-B), May 1996, pp. 6402

Keywords: Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

41. Splete, H. (2005, January). Clinical Psychiatry news’ top stories of 2004: Development on antidepressant labeling, psychologist prescribing could affect the specialty. Clinical Psychiatry News, 33(1), 14.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
Biologic and psychosocial treatments of posttraumatic stress disorder were equally effective in their first direct comparison ("Psychotherapy May Offer More Benefits for PTST," June 2004, p. 20). In addition, psychotherapy patients were more likely to remit or even become asymptomatic, according to the study of 88 adults randomized to fluoxetine, placebo, or an exposure therapy method known as eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR). Patients in the EMDR group ininally responded to the treatment with psychophysiologic arousal and appeared to relive the trauma. But they ultimately improved significantly more than did the placebo group and continued to improve at 2 and 6 months' follow-up, when the fluoxetine group remained stable.

Keywords: Efficacy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

42. Grygo, M. (2008). A clinical trial of motivation-adaptive skills-trauma resolution (MASTR) therapy with conduct disordered adolescent boys. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada. AAT NR35998.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Conduct disorder and other disruptive behaviours represent the most common form of child and adolescent psychopathology referred for treatment by parents and teachers. A number of studies conducted in university research centers have demonstrated meaningful treatment gains especially with preadolescents with conduct disorder. However, studies conducted with older adolescents, especially those with comorbid disorders, as well as studies conducted in community-based clinic settings have been mostly unsuccessful. With a few exceptions, the extant treatments have not made any special effort to address effects of traumatic experiences that research has demonstrated to be very prevalent among conduct disordered children and adolescents. Motivation-Adaptive Skills-Trauma Resolution (MASTR) therapy developed by Ricky Greenwald (2002a) has shown promising results in his open trial study. MASTR is a complex treatment approach which addresses several key areas crucial in treating adolescents with conduct disorder: development/enhancement of motivation for treatment, development/enhancement of anger management and problem solving skills, and treatment of past trauma effects. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of MASTR therapy with 10 adolescent boys with conduct disorder placed in a residential treatment facility. This study combined single subject and qualitative research methodologies to offer a detailed look into the implementation and evaluation of MASTR therapy in a residential treatment centre. Foremost, this study demonstrates the formidable problems of conducting treatment research with this population in this kind of setting. Results suggested that, when it can be sufficiently implemented, MASTR therapy may be an effective treatment method producing some meaningful changes in behaviour for some severely disturbed adolescents with conduct problem. The study also demonstrated that EMDR may be an effective treatment for reducing emotional distress associated with past trauma in adolescents with conduct disorder. Factors associated with the limited success of this treatment study are identified and discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. 69(1-A), 2008, pp. 109.

Keywords: Adolescent Boys Clinical Trial Conduct Disorder Empirical Study MASTR Motivation-Adaptive Skills-Trauma Resolution Therapy Quantitative Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

43. Byron, H. (1999). Clinician adherence to and combination of methods with EMDR for post traumatic stress disorder. University of Canberra, Australia.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The clinical adherence to and combination of methods with EMDR to treat PTSD has not been explored. This is of some concern as 27 000 clinicians are trained in EMDR globally. This exploratory study gained information on Australian trained EMDR clinicians' adherence to EMDR, and the methods they combined with EMDR to treat PTSD. Survey responses from 126 clinicians were analysed using predominantly descriptive statistics. The findings of this study showed that the majority of respondents perceived that they closely adhered to the standard EMDR treatment. However, respondents reported adhering more closely to the phases than the steps of EMDR. Statistically significant findings showed that more experienced EMDR level 1 clinicians were more likely to add steps and phases to EMDR, and to change the standard sequence of steps. Clinicians with greater years of experience were also more likely to change the standard sequence of steps. In addition, more experienced EMDR level 2 clinicians, were less likely to educate their clients about PTSD. Almost all respondents combined EMDR with other methods to treat PTSD. Combined methods included CBT, hypnosis / relaxation, system / solution focused methods and exposure. This research has contributed to theory and practice by uncovering that clinicians appear to use EMDR differently to researchers, by changing EMDR to meet client needs, combining EMDR with other methods and Holly Byron 16/9/99 vi therapies, and introducing EMDR in the mid stage of treatment. These findings are vital to reduce the scientist-practitioner divide by accurately testing EMDR's efficacy and enabling future controlled trials to reflect the clinical use of EMDR.

Keywords: Postrraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

44. Sharpless, B. A., & Barber, J. P. (2011). A clinician’s guide to PTSD treatments for returning veterans. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(1), 8–15. doi:10.1037/a0022351.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
What options are available to mental health providers helping clients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? In this paper we review many of the current pharmacological and psychological interventions available to help prevent and treat PTSD with an emphasis on combat-related traumas and veteran populations. There is strong evidence supporting the use of several therapies including prolonged exposure (PE), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and cognitive processing therapies (CPT), with PE possessing the most empirical evidence in favor of its efficacy. There have been relatively fewer studies of nonexposure based modalities (e.g., psychodynamic, interpersonal, and dialectical behavior therapy perspectives), but there is no evidence that these treatments are less effective. Pharmacotherapy is promising (especially paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine), but more research comparing the relative merits of medication vs. psychotherapy and the efficacy of combined treatments is needed. Given the recent influx of combat-related traumas due to ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, there is clearly an urgent need to conduct more randomized clinical trials research and effectiveness studies in military and Department of Veterans Affairs PTSD samples. Finally, we provide references to a number of PTSD treatment manuals and propose several recommendations to help guide clinicians’ treatment selections.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy Psychopharmacology PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

45. Harvey, A.G., Bryant, R. A., & Tarrier, N. (2003, May). Cognitive behaviour therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(3), 501-522. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(03)00035-7 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Following considerable empirical scrutiny, cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has proven to be a safe and effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article overviews the general principles of treatment and describes the components that comprise CBT for PTSD. We then move on to review the efficacy of CBT for the treatment of PTSD caused by various traumas, including assault, road traffic accident (RTA), combat, and terrorism. Recent advances in early intervention and in the treatment of disorders that are comorbid with PTSD are reviewed. Finally, future directions are discussed. In particular, it is proposed that randomised controlled trials (RCT) of CBT for PTSD must be conducted with enhanced methodological rigour and public health relevance. D 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

46. Cusack, K. J., & Spates, C. R. (1999, January-April). The cognitive dismantling of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A case report. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 87-99. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00041-3 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Twenty-seven subjects were exposed to standard Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment or a similar treatment without the explicit cognitive elements found in EMDR. Standardized psychometric assessments were administered (Structured Interview for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Impact of Event Scale, Revised Symptom Checklist-90) by independent assessors at pretest, posttest and two separate follow-up periods. Potential subjects met specific inclusion/exclusion criteria. Subjective measures including Subjective Units of Disturbance and Validity of Cognition assessments were also conducted. A two-factor repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that both treatments produced significant symptom reductions and were comparable on all dependent measures across assessment phases. The present findings are discussed in light of previous dismantling research that converges to suggest that several elements in the EMDR protocol may be superfluous in terms of the contribution to treatment outcome. These same elements have nevertheless entered unparsimoniously into consideration as possible explanatory variables (ScienceDirect).

Keywords: Adults Americans Empirical Study Longitudinal Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

47. Jayatunge, R. M. (2008). Combating tsunami disaster through EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(2), 140-145. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.2.140.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
After the 2004 tsunami devastation in Sri Lanka, many citizens experienced severe psychological reactions. The effectiveness of EMDR is illustrated in the treatment of 7 of these individuals: 3 children and 2 adults with PTSD symptoms and 2 adults with depressive symptoms. After 3-8 sessions of EMDR the symptoms were eradicated and these clients were free from their depressive feelings, anxieties, intrusions, and nightmares, were able to function normally, and were able to lead productive lives. These outcomes replicate those in the research literature demonstrating that EMDR is an efficacious treatment for PTSD in general, with specific utility for disaster-related PTSD. It is recommended that future controlled studies be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of EMDR in the immediate aftermath of disasters and to assess its effectiveness with major depressive disorder. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Children Disaster Recent Events South Asia Sri Lanka Tsunami

Accuracy Verified: Yes

48. Sharpley, C. F., Montgomery, I. M., & Scalzo, L. A. (1996). Comparative efficacy of EMDR and alternative procedures in reducing the vividness of mental images. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy, 25(1), 37-42. doi:10.1080/16506079609456006.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Nordisk Tidskrift för Beteendeterrapi: Data evaluating the effectiveness of EMDR suggest that, although it appears to be an effective treatment for many types of PTSDs, the major support comes from limited-subject case studies. To further investigate this issue, the relative efficacy (in comparison to simpler procedures) of EMDR for reduction of the vividness of subjects' memories was investigated in a non-clinical sample. Results indicated that EMDR was more successful than comparable techniques in reducing the intensity of subjects' mental images. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Australians Empirical Study Males Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial Young Adults

Accuracy Verified: Yes

49. van Etten, M. L., & Taylor, S. (1998). Comparative efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 5(3), 126-144. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199809).

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A meta-analysis was conducted on 61 treatment outcome trials for PTSD. Conditions included drug therapies (TCAs, carbamazepine, MAOIs, SSRIs, and BDZs), psychological therapies (behaviour therapy, Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), relaxation training, hypnotherapy, and dynamic therapy), and control conditions (pill placebo, wait-list controls, supportive psychotherapies, and non-saccade EMDR control). Psychological therapies had significantly lower drop-out rates than pharmacotherapies (14% versus 32%), with attrition being uniformly low across all psychological therapies. In terms of symptom reduction, psychological therapies were more effective than drug therapies, and both were more effective than controls. Among the drug therapies, the SSRIs and carbamazepine had the greatest effect sizes, although the latter was based upon a single trial. Among the psychological therapies, behaviour therapy and EMDR were most effective, and generally equally so. The most effective psychological therapies and drug therapies were generally equally effective. Differences across treatment conditions were generally evident across symptom domains, with little matching of symptom domain to treatment type. However, SSRIs had some advantage over psychological therapies in treating depression. Follow-up results were not available for most treatments, but available data indicates that treatment effects for behaviour therapy and EMDR are maintained at 15-week follow-up. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Antimanic Drugs Benzodiazepine Derivatives Hypnotherapy Meta Analysis Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy PTSD Relaxation Therapy Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Treatment Effectiveness Tricyclic Derivatives

Accuracy Verified: Yes

50. Taylor, S., Thordarson, D., Maxfield, L., Fedoroff, I., Lovell, K., & Ogrodniczuk, J. (2003, April). Comparative efficacy, speed, and adverse effects of three PTSD treatments: Exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 330-338. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.330.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The authors examined the efficacy, speed, and incidence of symptom worsening for 3 treatments of PTSD: prolonged exposure, relaxation training, or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR; N = 60). Treatments did not differ in attrition, in the incidence of symptom worsening, or in their effects on numbing and hyperarousal symptoms. Compared with EMDR and relaxation training, exposure therapy (a) produced significantly larger reductions in avoidance and reexperiencing symptoms, (b) tended to be faster at reducing avoidance, and (c) tended to yield a greater proportion of participants who no longer met criteria for PTSD after treatment. EMDR and relaxation did not differ from one another in speed or efficacy (Pilots).

Keywords: Adults Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Negative Therapeutic Reaction Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Relaxation Therapy Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Witnesses

Accuracy Verified: Yes

51. Seidler, G. H., & Wagner, F. E. (2006, November). Comparing the efficacy of EMDR and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of PTSD: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Medicine, 36(11), 1515-1522. doi:10.1017/S0033291706007963.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are both widely used in the treatment of PTSD. There has, however, been debate regarding the advantages of one approach over the other. This study sought to determine whether there was any evidence that one treatment was superior to the other. Method: We performed a systematic review of the literature dating from 1989 to 2005 and identified 8 publications describing treatment outcomes of EMDR and CBT in active-active comparisons. 7 of these studies were investigated meta-analytically. Results: The superiority of one treatment over the other could not be demonstrated. Trauma-focused CBT and EMDR tend to be equally efficacious. Differences between the two forms of treatment are probably not of clinical significance. While the data indicate that moderator variables influence treatment efficacy, we argue that because of the small number of original studies, little benefit is to be gained from a closer examination of these variables. Further research is needed within the framework of randomized controlled trials. Conclusions: Our results suggest that in the treatment of PTSD, both therapy methods tend to be equally efficacious. We suggest that future research should not restrict its focus to the efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency of these therapy methods but should also attempt to establish which trauma patients are more likely to benefit from one method or the other. What remains unclear is the contribution of the eye movement component in EMDR to treatment outcome. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Cognitive Therapy Meta Analysis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

52. Jaberghaderi, N., Greenwald, R., Rubin, A., Zand, S. O., & Dolatabadim, S. (2004, September-October). A comparison of CBT and EMDR for sexually abused Iranian girls. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11(5), 358-368. doi:10.1002/cpp.395.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
14 randomly assigned Iranian girls ages 12-13 years who had been sexually abused received up to 12 sessions of CBT or EMDR treatment. Assessment of post-traumatic stress symptoms and problem behaviours was completed at pre-treatment and 2 weeks post-treatment. Both treatments showed large effect sizes on the post-traumatic symptom outcomes, and a medium effect size on the behaviour outcome, all statistically significant. A non-significant trend on self-reported post-traumatic stress symptoms favoured EMDR over CBT. Treatment efficiency was calculated by dividing change scores by number of sessions; EMDR was significantly more efficient, with large effect sizes on each outcome. Limitations include small N, single therapist for each treatment condition, no independent verification of treatment fidelity, and no long-term follow-up. These findings suggest that both CBT and EMDR can help girls to recover from the effects of sexual abuse, and that structured trauma treatments can be applied to children in Iran. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Brief Psychotherapy CBT Child Abuse Cogntiive Behavorial Therapy Cognitive Therapy Elementary School Students Empirical Study Females Incest Iranians Manual-Based Treatments Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Preadolescents PTSD Quantitative Study Rape Random Clinical Trial RCT Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

53. Vienot, R. C. (1998, July). A comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and biofeedback/stress inoculation training in treating test anxiety. Union Institute and University, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 9822000.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment, Biofeedback/Stress Inoculation Training (B/SIT) treatment, and no treatment (NT) were compared in treating test anxiety. Subjects (30) reporting test anxiety were randomly assigned to EMDR, B/SIT or NT. Treatment consisted of three 90 minute sessions using B/SIT and one 45 minute session/three 75 minute sessions using EMDR. Treatment therapists were licensed psychologists, counselors or social workers with two to twenty years experience using EMDR or B/SIT. Subjects in the NT group were offered treatment following the study. Six dependent variables were measured pre/post: trait and state anxiety (State Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI-T.S.), test anxiety (Test Anxiety Inventory, TAI-T.W.E.), rationality of personal beliefs (Rational Behavior Inventory, RBI), negative self statements (TAI-W) and self report of physiological response (Autonomic Perception Inventory, APQ) using.05 level. ANOVAs were performed followed by a Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparison. There was a significant interaction between pre-post tests and type of group on all dependent measures except the RBI. EMDR showed a tendency toward greater improvement from pre to post test than B/SIT and NT. There were no significant differences between groups on the pre test. Post group means indicated: (a) STAI-S, there was no difference between the groups; (b) STAI-T and APQ, EMDR and B/SIT had a greater reduction than NT; (c) TAI-E, EMDR showed more reduction than B/SIT and NT; (d) TAI-T and W, there were differences between all three groups with EMDR showing the most reduction. A meta-analysis was performed to determine clinical significance. Prior to treatment all three groups were above the normative effect size of 1 SD. The NT group showed no change on post tests. The EMDR group showed a larger reduction in effect size than B/SIT. Based on the data both EMDR and B/SIT reduced test anxiety with EMDR generally outperforming B/SIT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 59(1-B), Jul 1998, pp. 0430.

Keywords: Biofeedback/Stress Biofeedback Training Empirical Study Inoculation Training Stress Management Test Anxiety Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

54. Nazari, H., Momeni, N., Jariani, M., & Tarrahi, M. J. (2011, November). Comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with citalopram in treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 15(4), 270-274. doi:10.3109/13651501.2011.590210.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objective. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the chronic anxiety disorders that interfere with routine individual life, occupational and social functions. There is controversy about the first choice of treatment for OCD between medication and psychotherapy. Aim. the aim was to investigate the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) compared with medication by citalopram in treatment of OCD. Methods. This randomized controlled trial was carried out on 90 OCD patients that randomly were assigned into two groups. They either received therapeutic sessions of EMDR or citalopram during 12 weeks. Both groups blindly were evaluated by the Yale-Brown scale before and after the trial period. Results. Pretreatment average Yale-Brown score of citalopram group was about 25.26 as well as 24.83 in EMDR group. The after treatment scores were 19.06 and 13.6, respectively. There was significant difference between the mean Yale-Brown scores of the two groups after treatment and EMDR was more effective than citalopram in improvement of OCD signs. Conclusion. It is concluded that although both therapeutic methods (EMDR and Citalopram) had significant effect in improving obsessive signs but it seems that in short term EMRD has better effect in improvement of final outcome of OCD.

Keywords: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

55. Garsen, B. (2005). A comparison of post traumatic stress disorder treatment modalities for adolescents. California State University, Long Beach, CA. AAT 1426939.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to explore treatment modalities for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) for adolescents. This study examined current research on the treatment of PTSD by analyzing the content of books and articles written within the past 10 years. The study was a descriptive content analysis of currently used treatment modalities for PTSD. Data analysis involved a recursive process in which themes were identified and developed over numerous readings. The findings of this study indicated that PTSD symptomology was significantly reduced when adolescents were treated with cognitive behavioral methods. Controlled studies were located only for cognitive behavioral interventions. Pharmacological interventions were widely used to treat PTSD symptoms. However, there have been neither controlled nor open-label drug studies conducted regarding this population. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a promising new form of treatment that has yet to be examined in a rigorous manner. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) sometimes exacerbated PTSD symptoms in this population. The results of the study indicated that more controlled research needs to be generated targeting adolescents with PTSD.

Keywords: Adolescents Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

56. Ironson, G., Freund, B., Strauss, J., & Williams, J. (2002, January). Comparison of two treatments for traumatic stress: A community-based study of EMDR and prolonged exposure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 113-128. doi:10.1002/jclp.1132.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This pilot study compared the efficacy of two treatments for PTSD: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Prolonged Exposure (PE). Data were analyzed for 22 patients from a university-based clinic serving the outside community (predominantly rape and crime victims) who completed at least one active session of treatment after three preparatory sessions. Results showed both approaches produced a significant reduction in PTSD and depression symptoms, which were maintained at three-month follow-up. Successful treatment was faster with EMDR as a larger number of people (7 of 10) had a 70% reduction in PTSD symptoms after three active sessions compared to 2 of 12 with PE. EMDR appeared to be better tolerated as the dropout rate was significantly lower in those randomized to EMDR versus PE (0 of 10 vs. 3 of 10). However all patients who remained in treatment with PE had a reduction in PTSD scores. Finally, Subjective Units of Distress (SUDS) ratings decreased significantly during the initial session of EMDR, but changed little during PE. Postsession SUDS were significantly lower for EMDR than for PE. Suggestions for future research are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Empirical Study Meta Analysis Methodology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prolonged Exposure PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

57. Simon, M. J. (1997, November). A comparison study of EMDR and exposure on posttraumatic stress disorder: A single-subject design. Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI. AAT 9734215.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Exposure has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of PTSD. Recent claims have been made regarding the comparative and perhaps even superior efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD.The comparative effectiveness was tested using two subjects, a multiple baseline design, targeting two distinct trauma-related images per subject. Standardized and objective assessment measures of diagnostic criteria were administered at baseline, post-treatment, and at follow-up. Order of treatment was reversed for the second subject. Results of the study showed that EMDR and Exposure were comparable treatments of PTSD. EMDR demonstrated more rapid overall symptom reduction than Exposure. Both Exposure and EMDR generalized across traumas. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(5-B), Nov 1997, pp. 2700.

Keywords: Adults Clinical Trial Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

58. Grey, E. (2010, September/October). Concentrated EMDR: A case study of EMDR with co-morbid depression and anxiety. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Minneapolis, MN.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The efficacy of EMDR treatment for PTSD is established. EMDR is globally recognized as a level one evidence-based practice for PTSD. The studies that were used to determine these findings tended to have weekly EMDR sessions; however it may be possible that more frequent sessions could produce more effective outcomes. This pilot study investigated concentrated EMDR treatment using a quantitative single case study design with a participant with co-morbid major depressive disorder, severe without psychotic features and panic disorder with agoraphobia. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine concentrated EMDR treatment warrants further research attention. The researcher used the Beck's Depression Inventory and The Beck's Anxiety Inventory as the outcome measures. A non-predetermined treatment trial of twelve EMDR reprocessing treatment sessions occurred at a frequency of three 90 minutes sessions per week for a period of one month. Thc baseline mean scores were. BAI: M=38, BDI: M=49. At a 3-month follow-up the scores decrease to raw outcome scores of BAI: 7; BDI: 8. The results of this pilot study are significant in indicating that (a) concentrated EMDR may promote favorable treatmenr outcomes and (b) concentrated EMDR may be effective in treating co-morbid major depressive disorder, severe without psychotic features and panic with agoraphobia.

Keywords: Anxiety Case Study Depression Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

59. Waayer, M., & Feijtel, M. (2006, November). Context en timing bij EMDR behandelingen met adolescenten [Context and timing of EMDR treatment with adolescents]. Workshop gepresenteerd aan de tweede congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Arnhem, The Netherlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Pubers en adolescenten, leeftijd tussen 12 en 18 jaar kennen intensieve, snel wisselende ontwikkelingsfasen waarbij het veel afstemming van de therapeut vraagt hoe hij of zij contact kan aangaan met de jongere en zijn ouders. Deze jongeren komen slechts zelden met een eigen hulpvraag bij de GGZ. Meestal trekken de ouders aan de bel, soms school, soms een andere hulpverlener. Om met adolescenten te kunnen werken is het essentieel dat we aansluiting zoeken en vinden bij de jongere zelf en hoe die zijn probleem ervaart, ook al kan deze probleemdefinitie lijnrecht tegenover de aanmeldingsreden staan. Als er een hulpvraag is gevonden die erkent kan worden door de jonger zelf en door zijn ouders/opvoeders heeft de behandeling meer bodem om te kunnen starten. Een indicatie voor EMDR-behandeling vraagt altijd om goede voorlichting en uitleg. Bij jongeren speelt vervolgens mee dat de identiteitsontwikkeling en de daarmee gepaard gaande onzekerheidsgevoelens er vaak aan bijdraagt dat EMDR als een “ vreemde gang van zaken” wordt beschouwd. De therapeut moet genoeg vertrouwen in zichzelf en de therapie hebben om de jongere ook het vertrouwen te geven om in proces te durven gaan. Soms gaat dit in golfbewegingen. Het effect van de behandeling kan om dezelfde reden ontkend worden door de jongere zelf ( er zijn dingen veranderd maar dat kan natuurlijk nooit komen door dat rare gedoe, dat komt vast door die nieuwe verkering die nu zo gelukkig maakt) en belangrijk is dan om ook de context van de jongere erbij te betrekken. Ouders, brusjes of/en vrienden en school kunnen belangrijke informatiebronnen zijn om een goede inschatting te maken over het eventuele effect van de behandeling. Timing wanneer een EMDR-behandeling kan starten zal rekening moeten houden met schoolvakanties, proefwerken, PTA’s, (examen)feesten…omdat het belangrijk is om niet teveel risico te nemen op verbreking van het verwerkingsproces.

Teenagers and adolescents, aged between 12 and 18 years have intense, rapidly varying stages of development where it is much matching the therapist asks how he or she can enter into contact with juveniles and their parents. These young people are rare with an own demand for care in mental health. Usually the parents pull the bell, school sometimes, sometimes another helper. To be able to work with adolescents is essential that we seek and find connections with the young people themselves and what they are experiencing problems, even though this problem definition are diametrically opposed to notification reason. If there is a demand for care is found to be acknowledge by the younger self and his parents / guardians, the more soil treatment to start. One indication of EMDR therapy always requires good information and explanation. Among young people is then that the identity development and the associated uncertainty feelings that often contributes EMDR as a "foreign affairs" is seen. The therapist must have enough confidence in himself and the therapy to the young people the confidence to dare to go to trial. Sometimes this in waves. The effect of the treatment can be denied for the same reason the young people themselves (there are some things changed but that can obviously never get through the crazy stuff that is established by the new traffic that is so happy) and also important is to the context of the younger involvement. Parents, siblings and / or friends and school information important to a good estimate on the possible effect of the treatment. Timing when an EMDR treatment will have to start with school, papers, PTA's, (exam) parties ... because it's important not to take too much risk of breaking the process.

Keywords: Adolescents Juveniles

Accuracy Verified: Yes

60. Carrigan, M., & Levis, D. (1999, January-April). The contributions of eye movements to the efficiacy of brief exposure treatment for reducing fear of public speaking. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 101-118. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00042-5.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The present study was designed to isolate the effects of the eye-movement component of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) procedure in the treatment of fear of public speaking. Seventy-one undergraduate psychology students who responded in a fearful manner on the Fear Survey Schedule II and on a standardized, self-report measure of public speaking anxiety (Personal Report of Confidence as a Speaker; PRCS) were randomly assigned to one of four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The two independent variables assessed were treatment condition (imagery plus eye movements vs. imagery alone) and type of imagery (fear-relevant vs. relaxing). Dependent variables assessed were self-reported and physiological anxiety during exposure and behavioral indices of anxiety while giving a speech. Although process measures indicated exposure to fear-relevant imagery increased anxiety during the procedure, no significant differences among groups were found on any of the outcome measures, except that participants who received eye movements were less likely to give a speech posttreatment than participants who did not receive eye movements. Addition of the eye movements to the experimental procedure did not result in enhancement of fear reduction. It was concluded, consistent with the results of past research, that previously reported positive effects of the EMDR procedure may be largely due to exposure to conditioned stimuli (ScienceDirect).

Keywords: Americans College Students Empirical Study Experimental Stressors Females Phobia Psychophysiology Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

61. de Roos, C. J. A. M., Noorthoorn, E. O., Greenwald, R., & de Jongh, A. (2004, June). A controlled comparison of EMDR and CBT for children and adolescents exposed to the Enschede fireworks disaster in the Netherlands. In children and EMDR (J. Morris-Smith). Symposium conducted at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, Stockholm, Sweden.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In May 2000, a firework depot exploded in the city of Enschede (The Netherlands), leaving 22 people dead, 947 injured, more than 500 houses destroyed, and about 1500 houses significantly damaged. In total, 4, 163 people were affected, including many children and adolescents. Children with chronic posttraumatic stress reactions were referred for treatment to the Ambulant Mental Health Care team un Enschede.
A randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the relative efficacy of EMDR versus a CBT approach for reducing children’s symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety and behavior problems, All participants treated from 2001 to 2003 were included. They received 4 sessions of EMDR and 4 sessions CVBT. Moreover, four sessions of parent guidance were included in both groups. The final N was 57 children (age 3-18).
Assessment took place prior to the intervention, immediately after the intervention and at 3 month follow-up. The main outcome measures were: UCLA PTSD Index (parent, child, and adolescent version), Child Report of Post-traumatic Symptoms (CROPS), the Parent Report of Post-traumatic Symptoms (PROPCS), the Problem Rating Scale (PRS), the Birleson Depression Scale and the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASQ, anxiety).
Also parent-reported psychosocial dysfunction and teacher-reported problems were assessed (Child Behavior Check List: parent form and teacher form and for children aged 11 and older; self-report form). For the youngest (0-6 years) the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC) was included. The date was gathered but not yet analyzed is currently underway.

Keywords: Adolescents CBT Children Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Controlled Comparison Disaster Enschede Fireworks Disaster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium The Netherlands

Accuracy Verified: Yes

62. McGoldrick, T., Brown, K., & Power, K. (2003, May). A controlled comparison of EMDR vs. exposure plus cognitive restructuring vs. waiting list in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. In Advances in EMDR research. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Rome, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Cognitive Restructuring Exposure Symposium Waiting List

Accuracy Verified: Yes

63. Greenwald, R., McClintock, S. D., & Bailey, T. D. (2012, October). A controlled comparison of eye movement desensitization & reprocessing (EMDR) and progressive counting (PC). Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Arlington, VA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is the most effctive (Ho & Lee, 2012) and efficient (Greenwald et al, 2012) of the established trauma treatments and it is well tolerated by clients. However, EMDR is complex, making dissemination challenging and expensive (Greenwald, 2066a). PC is simplet, more qickly learned, and had shown promise in case stuidies (Greenwald, 2008a, 2008b) and open trials (Greenwald & Schmidt, 2010). If PC is comprable to EMDR, then dissemination of top-tier trauma treatment can be more economical.

Keywords: Poster Progressive Counting

Accuracy Verified: Yes

64. Power, K. G., McGoldrick, T., & Brown, K. W. (1999). A controlled comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring versus waiting list in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Report to the Scottish Home and Health Department, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Language: English

Format: Publication

Keywords: Adults Brief Psychotherapy British Cognitive Therapy Exposure Therapy Females Males Posttraumatic Stress DIsorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

65. Power, K., McGoldrick, T., Brown, K., Buchanan, R., Sharp, D., Swanson, V., & Karatzias, A. (2002, August). A controlled comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring, versus waiting list in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 9(5), 299-318. doi:10.1002/cpp.341.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A total of 105 patients with PTSD were randomly allocated to eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) (n = 39) versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring (E + CR) (n = 37) versus waiting list (WL) (n = 29) in a primary care setting. EMDR and E + CR patients received a maximum of 10 treatment sessions over a 10-week period. All patients were assessed by blind raters prior to randomization and at end of the 10-week treatment or waiting list period. EMDR and E + CR patients were also assessed by therapists at the mid-point of the 10- week treatment period and on average at 15 months follow-up. Patients were assessed on a variety of assessor-rated and self-report measures of PTSD symptomatology including the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Impact of Events Scale (IOE) and a self-report version of the SI-PTSD Checklist. Measures of anxiety and depression included the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A measure of social function, the Sheehan Disability Scale, was also used. Drop-out rates between the three groups were 12 EMDR, 16 E + CR, and 5 WL. Treatment end-point analyses were conducted on the remaining 72 patients. Repeated measures analysis of variance of treatment outcome at 10 weeks revealed significant time, interaction, and group effects for all the above measures. In general there were significant and substantial pre-post reductions for EMDR and E + CR groups but no change for the WL patients. Both treatments were effective over WL. The only indication of superiority of either active treatment, in relation to measures of clinically significant change, was a greater reduction in patient self-reported depression ratings and improved social functioning for EMDR in comparison to E + CR at the end of the treatment period and for fewer number of treatment sessions for EMDR (mean 4.2) than E + CR (mean 6.4) patients. At 15 months follow-up treatment gains were generally well-maintained with the only difference, in favour of EMDR over E + CR, occurring in relation to assessor-rated levels of clinically significant change in depression. However, exclusion of patients who had subsequent treatment during the follow-up period diminished the proportion of patients achieving long-term clinically significant change. In summary, at end of treatment and at follow-up, both EMDR and E + CR are effective in the treatment of PTSD with only a slight advantage in favour of EMDR. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Brief Psychotherapy British Cognitive Therapy Exposure Therapy Females Males Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

66. Bauman, W., & Melnyk, W. (1994, Mar). A controlled comparison of eye movements and finger tapping in the treatment of test anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 29-33. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90060-4.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
15 pairs of introductory statistics students, matched on initial test anxiety, were randomly assigned to eye movement desensitization (EMD) or control (finger tapping) conditions to test whether EMD effectively treats test anxiety and, if so, whether eye movement is the critical factor. Both groups had significant decreases in subjective units of disturbance during treatment, suggesting that another source of attenuation of elicited anxiety may be as effective as eye movement in reducing anxiety. There was a significant decrease in Test Anxiety Inventory Emotionality Scale scores from pretest to follow up for both groups, but mixed results on the Worry Scale and total anxiety scores. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Anxiety Disorders College Students EMD Life Experiences Survivor Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

67. Greenwald, R., McClintock, S. D., & Bailey, T. D. (In press). A controlled comparison of progressive counting and eye movement desensitization & reprocessing. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Ten therapists who were already trained and experienced in eye movement desensitization & reprocessing (EMDR) received training in progressive counting (PC), a newer trauma resolution method. Nineteen volunteers with single-incident trauma or loss were assigned to a therapist and then randomized to treatment condition; 15 completed treatment to termination criteria or until the fourth session. Participants in both conditions experienced significant reductions in PTSD symptoms, memory-related distress, and presenting problems at one week post-treatment, maintained at 12-week follow-up, with no significant differences in outcomes, treatment efficiency, or dropout rate. The preliminary findings of this pilot study suggest that PC is an efficient, well-tolerated, and effective trauma treatment that is relatively easy for therapists to master.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Exposure Loss Progressive Counting Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: No

68. Karatzias, T., Power, K., Brown, K., McGoldrick, T., Begum, M., Young, J., Loughran, P., Chouliara, Z., & Adams, S. (2011, June). A controlled comparison of the effectiveness and efficiency of two psychological therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing vs. emotional freedom techniques. Journal of Nervous Mental Disease, 199(6), 372-378. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31821cd262.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The present study reports on the first ever controlled comparison between eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and emotional freedom techniques (EFT) for posttraumatic stress disorder. A total of 46 participants were randomized to either EMDR (n = 23) or EFT (n = 23). The participants were assessed at baseline and then reassessed after an 8-week waiting period. Two further blind assessments were conducted at posttreatment and 3-months follow-up. Overall, the results indicated that both interventions produced significant therapeutic gains at posttreatment and follow-up in an equal number of sessions. Similar treatment effect sizes were observed in both treatment groups. Regarding clinical significant changes, a slightly higher proportion of patients in the EMDR group produced substantial clinical changes compared with the EFT group. Given the speculative nature of the theoretical basis of EFT, a dismantling study on the active ingredients of EFT should be subject to future research.

Keywords: EFT Emotional Freedom Technique Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

69. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., & Hedlund, N. L. (1995). A controlled study of EMDR and biofeedback assisted relaxation for the treatment of PTSD. Presentation at the Fourth European Conference on Traumatic Stress.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Biofeedback Assisted Relaxation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

70. Soberman, G., Greenwald, R., & Rule, D. (2000, November). A controlled study of EMDR for boys with conduct problems. Poster session at the annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Traumatic Stress, San Antonio, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Conduct Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

71. Rothbaum, B. O. (1995, November). A controlled study of EMDR for PTSD. Presentation at the 29th Annual Convention of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Washington, D.C..

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Control Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

72. Rothbaum, B. O. (1996, November). A controlled study of EMDR for PTSD rape victims. Presentation at the annual meeting of the International Society of Traumatic Stress, San Francisco, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

73. Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Altman, B., Longpre, R. E., Poire, R, E., & Lasko, N. B. (1993, May). A controlled study of EMDR treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Presentation at the 146th annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Controlled Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

74. Soberman, G. B., Greenwald, R., & Rule, D. L. (2002). A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for boys with conduct problems. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 6(1), 217-236. doi:10.1300/J146v06n01_11.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
We suggest that trauma contributes to the development and persistence of conduct problems, and should be addressed. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was selected as a promising trauma treatment. 29 boys with conduct problems in residential or day treatment were randomized into standard care or standard care plus 3 trauma-focused EMDR sessions. The EMDR group showed large and significant reduction of memory-related distress, as well as trends towards reduction of post-traumatic symptoms. The EMDR group also showed large and significant reduction of problem behaviors by 2-month follow-up, whereas the control group showed only light improvement. These findings provide support for EMDR's use as a trauma treatment for boys ages 10-16, as well as support for the hypothesis that effective trauma treatment can lead to reduced conduct problems in this population. [Author summary]

Keywords: Adolescents Control Study Disruptive Behavior Disorders Empirical Study Males Preadolescents Random Clinical Trial RCT Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

75. Soberman, G. B., Greenwald, R., & Rule, D. L. (2002). A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for boys with conduct problems. In R. Greenwald (Ed). Trauma and juvenile delinquency: Theory, research, and interventions. (pp. 217-236). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Maltreatment and Trauma Press/The Haworth Press.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Suggests that trauma contributes to the development and persistence of conduct problems, and should be addressed. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was selected as a promising trauma treatment. 29 boys with conduct problems in residential or day treatment were randomized into standard care or standard care plus 3 trauma-focused EMDR sessions. The EMDR group showed large and significant reduction of memory-related distress, as well as trends towards reduction of post-traumatic symptoms. The EMDR group also showed large and significant reduction of problem behaviors by 2-month follow-up, whereas the control group showed only slight improvement. These findings provide support for EMDR's use as a trauma treatment for boys ages 10-16 years, as well as support for the hypothesis that effective trauma treatment can lead to reduced conduct problems in this population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Boys Conduct Problems Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

76. Rothbaum, B. O. (1997, Summer). A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disordered sexual assault victims. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 61(3), 317-334.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a new method developed to treat PTSD. This study evaluated the efficacy of EMDR compared to a no-treatment wait-list control in the treatment of PTSD in adult female sexual assault victims. 21 subjects were entered and 18 completed. Treatment was delivered in 4 weekly individual sessions. Assessments were conducted pre- and posttreatment and 3 months following treatment termination by an independent assessor kept blind to treatment condition. Measures included standard clinician- and self-administered PTSD and related psychopathology scales. Results indicated that subjects treated with EMDR improved significantly more on PTSD and depression from pre- to posttreatment than control subjects, leading to the conclusion that EMDR was effective in alleviating PTSD in this study. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Empirical Study Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial Rape RCT Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

77. Pittman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Atman, B., Longpre, R. E., Poire, R. E., & Lasko, N. B. (1993, May). A controlled study of eye movement desensitization/reprocessing (EMDR): Treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Presentation at the American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, Washington, D. C..

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

78. Marcus, S., Marquis, P., & Sakai, C. (1997, Fall). Controlled study of treatment of PTSD using EMDR in an HMO setting. Psychotherapy, 34(3), 307-315. doi:10.1037/h0087791.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
67 individuals diagnosed with PTSD were randomly assigned to either Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment or Standard Care (SC) treatment. Participants were assessed pretreatment, after 3 sessions, and at the completion of treatment using the Symptom Checklist-90, Beck Depression Inventory, Impact of Events Scale, Modified PTSD Scale, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Subjective Units of Disturbance. In addition, an independent evaluator assessed participants using DSM-III-R criteria for PTSD including Global Assessment of Functioning at the 3 data points. The individuals in the EMDR treatment group showed significantly greater improvement with greater rapidity than those in the SC treatment group on measures of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and general symptoms. Participants who received EMDR treatment used fewer medication appointments for their psychological symptoms and needed fewer psychotherapy appointments. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Empirical Study Managed Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

79. Hyer, L. A., Boudewyns, P. A., Peralme, L., Touze, J., & Kiel, A. (1995, June). Controlled treatment outcome study using EMDR on combat-related post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
After the status of PTSD was established, subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions; EMDR, exposure control (EC), and group (GT). Subjects in EMDR condition received at least five but no more than eight sessions of EMDR. EC condition subjects therapy procedure as the EMDR subjects but without the eye movements. Subjects in the GT condition received five to eight session of group therapy only. Outcome measures were at intervals; prior to therapy, immediately following therapy and at two follow-up periods. These include: (1) self report or interview-related psychological measures (Combat Exposure scale, MMPI-2 PTSD, Veterans Adjustment Scale (VETS), Mississippi Scale, Hamilton (Depression and Anxiety); (2) behavioral outcome measures (employment, treatment seeking behavior medication therapy, and re hospitalization rate); and (3) psychophysiological response measures (skin conductance, frontalis EMG, heart rate and blood pressure). The last measures involved a change measure in psychological arousal during exposure to tape recorded scripts depicting the patients' most traumatic combat memory. In addition to these pre-, post-, follow-up measures, measures (SUD, profile of mood scale (POMS), and impact of events scale (IOE) were taken at each therapy session. Early results on selected outcomes show differences in positive outcome between conditions POMS EMDR>GT (p<.01); IOE Avoidance, EMDR>GT (p<.04); IOE Intrusion, EMDR>GT(p<.03); Heart Rate, EMDR>GT (p<.04). Presently, there were no other significant differences between EMDR or EC. Trends, however suggest that EMDR may be superior to EC on several of the measures. These results indicate that EMDR may be producing greater reduction in the conditioned emotional response to traumatic memories in these patients, when compared to group therapy approach commonly used to treat these types of patients in a special VA treatment program.

Keywords: Combat Controlled Treatment Outcome Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

80. Medema, M. L. (2012). Coping styles in the treatment of traumatized refugees. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Which approach is most beneficial is yet unclear and Basoglu (2006) critiques this lack of progress in the field and pleas for empirically driven interventions on PTSD. To address this issue, Ter Heide is currently conducting a randomized trial to compare the efficacy of EMDR and stabilisation in a sample of of traumatized refugees and asylum seekers (hereafter the term refugees refers to both refugees and asylum seekers). The feasibility and acceptability of such a trial was demonstrated in a pilot study (Ter Heide, Mooren, Kleijn, De Jongh, & Kleber, 2011). To further counseling theory, research and practice, it should however also be examined “when” and “for whom” PTSD treatments are effective and therefore we should engage in research on moderators (Frazier, Tix & Barron; 2004). Hence, the present study examines the role ofcoping styles as possible moderators in EMDR and stabilistation treatment of traumatized refugees. This study attempts to add empirical value to the theoretical framework on the treatment of PTSD in refugees and this may also have clinical implications as to which treatment is more beneficial for which patients.

Keywords: Asylum Seekers Coping Styles Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quality of Life Refugees Stabilisation Treatment Outcome

Accuracy Verified: Yes

81. de Jongh, A. (2005, June). Could EMDR be a promising treatment in the immediate aftermath of a traumatic incident?. In "EMDR in action." Part 2. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Various studies have shown that the counselling routinely offered to people in the immediate aftermath of a traumatic incident seldom protects them from developing post-traumatic stress -and could even delay their recovery. On the other hand, clinical experience suggests that in many cases with the proper utilization of EMDR an almost spontaneous integration of perceptions of sensory input and the cognitive components of the experience takes place. Although controlled data about types of interventions. the optimal time to intervene or predictors of response and recovery are still lacking. within the organization D.O.E.N., providing critical incident stress management services in the Netherlands, there is broad experience in utilizing EMDR with clients who exhibit severe early symptoms following trauma and who need 'first-aid' treatment. EMDR treatment is generally started when there is no evidence of change or recovery within the course of 1 or 2 weeks. Since there is a tremendous unmet need, there is an important challenge to demonstrate in controlled research the advantages of EMDR for those who suffer from symptoms of acute stress, for example in emergency departments and/or the immediate aftermath of mass trauma. This presentation will focus on the rationale for early treatment with the use of EMDR. This approach is illustrated by segments of video taped treatment sessions of clients with symptoms of acute stress.

Keywords: Practice Symposium Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

82. Johnson, D. R., & Lubin, H. (2006). The counting method: Applying the rule of parsimony to the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Traumatology, 12(1), 83-99. doi:10.1177/153476560601200106.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A study is described comparing Prolonged Exposure, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, and the Counting Method with 51 multiply-traumatized women. Measures of PTSD were significantly reduced by all three methods, but differences among the methods were negligible. Because the Counting Method utilizes only imaginal exposure as a therapeutic element, support is given to the more parsimonious conclusion that imaginal exposure may be both the necessary and sufficient factor in therapeutic effect, countering a trend in the field toward more complex, multi-faceted treatment packages. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Counting Method Exposure Therapy Females Imaginal Exposure Multiple Traumatic Events Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Women

Accuracy Verified: Yes

83. Renner, W., Banninger-Huber, E., & Peltzer, K. (2011). Culture-sensitive and resource oriented peer (CROP) - Groups as a community based intervention for trauma survivors: A randomized controlled pilot study with refugees and asylum seekers from Chechnya. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 2011-1, 1-13.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Asylum seekers and refugees frequently suffer from post-traumatic stress and culturally sensitive methods towards reducing symptoms should be taken into account. The aim of the work reported here was to examine the effectiveness of Culture-Sensitive and Resource Oriented Peer (CROP) - Groups for Chechen asylum seekers and refugees towards reducing post-traumatic symptoms, anxiety, and depression. Some ninety-four participants were randomly assigned to 15 sessions of CROP - or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) - Groups, to 3 single sessions of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), or to a Wait-List (WL). The results indicated that CROP was significantly superior to WL, and was equally effective as CBT in reducing post-traumatic symptoms, anxiety, and depression. Improvements still were present at three and six month follow-up occasions. EMDR yielded negative results. According to this pilot study, CROP-Groups pose a promising, culturally sensitive alternative to psychotherapy with Chechen migrants.

Keywords: Asylum Seekers Chechnya Community-Based Intervention CROP Culture-Sensitive and Resource Oriented Peer Pakistan Pilot Study Psychological Trauma Randomized Control Trial RCT Refugees Survivor Trauma Treatment Center Treatment Response Violent Situation in Pakistan

Accuracy Verified: Yes

84. Shapiro, F., Hurley, E. C., de Roos, C., Horst, F., de Jongh, A., & Hornsveld, H. (2013, April). Current research on eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Presentation at the Anxiety Disorders and Depression Conference, La Jolla, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR therapy is widely recognized as an empirically supported trauma treatment and was given an “A” rating in the most recent practice guidelines of both the DVA/DOD and the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Meta-analytic findings report similar effect sizes for trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) and EMDR therapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there are distinct differences between the two modalities in both theory and practice. Unlike TF-CBT exposure therapies, with EMDR therapy there is only intermittent attention to the index trauma, homework is not required and detailed descriptions of the memory are not needed. Further, the eye movement component has been the subject of more than 20 randomized controlled trials that have reported positive effects supporting both working memory and orienting response/REM hypotheses. These effects include a rapid decrease in physiological arousal and negative emotion, as well as increased episodic memory retrieval and recognition of true information. Videotaped clinical sessions will illustrate these findings, as well as the differences between EMDR therapy and prolonged exposure.

Keywords: Practice Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

85. Spector, J., & Read, J. (1999, July). The current status of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 6(3), 165-174. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199907).

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR) has increasingly been proposed as an effective therapeutic procedure for post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental health problems. However, views on EMDR in the research literature have been polarized. Reasons for this are explored as is the nature and theoretical basis of EMDR. Fifteen controlled studies thus far published on EMDR and PTSD are reviewed, and it is concluded that (i) EMDR is an effective psychotherapy, (ii) EMDR's relative efficacy in comparison to behavioural exposure therapies has yet to be established, (iii) the role of eye movements and laterality in attentional focus remains controversial and (iv) a direct link between the theoretical basis of the therapy and observable psychological and neurobiological changes has yet to be established. [Wiley]

Keywords: Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Reprocessing Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

86. van der Vleugel, B. (2013, April). De behandeling van PTSS bij mensen met een psychotische stoornis [The treatment of PTSD in people with a psychotic disorder]. In Onderzoek track 1 and 2. Presentatie op Het congres EMDR Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Nijmegen, Nederland.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Trauma is een risicofactor voor het ontwikkelen van psychose. Het hebben van een ernstige psychiatrische aandoening verhoogt de kans op het ontwikkelen van een co-morbide posttraumatische stress stoornis. Desondanks wordt een co-morbide PTSS zelden gediagnostiseerd en wanneer dit wél gebeurt is behandeling van deze PTSS bepaald niet vanzelfsprekend. Behandelaren vrezen vaak dat het openlijk bespreken van traumatische levenservaringen zal leiden tot decompensatie, heropname, middelenmisbruik, zelfbeschadigend gedrag en / of suïcidaliteit. Ondertussen werken de PTSS klachten als olie op het vuur van de psychose. Omdat mensen met psychotische klachten over het algemeen werden uitgesloten van deelname aan onderzoek naar de effecten van PTSS behandeling was lang niet bekend of psychologische behandeling conform de Richtlijn Angststoornissen ook bij deze populatie veilig en effectief is. Hier begint verandering in te komen. In deze presentatie komen achtereenvolgens aan bod: - De resultaten van een pilot onderzoek naar de effecten van EMDR bij mensen met een psychotische stoornis en een co-morbide PTSS (Van den Berg & Van der Gaag, 2012). - De resultaten van een gecontroleerde multiple baseline study naar de effecten van EMDR en Prolonged Exposure bij mensen met een psychotische stoornis en een comorbide PTSS (De Bont, Van Minnen & De Jongh, submitted). - De opzet en eerste bevindingen van het onderzoeksproject Treating Trauma in Psychosis (T.TIP), een multicenter RCT naar de behandeling van PTSS bij mensen met een psychotische Trauma is a risk factor for the development of psychosis. Having a severe psychiatric condition increases the chance of the development of a co-morbid post-traumatic stress disorder. Nevertheless, a co-morbid PTSD rarely diagnosed and when this happens, treatment of these PTSD determined not obvious. Clinicians often fear that openly discussing traumatic life experiences will lead to decompensation, reuptake, substance abuse, self-injurious behavior and / or suicidality. Meanwhile, the PTSD symptoms as fuel to the fire of the psychosis. Because people with psychotic symptoms were generally excluded from research into the effects of PTSD treatment was long unknown or psychological treatment in accordance with Directive Anxiety disorders also in this population safely and effective. Here begins to be changing. This presentation will subsequently be discussed: - The results of a pilot study on the effects of EMDR in people with a psychotic disorder and comorbid PTSD (Van den Berg and Van der Gaag, 2012) . - The results of a controlled multiple baseline study on the effects of EMDR and Prolonged Exposure to people with a psychotic disorder and comorbid PTSD (De Bont, Van Minnen & De Jongh, submitted). - The design and initial findings of the research Treating Trauma in Psychosis (T.TIP), a multicenter RCT on the treatment of PTSD in people with a psychotic disorder (De Bont et al, submittedstoornis (De Bont et al., submitted).

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress DIsorder PSTD Psychotic Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

87. Bae, H., & Daeho, K. (2012). Desensitization of triggers and urge reprocessing for an adolescent with internet addiction disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(2), 73-81. DOI: 10.1891/1933-3196.6.2.73.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This case study reports the successful treatment of Internet addiction in a 13- year-old male using four 45-minute sessions of the desensitization of triggers and urge reprocessing (DeTUR) protocol—an addiction protocol of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR; Popky, 2005). This protocol uses EMDR procedures to process current triggers and positive future templates, but it does not identify or directly address any past trauma. At baseline, the participant showed a moderate level of Internet addiction (scoring 75 on Young’s Internet Addiction Test [IAT]) and moderate depression (26 on the Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]). During assessment, he identified 7 triggers for Internet gaming and rated the associated urge to engage in the activity with scores of 3–9 on the level of urge scale (0 5 lowest, 10 5 strongest). Using the DeTUR protocol, the level of urge for each trigger was reduced to 2, which the participants defined as “not being able to think about or crave for the game.” After treatment, his symptoms had declined to nonclinical levels (38 on IAT and 6 on BDI) and he was able to restrict his time on the Internet to an hour per day. These therapeutic gains were maintained at 6- and 12-month follow-up. The DeTUR may be a good treatment option for Internet addiction and further controlled studies are needed.

Keywords: Adolescents DeTUR Game Addiction Internet Addiction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

88. Hopper, J., Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M., Yehuda, R., van der Kolk, B. A., & Simpson, W. (2003, October-November). Differential biological outcomes of EMDR and fluoxetine for PTSD. In B. A. van der Kolk (Chair), Treatment outcome studies of PTSD. Symposium conducted at the 19th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Fluoxetine Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

89. Baardseth, T. P. (2012, May). Direct comparisons of cognitive-behavioral treatments and bona fide non-cognitive-behavioral treatments for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Despite growing evidence that all treatments intended to be therapeutic (i.e., bona fide treatments) are equally efficacious, the question of relative efficacy persists. In fact, cognitivebehavioral treatments (CBT) have gained a more favorable status over non-CBT treatments for adult anxiety disorders. However, the assertion that CBT treatments are superior is premature due to conceptual and methodological issues affecting the extant CBT research. This metaanalysis addressed these limitations by consensually identifying CBT treatments and determining the true relative efficacy of bona fide CBT and bona fide non-CBT treatments for adult anxiety disorders. The study employed strict inclusion criteria to identify randomized clinical trials that contained at least one direct comparison of a bona fide CBT treatment and a bona fide non-CBT treatment. Additionally, 91 CBT experts from the Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapists (ABCT) were surveyed to identify the bona fide treatments as CBT or non-CBT. Thirteen clinical trials met inclusion criteria. CBT treatments and non-CBT treatments were found to be equally efficacious across targeted and non-targeted outcome measures. Additional analyses revealed that researcher allegiance did not account for the significant heterogeneity. The results are consistent with the increasing evidence for uniform efficacy among treatments intended to be therapeutic, and stand in contrast to assertions for the superiority of CBT treatments for adult anxiety. This meta-analysis contributes to the growing body of research revealing that a particular therapeutic approach is not more effective than another treatment when intended to be therapeutic.

Keywords: Adults Anxiety Disorders Meta-Analysis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

90. Hembree, E., Foa, E., Dorfan, N., Street, G., Kowalski, J., & Tu, X. (2003, December). Do patients drop out prematurely from exposure therapy for PTSD?. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(6), 555-562. doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000004078.93012.7d.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of exposure therapy in the treatment of chronic PTSD. Despite the convincing outcome literature, a concern that this treatment may exacerbate symptoms and lead to premature dropout has been voiced on the basis of a few reports. In this paper, we examined the hypothesis that treatments that include exposure will be associated with a higher dropout rate than treatments that do not include exposure. A literature search identified 25 controlled studies of cognitivebehavioral treatment for PTSD that included data on dropout. The results indicated no difference in dropout rates among exposure therapy, cognitive therapy, stress inoculation training, and EMDR. These findings are consistent with previous research about the tolerability of exposure therapy. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive Therapy Exposure Therapy Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Dropouts

Accuracy Verified: Yes

91. Albright, D. L., & Thyer, B. (2010, February). Does EMDR reduce post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology in combat veterans?. Behavioral Interventions, 25(1), 1-19. doi:10.1002/bin.295.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Prior meta-analyses have suggested that eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) may be effective in alleviating the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). EMDR is now being recommended as a treatment for military combat veterans who suffer from PTSD. We provide a review of published outcome studies that appeared in print from 1987 - April, 2008 which examined the specific effects of EMDR on PTSD among military combat veterans. Studies were identified through electronic bibliographic databases, web sites, and manual searches of article reference lists. A total of six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and three quasi-experimental studies met our inclusionary criteria and are reviewed. The evidence supporting the use of EMDR to treat combat veterans suffering from PTSD is sparse and equivocal, and does not rise to the threshold of labeling the therapy as an empirically supported treatment. It is premature to incorporate EMDR into routine care for veterans to alleviate combat-related PTSD. EMDR needs a considerably stronger evidentiary foundation which includes large-scale RCTs involving credible placebo controlled treatment conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Keywords: Combat Veterans Military Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

92. Cahill, S. P., Carrigan, M. H., & Frueh, B. C. (1999, January-April). Does EMDR work? And if so, why?: A critical review of controlled outcome and dismantling research. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 5-33. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00039-5.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Research on Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR) was reviewed to answer the questions “Does EMDR work?” and “If so, Why?” This first question was further subdivided on the basis of the control group: (a) no-treatment (or wait list control), (b) nonvalidated treatments, and (c) other validated treatments. The evidence supports the following general conclusions: First, EMDR appears to be effective in reducing at least some indices of distress relative to no-treatment in a number of anxiety conditions, including posttraumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, and public-speaking anxiety. Second, EMDR appears at least as effective or more effective than several nonvalidated treatments (e.g., relaxation, active listening) for posttraumatic stress reactions. Third, despite statements implying the contrary, no previously published study has directly compared EMDR with an independently validated treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (e.g., therapist-directed flooding). In the treatment of simple phobia, participant modeling has been found to be more effective than EMDR. Fourth, our review of dismantling studies reveals there is no convincing evidence that eye movements significantly contribute to treatment outcome. Recommendations regarding further research directions are provided(ScienceDirect).

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Literature Review PTSD Relaxation Therapy Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

93. Tallis, F., & Smith, E. (1994, May). Does rapid eye movement desensitization facilitate emotional processing?. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32(4), 459-461. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90010-8 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Recent years have seen considerable interest in rapid eye movement desensitization (REMD), a novel procedure for the treatment of traumatic memories and related conditions. REM is usually administered as a component of a broader therapeutic procedure, now termed eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). On the basis of previous and largely uncontrolled work, it is not clear to what degree therapeutic gains can be attributed exclusively to REMD. Following exposure to a contrived trauma, Ss were allocated to one of three conditions: REMD; slow eye movement desensitization (SEMD); and stationary-imagery (SI; i.e. no eye movement). Emotional processing was significantly impaired in the REMD group compared to the SEMD and SI groups. No significant differences were found between the SEMD and SI groups. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Experimental Stressor Random Clinical Trial RCT Survivors Young Adults

Accuracy Verified: Yes

94. Shapiro, F. (1995, September/October). Doing our homework. Family Therapy Networker, 19(5), 49-53.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Michael Lerner's call to arms at last spring's Family Therapy Network Symposium (see page 44) challenged therapists to become a greater moral force in the world and to take more responsibility for the collective good. Lerner stirred an audience of 2,500 therapists with his impassioned appeal for the mental health community to mobilize politically, yet 1 was struck by an important omission in his address there was little mention of our own individual and collective responsibility for the current crises feeing our profession. I don't think therapists can take the moral high ground with anyone when we haven't cleaned up our own house. I remember hearing about a conversation in which a therapist who said he did family therapy was asked where he was trained. "What's the big deal?' he replied. "I'm a therapist and 1 was born into a family. What more do I need?" I asked the person who told the story, "How did you respond to that?" She shrugged and said, "Nothing. You know how people are. It goes on all the time."

In a field that prides itself on its mavericks and creative innovators, from Freud to Milton Erickson, doing therapy without training is often viewed as an indicator of a willingness to reject stultifying orthodoxies and break with outmoded clinical traditions. But the argument that individual clinicians need the autonomy to work intuitively can often become an excuse for not bothering to become thoroughly prepared and knowledgeable about what has already been developed.

As the originator of a new therapeutic approach called Eye Movement De-sensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), I have had the opportunity to get a close-up view of how therapists incorporate new clinical methods into their practices. After publishing a controlled study on EMDR in 1989, I decided to teach it to licensed mental health professionals as an experimental procedure. This way, as we awaited further research, clinicians could use EMDR judiciously, careful to employ other procedures if the method did not work. However, I soon began getting reports about clients who appeared to be harmed by EMDR and discovered that they had been treated with improvised versions of the method taught to their therapists by past participants in EMDR trainings. Some participants had even trained lay hypnotists and massage therapists in their version of EMDR. There seemed to be little understanding that you are not qualified to teach something you just learned. My psychiatrist friends laughed at my shock and said, "Why are you surprised? Haven't you heard of 'See one, do one, teach one?" Advertisements for "eye movement therapy" started appearing around the country taught by people who had never been fully trained themselves. Some even started to run workshops based on their reading of the two-page procedure section of my eight-year-old research publication.

The intentions of these therapists may have been benign, but the consequences for their clients were sometimes disastrous. One young woman who had been raped was treated by a therapist who had heard that EMDR was useful for treating trauma. Without any other information, preparation or procedural safeguards, the therapist started using the eye movement component of EMDR, without any real grasp of the method. The young woman appeared to calm slightly, but when she returned home, she started crying uncontrollably, ended up in a fugue state and had to be hospitalized. When I told the story to another therapist, his response was, "Clients do that all the time. How do you know it wouldn't have happened anyway?" The answer is I don't, but I know that there is much less likelihood of a client being hurt if clinicians are well trained in their methods. As long as we shrug off the use of methods by colleagues who haven't been adequately trained in them, we have to accept part of the responsibility for their results.

Keywords: Cautions Training

Accuracy Verified: Yes

95. Hembree, E., Foa, E., & Dorfan, N. (2002, November). Dropout rates across treatments for PTSD. In N. Feeney (Chair), Is exposure therapy for PTSD helpful or harmful? Symposium conducted at the 18th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Is Exposure Therapy For PTSD Helpful or Harmful?: Does exposure therapy cause severe symptom exacerbation or treatment dropout? We will examine clinical impressions and research in this area. First, clinical perspectives on the tolerability of exposure will be presented.Then, three empirical papers will explore: dropout rates for exposure, symptom exacerbation in women undergoing imaginal exposure, and factors that influence treatment choices.

Dropout rates across treatments for PTSD: Many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of exposure therapy in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite the convincing outcome literature, a concern that this treatment may exacerbate symptoms and lead to premature dropout has been voiced on the basis of a few reports. In the present paper, we examined the hypothesis that treatments that include exposure will be associated with a higher dropout rate than treatments that do not include exposure. A literature search identified 17 controlled studies of cognitive behavioral treatment for PTSD that 67 Concurrent Sessions–Saturday,November 9 Saturday: 1:00 p.m.–2:15 p.m. included data on dropout. The results indicated no difference in dropout rates among exposure therapy, cognitive therapy, stress inoculation training, and EMDR.These findings are consistent with previous research about the tolerability of exposure therapy.

Keywords: Dropout Rate Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

96. Turner, S. (2005, November). Drug treatments in the management of PTSD. Symposium conducted (S. Turner, Chair) at the 21st annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence Guidelines on PTSD: Based on rigorous meta-analysis, detailed literature review and two public consultations, the national guidelines for the assessment, prevention and treatment of PTSD in the UK will be presented in this symposium on behalf of the Guideline Development Group.

Drug treatments in the management of PTSD: Drug treatments are increasingly used in the management of PTSD and have been supported by a number of recent reviews although there have been increasing concerns about their safety. Recent guidance has been issued in the UK by the Regulatory Agency concerning the use of SSRI drugs in people of all ages, but especially in children and young adults. In a meta-analysis of the clinical trial literature for PTSD, following a rigorous bibliographic search, 26 RCTs meeting strict criteria were identified. Data on two hitherto unpublished trials of sertraline were available for inclusion. This review highlights the methodological issues involved in comparing drug trials and trials of psychological therapies. Nonetheless, meta-analysis demonstrates that drug treatments for PTSD are probably more disappointing than hitherto believed. Only five drugs emerged with recommendations for use. One of these has a reliable if modest effect (paroxetine). The other four are included on the basis of small single trial reports. Although there are clear indications for drug treatments, in general there should be an increasing emphasis on ensuring that trauma-focused psychological treatments (CBT and EMDR) are widely available, delivered by competent practitioners, and easily accessible in a timely fashion in primary and secondary care settings.

Keywords: Drug Treatment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium

Accuracy Verified: No

97. Maxfield, L. (2007). Editorial. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(2), 66-67. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.2.66.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This second issue of the Journal of EMDR Practice and Research highlights the strong relevance of the clinical application of EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing). The purpose of this editorial is to encourage therapists to consider submitting a clinical article to the journal. Many readers of the journal are clinicians, with interesting cases of their own and whose published contributions could advance the field. This editorial provides an overview of the types of articles published by the journal, most of which could easily be written by an individual practitioner. This journal also publishes Controlled Research Studies, in which two or more groups are compared to each other. In conclusion, I want to strongly encourage EMDR clinicians to consider submitting articles to the Journal of EMDR Practice and Research. This will allow you to contribute to the field, educate fellow therapists, and advance knowledge about EMDR applications for various disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Editorial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

98. Kutz, I., Dekel, R., Schreiber, S., Resnick, V., Dolberg, O. T., Barkai, G., Leor, A., Rapoport, E., & Bloch, M. (2008, November). The effect of a single session of EMDR on intrusive distress in acute stress syndromes. Symposium/panel conducted at the 24th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Early diagnosis and intervention in mass casualty events: Since September 2000, Israeli and Palestinian societies suffered great losses. on the Israeli side, civilians of all ages, and ethnic groups, have been exposed to various types of terrorist attacks. This symposium examines issues of diagnosis and interventions

The effect of a single session of EMDR on intrusive distress in acute stress syndromes: Purpose: To examine the efficacy of a single session of a modified abridged EMDR protocol in reducing Acute Stress Syndromes (ASS) following accidents and terrorist bombing attacks. Methods: Treatment was provided, in a general hospital inpatient and out-patient setting to 86 patients with ASS. Friday: 11:00 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. Presenters are underlined and discussants are italicized. If serving in both roles, they are both underlined and italicized. Findings: Fifty percent reported immediate fading of their intrusive symptoms and general alleviation of their distress, 27% described partial alleviation of their symptoms, while 23% reported no improvement. Four week and six month follow-up, in the terror victims group only, showed that the immediate responders remained symptom free, while half of the non-responders, who also received subsequent additional interventions modalities, were still symptomatic. Conclusions: The difference in response may be attributed, in part, to the fact that immediate responders tended to have an uncomplicated ASS with fewer risk factors for PTSD, while the non-responders had higher exposure to former traumas and endorsed more risk factors for PTSD. These results support other anecdotal reports on the rapid effects of brief EMDR intervention in uncomplicated cases and offer a psycho-physiological hypothesis for immediate response. While additional controlled studies are essential, this immediate symptomatic relief may be a potential addition for focused interventions in acute trauma victims.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD Bombings Israel Palenstine Panel Symposium Terrorists

Accuracy Verified: Yes

99. Cole, F. J. (1996, November). The effect of alpha theta brainwave production on self-efficacy in the treatment of substance abuse. California School of Professional Psychology, Fresno, CA. AAT 9734483.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Two new brief treatments, Alpha Theta Brainwave Training (ATBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) were compared to Systematic Muscle Relaxation (SMR) training during the treatment of 45 hospitalized veterans in the Chemical Dependency Treatment Program of the Fresno Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center. Fifteen veterans were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, ATBT, EMDR, and SMR, to investigate whether these treatments affected self-efficacy, or confidence in the ability to resist the urge to drink. In behavioral change, self-efficacy levels are consistent predictors of short and long-term success. It was hypothesized that the greater the amount of time spent in theta brainwave frequency (4-8 Hz) during treatment, the greater the increase in self-efficacy. Brainwave activity, temperature, skin conductance and electromyographic levels were recorded during the treatment sessions. Measures of self-efficacy, self-efficacy expectancy, outcome expectancy, and level of overall physical and emotional symptoms were taken before and after treatment. Results indicated that all treatments increased self-efficacy and decreased overall physical and emotional symptoms in alcoholic subjects. Overall, there was no significant difference in the amount of time spent in theta brainwave frequency between groups, but results indicated that the treatments did produce a significant difference in the amount of time spent in theta brainwave frequency between the first and last treatment sessions in the groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(5-B), Nov 1997, pp. 2667.

Keywords: Brain Stimulation Drug Abuse Drug Rehabilitation Empirical Study Military Veterans Relaxation Therapy Self Efficacy Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

100. Zhang, J. (2010, July). The effect of EMDR for children with PTSD/PTSS after the Sichaun earthquake. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A devastating earthquake suddenly struck over Sichuan Province of China at May 12, 2008. Two weeks after the quake, over five hundreds children who lost either parents or one parent were moved to RiZhao, ShanDong province. After a through screening with MiNi, Kiddie-Sads and the diagnosed assessment with Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS-CA), about 8 percent was diagnosed with PTSD or PTSS. 511 children were selected. The final diagnosis was made with DSM-IV. We treated these PTSD/PTSS children with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), which is taken as one of the most effective treatments for PTSD. 26 children with PTSD consented to receive EMDR treatment and 26 completed the treatment. They were randomized into pretreatment group and waiting group. Children enrolled in treatment completed a number of self-report measures and CAPS-CA; pre-, mid- and post-treatment and at follow-up. All children received three 45-90minute sessions of EMDR, one session a week. The total score, subscale scores and ration of decreased score were calculated for CAPS-CA. Comparing the ratio of decreased score, the rations after the three sessions’ treatment were significantly higher than that of waiting group and naturally decreased with time. The results indicate that some children with PTSD after the SiChuan earthquake were getting well after short term EMDR.

Keywords: Children Earthquake Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD: PTSS Sichaun

Accuracy Verified: Yes

101. Vaughan, K. (1995, June). The effect of eye movement component of EMDR on emotional processing and arousal in PTSD. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: T
he aim of this study is to investigate in a controlled manner the effect of eye movements on emotional processing and physiological arousal in 22 PTSD patients. Changes in emotional processing and physiological arousal were measured before during and after EMDR eye movement procedure: for this experiment the EMDR procedure was varied: with a condition with eyes moving in a normal manner; with eyes watching a stationary non-moving finger; and with eyes closed acting as a control condition. In order to measure emotional processing a manual for measuring emotional processing was made. In addition to the results of this experiment the main features of this manual for scoring emotional processing including reliability measures will also be presented. Physiological arousal was measured using galvanic skin response.

Keywords: Arousal Emotional Reprocessing Eye movement Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

102. Nakahara, T., Nakahara, K., Uehara, M., Koyama, K., Li, K., Harada, T., Yasuhara, D., Taguchi, H., Kojima, S., Sagiyama, K., & Inui, A. (2007, May). Effect of juggling therapy on anxiety disorders in female patients. doi:doi:10.1186/1751-0759-1-10. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 1(10), 1-4.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of juggling therapy for anxiety disorder patients. Design and Method: Subjects were 17 female outpatients who met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders. Subjects were treated with standard psychotherapy, medication and counseling for 6 months. For the last 3 months of treatment, subjects were randomized into either a non-juggling group (n = 9) or a juggling therapy group (juggling group: n = 8). The juggling group gradually acquired juggling skills by practicing juggling beanbags (otedama in Japan) with both hands. The therapeutic effect was evaluated using scores of psychological testing (STAI: State and Trate Anxiety Inventry, POMS: Profile of Mood Status) and of ADL (FAI: Franchay Activity Index) collected before treatment, 3 months after treatment (before juggling therapy), and at the end of both treatments. Results: After 6 months, an analysis of variance revealed that scores on the state anxiety, trait anxiety subscales of STAI and tension-anxiety (T-A) score of POMS were significantly lower in the juggling group than in the non-juggling group (p < 0.01). Depression, anger-hostility scores of POMS were improved more than non-jugglers. In the juggling group, activity scores on the vigor subscale of POMS and FAI score were significantly higher than those in the non juggling group (p < 0.01). Other mood scores of POMS did not differ between the two groups. Conclusion: These findings suggest that juggling therapy may be effective for the treatment of anxiety disorders.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Females

Accuracy Verified: Yes

103. Kutz, I., Resnik, V., & Dekel, R. (2008). The effect of single-session modified EMDR on acute stress syndromes. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(3), 190-200. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.190.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A single session of a modified, abridged EMDR protocol was provided in a general hospital inpatient and outpatient setting to 86 patients with acute stress (AS) syndrome suffering from intrusion distress following accidents and terrorist bombing attacks. Fifty percent reported immediate fading of intrusive symptoms and general alleviation of distress, 27% described partial alleviation of their symptoms and distress, while 23% reported no improvement. Partial and nonresponders were provided with or referred for more comprehensive treatment. At 4-week and 6-month follow-up, the immediate responders in the terror victims group remained symptom free. The immediate responders tended to have uncomplicated AS symptoms with fewer risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), while the nonresponders had higher exposure to former traumas and endorsed more risk factors for PTSD. These results support other anecdotal reports on the rapid effects of brief EMDR intervention on intrusive symptoms in early uncomplicated posttraumatic cases. Although more controlled studies are essential, this immediate method for symptomatic relief may be a potential addition for focused interventions in acute trauma victims.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD Intrusions Mass Casualty Event MCE Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

104. Becich, H. A. (1995). The effect of varying the rate of the eye movements in eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) with battered women. California School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles, CA. AAT 9531596.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The rapid saccades used in eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) have been reputed to be critical to its efficacy. To evaluate this hypothesis, the rate of the eye movements was varied in this study. Subjects included 27 battered women who were rated PTSD-positive by a modified version of the Symptom Checklist (MSC). Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: EMDR Fast, EMDR Slow or Control.Prior to treatment, subjects completed the Revised Impact of Events Scale (IES). Treatment involved one experimental session lasting up to 90 minutes. Dependent variables included the Subjective Units of Distress (SUDs) (derived from the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale), the Validity of Cognition (VOC) and the Vividness of Traumatic Image (VTI) Scales as well as the Intrusion subscales of the MSC and the IES. At post-treatment one week later, subjects again provided responses to the five dependent variables and, for ethical reasons, were provided another session of treatment at the EMDR Fast rate if their SUDs were 2 or greater. Results of the mixed, two factor analyses indicated no differences between the groups. Hence, the outcomes showed that the rapid eye movements did not provide a differential treatment effect as hypothesized. All groups experienced improvement on the SUDs and VTI Scales and the MSC Intrusion subscale, supporting occurrence of an exposure effect. This investigation was the first controlled EMDR study conducted with battered women, as well as the first experiment on this procedure using a clinical population in which the rate of the eye movements was varied. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 56(5-B), Nov 1995, pp. 2854

Keywords: Adults Americans Battery Empirical Study Follow-up Study Females Posttraumatic Stress DIsorder PTSD Spouse Abuse Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

105. Rubin, Al., Bischofshausen, S., Conroy-Moore, K., Dennis, B., Hastie, M., Melnick, L., Reeves, D., & Smith, T. (2001, July). The effectiveness of EMDR in a child guidance center. Research on Social Work Practice, 11(4), 435-457. doi:10.1177/104973150101100402 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of adding EMDR to the routine treatment regimen of child therapists. Method: 39 child guidance center clients were randomly assigned to an experimental group that received EMDR plus the center's routine treatment package or a control group that received only the center's routine treatment package. Results: Analyses of variance found no significant differences in Child Behavior Checklist scores between groups. Subanalyses conducted for 33 clients with elevated pretest scores found moderate effect sizes that approached, but fell short of, statistical significance. Conclusions: These findings raise doubts about notions that EMDR produces rapid and dramatic improvements with children whose emotional and behavioral problems are not narrowly connected to a specific trauma and who require improvisational deviations from the standard EMDR protocol. Further research is needed in light of the special difficulties connected to implementing the EMDR protocol with clients like those in this study. [Sage]

Keywords: Affective Disorders Behavior Problems Effectiveness Emotional & Behavioral Problems Empirical Study Treatment Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

106. George, A., Thilly, N., Rydberg, J. A., Luz, R., & Spitz, E. (2013, March). Effectiveness of EMDR treatment in PTSD after childbirth: A randomized controlled trial protocol. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. doi:10.1111/aogs.12132.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A traumatic experience of childbirth is an important public health issue (1; 2). Approximately 1-2% of women suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following childbirth (3). To date, no large research project has attempted to evaluate psychotherapeutic interventions for women suffering from PTSD after childbirth in a randomized controlled trial (4). Qualitative pilot studies and clinical expertise suggest that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment is a highly successful psychotherapy for women suffering from traumatic birth (5;6). © 2013 Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Acta Obstetricia etGynecologica Scandinavica.

Keywords: Childbirth Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

107. Edmond, T. E., Rubin, A., & Wambach, K. G. (1999, June). The effectiveness of EMDR with adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Social Work Research, 23(2), 103-116.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A randomized experimental evaluation found support for the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in reducing trauma symptoms among adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. 59 women were assigned randomly to one of three groups: (1) individual EMDR treatment (six sessions); (2) routine individual treatment (six sessions); or (3) delayed treatment control group. A MANOVA was statistically significant at both posttest and follow-up. In univariate ANOVAs for each of four standardized outcome measures EMDR group members scored significantly better than controls at posttest. In a three-month follow-up, EMDR participants scored significantly better than routine individual treatment participants on two of the four measures, with large effect sizes suggestive of clinical significance. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Brief Psychotherapy Child Abuse Empirical Study Females Follow-up Study Longitudinal Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial Rape RCT Self Efficacy Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

108. Williams, C. J. (2001). The effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of psychologically traumatized individuals: A literature review. University of Wisconsin - Stout.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The purpose of this literature review was to investigate the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) with traumatized individuals primarily diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In this investigation an overview of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as well as other approaches in the treatment of traumatized individuals was explored. Included in this investigation is a critical review of controlled research and the use of EMDR. Finally, the information is summarized and recommendations are offered based upon information gathered.

Keywords: Literature Review Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

109. Ernst, R. (2011, Juli). Effectiviteit van oogbewegingen, klikjes en geen dubbeltaak bij EMDR in een klinische steekproef [Effectiveness of eye movements, clicks and no double task of EMDR in a clinical sample]. Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Een werkgeheugen rekening van Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is op grote schaal ondersteund door laboratoriumonderzoek. Taken die belasting werkgeheugen voldoende Het een traumatische gebeurtenis herinneren terwijl het verminderen van emotionaliteit en levendigheid van traumatische herinneringen. Vaak therapeuten vervangen EMDR-Eye Movements met minder belasten binaurale piept, terwijl de laatste Suggest Sommige onderzoeken zijn inferieur aan oogbewegingen. De huidige studie direct vergelijken oogbewegingen en piept met EMDR in een klinisch monster. In een within-subjects design, 51 patiënten verwezen voor EMDR traumatherapie Hun herinneringen herinnerde tijdens het (a) het maken van gaten horizontale bewegingen, (b) binauraal luisteren naar pieptonen en (c) gericht op een punt (controle). Volgorde van de stimulaties gerandomiseerde WAS Deelnemers en Elke stimulatie over duurde zes minuten. De resultaten toonden aan dat oogbewegingen emotionaliteit en levendigheid van de herinnering reduceert aanzienlijk meer dan de controle, terwijl de emotionaliteit Meer met aanzienlijk minder in de buurt van oogbewegingen dan met pieptonen. Geen significante verschillen in Vermindering van levendigheid en emotionaliteit Beide werden gevonden tussen piept en controle. Hun trauma patiënten gewaardeerd meestal visuele herinneringen, terwijl meer in de buurt van visuele herinneringen significant geassocieerd met een grotere daling van de emotionaliteit en levendigheid met oogbewegingen. De studie ondersteunt Bewijs voor een cumulatief voordeel van oogbewegingen met EMDR. Resultaten worden besproken Deze modaliteit in termen van een specifieke werkgeheugen rekening en klinische implicaties worden besproken.

A working memory account of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been widely supported by laboratory research. Tasks that sufficiently tax working memory while recollecting a traumatic event reduce emotionality and vividness of traumatic memories. EMDR-therapists often substitute eye movements with less taxing binaural beeps, while some studies suggest the latter are inferior to eye movements. The present study directly compares eye movements and beeps with EMDR in a clinical sample. In a within-subjects design, 51 patients referred for EMDR therapy recollected their trauma memories while (a) making horizontal eye movements, (b) listening to binaural beeps and (c) focusing on one point (control). Sequence of stimulations was randomized across participants and each stimulation lasted for six minutes. Results showed that eye movements reduce emotionality and vividness of the memory significantly more than control, while emotionality reduced near significantly more with eye movements than with beeps. No significant differences in reduction of both emotionality and vividness were found between beeps and control. Patients rated their trauma memories mostly visual, while more visual memories were near significantly associated with a larger decrease of emotionality and vividness with eye movements. The study supports evidence for a cumulative benefit of eye movements with EMDR. Results are discussed in terms of a modality specific working memory account and clinical implications are discussed.

Keywords: Eye Movements Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

110. Merckelbach, H., Hogervorst, E., Kampman, M., & de Jongh, A. (1994). Effects of '"eye movement desensitization" on emotional processing in normal subjects. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 22(4), 331-335. doi:10.1017/S1352465800013217.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A number of single case reports have made impressive claims for the efficacy of "eye movement desensitization" (EMD) in the treatment of traumatic memories. Many of these case reports claim that EMD reduces the unpleasant feelings associated with traumatic images. However, at present, there are no published controlled studies that provide evidence for these claims. The present experiment investigated whether EMD inhibits emotional responding during retrieval of aversive information. Normal Ss (N = 40) were exposed to an aversive slide. During a next stage, half of the Ss underwent EMD while they rehearsed the slide information, whereas the other half underwent a control procedure (i.e., finger tapping) while rehearsing slide information. Before and after EMD or control intervention, heart rate and self-report data were obtained while Ss retrieved and visualized the aversive slide. No evidence was found to suggest that EMD inhibits emotional reactivity more than does finger tapping. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Aversive Stimulation Emotional Responding During Retrieval of Aversive Information Emotional Responses Eye Movements Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

111. Nettz, S. L. (1995, August). Effects of a single session of EMDR, flooding, and a credible placebo treatment on traumatic memories in male veterans. Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL. AAT 9614404.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study explored the effectiveness of a single session of three different treatments for traumatic memories. Subjects were 45 adult males, randomly assigned to Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Flooding, or Placebo therapy (Modified Avoidance Response Conditioning [ MARC]). Self-report and physiological measures were employed to measure treatment effectiveness. Subjects completed the following pre-treatment inventories: Michigan Alcohol Screening Test, Impact of Event Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Questionnaire on Mental Imagery, and the Treatment Credibility Questionnaire. Post-treatment measures included self-report measures (Subjective Units of Distress [ SUDs] and Treatment Credibility Questionnaire) and physiological measures (heart rate, skin conductance, and skin temperature). Treatments were rated as equally credible before and after the session. Both EMDR and Flooding produced a significant decrease in the self-report of anxiety compared to the Placebo (MARC) group. Neither heart rate or skin conductance channels showed a significant change for any of the three groups during post-treatment assessment phases. However, skin temperature was significantly lower for the Flooding group compared to the MARC group during two post-treatment phases, suggesting that the Flooding group was more physiologically aroused than Placebo (MARC) subjects. Findings suggest that during Flooding, exposure to disturbing elements of a trauma is associated with physiological arousal, which in turn leads to lessening of subjective distress. However, a different mechanism may account for EMDR treatment effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 57(1-B), Jul 1996, pp. 0687

Keywords: Adults Emotional Trauma Empirical Study Evaluation Male Memory Military Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial Veterans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

112. Konuk, E., Knipe, J., Eke, I., Yuksek, H., Yurtsever, A., & Ostep, S. (2006, August). The effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy on post-traumatic stress disorder in survivors of the 1999 Maramara, Turkey, earthquake. International Journal of Stress Management, 13(3), 291-308. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.13.3.291.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
As part of a program of response to the 1999 Marmara, Turkey, earthquake, an estimated 1,500 trauma victims with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were treated in tent cities with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). A field study evaluating a representative group of 41 participants with diagnosed PTSD indicated that a mean of five 90-minute sessions was sufficient to eliminate symptoms in 92.7% of those treated, with reduction in symptoms in the remaining participants. Significant reductions occurred between the pre and posttreatment PTSD Symptom Scale Self-Report version (PSS-SR) total scores and all subscales. These gains were maintained at 6-month follow-up. The same pattern of recovery was observed regardless of the use or nonuse of psychotropic medication at the time of intake.

Keywords: Developing Countries Disaster Response Emotional Trauma Empirical Study Follow-up Study Field Study Natural Disasters Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Recent Events Survivors Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

113. Becker, L., Black-Tanski, D., Nugent, N., & Thede, L. (1999, November). The effects of eye movement on the stream of consciousness. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Miami, FL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A recent meta-analysis of PTSD treatments (van Etten & Taylor, 1998) found EMDR to be as efficacious as behavioral and drug treatments. There is considerable controversy, but little research, on the underlying mechanisms of EMDR. A conditioning model by Dyck (1993) suggests that eye movements (EM) effect a distraction from trauma related thoughts, causing an extinction trial. According to this model, the distraction of EM should cause thoughts to be directed outward. A psychodynamic model by Allen and Lewis (1996) suggests that EM facilitate the formation of new associations to traumatic memories and allow the client to “remain in the present while thinking of the past.” This model postulates that EM cause thoughts to be directed inward. We report two experiments in which thought processes were studied using a stream of consciousness (SOC) technique (Singer, 1993). In both studies, undergraduate participants wrote down a sad (or happy) target event from their life. They then thought about the target event and let their thoughts go where they may for 10 minutes. At approximately 1-minute intervals they were asked to report their thoughts. The baseline study (n = 42) looked at SOC with eyes closed; the second study (n = 27) compared SOC with eyes open, eyes closed, and with EM. Relative the to the eyes-open condition, EM tended to keep the SOC internally focused. During the last 4 minutes of the SOC, eyes open participants were externally focused (thoughts about the surroundings) about 50% of time; EM participants were externally focused 25% of the time; and eyes closed participants were externally focused 3% of the time, F(1, 11) = 6.08, p = .017. Eye movements produced a blend of external (eyes open) and internal (eyes closed) thoughts, offering support to the psychodynamic model.

Keywords: Eye Movement Poster Stream of Consciousness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

114. Lee, C. W., & Drummond P. D. (2008, June). Effects of eye movement versus therapist instructions on the processing of distressing memories. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(5), 801-808. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.08.007.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The effectiveness of components of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was tested by randomly assigning 48 participants to either an eye movement or an eye stationary condition and to one of two types of therapist instructions (reliving or distancing). Participants were university students (mean age 23) who were asked to recall a personal distressing memory with measures of distress and vividness taken before and after treatment, and at follow-up. There was no significant effect of therapist's instruction on the outcome measures. There was a significant reduction in distress for eye movement at post-treatment and at follow-up but overall no significant reduction in vividness. Post hoc analysis revealed a significant reduction in vividness only for the eye movement and distancing instruction condition. The results were consistent with other evidence that the mechanism of change in EMDR is not the same as traditional exposure.

Keywords: Empirical Study Eye Movement Follow-Up Study Quantitative Study Randomized Comparison

Accuracy Verified: Yes

115. Largo-Marsh, L. K., & Spates, C. R. (2002, December). The effects of writing therapy in comparison to EMD/R on traumatic stress: The relationship between hypnotizability and client expectancy to outcome. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 33(6), 581-586. doi:10.1037//0735-7028.33.6.581.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Many psychologists encourage clients to engage in journal writing to supplement individual psychotherapy. Empirical evidence supports the use of writing when targeted at traumatic memories. The most thoroughly researched writing strategy suggests that writing is most effective when it targets a specific memory along with the emotional components of that memory. Effective writing therapy is thus procedurally similar to effective exposure therapy for fear and traumatic memories. This investigation examined structured writing as a self-contained treatment by comparing it to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and it was found to be effective. [Adapted from Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Therapeutic Writing Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

116. Hensel, T. (2006, April). Effektivität von EMDR bei psychisch traumatisierten kindern und jugendlichen [Effectiveness of EMDR with psychologically traumatized children and adolescents]. Kindheit und Entwicklung, 15 (2), 107-117. doi:10.1026/0942-5403.15.2.76.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) has proved to be an independent, effective, and empirically validated approach for the treatment of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. This work provides an overview of the status of research into the use of EMDR in traumatized children and adolescents. The available randomized controlled studies are summarized and assessed for their methodistic value. The empirically supported and effective treatment is described. The results show - albeit on a narrow empirical basis - that EMDR, when used in children and adolescents, demonstrates a Comparable effectiveness in symptom reduction and efficiency (limited treatment duration) to that observed in adults. Issues relating to the integration of the treatment into the existing care structure are discussed.

Keywords: Adolescents Bilateral stimulation Care Children Chronic Illness Chronic PTSD Effectiveness Emotional Trauma Empirically Supported Treatment Empirical Study Psychologically Traumatized Children Quantitative Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

117. Hensel, T. (2005, September). Effektivität von EMDR bei psychisch traumatisierten kindern und jugendlichen [Effectiveness of EMDR with psychologically traumatized children and adolescents]. Jahrestagung der deutschsprachigen gesellschaft für psychotraumatologie DeGPT, Dresden .

Language: German

Format: Conference

Abstract: EMDR ist als ein effektives und ökonomisches Verfahren zur Behandlung von chronischer PTBS bei Erwachsenen anerkannt. Dieses Poster verdeutlicht die Effektivität von EMDR bei psychisch traumatisierten Kindern und Jugendlichen. Die kontrollierten Studien sind inhaltlich und in ihrer methodologischen Güte beschrieben und ausgewertet worden. Es sind sowohl singulär traumatisierte Kinder und Jugendliche nach einer Naturkatastrophe bzw. einer Explosion, wie auch sequentiell traumatisierte Kinder und Jugendliche mit sexuellem Missbrauch und Gewalterfahrungen behandelt worden. Alle Studien weisen EMDR als hoch effektiv aus. Dies gilt gleichermaßen für die Reduktion der PTB wie auch der komorbiden Symptome (Depression, Angst). Bemerkenswert ist, dass in den beiden Behandlungsvergleichen mit bewährten kognitiv-behavioralen Verfahren EMDR bei gleicher Effektivität signifikant effizienter war. Dies repliziert Ergebnisse aus dem Erwachsenenbereich (van Etten & Taylor, 1998). Obwohl die geringe Anzahl an Studien die Generalisierbarkeit der Ergebnisse einschränkt, scheint EMDR über alle untersuchten Alterstufen hinweg ein einheitliches Wirkprofil vorzuweisen.[Author abstract]

EMDR is recognized as an effective and economical method for the treatment of chronic PTSD in adults. This poster illustrates the effectiveness of EMDR with psychologically traumatized children and adolescents. Controlled studies are described and evaluated in terms of content and its methodological quality and has been. They are both singular traumatized children and adolescents after a natural disaster or an explosion, as well as sequentially traumatized children and adolescents treated with sexual abuse and violence. All the studies point out EMDR to be highly effective. This applies equally to the reduction of the PTB as well as the comorbid symptoms (depression), anxiety. It is noteworthy that cognitively in the two treatment comparisons with best-behavioral procedures with the same effectiveness of EMDR was significantly more efficient. This replicates results from the adult participants (Van Etten & Taylor, 1998). Although the small number of studies limits the generalizability of the results, it seems EMDR track record across all age groups studied a single-action profile. [Author abstract].

Keywords: Adolescents Children Poster Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

118. Taylor, S. (2004). Efficacy and outcome predictors for three PTSD treatments: exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training. In S. Taylor (Ed.), Advances in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Cognitive-behavioral perspectives (1st ed.) (pp. 13-37). NewYork: Springer Publishing.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
In a study that directly compared exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training in patients with PTSD, we simply provided patients with a verbal description of PTSD and its treatment, then assessed the patient's treatment goals, and discussed how the treatment was relevant to the goals. For patients who do not drop out of treatment, our findings suggest that the most consistent predictor of good outcome is whether or not the patient receives exposure therapy, and that the severity of reexperiencing symptoms is an important predictor of treatment outcome, largely because relaxation training has a poorer outcome when these symptoms are severe. The efficacy of exposure and EMDR does not appear to be affected by the severity of reexperiencing. These findings provide further support for the efficacy of exposure and, to a limited extent, support the use of EMDR. Our findings, however, suggest that exposure is a first-line psychosocial treatment for PTSD. [Adapted from Text, pp. 16, 34] [Pilots]

Keywords: Adults Exposure Therapy Manual-Based Treatments Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Relaxation Therapy Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

119. Abbasnejad, M., Mahani, K. N., & Zamyad, A. (2007, Winter). Efficacy of "eye movement desensitization and reprocessing" in reducing anxiety and unpleasant feelings due to earthquake experience. Psychological Research, 9(3-4), 104-117.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
“EMDR is effective in reducing earthquake anxiety and negative emotions (e.g. PTSD, grief, fear, intrusive thoughts, depression, etc) resulting from earthquake experience. Furthermore, results show that, improvement due to EMDR was maintained at a one month follow up.”

Keywords: Anxiety Earthquake Experience Empirical Study Eye Movements Follow-up Study Natural Disasters Quantitative Study Randomized Controlled Study Unpleasant Feelings

Accuracy Verified: Yes

120. Swiney, U. M. (2004). The efficacy of EMDR for survivors of a natural disaster: Intervention after Hurricane Floyd. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. AAT 3129821.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is considered effective for civilian PTSD, but no controlled evaluation of EMDR, or any other treatment for PTSD, has been conducted with adults in a natural disaster context. Following Hurricane Floyd, 8 individuals from disaster-torn North Carolina communities were randomly assigned to 6 sessions of EMDR or a 1-month waiting list followed by treatment. All of the predominantly Caucasian, female participants met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD, and half reported moderate to severe levels of depression. Participants completed standardized self-report measures of PTSD, depression, and anxiety before and after the waiting period, or before, during (Session 4), and after the 6-week intervention. The principal investigator (PI) and blind assistants conducted a PTSD symptom interview before and after treatment and waiting period. Weekly progress was monitored with additional PTSD and depression self-report measures. The PI, a Level II-trained EMDR therapist, provided treatment. Treatment integrity, assessed by undergraduate assistants following an established checklist, was good.Compared to the untreated control condition, EMDR produced significantly larger decreases in self-reported PTSD and depression symptoms, and tended to promote greater improvement in observer-rated PTSD. However, random effects regression analyses of the secondary PTSD measure failed to detect a significant difference between the two groups. In contrast, random regression analyses confirmed a significant decrease in depression during treatment compared to the control condition. Controlled effect sizes for PTSD symptoms were large and compared favorably to research with other trauma populations. Nevertheless, despite sizeable reductions in symptoms, many clients continued to report elevated levels of PTSD even after treatment. In addition, despite random assignment, the average age of the two groups differed, and age was non-significantly but negatively associated with change in PTSD symptoms. This association, and the small size of this sample, limit the interpretation and generalizability of these findings. Thus, while results tentatively support extending EMDR to disaster survivors with depression and PTSD, this work is best considered as preliminary data. Research with a larger sample remains necessary to better evaluate both the impact of treatment and the potentially more complex treatment needs of this population. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 65(4-B), 2004, pp. 2116.

Keywords: Adults Americans Depressive Disorders Females Hurricane Floyd Hurricanes Posttraumatic Stress Disorders PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Recent Events Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

121. Wilson, S. A. (1995). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for psychologically traumatized individuals. Union Institute and University, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 9524675.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The effects of three, 1.5-hour Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment sessions on traumatic memories and psychological symptoms of 80 subjects were studied. The treatment sessions were administered within a two week period. 40 and 40 men ranging in age from 21-67 were interviewed and selected from a pool of 117. Subjects reported continuous difficulty and suffering (mean 13 years) in some area of their life since the occurrence of the traumatic event. Approximately 1/3 of subjects had no prior therapy experience. Subjects were randomly assigned to either EMDR treatment or delayed EMDR treatment condition, and to one of five EMDR trained therapists. Treatment therapists (licensed psychologists and counselors) consisted of 2 women and 2 men, each working with 5 men and 5 women in each group (gender study issues). The therapists had been trained in EMDR by Francine Shapiro. Each had various levels of EMDR experience and training, ranging from facilitator training with two to three years EMDR clinical experience, to Level I and minimal EMDR clinical experience. Treatment fidelity was consistent throughout the study. Subjects receiving EMDR showed decreases in anxiety and presenting complaints, and increases in positive self-evaluations. The six standardized tests and subjective reports were administered by an objective independent assessor (licensed psychologist) pre and post treatment, and at a 90-day follow-up. Subjects in the delayed EMDR treatment group showed no improvement on any of these measures during the 30 days before treatment. After treatment, the delayed EMDR treatment group showed decreases in anxiety and presenting complaints and increases in positive self-evaluations. All ANOVA interactions for both groups were significant at p < .001. These effects were maintained or improved at the 90-day follow-up. The main effect sizes in the present study range from 0.50 to 2.3, with an overall average of 0.93. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 56(4-B), Oct 1995, pp. 2347

Keywords: Adults Empirical Study Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

122. Enright, M. B. (1995, August). The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of test anxiety. University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO. AAT 9617465.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study explores the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of test anxiety. Thirty-five college students who scored above the 50th percentile on test anxiety were randomly assigned to either a treatment or wait-list control group. Subjects received two 1 hour sessions of EMDR. After posttesting, the control group also received EMDR treatment. The treatment group had a significant reduction in Test Anxiety Inventory total score, emotionality scale score, worry scale score, and state anxiety as compared to the control group. After treatment, the control group matched the experimental group for significant reductions on all dependent measures. The subject group as a whole had significant reductions in subjective units of distress during treatment as well as a significant increase in the validity of positive self-statements. Reductions in anxiety measures were maintained at one month follow-up. The differential effect of EMDR on subjects based on gender and pretreatment level of trait anxiety was also examined. Subjects with high trait anxiety had a greater reduction in total test anxiety, emotionality, and worry on posttesting as compared to subjects with lower trait anxiety. Males and females were found to respond equally to the treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 57(2-B), Aug 1996, pp. 1436

Keywords: Anxiety Management College Students Empirical Study Test Anxiety Treatment of Test Anxiety Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

123. Renfrey, G. (1993). The efficacy of eye movement desensitization in the treatment of trauma related imagery and cognitions: A partial dismantling procedure. Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo MI. AAT 9412220.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study investigated the effects of eye movement desensitization (EMD) on post-traumatic sequelae, and attempted a partial dismantling of the procedure to determine the necessity of EMD's characteristic eye movements. 23 persons participated in three groups: (1) those receiving standard EMD, (2) those receiving a variant of EMD in which eye movements were engendered through a light tracking task, and (3) those receiving a variant of EMD in which fixed visual attention replaced eye movements. All participants had experienced traumata as defined by the DSM-III-R and were having intrusive symptoms of PTSD at pre-treatment. All but two met full DSM-III-R criteria for PTSD. Each received two to six treatment sessions.Dependent variables included heart rate changes, subjective units of distress ratings, validity of both initial and targeted trauma-related cognitions during trauma-related imagery, overall frequency and intensity scores on the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, anxiety and depression T-scores on the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R), and scores on the Impact of Events Scale. Assessments were conducted at pre- and post-treatment and at a one- to three-month follow-up. All three interventions produced significant, positive changes in all dependant measures between pre- and post-treatments. Further, these changes were maintained at follow-up. No significant differences between groups were observed. These changes were of comparable magnitude to those reported elsewhere, but were brought about through a greater number of treatment sessions. It was concluded that EMD does bring about fairly rapid therapeutic changes in those post-traumatic sequelae measured, though not as efficiently as most previous reports have suggested. Further, it was concluded that the eye movements peculiar to EMD are not a necessary component of the procedure. The similarities and differences between the present findings and previous reports are discussed, as are the limitations and implications of the present study. Recommendations for future work are made. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Clinical Trial Partial Dismantling Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

124. Shapiro, F. (1989, April). Efficacy of the eye movement desensitization procedure in the treatment of traumatic memories. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2(2), 199-223. doi:10.1007/BF00974159.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the recently developed Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD) procedure on traumatic memory symptomatology. 22 subjects suffering from symptoms related to traumatic memories were used in the study. All had been victims of traumatic incidents concerning the Vietnam War, childhood sexual molestation, sexual or physical assault, or emotional abuse. Memories of the traumatic incident were pivotal to the presenting complaints which included intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, sleep disturbances, low self-esteem, and relationship problems. Dependent variables were (1) anxiety level, (2) validity of a positive self-statement/assessment of the traumatic incident, and (3) presenting complaints. These measures were obtained at the initial session and at 1- and 3-month follow-up sessions. The results of the study indicated that a single session of the EMD procedure successfully desensitized the subjects' traumatic memories and dramatically altered their cognitive assessments of the situation, effects that were maintained through the 3-month follow-up check. This therapeutic benefit was accompanied by behavioral shifts which included the alleviation of the subjects' primary presenting complaints. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Americans Anxiety Combat Incest Memories Molestation Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial Rape RCT Survivors Trauma Veterans Vietnam War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

125. Stapleton, J. A., Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2007, Spring). Efficacy of various treatments for PTSD in battered women: Case studies. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 21(1), 91-102. doi:10.1891/088983907780493287.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Spousal abuse and other forms of domestic violence can lead to PTSD. Little is known about how to best treat this form of PTSD. The current case series, based on data collected as part of a larger clinical trial, was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of exposure therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), or relaxation therapy. 3 women with battered-spouse-related PTSD were assigned to one of these treatments. The patient receiving exposure responded well to treatment and no longer met the criteria for PTSD at post-treatment or at 3-month follow-up. The battered women in the other two conditions continued to meet the criteria for PTSD at post-treatment and at follow-up. The patterns of treatment response were similar to those experienced by individuals with other forms of PTSD (N = 42) examined in the larger trial. The results of these case studies encourage further studies of exposure therapy for battered-spouse-related PTSD. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Battered Women Canadians Exposure Therapy Domestic Violence Empirical Study Females Follow-Up Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Quantitative Study Relaxation Training Spouse Abuse Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

126. Fátima Panangeiro, M. F., Torres, A. F. S., Fernandez, R. M., & Trajano, S. R. (2012, Novembro). Eicácia do EMDR na prevenção e cura do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático em vítimas de terremoto [Efficacy of EMDR in the prevention and treatment of PTSD with victims of an earthquake]. In comunicações de pesquisa. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Introdução: Sabemos que quando uma pessoa vivencia um incidente crítico, essa exposição tem impacto considerável sobre seu funcionamento global. Assim, para assegurar a recuperação dos militares brasileiros que estavam no Haiti, escolhemos a técnica EMDR criada pela Dra.Francine Shapiro, que encontra respaldo teórico em descobertas recentes no campo neuropsicológico para realizar as intervenções. Justificativa: O EMDR é uma técnica eficaz, que permite que o trauma armazenado na memória de curto prazo passe para a memória de longo prazo, uma vez que com os estímulos criam-se novas conexões neurais que trazem alívio, paz e aceitação. Atualmente existem mais de 20 estudos randomizados que apoiam sua eficácia. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia da técnica EMDR na recuperação de vítimas de terremoto no Haiti, que apresentavam Transtorno Estresse Pós-Traumático e/ou Transtorno Estresse Agudo. Método: O estudo foi realizado com 14 militares sobreviventes do terremoto ocorrido no Haiti em janeiro de 2010, divididos em dois grupos: A (soterrados) e B (não soterrados). Foram utilizados para avaliação: entrevista inicial entrevista inicial e final, os testes IES- Escala de Impacto de Eventos e ISSL - Inventário de Sintomas de estresse de Lipp (antes e após a intervenção), EMDR, e reencontro (follow-up) seis meses após o último atendimento. Resultados: De acordo com os resultados obtidos no IES, os sujeitos que tinham o nível de estresse entre grave, moderado e leve, passaram após a intervenção para o nível leve e recomendado. Em relação aos sintomas físicos e emocionais (flashbacks, insônia, pesadelos, agressividade, instabilidade de humor e aumento no consumo de álcool), os sujeitos não apresentavam mais a queixa ao término das intervenções. Conclusões: Com base nos resultados apresentados podemos afirmar que o EMDR é uma técnica eficaz para resolução do transtorno estresse pós-traumático, assim como na sua prevenção, em vítimas de terremoto.

Introduction: We know that when a person experiences a critical incident, such exposure has considerable impact on their overall functioning. Thus, to ensure the recovery of the Brazilian military who were in Haiti, we choose the EMDR technique created by Dra.Francine Shapiro, who finds theoretical support in recent discoveries in the field to perform neuropsychological interventions. Rationale: The EMDR is an effective technique that allows the trauma stored in short-term memory to pass the long-term memory, since with the stimuli it creates new neural connections that bring relief, peace and acceptance. Currently there are more than 20 randomized trials that support its effectiveness. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of EMDR technique in the recovery of victims of the earthquake in Haiti, which had Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and / or Acute Stress Disorder. Method: The study was conducted with 14 military survivors of the earthquake in Haiti in January 2010, divided into two groups: A (buried) and B (not buried). All patients were evaluated: initial initial interview and final interview, tests IES-Impact of Events Scale and ISSL - Symptom Inventory stress Lipp (before and after the intervention), EMDR, and reunion (follow-up) six months after the last treatment. Results: According to the results of the IES, the subjects who had the stress level between severe, moderate and mild, passed after the intervention to the level recommended lightweight. Regarding the physical and emotional symptoms (flashbacks, insomnia, nightmares, aggression, mood instability and increased consumption of alcohol), subjects no longer had the complaint at the end of the interventions. Conclusions: Based on the presented results we can state that EMDR is an effective technique for resolution of post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as its prevention, earthquake victims.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder Brazil Earthquake Haiti Military Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prevention PTSD Treatment Victims

Accuracy Verified: Yes

127. Burdett, C. (2010, March). EMDR & the law. Presentation at the 8th EMDR Association UK & Ireland Annual Conference & AGM, Dublin, Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Shapiro (2001) notes that, “if a crime victim, witness or police officer is being treated for a critical incident, it is essential to establish whether a legal deposition or any specific kind of trial testimony is or may be required of the individual”. Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing can affect the memory process. For this reason, it is important to discuss with the client, and with any lawyers or police officers involved, how testimony might be affected. The EMDR therapist must make clear to all concerned the potential effects of giving treatment and delaying treatment. The client, lawyers and other interested parties can then reach a decision on how to proceed. The therapist needs to understand the legal implications of their actions if they are asked to provide treatment under these circumstances. They also need knowledge of the procedures involved and of the way these differ between civil and criminal cases. These procedures will also differ between countries. The dilemma can be the conflict between the client’s best interests and the upholding of the law. Reference: Shapiro F (2001), Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing, 2nd Edition, Guilford Press NY, p98

Keywords: Law Court Cases

Accuracy Verified: Yes

128. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N. L., Muraoka, M. Y., Saitou, Y., & Saitou, I. (1997). EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) for combat related post-traumatic stress disorder. Japanese Journal of Biofeedback Research, (24), 50-64.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Studied the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Human Ss: 35 male American adults (aged 41-70 yrs) (PTSD) (34 Vietnam War veterans and 1 Korean War veteran). Tests used: The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (D. D. Blake et al, 1995), the restandardized MMPI, the Mississippi Scale for Combat Related PTSD (T. M. Keane et al, 1988), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Impact of Events Scale and the Initial Screening Questionnaire. Treatments: 10 Ss were administered 12 EMDR sessions, 13 Ss were administered 12 sessions of biofeedback and relaxation, and 12 Ss were administered standard treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Combat Empirical Study Military Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

129. Shapiro, F. (2002, January). EMDR 12 years after its introduction: Past and future research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 1-22. doi:10.1002/jclp.1126 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was one of the first treatments of PTSD to be evaluated in controlled research and has to date been empirically supported by 13 such studies. This article reviews the historical context and empirical research of EMDR over the past dozen years. Historically, EMDR's name has caused confusion in that "desensitization" is considered to be only a by-product of reprocessing and because the eye movement component of EMDR is only one form of dual stimulation to be successfully used in this integrative approach. Research is needed to determine the comparative efficacy of EMDR relative to cognitive-behavioral treatments of PTSD. However, this has been hampered by the lack of independent replication studies of the latter treatments. Current component analyses of EMDR have failed to effectively evaluate the relative weighting of its procedures. Parameters for future research and the testing of protocols for diverse disorders are suggested. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive Processes Literature Review Posttraumtic Stress Disorder PTSD Research Needs

Accuracy Verified: Yes

130. Veerbeek, V. (2010, April). EMDR als onderdeel forensische behandeling van ernstig gewelddadig gedrag: Vreemde eend in de bijt? [EMDR as part forensic examination of serious violent behavior: Odd man out?]. Workshop gepresenteerd aan de vierde congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Nijmegen, The Nederlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Op ernstig geweld, zeker met fatale afloop, wordt door de maatschappij doorgaans geschokt gereageerd en is het resultaat van berechting vooral “leedtoevoeging” in de vorm van lange gevangenisstraffen. De behandeling in de gevangenis of op een forensische polikliniek staat overwegend in het teken van het nemen van verantwoording voor het gewelddadig gedrag en het aanleren van agressieregulatievaardigheden. Wanneer de cliënt zich als slachtoffer opstelt, roept dit bij de therapeut irritatie op; de cliënt merkt dit, neemt nog meer afstand van de therapeut, hetgeen vervolgens weer machteloosheid, veroordeling en boosheid oproept bij de therapeut. De cliënt als slachtoffer is taboe. In dat licht wordt door collega’s weleens met de nodige scepsis aangekeken tegen EMDR-behandeling van cliënten met ernstig gewelddadig gedrag. In deze workshop komen allereerst de vooroordelen van de therapeut zelf tegen de cliënt en de vooroordelen van de collega’s tegen traumaverwerking bij ernstig gewelddadige cliënten aan bod. Deze vooroordelen staan goede diagnostiek en een goede therapeutische relatie in de weg. Gepropageerd wordt om “neutraal” en grondig onderzoek te doen, net als bij een vliegtuigcrash. Aan de hand van casuïstiek komen enkele sleutelvragen aan bod, die in het zoekproces en de casusconceptualisatie van groot belang zijn. Wanneer onverwerkte ervaringen vanuit het verleden een rol spelen bij (de mate van) agressie, zullen deze ervaringen middels EMDR bewerkt dienen te worden. Hoe groter de vroeger ervaren machteloosheid en vernedering, hoe groter de kans dat de huidig ervaren agressieve lading niet zal verminderen met uitsluitend agressieregulatietherapie. Geïllustreerd wordt hoe EMDR, al of niet met recripting als CI, daarnaast een rol kan spelen bij actuele wraak-drang en wraakgedachten. Videomateriaal wordt ter illustratie gebruikt. Stil wordt gestaan bij de waarde van het inoefenen van de veilige plek en hoe agitatie in en buiten de therapiezitting hierdoor snel kan verminderen. Tot slot zal worden ingegaan op het experimenteel gebruik van EMDR als hulpmiddel bij delictanalyse – en delictverwerking, onder meer bij een cliënt die zijn kind ombracht. Bij huiselijk geweld is meer dan eens sprake van een lange opmaat tot het delict, waarbij een opstapeling van door de cliënt als vernedering ervaren incidenten (waarbij al of niet vroegere ervaringen worden getriggerd) kan leiden tot excessief en soms fataal geweld. Het middels EMDR “linksom” bewerken van deze “opmaat”-ervaringen, gevolgd door het middels EMDR doorwerken van het delict zelf, kunnen leiden tot het werkelijk voelen en nemen van de eigen verantwoordelijkheid, bieden een heldere inkijk in de emotionele dynamiek van de cliënt ten tijde van het plegen van het delict en bieden derhalve belangrijke aangrijpingspunten voor een gedetailleerd terugvalpreventieplan.

On serious violence, especially fatal, is usually shocked by the company responded and is mainly the result of trial "added suffering" in the form of long prison sentences. The treatment in prison or a forensic clinic is mainly devoted to taking responsibility for violent behavior and learning of aggression control skills. If the client is a victim accounts, the therapist calls this irritation, the client notes it, takes more from the therapist, which in turn helplessness, anger and condemnation by calling the therapist. The client as a victim is taboo. In that light by colleagues ever looked with skepticism at EMDR treatment of clients with serious violent behavior. In this workshop, first, the prejudices of the therapist himself against the client and the prejudices of colleagues from trauma in severely violent clients addressed. These prejudices are good diagnosis and a good therapeutic relationship in the road. Propagated to "neutral" and thorough research, as in a plane crash. Using case studies reveal some key questions addressed, in the search process and casusconceptualisatie of great importance. When unprocessed experiences from the past play a role (level of) aggression, these experiences need to be modified through EMDR. The greater the past experience powerlessness and humiliation, the more likely that the current load experienced aggressive not only will reduce aggression regulation therapy. Illustrated how EMDR, with or without recripting as CI, also play a role in current-craving revenge and revenge. Video material will be used for illustration. Silence is paid to the value of practicing safe and how the agitation inside and outside the therapy session this rapid decrease. Finally, consider the experimental use of EMDR as a tool for crime analysis - and crime scene processing, including in a client that his child killed. In domestic violence more than once been a long prelude to the offense, with an accumulation of humiliation experienced by the client as incidents (with or without previous experience are triggered) can lead to excessive and sometimes lethal force. It means EMDR "left" edit this "overture" experience, followed by using EMDR to work on the crime itself, can lead to really feel and take personal responsibility, provide a clear insight into the emotional dynamics of the client at the time of committing the offense and therefore provide important leads for a detailed relapse prevention plan.

Keywords: Forensic Examination Violent Behavior

Accuracy Verified: Yes

131. Paterson, M. J. (2009, March). EMDR and ego state therapy: Healing complex trauma and dissociation. Presentation at the EMDR Association UK & Ireland, Manchester, England UK .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
We all display particular patterns of thinking, feeling and acting, depending on the situation. The transition is usually seamless in well-adjusted people, but where there has been disrupted attachment or sustained early life trauma the result is often the formation of particular ego states, also known as alters, parts, or schema modes. These states perform roles usually geared towards survival, but in adulthood they can be dysfunctional. Depending upon a client’s early life experiences some ego states can be malevolent, wanting bad things for the client such as willing them to suffer in some way. It is necessary for clients to remain safe during EMDR sessions and contained between sessions. There is a need, therefore, to learn techniques to work with more difficult clients so they too can benefit from EMDR. It is also helpful to know how to deal with blocked processing due to the interference of an ego-state. This workshop provides an overview of dissociation and a review of models to explain it. There will be an explanation of Ego State Therapy (EST) and how it fits with EMDR. Clinical case material is used to illustrate learning points. Through demonstration and practice participants will learn how to access ego states in a controlled way and effect therapeutic change. In the latter part of the day, participants will see a video of a live case where EST is used effectively to moderate the malevolence displayed by two difficult ego states. Learning objectives  Understand the forms of dissociation  Understand the concept of ego state therapy.  Learn how to access ego states in a controlled way and effect therapeutic change.  Learn techniques to deal with difficult ego states.

Keywords: Dissociation Ego State Therapy Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

132. Paterson, M. (2010, April). EMDR and ego state therapy: Healing complex trauma and dissociation. Preconference presentation at the annual meeting for the European Society for Trauma and Dissociation, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
We all display particular patterns of thinking, feeling and acting, depending on the situation. The transition is usually seamless in well-adjusted people, but where there has been disrupted attachment or sustained early life trauma the result is often the formation of particular ego states, also known as alters, parts, or schema modes. These states perform roles usually geared towards survival, but in adulthood they can be dysfunctional. Depending upon a client’s early life experiences some ego states can be malevolent, wanting bad things for the client such as willing them to suffer in some way. These clients present us with the greatest challenges through what we know as complex trauma and dissociative disorders. It is necessary for clients to remain stable during EMDR sessions and contained between sessions, particularly with complex trauma and dissociative disorders. There is a need, therefore, to learn techniques to work in the Preparation Phase with more difficult clients so they too can benefit from the full EMDR protocol. It is also helpful to know how to deal with blocked processing in the Desensitization Phase due to the interference of an ego-state. This workshop initially provides an overview of dissociation and how it impacts on EMDR processing. There will be an explanation of Ego State Therapy (EST) and how it fits with EMDR to provide the stabilization clients need, as well as dealing with blocked processing. Clinical case material is used throughout to illustrate learning points. Through demonstration and practice participants will learn how to build resources for clients, access ego states in a controlled way and effect therapeutic change. In the latter part of the day, participants will see videos of live cases where EST is used effectively in the Preparation Phase of EMDR to: 1) identify the part-selves and 2) moderate the malevolence displayed by two difficult ego states. Learning objectives Understand how complex trauma and dissociative disorders impact EMDR processing Understand the concept of working with part-selves as a way of preparing clients for the standard EMDR protocol. Learn how to access ego states in a controlled way and effect therapeutic change and stability. Learn techniques to deal with difficult ego states.

Keywords: Dissociation Ego State Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

133. Peterson, M. 2010, April). EMDR and ego state therapy: Healing complex trauma and dissociation. Presentation at the 2nd Bi-Annual International European Society for Trauma and Dissociation Conference, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
We all display particular patterns of thinking, feeling and acting, depending on the situation. The transition is usually seamless in well-adjusted people, but where there has been disrupted attachment or sustained early life trauma the result is often the formation of particular ego states, also known as alters, parts, or schema modes. These states perform roles usually geared towards survival, but in adulthood they can be dysfunctional. Depending upon a client’s early life experiences some ego states can be malevolent, wanting bad things for the client such as willing them to suffer in some way. These clients present us with the greatest challenges through what we know as complex trauma and dissociative disorders. It is necessary for clients to remain stable during EMDR sessions and contained between sessions, particularly with complex trauma and dissociative disorders. There is a need, therefore, to learn techniques to work in the Preparation Phase with more difficult clients so they too can benefit from the full EMDR protocol. It is also helpful to know how to deal with blocked processing in the Desensitization Phase due to the interference of an ego-state. This workshop initially provides an overview of dissociation and how it impacts on EMDR processing. There will be an explanation of Ego State Therapy (EST) and how it fits with EMDR to provide the stabilization clients need, as well as dealing with blocked processing. Clinical case material is used throughout to illustrate learning points. Through demonstration and practice participants will learn how to build resources for clients, access ego states in a controlled way and effect therapeutic change. In the latter part of the day, participants will see videos of live cases where EST is used effectively in the Preparation Phase of EMDR to: 1) identify the part-selves and 2) moderate the malevolence displayed by two difficult ego states. Learning objectives Understand how complex trauma and dissociative disorders impact EMDR processing Understand the concept of working with part-selves as a way of preparing clients for the standard EMDR protocol. Learn how to access ego states in a controlled way and effect therapeutic change and stability. Learn techniques to deal with difficult ego states.

Keywords: Complex Trauma Dissociation Ego State Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

134. Twombly, J. (2008, April). EMDR and EMDR adaptions in the treatment of dissociative disorders. Presentation at the 1st Bi-Annual European Society for Trauma and Dissociation Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop offers ways to incorporate Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in the treatment of clients with Dissociative Identity Disorder, Dissociative Disorder Not Otherwise Specified and ego state work. Used carefully, EMDR and EMDR adaptations can accelerate the treatment process. A liability is that its incorrect use can accelerate decompensation in clients with complex trauma and attachment disordered histories. This workshop offers suggested uses of EMDR and EMDR adaptations to facilitate stabilization, orientation to the present, decrease some negative transferences and to provide a protective format for processing traumatic material. Learning objectives: 1. Participant is able to identify stages of treatment of dissociative disordered clients where EMDR and EMDR adaptations can be used. 2. Participant is able to use EMDR adaptations to orient dissociated parts of the mind to present time. 3. Participant has knowledge of how to develop a controlled process of using EMDR for trauma processing.

Keywords: Dissociative Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

135. Whalen, J. E. (1999, September). EMDR and hypnosis: A theoretical and clinical investigation. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. AAT 9923344.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a controversial new treatment for anxiety disorders that is proported to evince rapid and lasting treatment gains. EMDR theorists argue that humans have an innate biological drive to process events and their memories into adaptive and useful forms. Traumatic memories become "stuck" and unprocessed, resulting in a host of psychopathological symptoms. EMDR's curative power rests primarily in the eye movements. Shapiro argues that the eye movements directly access and alter traumatic memories at a neurophysiological level. Memories are then processed down into adaptive forms, with a concomitant abatement of symptoms. Research supports the clinical efficacy of EMDR. However, there is much debate as to the actual mutative element in the EMDR protocol. Support for eye movements playing a curative role is meager and equivocal. This study examines the proposition that the primary mutative component of EMDR is response to suggestion. Specifically, this study proposes that the EMDR treatment protocol is laced with suggestion for improvement. Highly hypnotizable individuals will respond to these suggestions even though EMDR is an explicitly nonhypnotic treatment. That is, subjects will improve to the extent they respond to suggestion. Further, this study tests the viability of Shapiro's eye movement theory. An eye movement condition is compared to an eye fixation condition in terms of treatment outcome. Results indicate a positive correlation between subjects' hypnotizability and treatment outcome. In addition, eye movement conditions were as efficacious as eye fixation conditions where treatment outcome is concerned. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 60(3-B), Sep 1999, pp. 1319.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorder Anxiety Disorders Effectiveness Empirical Study Hypnotic Susceptibility Hypnotizability Treatment Outcomes Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

136. MacMahon, R. (2003). EMDR and its use in treating attachment disorder. Author.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
EMDR is an acronym for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, a remarkable form of psychotherapy that is being widely used to treat trauma and PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder). EMDR combines elements from several therapeutic approaches with bilateral stimulation to facilitate hemispheric processing in the brain. Controlled studies support the efficacy of EMDR, making it not only the most thoroughly researched method ever used in the treatment of trauma, but also useful in a variety of applications from phobias to eating disorders.

Keywords: Attachment Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

137. Solomon, R., Hofman, A., Seidler, G., & Tiedt-Schutte, M. (2005, June). EMDR and recent event trauma: The tsunami disaster. In “EMDR in action,” Part 1. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR can be utilized shortly after a traumatic event as described by the protocol from Shapiro and Solomon (1992 and 1995). Even if there is no controlled study finalized, there is sufficient experience with the protocol to guide further research. Experiences from research studies and clinical experiences on EMDR and acute trauma will be presented. Discussion will focus on issues of client selection, client readiness for EMDR. and timing of EMDR. The EMDR recent event protocol and experimental protocols for extreme dissociation following a traumatic event will be presented. A European network for developing more research regarding the diversity of acute trauma reactions are proposed.

Keywords: Recent Event Trauma Symposium Tsunami

Accuracy Verified: Yes

138. de Jongh, A., & ten Broeke, E. (2009). EMDR and the anxiety disorders: Exploring the current status. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(3), 133-140. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.3.133.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Based on the assumptions of Shapiro's adaptive information-processing model, it could be argued that a large proportion of people suffering from an anxiety disorder would benefit from eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). This article provides an overview of the current empirical evidence on the application of EMDR for the anxiety disorders spectrum other than posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Reviewing the existing literature, it is disappointing to find that 20 years after its introduction, support for the efficacy of EMDR for other conditions than PTSD is still scarce. Randomized outcome research is limited to panic disorder with agoraphobia and spider phobia. The results suggest that EMDR is generally more effective than no-treatment control conditions or nonspecific interventions but less effective than existing evidence-based (i.e., exposure-based) interventions. However, since these studies were based on incomplete protocols and limited treatment courses, questions about the relative efficacy of EMDR for the treatment of anxiety disorders remain largely unanswered.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorder Specific Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

139. Burdett, C. & Lucas, F. (2008, October). EMDR and the law. Presentation at the 1st annual EMDR Autumn Workshop, York, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop will explore the legal aspects of working with people pre trial.

Keywords: Law

Accuracy Verified: Yes

140. Korn, D. L. (2009). EMDR and the treatment of complex PTSD: A review. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(4), 264-278. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.4.264.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) covers a wide range of conditions, ranging from patients suffering from a one-time traumatic accident to those who have been exposed to chronic traumatization and repeated assaults beginning at an early age. While EMDR and other trauma treatments have been proven efficacious in the treatment of simpler cases of PTSD, the effectiveness of treatments for more complex cases has been less widely studied. This article examines the body of literature on the treatment of complex PTSD and chronically traumatized populations, with a focus on EMDR treatment and research. Despite a still limited number of randomized controlled studies of any treatment for complex PTSD, trauma treatment experts have come to a general consensus that work with survivors of childhood abuse and other forms of chronic traumatization should be phase-oriented, multimodal, and titrated. A phaseoriented EMDR model for working with these patients is presented, highlighting the role of resource development and installation (RDI) and other strategies that address the needs of patients with compromised affect tolerance and self-regulation. EMDR treatment goals, procedures, and adaptations for each of the various treatment phases (stabilization, trauma processing, reconnection/development of self-identity) are reviewed. Finally, reflections on the strengths and unique advantages of EMDR in treating complex PTSD are offered along with suggestions for future investigations.

Keywords: Childhood Trauma Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD DESNOS Psychotherapy Research Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

141. Hammond, D. C. (1992, Summer). The EMDR bandwagon. American Society of Clinical Hypnosis (ASCH) Newsletter, 32(2), 7-8.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Shapiro, in her response to Metter and Michelson, criticizes that their failure to replicate must have been because they used an 'aberrant version' of her technique. She cites many uncontrolled case reports, but her original 1989 publication remains the only 'controlled study' in print. Her original report did not include an alternative treatment condition or betweengroups analysis, only included moderate level and temporally dlstant traumas that patients were already consciously aware.of.. and did not control for expectancy or suggestion effects.

Keywords: Letter

Accuracy Verified: Yes

142. van Els, H. (2008, Maart). EMDR bij allochtonen en bij ouderen: In proces krijgen én houden met contextuele aanpassingen [EMDR for immigrants and the elderly: In trial and to contextual adaptation]. Presentatie op de derde conferentie van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Ede, Nederland.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Ouderen en allochtonen met PTSS zijn groepen patiënten die kunnen profiteren van behandeling met EMDR. Bied je echter, conform de multidisciplinaire richtlijn angststoornissen EMDR aan, dan stuit je op een aantal problemen. Voorbeelden daarvan zijn: geen eigen wens voor deze behandeling, sterke vermijding van het oprakelen van traumatische ervaringen, afzeggen en wegblijven, heftige lichamelijke ervaringen en afbreken van de sessie én taal als hindernis. In deze workshop worden ervaring besproken met ouderen (N=10; 62-82 jaar) en met een gevarieerde groep allochtonen (N=10) binnen een reguliere 2e lijns GGZ instelling. Allereerst worden enkele mislukkingen geanalyseerd. Het blijkt lastig te zijn om patiënt in de EMDR-procedure te krijgen en te houden. De rol van cultuur, van motivatie en committent en van taal wordt bekeken. Vervolgens worden aanpassingen getoond in: de voorbereiding, de uitleg en het te bereiken resultaat. Tevens wordt het belang aangegeven van het werken ‘als team’ met een vaste tolk. Alle inspanningen zijn gericht op het ‘gewoon’ uit kunnen voeren van EMDR.

Elderly and immigrants with PTSD groups of patients who may benefit from treatment with EMDR. However, your bid, according to the multidisciplinary guidelines for anxiety disorders EMDR, then you hit a number of problems. Examples include: no own desire for this treatment, avoiding the sharp rake of traumatic experiences, cancel and stay away, intense physical experiences and abort the session and language barrier. This workshop experience will be discussed with older people (N = 10, 62-82 years) and with a diverse group of immigrants (N = 10) in a regular second-line mental health institution. First, some failures analyzed. It seems difficult to be patient in the EMDR procedure to get and keep. The role of culture, motivation and Principals and language is viewed. Then adjustments shown in: the preparation, interpretation and results to be achieved. It also indicated the importance of working 'as a team "with a fixed interpretation. All efforts are aimed at 'ordinary' can perform EMDR.

Keywords: Anxiety Elderly Immigrants Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

143. ten Broeke, A., & de Jongh, A. (1997). EMDR bij debehandeling van Type II psychotrauma: Een casus [EMDR in the treatment of Type II psychotrauma: A case-study]. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie, 39(3), 249-255.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Deze casus beschrijft de toepassing van EMDR bij de behandeling van ernstige en herhaalde seksueel misbruik. Tijdens een patiënt in de psychiatrische behandeling EMDR werd gebruikt om ongevoelig en "opwerken" de traumatische herinneringen. Zoals blijkt uit eigenbelang van de cliënt-verslag en gestandaardiseerde psychologische vragenlijsten, EMDR was succesvol in het verlichten van diverse ptss-symptomen en daarmee samenhangende klachten. De resultaten werden gehandhaafd op negen maanden follow-up. Zaak verslagen als deze kunnen stimuleren gecontroleerde outcome research over de toepassing van EMDR bij complexe (Type II) vormen van PTSS.

This case history describes the application of EMDR in the treatment of severe and repeated sexual abuse. During an in-patient psychiatric treatment EMDR was used to desensitize and 'reprocess' the traumatic memories. As is evident from the client's selfreport and standardized psychological questionnaires, EMDR was successful in alleviating various PTSD symptoms and associated complaints. The results were maintained at nine months follow-up. Case-reports like these may stimulate controlled outcomeresearch on the applications of EMDR with complex (Type II) forms of PTSD.

Keywords: Case Report Clinical Case Study Empirical Study Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Survivors Young Adults

Accuracy Verified: Yes

144. ter Heide, J. J. (2010, April). EMDR bij getraumatiseerde asielzoekers en vluchtelingen: Wat is wijsheid? [EMDR with traumatized refugees and asylum seekers: What is wisdom?]. Presentatie Aan de Vierde congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Nijmegen, The Nederlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Inhoud: Sinds een aantal jaren schrijven de richtlijnen voor de behandeling van posttraumatische stress bij volwassenen, twee behandelingen voor: trauma-focused cognitieve gedragstherapie (TFCBT) en EMDR. Over de effectiviteit van deze behandelvormen bij asielzoekers en vluchtelingen bestaat in het veld nogal wat discussie. Asielzoekers en vluchtelingen zouden, door de complexiteit van hun traumatisering en van hun sociale omstandigheden, mogelijk niet goed in staat zijn tot "traumaverwerking" en meer baat hebben bij stabiliserende interventies. Naar de effectiviteit van TFCBT bij deze populatie zijn verschillende gerandomiseerde onderzoeken verricht. Over de effectiviteit van EMDR bij getraumatiseerde asielzoekers en vluchtelingen zijn tot nu toe geen gecontroleerde data bekend. In deze workshop wordt stilgestaan bij een aantal belangrijke aspecten van de behandeling met EMDR van getraumatiseerde asielzoekers en vluchtelingen. Werkvorm Er wordt informatie gegeven over de problematiek van deze doelgroep, en de mate waarin EMDR daar een oplossing voor biedt. Resultaten worden besproken van een pilot studie, waarin 20 getraumatiseerde asielzoekers en vluchtelingen behandeld werden met ofwel EMDR ofwel stabilisatie. Tevens worden twee casussen gepresenteerd van succesvolle en minder succesvolle EMDR bij een getraumatiseerde vluchteling. Discussie met de deelnemers wordt van harte verwelkomd, aangezien niemand nog de wijsheid in pacht heeft wat betreft de behandeling van deze doelgroep. Doel: Het doel van de workshop is de deelnemer te informeren over de problematiek van getraumatiseerde asielzoekers en vluchtelingen, en over de rol die EMDR zou kunnen spelen in de behandeling. Daarnaast is een doel het uitwisselen van ervaringen en meningen over de behandeling met EMDR van deze doelgroep.

Contents: For several years writing the guidelines for the treatment of posttraumatic stress in adults, two treatments: trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TFCBT) and EMDR. About the effectiveness of these treatment modalities for asylum seekers and refugees is in the field quite a lot. Asylum seekers and refugees would, by the complexity of their trauma and their social circumstances, may not be able to "trauma" and would certainly be stabilizing interventions. The effectiveness of TFCBT in this population, several randomized studies. About the effectiveness of EMDR with traumatized asylum seekers and refugees have so far been no controlled data are known. In this workshop looks at some important aspects of the EMDR treatment of traumatized asylum seekers and refugees. Form Information is given about the problems of this target group, and the degree of EMDR as a solution to offer. Results are discussed from a pilot study in which 20 asylum seekers and refugees traumatized treated with either EMDR or stabilization. It also presented two case studies of successful and less successful EMDR in a traumatized refugees. Discussion with the participants is highly welcomed, since no one has a monopoly of wisdom regarding the treatment of this group. Purpose: The aim of the workshop is to inform participants about the problems of traumatized asylum seekers and refugees, and the role that EMDR might play in treatment. It is also an aim of exchanging experiences and views on the EMDR treatment of this group.

Keywords: Asylum Seekers Refugees

Accuracy Verified: Yes

145. ter Heide, J. J. (2011, August). EMDR bij getraumatiseerde vluchtelingen [EMDR with traumatized refugees]. Psychologie & Gezondheid, 39(3), 180-185. doi:10.1007/s12483-011-0036-2.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
While EMDR is treatment of choice for traumatized adults with PTSS, its efficacy has not been validated with traumatized refugees. As long as no evidence is available for EMDR with this population, EMDR with refugees should be informed by theoretical approaches to treatment of PTSS in adults. Four approaches are discussed: the phased approach that advocates stabilization before EMDR; the multimodal approach that advocates combining EMDR with other interventions; the trauma-focused approach that advocates offering EMDR to all adults with PTSS, including refugees and, the transcultural approach that advocates a culturally sensitive administration of EMDR. Several pilot studies on EMDR with traumatized refugees, randomized controlled trials of EMDR with multiply traumatized populations, and a trial of EMDR in a non-western setting may further inform EMDR-therapists working with traumatized refugees. Suggestions are made for combining the four approaches and scientific evidence in treatment planning and execution of EMDR with this population. The EMDR protocol itself prescribes several interventions for treating multiply traumatized patients, such as resource development and installation, clustering of traumatic experiences, and cognitive interweaves. Additionally, culturally sensitive interventions may enable the refugee to actively partake in the treatment process by increasing motivation for trauma processing, by diminishing language barriers, and by facilitating the formulation of culturally congruent meanings to trauma. The question remains whether EMDR, which offers an individualistic approach to trauma, is sufficiently suited to address the collective traumatization of victims of war and organized violence.

Keywords: Refugees Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

146. Shapiro, F. (2007, November). EMDR clinical parameters and research findings: “What’s new and useful”. Master clinician series at the 23rd annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress, Baltimore MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Numerous controlled studies have indicated that EMDR´s effects on PTSD symptoms are comparable to those of trauma-focused CBT. However, EMDR does not require homework, sustained arousal, detailed verbalization of the index trauma, or prolonged exposure to the event. In this invited presentation, videotapes of an incest survivor and a disaster victim will demonstrate the EMDR treatment, and the de-arousal effects of the eye movements, which have been documented in numerous controlled laboratory studies. In addition, the clinical procedures of an EMDR group-protocol used subsequent to disasters and terrorist attacks will be illustrated. The presentation will review research findings, with long-term follow up, indicating that the resolution of etiological events can result in the successful treatment of conditions that have often been considered intractable. A recent study will be used to explore the clinical parameters of the EMDR treatment of child molesters, which has resulted in the sustained reduction of deviant arousal. Likewise, representative case examples from studies documenting the elimination/ reduction of phantom limb pain subsequent to EMDR processing will be presented to explore both the clinical and theoretical implications.

Keywords: De-arousal Effects of Eye Movement Group Protocol Master Series

Accuracy Verified: Yes

147. Tarquinio, C. (2007). EMDR et prise en charge du psychotraumatisme [EMDR and management of psychological trauma]. En L. Crocq, (Ed.), Traumatismes psychiques: Prise en charge psychologique des victimes (pp. 157-167). Issy-les-Moulineaux: Elsevier-Masson. doi:10.1016/B978-2-294-07144-7.50016-6.

Language: French

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
L’eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) est une méthode thérapeutique inaugurée par Francine Shapiro en 1989 et qui consiste à utiliser les mouvements oculaires contrôlés pour décharger la conscience de ses affects pathologiques. En une dizaine d’années, l’EMDR a trouvé son indication privilégiée dans le traitement de l’état de stress posttraumatique (ESPT), donnant lieu à un grand nombre d’études. Aux États-Unis, il y a en effet aujourd’hui plus de publications d’études contrôlées sur le traitement de l’ESPT par la thérapie EMDR que par tout autre type d’interventions cliniques, y compris les traitements médicamenteux. Les recommandations pour l’usage de cette approche thérapeutique ne manquent pas, provenant des plus éminentes sociétés savantes reconnues sur le plan international pour leurs compétences en ce qui concerne la question du syndrome de stress posttraumatique. L’objectif de ce chapitre sera de permettre une meilleure connaissance de la thérapie EMDR, en exposant d’abord l’historique de la méthode, puis son cadrage théorique, et ensuite le protocole de base de cette thérapie.

The eye movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapeutic method inaugurated by Francine Shapiro in 1989 and of using eye movements controlled to discharge the consciousness of his pathological condition. In ten years, EMDR has found its ideal indication for the treatment of the state of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), resulting in a large number of studies. In the U.S., there is indeed now more publications of controlled studies on the treatment of PTSD by EMDR than any other type of clinical interventions, including medication. Recommendations for the use of this therapeutic approach does abound, from the most eminent scientific societies recognized internationally for their expertise regarding the issue of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The purpose of this chapter will enable a better understanding of EMDR, exposing First, the history of the method and its theoretical framework, and then the basic protocol of this therapy.

Keywords: Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

148. Goldstein, A. J., de Beurs, E., Chambless, D., & Wilson, K. (2000, December). EMDR for panic disorder with agoraphobia: Comparison with waiting list and credible attention-placebo control conditions. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 68(6), 947-956.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In a randomized controlled trial, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) was compared with both waiting list and credible attention-placebo control groups. EMDR was significantly better than waiting list for some outcome measures (questionnaire, diary, and interview measures of severity of anxiety, panic disorder, and agoraphobia) but not for others (panic attack frequency and anxious cognitions). However, low power and, for panic frequency, floor effects may account for these negative results. Differences between EMDR and the attention-placebo control condition were not statistically significant on any measure, and, in this case, the effect sizes were generally small (eta2 = .00-.06), suggesting the poor results for EMDR were not due to lack of power. Because there are established effective treatments such as cognitive-behavior therapy for PDA, these data, unless contradicted by future research, indicate EMDR should not be the first-line treatment for this disorder. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults African Americans Asian Americans Empirical Study European Americans Panic Disorder Phobia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

149. Arabia, E., Manca, M. L., & Solomon, R. M. (2011). EMDR for survivors of life-threatening cardiac events: Results of a pilot study. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(1), 2-13. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.1.2.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This pilot study evaluated the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and concomitant depressive and anxiety symptoms in survivors of life-threatening cardiac events. Forty-two patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation who (a) qualified for the PTSD criterion “A” in relation to a cardiac event and (b) presented clinically significant PTSD symptoms were randomized to a 4-week treatment of EMDR or imaginal exposure (IE). Data were gathered on PTSD, anxiety, and depressive symptoms at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. EMDR was effective in reducing PTSD, depressive, and anxiety symptoms and performed significantly better than IE for all variables. These findings provide preliminary support for EMDR as an effective treatment for the symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety that can follow a life-threatening cardiac event.

Keywords: Anxiety Cardiovascular Disease Depression Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rehabilitation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

150. Kim, D. (2010, July). EMDR for the treatment of schizophrenia. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Despite standard treatment with antipsychotic medication, many individuals with schizophrenia continue to suffer from significant residual symptoms and functional disabilities. Thus, psychosocial treatment for this difficult-to-treat disorder is warranted. Given the high prevalence of trauma in this population, role of life events, and stressful treatment-related adversities, EMDR is suggested to have an important place in the treatment and management of schizophrenia. This presentation will first provide the background of using EMDR for this population, then, procedural considerations. Finally, two case reports and results of a randomized clinical trial done with acute phase schizophrenia will be demonstrated.

Keywords: Schizophrenia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

151. Shapiro, F., & Broderson, G. (1997). EMDR for trauma: Eye movement desenitization and reprocessing. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Language: English

Format: Video

Abstract:
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a complex treatment approach that combines salient elements of the major therapeutic schools (e.g., cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, physiological, and interactional). Although the eye movement stimulation (and other forms of dual stimulation used in the approach) have garnered the most attention professionally and publicly, EMDR actually involves a much broader spectrum of interventions, which are organized into eight phases of therapy. Currently, 13 completed controlled studies of EMDR make it one of the most researched methods of psychotherapy used in the treatment of trauma. Its efficacy has been supported by these studies: the four most recent studies of victims who have suffered single traumas have demonstrated that after the equivalent of three 90-minute sessions, 84% to 90% of patients no longer have symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Rothbaum, 1997; Wilson, Becker, & Tinker, 1995).
EMDR is based on the assumption that specific experiences from the past continue to guide the client`s responses in the present. These experiences can be the "big T" traumas that result in PTSD or the "small t" traumas that are the ubiquitous experiences known to have a less dramatic but still negative impact on personality and behavior.
To influence such experiences from the past, EMDR draws on an information processing model of behavior. Conceptually, disturbing trauma-related information is believed to be held in the patient`s nervous system in state-dependent form (e.g., the perceptions and sensations experienced at the time of the trauma are encoded in the nervous system). EMDR allows the processing of this information in an adaptive fashion so that what is useful from the experience can be learned; stored appropriately, cognitively, and affectively; and made available for behavioral guidance in the future. What is useless to adaptation, such as excess negative emotions, irrational self-assessments, and disturbing physical sensations, can be discarded.
Assessment is focused not on global diagnoses but rather on specific delineations of problematic behaviors, attitudes, and affects that need to be transmuted to allow for adaptive resolution of trauma or conflict. Specifically, the EMDR clinician asks, what is the patient being influenced by past experiences to do in the present that is dysfunctional and what is he or she prevented from doing that would be adaptive?
Although originally applied to PTSD, EMDR shows promise in a variety of clinical complaints that are based on earlier life experiences that underlie the pathology and current experiences and that restimulate the disturbance. EMDR allows clients to access and reprocess these experiences as well as to learn new skills and behaviors for managing future life events. In all cases, the goal of EMDR is to produce the most comprehensive and profound treatment effects in the shortest period of time, while helping the client to remain reasonably stable.
EMDR as an eight-phase intervention approach can be considered a complete treatment in some clinical cases, or it may be part of a more complex treatment plan that includes other more traditional approaches to treating a specific pathology (e.g., borderline personality disorder). Within this latter integrative context, EMDR appears to be useful for a broad range of clinical complaints and seems to provide more rapid achievement of positive treatment effects than do these more traditional approaches alone.
Dr. Shapiro identifies her approach as "eye movement desensitization and reprocessing." What does this imply to you? More specifically, what do you expect of her? Will Dr. Shapiro be active or passive? Will the session be structured or unstructured? Directive or nondirective? Will it focus on the past or on the present? Will the session focus on behaviors, on thoughts, or on feelings? What do you expect to be the relative balance between attention to technique versus the interpersonal interaction?

Keywords: Client Francine Shapiro Male

Accuracy Verified: Yes

152. Hofmann, A. (2010, July). EMDR for treating depression. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Scientific studies of EMDR have shown that it is one of the most effective tools to treat posttraumatic stress disorder. One of the lesser known properties of EMDR is that it also seems to be an effective psychotherapy method in a number of disorders that may have part of their origins in stressfull memories. One of these disorders is chronic depression. Severe depression is one of the most common mental disorders and affects between 5-15% of the general population in their lifetimes. Although many psychotherapeutic and pharmacologic interventions exists that are considered to be effective in depression, the treatment is less than satisfactory. High relapse rates (ranging at 50% after two years), unsatisfactory remissions and suicidal risks are among the major problems. Research shows that there may be a link between traumatic events (like abuse experience in childhood) and the later occurrence of a depressive disorder. However there is no published systematic study that tries to explore the potential use of trauma specific treatments like EMDR with depressive patients with trauma history. The presenter will report the status of research on the subject and on a current controlled study underway to explore the use of EMDR in depressive patients.

Keywords: Depression

Accuracy Verified: Yes

153. Peterson, G. (2002). EMDR for women who experience traumatic events. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63(11), 1047-1048. Author reply 1048..

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Comments on an article by E. B. Foa and G. P. Street,"Women and Traumatic Events, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Vol 62(Suppl 17), 2001. Special issue: Understanding posttraumatic stress disorder, pp. 29-34 regarding psychotherapeutic interventions for women with PTSD. It is noted that Foa and Street describe other psychotherapy procedures, but do not mention eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Peterson cites that in Effective Treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies [ISTSS] , 2 psychotherapy treatments for PTSD are listed as having been shown to be effective: exposure therapy and EMDR. SIT is reported to have had 2 well-controlled studies published on the treatment of PTSD. Both SIT studies were with female sexual assault victims. It is concluded that given that EMDR has been established as effective in the ISTSS guidelines, it may be important for the reader to know that this form of therapy may be applied when confronting the issues addressed in this article. A comment by Foa follows. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Females Letter Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape

Accuracy Verified: Yes

154. Peterson, G. & Foa, A. (2002, November). EMDR for women who experience traumatic events [4] (multiple letters). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63(11), 1047-1048.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
It is noted that Foa and Street describe other psychotherapy procedures, but do not mention eye movement desensitization and reprocessing #EMDR#. Peterson cites that in Effective Treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies [ISTSS] , 2 psychotherapy treatments for PTSD are listed as having been shown to be effective: exposure therapy and EMDR. SIT is reported to have had 2 well-controlled studies published on the treatment of PTSD. Both SIT studies were with female sexual assault victims. It is concluded that given that EMDR has been established as effective in the ISTSS guidelines, it may be important for the reader to know that this form of therapy may be applied when confronting the issues addressed in this article. A comment by Foa follows. #PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Females Letter Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Reply

Accuracy Verified: Yes

155. Meise, S. (2010, Juli). EMDR heilsame Augenbewegungen [EMDR healing eye movements]. Psychologie-Heute,.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Traumapsychotherapien mit EMDR sind 20 Jahre nach dessen Einführung unbestritten erfolgreich. Während die Wirkfaktoren noch erforscht werden, wenden Therapeuten es längst nicht mehr ausschließlich zur Behandlung schwerer Traumata an. Auch bei Allergien, Essstörungen, chronischen Erkrankungen und verhaltensgestörten Kindern hat sich das Verfahren bewährt Revolution oder Humbug? Die Psychotherapie Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, kurz EMDR, polarisiert die Traumaforschung, seit sie 1989 von der amerikanischen Psychologin Francine Shapiro für posttraumatische Belastungsstörungen, PTBS, entwickelt wurde. Mittlerweile ist sie eine auch von offiziellen Gremien anerkannte Methode, denn über 20 kontrollierte Studien weisen deren teils frappierend schnelle Wirkung nach. Trotzdem gibt es erst seit etwa 10 Jahren einschlägige Fachartikel meist wird EMDR darin als Scharlatanerie oder Form der Hypnose abgekanzelt und mit dem Etikett...

Trauma with EMDR psychotherapies are 20 years after its introduction undoubtedly successful. While the effective factors are elucidated, it is no longer consult therapists exclusively for the treatment of severe trauma on. Even with allergies, eating disorders, chronic diseases and behavioral disorders, the procedure has proven Revolution or humbug? The Psychotherapy Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR brief, polarized the trauma research, since it was developed in 1989 by the American psychologist Francine Shapiro for post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD. She is now an accepted method by official bodies, for more than 20 controlled studies demonstrate the sometimes striking quick effect. Nevertheless, it is only since about 10 years of relevant professional articles is EMDR is usually dismissed as quackery or form of hypnosis and with the label...

Keywords: Eye Movements

Accuracy Verified: Yes

156. Amann, B. (2012, June). EMDR in bipolar disorder: Results of a randomized, controlled pilot study [EMDR en el Trastorno Bipolar: Resultados de una muestra aleatoria, estudio piloto controlado]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
There is increasing evidence about bipolar patients are more exposed than general population to negative life events and PTSD. This has consequences on the illness course being associated with more relapses and subsyndromal symptoms within affective episodes. We conducted the first controlled, randomized study of EMDR versus treatment as usual in 20 bipolar, subsyndromal traumatized bipolar patients. 11 Patients received between 15 and 20 sessions of EMDR, the follow-up was up to 6 months in both groups. Our hypothesis was that patients in the EMDR group would be more stable in their mood, would show less affective relapses, improvement in cognition/functioning, and quality of life, when compared with the control group. We present the first data of the evaluation after three months of intervention.

Existe una creciente evidencia acerca de que los pacientes bipolares están más expuestos que la población general a eventos vitales negativos y TEPT. Esto tiene consecuencias en el curso de la enfermedad con más recaídas y síntomas subsindrómicos dentro de los episodios afectivos. Hemos realizado el primer estudio con aleatorización controlada de EMDR versus el tratamiento estándar en 20 bipolares subsindrómicos, con traumatización. 11 pacientes recibieron entre 15 y 20 sesiones de EMDR, el seguimiento fue durante 6 meses en ambos grupos. Nuestra hipótesis fue que los pacientes en el grupo EMDR tendrían una mejor estabilización de su ánimo, menos propensos a las recaídas, y mejorarían su funcionamiento cognitivo, y calidad de vida, cuando los comprásemos con el grupo control.

Keywords: Bipolar Disorder Pilot Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

157. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N. L., & Muroaka, M. Y. (1995, June). EMDR in combat-related PTSD: A controlled study. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In view of potential, but largely undocumented benefits of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as an intervention for PTSD in combat veterans, in our laboratory a study of EMDR treatment included (1) randomized patient assignment, (2) clinically appropriate comparison (treatment and control) groups, (3) a 12-session EMDR protocol administered by experienced, EMDR trained clinicians, and (4) extensive clinical assessment, including physiological evaluation at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Thirty-five veterans who met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD completed an extensive multimodal assessment protocol. Assessment instruments included: The Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD, the Impact of Events Scale (IES), the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), a self-rating of overall severity of "PTSD symptoms," the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventories (STAI). In addition, each subject completed a Stressful Scene Construction Questionnaire (SSCQ) in which scripts of specific traumatic combat incidents were prepared for presentation during psychophysiological assessment. Following pre-assessment, a subset of the subjects constituted a waiting list control (CON, N = 12). Routine clinical care for these subjects was available at the VA Medical Center. Seven of these subjects also participated in group sessions for discussion of PTSD designed as an attentional control. There were no differences between the two control subgroups and their data was combined for all subsequent analyses. For the treatment groups, subjects assigned to the EMDR (EMD, N = 10) and relaxation (RXT, N = 13) groups were seated in a semi-reclined chair and continuous measures were taken of muscle tension levels (four sites), hand temperature, skin conductance levels, heart rate, and blood pressure. For all subjects, there were 20 minutes in each of the baseline sessions with no additional stimuli presented. At the end of session 2 of baseline, the patients remained in the experimental room and were assessed for an additional 20 minutes (pre-treatment) during which the SSCQ scripts also were presented. There were two sessions per week with a minimum of one day between sessions. Each subsequent treatment session for the EMD and RXT subjects was approximately 60 minutes in duration, allowing for set-up time and briefing. In the EMD group, a standard protocol for the EMDR interventions was administered, including periodic SUDS ratings and VoC scaling of combat and related images and cognitions (cf Shapiro, 1995). In the RXT group, home relaxation tapes and biofeedback on four sites (face, neck, arm, and back) to assist lowered muscle tension were provided. Following 12 treatment sessions (post-treatment), and again after three months (follow-up) the psychometric instruments and psychophysiological assessment were readministered using the format outlined above. Relative to the other conditions, the EMDR treatment produced substantially more positive clinical effects at post-treatment and follow-up. Comparing the EMD group to the CON group, significant effects (p<.05 or better) were obtained on measures of PTSD including the Mississippi and PTSD symptoms self-rating, and on the Beck and STAI-Trait. Comparing the EMD group to the RXT subjects, significant differences were found on the Mississippi, the IES-Intrusion scale, the CAPS, PTSD symptoms ratings, and the STAI-Trait scale. No differences were obtained on any of the physiological measures. Therefore, the present results support the effectiveness of EMDR with combat veterans with chronic PTSD. The data strongly suggest that some previous negative results obtained when EMDR was applied to chronic and severe combat PTSD may have resulted from methodological artifacts, such as inadequate amount of treatment and therapist inexperience. While the failure to find physiological effects is consistent with results of other controlled treatment exposure trials in PTSD, this finding raises clinical and conceptual questions with respect to the arousal component of the disorder.

Keywords: Combat Controlled Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

158. Beer, R., & Hornsveld, H. (2008). EMDR in de behandeling van eetstoornissen [EMDR in the treatment of eating disorders]. In E. ten Broeke, A. de Jongh, & H. Oppenheim (Red), Praktijkboek EMDR: Casusconceptualisatie en en specifieke patiëntengroepen,(pp. 201-243). Amsterdam: Harcourt Press.

Language: Dutch

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Dit hoofdstuk is voortgekomen uit enthousiasme voor EMDR. Eetstoornissen (anorexia nervosa, boulimia nervosa en binge eating disorder) staan bekend als moeilijk te behandelen. Behandeling van patiënten met eetstoornissen vindt bij voorkeur plaats door een multidisciplinair, specialistisch team met een gemeenschappelijke visie (Clinical Guideline Eating Disorders, 2004; Multidisciplinaire Richtlijn voor Eetstoornissen, 2006). Cognitieve gedragstherapie neemt hierbij een prominente plaats in. De weinige beschikbare gecontroleerde studies laten matige resultaten zien met behoorlijke terugvalpercentages (Multidisciplinaire Richtlijn voor Eetstoornissen, 2006). Over het algemeen geldt dat cognitieve gedragstherapie de behandeling van voorkeur is, maar ook de resultaten van deze benadering geven aanleiding tot bescheidenheid (Fairburn e.a., 1999). Onderzoekers en behandelaars zijn daarom voortdurend op zoek naar nieuwe invalshoeken en mogelijkheden. In ons werk met eetstoornispatiënten hebben wij ons afgevraagd hoe de kracht van EMDR ingezet zou kunnen worden bij de vaak moeizame behandeling van patiënten met een eetstoornis. De volgende bevindingen zijn gebaseerd op ervaringen met de behandeling van jongeren (12-18 jaar) met voornamelijk anorexia nervosa1 en volwassenen met hoofdzakelijk binge eating disorder. Daarnaast hebben wij onze klinische ervaringen uitgewisseld met collega’s2 in een werkgroep ‘EMDR en eetstoornissen’. Onze ‘experimenten’ met EMDR vonden steeds plaats als onderdeel van een geïntegreerde, multidisciplinaire poliklinische of deeltijdbehandeling. Het is daarom moeilijk objectief vast te stellen wat specifieke effecten zijn geweest van de beschreven interventies. Onze indruk is echter dat EMDR een klinisch relevante verbetering teweeg kan brengen, waar die met de meer gangbare methoden veel lastiger of zelfs niet te bereiken zou zijn geweest. In wetenschappelijke tijdschriften is, naar wij weten, slechts één artikel verschenen over het gebruik van EMDR in de behandeling van eetstoornissen (Hudson e.a., 1998). Over empirisch onderzoek naar de effecten van EMDR bij de behandeling van eetstoornissen is nog niets gepubliceerd. Wel is door verschillende collega’s op EMDR-congressen bruikbaar materiaal gepresenteerd voor toepassing bij patiënten met een eetstoornis (Vogelmann-Sinn e.a., 1998; Omaha, 2000; Bloomgarden en Calogero, 2002; Friedland, 2003; Hase, 2005).

This chapter is the result of enthusiasm for EMDR. Eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder) are known as difficult to treat. Treatment of patients with eating disorders is preferably carried out by a multidisciplinary specialist team with a common vision (Clinical Guideline Eating Disorders, 2004; Multidisciplinary Guideline for Eating Disorders, 2006). Cognitive behavioral therapy occupies a prominent place. The few available controlled studies have shown mixed results with significant relapse rates (Multidisciplinary Guideline for Eating Disorders, 2006). Generally, that cognitive-behavioral treatment of preference, but also the results of this approach give rise to modest (Fairburn et al, 1999). Researchers and practitioners are therefore constantly looking for new approaches and possibilities. In our work with eating disorder patients, we asked ourselves how the power of EMDR could be used in the often difficult management of patients with eating disorders. The following findings are based on experiences with the treatment of adolescents (12-18 years) with anorexia mainly nervosa1 and adults with mainly binge eating disorder. We also exchanged our clinical experiences with collega's2 in a workgroup 'EMDR and eating disorders. Our 'experiments' with EMDR were always held as part of an integrated, multidisciplinary outpatient treatment or time. It is therefore difficult to determine objectively what specific effects have been the interventions described. Our impression is that EMDR is a clinically relevant improvement can bring, where those with the more common methods much more difficult or even impossible to achieve would have been. In scientific journals, to our knowledge, only one article about the use of EMDR in the treatment of eating disorders (Hudson et al, 1998). On empirical research into the effects of EMDR in the treatment of eating disorders is not yet published. However, by several colleagues EMDR conferences presented useful material for use in patients with eating disorders (Mann-Sinn Vogel et al, 1998; Omaha, 2000; Bloom Garden and Calogero, 2002; Friedland, 2003; Hase, 2005).

Keywords: Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge Eating Disorder Eating Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

159. Horst, F., & Baeten, B. (2012, Maart). EMDR in de behandeling van paniekstoornissen met of zonder agorafobie [EMDR in the treatment of panic disorders with or without agoraphobia]. Presentatie op de 6e congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Arnhem, Nederland.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Op de polikliniek psychiatrie van het St. Elisabeth Ziekenhuis in Tilburg loopt sinds anderhalf jaar een wetenschappelijk onderzoek (RCT) naar de behandeling van paniekstoornissen met of zonder agorafobie. De therapievorm Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) wordt hierbij vergeleken met Cognitieve Gedrags Therapie (CGT). Zo wordt onder meer onderzocht of EMDR een effectieve behandelmethode is voor patiënten met een paniekstoornis met of zonder agorafobie. EMDR wordt hierbij direct vergeleken met een CGT behandeling. Daarnaast wordt in dit onderzoek onderzocht wat de impact van beide behandelingen is op de kwaliteit van leven. Als behandelaren in de EMDR conditie van dit onderzoek willen we graag vertellen wat onze ervaringen zijn met een geprotocolleerde behandeling van paniekstoornissen middels EMDR. Tijdens onze workshop zal getracht worden de theorie en praktijk met elkaar te verbinden. Aangezien een groot gedeelte van de EMDR behandelingen binnen dit wetenschappelijk onderzoek gefilmd wordt, zullen we ons verhaal ondersteunen met veel filmmateriaal.

On the psychiatry outpatient clinic of the St. Elisabeth Hospital in Tilburg runs a half years since a scientific trial (RCT) for the treatment of panic disorders with or without agoraphobia. The form of therapy Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is hereby compared with Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). These include whether EMDR is an effective treatment for patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. EMDR is hereby directly compared with a treatment CBT. In addition, this study investigated the impact of both treatments on the quality of life. As clinicians in the EMDR condition of this research we would like to tell you what our experiences with food allergies treatment of panic disorder using EMDR. During our workshop will be tried with the theory and practice together. Since a large part of the EMDR treatments within this research is being filmed, we will support our story with lots of footage.

Keywords: Agoraphobia Panic Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

160. Seidler, G. H., Wagner, F. E., Feurer, D. C., Micka, R., Kirsch, A., & Hofmann, A. (2004). EMDR in der behandlung von akut traumatisierten mit "akuter PTSD" [EMDR in the treatment of acute traumatized patients with "acute PTSD"]. Zeitschrift für Psychotraumatologie und Psychologische Medizin (ZPPM), 2(1), 61-72.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Nach begrifflichen Präzisierungen zum Verständnis von „akut“ wird eine Studie skizziert, in der akut traumatisierte Gewaltopfer mit unterschiedlichen treatments (nur EMDR, EMDR und Stabilisierungsgruppe, nur Stabilisierungsgruppe) behandelt werden. Zu den Untersuchungen gehören auch Mimikanalysen. Erste Ergebnisse belegen die Wirksamkeit der EMDR-Therapie und demonstrieren unterschiedliche mimische Aktivitätsmuster in Abhängigkeit von der Schwere des jeweiligen Traumas.

We are conducting a study according to conceptual specifications of our understanding of 'acute', in which acutely traumatized victims of violence are treated with various treatments (either solely EMDR, EMDR and stabilization exercises in group setting, or solely stabilization exercises in group setting). Analyses of facial expressions are included in the research. The initial findings prove the efficacy of EMDR therapy and demonstrate the different mimic or facial patterns as dependent on the severity of the trauma experienced. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD Clinical Trial Crime Germans Interpersonal Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

161. Bohm, K., & Voderholzer, U. (2010, September). EMDR in der behandlung von zwangsstörungen: Eine fallserie [Use of EMDR in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders: A case series]. Verhaltenstherapie [Behavior Therapy], 20(3), 175–181. doi:10.1159/000319439 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract: (The above link is to the English version of the German article.)
Hintergrund: Die kognitive Verhaltenstherapie mit Exposition und Reaktionsverhinderung ist die am besten untersuchte und derzeit wirksamste Therapie bei Zwängen. 15–40% der Patienten können jedoch nicht von diesem Verfahren profitieren. Sie berichten Motivationsprobleme, brechen die Behandlung vorzeitig ab oder zeigen anhaltende Probleme in der Emotionsregulation. Der zusätzliche Einsatz der Therapiemethode «Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing» (EMDR) zur Reduktion dieser Schwierigkeiten wird vorgestellt und beschrieben. Methode: Es werden drei Kasuistiken vorgestellt, die mittels deskriptiver Analysen ausgewertet werden. Hierbei wird auf das inhaltliche Vorgehen sowie die Therapiemotivation und Emotionsregulation im Therapieverlauf eingegangen. Ein Patient mit Kontrollzwängen erhielt zunächst EMDR-Sitzungen und anschließend Expositionsübungen. Eine andere Patientin mit vorwiegend Zwangsgedanken wurde zuerst mit Expositionen und danach mit EMDR behandelt. Im dritten Fall wurden Expositionen und EMDR-Sitzungen abwechselnd durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Die drei behandelten Patienten berichteten eine Reduktion der Zwänge um etwa 60%. EMDR wurde von allen drei Patienten als motivierend und hilfreich beschrieben. Die Arbeit an den Emotionen konnte durch EMDR angeregt und verstärkt werden. Eine deutliche Reduktion der Zwänge durch die Expositionen zeigte sich bei 2 Patienten, während diese im Zuge der EMDR-Sitzungen nur leicht abnahmen. Diskussion: EMDR könnte eine vielversprechende Augmentationsoption bei der Behandlung von Zwängen darstellen. Für eine bessere Beurteilung sind kontrollierte und randomisierte Studien erforderlich.

Introduction: Various studies have demonstrated that cognitive behavioural therapy with exposure response prevention is the most effective method to treat obsessive- compulsive disorders. However, 15–40% of patients do not respond to it; they cannot be motivated to undergo treatment, drop out, or experience persisting difficulties in regulating their emotions. In this article, EMDR is presented as an additional method for these specific problems. Method: Three case studies are reported and descriptively analysed. Special focus is placed on the patients’ motivation and on how they regulate their emotions. Different ways of applying EMDR in the course of psychological treatment are described as well. EMDR before confrontation therapy was applied in the first patient (checking behaviour); the second patient (compulsive thoughts) was first treated with confrontation therapy and then with EMDR; in the third patient, EMDR and confrontation therapy were applied alternately. Results: All three patients showed a reduction of symptoms by about 60%. They experienced EMDR as a useful and motivating method. Furthermore, they felt encouraged to deal with their emotions in additional psychological treatments. Confrontation therapy markedly reduced OCD symptoms in two of the patients. Discussion: EMDR could be a useful augmentation method in treating patients with OCD, but further controlled and randomised studies are required to validate this conclusion.

Keywords: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD Psychotherapeutic Method Psychotherapy Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

162. van den Berg, D. P. G. (2011, August-September). EMDR in patients with psychotic disorders and PTSD: A pilot study. In PTSD in patients with psychotic disorders. Symposium conducted at the 41st EABCT Annual Congress, Reykjavík, Iceland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Introduction: Mueser at al. (2008) showed that a treatment program that was predominantly based on cognitive restructuring was effective and safe in treating PTSD in patients with Serious Mental Illness. However, only 15.7% of the participants in this study had a psychotic disorder. Frueh et al. (2009) conducted a pilot study into PTSD treatment in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders (n=20). At three month follow-up twelve out of thirteen completers no longer met criteria for PTSD. Treatment caused no adverse events. Unfortunately psychosis measures were not included in this study. A third therapy with strong empirical support for its efficacy in treating PTSD is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR, Bisson et al., 2007; Bradley, Greene, Russ, Dutra, & Westen, 2005; Seidler & Wagner, 2006). In this presentation the results of a feasibility trial (n=27) of EMDR in patients with psychosis and comorbid PTSD will be presented. Method: An open pilot trial of EMDR in treating PTSD symptoms in participants with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or an other psychotic disorder. Participants were all outpatients from community mental health centres in the Netherlands. After referral to the study patients were screened for PTSD with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS, Blake et al., 1990). If PTSD was diagnosed baseline measurements were performed after which an informed consent was obtained. Treatment consisted of a maximum of six weekly EMDR sessions, after which post measurements were taken. Results: EMDR was effective in alleviating PTSD symptoms. Out of the 25 completers, only 7 still met criteria for PTSD at post measurement. Treatment did not result in adverse events. In fact, other symptoms, such as delusions, auditory verbal hallucinations, anxiety and depression decreased significantly, e.g. only four out of the nine participants that reported voices at baseline still reported voices at end of treatment. Conclusions: The preliminary conclusion is that treating PTSD in patients suffering from psychosis with EMDR is feasible, is safe and has a positive influence on other symptoms.

Keywords: Pilot Study Postraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Psychotic Disorders Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

163. Gonzalez, A., Mosquera, D., & Moskowitz, A. (2012, June). EMDR in psychosis and severe mental disorders [EMDR en psicosis y trastorno mental severo]. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Interactions between trauma and biology, dissociation and psychosis are complex. Some cases could be more biologically based, and traumatic events may trigger a psychotic episode or contribute to the low-response to usual interventions. But traumatic experiences could also influence neurodevelopment and brain structure. In some cases past adverse events may be a main factor in the development of psychotic psychopathology. The treatment of psychotic disorders with a specifically trauma-oriented therapy as EMDR, can help us to evaluate the relative contribution of these different factors from clinical results. The empirical research about the application of EMDR will be also reviewed. A relevant point for EMDR therapy in psychotic disorders is the complex relationship between dissociation and psychosis. Patients presenting with the belief of being controlled by an external force, intrusive thoughts and hallucinatory voices that comment on one's thoughts or actions or that have a conversation with other hallucinated voices, are easily diagnosed as schizophrenic or psychotic but can often be best understood and approached as dissociative symptoms. These patients can be treated with EMDR, but the procedures present relevant modifications in relation with the standard EMDR procedure for PTSD. In this workshop we will briefly describe how EMDR can be applied in different examples of psychotic patients, and based on these clinical examples (presented a case-descriptions or videos, we will reflect on the previously described aspects.

Las interacciones entre trauma y biología, disociación y psicosis son complejas. Algunos casos pueden estar más basados en el ámbito biológico, y los eventos traumáticos pueden ser disparadores de un episodio psicótico o contribuir a la baja respuesta ante las intervenciones usuales. Pero las experiencias traumáticas pueden también influenciar el neurodesarrollo y la estructura cerebral. En Algunos casos eventos adversos del pasado pueden ser el principal factor para desarrollar psicosis o una psicopatología. El tratamiento de los trastornos psicóticos con un terapia orientada al trauma como el EMDR nos ayudan a evaluar la contribución relativa de distintos factores a los resultados clínicos. La investigación empírica acerca de la aplicación del EMDR también será revisada. Un punto relevante de la Terapia EMDR en trastornos psicóticos es el resultado complejo de la relación entre disociación y psicosis. Los pacientes que presentan creencias de control por fuerzas externas, pensamientos intrusivos y voces alucinatorias que comentan las acciones o pensamientos o tienen una conversación con otras voces alucinatorias, normalmente son diagnosticadas como esquizofrenia y psicosis pero en algunas ocasiones estarían mejor entendidas desde un enfoque que las considerara síntomas disociativos. Estos pacientes pueden ser tratados con EMDR, pero los procedimientos presentan modificaciones referentes al procedimiento estándar de EMDR para el TEPT.

Keywords: Psychosis Severe Mental Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

164. Zweben, J., & Yeary, J. (2006, October). EMDR in the treatment of addictions. Journal of Chemical Dependency Treatment, 8(2), 115-227. doi:10.1300/J034v08n02_06.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Journal of Chemical Dependency Treatment Series
EMDR offers so much promise and great challenges to addiction treatment providers. It is a powerful tool for trauma resolution, but it must be carefully integrated into addiction treatment. Organizational as well as individual safety structures must be in place so that vulnerable indivduals may be offered this opportunity under conditions which maximize their chances for success. Efforts are underway to obtain funding for controlled trials, and it is hoped that these will clarify safety and efficacy questions, as well as many clinical issues that arise as more clinicians work with this method. [Haworth]

Keywords: Addictions Childhood Trauma Recovery

Accuracy Verified: Yes

165. Brown, S., & Shapiro, F. (2006). EMDR in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Clinical Case Studies, 5(5), 403-420. doi:10.1177/1534650104271773.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) usually experience significant impairment in their ability to function. Impulsivity, affect instability, interpersonal difficulties, and identity problems are hallmark features of this disorder, frequently leading to suicidal and parasuicidal behaviors. Although BPD has traditionally been considered chronic and enduring, recent research has indicated that it can remit over time and that psychotherapy can accelerate this process. The etiology of BPD has been associated with childhood abuse and inadequate attachment. Given the significance of childhood abuse and trauma, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), a recognized trauma therapy, may be a reasonable treatment option for BPD. The positive effects noted in the following case illustrate EMDR's utility in the treatment of BPD and indicate that further controlled studies are warranted. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Borderline Personality Disorder Case Report Child Abuse Clinical Case Study Empirical Study Females Incest Individual Psychotherapy Interpersonal Difficulties Interpersonal Interaction Psychotherapeutic Processes Qualitative Study Rape Suicide Survivors Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

166. Brown, S., Shapiro, F., & Fang Li (2011). EMDR in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Journal of Xihua University 3, 15-24. doi:cnki:sun:CDcdsf.0.2011-03-005.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder(BPD) usually experience significant impairment in their ability to function.Impulsivity,affect instability,interpersonal difficulties,and identity problems are hallmark features of this disorder,frequently leading to suicidal and para-suicidal behaviors.Although BPD has traditionally been considered chronic and enduring,recent research has indicated that it can remit over time and that psychotherapy can accelerate this process.The etiology of BPD has been associated with childhood abuse and inadequate attachment.Given the significance of childhood abuse and trauma,eye movement desensitization and reprocessing(EMDR),a recognized trauma therapy,may be a reasonable treatment option for BPD.The positive effects noted in the following case illustrate EMDR's utility in the treatment of BPD and indicate that further controlled studies are warranted.

Keywords: Borderline Personality Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

167. van Rood, Y. R., & de Roos, C. (2009). EMDR in the treatment of medically unexplained symptoms: A systematic review. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(4), 248-263. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.4.248.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This systematic review presents evidence for the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of a diverse range of medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). Theoretical underpinning, variations in interventions, methodological issues, and outcomes are discussed, and implications for future research and clinical practice are presented. Considering the limited number of reported case series and the lack of controlled studies, it might be concluded that EMDR for MUS is only in its infancy. The preliminary results suggest that EMDR might be an effective treatment for MUS and somatoform disorders, particularly when they are related to trauma. To date, the results for phantom limb pain are the most promising.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP Medically Unexplained Symptoms MUS Somatoform Disorders Systematic Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

168. Shapiro, F. (1999). EMDR in the treatment of trauma. EMDR Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, 1-11.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
EMDR has had more published case reports and controlled research to support it than any other method used in the treatment oftrauma. See Shapiro (1995) for procedures, protocols, theories, and discussion of of clitllcally valid research criteria. See Shapiro & Forrest (1997) for a comprehensive narrative of cases, and in-session transcripts, and "EMDR for Trauma" in the APA Psychotherapy Videotape series.

Keywords: Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

169. Jarero, I., & Artigas, L. (2010). The EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: Application with adults during ongoing geopolitical crisis. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(4), 148-155. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.4.148.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Integrative Group Treatment Protocol (EMDR-IGTP) has been used in its original format or with adaptations to meet the circumstances in numerous settings around the world for thousands of disaster survivors after natural or man-made incidents. In this study, the EMDR-IGTP was applied during three consecutive days to a group of 20 adults during ongoing geopolitical crisis in a Central American country in 2009. Results in this uncontrolled study showed significant decreases in scores on the Subjective Unit of Disturbance Scale and the Impact of Event Scale (IES). Changes on the IES were maintained at 14 weeks follow-up even though participants were still exposed to ongoing crisis. Controlled research is recommended to further evaluate the efficacy of this intervention.

Keywords: Group Treatment Human Provoked Disaster Geopolitical Crisis Posttraumatic Stress

Accuracy Verified: Yes

170. Jarero, I., Artigas, L., Montero, M., & Lopez-Lena, L. (2008). The EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: Application with child victims of a mass disaster. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(2), 97-105. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.2.97.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The EMDR Integrative Group Treatment protocol (EMDR-IGTP) has been used in different parts of the world since 1998 with both adults and children after natural or man-made disasters. This protocol combines the eight standard EMDR treatment phases with a group therapy model, thus providing more extensive reach than the individual application of EMDR. In this study the EMDR-IGTP was used with 16 bereaved children after a human provoked disaster in the Mexican State of Coahuila in 2006. Results showed a significant decrease in scores on the Child's Reaction to Traumatic Events Scale that was maintained at 3-month follow-up. Although controlled research is needed to establish the efficacy of this intervention, preliminary results suggest that EMDR-IGTP may be an effective means of providing treatment to large groups of people impacted by large-scale critical incidents (e.g., human-provoked disasters, terrorism, natural disasters. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Children Death of Parent Explosions Females Group Psychotherapy Group Treatment Human-Provoked Disaster Industrial Accidents Latin American Males Mexicans Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Survivors School Age Children Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

171. Jarero, I., & Artigas, L. (2012). The EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: EMDR group treatment for early intervention following critical incidents. Revue Européenne De Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, 62(4), 219-222. doi:10.1016/j.erap.2012.04.004.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Introduction: This paper presents an overview of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing – Integrative Group Treatment Protocol (EMDR-IGTP) that has been used since 1998 with both children and adults in its original format or with adaptations to meet the circumstances in numerous settings around the world for thousands of survivors of natural or man-made disasters and during ongoing geopolitical crisis. Method: The author's intention is to highlight and enlightened the reader of the existence of this protocol that combines the eight standard EMDR treatment phases with a group therapy model and an art therapy format and use the Butterfly Hug as a form of a self-administered bilateral stimulation, thus providing more extensive reach than the individual EMDR application. Conclusion: Randomize Controlled Trial Research is suggested to establish the efficacy of this intervention.

Keywords: Critical Incident Group Treatment Integrative Group Treatment Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

172. Jarero, I., Artigas, L., & Hartung, J. (2006). EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: A postdisaster trauma intervention for children and adults. Traumatology, 12(2), 121-129. doi: 10.1177/1534765606294561.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is recognized as an effective and efficient treatment for trauma-related issues. This article describes an integrated EMDR and group treatment for children and adults traumatized by natural disasters in several Latin American countries. This protocol combines the eight standard EMDR treatment phases with a group therapy model. The hypothesis is that the resulting hybrid offers more extensive reach than did the original EMDR model, which was intended for use with individuals, and takes treatment efficacy and efficiency well beyond that expected from traditional group process. To illustrate the application of the model, one formally measured field study and nine pilot projects are described. The promising results of this intervention suggest that EMDR is an effective means of providing treatment to large groups of people impacted by large-scale traumatic events (e.g., natural disasters). Controlled research is needed to clarify this issue.

Keywords: Children Latin America Natural Disaster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

173. Lendl, J., & Foster, S. (2009). EMDR performance and enhancement psychology protocol. In M. Luber (Ed.), Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) scripted protocols: Basics and special situations, (pp. 377-396). New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The EMDR Performance Enhancement Psychology Protocol (EMDR-PEP) addresses performance anxiety, self-defeating beliefs, behavioral inhibition, posttraumatic stress, and psychological recovery from injury for creative and performing artists, workplace employees, and athletes. The EMDR-PEP can be very useful with everyday nonpathological complaints such as procrastination, fear of failure, setbacks, and life transitions. Note: Clinicians, working with athletes require rigorous training in Sport Psychology and Sociology of Professional Sport. The EMDR-PEP encompasses a full spectrum viewpoint (body, mind, and spirit) regarding optimal functioning at work and in life. This perspective inspires clients to identify their strengths as well as areas to improve and to prioritize their work accordingly. The EMDR-PEP approach draws upon Maslow's (1971) Human Potential Movement and Positive Psychology (Amen, 2002; Buss, 2000; Csikzentmihalyi, 1990; Seligman, 1998; Taylor, Kemeny, Reed, Bower, & Gruenwald, 2000), as well as Sport Psychology Research and Principles (levleva & Orlick, 1991; Kohl, Ellis, & Roenkerm, 1992; Mamassis & Doganis, 2004; Martin, Moritz, & Hall, 1999; Nideffer, 1976; Short & Short, 2005; Simons, 2000; Unestahl, 1982), and Health Psychology (Graham, 1995; Levine, 1991; Simonton & Creighton, 1982; Whiting & den Brinker, 1982). The first single subject series (Foster & Lendl, 1996) reported promising findings with four diverse work-related situations and was republished in APA's seminal coaching papers in Consulting Psychology, The Wisdom of Coaching (Foster & Lendl, 2007). Reduced anxiety and increased self-confidence were reported for mature performing artists launching an existing repertoire into a new arena (Foster, 2000) and in a controlled study of master swimmers (Linebarger, 2005). Note: The Linebarger study included the Brief Intervention Focusing Protocol; the paper does not include inner advisor and mental room. Special attention is given to performance elements such as ability, focus, and motivation. The EMDR Performance Enhancement Psychology protocol Forms and Script are included. [PsycINFO Database]

Keywords: Performance Enhancement Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

174. Jarero, I., Artigas, L., & Luber, M. (2011). The EMDR protocol for recent critical incidents: Application in a disaster mental health continuum of care context. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(3), 82-94. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.3.82.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This randomized, controlled group field study was conducted subsequent to a 7.2 earthquake in North Baja California, Mexico. Treatment was provided according to continuum of care principles. Crisis management debriefing was provided to 53 individuals. After this, the 18 individuals who had high scores on the Impact of Event Scale (IES) were then provided with the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) Protocol for Recent Critical Incidents (EMDR-PRECI), a single-session modified EMDR protocol for the treatment of recent trauma. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: immediate treatment group and waitlist/delayed treatment group. There was no improvement in the waitlist/ delayed treatment group, and scores of the immediate treatment group participants were significantly improved, compared with waitlist/delayed treatment group paticipants. One session of EMDR-PRECI produced significant improvement on symptoms of posttraumatic stress for both the immediate-treatment and waitlist/delayed treatment groups, with results maintained at 12-week follow-up, even though frightening aftershocks continued to occur frequently. This study provides preliminary evidence in support of the protocol's efficacy in a disaster mental health continuum of care context. More controlled research is recommended to evaluate further the efficacy of this intervention.

Keywords: Critical Incidents Disaster Mental Health Early EMDR Intervention Natural Disaster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Recent Events

Accuracy Verified: Yes

175. Jarero, I., & Uribe, S. (2011). The EMDR Protocol for recent critical incidents: Brief report of an application in a human massacre situation. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(4), 156-165. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.4.156.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This ongoing field study was conducted subsequent to the discovery of clandestine graves with 218 bodies recovered in the Mexican state of Durango in April 2011. A preliminary psychometric assessment was conducted with the 60 State Attorney General employees who were working with the corpses to establish a triage criterion and provide baseline measures. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the short posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rating interview were administered, and the 32 individuals whose scores indicated moderate-to-severe posttraumatic stress and PTSD symptoms were treated with the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) Protocol for Recent Critical Incidents (EMDR-PRECI). Participants were assigned to two groups: immediate treatment (severe scores) and waitlist/delayed treatment (moderate scores). Each individual client session lasted between 90 and 120 minutes. Results showed that one session of EMDR-PRECI produced significant improvement on self-report measures of posttraumatic stress and PTSD symptoms for both the immediate treatment and waitlist/delayed treatment groups. This study provides preliminary evidence in support of the protocol's efficacy in a natural setting of a human massacre situation to a group of traumatized adults working under extreme stressors. More controlled research is recommended to evaluate further the protocol's efficacy.

Keywords: Human Massacre PRECI Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Protocol for Recent Critical Incidents PTSD Recent Events

Accuracy Verified: Yes

176. Hase, M., Schallmayer, S., & Sack, M. (2008). EMDR reprocessing of the addiction memory: Pretreatment, posttreatment, and 1-month follow-up. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(3), 170-179. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.170.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This randomized controlled study investigated the effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of alcohol dependency. EMDR was applied to reprocess the addiction memory (AM) in chronically dependent patients. The AM includes memories of preparatory behavior, drug effects (drug use), and loss of control (Wolffgramm, 2002). It is understood to involve extensive brain circuitry, drive part of conscious and unconscious craving, change environmental response at an organic level, and modify circuits that link to feelings of satisfaction, future planning, and hope. Thirty-four patients with chronic alcohol dependency were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions: treatment as usual (TAU) or TAU plus two sessions of EMDR (TAU+EMDR). The craving for alcohol was measured by the Obsessive-Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) pre-, post-, and 1 month after treatment. The TAU+EMDR group showed a significant reduction in craving posttreatment and 1 month after treatment, whereas TAU did not. Results indicate that EMDR might be a useful approach for the treatment of addiction memory and associated symptoms of craving.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Addiction Memory Craving Treatment TAU Treatment As Usual

Accuracy Verified: Yes

177. Spector, J. (2001, May). EMDR research update and research questions answered. Presentation at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, London, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
It is vital that EMDR has a strong research base. The ultimate credibility of EMDR will depend on Randomised Controlled Studies demonstrating the effectiveness of EMDR as a psychotherapy especially for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Also of importance will be Component Analysis Studies teasing apart the therapeutically active elements of EMDR. Research internationally on EMDR has been in two phases. Prior to 1999 the main questions were whether EMDR was an effective psychotherapy, and what was the value of these eye movements. From 1999 it is accepted that EMDR is an effective psychotherapy and the questions now are whether EMDR is more effective than CBT and is its effectiveness because it is CBT. This paper will trace the history of research into EMDR and address some of the most commonly asked questions about the validity of EMDR as manifested in the research literature. Particular attention will be drawn to some new papers about to be published very significant for EMDR. Finally some of the papers critical of EMDR will be reviewed also and examined as to their credibility. There will be opportunities for questions and discussion.

Keywords: Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

178. Staff. (1994, September). EMDR study yields positive results. Psychotherapy Letter, 6(9), 11.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Reports on the findings from a clinical trial suggesting the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). How EMDR is conducted.[Manisses Comm]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

179. Shapiro, F. (2000). EMDR ten years after its introduction: A review of past, present, and future directions. Mental Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, 1-15.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
At the time a controlled study of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was introduced in a peerreviewed journal (Shapiro, 1989a) as a method for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) only one other controlled clinical outcome study of this disorder had been published (Peniston, 1986). The Peniston (1986) study compa.red 45 sessions of relaxation and biofeedback-assisted desensitization to a non-treatment control and reported significant differences in muscle tension and in unstandardized measures of nightmares and anxiety. In the same year as the Shapiro study, three other controlled PTSD studies were published (Brom, Kleber, & Defares, 1989; Cooper & Clum, 1989; Keane, Fairklank, Caddell, & Zimering, 1989). The Brom et al. (1989) study compared the results of psychodynamic therapy, hypnotherapy, and desensitization based on a mean of 16 sessions. Equivalent (small to moderate) clinical treatment effects were obtained with all three approaches in approximately 60% of the subjects as assessed by various measures. The Cooper and Clun? (1989) study compared flooding to standard VA care and reported small clinical effects after 6-14 sessions, with a 30% partiicipant drop-out rate. The Keane et al. (1989) study compared flooding to a wait-list control and reported small clinical effects after 14-16 sessions. In contrast to the preceding three studies, Shapiro (1989a) found very substantial treatment effects with EMDR (then called 'EMD") after only one session.

Keywords: Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

180. Landin-Romero, R., Novo, P., Vicens, V., McKenna, P. J., Santed, A., Pomarol-Clotet, E., Salgado-Pineda, P., Shapiro. F., & Amann, B. L. (2013, March). EMDR therapy modulates the default mode network in a subsyndromal, traumatized bipolar patient. Neuropsychobiology, 67(3), 181-184. doi:10.1159/000346654.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Some functional imaging abnormalities found in bipolar disorder are state related, whereas others persist into euthymia. It is uncertain to what extent these latter changes may reflect continuing subsyndromal affective fluctuations and whether those can be modulated by therapeutic interventions. Method: We report functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings during performance of the n-back working memory task in a bipolar patient who showed a marked improvement in subsyndromal affective symptoms after receiving eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in the context of a clinical trial. Results: The patient's clinical improvement was accompanied by marked changes in functional imaging, as compared to 30 healthy subjects. fMRI changes were noted particularly in deactivation, with failure of deactivation in the medial frontal cortex partially normalizing after treatment. Conclusions: This case supports the potential therapeutic overall benefit of EMDR in traumatized bipolar patients and suggests a possible neurobiological mechanism of action: normalization of default mode network dysfunction. Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Keywords: Bipolar Disorder Subsyndromal Affective Symptoms

Accuracy Verified: Yes

181. Landin-Romero, R., Novo, P., Vicens, V., McKenna, P. J., Santed, A., Pomarol-Clotet, E., Salgado-Pineda, P., Shapiro. F., & Amann, B. L. (2013, March). EMDR therapy modulates the default mode network in a subsyndromal, traumatized bipolar patient. Neuropsychobiology, 67(3), 181-184. doi:10.1159/000346654.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Keywords: Bipolar Disorder Subsyndromal Affective Symptoms

Accuracy Verified: Yes

182. Landin-Romero, R., Novo, P., Vicens, V., McKenna, P. J., Santed, A., Pomarol-Clotet, E., Salgado-Pineda, P., Shapiro. F., & Amann, B. L. (2013, March). EMDR therapy modulates the default mode network in a subsyndromal, traumatized bipolar patient. Neuropsychobiology, 67(3), 181-184. doi:10.1159/000346654.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Keywords: Bipolar Disorder Subsyndromal Affective Symptoms

Accuracy Verified: Yes

183. Shapiro, F. (2012). EMDR therapy: An overview of current and future research. Revue Européenne De Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, 62(4), 193-195. doi:10.1016/j.erap.2012.09.005.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Introduction: EMDR therapy is an eight-phase treatment approach widely recognized as a frontline treatment for trauma. Research over the past decade has addressed the utility of the eye movements, mechanism of action and comparisons with other forms of therapy. Literature and clinical findings: More than two-dozen randomized controlled trials (RCT) demonstrate the positive effects of EMDR therapy with trauma victims. Comparisons with trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) indicate comparable effects sizes. Approximately 20 additional RCT evaluated the eye movement component of EMDR in isolation, without the rest of the therapy procedures. These studies document a variety of positive effects, including a rapid decrease in distress and reduced clarity of the targeted disturbing image when compared to exposure-only conditions. Discussion: Research findings indicate that EMDR therapy and TF-CBT are based on different mechanisms of action in that EMDR therapy does not necessitate daily homework, sustained arousal or detailed descriptions of the event, and appears to take fewer sessions. EMDR is guided by the adaptive information processing model, which posits a wide range of adverse life experiences as the basis of pathology. Conclusions: Research is suggested to further explore mechanisms of action and address issues of efficiency and treatment differences. Rigorous research is also needed to investigate additional clinical applications.

Keywords: Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

184. Knipe, J. (2010, July). EMDR toolbox: Specific methods of treating adult clients with complex PTSD, psychological defenses and dissociative personality structure. Preconference presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR has had a profound positive impact on the lives of many clients and has been shown in more than twenty randomized, peer-reviewed trials to be effective in the treatment of PTSD. However, the DSM IV definition of PTSD is focused on the single traumatic incident, and many clients seeking relief in therapy have a damaging traumatic history that extended over repeated events or over many years. The term, Complex PTSD (Herman, 1992, van der Kolk, 2005) has been proposed to describe a pattern of negative effects of prolonged and extreme stress, particularly during childhood. The focus of this workshop is to describe a theoretical framework, and specific therapy “tools” which may be useful in providing effective therapy, within the EMDR Adaptive Information Processing Model, to individuals suffering with Complex PTSD. Methods will be described that can make the healing power of EMDR more available to clients who are avoidant, defensive, and/or highly vulnerable to dissociative abreaction, chronic shame, and unrealistic idealization of self or of others. Important concepts and particular interventions will be illustrated through video examples and transcripts from therapy sessions.

Keywords: Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD, C-PSTD Dissociative Personality Structure Psychological Defenses Toolbox

Accuracy Verified: Yes

185. Ahmad, A., Larsson, B., & Sundelin-Wahlsten, V. (2007). EMDR treatment for children with PTSD: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 61(5), 349-354. doi:10.1080/08039480701643464.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The objective of the study was to examine the efficacy of EMDR treatment for children with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared with untreated children in a waiting list control group (WLC) participating in a randomized controlled superiority trial (RCT). Thirty-three 6-16-year-old children with a DSM-IV diagnosis of PTSD were randomly assigned to eight weekly EMDR sessions or the WLC group. The Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Scale for Children (PTSS-C scale) was used in interviews with children to evaluate their symptoms and outcome. Post-treatment scores of the EMDR group were significantly lower than the WLC indicating improvement in total PTSS-C scores, PTSD-related symptom scale, and the subscales re-experiencing and avoidance among subjects in the EMDR group, while untreated children improved in PTSD-non-related symptom scale. The improvement in re-experiencing symptoms proved to be the most significant between-group difference over time. The results of the present exploratory study including a limited number of children with PTSD are encouraging and warrant further controlled studies of larger samples of children suffering from PTSD. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Children Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Random Control Trial RCT Trauma Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

186. de Roos, C., & de Jongh, A. (2008). EMDR treatment of children and adolescents with a choking phobia. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(3), 201-211. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.201.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Given the limited number of reported cases in literature, it might be concluded that it is rare to develop a choking phobia in childhood. However, it appears as though confusion in terminology and the time lapse between the onset of the disorder and treatment often results in the diagnosis being missed. In this article, we discuss a review of the clinical symptoms, differential diagnosis, comorbidity, etiology, and treatment options for choking phobia. We present a case series, describing the successful EMDR treatment of choking phobia for 4 children and adolescents, with positive outcomes achieved in 1 or 2 sessions. In addition, a detailed transcript is presented of a 15-year-old girl with a choking phobia related to an incident that occurred 5 years previously. The rapid elimination of symptoms in all 4 cases indicates that EMDR can be an effective treatment for choking phobias resulting from previous disturbing events. Randomized research on this promising intervention is strongly suggested.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Choking Phobia Specific Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

187. Cvetek, R. (2008). EMDR treatment of distressful experiences that fail to meet the critieria for PTSD. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(1), 2-14. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.1.2.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is thought to successfully treat not only PTSD but also other psychiatric disorders and mental health problems inasmuch as these have experiential contributions. This randomized clinical trial investigated the effects of treatment of distressful experiences (or small "t" trauma) that fail to meet the criteria for PTSD. Three hours of a slightly adapted form of EMDR were compared to active listening (attentional placebo, also 3 hours) and wait list. Results with 90 participants showed that EMDR produced significantly lower scores on the Impact of Event Scale than active listening or wait list. EMDR also resulted in a significantly smaller increase on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (State subscale) after memory recall. Some limitations and implications of findings are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Dysfunctionally Stored Stressful Experiences Effectiveness Life Experiences Random Clinical Trial RCT Slovenes Small “T” Trauma Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Young Adults

Accuracy Verified: Yes

188. Leeds, A. (2012). EMDR treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia: Two model treatment plans. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(3), 110-119. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.6.3.110.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article, condensed from Chapter 14 of A Guide to the Standard EMDR Protocols for Clinicians, Supervisors, and Consultants (Leeds, 2009), examines applying eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) to treating individuals with panic disorder (PD) and PD with agoraphobia (PDA). The literature on effective treatments for PD and PDA is reviewed focusing on cognitive and behavioral therapies, pharmacotherapy, and EMDR. Case reports and controlled studies of EMDR treatment of PD and PDA are examined for lessons to guide EMDR clinicians. Two model EMDR treatment plans are presented: one for cases of simple PD without agoraphobia or other co-occurring disorders and the other for cases of PDA or PD with co-occurring anxiety or Axis II disorders. A more extensive literature discussion, detailed treatment guidelines, and client education resources can be found in the original chapter.

Keywords: Agoraphobia CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Panic Pharmacotherapy Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

189. Haour, F., Meignant, I., & De Beaurepaire, C. (2012, June). EMDR treatment of sexual traumas in a child offender [Tratamiento EMDR de traumas sexuales en un pedófilo]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Child offenders have been abused 3 to 6 time more than controls during childhood and these figures are probably grossly underestimated. Most of them exhibit all or many symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) in association with anxiety-‐depression-‐addiction. TCC treatments are useful but with limited efficacy (Brooks-‐ Gordon B et al, Journal of forensic Psychiatry and Pathology, 2006; 17:442-‐466). The treatment by the EMDR approach of the traumatic memories should be beneficial to these patients. Previous work (Ricci RJ et al, Journal of forensic Psychiatry and Pathology, 2006; 17:538-‐562) has provided preliminary results in child molesters. Clinical Case: A 40 years old male convicted and jailed for sexual abuse (pedophilia) at 33 years of age. He lives with a wife and a son (9 year old) and has a regular job. His medications are: antipsychotic, antidepressor, antiepileptic, anxiolytic and anti androgens. He sees regularly a psychologist but is submitted to anxious attacks and pedophilic desires. He usually needs to be hospitalized several weeks twice a year. Following assessment and psychological evaluation (DSM IV, PCLS, SOS, BECK 21, DES) and case conceptualisation, the traumatic events were desensitized and reprocessed through EMDR treatment: rape and sexual abuse by an older brother from 5 to 12, familial humiliations, rape under threat, at 11 year of age by an adult, accusation by a 13 years old partner at 33 years of age, prison, trial, etc. The themes of the first 8 EMDR sessions (first 3 months) were: helplessness/control, danger/ security, and will be exposed in details. The changes in the patient appreciation of himself and his symptoms were followed during this period. A sharp decline in the anxiety scores (Beck 21) and a rapid increase in the SOS (Schwartz outcome scale: quality of life) were observed. At the same time the pedophilic desires were disappearing. This allowed the psychiatrist to reduce the antiandrogenic treatments as well as antipsychotic, antiepileptic and antidepressor. Nine month after the beginning of therapy the patient was without antiandrogens. The SOS scores remained high but episodes of anxiety and depression were still present (9 to 12 months after beginning of EMDR treatment). In conclusion, desensitization of traumatic memories lied to a dramatic improvement of anxiety and changes in sexual desire in a man convicted for pedophilia.

Los abusadores sexuales han sido, durante la infancia, víctimas de abusos sexuales de 3 a 6 veces más que los controles y estos datos están lejos de aproximarse a un dato real. Muchos de ellos exhiben todos o muchos, síntomas del Trastorno de Estrés Post-‐traumático (TEPT) en asociación con ansiedad, depresión o adicciones. Los tratamiento TCC son útiles pero de limitada eficacia. (Brooks-‐ Gordon B et al, Journal of forensic Psychiatry and Pathology, 2006; 17:442-‐466). El tratamiento a través de EMDR de los recuerdos traumáticos debería ser beneficioso para el paciente. En trabajos previos (Ricci RJ et al, Journal of forensic Psychiatry and Pathology, 2006; 17:538-‐562) han mostrado resultados preliminares en pedófilos. Caso Clínico: Un convicto varón, 40 años, entró en la cárcel por abusos sexuales (Pedofilia) a la edad de 33 años. Vive con su mujer y su hijo (9 años de edad) y posee un trabajo estable. Su tratamiento farmacológico es: Antipsicóticos, antidepresivos, antiepilépticos, ansiolíticos y anti-‐andrógenos. Muestra un patrón psicológico regular pero está supeditado a ataques de ansiedad y deseos pedófilos. Normalmente necesita ser hospitalizado durante varias semanas 2 veces al año. Siguiendo las tareas y la evaluación psicológica (DSM IV, PCLS, SOS, BECK 21, DES), conceptualización del caso, los eventos traumáticos donde se ha aplicado el tratamiento EMDR: Violación y abuso sexual por su hermano mayor desde los 5 hasta los 12 años, humillaciones familiares, violación bajo amenaza por un adulto a la edad de 11 años., acusación por un niño de 13 años, ingreso en prisión, juicio… Las temáticas en las primeras 8 sesiones de EMDR (los primeros 3 meses) fueron: Desesperanza/Control, peligro/ Seguridad, y serán expuestas en detalle. Se hizo un seguimiento de los cambios apreciados por el paciente y sus síntomas. Una fuerte bajada de las puntuaciones en ansiedad (Beck21) y un rápido aumento de la SOS (Schwartz outcome scale: quality of life) fueron observadas. Al mismo tiempo que los deseos pedófilos iban desapareciendo. Esto permitía al psiquiatra reducir los tratamiento antiandrogénicos, antiepilépticos, antidepresores y antipsicóticos. Nueve meses más tarde del comienzo del tratamiento el paciente abandonó los antiandrógenos. Las puntaciones del SOS seguían altas pero los episodios de ansiedad y depresión seguían presentes (de 9 a 12 meses después del tratamiento EMDR) En conclusión, desensibilizar recuerdos dramáticos ligados a una espectacular mejora de la ansiedad y cambios en el deseo sexual del convicto por pedofilia.

Keywords: Child Offenders Sexual Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

190. Lilienfeld. S. O. (1996, January/February). EMDR treatment: Less than meets the eye. Skeptical Inquirer, 20(1), 25-31.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Examines EMDR and the experimental evidence surrounding it, which does not indicate that it is any more effective than other treatments for PTSD, despite its enthusiastic support. [Pilots]

Keywords: Adults Americans Brief Psychotherapy Child Abuse Females Longitudinal Study Methodology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Rape Self Efficacy Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

191. Lilienfeld, S. O. (2011, April). EMDR Treatment: Less Than Meets the Eye? - Update. Quackwatch. Retrieved from http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/emdr.html 0n November 3, 2011..

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
The most reasonabIe conclusion to be drawn from the extant literature is that EMDR is no more effective than standard treatments that rely on exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli and is almost certainly effective because it happens to incorporate such exposure. In the words of Harvard psychologist Richard McNally, "What is effective in EMDR is not new, and what is new is not effective." Importantly, controlled data do not support the use of EMDR for anxiety disorders other than PTSD (e.g., phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder), mood disorders, sexual disorders, eating disorders, or psychotic disorders, although it is commonly used to treat the symptoms of these and other conditions. (Excerpt)

Keywords: Skepticism

Accuracy Verified: Yes

192. Nijdam, M, J., Olff, M., & Gersons, B. (2009, November). EMDR versus brief eclectic psychotherapy in the treatment of PTSD: A randomized clinical trial. In M. Olff, J. J. Ter Heide, M. J. Nijdam, & S. Guay (Chairs), Advances in evidence-based treatment for PTSD. Symposium conducted at the 25th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Atlanta, GA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A large number of studies have demonstrated the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and metaanalyses have shown similar effect sizes for both treatment conditions. However, less is known about the effectiveness of these treatments in routine clinical care. Therefore, we conducted a randomized clinical trial that compared EMDR (n = 70) to a form of CBT, Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n = 70). Treatment conditions resembled routine care as much as possible. Participants were outpatients who were referred to the Center for Psychological Trauma of the Academic Medical Center with a diagnosis of PTSD after various kinds of type I trauma. Primary outcome was PTSD symptomatology as measured by the Impact of Event Scale – Revised. Other measures that were applied to assess pre-post differences were the Structured Interview for PTSD, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders, MOS Short Form -36, and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Preliminary analyses indicate a significant decrease in PTSD symptomatology for both treatment conditions, with an earlier decrease of symptoms in EMDR compared to BEP. Results of the complete trial will be presented and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

Keywords: Eclectic Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

193. Wanders, F., Serra, M., & de Jongh, A. (2008). EMDR versus CBT for children with self-esteem and behavioral problems: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(3), 180-189. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.180.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study compared eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Twenty-six children (average age 10.4 years) with behavioral problems were randomly assigned to receive either 4 sessions of EMDR or CBT prior to usual treatment provided in outpatient and inpatient clinics. To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment, parents and mentors completed a wide variety of self-report instruments and behavioral measures, and the children completed self-assessment instruments prior to therapy, directly after completion of therapy, and at 6-month follow-up. EMDR and CBT were found to have significant positive effects on behavioral and self-esteem problems. Although the differences between treatment effectiveness for EMDR and CBT were small, the children who originally received EMDR showed significantly larger changes in target behaviors than those in the CBT group. The results support the use of EMDR, focused on the desensitization of a series of meaningful memories, to produce significantly positive and sustained effects on children's self-esteem and related problems.

Keywords: Children Behavior Problems CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Random Control Trial RCT Self-Esteem

Accuracy Verified: Yes

194. ter Heide, F. J. J. (2011). EMDR versus stabilisaite: Resulten van een pilot studie [Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) versus stabilisation in the outpatient treatment of traumatised asylum seekers and refugees: A randomised controlled trial]. Refereer Centrum '45, Oegstgeest, the Nederlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Publication

Abstract:
Despite the scientific evidence concerning the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD, in clinical practice many clinicians are reluctant to apply EMDR to traumatised asylum seekers and refugees. Because they regard the traumatisation of this population as too complex, and for fear of psychological decompensation, they tend to avoid confrontation with traumatic memories and stick to stabilisation techniques. This research project focuses on the efficacy of EMDR versus stabilisation in traumatised asylum seekers and refugees. The aim is to improve the treatment of this target group. (Doctoral research project of Jackie June ter Heijde, clinical psychologist, with the cooperation of Dr Trudy Mooren, Dr Jeroen Knipscheer and Prof. Dr Rolf Kleber)

Keywords: Asylum Seekers Randomized Control Trial Outpatient Treatment RCT Refugees

Accuracy Verified: Yes

195. ter Heide, F. J. J., Mooren, T. M., Kleijn, W., de Jongh, A., & Kleber, R. J. (2011, August). EMDR versus stabilisation in traumatised asylum seekers and refugees: Results of a pilot study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2, 5881. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.5881.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Traumatised asylum seekers and refugees are clinically considered a complex population. Discussion exists on whether with this population treatment guidelines for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) should be followed and Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (TF-CBT) or Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) should be applied, or whether a phased model starting with stabilisation is preferable. Some clinicians fear that trauma-focused interventions may lead to unmanageable distress or may be ineffective. While cognitive-behavioural interventions have been found to be effective with traumatised refugees, no studies concerning the efficacy of EMDR with this population have been conducted as yet. Objective: In preparation for a randomised trial comparing EMDR and stabilisation with traumatised refugees, a pilot study with 20 participants was conducted. The objective was to examine feasibility of participation in a randomised trial for this complex population and to examine acceptability and preliminary efficacy of EMDR. Design: Participants were randomly allocated to 11 sessions of either EMDR or stabilisation. Symptoms of PTSD (SCID-I, HTQ), depression and anxiety (HSCL-25), and quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) were assessed at pre- and post-treatment and 3-month follow-up. Results: Participation of traumatised refugees in the study was found feasible, although issues associated with complex traumatisation led to a high pre-treatment attrition and challenges in assessments. Acceptability of EMDR was found equal to that of stabilisation with a high drop-out for both conditions. No participants dropped out of the EMDR condition because of unmanageable distress. While improvement for EMDR participants was small, EMDR was found to be no less efficacious than stabilisation. Different symptom courses between the two conditions, with EMDR showing some improvement and stabilisation showing some deterioration between pre-treatment and post-treatment, justify the conduct of a full trial. Conclusion: With some adaptations in study design, inclusion of a greater sample is justifiable to determine which treatment is more suitable for this complex population.

Keywords: Asylum Seekers Refugees Posttraumatic Stress Disoder PTSD TF-CBT Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

196. ter Heide, J. J. (2009, June). EMDR versus stabilization in the treatment of traumatized asylum seekers and refugees: A pilot RCT. In A. de Jongh (Chair), PTSD research. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Asylum Seekers Refuges Random Control Trial RCT Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Research Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

197. Darker-Smith, S. (2007, June). EMDR vs CBT in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: A preliminary study. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In working with clients with anorexia nervosa for the past 18 months, it has become apparent that while many clinicians continue to utilise a variety of treatment means, CBT or systemic family therapy are often treatments most frequently offered to the sufferer. However, what does appear to be consistent is the general view (e.g., Waller; Treasure; Brewer) that ‘recovery’ will take an average between 1 to 2 years with many clients suffering from this disorder never making a full or complete recovery.
With this in mind, sixteen clients with a previous diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and under medical supervision with a BMI of 16.5 – 18 and still meeting the mental criteria of anorexia nervosa (DSM IV) were offered either EMDR (N.10) or CBT (N.6). Starting with the premise that most sufferers of anorexia nervosa argued that simply ‘eating’ is not the answer – but rather the mechanism by which control is maintained – it was agreed that regular weigh-ins and the use of food journals would form part of the study – however, no therapeutic emphasis would be placed directly on food in either the CBT or the EMDR group.
Those receiving EMDR recovered substantially quicker and with less food-related exposure, once the target memory precipitating the anorexic onset was identified. Interestingly, food intake and weight increased without needing to be targeted as a separate matter, once the ‘feeder’ memory had been adapted in 8 out of the 10 EMDR clients. In the remaining two clients, behavioural experiments targeting the “practice of behaving (and eating) normally’ one day a week in order to reduce the fear of ‘normality’ was used with good effect.
Whilst the CBT group did improve, they continued to fluctuate in terms of active anorexic patterns of behaviour and their weight or food intake did not appear to improve significantly.
Although the trial lasted for 6 months duration, on average, the EMDR group reached ‘recovery’ at around 3-4 month mark, compared to the CBT group of which five noticed ‘improvement,’ however, did not appear to have increased weight and still reported phobic reactions to both body-mage and food at the 4 month mark. One in the CBT group did make a significant improvement based on cognitive restructuring alone and this client did increase weight and intake significantly at the same ratio as the EMDR group.
At the initial 1-month follow-up post-study, the CBT group were still exhibiting symptoms of mental pre-occupation with diet/weight compared to the EMDR group who had reached normal BMI ranges (N.9) and all reported little to no pre-occupation with diet/eight.
Although this study is still pending follow-ups of all clients, there would appear, on the basis of this preliminary study that anorexia nervosa appears to respond better to EMDR in shorter treatment duration than CBT.
Furthermore, six of the EMDR group reposed using safe-space imagery to reduce their anxieties surrounding food and this may have been a contributory factor.

Keywords: Anorexia Nervosa CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

198. de Roos, C., Greenwald, R., Noorthoorn, E., & de Jongh, A. (2004, November). EMDR vs. CBT for disaster-exposed children: A controlled study. Presentation at the 20th annual meeting of the International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In May 2000 a firework depot exploded in the city of Enschede (The Netherlands), leaving 22 people dead, 947 injured, more than 500 houses destroyed, and about 1500 houses significantly damaged. In total 4,163 people were affected, including many children and adolescents. Children with chronic posttraumatic stress reactions were referred for treatment to the Ambultant Mental Health Care team in Enschede. A randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the relative efficacy of EMDR versus a CBT approach for reducing children’s symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety and behavior problems. All participants treated from 2001 to 2003 were included. They received 4 sessions EMDR or 4 sessions CBT. Moreover, four sessions of parent guidance were included in both groups. The final N was 53 children (age 3-18). Assessment took place prior to the intervention, immediately after the intervention and at 3 months follow-up. The main outcome measures were: UCLA PTSD Index (parent, child and adolescent version), Child Report of Post-traumatic Symptoms (CROPS), the Parent Report of Post-traumatic Symptoms (PROPS), the Problem Rating Scale (PRS), the Birleson Depression Scale and the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASQ, anxiety). Also parent-reported psychosocial dysfunction and teacher-reported problems were assessed (Child Behavior Check List: parent form and teacher form and for children aged 11 and older: self report form). For the youngest group (0-6 years) the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC) was included.

Keywords: CBT Children Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Controlled Study Disaster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

199. Amman, B. (2013, June). EMDR with bipolar disorder. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Geneva, Switzerland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Research of the last decade suggests a decisive role of traumatic events on the onset and on the course of severe mental disease, especially affective disorders. The robustness of this data has been largely ignored by the psychiatric community, also due to a striking lack of trials designated to traumatized patients with severe mental disease. With this workshop we aim to create awareness on that issue by reviewing existing evidence of the impact of trauma on the patients’ life with severe mental disease. We also will show first controlled data of EMDR in instable, traumatized bipolar patients, with a focus on its effect on trauma and mood stabilization. Furthermore, we will present for the first time a Spanish Bipolar EMDR protocol as direct result of the above-mentioned study; to highlight practical details of this protocol, we also will discuss two cases of the study in an interactive way with the audience.
Learning objectives: Trauma in severe mental disorder is so far not adequately recognized and treated by therapists; Understanding the role of trauma in severe mental disorder, with a focus on bipolar disorder; Results of a first controlled pilot study of instable bipolar patients suggest that EMDR reduces effectively trauma symptoms and trauma load; and Results also suggest that EMDR stabilizes better the mood of subsyndromal, instable bipolar patients than a control group.

Keywords: Bipolar Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

200. Bath, K. E., Larson, J., Rodriguez, C., Murray, J., Newbill, L., & Coggins J. H. (2001, June). EMDR with health problems. In Research symposium I. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
One of the most exicitng new experimental arenas for EMDR are in it use with health problems and illness adaptation. This symposium will report on two research studies in this area: One reporting on pilot case studies that investigate the use of EMDR with people who have Parkinson's Disease, and the other representing the results of a controlled trial of the impact of EMDR on chronic pain experienced from job injuries.

Keywords: Chronic Pain Health Problems Job-Related Injuries Parkinson's Disease Research Study Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

201. Johannesson, K. B. (2001, April). EMDR – psychotherapy in posttraumatic stress syndrome in young people. Swedish Council on Health Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU), Stockholm, Sweden.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a new psychotherapeutic method aimed at processing memories of traumatic events, thereby ameliorating the psychological consequences of these memories. EMDR involves elements from several different psychological approaches. It is uncertain which of the treatment elements are effective. Clients with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are the main target group for EMDR treatment. Although both children and adults have been treated with EMDR, this document is aimed particularly at children and adolescents. Patient Benefits, Risks, and Side Effects Published studies of EMDR mainly cover adults with PTSD. There are two randomized and controlled studies, one of which has yet to be published, of EMDR treatment in 47 children and adolescents. One of the studies suggests that EMDR yields a better treatment outcome in the short term compared to the control treatment (active listening). In the second study, no significant difference was found between EMDR treatment in combination with standard treatment and standard treatment alone as regards reduction in avoidance and invading thoughts. However, the PTSD symptom of behavioral disorders declined significantly in the EMDR group. Furthermore, numerous case studies suggest that EMDR has a positive treatment effect in children and adolescents with PTSD. No harmful effects have been reported.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disoder PTSD Young People

Accuracy Verified: Yes

202. Thordarson, D., Taylor, S., Maxfield, L.¸ Wilensky, M. S., Ladd, W. G., Lanius, U. F., Fedoroff, I. C., & Sochting, I. (2001, July). EMDR, exposure therapy, and relaxation training for PTSD: A controlled outcome study. Presentation at the World Congress meeting of Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

203. Fredin, I. (2005). EMDR-behandling: Barns och ungdomars upplevelser en kvalitetssäkringsstudie [EMDR treatment: Ensuring the quality of EMDR as a treatment for children and young people]. Umeå University, Sweden.

Language: Swedish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Föreliggande studie är dels ett led i att kvalitetssäkra EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) som behandlingsmetod för barn och ungdomar och dels att utröna om behandlingen bidragit till ett förbättrat mående. EMDR som behandlingsmetod för barn och ungdomar har stöd i kontrollerade studier, men ytterligare forskning behövs. I den här studien deltog åtta barn och ungdomar med varierande diagnoser, vilka fått EMDR-behandling i barn- och ungdomspsykiatrisk öppenvård. Behandlingen ingick i en individualterapi i ett familjeterapeutiskt sammanhang. Barnen/ungdomarna intervjuades per telefon om hur de upplevt behandlingen och om sitt mående i efterförloppet. Information om diagnoser, C-GAS, antal EMDR-sessioner samt terapeutens bedömning inhämtades som komplement till intervjun. Resultaten visar att EMDR-behandlingen upplevs ha bidragit till att obehagskänslor och symtom minskade, men i olika grad, för alla intervjuade barn/ungdomar. Denna förändring kunde också noteras i terapeutens bedömning och i de bedömda C-GAS-värdena. Alla kände sig trygga under behandlingen och tyckte att de fick tillräcklig information. Hälften tyckte att konfrontationen med de svåra minnena var det mest obehagliga. Vissa detaljer i protokollet, såsom att bestämma målbild, upplevdes svårt för över hälften. Alla intervjuade skulle rekommendera EMDR-behandling till andra. Det positiva resultatet talar för att EMDR är en användbar metod för barn- och ungdomar med traumatiska minnen, och att det är värdefullt att satsa på fortsatt forskning kring EMDR med barn- och ungdomar.

The present study is the first part of ensuring the quality of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) as a treatment for children and young people and also to determine if the treatment contributed to an improved malaise. EMDR as a treatment for children and adolescents is supported by controlled studies, but further research is needed. In this study, eight children and adolescents with various diagnoses who received EMDR treatment in child and adolescent psychiatric outpatients. The treatment was part of an individual therapy in a family therapy context. Children / young people were interviewed by telephone about their experiences and treatment of their malaise in its aftermath. Information on diagnosis, C-GAS, number of EMDR sessions and the therapist's assessment was collected as a supplement to the interview. The results show that EMDR treatment is perceived to have contributed to the discomfort and symptoms decreased, but to varying degrees, all interviewed children / adolescents. This change was also noted in the therapist's assessment and the assessed C-GAS-values. All felt safe during the treatment and felt they had enough information. Half thought that the confrontation with the difficult memories was the most unpleasant. Some details of the protocol, such as determining the vision, difficulty was experienced for more than half. All respondents would recommend EMDR treatment to others. The positive results suggest that EMDR is a useful method for children and adolescents with traumatic memories, and that it is worthwhile to invest in continued research on EMDR with children and adolescents.

Keywords: Adolescents Children: Psychotherapy Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

204. Sandstrom, M., Willman, A-C., & Hogberg, U. (2004, June). EMDR-treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder after childbirth. A pilot study of four cases. In single trauma and grief (L. Cornil, Chair). Symposium conducted at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, Stockholm, Sweden .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
During the last decade, it has been recognized by research that a traumatic experience of childbirth can cause PTSD. What has also been shown is that these women do not spontaneously recover. No studies have been made before on psychotherapeutic treatment of this group.
The aim of our pilot study was to explore the possibility to use EMDR in the treatment of women who suffered from posttraumatic stress after childbirth. Because most pregnant women invited declined to participate, also non-pregnant women were included. One pregnant and three not pregnant women with PSTD after childbirth were treated with EMDR. All clients reported reduction of posttraumatic stress after treatment. The results suggest that EMDR might be a useful tool in the treatment of non-pregnant women severely traumatic by childbirth, but our study has several limitations. Further research and a randomized controlled study are recommended.

Keywords: Childbirth Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

205. Perkins, B. (2003). EMDR: An overview. Presentation at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an active psychological treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This presentation provides an introduction to the procedure, including an overview of the model and method of EMDR as well as the 14 controlled PTSD research studies and the most recent outcome research in the treatment of civilian and combat-related PTSD. It also suggests the clinical and research parameters which remain to be addressed in the future.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: No

206. Derksen, M. T., & Baeten, B. M. (2010, April). EMDR: Kijken met een diagnostische 'traumabril' in de ziekenhuispsychiatrie [EMDR: A diagnostic check with trauma glasses' in the psychiatric hospital]. Presentatie op het 38ste Voorjaarscongres Nederlandse Vereniging voor Psychiatrie, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Inhoud van de workshop: EMDR (eye movement desentization and reprocessing) is een intensieve vorm van psychotherapie voor mensen die last houden van de gevolgen van een (of meerdere) schokkende ervaring(en). Een deel van de getroffenen verwerkt deze ervaringen op eigen kracht, anderen ontwikkelen psychische klachten. Juist deze klachten in het hier en nu als gevolg van een schokkende gebeurtenis in het verleden maken de gebeurtenis tot een traumatische gebeurtenis. Een ogenschijnlijk eenvoudige medische ingreep kan leiden tot reactivering van eerdere traumatische ervaringen. De kern van deze workshop is het leren herkennen en vaststellen van de 'ontwrichtende ervaringen' die van blijvende invloed zijn op het functioneren van de patiënt. Verder wordt aandacht besteed aan het diagnostisch leren kijken met een 'traumabril' en het leren kennen van het indicatiegebied van emdr binnen de ziekenhuispsychiatrie. emdr is volgens internationale en nationale richtlijnen de behandeling van eerste keus bij PTSS. EMDR kan ook toegepast worden bij traumagerelateerde stoornissen die niet per se hoeven te voldoen aan de diagnose ptss, zoals bij angststoornissen, eetstoornissen, pijnstoornissen, somatoforme stoornissen, seksuele stoornissen en verslaving. De bijzondere kenmerken en effecten van emdr worden besproken. Gecontroleerde effectstudies laten zien dat EMDR even effectief of effectiever is dan de huidige meest effectieve therapievorm, de cognitieve gedragstherapie. EMDR-behandeling is bovendien sneller en minder belastend voor patiënten. Vorm: Presentatie, geïllustreerd met videobeelden, tijd voor vragen en een interactieve discussie. Leerdoelen: Na de workshop kunnen de deelnemers kijken met de diagnostische 'traumabril', hebben zij inzicht in het brede indicatiegebied van EMDR en hebben zij kennis van deze vorm van psychotherapie en de plaats van EMDR binnen de psychotherapie.

Contents of the workshop: EMDR (eye movement desentization and reprocessing) is an intensive form of psychotherapy for people to suffer from the effects of one (or more) shocking experience (s). Some of the affected processes these experiences on their own, others developed psychological problems. Precisely these problems in the here and now because of a shocking event in the past to make the event a traumatic event. A seemingly simple medical intervention can lead to reactivation of previous traumatic experiences. The core of this workshop is learning to recognize and identify the "disruptive experiences" of lasting impact on the functioning of the patient. Attention is paid to the diagnostic learning to look with an "eye trauma 'and getting to know the indication of EMDR in the psychiatry hospital. EMDR has been under international and national guidelines the treatment of choice for PTSD. EMDR can also be applied to trauma-related disorders that do not necessarily have to meet the PTSD diagnosis, such as anxiety disorders, eating disorders, pain disorders, somatoform disorders, sexual disorders and addictions. The particular characteristics and effects of EMDR are discussed. Controlled Impact studies show that EMDR is as effective or more effective than the current most effective form of therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy. EMDR treatment is faster and less stressful for patients. Methods: Presentation, illustrated with video, an interactive time for questions and discussion. Objective: After the workshop the participants can see the diagnostic trauma spectacles, they understand the broad indication in EMDR and have knowledge of this form of psychotherapy and the place of EMDR in psychotherapy.

Keywords: Hospital

Accuracy Verified: Yes

207. Cazabat, E. H. (2004, Febrero). EMDR: Principios básicos y estado actual de este novedoso método terapéutico [EMDR: Basic principles and current state of this novel psychotherapeutic approach]. Comunicación presentada en: 5º Congreso Virtual de Psiquiatría .

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR (Desensibilización y Reprocesamiento por Movimientos Oculares) es un abordaje terapéutico novedoso y efectivo. Desarrollado por Francine Shapiro a partir de 1987, ha concitado la atención de clínicos e investigadores, contando al día de la fecha con la mayor cantidad de estudios controlados en el campo del trauma psicológico, brindándole un sólido apoyo empírico. Integrando elementos de orientaciones tales como la psicodinámica, la cognitiva, la conductual, y la corporal, EMDR trasciende a todas ellas, constituyendo un abordaje en sí mismo. Compuesto por ocho fases claramente establecidas, EMDR brinda alivio rápido y duradero a diversos problemas.

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a novel effective psychotherapeutic approach. Developed by Francine Shapiro since 1987, it has interested clinicians and researchers alike. Up to date, it has undergone more controlled studies in the field of psychological trauma than any other psychotherapy, which has granted it strong empirical support. Taking elements from psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral and body-oriented approaches, EMDR surpasses them all to become an approach on its own right. EMDR, structured in eight well defined phases, provides quick and lasting relief for various psychological conflicts.

Keywords: Practice Psychological Trauma Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

208. Hanlon, P. (2012, November 1). EMDR: Research prompts acceptance. New England Psychologist. Retrieved from http://www.nepsy.com/articles/leading-stories/emdr-research-prompts-acceptance/ on 1/2/2012.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
For skeptics, Wheeler points to the research. She indicates that more than 27 randomized clinical trials have shown EMDR to be effective for PTSD and adds that the American Psychiatric Association, the Veterans Administration Department of Defense (VA-DOD) and many other national and international practice guidelines have approved EMDR as a Level A treatment for this disorder. “A Kaiser Permanente study found that after six sessions, 100 percent with a single trauma and 77 percent with multiple trauma events no longer had PTSD,” she says. “This is a well researched treatment and compares favorably to other treatments for PTSD. It’s good to be skeptical, but people should read the research.”

Keywords: Kate Wheeler Practice Research Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

209. Fernandez, I. (2006). EMDR: Un approccio integrato e integrante [EMDR: An integrated and integral approach]. In M. Balbo (a cura). EMDR: Uno strumento di dialogo fra le psicoterapie [EMDR: A tool for dialogue among the psychotherapies] 1e edizione, (pp. 23-47). Milano, Italy: McGraw-Hill.

Language: Italian

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
L’Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) è un approccio terapeutico che rappresenta uno strumento fondamentale per molti psicoterapeuti, avendo ormai un'ampia base di pubblicazioni e di ricerca controllata che lo supportano quale trattamento validato empiricamente per il disturbo post-traumatico da stress (PTSD).

The eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapeutic approach constitutes an essential tool for many psychotherapists now having a broad base of controlled publications and research that support it as empirically validated treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

210. Hofmann, A., Fischer, G., Galley, N., & Shapiro, F. (1998). EMDR: Memory reprocessing and accelerated emotional learning. European Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 4, 206-213.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A number of recent controlled studies has shown that EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) can reprocess disturbing memories and bring them to therapeutic resolution whether or not patients fulfil the DSM (or ICD)- criteria of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The method can be integrated into treatment plans of different therapeutic approaches and integrates aspects of a number of the major treatment orientations. Clinical experience and EEG research show that the reprocessing in EMDR is not a trance-related phenomenon (Nicosia, 1995). However, EMDR blends well with hypnotic techniques in specific cases, especially with severe complex traumatised and dissociative patients. In addition, EMDR seems to help stabilise and generalise positive self-referencing beliefs as well as positive images, such as "a safe place", and accelerates future projectionsof new orientations and behaviours. In this sense, EMDR can be viewed not only as a method for the treatment of traumatic memories, but as a method of accelerated emotional learning.

Keywords: Accelerated Emotional Learning Therapeutic Integation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

211. Shapiro, F. (1997, April). EMDR: Setting the record straight. Contemporary Psychology,APA Review of Books, 42(2), 363-364. doi:10.1037/005088 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Originally published in Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books, 1997, Vol 42(4), 363-364. Francine Shapiro comments on Jeffrey Lohr's review (see record 2004-17623-008)of Shapiro's book Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols and Procedures (see record 1995-98132-000). The author points out that Lohr has bolstered his argument by citing his own literature reviews, which are also characterized by pervasive misrepresentations of the actual data (Lohr, Kleinknecht, Tolin, & Barrett, 1995; Tolin, Montgomery, Kleinknecht, & Lohr, 1995). In his book review, Lohr questions the interpretations of the research the author gives in the text by saying that "Published accounts that cast doubt on the effect of treatment are ignored or discounted for insubstantial reasons." The author lists four criteria specified in the book for evaluating the clinical applicability of PTSD research results and states that the readers may judge if these criteria are indeed "insubstantial". Contrary to Lohr's implications, the judicious and diverse clinical applications of EMDR explored in the book have been supported by many experts in the field in conjunction with relevant published data. Rather than argue the merits of the proposed Accelerated Information Processing model or review the pervasive errors in Lohr's discussion of it, the author will allow readers to come to their own conclusions. She reaffirms here as she does throughout the text, that debates regarding the model, or the eye movements per se, are not relevant to the question of whether or not the method actually works. EMDR consists of much more than directed eye movements (or alternate stimulation). Rather, it is a complex integrative approach, drawing from psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, systems, and body-oriented therapies. More positive controlled studies support EMDR than any other treatment for PTSD (e.g., Carlson, Chemtob, Rusnak, Hedlund, & Muraoka, in press; Rothbaum, in press; Scheck, Schaeffer, & Gillette, in press; Wilson, Becker, Tinker, 1995, in press; Shapiro, 1996b). All of these studies fulfill accepted standards of objective psychometrics and independent assessors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved).

Keywords: Lohr Point/Counterpoint

Accuracy Verified: Yes

212. Pitman, R., Orr, S., Altman, B., Longpre, R., Poire, R., & Macklin, M. (1996, November-December). Emotional processing during eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy of Vietnam veterans with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37(6), 419-429. doi:10.1016/S0010-440X(96)90025-5.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study examined emotional processing and outcome in 27 Vietnam veterans with chronic PTSD who underwent eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, with and without the eye movement component, in a crossover design. Results supported the occurrence of partial emotional processing, but there were no differences in its extent in the eye-movement versus eyes-fixed conditions. Therapy produced a modest to moderate overall improvement, mostly on the Impact of Event Scale. There was slightly more improvement in the eyes-fixed than eye-movement condition. There was little association between the extent of emotional processing and therapeutic outcome. In our hands, EMDR was at least as efficacious for combat-related PTSD as imaginal flooding proved to be in a previous study, and was better tolerated by subjects. However, results suggest that eye movements do not play a significant role in processing of traumatic information in EMDR and that factors other than eye movements are responsible for EMDR's therapeutic effect. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Americans Clinical Trial Empirical Study Longitudinal Study Males Middle Aged Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Veterans Vietnam War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

213. Grainger, R., Levin, C., Allen-Byrd, L., Doctor, R., & Lee, H. (1997, October). An empirical evaluation of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with survivors of a natural disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10(4), 665-671. doi:10.1023/A:1024806105473.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Controlled studies of treatments effective with victims of natural disasters are almost nonexistent. This is a small study conducted under difficult conditions to test the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in treating trauma related reactions following Hurricane Andrew. The results were positive in that EMDR produced significant improvement over wait list controls in perceived posttraumatic avoidance behaviors and thoughts as measured by changes in the Impact of Event Scale and significant improvement in subjective aversive reactions to representative experiences of the hurricane. These results suggest and support other studies that EMDR can be an effective therapeutic intervention for trauma reactions. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Disaster Effects Empirical Study Hurricane Andrew (1992) Hurricanes Longitudinal Study Non-Randomized Study Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

214. Montgomery, R. W. (1993). An empirical investigation of eye movement desensitization. Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA. AAT 9409413.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Recently, a series of studies have presented a highly unorthodox procedure, Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD), which involved the repeated exposure of a subject to their own disturbing memories while generating a series of saccadic eye movements. These reports are largely clinical case reports, therefore the technique has not been empirically validated. The current investigation determined if the simple saccadic eye movements (rhythmically tracking a stimulus) in conjunction with the repeated exposure decreased the intensity of disturbing memories experienced in PTSD or whether such decreases could be obtained through repeated exposure alone. Subject's self-reports and physiological information regarding the discomfort experienced during their disturbing memories were recorded prior to, during, and following treatment. Diagnostic procedures including a structured clinical interview were utilized in making diagnoses.A series of three multiple baseline across subjects single-case experimental designs were utilized. Results indicate that rates of distress were uniformly high during the intake/baseline. The initial control treatment condition, Shapiro's EMD treatment package minus the saccadic eye movements, was ineffective in altering these high levels of distress. Treatment of these 6 patients with the EMD protocol resulted in 5 of the 6 subjects showing clinically significant decreases in their self-reported levels of distress around their intrusive disturbing memories. Physiological data also reflected greater positive change during the EMD treatment for each subject. Overall, the EMD treatment protocol resulted in over a 70% decrease in self-reported distress across the 6 subjects investigated. This investigation of the use of EMD with non-combat PTSD subjects reflects the first investigation of EMD with this population utilizing single-case experimental methodology. The results were clear and dramatic. The treatment was effective with 5 of the 6 subjects and for that subject who reported no positive changes issues of secondary gain for continued disability were salient. Overall, this report represents an attempt to investigate EMD with a PTSD population utilizing a systematically replicated multiple baseline across subjects design. Further investigation, particularly focusing on treatment package dismantling, is therefore called for with EMD. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Clinical Trial Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

215. Lohr, J., Kleinknecht, R., Tolin, D., & Barrett, R. (1995, December). The empirical status of the clinical application of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26(4), 285-302. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(95)00041-0.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The published reports of the clinical application of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) are reviewed in terms of empirical validity. Case studies, single-subject experiments and group design experiments on clinical problems are evaluated for the effectiveness of the protocol, component effects, comparative effects and treatment fidelity. Classification of disorders and measurement issues are addressed. The protocol frequently reduces verbal report and independent observer ratings of distress - strikingly in some instances. Psychophysiologic measures show little effect of treatment. There is little empirical evidence to indicate the effect of treatment on motoric or behavioral indices. Eye movements do not appear to be an essential component of treatment, and there have been no substantial comparisons with other treatments. No studies have adequately controlled for nonspecific (placebo) effects of treatment. Suggestions are made for applying improved methodological controls for future applications of EMDR to clinical disorders. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Literature Review Methodology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

216. Ponniah, K., & Hollon, S. D. (2009). Empirically supported psychological treatments for adult acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: A review. Depression and Anxiety, 26(12), 1086-1109. doi:10.1002/da.20635..

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Acute stress disorder (ASD) predicts the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which in some sufferers can persist for years and lead to significant disability. We carried out a review of randomized controlled trials to give an update on which psychological treatments are empirically supported for these disorders, and used the criteria set out by Chambless and Hollon [1998: J Consult Clin Psychol 66:7-18] to draw conclusions about efficacy, first irrespective of trauma type and second with regard to particular populations. METHODS: The PsycINFO and PubMed databases were searched electronically to identify suitable articles published up to the end of 2008. Fifty-seven studies satisfied our inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Looking at the literature undifferentiated by trauma type, there was evidence that trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) are efficacious and specific for PTSD, stress inoculation training, hypnotherapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, and psychodynamic therapy are possibly efficacious for PTSD and trauma-focused CBT is possibly efficacious for ASD. Not one of these treatments has been tested with the full range of trauma groups, though there is evidence that trauma-focused CBT is established in efficacy for assault- and road traffic accident-related PTSD. Conclusions: Trauma-focused CBT and to a lesser extent EMDR (due to fewer studies having been conducted and many having had a mixed trauma sample) are the psychological treatments of choice for PTSD, but further research of these and other therapies with different populations is needed. [Pubmed]

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychological Therapies PTSD Qualitative Review Random Control Trials, RCT

Accuracy Verified: Yes

217. D'Anca, J. A. (1996). Employing eye movement, desensitization/reorientation (EMDR) to treat posttraumatic stress disorder: A case study. Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL. AAT 9701975.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The author presents a case study of a 42- year-old white female, the victim of multiple sexual traumas resulting in PTSD. Eye Movement Desensitization/Reorientation (EMDR), a relatively new technique, is employed within the broader context of talk therapy to effect change. EMDR's therapeutic effectiveness is evaluated on a trauma-by-trauma basis through Subjective Units of Distress (SUD), pre- and post-treatment. The maintenance of sustained effected change in SUD ratings is monitored over time on a monthly basis throughout psychotherapy's duration. The patient's changes in overall level of functioning resulting from EMDR and talk therapy are evaluated through changes in MMPI and Rorschach scores. Patient progress is monitored three times through the assessment combination of these two measures: pre-, mid-, and post-treatment. This study addresses the following questions: Is Eye Movement Desensitization/Reorientation an effective technique in decreasing or eliminating symptomatology and psychopathology resulting from PTSD; and are any therapeutic benefits from its use maintained over a period of at least one year? Finally, what changes in the patient's overall level of functioning result from the combination of EMDR and talk therapy?The review of literature presents four models of PTSD: (a) the information processing model, (b) the psychological model, (c) the structural-developmental model (Fluid character pathology), and (d) the structural-developmental model (Dysregulation of impulse). These models offer a basis for conceptualizing PTSD as well as present the typical features of this pathology. The current diagnostic criteria for diagnosis as presented in DSM-IV also are included. Finally, a comprehensive review of the current literature available on Eye Movement Desensitization is presented. Results from the employ of EMDR evidence substantial reduction of PTSD symptomatology for all traumas treated. The reduction of symptomatology sustained for as long as 26 months. A summary of the case, findings, discussion of relevant information along with recommendations completes this work. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 57(8-B), Feb 1997, pp. 5321.

Keywords: Adults Adult Child Abuse Case Study Empirical Study Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

218. Feinstein, D. (2008). Energy psychology: A review of the preliminary evidence. Psychotherapy, 45(2), 199-213. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.45.2.199.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Energy psychology utilizes imaginal and narrative-generated exposure, paired with interventions that reduce hyperarousal through acupressure and related techniques. According to practitioners, this leads to treatment outcomes that are more rapid, powerful, and precise than the strategies used in other exposure-based treatments such as relaxation or diaphragmatic breathing. The method has been exceedingly controversial. It relies on unfamiliar procedures adapted from non- Western cultures, posits unverified mechanisms of action, and early claims of unusual speed and therapeutic power ran far ahead of initial empirical support. This paper reviews a hierarchy of evidence regarding the efficacy of energy psychology, from anecdotal reports to randomized clinical trials. Although the evidence is still preliminary, energy psychology has reached the minimum threshold for being designated as an evidence-based treatment, with one form having met the APA Division 12 criteria as a “probably efficacious treatment” for specific phobias; another for maintaining weight loss. The limited scientific evidence, combined with extensive clinical reports, suggests that energy psychology holds promise as a rapid and potent treatment for a range of psychological conditions.

Keywords: Energy psychology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

219. Doering, S., Bisping, V., Nora Liebergesell, N., Höffkes, B., Junghöfer, M., & Dobel, C. (2012). Erfassung neurobiologischer orrelate der EMDR-behandlung bei patienten mit zahnbehandlungsangst [Detection of neurobiological correlates of EMDR treatment in patients with dental anxiety]. Universitätsklinikum Münster, Kliniken, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Forschung, Munster, Deutschland.

Language: German

Format: Other

Abstract:
Im Rahmen des zuvor dargestellten Projektes werden die Patienten vor und nach der EMDR-Intervention mit einer Magnetencephalografie (MEG) untersucht. Dabei soll erfasst werden, ob die erwarteten angstassoziierten kortikalen Aktivierungen nach der EMDR-Behandlung zurückgehen. Als Angst auslösende Stimuli werden im MEG Bilder, Geräusche und Gerüche dargeboten werden, die in Zusammenhang mit der Zahnbehandlung stehen.

As part of the [Wirksamkeit des Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) bei Patienten mit Zahnbehandlungsphobie, (Doering, Bisping, Bohnke)] project a Magnetencephalografie (MEG) will be presented before the patients were examined before and after the EMDR intervention. It should be recognized that the expected angst associated cortical activations to go back to the EMDR treatment. As fear-inducing stimuli in the MEG images, sounds and smells will be presented, which are associated with dental treatment.

The purpose of this study is to find out whether Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is effective in the treatment of patients with dental phobia. This U.S. National Institues of Health Clinical trial has been completed. (U.S. National Institutes of Health ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01207960)

Keywords: Dental Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

220. Shapiro, F. (1996, September). Errors of context and review of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing research. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27(3), 313-317. doi:10.1016/S0005-7916(96)00035-3 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The development of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been marked by an emphasis on research, beginning with its introduction by a controlled study in 1989. However, misconceptions regarding the method abound. A recent inaccurate literature review demonstrates the need for more careful scrutiny. To date, 12 controlled studies have been completed in the area of PTSD, most of which support EMDR's efficacy. Nevertheless, a careful examination of a number of studies and of a recent literature review reveal the need for greater methodological rigor and higher clinical standards in both the research and research evaluation process. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Professional Criticism PTSD Scientific Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

221. Des Groseilliers, I. B. (2009, June). Évaluation longitudinale de l'efficacité d'une nouvelle intervention dyadique, brève et précoce visant la prévention du TSPT [Longitudinal evaluation of the effectiveness of a new intervention dyadic brief and early for the prevention of PTSD]. Université du Québec à Montréal.

Language: French

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
La présente thèse s'intéresse à l'évaluation de l'efficacité à court et à long terme d'une nouvelle intervention dyadique, brève et précoce ayant pour but la prévention du trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT). L'exposition à un événement traumatique provoque, chez certains individus, une souffrance émotionnelle considérable qui entrave leur fonctionnement quotidien de manière parfois importante. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, des interventions curatives efficaces ont été créées, soit la thérapie cognitive-comportementale (TCC) et la désensibilisation par mouvement oculaire (EMDR). On remarque cependant un manque criant d'interventions efficaces à court et à long terme qui ont pour but la prévention du TSPT, malgré les efforts du débriefing et de la TCC brève en ce sens. Cette thèse vise donc, dans un premier temps, à faire le point sur l'état des connaissances au niveau de l'efficacité des interventions précoces et, dans un deuxième temps, évaluer de manière empirique l'efficacité à moyen (3 mois) et surtout à long terme (2 ans) d'une nouvelle intervention dyadique, brève et précoce pour prévenir le TSPT. La nouvelle intervention dont il est question dans le présent ouvrage se déroule en deux séances et est offerte à la victime et une personne-soutien de son choix par une travailleuse sociale ou une infirmière. Elle met l'accent sur la psychoéducation, l'apprentissage à la communication exempte de soutien social négatif (minimisation, hostilité, impatience, etc.) et sur l'importance de ne pas éviter les stimuli associés à l'événement traumatique. La thèse comporte quatre chapitres. Le premier propose une recension de la littérature qui met à jour les principales conclusions quant à l'efficacité du débriefing et de la TCC brève pour prévenir le TSPT. Cette recension met en évidence les principales failles méthodologiques et les difficultés d'application de ces interventions. De plus, elle expose le rationnel derrière l'utilisation du soutien social comme ingrédient actif d'une intervention de prévention de ce trouble. Le second chapitre présente une étude d'efficacité randomisée et contrôlée de l'efficacité de la nouvelle intervention. Soixante-six participants ont été randomisés soit dans la condition intervention ou dans la condition de contrôle. Les résultats ont démontré qu'au post-test de trois mois, les participants de la condition intervention manifestaient des symptômes de TSPT significativement moins intenses que ceux de la condition contrôle. De plus, les participants de la condition intervention rapportent une diminution significative du soutien social perçu, contrairement aux participants de la condition de contrôle qui n'observent pas cette différence. Il est intéressant de souligner que le taux d'abandons en cours de traitement fut équivalent et très bas au sein des deux groupes. Ceci suggère que les participants tolèrent bien cette nouvelle intervention. Aucune différence n'a été observée entre les deux groupes en ce qui a trait à l'occurrence de psychopathologies comorbides. Le troisième chapitre se veut une relance à 2 ans post-trauma de l'étude présentée au chapitre précédent. Quarante-six des 66 participants ont accepté de prendre part à cette relance. Les résultats révèlent que, deux ans après l'événement traumatique, les participants ayant reçu l'intervention étaient encore beaucoup moins symptomatiques que les participants n'ayant pas reçu cette intervention. Un fait plus qu'intéressant qui ressort de cette étude est qu'aucun participant de la condition intervention ne rapporte un TSPT et cinq participants de la condition contrôle souffrent encore de ce trouble deux ans après l'événement traumatique. Parallèlement, il a été observé que les participants ayant reçu l'intervention perçoivent encore moins de soutien social négatif que ceux de la condition contrôle. À l'instar de ce qui a été rapporté au post-test de trois mois, les deux groupes ne révèlent pas de différence significative par rapport à la manifestation d'autres affections psychologiques. Le quatrième et dernier chapitre propose une discussion générale des résultats en fonction des interprétations qui peuvent en être tirées, des différentes forces et limites intrinsèques ainsi que des implications théoriques et cliniques qui peuvent en découler.

This thesis focuses on the evaluation of the effectiveness in the short and long-term reoperation dyadic brief and early aimed at the prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Exposure to a traumatic event causes in some individuals, suffering considerable emotional hinders their daily operations be significant. Over the past two decades, effective curative interventions were created either cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization (EMDR). We note, however, a dearth of effective interventions in the short and long-term aim of preventing PTSD, despite the efforts of debriefing and brief CBT in this direction. This thesis therefore aims, firstly, to take stock of the state of knowledge at the effectiveness of early interventions, and in a second step, empirically assess the efficacy medium (3 months) especially in the long term (2 years) of a new intervention dyadic brief early to prevent PTSD. The new intervention mentioned in this book takes place in two sessions and is offered to the victim and a support person of their choice by a social worker or nurse. It focuses on psychoeducation, learning to communicate free of negative social support (minimization, hostility, impatience, etc..) And the importance of not avoiding stimuli associated with the traumatic event. The thesis consists of four chapters. The first provides a literature review that updates the main conclusions about the effectiveness of debriefing and brief CBT to prevent PTSD. This review highlights the main methodological flaws and difficulties in implementing these interventions. In addition, it outlines the rationale behind the use of social support as an active ingredient of an intervention to prevent this disorder. The second chapter presents an efficacy study randomized controlled effectiveness of the new intervention. Sixty-six participants were randomized to either intervention or condition in the control condition. The results showed that post-test three months, participants in the condition action had symptoms of PTSD significantly less intense than those of the control condition. In addition, participants reported response provided a significant reduction in perceived social support, unlike the members of the control condition who do not observe this difference. It is interesting to note that the dropout rate during treatment was low and similar in both groups. This suggests that participants tolerate this new intervention. No difference was observed between the two groups in regard to the occurrence of comorbid psychopathology. The third chapter is a raise to 2 years post-trauma of the study presented in the previous chapter. Forty-six of the 66 participants agreed to take part in this revival. The results show that two years after the traumatic event, participants who received the intervention were still much less symptomatic than participants who did not receive this intervention. A more than interesting fact that emerges from this study is that no participant intervention condition reported PTSD and five participants from the control condition still suffer from this disorder two years after the traumatic event. Meanwhile, it was observed that participants who received the intervention perceive less social support than the negative control condition. Like what has been reported in post-test three months, the two groups did not show a significant difference in the expression of other psychological ailments. The fourth and final chapter provides a general discussion of the results based on interpretations that can be drawn, different strengths and inherent limitations as well as theoretical and clinical implications that may arise.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Dyadic Intervention Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

222. Aubert-Khalfa, S., Roques, J., & Blin, O. (2008). Evidence of a decrease in heart rate and skin conductance responses in PTSD patients after a single EMDR session. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(1), 51-56. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.1.51.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Patients with PTSD demonstrate abnormal psychophysiological responses to stressful events. Given that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy appears to be a treatment of choice for trauma victims, the aim of the present study was to determine if psychophysiological responses to stress decreased after a single EMDR session. 6 PTSD patients were treated by an EMDR therapist. Their psychophysiological responses (heart rate and skin conductance) were recorded before and after the EMDR session under two conditions: (a) in a relaxed state and (b) while visualizing their own traumatic event. At the end of the session, all patients had a significant reduction in their PTSD symptoms, which confirms previous results demonstrating the efficacy of the EMDR approach. Second, after only one EMDR session, heart rate and skin conductance during the trauma recall decreased significantly as compared to a relaxing state. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Arousal Clinical Trial Electrodermal Activity Empirical Study French Heart Rate Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiology PTSD Quantitative Study Skin Conductance Stressors Survivors Treatment Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

223. Adler-Tapia, R., & Settle, C. (2009). Evidence of the efficacy of EMDR with children and adolescents in individual psychotherapy: A review of the research published in peer-reviewed journals. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(4), 232-247. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.4.232.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Research on psychotherapy with children is generally underrepresented in the empirical literature. Currently, there are four randomized clinical trials (RCT) evaluating EMDR in individual psychotherapy with traumatized children—two for children diagnosed with PTSD and two for children presenting with symptoms of posttraumatic stress. Since the first case studies of EMDR with children were published in 1993, 19 studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria for this review. The gold standards identified by Foa and Meadows (1997) to assess the methodology of studies designed to treat trauma were applied to the research on EMDR with children. This analysis discusses the challenges to conducting research on psychotherapy with children including the debate regarding the assessment and diagnosis of PTSD in children. Recommendations for future studies designed with methodological rigor are suggested to investigate the efficacy of EMDR with children who have experienced trauma and other mental health symptoms and diagnoses.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Efficacy Review Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

224. Capps, F. (2005). The EXACT method: Resolution of substance abuse-related trauma in couples counseling utilizing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX. AAT 3173700.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study utilized single session EMDR (Shapiro, 1995, 2002) and the Experiential Approach to Couples Treatment (EXACT method) to target substance abuse related trauma in non-dependent partners (NDPs) of former substance abusers. Chemical dependent partners (CDPs) received simultaneous experiential treatment. Treatment effects and maintenance of treatment between experimental and wait-list control groups were examined for trauma reduction, commitment to sobriety, and emotional intimacy. Correlations among intimacy, emotional quality, between and commitment to sobriety were examined. Meta-analyses informed the literature review and described the gold standards (Foa & Meadows, 1997) which were used to rate controlled research. The Emogram (Priesmeyer, Knickerbocker, Comstock, & Mudge, 2001) was used for pre-posttest comparisons. This study met the gold standards at a rating of seven (RGS = 7.0). The sample consisted of 12 couples (N = 24) drawn from adult volunteers who met screening criteria. Data was analyzed using within subjects multivariate analyses of variance with repeated measures, and Pearson product-moment correlations. Trauma-related symptoms were significantly reduced for NDPs. Commitment to sobriety was measured by anxiety and depression symptoms which were significantly reduced for chemical dependent partners (CDPs). Trauma, anxiety, and depression reductions were maintained for all participants at follow-up. Maintenance of gains in commitment to sobriety and in emotional intimacy for CDPs failed to reject the null hypotheses. Measures of Self Disclosure, Love and Affection, and Personal Validation were significantly correlated, but were not significantly correlated to Trust or to Emotional Quality. No significant relationship was found between Emotional Quality and Commitment to Sobriety or between Emotional Quality and Emotional Intimacy for CDPs. Conclusions include that a single session of the treatment was efficacious for trauma, anxiety, and depression reduction and for increased commitment to sobriety and intimacy. Treatment gains for trauma, anxiety, and depression reduction were maintained. Commitment to sobriety and emotional intimacy gains tended to be maintained but were not significant. Intimacy measures tended to be related to each other, but relationships among other measures were not significant. Recommendations include larger sample sizes, additional variables of study, and lengthening follow-ups. Comparative treatment methods are recommended. Future research should include families. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. 66(4-A), 2005, pp. 1282.

Keywords: Counseling Couples Drug Abuse Emotional Trauma Empirical Study Quantitative Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

225. Schottenbauer, M. A. (2006). Expert therapists and practicing clinicians: Reported prototypical treatments of trauma. The Catholic University of America. AAT 3239353.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
PTSD is a frequent psychiatric response to a variety of extreme psychological stressors. While several effective treatments for PTSD such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) have been included on lists of empirically supported treatments, nonresponse rates to these treatments can be high. According to patient report, psychodynamic interventions are more common than CBT for PTSD in the community, yet only one randomized controlled trial has included a psychodynamic treatment for PTSD. This dissertation reviews the treatment dropout and non-response rates in studies of empirically supported treatments for PTSD. Next, a case for the value of psychodynamic treatment of PTSD is made, utilizing empirical research on links between the psychopathology of PTSD and psychodynamic concepts such as defenses and relationship patterns. Then, an empirical study was conducted to find out how psychodynamic and CBT therapists treat patients with PTSD, to discover commonalities and defining characteristics of treatment within each group of respondents, and to delineate the unique contributions of psychodynamic psychotherapy to the treatment of such patients.Therapists who identified themselves primarily with psychodynamic/psychoanalytic or cognitive-behavioral theoretical orientations were recruited online through professional organization listservs. They were randomly presented one of four case studies, describing variations on trauma. Participants then completed a Psychotherapy Process Q-Sort to describe quantitatively their ideal treatment of the given patient. Results indicated many similarities among clinicians of widely different perspectives. Among clinicians who indicated that their primary theoretical orientation was psychodynamic, three prototypical treatments were discovered, and among clinicians who indicated that their primary theoretical orientation was cognitive-behavioral, four prototypical treatments were found. Overall, the prototypes in the current study were correlated with, but not identical to, prototypes of PD, CBT, or interpersonal therapy (IPT) developed in previous studies based on experts' ratings. While the literature has suggested that clinicians who treat patients who have PTSD may make alterations in their techniques to address issues that are specific to PTSD, the current study provides some evidence that therapists are not aware of how their treatment for trauma is different from the theoretical approaches they endorse. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 67(10-B), 2007, pp. 6077.

Keywords: Cognitive Therapy Empirical Study Health Personnel Attitudes Mental Health Personnel Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Quantitative Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

226. ter Heide, J. J., Schut, D., Mooren, T., & Kleber, R. J. (2008, May). Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) versus stabilisation in the treatment of traumatised refugees: A randomized controlled trial. Presentation at the Seventh Conference on Psychology and Health, Lunteren, the Netherlands.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Random Control Trial RCT Refugees Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

227. ter Heide, J. J., Mooren, T., & Kleber, R. (2009, June). Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) versus stabilisation in the treatment of traumatised refugees: Results of a multicultural pilot RCT. In Complex PTSD and culture: Symptomatology and treatment among traumatized migrants and refugees (J. Knipscheer, Chair, & R. J. Kleber, Discussant). Symposium presented at the 11th Annual European Conference on Traumatic Stress, Oslo, Norway.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Migrants Multiculture Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial Refugees Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

228. Cuppen, M. (2007, Juli). Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing, Maakt deze bijzondere behandeling voor traumagerelateerde klachten Pesso-psychotherapie overbodig? [Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing - Does this special treatment for trauma-related symptoms Pesso-psychotherapy redundant?]. Pesso Tijdschrift, 37-49.

Language: Swedish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR, har i psykoterapiforskning visats vara en effektiv behandlingsmetod av posttraumatiskt stressyndrom, PTSD. Däremot är ögonrörelsestimuleringen, som är ett centralt moment i metoden, kontroversiell och dess funktion inte klarlagd. I föreliggande undersökning randomiserades trettiosex friska försökspersoner till en av tre stimuleringsbetingelser: ögonrörelsestimulering, taktil stimulering eller orörligt visuellt stimuli (kontrollgrupp). Stimuleringen kombinerades med imaginär exponering, negativ och positiv. Utfallet av experimentet mättes i olika fysiologiska mätparametrar, samt självskattningar av obehagsnivån (SUD). Resultaten visade signifikant högre hudkonduktansnivå vid ögonrörelsestimulering jämfört med kontrollgruppen, relaterat till aktivering av det sympatiska nervsystemet. Inga signifikanta gruppskillnader fanns i de övriga mätningarna. Mönstret av autonom aktivering kan tyda på att ögonrörelsestimuleringen utlöser eller förstärker en orienteringsrespons, vilket vissa teoretiker föreslagit är den verksamma mekanismen i EMDR. Dock behövs fortsatt forskning för att förstå denna verkan, samt koppling till terapeutisk effekt.

Eye Movement desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR, psychotherapy research has shown to be an effective treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD. However, ögonrörelsestimuleringen, which is the lynchpin of the method, controversial and its function is not clear. In the present study were randomized thirty-six healthy subjects to one of the three stimulation conditions: eye movement stimulation, tactile stimulation or static visual stimuli (control group). The stimulation was combined with imaginary exposure, negative and positive. The outcome of the experiment were measured in various physiological test parameters, and self-estimates the level of discomfort (SUD). The results showed significantly higher hudkonduktansnivå of eye movement stimulation compared with control group, related to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. No significant group differences were found in the other measurements. The pattern of autonomic activation may indicate that ögonrörelsestimuleringen trigger or reinforce an orientation response, as some theorists suggested is the active mechanism in EMDR. However, further research is needed to understand this effect, and access to therapeutic efficacy.

Keywords: Pesso Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

229. Lee, C., Gavriel, H., & Richards, J. (1996, November). Eye movement desensitisation: Past research, complexities, and future directions. Australian Psychologist, 31(3), 168-173. doi:10.1080/00050069608260202.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This paper reviews the present state of knowledge about the efficacy of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) as a treatment for traumatic memories, and draws on information-processing theory to identify basic problems with much of the research on this procedure. The general failure of this research to take into account the complexity and hypothesised theoretical underpinnings of EMDR is discussed, and suggestions are made for future research. Although EMDR has shown some promise as an effective intervention for PTSD, well controlled comparative outcome studies are required to establish its efficacy before investigation of its active therapeutic components should be undertaken. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Emotional Trauma Literature Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

230. MacCulloch, M. J. (1999). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 5, 120-125. doi:10.1192/apt.5.2.120.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) was described by Shapiro (1989a,b)as a new method for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In May 1987, while walking in the park, Shapiro noticed that her own disturbing thoughts changed then disappeared "without any conscious effort" (Shapiro, 1995) when they had been tempor ally paired with diagonal upward to and fro eye movements. Over the next six months Shapiro worked with approximately 70 people to develop a procedure based on the temporal pairing of distressing images and thoughts with various eye movements. Shapiro began to develop strategies to unblock stalled emotional processing, which was initiated by EMDR in non-patients. She successfully tried the method on a Vietnam veteran suffering from severe PTSD and then embarked upon a trial of EMDR on a mixed group of victims of rape, molestation and Vietnam combat trauma. Initially, EMDR achieved wide recognition as a new break through treatment for PTSD. This was, in part, because of very positive early reports (e.g. Wolpe & Abrams, 1991), but also because the EMDR effect appeared to occur with unprecedented speed, often in cases of PTSD that had previously resisted treatment by many other methods over a long period.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

231. Doctor, R. M., & Shiromoto, F. N. (2009). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. In R. M. Doctor & F. Shiromoto, The Encyclopedia of Trauma and Traumatic Stress Disorders (pp. 120-123). New York, NY: Facts on File Library of Health and Living.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
An information processing therapy that uses bilateral stimulation of the brain to process traumatic reactions and that has proven effective in treating trauma-based conditions. Eye movement desensitization and processing (EMDR) was developed in 1987 by Francine Shapiro. It has been refined over the years into a comprehensive therapy for trauma, although the procedures can also be used to treat clients with other problems and disorders. Since its inception, hundreds of case studies and controlled empirical studies have validated the effectiveness of EMDR for clients with trauma and other clients.

Keywords: Practice Theory Trauma Traumatic Stress Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

232. Shapiro, F., & Maxfield, L. (2002). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). In M. Hersen & W. Sledge (Eds.), Encyclopedia of psychotherapy, vol. 1 (pp. 777-785). New York: Elsevier Science.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
EMDR is an eight-phase treatment approach that brings together aspects of all the major psychological orientations. It has been validated by controlled research to be both effective and efficient in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

233. Shapiro, F. (2001, April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and the anxiety disorders: Clinical and research implications of an integrated psychotherapy treatment. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 7(1), 43-75.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Four recent, independent, rigorously controlled studies of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) have reported that 84 to 100% of single trauma victims no longer maintain the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis after the equivalent of 3 90-minute sessions. The rapidity of EMDR treatment effects makes many ancillary research opportunities available. Specifically, the increased number of cases resolved in a relatively short period of time allows investigation of neurophysiological phenomena, patterns of cognitive and emotional processing, component analyses of a large range of procedural factors, and evaluation of the efficacy of application to diverse clinical populations. This article describes the procedures and protocols that are believed to contribute to EMDR's clinical effects and are, therefore, suggested for the EMDR treatment and research of the anxiety disorders. This is particularly relevant given the misconceptions that have abounded due to the unfortunate naming of the procedure after the eye movements, which have proved to be only one of many useful types of stimulation, and only one of many components of this complex, integrated treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Methodology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Research Needs Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

234. Shapiro, F. (1999, January-April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and the anxiety disorders: Clinical and research implications of an integrated psychotherapy treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 35-67. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00038-3.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Four recent, independent, rigorously controlled studies of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) have reported that 84 to 100% of single-trauma victims no longer maintain the posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis after the equivalent of three 90-minute sessions. The rapidity of EMDR treatment effects makes many ancillary research opportunities available. Specifically, the increased number of cases resolved in a relatively short period of time allows investigation of neurophysiological phenomena, patterns of cognitive and emotional processing, component analyses of a large range of procedural factors, and evaluation of the efficacy of application to diverse clinical populations. Unfortunately, some research has been conducted that has been severely hampered by insufficient treatment fidelity and lack of clinical validity. Consequently, this article will attempt to describe the procedures and protocols that are believed to contribute to EMDR's clinical effects and are, therefore, suggested for the EMDR treatment and research of the anxiety disorders. This is particularly relevant given the misconceptions that have abounded due to the unfortunate naming of the procedure after the eye movements, which have proved to be only one of many useful types of stimulation, and only one of many components of this complex, integrated treatment. [PubMed]

[Note: Erratum in Journal of Anxiety Disorders 13(6), 621, Nov-Dec 1999]

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Literature Review Methodology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Research Needs

Accuracy Verified: Yes

235. Boudewyns, P. A. & Hyer, L. A. (1996, October). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 3(3), 185-195. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199609)3:3<185::AID-CPP101>3.0.CO;2-0.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing is a new and controversial cognitive-behavioural treatment technique that combines cognitive processing and exposure methodology to treat conditioned emotional responding and other trauma-related symptoms. EMDR is controversial in part due to initial excessive claims by its originator, Francine Shapiro, and also because of what many believe to be Shapiro's proprietary emphasis in controlling who may use the technique with patients. In this paper our aim is to take an objective look at the process and effectiveness of this technique. The purpose here is to (1) offer a brief objective review of the outcome literature to date on EMDR; (2) present a short summary of results of an 'early look' at an ongoing controlled study of this method that we are presently conducting; (3) speculate on the merits of this approach based on both scientific and clinical experience with EMDR and (4) offer a brief description of the evolved process of EMDR along with a commentary on that process. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Posttraumatic Stress DIsorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Treatment Effectiveness Veterans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

236. Beer, R., & de Roos, C. (2004, March). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) bij kinderen en adolescenten, theorie en empirie [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with children and adolescents. Theoretical considerations and empirical evidence]. Kind en Adolescent, 20(1), 38-53.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Het belang van effectieve behandelingen voor kinderen en adolescenten die lijden aan de gevolgen van traumatische ervaringen wordt versterkt. Een beschrijving van de EMDR-procedure is gevolgd door een bespreking van de voordelen van EMDR vergeleken met een andere behandeling procedures voor deze jonge doelgroep-bevolking. De meest prominente feitelijke hypothesen over de mogelijke verklaringen voor de effecten zijn opgenomen. En de empirische status van EMDR wordt gekenmerkt op basis van gecontroleerde studies van EMDR met volwassenen en kinderen. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, alle rechten voorbehouden)

The importance of effective treatments for children and adolescents suffering from the consequences of traumatic experiences is amplified. A description of the EMDR procedure is followed by a discussion of the advantages of EMDR compared with other treatment procedures for this young target-population. The most prominent actual hypotheses concerning the possible explanations for the effects are listed. And the empirical status of EMDR is characterised on the basis of controlled studies of EMDR with adults and children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adolescents Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

237. Beer, R., & de Roos, C. (2004). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) bij kinderen en adolescenten, theorie en empirie [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with children and adolescents. Theoretical considerations and empirical evidence]. Kind en Adolescent, 25(1), 24-33. doi:10.1007/BF03060901 .

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In dit artikel wordt het belang toegelicht van effectieve behandelingsmogelijkheden voor kinderen en adolescenten die lijden onder de gevolgen van schokkende en ingrijpende ervaringen. Na een beschrijving van de werkwijze bij Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (emdr) volgt een bespreking van voordelen verbonden aan deze procedure in vergelijking met andere behandelingsprocedures bij deze jonge doelgroep. De belangrijkste actuele hypothesen ten aanzien van het veronderstelde werkingsmechanisme worden op een rijtje gezet. Vervolgens kenschetsen de auteurs de empirische status van emdr op basis van gecontroleerde onderzoeken met emdr bij volwassenen en bij kinderen.

This article explains the importance of effective treatment options for children and adolescents who suffer the consequences of shocking and dramatic experiences. After describing the method for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a discussion of advantages to this procedure as compared to other treatment procedures in this young group. The main current hypotheses regarding the supposed mechanism be put on a list. Next, the authors characterize the empirical status of EMDR through controlled EMDR studies in adults and children.

Keywords: Adolescents Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

238. Kim, D. (2005, March). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 44(2), 147-151.

Language: Korean

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article reviews existing Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) literature concerning its effectiveness, theory, mechanism, and procedural aspects in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Evidence from randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses indicates that EMDR is as effective as well established treatments such as exposure and cognitive behavior therapy. And moreover, EMDR may be more efficient in terms of unnecessary homework assignment and fewer treatment sessions. The current status of EMDR occupies one of legitimate and standard psychotherapeutic approaches in adult PTSD treatment. Mechanism for treatment efficacy is poorly understood at present and putative at most, however, there is a growing body of literature on neurobiological change after successful EMDR treatment.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

239. Klingler, O. J. (2010). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in der behandlung der posttraumatischen belastungsstörung (PTSD): Seine irksamkeit im vergleich zu alternativen verfahren [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Its effectiveness compared to alternative methods]. Grin, 34.

Language: German

Format: Book

Abstract:
Hintergrund: Untersuchungen zur Wirksamkeit des EMDR in der Behandlung der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung liefern uneinheitliche Ergebnisse und keine ausreichende Grundlagen für Behandlungsentscheidungen. Fragestellung: Welche Entscheidungsgrundlagen liefert ein „entscheidungsorientiertes Modell der besten Vergleiche“, nach dem nur jene direkten Vergleiche mit anderen aktiven Behandlungsverfahren berücksichtigt werden, die besonderen methodischen Kriterien entsprechen? Methoden: Zusammenfassende Auswertung von randomisierten Vergleichen des EMDR mit alternativen Behandlungsverfahren bezüglich der Zielvariablen Remissionen, Schweregrad der Symptomatik, allgemeines Wohlbefinden und Completer. Ergebnisse: EMDR führt zu günstigeren Ergebnissen im Vergleich zu Placebo und ver-haltenstherapeutischer Exposition und zu keinen ungünstigeren Ergebnissen als Fluoxetine, Entspannungsverfahren und „unvollständiges“ EMDR ohne Augenbewegungen. Schlussfolgerungen: Bei Anwendung des entscheidungs-orientierten Modells der besten Vergleiche legen die vorliegenden Ergebnisse nahe, bei der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung EMDR vorläufig als die Behandlungsmethode der Wahl anzusehen.
[Background: Studies on the effectiveness of EMDR in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder deliver inconsistent results and insufficient basis for treatment decisions. Question: What are the bases for decision provides a "decision-oriented model of the best comparisons" are taken into account according to which only those direct comparisons with other active treatments that meet specific methodological criteria? Methods: Summary analysis of randomized comparisons of EMDR with alternative treatment methods in relation to the target variable remission, severity of symptoms, general well-being and Completer. Results: EMDR leads to better results compared to placebo and behavioral therapeutic exposure and no less favorable results than fluoxetine, relaxation techniques and "incomplete" EMDR without eye movements. Conclusions: Application of decision-oriented model of the best comparisons suggest the results presented at the post-traumatic stress disorder EMDR provisionally be regarded as the treatment of choice.]

Background: Studies on the effectiveness of EMDR in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder deliver inconsistent results and insufficient basis for treatment decisions. Question: What are the bases for decision provides a "decision-oriented model of the best comparisons" are taken into account according to which only those direct comparisons with other active treatments that meet specific methodological criteria? Methods: Summary analysis of randomized comparisons of EMDR with alternative treatment methods in relation to the target variable remission, severity of symptoms, general well-being and Completer. Results: EMDR leads to better results compared to placebo and behavioral therapeutic exposure and no less favorable results than fluoxetine, relaxation techniques and "incomplete" EMDR without eye movements. Conclusions: Application of decision-oriented model of the best comparisons suggest the results presented at the post-traumatic stress disorder EMDR provisionally be regarded as the treatment of choice.
[Background: Studies on the effectiveness of EMDR in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder deliver inconsistent results and insufficient basis for treatment decisions. Question: What are the bases for decision provides a "decision-oriented model of the best comparisons" are taken into account according to Which only those direct comparisons with other active treatments that meet specific methodological criteria? Methods: Summary analysis of randomized comparisons of EMDR with alternative treatment methods in relation to the target variable remission, severity of symptoms, general well-being and Completer. Results: EMDR leads to better results compared to placebo and behavioral therapeutic exposure and no less Favorable results than fluoxetine, relaxation techniques and "incomplete" EMDR without eye movements. Conclusions: Application of decision-oriented model of the best comparisons suggest the results presented at the post-traumatic stress disorder EMDR provisionally be regarded as the treatment of choice].

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

240. Fannin, J. L. (1998, February). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of anxiety as it pertains to work-related issues. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN. AAT 9804439.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect Eye Movement Densitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has as a treatment protocol on work-related stressors. Today's faster pace, the growing perception of job insecurity, greater demands on the job, and inability to juggle family and work responsibilities has left millions of Americans to experience the debilitating effects of anxiety and stress. Many people lack the knowledge, resources, and strategies to effectively deal with such problems. The issue of stressors in work-related situations is costly and negatively impacts many individuals, organizations, and families. EMDR was found to be both effective and efficient in removing or substantially decreasing anxiety associated with work-related stressors and increase the association to positive cognitions. The data indicated both statistical and clinical improvement in all four areas of measure: subjective units of disturbance (SUD), verification of cognition (VOC), emotional state, and trait anxiety, after EMDR had been administered to members of the experimental group. This study found no statistical significance with these measures as they pertain to the control group. The three null hypotheses were rejected. Several different measures were employed to evaluate the statistical significance of the data produced by this study. Process measures of the verification of cognition (VOC) and subjective units of disturbance (SUD) scales were evaluated through paired sample t-tests. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the state and trait anxiety measures. Interactional analysis tested the hypotheses for interaction using repeated measures ANOVA with method and time. Pearson's product moment correlation tested for the association between two variables. Further study is recommended in both the conceptual and theoretical foundations of the EMDR protocol. Such research could lead to more effective and cost-efficient therapy for a wide range of problems affecting the individual, family, and the organization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(8-B), Feb 1998, pp. 4512.

Keywords: Anxiety Empirical Study Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy Occupational Stress Stress Management Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial Workplace Stress

Accuracy Verified: Yes

241. Vyas, K. J. (2008, April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) to decrease human immunodefiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors among Latino men who have sex with men (MSM). Presentation at the National Conference on Undergraduate Research, Salisbury University, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Among Latino MSM, those who have reported early childhood sexual abuse continually report high levels of HIV risk behaviors. The objective of this study was to test if EMDR can be more effective as an HIV risk reduction behavioral intervention than a non-trauma based comparison, the Explore Study intervention. At a university-based outpatient clinic, 35 Latino MSM were randomized into Explore (n=13) and EMDR (n=22). The main outcome measure was a self-report questionnaire assessing unprotected anal sex, number of sexual partners, and use of substances before or during sexual activity during the previous month. Sexual risk behaviors were assessed at baseline, before randomization, and at one week post-intervention. Compared to baseline rates, participants who didn’t report unprotected receptive anal intercourse increased by 11% in Explore and decreased by 12% in EMDR. The corresponding comparisons for number of sexual partners were a 4% increase for Explore and a 41% decrease in EMDR. Explore and EMDR participants showed an increment of 25% and 9%, respectively, in those who denied having used alcohol or drugs before or during sexual activity. Follow-up data at 2 and 6 months post-intervention are being collected. This preliminary analysis suggests that certain HIV risk behaviors can be reduced by EMDR, while others can be equally reduced by more conventional interventions.

Keywords: AIDS HIV Latino

Accuracy Verified: No

242. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N.L., & Muraoka, M. Y. (1998, January). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(1), 3-24. doi:10.1023/A:1024448814268.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Despite the clinical and social impact of PTSD, there are few controlled studies investigating its treatment. In this investigation, the effectiveness of two psychotherapeutic interventions for PTSD were compared using a randomized controlled outcome group design. 35 combat veterans diagnosed with combat-related PTSD were treated with either (a) 12 sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, EMDR (n = 10), (b) 12 sessions of biofeedback-assisted relaxation (n = 13), or (c) routine clinical care, serving as a control (n = 12). Compared with the other conditions, significant treatment effects in the EMDR condition were obtained at posttreatment on a number of self-report, psychometric, and standardized interview measures. Relative to the other treatment group, these effects were generally maintained at 3-month follow-up. Psychophysiological measures reflected an apparent habituation effect from pretreatment to posttreatment but were not differentially affected by treatment condition. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Adults Americans Arousal Biofeedback Training Males Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Relaxation Therapy Treatment Effectiveness Veterans War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

243. Wilson, S., Becker, L., & Tinker, R. (1995, December). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for psychologically traumatized individuals. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 63(6), 928-937. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.63.6.928 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The effects of 3 90-minute eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment sessions on traumatic memories of 80 participants were studied. Participants were randomly assigned to treatment or delayed-treatment conditions and to 1 of 5 licensed therapists trained in EMDR. Participants receiving EMDR showed decreases in presenting complaints and in anxiety and increases in positive cognition. Participants in the delayed-treatment condition showed no improvement on any of these measures across the 30 days before treatment, but after treatment participants in the delayed-treatment condition showed similar effects on all measures. The effects were maintained at 90-day follow-up. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Empirical Study Intrusive Thoughts Longitudinal Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

244. Shapiro, F., & Maxfield, L. (2002, August). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Information processing in the treatment of trauma. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(8), 933-946. doi:10.1002/jclp.10068.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an efficacious and efficient treatment for PTSD. This article provides a brief overview of the findings of 20 controlled-outcome studies and describes Shapiro's Adaptive Information Processing model. This model posits that pathology results when distressing experiences are processed inadequately and hypothesizes that EMDR accelerates information processing, resulting in the adaptive resolution of traumatic memories. A detailed description of the eight phases of treatment highlights the procedures, assumptions, and clinical observations that currently guide EMDR clinical practice. A case study, with an in-session transcript, illustrates the application of EMDR to address the past events that have laid the groundwork for dysfunction, the present circumstances that elicit distress, and skills acquisition needed for adaptive functioning (Pilots).

Keywords: Clinical Case Study Cognitive Processes Empirical Study Information Processing Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Psychotherapeutic Processes Treatment Process

Accuracy Verified: Yes

245. Shapiro, F. (1996, September). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Evaluation of controlled PTSD research. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27(3), 209-218. doi:10.1016/S0005-7916(96)00029-8.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The complete controlled PTSD research on eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is placed within the context of other methods used in the treatment of PTSD. A number of studies are presented that support EMDR as an empirically validated method. However, in several studies, clinical standards have not always been integrated with rigorous scientific methdology. The suggested standards include fidelity checks for the method being tested, the use of appropriate psychometrics, and assessment of co-morbidity factors. At the same time, because of common misconceptions about the method, a variety of problematic issues are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults European Americans Arousal Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

246. Field, A., & Cottrell, D. (2011, November). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as a therapeutic intervention for traumatized children and adolescents: A systematic review of the evidence for family therapists. Journal of Family Therapy, 33(4), 374-388. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6427.2011.00548.x.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new form of psychotherapy for post-traumatic symptoms of relevance to systemic therapists. The literature available on individual EMDR in traumatized children is reviewed in this article. A sample of eight studies was examined, consisting of three controlled trials, two uncontrolled studies and three case reports or series. The controlled trials compared EMDR with waiting list controls or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). The study samples were small and their methodological quality variable. In all the studies, the results suggested a positive effect for EMDR but did not appear superior to CBT. It is therefore possible that systemic interventions may be improved by the integration of EMDR and family therapy with children and adolescents.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Family and Systemic Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

247. Richards, D. (1999, January). The eye movement desensitization and reprocessing debate: Commentary on Rosen et al. and Poole et al. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 27(1), 13-17.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The debate conducted in this journal and elsewhere on the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is characterized by incredulity, fervent belief and emotion. Theorists and clinical pragmatists, not to mention the “discovers” of EMDR, have often taken up oppositional stances that impede rationale debate. Whilst some may be offended by the overt commercialism and messianic fervour of the EMDR lobby, the best response is to engage in dialogue, collaboration and scientific experiment. These experiments should combine the best randomized clinical trial methods with experimental deconstruction of the complex mix that now comprises EMDR. Those who have developed EMDR should cease the commercial and empirical protectionism that has characterized the EMDR movement and open their methods to such investigation by the healthily sceptical.

Keywords: Outcome Research Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness.

Accuracy Verified: Yes

248. Servan-Schreiber, D., Schooler, J., Dew, M. A., Carter, C., & Bartone, P. (2006). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot blinded, randomized study of stimulation type. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75(5), 290-297. doi:10.1159/000093950.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Backgroound: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is becoming a recognized and accepted form of psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet, its mechanism of action remains unclear and much controversy exists about whether eye movements or other forms of bilateral kinesthetic stimulation contribute to its clinical effects beyond the exposure elements of the procedure. Methods: Twenty-one patients with single-event PTSD (average Impact of Event Scale score: 49.5) received three consecutive sessions of EMDR with three different types of auditory and kinesthetic stimulation (tones and vibrations): intermittent alternating right-left (as commonly used with the standard EMDR protocol), intermittent simultaneous bilateral, and continuous bilateral. Therapists were blinded to the type of stimulation they delivered, and stimulation type assignment was randomized and counterbalanced. Results: All three stimulation types resulted in clinically significant reductions of subjective units of distress (SUD). Yet, alternating stimulation resulted in faster reductions of SUD when only sessions starting with a new target memory were considered. Conclusions: There are clinically significant effects of the EMDR procedure that appear to be independent of the nature of the kinesthetic stimulation used. However, alternating stimulation may confer an additional benefit to the EMDR procedure that deserves attention in future studies.

Keywords: Bilateral Kinesthetic Stimulation Type Distress Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PSTD Quantitative Study Stimulus Parameters Subjective Units of Distress SUD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

249. Reicherzer, S. (2011). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in counseling a male couple. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(3), 111-120. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.3.111.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This practice-based article discusses the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in counseling “Paul“ and “Eddie“ (aliases), a couple for 4 years who presented with what they identified as “communication problems.“ Through the use of psychosocial assessments of the men's personal histories, it was determined that Paul's experience of feeling controlled and Eddie's struggles to believe that he mattered in the relationship were linked to traumatic memories in each man's childhood that related to his sexual identity development. EMDR was used to target the men's traumatic memories, alternating between Paul and Eddie. Following each EMDR treatment series, the work was integrated by talking through how the reprocessed material integrated into the overall couple experience, leading to both men's increased satisfaction in the relationship.

Keywords: Couple Counseling Gay Sexual Abuse

Accuracy Verified: Yes

250. Kelley, S. D. M., & Benbadis, S. (2007, March-April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the psychological treatment of trauma-based psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 14(2), 135-144. doi:10.1002/cpp.525.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Little is known about the types of mental health treatment that are most effective for psychogenic non-epileptic seizure (PNES) patients who have high rates of comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dissociation. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has proved to be effective in the treatment of PTSD, anxiety states, dissociative symptoms and somatoform disorders. This study, which utilized a non-controlled qualitative multiple revelatory case design, integrates EMDR into the psychological treatment of PNES patients with confirmed trauma experiences. With EMDR targeting trauma and dissociative symptoms in three patients, PNES were extinguished in two. Those patients have remained seizure-free for 12-18 months. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Keywords: Clinical Case Study Comorbidity Emotional Trauma Empirical Study Epileptic Seizures Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychogeninic Non-epileptic Seizures Psychological Treatment Psychogenesis PTSD Qualitative Study Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

251. Estergard, L. (2008). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of chronic pain. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN. AAT 3336660.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Previous research has indicated that individuals with chronic pain who exhibit adaptive coping mechanisms are more likely to manage their pain effectively. If they experienced little success with pain management in the past, they are not likely to exhibit adaptive coping strategies in the present. However, there remains an important gap in the literature regarding the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as a strategy for chronic pain. One purpose of this study was to establish the effectiveness of EMDR in the reduction of chronic pain; another was to examine the relationship between chronic pain intensity and emotion, as suggested by the biopsychosocial model of pain and measured by the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist-Revised. In this matched 2-group design, participants were matched on pretest chronic pain scores and randomized to EMDR and a delayed treatment group. Pre- and posttreatment chronic pain levels were determined using the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using paired samples t-tests. There was a significant reduction in chronic pain following six EMDR sessions for the participants in the experimental group and the delayed-treatment group. The results also indicated a reduction in dysphoria for both groups following EMDR. The findings may help to clarify whether EMDR is effective in alleviating chronic pain, which may lead to more satisfying lives for patients and their families. This study is an important contribution to the literature and enhances social change initiatives by showing that collaboration between EMDR and other types of treatment may offer more expedient and long-term relief to patients, thus affecting the costs (e.g., health insurance) associated with chronic pain.[Author abstract]

Keywords: Biopsychosocial Models Chronic Pain Coping Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

252. Shepherd. J., & Stein, K. (1998). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder. Development and Evaluation Committee (Report No. 91). Bristol, UK: South and West Regional Health Authority [Southampton]: Wessex Institute for Health Research and Development.

Language: English

Format: Publication

Abstract:
Objective/Purpose: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new form of psychotherapy designed to alleviate symptoms of anxiety, depression, avoidance of trauma related thoughts and intrusive memories associated with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Under therapist instruction, the patient makes rhythmic eye movements while imagining the traumatic event, designed to facilitate cognitive reprocessing to alleviate stress. Methods: Electronic searching of Medline, PsyClit, Health Star, CCTR, The National Research Register and a range of other databases was conducted. Once trials had been identified, data were extracted and methodological quality assessed. Cost-utility was estimated indirectly through consultation with expert clinicians. Costs per Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) gained were also calculated. Results: 12 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified, comparing EMDR to alternative psychotherapy treatments; variants of EMDR; and to delayed treatment groups in various combinations. The trials are generally small, with partial blinding of outcome assessors, and in some cases with high attrition. Results suggest the EMDR may be effective at reducing symptoms up to 3 months after treatment in comparison to delayed treatment groups. Two studies suggest that EMDR is as effective as other psychotherapy treatments for PTSD, and 3 claim greater effectiveness. Cost per QALY ranged from Pounds 983 to Pounds 20,568. CONCLUSIONS: Further trials are needed with larger samples, and longer post-intervention measurement to assess maximum length of treatment effect, as well as to ascertain the effectiveness of different treatment components.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

253. Maxfield, L. (2002). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. In C. R. Figley, (Ed.), Brief treatments for the traumatized: A project of the Green Cross Foundation (pp. 148-169). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Since Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was introduced 12 years ago it has become the most researched treatment for PTSD and its efficacy has been widely recognized. EMDR is a comprehensive treatment protocol in which the client attends to emotionally disturbing material in short sequential doses while simultaneously focusing on an external stimulus (therapist-directed eye movements, hand-tapping, auditory tones). This chapter provides an overview of the development of EMDR and Shapiro's Adaptive Information Processing model, which hypothesizes that EMDR works by forging new links between elements of traumatic memories and adaptive information contained in other memory networks. The empirical evidence is examined, with summaries of 12 controlled studies: civilian participants demonstrated a 70 to 90% decrease in PTSD diagnosis after 3 to 4 EMDR sessions, and combat veterans a 78% decrease in PTSD diagnosis after 12 sessions. A concise explanation of the 8 phases of EMDR treatment process is augmented with multiple client vignettes. Finally, a case illustration provides a detailed description of the application of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD (Pilots). [Text, p. 148]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

254. Maxfield, L. (2002). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. In C. R. Figley, (Ed). Brief treatments for the traumatized: A project of the Green Cross Foundation. Contributions in psychology, no. 39. (pp. 148-169). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press/Greenwood Publishing Group.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Since Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was introduced 12 years ago (F. Shapiro, 1989), it has become the most research treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its efficacy has been widely recognized. EMDR is a comprehensive treatment protocol in which the client attends to emotionally disturbing material in short sequential doses while simultaneously focusing on an external stimulus. This chapter provides an overview of the development of EMDR and Shapiro's (2001) Adaptive Information Processing Model, which hypothesizes that EMDR works by forging new links between elements of traumatic memories and adaptive information contained in other memory networks. The empirical evidence is examined, with summaries of 12 controlled studies: Civilian participants demonstrated a 70-90% decrease in PTSD diagnosis after 3-4 EMDR sessions. A concise explanation of the 8 phases of EMDR treatment process is augmented with multiple client vignettes. Finally, a case illustration provides a detailed description of the application of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model Empirical Evidence Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Traumatic Memories

Accuracy Verified: Yes

255. Shepherd. J., Stein, K., & Milne, R. (2000, July). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A review of an emerging therapy. Psychological Medicine, 30(4), 863-871.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new form of psychotherapy for PTSD. We critically reviewed randomized controlled trials of EMDR. Methods: A wide range of electronic databases and reference lists of articles obtained were searched and relevant experts were consulted. Studies were critically appraised according to established criteria. Results: We found 16 published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing EMDR with alternative psychotherapy treatments, variants of EMDR, and with delayed treatment groups. Studies were generally small (mean number of patients = 35) and of variable methodological quality, with only 5 reporting blinding of outcome assessors to treatment allocation, and in some cases with high loss to follow-up. In most cases EMDR was shown to be effective at reducing symptoms up to 3 months after treatment. In one case benefit was maintained up to 9 months and in another (uncontrolled) followup treatment effect was present at 15 months. 2 studies suggest that EMDR is as effective as exposure therapies, 3 claim greater effectiveness in comparison to relaxation training, and 3 claim superiority over delayed treatment groups. Of the studies examining specific treatment components, 2 found that treatment with eyes moving was more effective than eyes fixed, while 3 studies found the two procedures to be of equal effectiveness. CONCLUSION: The evidence in support of EMDR is of limited quality but results are encouraging for this inexpensive, simple therapy. Further research is warranted in larger samples with longer periods of follow-up. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Health Care Costs Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

256. Coleman, G. L. (1999, October). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: An investigational study of the eye movement component using a within-subject design. Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL. AAT 9926476.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a recently developed psychotherapy treatment procedure which combines imaginal exposure with eye movements and is reported to dramatically reduce negative symptoms associated with trauma related psychological disturbances and memories. The author reviewed and analyzed the current literature regarding EMDR, and conducted a within-subject design investigating the importance of the eye movement component in the EMDR treatment protocol by comparing the efficacy of an eye movement treatment condition, with two non-eye movement treatment conditions. The use of two different control conditions allowed comparisons of the eye movement condition (EMDR), which involved bilateral stimulation of the brain, with exposure to memory of the trauma without eye movements (Eye-Focus Desensitization), which served as a placebo, and exposure to memory of the trauma with a competing motor activity (Single Hand Tapping), which represented unilateral stimulation of the brain. This study also employed a delayed treatment condition to investigate the overall effectiveness of EMDR in treating PTSD. The subject was a 53-year-old Caucasian female who met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. Dependent variables included a diagnostic instrument, which was the Structured Interview for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (SI-PTSD); global instruments, which included the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Impact of Events Scale (IES), and Subjective Units of Distress scale (SUDs); process measures, which included the Subjective Units of Distress scale (SUDs) and Validity of Cognition (VOC) scale; and a self-report measure of overall improvement, which was the Image Desensitization Rating Scale (IDRS).Results demonstrated support for the superiority of an eye movement condition over that of both a no-eye movement condition (EFD), and a competing motor activity of single hand tapping (SHT) on process variables (SUDs and VOC), but not on weekly global measures (IES, BAI, and SUDs) in the single subject studied. Also, this study found support for the effectiveness of EMDR (delayed treatment phase) in reducing symptoms of anxiety, intrusiveness and avoidance, and subjective distress related to memory of trauma as measured by BAI, IES, and SUDs, and also in alleviating DSM-IV symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder for this subject. Experimental single-subject studies, as well as group designs, need to investigate possible neurological and theoretical explanations for the effectiveness of EMDR in future research. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 60(4-B), Oct 1999, pp. 1846.

Keywords: Avoidance Case Report Empirical Study Females Intrusive Thoughts Middle Aged PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

257. EMDR International Association (EMDRIA) (2012, October 7). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing international association response to the Institute of Medicine report on “Treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in military and veteran populations: Initial assessment”. EMDRIA. Retrieved from http://www.emdria.org/associations/12049/files/EMDRIA%20IOM%20Response.pdf on 10/19/2012.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
In response to the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) July 2012, publication, Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military and Veteran Populations: Initial Assessment, the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing International Association (EMDRIA) applauds the IOM for its leadership role in calling for the use of evidence-based methods for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and for advocating stepped-up research on therapies for war stress injuries, with an appropriate recognition of the urgency required.
We do, however, see errors and omissions in the portrayal of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in the IOM reports; we believe that the misrepresentation of EMDR in the 2008 document unfortunately has been perpetuated in the 2012 Initial Assessment. We are concerned that these misunderstandings will be incorporated as Phase 2 of this study proceeds; thus we are providing you with information with the hope that these inaccuracies can be addressed and corrected. This would positively impact further research on the treatment of PTSD. In the following, we have identified several specific statements in the IOM report that misquote or misrepresent the original EMDR research papers. The inaccuracy of the quotes are serious enough to bias the conclusions of the IOM report and call into question the validity of the document.
In addition, we want to highlight the fact that the original IOM report on PTSD called for randomized clinical trials (RCT) to further evaluate EMDR (IOM, 2008), but this recommendation has not been implemented. It is our hope that our response will encourage the IOM to address this lack of follow through and advocate for randomized clinical trials to test the efficacy of all the evidence-based therapies.

Keywords: Institute of Medicine Report IOM Report Military Posttraumatic Stress PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

258. Feske, U., & Goldstein, A. (1997, December). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for panic disorder: A controlled outcome and partial dismantling study. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 65(6), 1026-1035. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.65.6.1026 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
43 outpatients with DSM-III-R panic disorder were randomly assigned to receive 6 sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), the same treatment but omitting the eye movement, or to a waiting list. Posttest comparisons showed EMDR to be more effective in alleviating panic and panic-related symptoms than the waiting-list procedure. Compared with the same treatment without the eye movement, EMDR led to greater improvement on 2 of 5 primary outcome measures at posttest. However, EMDR's advantages had dissipated 3 months after treatment, thereby failing to firmly support the usefulness of the eye movement component in EMDR treatment for panic disorder. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Empirical Study Manual-Based Treatments Panic Disorder Random Clinical Trial RCT Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

259. Tye, J. A. (2001, August). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychological traumas: A decade of research in review. United States International University, San Diego, CA. AAT 3006172.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new complex treatment method that incorporates salient aspects of many of the major therapeutic modalities as a treatment for PTSD and other psychological trauma in a civilian population. One of the basic underlying principles is elucidated in the Accelerated Processing Model which posits the ability to access and process dysfunctional perceptions that were stored at the time of the traumatic event. These state-dependent perceptions are considered the primary cause of posttraumatic stress symptomatology.The purpose of this review was to investigate whether the EMDR method is an efficacious treatment for individuals diagnosed with PTSD, as reflected in a critical review of the literature from the initial study conducted in 1989 through 2000. The review included the history and background, development, and research to date of EMDR as a method of treatment for PTSD. A description was provided of the psychometric instruments utilized in the assessment; diagnosis; and measurement of the presence, absence, and level of severity of PTSD symptomatology, as described in the research literature of EMDR. Of special concern was the discrepancy between the diagnostic criteria and the presence, absence, and level of severity of PTSD symptomology as described in the treatment outcomes presented in the literature. Included were criteria for assessment instrument comparison, as well as the current limitations in assessment conformity and methodology which restrict the generalizability and assumptions about the way in which traumatic experiences manifest and influence treatment outcomes. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Empirical Study Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

260. Mihelich, M. L. (2000). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment of adjustment disorder. University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK. AAT 9962187.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The advent of Eye Movement Desensitization (EMDR) for treatment of PTSD has been classified by the American Psychological Association as probably efficacious. Actual practice descriptions and EMDR training material suggest that many clinicians are using the technique to treat other mental health issues as well. This study compares outcome measures for two sessions of EMDR and two sessions of exposure for participants with Adjustment Disorder (AD). A licensed, EMDR trained mental health professional provided treatment for this serial case study (n = 9) design. A control treatment condition of time-yoked imagined exposure to disturbing memories in participants was used to control for common treatment factors and exposure elements of the treatment protocol. Measures included the Impact of Events Scale-R (IES-R), and the Outcome Questionnaire 45.2 (OQ) and the Symptom Response Rating Scale (SRRS). At follow-up, 7 of 9 individuals clinically improved by demonstrating score changes that exceeded the RCI [text missing here?] clinically significant improvement for 4 of these 6 individuals from baseline to followup as defined by the OQ authors. Those with anxious or mixed features improved, while participants with depressive features and ongoing stressors showed no improvement. This study's hypothesis was that the effects of EMDR would show score improvements on the dependent measures beyond the effects of RUIC. This was not found from baseline to follow-up. After the first treatment phase, 75% of the cases receiving EMDR produced clinically significant improvement on IES Total scores, as opposed to 25% of the RUIC treated individuals in the same phase. Implications for the clinical use of EMDR and exposure for AD are discussed. It is suggested that clinical evaluation of symptom and personality features presented by a patient prior to treatment will aid in the appropriate selection of effective treatment methods. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 61(2-B), Aug 2000, pp. 1091.

Keywords: Adjustment Disorder Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Nonclinical Case Study Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

261. Maxfield, L. (1999). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: An empirical review of the effectiveness of EMDR as a treatment for PTSD. Traumatology, 5(4), 1-17. doi:10.1177/153476569900500401 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The level of evidence for EMDR is based upon 12 controlled studies that investigated the efficacy of EMDR treatment of participants with PTSD. The 7 civilian studies, with 1 exception, all found EMDR to be efficacious in the treatment of PTSD: EMDR was equivalent to cognitive behavioral therapy, and superior to other control conditions. 4 of the 5 studies with combat veterans addressed only one or two memories in this multiply traumatized population, and their findings were equivocal. The 1 combat veteran study which administered a longer course of treatment provides preliminary evidence that EMDR may be efficacious with that population. EMDR is a rapid treatment and appears to be well tolerated by clients, with effects being maintained at follow-up. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

262. Edmond, T. E. (1998, August). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Evaluating its effectiveness in reducing trauma symptoms in adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. University of Texas at Austin. AAT 9824929.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The purpose of the study was to evaluate, through the use of a randomized experimental design, the effectiveness of EMDR in reducing trauma symptoms in adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. No EMDR research to date has been exclusively comprised of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, a historically difficult treatment population. Additionally, while numerous clinical accounts of treatment with sexual abuse survivors have been published, controlled treatment research has rarely been done. Of the studies found that examine treatment efficacy exclusively with this population, none involved the use of random assignment.A sample of 60 adult female sexual abuse survivors were selected and randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) individual EMDR treatment; (2) individual eclectic treatment; or (3) delayed treatment control group. The participating survivors' trauma symptoms were measured in pretests and posttests on standardized as well as subjective instruments that measured anxiety, posttraumatic stress, depression, negative beliefs about the sexual abuse, emotional distress and desired positive self beliefs. The survivors in the study assigned to the experimental or comparison treatment groups received six 90 minute individual sessions of either EMDR or eclectic therapy. The delayed treatment control group subjects were pretested, asked to delay treatment for six weeks, and after being post tested were assigned a therapist with which to work. Data analysis consisted primarily of multivariate and univariate analysis of variance. The posttest results indicated that EMDR was very effective in reducing the targeted trauma symptoms compared to the control group. Eclectic therapy at posttest was also found to be very effective, resulting in a lack of statistically significant differences between the experimental and comparison treatments. However, analysis conducted at the three month follow-up revealed that EMDR was significantly more effective than eclectic therapy at maintaining therapeutic gains. The results of this study suggest that while both EMDR and eclectic therapy, when applied as brief psychotherapy models of treatment for survivors, can produce significant alleviation of trauma symptoms, EMDR may provide more enduring resolution. These findings have important implications for both survivors and the service providers available to them. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. 59(2-A), Aug 1998, pp. 0617.

Keywords: Adults Child Abuse Empirical Study Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

263. Zeper, R. S. (1996). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A multiple baseline study. The Union Institute, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 9701084.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was developed in 1987 by Francine Shapiro, as a modality for relieving anxiety, traumatic memories, intrusive thoughts, and reprocessing negative self-beliefs to positive self-beliefs. One of the most common uses of EMDR in recent years has been the treatment of PTSD.This current study investigated the effects of EMDR across a sample of 3 sexually abused women diagnosed with PTSD using a multiple baseline design across subjects. The study specifically focused on whether or not intervention with EMDR effects traumatic memory and negative/irrational cognitions, decreases stress or changes levels of anxiety, depression and heart rate. The study intended to assess the efficacy of EMDR while simultaneously reduce human suffering and answer some of the more serious criticisms which have blurred confidence in EMDR outcome research. Specifically, the study controlled for a number of the criticisms in the literature predominantly through a confirmation of an accurate PTSD diagnosis and through the use of a multiple baseline design. The multiple baseline design was applied sequentially to the same problem across different but matched subjects sharing the same environmental conditions. Heart rate level and well-known psychometrics were used to obtain baseline, intervention and post-intervention measures. Psychometric scores reflecting levels of depression, anxiety, and subjective levels of the impact of distress regarding the trauma were assessed along with the levels of anxiety currently experienced about the trauma and subjective ratings regarding the acceptance of the preferred, self-generated positive cognition. The measures used in this study were an initial clinical interview, an Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for the DSM-IV, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Wolpe's Subjective Unit of Disturbance Scale, Validity of Cognition, Impact of Event Scale and heart rate. The study reported descriptive statistics to analyze the multiple baseline study and to determine EMDR's clinical significance in treating PTSD. The effects of EMDR on the three PTSD subjects of this study demonstrated that meaningful changes occurred in several areas. Subjective disturbance and stress surrounding the traumatic memory decreased, positive self-cognitions increased, and both depression and anxiety levels decreased following EMDR treatment. No change in heart rate physiology occurred. All of the study's treatment measures were maintained at follow-up. The results of this study suggest that EMDR may be a powerful and effective intervention to reduce patient suffering in a relatively painless fashion. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 57(8-B), Feb 1997, pp. 5350.

Keywords: Adults Empirical Study Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

264. Maxfield, L. (1999). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A review of the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD. Traumatology, 5(4), 1-17. doi:10.1177/153476569900500401.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The level of evidence for EMDR is based upon twelve controlled studies that investigated the efficacy of EMDR treatment of participants with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The seven civilian studies, with one exception, all found EMDR to be efficacious in the treatment of PTSD: EMDR was equivalent to cognitive behavioral therapy, and superior to other control conditions. Four of the five studies with combat veterans addressed only one or two memories in this multiply traumatized population, and their findings were equivocal. The one combat veteran study which administered a longer course of treatment provides preliminary evidence that EMDR may be efficacious with that population. EMDR is a rapid treatment and appears to be well tolerated by clients, with effects being maintained at follow-up.

Keywords: Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

265. Welch, K. L. (1996, September). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Treatment of sexual trauma post-traumatic stress disorder and a treatment efficacy hypothesis. Central Michigan University. AAT 9623929.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The purpose of this investigation was to study the treatment effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on a civilian population of individuals diagnosed with PTSD from sexual trauma. A series of single case designs was utilized with 6 subjects to examine EMDR treatment efficacy. The results suggested that EMDR was effective in reducing distress and related PTSD symptomatology in 1 or 2 sessions of treatment. These treatment gains were maintained at 1 year follow-up. It is suggested that affective arousal may have a critical role in maintaining a number of disorders including PTSD and that EMDR appears to be able to activate as well as desensitize affective mood states so that more adaptive cognitive processing can take place. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 57(3-B), Sep 1996, pp. 2170.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Empirical Study Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

266. Martin, P. M. (1997, March). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A critical review. United States International University, San Diego, CA. AAT 9810369.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR, is a new clinical treatment shown to be effective for victims of trauma. EMDR is a time efficient, comprehensive methodology backed by positive, controlled research, for the treatment of the disturbing experiences that underlie many pathologies. An eight phase treatment approach that includes using eye movements or other left-right stimulation, EMDR helps victims of trauma reprocess disturbing thoughts and memories. This project reviews research and development, discusses theoretical constructs and possible underlying mechanisms, and presents protocols and procedures for the treatment of adults and children with a range of complaints. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(9-B), Mar 1998, pp. 5129.

Keywords: Emotional Trauma Literature Review Methodology Theories

Accuracy Verified: Yes

267. Edmond, T. (2000). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Evaluating its effectiveness in reducing trauma symptoms in adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Presentation at the Conference of the Twelfth National Symposium on Doctoral Research in Social Work.Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Adults Child Abuse Empirical Study Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

268. Foster, S., & Lendl, J. (1995, September). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Initial application for enhancing performance in athletes. Presentation at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology, New Orleans, LA..

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) procedure, developed by Francine Shapiro, PhD, was introduced as a new rapid treatment for anxiety and related traumata. In a controlled study (Shapiro, 1989), rape victims and Vietnam veterans experienced a significant decrease in distressing symptoms--flashbacks, ruminating, sleep disturbance, and uncomfortable physiological arousal. Additional outcomes were the subjects cognitive restructuring of what had happened to them. Subsequent research studies reported therapeutic outcomes with a variety of disorders- phobias (Kleinknecht, 1993), panic disorder (Goldstein, 1992), dissociative disorder (Paulsen et el, 1993) and PTSD (Wilson et al, In press). The first author was the first EMDR-trained clinician to apply EMDR in performance enhancement work, beginning with sales professionals. The authors have now used EMDR with nearly sixty Individual athletes ranking from amateur to Olympic hopeful, across several different sports. Their single case findings suggest that EMDR amplifies and accelerates the benefits of standard mental training. Their data indicates EMDR speeds psychological recovery from sport injury and coming back from a loss, adds in working through difficulties with past coaches, reduces fears about competition, and improves overall athletic performance.

Keywords: Athletes Performance Enhancement

Accuracy Verified: Yes

269. Wilson, D. L., Silver, S. M., Covi, W. G., & Foster, S. (1996, September). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Effectiveness and autonomic correlates. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27(3), 219-229. doi:10.1016/S0005-7916(96)00026-2.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
18 subjects distressed by memories of a specific traumatic event were randomly assigned to a single session of 1 of 3 conditions: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), a Time Interval Condition (TIC), or Tapping Alternate Phalanges (TAP). All subjects treated in the EMDR group showed desensitization as monitored by SUDs, which correlated with the physiological data and cessation of pronounced symptomatology. Only 1 subject in a control group showed desensitization. Compared to TIC and TAP, autonomic measures showed distinct changes during EMDR: (1) respiration synchronized with the rhythm of the eye movements in a shallow, regular pattern; (2) heart rate slowed significantly overall; (3) systolic blood pressure increased during early sets, invariable declined during abreactions, and decreased overall; (4) finger tip skin temperature consistently increased; and (5) the galvanic skin response consistently decreased in a clear "relaxation response." This relaxing effect of the eye movements suggests that at least one of the mechanisms operating during EMDR is desensitization by reciprocal inhibition, by pairing emotional distress with an unlearned or "compelled" relaxation response. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Adults Arousal Empirical Study European Americans Longitudinal Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

270. Severe, N. D. (1998, July). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Treatment application to post-traumatic stress disorder in a latency-aged multi-traumatized child. California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA. AAT 9820480.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This document presents an individual case study focusing on the qualitative application of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment to PTSD in a latency-aged multi-traumatized child. Theoretical, empirical and clinical descriptions of PTSD and EMDR are presented in order to understand childhood psychological trauma and its treatment. Further, an explanation of childhood psychic trauma is presented to distinguish between single event trauma (Type I Trauma) and multiple exposure to psychologically overwhelming events (Type II Trauma) as defined by Lenore Terr. Child abuse and specifically sexual abuse is described as an example of a Type II trauma that is closely related to the development of post-traumatic symptoms and reactions. EMDR is selected as the main cognitive behavioral treatment to help reduce PTSD symptoms in an 11-year-old male who has witnessed and experienced numerous interpersonal stressor related traumatic events.A clinical review of the child's EMDR focused treatment is summarized in a total of twenty-five sessions that follow Shapiro's EMDR 8-Step Treatment Model. Qualitative changes to the standard adult EMDR protocol made by the treating therapist are presented to illustrate how EMDR can be modified and adapted to work with latency age children. The results of the study suggest that EMDR may be a useful adjunct to an overall treatment plan aimed at ameliorating the traumatic symptoms and developmental difficulties associated with PTSD in children. The author emphasizes the need for the clinician using EMDR with children and adults to constantly target and assess the impact of present stressors and their role in the maintenance of PTSD symptomatology. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 59(1-B), Jul 1998, pp. 0438.

Keywords: Case Report Empirical Study Male Multiple Traumatic Events Nonclinical Case Study Posttrauamtic Stress Disorder Preadolescents PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

271. Bolen, D. W. (1999, August). Eye movement desensitization reprocessing for the treatment of anxiety in psychology internship applicants: An interrupted time series design. The Chicago School - School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL. AAT 9920131.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study used an interrupted time series design to study the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization Processing (EMDR) on the anxiety levels of 17 psychology graduate student participants who were in the process of applying to psychology internship sites. Participants were screened for pathology using the Symptom Checklist - Revised. Anxiety was assessed four times using the State Trait Anxiety Scale, twice prior to and twice following treatment with EMDR. Additionally, in an attempt to the account for some of the error variance due to history, the Schedule of Recent Events was given twice during the study, once prior to the EMDR treatment and once along with the final administration of the State Trait Anxiety Scale. Additional information about the effects of EMDR on anxiety, were obtained by monitoring heart rate and blood pressure changes during EMDR treatment for half of the participants. A dependent t-test on pre- and post-EMDR State Trait Anxiety Scale data failed to yield significant results. Other analyses also showed no effect of treatment. However, visual inspection of the data suggested that EMDR may have been effective for some participants. The range and diversity of participant's responses to anxiety over the course of the study, the relatively small sample size and design factors that increased the error variance were discussed in relation to the insignificant results. It was suggested that specific personality traits (e.g. characterological anxiety) and attributes of the distressing target event (e.g. amount of affect evoked) may act as intervening variables in an individual's response to EMDR treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 60(2-B), Aug 1999, pp. 0819.

Keywords: Anxiety Empirical Study Interrupted Time Series Design Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

272. Greyber, L. R., Dulmus, C. N., & Cristalli, M. E. (2012, January). Eye movement desensitization reprocessing, posttraumatic stress disorder, and trauma: A review of randomized controlled trials with children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 1-17. doi:10.1007/s10560-012-0266-0.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article examines the methodological rigor of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) conducted specifically with children and adolescents who had a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder and history of trauma. A thorough search for RCTs of EMDR with children and adolescents that were published between 1998 and 2010 was conducted utilizing several databases. A total of five studies were identified. Following an extensive review of the literature, it became apparent that the number of RCTs conducted with EMDR with children and adolescents was negligible, though initial results suggest that it is a promising practice. Although current EMDR studies have been conducted with children and adolescents, and have indicated that EMDR is a promising practice, the state of knowledge at this point is insufficient. EMDR tends to produce less positive results when compared to other trauma-focused interventions, although some research indicates the opposite.

Keywords: Children Adolescents Randomized Control Trials RCT Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

273. Foster, S. (1995, September). Eye movement desensitization reprocessing: Initial application for enhancing performance in athletes. In (Doug Asher, Presider) Non-traditional Interventions for Performance Enhancement. Colloquium presented at the 10th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology, New Orleans, LA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) procedure, developed by Francine Shapiro, PhD, was introduced as a new rapid treatment for anxiety and related traumata. In a controlled study (Shapiro, 1989), rape victims and Vietnam veterans experienced a significant decrease in distressing symptoms--flashbacks, ruminating, sleep disturbance, and uncomfortable physiological arousal. Additional outcomes were the subjects cognitive restructuring of what had happened to them. Subsequent research studies reported therapeutic outcomes with a variety ofdisorders- phobias (Kleinknecht, 1993), panic disorder (Goldstein, 1992), dissociative disorder (Paulsen et el, 1993) and PTSD (Wilson et al, In press). The first author was the first EMDR-trained clinician to apply EMDR in performance enhancement work, beginning with sales professionals. The authors have now used EMDR with nearly sixty Individual athletes ranking from amateur to Olympic hopeful, across several different sports. Their single case findings suggest that EMDR amplifies and accelerates the benefits of standard mental training. Their data indicates EMDR speeds psychological recovery from sport injury and coming back from a loss, adds in working through difficulties with past coaches, reduces fears about competition, and improves overall athletic performance.

Keywords: Athletes Colloquium Performance Enhancement

Accuracy Verified: Yes

274. Sanderson, A., & Carpenter, R. (1992, December). Eye movement desensitization versus image confrontation: A single-session crossover study of 58 phobic subjects. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 23(4), 269-275. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(92)90049-O.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization (EMD) and a control procedure, image confrontation (IC) were compared in a group of 58 phobics, 31 of them arachnophobes. [There were 7 cases of "traumatic phobia" and 1 of "classical PTSD."] Subjects confronted disturbing images in a single-session crossover trial. Anxiety levels were recorded on the SUD Scale. Whenever practicable, SUDs to feared objects were also recorded. EMD and IC were equally effective in reducing anxiety levels. After 1 month, during which subjects were encouraged to use IC daily, improvement was maintained. Since exposure to the disturbing image is common to both methods it must be presumed to be the basis of change when EMD is used in cases of phobia. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Accidents Adults British Dog Bites Exposure Therapy Phobia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

275. Young, W. (1995, Spring). Eye movement desensitization/reprocessing: Its use in resolving the trauma caused by the loss of a war buddy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 49(2), 282-291.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A case of refractory PTSD was treated with Eye Movement Desensitization/Reprocessing (EMDR). Within one 60-minute session there was a dramatic resolution of two traumatic memories that persisted at nine-month follow-up. Long-standing personality factors did not appear to change during this single-session intervention. This report supports the need for good controlled clinical studies on EMDR. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Americans Bereavement Case Report Males Middle Aged Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Veterans Vietnam War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

276. Shapiro, F. (1989, September). Eye movement desensitization: A new treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 20(3), 211-217. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(89)90025-6.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The use of saccadic eye movements for treating PTSD is described. The procedure involves eliciting from clients sequences of large-magnitude, rhythmic saccadic eye movements while holding in mind the most salient aspect of a traumatic memory. This results in (1) a lasting reduction of anxiety, (2) changes in the cognitive assessment of the memory, and (3) cessation of flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, and sleep disturbances. The procedure can be extremely effective in only one session, as indicated by a previous controlled study and a case history presented here. It does not require a hierarchical approach, as in desensitization, or the elicitation of disturbingly high levels of anxiety over a prolonged period of time, as in flooding. Some speculations are offered concerning the basis for the effectiveness of procedure. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

277. Macready, N. (2001, April). Eye movement therapy soothes trauma victims. Clinical Psychiatry News, 29(4), 44-45.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
When it comes to treating trauma victims, more controlled studies support the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing than any other therapy, according to Dr. Francine Shapiro, who developed the approach. [Elsevier]

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

278. MacDonald, S. (1994, August 24). Eye movement used in traumatic experiences therapy. Cincinnati, OH: The Cincinnati Enquirer, D3.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
It sounds somewhat strange, but therasts are finding that a new technique using rapid but controlled movements of the eye can unlock hidden memories or help people recover from traumatic or fearful experiences.

Keywords: Cincinnati General Irene Giessl Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

279. Maxfield, L. (2002, January). An eye on EMDR, does controversial trauma therapy really work? Pro: Effective treatment for PTSD [and] Con: No miracle cure. Parkhurst Exchange, 10(1), 24-25.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an integrative psychotherapy developed to treat traumatic memories. Numerous randomized clinical trials support is use for the rapid elimination of posttraumatic stress disorder (PSTD). Research reports a drop in diagnostic status of 50-90% after three to eight sessions, and significant decreases in symptoms with effects maintained at follow-up. After successful treatment, emotional distress is relieved, negative beliefs are reformulated, and physiologic arousal is reduced. EMDR's probably effiacy has been recognized by the Clinical Psychology Division of the American Psycholpgical Association and the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.

Keywords: Efficacy Integrative Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

280. Alatalo, G. L. (1994). Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing: A new treatment for trauma. Spalding University, Louisville, KY. AAT 9522299.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been hailed as a new experimental treatment for survivors of trauma that can provide rapid relief from the debilitating symptoms associated with PTSD. EMDR's efficacy reportedly stems from the use of eye-movements that are postulated to stimulate physiological changes in brain activity to produce cognitive restructuring and desensitization of emotional discomfort. This novel procedure has become more prominent with reported benefits for an increasing range of clinical applications. Since there is minimal controlled research, especially in a civilian population, on psychological methods to treat the ill effects of trauma and because EMDR has limited empirical support, further controlled investigation was warranted to supplement this limited body of scientific knowledge.Consequently, the specific goals of this controlled study were to evaluate (1) the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of civilian trauma survivors, (2) whether or not eye-movements are instrumental to the therapeutic process, and (3) the treatment impact on intrusive and avoidant symptoms. It was hypothesized that (1) an EMDR treatment group would demonstrate greater efficacy when compared to an Alternative group which followed the same treatment protocol except for the substitution of deep breathing for the eye-movements, (2) both the EMDR and Alternative treatments would show significant improvement over a Control group, and (3) there would be similar changes in intrusive and avoidant symptoms. Findings at two month follow-up indicated the EMDR group had significant reductions in intrusive/avoidant symptoms (using the Impact of Event Scale), decreased emotional discomfort related to traumatic memories (rated by Subjective Units of Distress), and improvements in positive self-evaluations (measured by the Validity of Cognition Scale). There were similar results in the Alternative group with the exception of no significant improvement in self-evaluation. This latter finding provides some support for the hypothesis that eye-movements facilitate a cognitive restructuring. Comparisons between the EMDR and Alternative treatments, however, found no significant differences on any of the dependent measures. That is, both treatments appeared to produce comparable positive results which implied eye-movements were no more effective than deep breathing. In addition, both treatments were found to be more effective in easing intrusive symptoms. Other similarities included observable relaxation reactions in both treatments. These overall findings imply a similar change mechanism. Therefore, the efficacy of EMDR may stem more from reciprocal inhibition rather than a cognitive restructuring induced by the eye-movements. If this is valid, then EMDR may be a variant of systematic desensitization. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 56(3-B), Sep 1995, pp. 1690

Keywords: Americans Avoidance Cognitive Impairment Empirical Study Intrusive Thoughts Longitudinal Study Self Concept Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

281. Page, A., & Crino, R. (1993, June). Eye-movement desensitization: A simple treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder?. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 27(2), 288-293.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye-movement desensitisation has been identified in a number of case studies to be an effective treatment for PTSD. A further case study reporting success is presented. The treatment appears rapid and may represent a potentially cost-effective treatment for PTSD. However, no treatment study to date has conformed to the ideal methodology of a double-blind placebo controlled trial and therefore its efficacy remains to be demonstrated. A minimal but stringent set of criteria for identification of treatment efficacy are outlined. The implications of eye-movement desensitisation being identified as an effective treatment for PTSD are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Review Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

282. Wilson, S. A., Becker, L. A., & Tinker, R. H. (1995). Fifteen month follow-up of controlled study. Presentation at the American Psychiatric Association Annual Conference.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Control Study Research

Accuracy Verified: No

283. Wilson, S., Becker, L., & Tinker, R. (1997, December). Fifteen-month follow-up of EMDR treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological trauma. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 65(6), 1047-1056. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.65.6.1047 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The present study is a 15-month follow-up of the effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy on the functioning of 66 participants, 32 of whom were diagnosed with PTSD prior to treatment. PTSD participants improved as much as those without the diagnosis, with both groups maintaining their gains at 15-months. At 15-month follow-up, the 3 90-min sessions of EMDR previously administered produced an 84% reduction in PTSD diagnosis and a 68% reduction in PTSD symptoms. The average treatment effect size was 1.59; the average reliable change index was 3.37. Implications of the maintenance of EMDR treatment effects are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Empirical Study Follow-up Study PTSD Stressors Random Clinical Trial RCT Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

284. Everly, G. (2002, March/April). Finding help. Psychology Today, 35(2), 34.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
A less traditional approach called eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), which initially required patients to fix their eyes upon the therapist's rapidly moving finger, instead now employs oscillating taps or tones while the patient concentrates upon the traumatic event in the hope of becoming desensitized to it. Controlled research on EMDR is largely supportive and many practicing clinicians report positive results with their patients.

Keywords: General Overview Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

285. Cahill, S., Foa, E., Rothbaum, B., & Resnick, P. (2004, November). First do no harm: Worsening or improvement after prolonged exposure. In A. Maercker & G. Berthold (Chairs), Beyond RCT research: Evaluating cmmon and new treatment components. Symposium conducted at the 20th International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies Conference, New Orleans, LA .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
During the past years, PTSD treatment competencies raised tremendously due to the development and evaluation in randomized controlled trials. Exposure and cognitive restructuring techniques are basics of a variety of effective psychotherapies. Our symposium discusses challenges, possible shortcomings, implications, and new applications of efficacious techniques (e.g., using the internet).
First do no harm: Worsening or improvement after prolonged exposure: Despite a substantial body of research accumulated over the 15 years indicating that exposure therapy programs are highly effective in reducing PTSD symptom severity and associated anxiety and depression across a wide range of trauma populations, few therapists utilize this treatment. One reason offered by therapists for not providing this treatment is their concern that exposure therapy may result in symptom worsening among individuals with PTSD (Becker et al., 2003). The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of symptoms worsening and symptom improvement following Prolonged Exposure (PE), one particular exposure therapy protocol developed for use in the treatment of PTSD, across five separate treatment studies (Foa et al., 1991, 1999, in preparation; Resick et al., 2002; Rothbaum et al., in preparation) and to compare it with other forms of cognitive behavior therapy (stress inoculation training, cognitive processing therapy, EMDR) and waitlist controls. Preliminary results based on two of the five studies (Foa et al., 1999; in preparation) found worsening of PTSD symptom in less than 1% of participants completing active treatment (N = 162) and 8% of participants completing waitlist (N = 39). PTSD symptom improvement was found in 90% of participants completing cognitive behavior therapy (N = 149) compared to 36% participants completing waitlist.

Keywords: Prolonged Exposure Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

286. Macklin, M. L., Metzger, L. J., Lasko, N. B., Berry, N. J., Orr, S.P., & Pitman, R. K. (2000, January-February). Five-year follow-up study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41(1), 24-27. doi:10.1016/S0010-440X(00)90127-5.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study reports the results of a 5-year follow-up evaluation of 13 Vietnam combat veterans with chronic PTSD who participated in a study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy previously reported in this journal. Pretreatment and follow-up psychometric outcome measures were compared with those of a demographically matched control group of 14 combat veterans with chronic PTSD who did not receive EMDR. Analysis of variance showed that the modest to moderate therapeutic benefits that were manifest immediately following EMDR were lost at the 5-year follow-up evaluation, and there was an overall worsening of PTSD symptomatology over the 5-year period in both EMDR-treated and nontreated control subjects. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Empirical Study Follow-up Study Males Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial Veterans Vietnam War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

287. Cahill, S., & Frueh, C. (1997, September-October). Flooding versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy: Relative efficacy has yet to be investigated -- comment on Pitman et al (1996). Comprehensive Psychiatry, 38(5), 300-303. doi:10.1016/S0010-440X(97)90064-X.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Pitman et al. recently published a pair of studies on the relationship between indicators of emotional processing and outcome in flooding therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Among their conclusions, they asserted EMDR was found to be at least as effective [as] flooding in the treatment of combat-related PTSD and produced fewer adverse consequences. Although this research constitutes an important contribution to the literature on psychosocial treatments for PTSD, their conclusions regarding the relative effectiveness of these two treatments are unwarranted. The bases of our objections are that (1) assignment of participants to treatment conditions was nonrandom, and (2) several significant procedural differences existed between the two studies in addition to the specific treatments under investigation. These include different inclusion and exclusion criteria, the confounding of psychological treatment with psychiatric medication status, and differences in assessment procedures. Since the two treatments were not compared in a single head-to-head controlled trial, we conclude that their relative efficacy has yet to be investigated. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Comment Exposure Therapy Posttraumatic Strerss Disorder Professional Criticism PTSD Reply Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

288. Unger, M. A. (2008). Fysiologiska korrelat av ögonrörelser och emotionell exponering hos friska individer: – En experimentundersökning av mekanismer i Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) [Physiological correlates of eye movements and emotional exposure in healthy subjects - An experimental study of the mechanisms of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)]. Psykologexamensuppats, Stockholms Universersit, Psyckologiska Institutionen.

Language: Swedish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR, har i psykoterapiforskning visats vara en effektiv behandlingsmetod av posttraumatiskt stressyndrom, PTSD. Däremot är ögonrörelsestimuleringen, som är ett centralt moment i metoden, kontroversiell och dess funktion inte klarlagd.
I föreliggande undersökning randomiserades trettiosex friska försökspersoner till en av tre stimuleringsbetingelser: ögonrörelsestimulering, taktil stimulering eller orörligt visuellt stimuli (kontrollgrupp). Stimuleringen kombinerades med imaginär exponering, negativ och positiv. Utfallet av experimentet mättes i olika fysiologiska mätparametrar, samt självskattningar av obehagsnivån (SUD). Resultaten visade signifikant högre hudkonduktansnivå vid ögonrörelsestimulering jämfört med kontrollgruppen, relaterat till aktivering av det sympatiska nervsystemet. Inga signifikanta gruppskillnader fanns i de övriga mätningarna. Mönstret av autonom aktivering kan tyda på att ögonrörelsestimuleringen utlöser eller förstärker en orienteringsrespons, vilket vissa teoretiker föreslagit är den verksamma mekanismen i EMDR. Dock behövs fortsatt forskning för att förstå denna verkan, samt koppling till terapeutisk effekt.

Eye Movement desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR, psychotherapy research has shown to be an effective treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD. By contrast, ögonrörelsestimuleringen, which is the lynchpin of the method, the controversy and its function is not clear.
In the present study were randomized thirty-six healthy subjects to one of three stimulation conditions: eye movement stimulation, tactile stimulation or static visual stimuli (control group). The stimulation was combined with imaginary exposure, negative and positive. The outcome of the experiment were measured in various physiological measurement parameters, and self-estimates of the level of discomfort (SUD). The results showed significantly higher hudkonduktansnivå the eye movement stimulation compared with control group, related to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. No significant group differences were found in the other measurements. The pattern of autonomic activation may indicate that ögonrörelsestimuleringen trigger or reinforce an orientation response, as some theorists suggested is the active mechanism in EMDR. However, further research is needed to understand this effect, as well as access to therapeutic efficacy.

Keywords: Eye Movements Dismantling Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

289. Brayne, M. (2011, March). Giving evidence in court on behalf of an EMDR client. Symposium conducted at the 9th annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland, Bristol .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
What’s it like to give court evidence in the UK on behalf of an EMDR client? And what can EMDR unleash in a survivor of child sexual abuse now become war reporter? In 2007, Mark Brayne became one of the very few EMDR therapists internationally to have taken the witness stand for a client, involving sexual abuse charges against a former priest at a prominent Catholic school in the UK. Mark’s client “G”, a former war correspondent, had always known he was abused as a child. But it was in EMDR, more than 20 years later, that he recalled the detail. Four years after the trial, “G” has now given permission for his story to be told. This workshop will a space to explore some of the legal challenges of working with EMDR, and also EMDR’s table-turning and at times colourfully cartoon-like impact on the narrative of dysfunctional memory networks.

Keywords: Court Evidence

Accuracy Verified: Yes

290. Bériault, M., & Larivée, S. (2005). Guérir avec l'EMDR: Preuves et controversies [Healing with EMDR: Evidence and controversies]. Revue de Psychoéducation, 34(2), 355-396.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
L'EMDR est une approche psychothérapie intégrative proposé de traiter un large éventail de troubles psychologiques. Il s'agit de la première revue française de l'efficacité de l'EMDR. L'efficacité EMDR est d'abord montrer par des études de cas non contrôlé qui souffre d'importantes lacunes méthodologiques. études de cas expérimentale des résultats équivoques. Des études contrôlées sont ensuite examinés en fonction du type de contrôle expérimental utilisé et le type de trouble traité. EMDR semble aussi efficace que la thérapie cognitivo-comportementale pour le traitement du trouble de stress post-traumatique, mais la thérapie cognitivo-comportementale reste le traitement de choix pour la phobie spécifique et le trouble panique. En outre, des études montrent que le démantèlement de façon répétée les mouvements oculaires ne sont pas nécessaires à l'efficacité de l'EMDR. Une analyse des différences et des similitudes entre l'EMDR et l'approche cognitivo-comportementale est présentée. pseudoscience éléments intégrés dans le développement de l'EMDR et la diffusion sont également présentées. (Base de données PsycINFO Record (c) 2008 APA, tous droits réservés)

EMDR is an integrative psychotherapy approach proposed to treat a wide range of psychological disorders. This is the first French review of EMDR effectiveness. The EMDR effectiveness is initially show with uncontrolled cases studies that suffers from important methodological weaknesses. Experimental case studies provide equivocal results. Controlled studies are then reviewed as a function of the type of experimental control used and the type of disorder treated. EMDR appears as effective as cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder but cognitive-behavioral therapy remains the treatment of choice for specific phobia and panic disorder. In addition, dismantling studies repeatedly show that eye movements are not necessary for the efficacy of EMDR. An analysis of the differences and similarities between EMDR and the cognitive behavioral approach is presented. Pseudoscience elements embedded in EMDR development and diffusion are also presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Therapy Integrative Psychotherapy Approach Mental Disorders Psychological Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

291. Hofmann, A. (2010, June). Healing depression by treating trauma?. Keynote presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Scientific studies of EMDR have shown that it is one of the most effective tools for treating posttraumatic stress disorders. One of the lesser-known properties of EMDR is that it also seems to be an effective psychotherapy method in a number of disorders, which may have part of their origins in stressful memories. One of these disorders is chronic depression.
Severe depression is one of the most common mental disorders and affects between 5-15% of the general population during their lifetimes. Although many psychotherapeutic and pharmacologic interventions exist that are considered to be effective in depression, the treatment is less than satisfactory. High relapse rates (around 50% after two years), unsatisfactory remissions and suicidal risks are among the major problems. Research shows that there may be a link between traumatic events (such as abuse experience in childhood) and the later occurrence of a depressive disorder. Research also shows that patients with a traumatic childhood history respond differently to treatment than patients without such a history do.
However, there is no published systematic study that tries to explore the potential use of trauma-specific treatments, such as EMDR, with depressive patients with a trauma history.
The presenter will report on the status of research on this subject and on a current controlled study, which is exploring the use of EMDR in depressive patients.

Keywords: Depression Keynote Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

292. van der Velden, P.G. & Kleber, R.J. (2002). Het gebruik van de EMDR techniek bij de psychotherapeutische behandeling van werkgerelaterde traumaproblematiek: een vergelijkende studie [The use of EMDR in victimized employees: An RCT study]. Zaltbommel: Instituut voor Psychotrauma.

Language: Dutch

Format: Other

Keywords: Random Control Trial RCT Victimized Employees

Accuracy Verified: Yes

293. Wilson, D. L. (1998, June). Heuristics. EMDRIA Newsletter, 3(2), 24-25.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Most of the published research on EMDR to date has focused on the “domain of verification” – many case studies on EMDR applied to different clinical issues, some reports on a series of cases, a few well controlled outcome studies, a very few component analyses (See Shapiro, 1995, 1996). This work in the domain of verification is necessary to corroborate clinical impressions and legitimize our work in the eyes of the academic and research community. However, in recent years this emphasis on the “domain of verification” seems to have overshadowed the exploration of the “domain of discovery.”

Keywords: Domain of Verfication Domain of Discovery Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

294. van den Hout, M. A., & Engelhard, I. M. (2011, March). Hoe het komt dat EMDR werkt [How it is that EMDR works]. Directieve Therapie en Hypnose, 31(1), 5-23. doi:10.1007/s12433-011-0002-5.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement and Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) is een effectieve behandeling van traumasymptomen en de positieve effecten worden teruggevonden in het laboratorium, onder goed gecontroleerde omstandigheden. Dat biedt de mogelijkheid om na te gaan hoe EMDR werkt. Er wordt verslag gedaan naar de bevindingen uit een lange reeks experimenten. De hypothese dat oogbewegingen (of andere taken die worden uitgevoerd tijdens het ophalen van herinneringen) overbodig zijn en dat de exposure aan aversieve herinneringen tijdens EMDR de effecten verklaart, is niet houdbaar. Het idee dat ‘bilaterale stimulatie’ noodzakelijk is, snijdt evenmin hout. Je kunt net zo goed de ogen van boven naar beneden laten bewegen of taken laten doen waarbij helemaal geen oogbewegingen worden gemaakt. Belangrijk is dat de taak het werkgeheugen belast. Uit de werkgeheugenverklaring van EMDR is een lange reeks voorspellingen af te leiden. Die blijken wonderwel bestand tegen kritische experimentele tests en er tekent zich een solide verklaring af van hoe EMDR werkt. Die theorie en de empirische bevindingen hebben allerhande implicaties voor de techniek van EMDR.

Eye Movement and Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment of trauma symptoms, while beneficial effects can be reproduced under controlled laboratory conditions. This opens the door for testing how EMDR works. The paper reports data from a long series of experiments. The hypothesis that eye movements (or other dual tasks) are superfluous and that EMDR effects are explained by exposure is untenable. The idea that ‘bilateral stimulation’ is crucial, does not match the data either. One can just as well move the eyes vertically, or carry out tasks that do not involve eye movements. The crucial factor seems to be that the dual task is taxing working memory. From the working memory account of EMDR a long series of predictions can be derived. The predictions survived critical experimental tests. The theory and empirical data have a range of technical implications for carrying out EMDR. These implications are discussed.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

295. Barrowcliff, A., Gray, N., MacCulloch, S., Freeman, T., & MacCulloch, M. (2003, September). Horizontal rhythmical eye movements consistently diminish the arousal provoked by auditory stimuli. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42(3). 289-302. doi:10.1348/01446650360703393.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: Theoretical models implicating the orienting reflex as an explanatory mechanism in the eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment protocol are contrasted and tested empirically. We also test whether EMDR effects are due to a distraction effect. Design: A repeated measure design is used in two experiments. The first experiment employed two independent variables, eye condition (moving vs. stationary) and tone (a pseudo-randomized series of low and high intensity tones). In Expt 2, eye condition was replaced by attentional demand conditions (low or high). In both cases, electrodermal responses served as the dependent variable. Method: Participants were recruited from the Psychology Department at Cardiff University. In Expt 1, participants were required to either pursue a moving stimulus following auditory challenge or engage in an eyes-stationary task. In Expt 2, the task following auditory challenge required participants to identify specific items from letter strings in low and high attentional demand conditions. Results: Lower levels of electrodermal arousal were identified in tasks eliciting eye movements, compared to no eye movements. This effect was not due to the attentional requirements of the task. Conclusions: Eye movements following auditory challenge result in an effect of psychophysiological de-arousal. This supports the reassurance reflex model of EMDR proposed by MacCulloch and Feldman (1996).

Keywords: Distraction Effect Empirical Study Orienting Reflex Quantitative Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

296. Shapiro, F. (2012, September 19). How EMDR therapy opens a window to the world. Brain World. Retrieved from http://brainworldmagazine.com/how-emdr-therapy-opens-a-window-to-the-brain/ 9/19/2012.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Over the past two decades, the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy has provided researchers and clinicians with the ability to observe how symptoms develop and can be rapidly treated. Over 20 randomized studies have demonstrated positive treatment effects, and EMDR has been declared an effective trauma treatment by organizations worldwide, including the American Psychiatric Association and the Department of Defense. Three randomized studies have demonstrated that 84 to 100 percent of those suffering from a single trauma no longer had posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after an average of three 90-minute sessions. Changes that typically took months or years with other forms of therapy occurred within weeks. This rapidity allows both clients and clinicians to observe firsthand how the brain’s internal connections are made. [Excerpt]

Keywords: General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

297. Cohn, L., & Chapman, L. (2002, June). Innovations in child trauma treatment: Combining EMDR and drawings. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop will feature a treatment intervention for traumatized children who have experienced incident based trauma. The intervention is being utilized in a controlled study funded by the Centers for Disease Control lnjury Prevention Grant at University of California San Francisco and Children's Hospital Oakland. Through lecture, slide and case format, this presentation will describe a protocol combining EMDR and drawing for the remediation of PSTD symptoms in children. The presenters will discuss how developmental, psychological and neurological functioning affect the storage and retrieval of traumatic memories and sensations. They will demonstrate how and why the combination of EMDR with drawings is effective as a method of trauma resolution therapy for children.

Keywords: Art Therapy Children Disease Control Injury Prevention Grant Treatment Intervention

Accuracy Verified: Yes

298. Diehle, J., Boer, F., & Lindauer, R. (2012, November). The intact research: Investigating treatments for adolescents and children after trauma – First results from a randomized controlled trial of TFCBT and EMDR. Symposium conducted at the 28th Annual Meeting of the ISTSS, Los Angeles, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Every day, children are exposed to traumatic events. As a result, a significant subgroup of these children develops post-traumatic stress symptoms and co-morbid problems. Although Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a major problem in children and adolescents, European treatment outcome studies are still scarce in this population. The current study is a randomized controlled trial of the Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) protocol as designed by Cohen, Mannarino, and Deblinger; and the Dutch eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) protocol for children (de Roos, Beer, de Jongh en ten Broeke). Up to now a direct comparison of these treatment protocols is lacking. Children between the age of 8 and 18 years with (partial) PTSD were randomly assigned to either 8 sessions TF-CBT or 8 sessions EMDR. In this presentation we will present first results from our trial. Treatment results will be presented on outcome measures including PTSD-symptoms, co-morbid symptoms and cognitions.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Randomized Control Trial RCT Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

299. Hain, B., Micka, R., Wiegand, C,, Hofmann, A., & Seidler, G. H. (2004, September). Integrierte traumaassoziierte kurzzeittherapie für akuttraumatisierte (INTAKT)1 - Ergebnisse einer pilot-studie zur wirksamkeit von ressourcenorientierter behandlung in der gruppe und EMDR [Integrated trauma associated short-term psychotherapy for acute traumatized patients (INTAKT ) - Results from a study including a small population (n=16) about the effectiveness of ressource-oriented treatment in groups in combination with EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing)]. Gruppenpsychotherapie und Gruppendynamik, 40(3), 277-296 .

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Die INTAKT (Integrated traumaassociated kurzfristige Psychotherapie) eingeführt wurde, eine Intervention in einem "Ambulante Ressource-orientierten Gruppe" ARG für akute traumatisierten Patienten in Kombination mit EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization und die Wiederaufbereitung). Die Studie und die wichtigsten Ergebnisse ausgesetzt sind. Durch den Vergleich der Behandlungen "ARG" und "INTAKT" wird gezeigt, dass Interventionen Gruppe wirksam bei akuter-traumatisierten Patienten und hilfsbereit im Laufe der Behandlung sind. Für einige Patienten der Gruppe Interventionen führen zu einer signifikanten Reduktion Symptom. Für andere die stabilisierende Wirkung der "Ambulante Ressource-orientierten Gruppe" ermöglichen diesen Patienten zu einer frühen Übergang zu EMDR. Die Wirkung der INTAKT-Behandlung scheint zu sein, besser als die anderen Behandlungen.

The INTAKT (Integrated traumaassociated short-term psychotherapy) was introduced, a intervention in a "Ambulant Ressource-oriented Group" ARG for acute traumatized patients in combination with EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing). The study and the most important results are exposed. By comparing the treatments "ARG" and "INTAKT" is shown, that group interventions are effective for acute-traumatized patients and helpful in the course of the treatment. For some patients the group interventions lead to a significant symptom reduction. For others the stabilizing effects of the "Ambulant Ressource-oriented Group" enable these patients to a early transition to EMDR. The effect of the INTAKT-treatment seems to be superior to the other treatments.

Keywords: Adult Behavior Therapy Controlled Study Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Female Human Imagination Male Psychotherapy Psychotrauma Treatment Outcome

Accuracy Verified: Yes

300. Cottencin, O., & Doutrelugne, Y. (2009, Avril). Intérêt de l'EMDR dans la prise en charge des traumatismes psychiques [EMDR in the treatment of psychological trauma]. Journal International de Victimologie, 7(1), 1-8.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
L’EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) est aujourd’hui de plus en plus inscrite dans le traitement psychothérapeutique de l’état de stress post traumatique (ESPT) et le monde anglo-saxon nous donne à lire de nombreuses études contrôlées qui montrent la preuve de son efficacité même en comparaison d’autres types d’intervention (psychothérapeutiques ou médicamenteuses). Nous présentons ici les résultats d’une étude Cochrane au sujet de l’efficacité de cette thérapie. Puis nous exposons l’EMDR tant sur un plan théorique que pratique et ses parentés avec l’hypnothérapie au regard de son histoire au sein de l’école de Palo Alto et des liens cliniques et historiques de l’hypnose avec le traumatisme psychique.

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is now increasingly entered in the psychotherapeutic treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Anglo-Saxon gives us to read many controlled studies that show evidence its very effectiveness compared to other types of interventions (psychotherapeutic or drug). We present here the results of a Cochrane review on the effectiveness of this therapy. Then we expose EMDR as a theory and practice and its kinship with hypnotherapy in terms of its history in the Palo Alto and links clinical and history of hypnosis with the psychological trauma.

Keywords: Internet Mental Trauma Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

301. Cottencin, O. (2008, Juin). Intérêt de l’EMDR dans la prise en charge du traumatisme psychiques [Interest of EMDR in the treatment of psychic trauma]. In J. Geneste (Moderateur) Ivresse et trauma: Un autre regard, Un document présenté a la 10es Journées Scientifiques Internationales des Cump, Clermont-Ferrand, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
L’EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) est aujourd’hui de plus en plus inscrite dans le traitement psychothérapeutique de l’état de stress post traumatique (ESPT) et le monde anglo-saxon nous donne à lire de nombreuses études contrôlées qui montrent la preuve de son efficacité même en comparaison d’autres types d’intervention (psychothérapeutiques ou médicamenteuses). Nous présentons ici les résultats d’une étude Cochrane au sujet de l’efficacité de cette thérapie. Puis nous exposons l’EMDR tant sur un plan théorique que pratique et ses parentés avec l’hypnothérapie au regard de son histoire au sein de l’école de Palo Alto et des liens cliniques et historiques de l’hypnose avec le traumatisme psychique.

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing and) is now more longer registered in the psychotherapeutic treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Anglo-Saxon gives us to read many studies controlled evidence showing its effectiveness even in comparison with other types of interventions (psychotherapeutic or drug). We present here the results of a Cochrane review on the effectiveness of this therapy. Then we expose EMDR as a theory and practice and its kinship with hypnotherapy in terms of its history in the Palo Alto and links clinical and history of hypnosis with the psychological trauma.

Keywords: Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

302. Spence, J. ( 2012, October). Internet based treatments for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Can eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) be delivered via the internet and is exposure necessary for internet‐based cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT)for PTSD?. Poster presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the International Socitey for Traumatic Stress Studies, Los Angeles, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Internet‐delivered interventions for Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are potentially able to reduce barriers to treatment such as cost, distance and time requirements (Spence et al., 2011). Such interventions to date have been based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) with promising results (Amstadter et al., 2009). We conducted an open trial (N=15) of Internet‐based Eye Movement Desensitzation and Reprocessing (iEMDR) for PTSD. Participants showed moderate effect size reductions in symptoms of PTSD, depression and anxiety. Importantly, this protocol was not well tolerated. Consequently, we conducted a randomized controlled trial (N=128) to determine whether exposure was necessary when treating PTSD via the Internet. Preliminary results from this trial show that participants who received a full CBT protocol including exposure components reported significantly lower improvements in PTSD symptoms than participants who received the same protocol without an exposure components. The findings from this program of research provide initial evidence that exposure components may not be advantageous when treating PTSD via the Internet.

Keywords: Computer-Based Tratment Internet Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

303. Spence, J. M., & Johnston, L. (2011, August-September). Internet-based CBT and EMDR for posttraumatic stress disorder: the results from two trials. Presentation at the 41st EABCT annual conference, Reykjavík, Iceland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objectives: Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe, distressing, and chronic condition. Limited availability of appropriately trained professionals is a significant barrier to accessing appropriate treatment. This presentation reports the results of two pilot studies: (i) a pilot RCT of Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT); (ii) an open trial of Internetbased eye movement desensitzation and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD. RCT: Internet-delivered CBT Methods: 43 people with PTSD were randomly allocated to receive clinician-assisted Internet-based treatment for PTSD, or to a waitlist control condition. Participants in the clinician-assisted version received access to the 7-lesson PTSD program plus regular emails from a clinician, automatic reminder emails, and access to an online discussion forum. Results: Participants reported significant reductions in PTSD symptoms, depression and anxiety (Cohen’s d respectively: 1.3, 1.2 and 0.7). Furthermore, participant satisfaction with the treatment program was high. Conclusions: PTSD is a disabling disorder, but access to treatment is limited for many people. Developing addditional effective techniques for treating patients with PTSD is an important priority for mental health clinicians. OPEN TRIAL: Internet-delivered EMDR Methods: This trial is due to commence in March, 2011 and will run for 8 weeks. It involves 15 people with PTSD allocated to receive internet-based EMDR in addition to the existing internetbased CBT protocol used in the above RCT. To our knowledge, this is the first time that EMDR has been delivered via the internet or tested despite EMDR being recommended as a first-line intervention for PTSD by several treatment guidelines for PTSD [1, 2]. We expect that clinically significant improvements will be observed and that participants will rate the EMDR module as acceptable.

Keywords: Internet-Based CBT Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

304. Spence, J., Titov, N., Johnston, L., Dear, B. F., Wootton, B., Terides, M., & Zou, J. (2013, March). Internet-delivered eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (iEMDR): An open trial [v1; ref status: indexed, http://f1000r.es/8l]. F1000Research, 2, 79. doi:10.12688/f1000research.2-79.v1).

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Recent research indicates internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) can reduce symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examined the efficacy of an internet-delivered treatment protocol that combined iCBT and internet-delivered eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (iEMDR), in an uncontrolled trial. Eleven of the 15 participants completed post-treatment questionnaires. Large effect sizes were found from pre-treatment to 3-month follow-up (d = 1.03 – 1.61) on clinician-assessed and self-reported measures of PTSD, anxiety and distress, with moderate effect sizes (d = 0.59 – 0.70) found on measures of depression and disability. At post-treatment, 55% of the participants no longer met criteria for PTSD and this was sustained at follow-up. Symptom worsening occurred in 3 of 15 (20%) of the sample from pre- to post-treatment; however, these participants reported overall symptom improvement by follow-up. Future research directions for iEMDR are discussed.

Keywords: Internet-Delivered

Accuracy Verified: Yes

305. Hembree, E., & Foa, E. (2003, April). Interventions for trauma-related emotional disturbances in adult victims of crime. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(2), 187-199. doi:10.1023/A:1022803408114.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This paper provides an overview of several treatment interventions for trauma-related disturbances in adult victims of crime. Following a brief discussion of mental health service utilization among crime victims, we describe interventions for acute and chronic reactions to trauma. We present some controlled studies of psychosocial treatments for PTSD that have gained empirical support and are recommended as first line interventions by expert consensus including exposure therapy, cognitive therapy, and stress inoculation training, followed by a brief summary of selected studies examining the efficacy of pharmacological treatment for PTSD. Finally, we discuss multicultural issues, factors associated with treatment outcome, and challenges we have encountered in treating crime victims. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Crime Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

306. Teixeira, R. (2007, Novembro). Introdução ao EMDR 1: Teoria de EMDR [1 Introduction to EMDR: EMDR Theory]. Apresentação no I Congresso Ibero-Americano de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
História de EMDR; os estudos controlados; de EMD para EMDR; o cérebro traumatizado.

History of EMDR, controlled studies; EMD to EMDR, the brain injured.

Keywords: Controlled Stuies EMD Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

307. Shapiro, F. (2012, October). Introduction to EMDR therapy. Presentation at the Pre-Meeting Institute of the 28th Annual Meeting of ISTSS, Los Angeles, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation will introduce the basics of EMDR therapy and provide an overview of treatment. Both the theoretical foundation and recent research findings will be explored. EMDR is an evidence-based psychotherapy supported by more than 20 randomized controlled studies. Meta-analyses have indicated that the effects of EMDR on PTSD symptoms are comparable to those of trauma-focused CBT. However, EMDR therapy does not require homework, sustained arousal, detailed descriptions of the index trauma, or extended exposure to the event. While the eye movement component has been the subject of controversy, in the past decade an additional 20 randomized trials have evaluated the eye movements and demonstrated significantly superior effects compared to “exposure-only” conditions. The eye movements have been shown to (a) decrease the emotionality and vividness of memories, (b) create physiological relaxation responses, (c) facilitate access to associative memories and (d) lead to an increase in recognition of correct information. Two dominant theories regarding the role of the eye movements have emerged: (1) disruption of working memory and (2) elicitation of an orienting response. The research and clinical implications will be examined. The goals of this presentation parallel those of the conference itself by allowing participants to evaluate ways in which EMDR therapy offers innovations in both conceptualization and clinical treatment. These innovations include ways to support therapy retention and increase stability for those clients ordinarily considered too fragile to tolerate memory processing. Outreach can also be increased through the use of consecutive-day trauma treatment. Relevant research will be reported on the use of EMDR therapy with diverse populations. Participants will learn how the adaptive information processing theory that guides EMDR therapy practice offers a reconceptualization of (a) psychopathology, (b) therapeutic change, (c) the therapy relationship, (d) preparation for processing and (e) the multiple methods included in the therapy. The presentation will provide participants with the theoretical basis for EMDR therapy, an overview of the eight treatment phases, the three-pronged selection of processing targets, pertinent research, as well as applications to the full range of trauma victims. Videotaped sessions will demonstrate diverse treatment effects and provide participants with comparisons to other research-supported trauma treatments. 1-Describe the relevant research findings 2-Identify the components of the standard EMDR therapy three-pronged approach to processing 3-Contrast EMDR therapy with other empirically supported trauma treatments

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

308. Jensen, J. A. (1994, Spring). An investigation of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMD/R) as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms of Vietnam combat veterans. Behavior Therapy, 25(2), 311-325. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80290-4.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMD/R) was investigated with 25 Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD, randomly assigned to EMD/R or a control condition. First, PTSD was assessed and subjects were assisted in developing a PTSD-related treatment goal. Subjective anxiety and a belief in a positive cognition related to war trauma were also assessed. Second, EMD/R subjects were then seen for one history-taking session and two treatment sessions. Approximately 17 days after the initial assessment, repeat assessments of PTSD symptomatology, goal attainment, subjective anxiety, and belief in desired positive cognitions were conducted. Overall, EMD/R showed little effectiveness in this study. Although effective in reducing in-session subjective anxiety, EMD/R was not effective in improving other PTSD symptoms, in contributing to goal attainment, or in increasing subjects' beliefs in their desired positive cognition. The results imply that EMD/R may not be successful in treating Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Americans Empirical Study Longitudinal Study Males Middle Aged PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Treatment Effectiveness Veterans Vietnam War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

309. Hassard, A. (1995). Investigation of eye movement desensitization in pain clinic clients. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(2), 177-185. doi:/10.1017/S1352465800014429.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
27 pain clinic patients referred for psychological treatment received Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD) as a major part of their treatment. Their progress was monitored using generalized measures with a three month follow-up. All patients responded to EMD in the session. Subsequently, 19 completed treatment of whom 12 were successful and 7 clear failures. 7 dropped out before completing treatment and one result was not clear. Overall the group showed a large decrease in some, but not all, psychological measures. There was some return of symptoms in the group over the 3 month follow-up. Neural networks are identified as the probable source of theoretical explanations of this procedure. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults British Clinical Trial EMD Physical Pain PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

310. Lytle, R. A. (1993). An investigation of the efficacy of eye-movement desensitization in the treatment of cognitive intrusions related to memories of a past stressful event. Pennsylvania State University. AAT 9334778.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
A novel clinical technique, referred to as "eye-movement desensitization," has recently been reported to rapidly achieve significant reductions in the frequency and intensity of the two primary symptoms of PTSD; cognitive intrusions and the behavioral and emotional avoidance of trauma related fear cues. The current study was intended to provide an experimentally controlled replication of this procedure. The 45 students with the highest scores on a self-report questionnaire were selected for participation in the study and randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions. These conditions included "eye-movement desensitization," "eye-fixation desensitization," and a non-directive control condition.Sessions One and Three consisted of pretest and posttest assessment respectively, administered by questionnaire and behavioral measures of cognitive intrusions relating to the reported trauma. Session Two, consisted of immediate pretest and posttest assessment of information regarding subjective discomfort, perceived validity of adaptive cognitions, and vividness of images related to the reported trauma. The results of this experiment indicated that treatment-related pretest to posttest change was limited to (a) a relative reduction in cognitive intrusions for the eye-fixation group compared to the other treatment conditions, and (b) initial superiority of both desensitization techniques in immediately reducing subject distress, vividness of the initial image (and for eye-fixation, improved validity of an adaptive cognition) in comparison to the non-directive condition. The latter condition, however, then achieved equivalent gains by one-week follow-up. It was concluded that: (a) the relative efficacy of the eye-movement desensitization technique, was not supported in this non-clinical population, (b) to the degree that the outcomes resulting from the two desensitization conditions were at variance from those of the more traditional non-directive technique, those differences appear to have been predominantly transient in character, and (c) the induction of saccadic eye-movements did not demonstrably function as an active component of treatment within this experimental context. It was additionally concluded that further research will be required to satisfactorily resolve the discrepant findings of experimentation and case reports regarding the efficacy of this technique. Specific suggestions for further research were presented. [Truncated Author Abstract] [Pilots]

Keywords: Biologic Markers College Students Intrusive Thoughts Negative Therapeutic Reaction Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Witnesses

Accuracy Verified: Yes

311. Hennessey, V. (2010, April 6). Jury selection begins in rape trial of Thomas Pollacci. Monterey County, CA: The Herald.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
According to the Web site emdr-therapy.com, the technique is used to treat victims of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder. Bilateral tones or taps, right and left eye movement or tactile stimulation activates opposite sides of the brain, releasing memories that are "trapped" in the nervous system, the site explains. The intent of the therapy is to replace those images with more positive feelings.
According to the EMDR Institute Inc., "clients generally experience the emergence of insight, changes in memories, or new associations." Scott said he would require an evidentiary hearing outside the presence of the jury to explore the science of the technique, whether it is admissible in court and how it might affect the woman's ability to testify about memories she had before the treatment.

Keywords: Court Hearing Rape Retrieved Memories Testimony Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

312. Tutarel-Kıslak, S. (2004). Kaygi duyarligini azaltmada göz hareketieriyle duyarsizlastirma ve yeniden isleme (EMDR) tedavisi [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) approach in the treatment of anxiety sensitivity]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 19(53), 65-67.

Language: Turkish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Göz Hareketleriyle Duyarsızlaştırma ve Yeniden İşleme (EMDR) ve kontrollü araştırma destek olmak amacıyla Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu (TSSB) ilk tedavilerden biridir artık giderek diğer psikolojik bozukluklar kadar uzatıldı. Bu çalışmada anksiyete duyarlılığı tedavisinde kas gevşetme ve EMDR işlemlerin etkilerini karşılaştırmak için planlandı. Ondokuz lisans öğrencileri dört alt ölçekleri ile standartlaştırılmış, özbildirim ölçmek oldu Anksiyete Duyarlılığı Profile (ASP) cevap verdi. Onlar rastgele iki gruba (; kas gevşeme ve EMDR tedavisi koşul); atanmış oldukları ve beş gün önce, ASP ölçek doldurulan ve girişim (müdahale süresi; öncesi ve sonrası müdahale ve takip) dört ay sonra. Sonuçlar, EMDR tedavisi alt puanı solunum semptomları korkusu önemli bir düşüş gösterdi üretilen bu düşüşün ardından devam etmek için ortaya dört aylık takip. Kardiyak semptomların yanı sıra korku içinde çok sonra EMDR durumda azalmış dört aylık takip. bulgular EMDR kim bir travma ilgili etyolojisi bir kaygı duyarlılığı olanlar için kas gevşeme daha etkili tedavi ve ayrıca bazı durumlarda deneyim kaygı duyarlılığı edilebilir olduğu görüşünü desteklemektedir. literatür ile elde edilen bulguların tutarlılığı tartışılmıştır. (PsycINFO Veritabanı Record (c) 2008 APA, tüm hakları saklıdır) (dergi soyut)

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is one of the first treatments of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) to be supported in controlled research, and it is now increasingly extended to other psychological disorders. The present study was designed to compare the effects of muscle relaxation and EMDR procedures in the treatment of anxiety sensitivity. Nineteen undergraduate students responded on the Anxiety Sensitivity Profile (asp) which was a standardized, self-report measure with four subscales. They were randomly assigned to two groups (treatment condition; muscle relaxation and EMDR); and they were filled out the ASP scale before, five days, and four months after the intervention (intervention time; pre and post intervention and follow up). Results showed that EMDR treatment produced a significant decline in fear of respiratory symptoms subscale score, and this decline appeared to continue after a four month follow-up. In addition fear of the cardiac symptoms too decreased in EMDR condition after a four month follow-up. The findings support the notion that EMDR can be a more effective treatment than the muscle relaxation for those who have an anxiety sensitivity with a trauma related etiology and also who experience anxiety sensitivity in certain circumstances. Consistency of the findings with the literature was discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)(from the journal abstract)

Keywords: Anxiety Sensitivity Empirical Study Etiology Follow-up Study Psychological Disorders Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

313. Tarquinio, C. (2007, Mai). La therapie EMDR: Dans la prise en charge du traumatisme psychique [The EMDR method: A psychotherapeutic treatment for PTSD]. Revue Francophone Du Stress et du Trauma, 7(2), 107-120.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Depuis 1989, de nombreux articles ont démontré l'efficacité de l'EMDR (mouvement Eyes désensibilisation et retraitement) la méthode et, en moins de dix ans, cette thérapie est devenue le modèle pour le traitement psychothérapeutique du trouble de stress post-traumatique (SSPT) qui a conduit à un grand nombre d'études. Il existe en effet aujourd'hui plus d'articles sur des études contrôlées du traitement de l'ESPT utilisation de la thérapie EMDR que pour tout autre type d'intervention clinique, y compris les traitements médicamenteux (cf. Centre national pour le SSPT). Le but de cet article est de permettre une meilleure compréhension de la thérapie EMDR tout d'abord en proposant un guide théorique de l'approche. Deuxièmement, nous évaluerons 15 études contrôlées et randomisées qui, à l'ensemble de confirmer la bonne efficacité de cette approche thérapeutique dans le traitement du SSPT. Enfin, après avoir présenté dans un de manière globale le protocole de base de la thérapie EMDR, nous présenterons brièvement un cas clinique traité avec cette approche.

Since 1989, numerous articles have demonstrated the effectiveness of the EMDR (Eyes movement desensitization and reprocessing) method and, in less than ten years, this therapy has become the model for the psychotherapeutic treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) which has led to a great number of studies. There are in fact more articles today on controlled studies of the treatment of PTSD using EMDR therapy than for any other type of clinical intervention, including medicinal treatments (cf. National Center for PTSD). The aim of this paper is to allow a better understanding of EMDR therapy by firstly proposing a theoretical guideline of the approach. Secondly, we will evaluate 15 controlled and randomized studies which on the whole confirm the good effectiveness of this therapeutic approach in the treatment of PTSD. Finally, after having presented in a comprehensive manner the basic protocol of EMDR therapy, we will briefly present one clinical case treated with this approach.

Keywords: Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

314. Jarero, I., Artigas, L., & Luber, M. (2012). Le protocole EMDR pour les incidents critiques récents: Application à un contexte de continuum de soins en santé mentale après une catastrophe [The EMDR protocol for recent critical incidents: Application in a disaster mental health continuum of care context]. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(2), E12-E25. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.6.2.E12.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Cette étude de terrain randomisée et contrôlée a été réalisée après un séisme de 7,2 en Basse-Californie au Mexique. Le traitement a été offert selon les principes du continuum de soins. Un briefing de gestion de crise a été proposé à 53 individus Ensuite, les 18 individus qui avaient obtenu des scores élevés sur l’échelle IES (Impact of Event Scale : échelle d’impact des événements) ont bénéficié du protocole EMDR pour les incidents critiques récents (EMDR-PRECI: EMDR Protocol for Recent Critical Events), un protocole EMDR modifié à séance unique qui a été élaboré pour le traitement des traumatismes récents. Les participants ont été assignés de manière aléatoire à deux groupes : le groupe de traitement immédiat et le groupe de de traitement retardé/liste d’attente. Il n’y a pas eu d’amélioration dans le groupe de liste d’attente ; les scores des participants du groupe de traitement immédiat se sont significativement améliorés en comparaison avec les participants du groupe de liste d’attente. Une séance de EMDR-PRECI a produit une amélioration significative des symptômes de stress post-traumatique tant pour le groupe de traitement immédiat que pour le groupe de traitement retardé/de liste d’attente, avec des résultats maintenus lors du suivi après 12 semaines, alors que des séismes d’après-choc effrayants continuaient à survenir fréquemment. Cette étude apporte des preuves préliminaires en faveur de l’efficacité de ce protocole dans un contexte de continuum de soins en santé mentale après une catastrophe. Des études contrôlées supplémentaires sont souhaitées afin d’approfondir l’évaluation de l’efficacité de cette intervention.

This randomized, controlled group field study was conducted subsequent to a 7.2 earthquake in North Baja California, Mexico. Treatment was provided according to continuum of care principles. Crisis management debriefing was provided to 53 individuals. After this, the 18 individuals who had high scores on the Impact of Event Scale (IES) were then provided with the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) Protocol for Recent Critical Incidents (EMDR-PRECI), a single-session modified EMDR protocol for the treatment of recent trauma. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: immediate treatment group and waitlist/delayed treatment group. There was no improvement in the waitlist/ delayed treatment group, and scores of the immediate treatment group participants were significantly improved, compared with waitlist/delayed treatment group paticipants. One session of EMDR-PRECI produced significant improvement on symptoms of posttraumatic stress for both the immediate-treatment and waitlist/delayed treatment groups, with results maintained at 12-week follow-up, even though frightening aftershocks continued to occur frequently. This study provides preliminary evidence in support of the protocol's efficacy in a disaster mental health continuum of care context. More controlled research is recommended to evaluate further the efficacy of this intervention.

Keywords: Critical Incidents Disaster Mental Health Early EMDR Intervention Natural Disaster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Recent Events

Accuracy Verified: Yes

315. Haour, F., & Servan-Schreiber, D. (2009). Les bases neuroscientifiques de l’EMDR [Neuroscientific bases of EMDR]. In J. Cottraux (Ed.), TCC et Neurosciences (pp.187-202). Issy-les-Moulineaux: Elsevier Masson.

Language: French

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
France Haour et David Servan-Schreiber présentent avec clarté la désensibilisation par les mouvements oculaires et le retraitement de l’information (EMDR), ainsi que les études qui ont été effectuées par des méthodes neuroscientifiques pour tester ces processus. Plusieurs points restent néanmoins en suspens. Effectivement, l’EMDR est d’efficacité démontrée dans le stress post-traumatique, et les traumatismes plus légers, mais il n’y a pas de données dures pour le valider dans d’autres indications. De plus, son processus, comme il est souligné dans le chapitre, demeure controversé. Il ne faudrait pas oublier qu’un EMDR sans mouvements oculaires aboutit à de résultats identiques à ceux d’un EMDR avec mouvements oculaires, dans la méta-analyse de Davidson et Parker (2001), qui inclut 13 études comparant ces deux conditions. Cinq méta-analyses ne retrouvent pas de différence d’efficacité entre TCC et EMDR. Ces faits expérimentaux ont amené aussi bien l’Association psychiatrique américaine (2004) que le rapport INSERM (2004) à classer l’EMDR dans les TCC, dont il représente une variante technique, sans véritable discontinuité. Par ailleurs, l’analogie souvent faite entre EMDR et la phase REM (phase paradoxale du sommeil correspondant au rêve et à des mouvements oculaires rapides) n’est qu’une hypothèse et ne repose pas à ce jour sur des données scientifiques. Enfin, toutes les thérapies d’exposition utilisent des distracteurs (relaxation, images mentales de sécurité, pensées positives) pour faciliter l’accès aux émotions liées au traumatisme. L’hypnose, qui a montré son efficacité dans le stress post-traumatique lors d’une seule étude contrôlée (Brom, 1989), elle aussi, se sert de mouvements oculaires, pour capter l’attention. Ainsi faisait son ancêtre, Franz Anton Mesmer, comme le montre le rapport établi en 1784 par la commission royale sur le magnétisme animal (Darnton, 1995). Quoi qu’il en soit, l’EMDR propose un protocole utile, robuste et aisé à enseigner et à appliquer.

France Haour and David Servan-Schreiber present with clarity desensitization Eye Movement and reprocessing of information (EMDR) and studies that have been conducted by neuroscientists methods to test these processes. Several points are still open. Indeed, EMDR is proven efficacy in post-traumatic stress, and lighter injuries, but there is no hard data to validate in other indications. In addition, its process, as outlined in the chapter remains controversial. We should not forget that EMDR without eye movements leads to results identical to those of EMDR with eye movements in the meta-analysis of Davidson and Parker (2001), which includes 13 studies comparing these two conditions. Five meta-analyzes found no difference in efficacy between CBT and EMDR. These experimental facts led both the American Psychiatric Association (2004) report that the INSERM (2004) to classify EMDR in CBT, which is a variant technique, no real discontinuity. Moreover, the analogy often made between EMDR and REM sleep (REM sleep corresponding dreams and rapid eye movement) is only a hypothesis and not based so far on scientific data. Finally, all therapies exposure using distractors (relaxation, mental imagery security positive thoughts) to facilitate access to the emotions related to the trauma. Hypnosis, which has shown its effectiveness in post-traumatic stress in one controlled study (Brom, 1989), it also uses movements eye for attention. So was his ancestor, Franz Anton Mesmer, as shown in the report prepared in 1784 by the Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism (Darnton, 1995). Anyway, EMDR offers a useful protocol, robust and easy to teach and apply.

Keywords: Neuroscience Neuroscientific Bases

Accuracy Verified: Yes

316. Knipe J. (2008). Loving eyes: Procedures to therapeutically reverse dissociative processes while preserving emotional safety. In C. Forgash and M. Copeley, (Eds.) Healing the heart of trauma and dissociation with EMDR and ego state therapy (pp. 181-225). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Dual attention (simultaneous awareness of both the disturbing material and a neutral or safe aspect of the present situation) is an essential element of the effectiveness of EMDR (Shapiro, 2001). That is, in EMDR therapy, the therapist assists the client in keeping "one foot in the present, one foot in the past." Metaphorically, "two feet in the past" would simply be emotionally reliving the trauma, and not therapeutic. For those clients with highly dissociated and intense affect, there is a danger with standard EMDR that uncontrolled emotion may intrude into consciousness in a way that undermines this important balance between present and past. In this chapter, several methods are described that seem to be useful in empowering clients with dissociated ego states to stay oriented to the present while processing unfinished disturbing memories. Specifically, these EMDR variations seem to enable the client to maintain the balance between emotional safety and the controlled emergence of unresolved affect, so as to avoid dissociative abreaction and make possible the healing and eventual integration of separate parts of the self. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved

Keywords: Dual Attention

Accuracy Verified: Yes

317. Gallagher, C. (2002). Making sense of EMDR: Efficacy of EMDR and the application of Horowitz's control process theory to a psychological analysis of EMDR psychotherapy. Widener University, Institute for Graduate Clinical Psychology, Chester, PA. AAT 3132374.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Originally a technique that seemed to desensitize disturbing memories, EMDR is now a full-scale protocol that is being used to treat a wide-range of disorders. Even its proponents acknowledge, however, that the mechanism of action in EMDR is still unknown. It is argued that there has been an over-emphasis on neurophysiological explanations of EMDR. After a review of controlled studies and a discussion of proposed mechanisms, two case studies of EMDR therapy (one child and one adult) with pathological grief are presented. The cases are analyzed for their adaptive changes as this term is applied in Horowitz's control process theory (1992). It is argued that Horowitz's theory represents a theoretical foundation by which a psychological understanding of the EMDR psychotherapy process can be achieved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 65(5-B), 2004, pp. 2625.

Keywords: Clinical Case Study Empirical Study Horowitz's Control Process Theory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

318. Lapp, L. K., Agbokou, C., Peretti, C. S., & Ferreri, F. (2010, September). Management of post traumatic stress disorder after childbirth: A review. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 31(3), 113-122. doi:10.3109/0167482X.2010.503330.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Prevalence and risk factors for the development of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after childbirth is well described in the literature. However, its management and treatment has only begun to be investigated. The aim of this article is to describe the studies that examine the effects of interventions on PTSD after childbirth. MedLine, PILOTS, CINAHL and ISI Web of Science databases were systematically searched for randomised controlled trials, pilot studies and case studies using key words related to PTSD, childbirth, treatment and intervention. The reference lists of the retrieved articles were also used to supplement the search. A total of nine studies were retrieved. Seven studies that examined debriefing or counselling were identified; six randomised controlled trials and one pilot study. Also found were one case report describing the effects of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) on two women, and one pilot study of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR). Overall, there is limited evidence concerning the management of women with PTSD after childbirth. The results agree with the findings from the non-childbirth related literature: debriefing and counselling are inconclusively effective while CBT and EMDR may improve PTSD status but require investigation in controlled trials before conclusions could be drawn.

Keywords: Childbirth Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

319. Watson, P. J., Friedman, M. J., Ruzek, J. I., & Norris, F. (2002, August). Managing acute stress response to major trauma. Current Psychiatry Reports, 4(4), 247-253. doi:10.1007/s11920-996-0043-x.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In this article, the authors review the current empiric literature on early interventions. Findings on the effects, course, help-seeking, and recovery from disasters are first reviewed, with recommendations given that are pertinent to intervention following mass casualties. In reviewing the most commonly used interventions, it is clear that evidence from well-controlled studies showing that early intervention can help prevent longer-term problems is limited. The authors discuss the approaches that have received the most attention or empiric support as early interventions following trauma, which include psychologic debriefing, cognitive-behavioral interventions, eye movement desensitization and processing (EMDR) and other neoteric approaches, and psychopharmacology. At this time, the most promising results for prevention of psychopathology have been achieved with brief four- or five-session cognitive-behavioral therapy. In contrast, randomized clinical trials on psychologic debriefing currently suggest that this approach is either ineffective at preventing psychopathology, or contributive to PTSD symptoms. Research support is currently lacking for EMDR and pharmacotherapy as early interventions. A major challenge to the field is to integrate the practical experience and knowledge of professional responders with well-controlled, timely intervention research, and to effectively disseminate these findings to practitioners in the field. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Effects Literature Review Negative Research Needs Review Posttraumatic Stress Diorder Psychological Debriefing PTSD Stressors Survivors Therapeutic Reaction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

320. Bryant, R. A., & Friedman, M. J. (2001, March). Medication and non-medication treatments of post-traumatic stress disorder. doi:10.1097/00001504-200103000-00004. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 14(2), 119-123.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Recent developments in the psychological and pharmacological management of post-traumatic stress disorder are reviewed. This review of controlled outcome studies indicates that: (i) cognitive behavior therapy is the psychological treatment of choice; (ii) different components of cognitive behavior therapy can be effective; (iii) eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is not as effective as cognitive behavior therapy; (iv) selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors are the pharmacological treatment of choice; and (v) there is increasing support for nefazadone but not for cyproheptadine in reducing the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. The need for increased treatment effectiveness and the integration of recent findings into clinical practice is discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Atypical Antidepressants Cognitive Therapy Drug Therapy Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Treatment Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

321. van der Velden, P. G., & Kleber, R. J. (1996). Met het oog op morgen: Een overzicht van EMDR-studies [With an eye to tomorrow: A review of EMDR studies]. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie, 38(1), 30-39.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
De Eye Movement Desensibilisatie Reprocessing (EMDR), ontwikkeld door Shapiro, is een relatief nieuwe methode voor de korte psychotherapeutische PTSS gerelateerde symptomen. Dit artikel is een overzicht van 27 empirische studies met behulp van de EMDR-methode. Het bleek dat de meeste studies, vooral de niet-gecontroleerde studies, aanzienlijke verbeteringen in het verslag cliënten binnen een paar sessies met EMDR. Echter, de meeste studies hebben ernstige methodologische tekortkomingen, betreffende het ontbreken van (1) een goede controle groepen, (2) gestandaardiseerde en gevalideerde vragenlijsten voor pre-en post-test metingen, (3) een adequate steekproefgrootte, (4) controle voor eerder ontvangen psychotherapie of andere niet-EMDR-interventies en / of (5) lange-termijn follow-up evaluaties. Deze tekortkomingen hinderen conclusies over de effectiviteit van de EMDR-methode, in tegenstelling tot andere behandelmethoden. [Samenvatting Auteur]

The Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR), developed by Shapiro, is a relatively new brief psychotherapeutic method for PTSD related symptoms. This article is a review of 27 empirical studies using the EMDR method. It was found that most studies, especially the non-controlled studies, report considerable improvements in clients within a few sessions with EMDR. However, most studies have serious methodological flaws, concerning absence of (1) proper control groups, (2) standardized and validated questionnaires for pre- and post-test measurements, (3) adequate sample sizes, (4) controlling for previous received psychotherapy or other non-EMDR interventions, and/or (5) long-term follow-up assessments. These shortcomings hinder conclusions about the efficacy of the EMDR method in contrast to other treatment methods. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Brief Psychotherapy Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

322. Alto, C. (2001, November). Meta-analysis of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing efficacy studies in the treatment of PTSD. Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ. AAT 3015591.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new psychological therapy used in the treatment of PTSD and other disorders. EMDR is unique in that it combines sets of therapist-administered eye movements in conjunction with protocol-driven cognitive and affective processing related to past trauma. EMDR has become a controversial technique for reasons including a lack of explanation for why it works and stunning claims made for its efficacy in the literature. Despite a large amount of research over the past decade, EMDR has not before been studied meta-analytically in its own right.The present investigation used meta-analysis to examine the collection of EMDR PTSD studies available in the literature. The literature search resulted in a total of 21 studies, which met inclusion criteria. These primary studies in turn resulted in a collection of 118 effect sizes included in the analysis. Two separate analyses were conducted dependent on whether EMDR was compared to a no treatment control group or an alternative treatment control group. In addition to an overall estimate of the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD represented through an effect size, five sub-hypotheses were investigated. First, it was hypothesized that RMDR would be more efficacious with a non-combat population than with combat-related PTSD. The second sub-hypothesis was that there would be significantly larger treatment effects associated with verbal report measures than with physiological outcome measures used in EMDR PTSD studies. Third, it was hypothesized that earlier EMDR studies would show larger treatment effects than more recent EMDR studies. The fourth sub-hypothesis concerned treatment dosage. It was hypothesized that there would not be significant differences based on the number of treatment sessions administered. Finally, it was hypothesized that the bilateral stimulation component of EMDR therapy would not contribute significantly to treatment effects. The analysis consisted of generating effect sizes in the form of standardized difference scores on the various outcome measures. Effect sizes were then grouped according to independent variable categories and averaged together. Before testing for between-group differences, homogeneity testing was completed. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 62(5-B), Nov 2001, pp. 2474.

Keywords: Empirical Study Meta Analysis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

323. Kehle, S., Polusny, M., & Meis, L. (2009, November). A meta-analytic review of exposure therapy and EMDR in the treatment of adult PTSD. Presentation at the 25th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Atlanta, GA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization (EMDR) and exposure therapies (e.g. prolonged exposure therapy) have both been recommended as first-line treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, relatively little is known about the comparative efficacy of the two types of treatments. To date, the few studies that have been conducted have small sample sizes, making it difficult to draw conclusions. The goal of the current study was to use meta-analytic techniques to synthesize the existing data on the relative efficacy of exposure therapies and EMDR. Through a comprehensive literature search, we identified six randomized control trials that met our inclusion criteria. We calculated Hedges g effect sizes for the continuous variables (positive values favor exposure therapies) and risk ratios (RRs) for dichotomous variables (values greater than one favor exposure therapies). EMDR and exposure therapies did not differ significantly on clinician-rated PTSD (g = 0.32), self-report PTSD (g = -0.08), selfreport depression (g = -0.01), loss of PTSD diagnosis (RR = 1.46), or dropout (RR = 0.79). However, higher-quality studies (based on Foa & Meadows’ 1997 criteria) consistently favored exposure therapies. Clinical implications will be discussed

Keywords: Exposure Therapy Meta-analysis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

324. Kehle, S., Polusny, M., & Meis, L. (2009, November). A meta-analytic review of exposure therapy and EMDR in the treatment of adult PTSD. Presentation at the 25th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Atlanta, GA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Treatment Studies: I
Eye movement desensitization (EMDR) and exposure therapies (e.g. prolonged exposure therapy) have both been recommended as first-line treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, relatively little is known about the comparative efficacy of the two types of treatments. To date, the few studies that have been conducted have small sample sizes, making it difficult to draw conclusions. The goal of the current study was to use meta-analytic techniques to synthesize the existing data on the relative efficacy of exposure therapies and EMDR. Through a comprehensive literature search, we identified six randomized control trials that met our inclusion criteria. We calculated Hedges g effect sizes for the continuous variables (positive values favor exposure therapies) and risk ratios (RRs) for dichotomous variables (values greater than one favor exposure therapies). EMDR and exposure therapies did not differ significantly on clinician-rated PTSD (g = 0.32), self-report PTSD (g = -0.08), selfreport depression (g = -0.01), loss of PTSD diagnosis (RR = 1.46), or dropout (RR = 0.79). However, higher-quality studies (based on Foa & Meadows’ 1997 criteria) consistently favored exposure therapies. Clinical implications will be discussed.

Keywords: Adult Exposure Therapy Meta-Analytic Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

325. Powers, M. B., Halpern, J. M., Ferenschak, M. P., Gillihan, S. J., & Foa, E. B. (2010, August). A meta-analytic review of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(6), 635-641. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.007.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Two decades of research demonstrate the efficacy of exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The efficacy of prolonged exposure (PE), a specific exposure therapy program for PTSD that has been disseminated throughout the world, has been established in many controlled studies using different trauma populations. However, a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of PE for PTSD has not been conducted to date. The purpose of the current paper is to estimate the overall efficacy of PE for PTSD relative to adequate controls. We included all published randomized controlled trials of PE vs. control (wait-list or psychological placebo) for the treatment of PTSD in adolescents or adults. Treatments were classified as PE if they included multiple sessions of imaginal and in vivo exposure and were based on the manualized treatment developed by Foa, Rothbaum, Riggs, and Murdock (1991). Thirteen studies with a total sample size of 675 participants met the final inclusion criteria. The primary analyses showed a large effect for PE versus control on both primary (Hedges's g = 1.08) and secondary (Hedges's g = 0.77) outcome measures. Analyses also revealed medium to large effect sizes for PE at follow-up, both for primary (Hedges's g = 0.68) and secondary (Hedges's g = 0.41) outcome measures. There was no significant difference between PE and other active treatments (CPT, EMDR, CT, and SIT). Effect sizes were not moderated by time since trauma, publication year, dose, study quality, or type of trauma. The average PE-treated patient fared better than 86% of patients in control conditions at post-treatment on PTSD measures. PE is a highly effective treatment for PTSD, resulting in substantial treatment gains that are maintained over time.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy PE Prolonged Exposure Exposure Meta-Analysis Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

326. Glans, E., & Dahlberg, U. O. (2004). Minne efter påverkan, Bilateral stimulering och dess effekt på episodiskt minne [Memory after impact: Bilateral stimulation and its effect on episodic memory]. Umeå Universiter, Institutionen för psykologi Psykologprogrammet.

Language: Swedish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Ett kognitivt minnesexperiment med mellangruppsdesign genomfördes i syfte att undersöka auditiv bilateral stimulerings inverkan på episodiskt minne. Bakgrunden till studien var att många kliniska iakttagelser gjorts i den psykoterapeutiska behandlingsmetoden Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, (EMDR) angående den bilaterala stimuleringens effekt på minnesprocesser. Frågeställningen var: Har auditiv bilateral stimulering någon positiv effekt på det episodiska minnet? Ett randomiserat urval bestående av 110 universitetsstuderande försökspersoner (55 kvinnor och 55 män), jämnt fördelade över fem grupper, i åldrarna 19-46 år, deltog. Auditivt stimulus gavs i fyra av grupperna. Den beroende variabeln var episodiskt minnesprestation och mättes med hjälp av meningstest och ordtest. Någon generell effekt av bilateral stimulering på episodiskt minne kunde inte påvisas. Bilateralt stimuli vid inlärning visade dock på signifikanta resultat avseende minnesprestation i förhållande till de två grupper som erhöll bilateralt stimuli vid återgivning. Signifikans erhölls även avseende prestation i förhållande till försökspersonernas upplevelse av stimulus. Resultaten diskuterades utifrån försökspersonernas upplevelse av stimulus samt inflytande av arousal. Avsaknad av emotionella komponenter, som i förlängningen bidragit till skillnader i minnesprocessande, antogs vara huvudsaklig förklaring till utebliven positiv effekt av bilateral stimulering.

A cognitive memory experiment with between group design was conducted to investigate the auditory bilateral stimulation effect on the episode of animal memory. The background to study was that many clinical observations made in the psychotherapeutic treatment Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) regarding bilateral stimulation effect on memory processes. The issue was: Did auditory bilateral stimulation a positive effect on the episodic memory? A randomized sample of 110 university student volunteers (55 women and 55 males), evenly distributed over five groups, aged 19-46 years, participated. Audi TIVE stimulus was given in four groups. The dependent variable was episode-Semitic memory performance and measured with the help of meaningful test and ordtest. A general effect of bilateral stimulation of episode animal memory could not be demonstrated. Bilateral stimuli at learning, however, showed the significant results relating to memory performance in relation to the two groups who received bilateral stimulation at reproducing. Significance was obtained including performance in relation to the trial subject's experience of stimulus. The results are discussed from the trial subject's experience of stimulus and the influence of arousal. Lack of emotional components, which ultimately contributed to differences in memory processing, was adopted as the primary explanation for non - positive effect of bilateral stimulation.

Keywords: Auditory Bilateral Stimulation BLS Episodic Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

327. Paterson, M. (2008, June). Moderating malevolent alters with ego state therapy in the preparation phase of EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Disrupted attachment or sustained early life trauma often results in the formation of ego states, also known as alters or parts. These states perform roles usually geared towards survival, but in adulthood they can be dysfunctional. Depending upon a client’s early life experiences some ego states can be malevolent, wanting bad things for the client such as willing them to suffer in some way. It is necessary for clients to remain safe during EMDR sessions and contained between sessions. There is a need, therefore, to learn techniques to work with more difficult clients so they too can benefit from EMDR. This presentation provides an overview of Ego State Therapy (EST) and how it fits with EMDR. It demonstrates how to access ego states in a controlled way and goes on to show a video of a live case where EST is used effectively to moderate the malevolence displayed by a difficult ego state. In this case example, the client went on to experience the standard 8 Phases of EMDR.

Keywords: Ego State Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

328. Greenwald, R. (2002). Motivation-adaptive skills-trauma resolution (MASTR) therapy for adolescents with conduct problems: An open trial. In R. Greenwald (Ed.), Trauma and juvenile delinquency: Theory, research, and interventions, (pp. 237-261). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Maltreatment and Trauma Press/The Haworth Press.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Published simultaneously as Journal of Agression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 6(10, (#11) 2002.

Keywords: Adolescents Americans Clinical Trial Cognitive Therapy Depressive Disorders Disruptive Behavior Disorders High School Students Individual Psychotherapy Junior High School Students Preadolescents School Based Treatment Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

329. Greenwald, R. (2002). Motivation-adaptive skills-trauma resolution (MASTR) therapy for adolescents with conduct problems: An open trial. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 6(1), 237-261. doi:10.1300/J146v06n01_12.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Trauma is proposed as a key to understanding the development and persistence of adolescent conduct problems, in conjunction with other contributing factors. A trauma-focused individual therapy approach is presented as one example of how this population might be more effectively treated. This approach features motivational interviewing, self-control training (cognitive-behavioral therapy), and trauma resolution (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing). This paper reports on an open trial of six adolescents with school and conduct problems who received school-based Motivation-Adaptive Skills-Trauma Resolution (MASTR) treatment. Reductions in post-traumatic stress, related symptoms, and problem behaviors, along with improved school performance, indicate the value of further study of this treatment approach. [Author Summary]

Accuracy Verified: Yes

330. Bradley, R., Greene, J., Russ, E., Dutra, L., & Westen, D. (2005, February). A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(2), 214-227. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.214.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objective: The authors present a multidimensional meta-analysis of studies published between 1980 and 2003 on psychotherapy for PTSD. Method: Data on variables not previously meta-analyzed such as inclusion and exclusion criteria and rates, recovery and improvement rates, and follow-up data were examined. Results: Results suggest that psychotherapy for PTSD leads to a large initial improvement from baseline. More than half of patients who complete treatment with various forms of cognitive behavior therapy or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing improve. Reporting of metrics other than effect size provides a somewhat more nuanced account of outcome and generalizability. Conclusions: The majority of patients treated with psychotherapy for PTSD in randomized trials recover or improve, rendering these approaches some of the most effective psychosocial treatments devised to date. Several caveats, however, are important in applying these findings to patients treated in the community. Exclusion criteria and failure to address polysymptomatic presentations render generalizability to the population of PTSD patients indeterminate. The majority of patients posttreatment continue to have substantial residual symptoms, and follow-up data beyond very brief intervals have been largely absent. Future research intended to generalize to patients in practice should avoid exclusion criteria other than those a sensible clinician would impose in practice (e.g., schizophrenia), should avoid wait-list and other relatively inert control conditions, and should follow patients through at least 2 years. [Author Abstract]
Erratum in American Journal of Psychiatry 2005, Apr, 162(4), 832 and 2006, Feb, 163(2), 330

Keywords: Cognitive Therapy Meta Analysis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PTSD Treatment Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

331. Bossini, L., Fagiolini, A., & Castrogiovanni, P. (2007, November). Neuroanatomical changes after eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 19(4), 475-476.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Several authors have found smaller hippocampal volumes in patients with PTSD and some have suggested that psychotropic drugs may promote hippocampus neurogenesis and reverse the decrease in hippocampus volume.1 However, the only study that has investigated the effects of psychotherapy on hippocampus volume failed to show a volumetric increase after effective psychotherapy. The authors evaluated the hippocampus volumetric changes after successful EMDR treatment of a 27-year-old man with a chronic PTSD related to the suicide of his mother. After 8 weeks of EMDR treatment the patient had an increase in both left and right hippocampus volumes.[Adapted from Text] [Pilots]

Keywords: Adults Brain Imaging Brain Volume Brain Size Case Report Clinical Case Study Death of Parent Death by Suicide Effectiveness Evaluation Hippocamal Volume Hippocampus Letter Males Neuroanatomy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PTSD Survivors Treatment Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

332. Bergmann, U. (2007, September). The neurobiology of EMDR: Recent findings and insights. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Dallas, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Clinical case reports and controlled research suggest that EMDR is equally and perhaps more efficacious than other methods in treating PTSD. However, as EMDR originated as an empirically driven method, there has persisted a need for a more defined theoretical and neurobiological model of EMDR’s reported robust effects. This presentation will synthesize the existing research on memory formation. Specific attention will be given to recent empirical findings, involving the thalamus in somatosensory integration and in episodic and procedural memory integration. This material will be integrated with previously posited theories regarding the cerebellum’s involvement in many aspects of information processing and activation processes of the frontal lobes and EMDR’s activation of the neurophysiology of REM-sleep systems.

Keywords: Neurobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

333. Bergmann, U. (2006, September). The neurobiology of EMDR: Thalamic, cerebellar and pontine/REM processes. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Clinical case reports and a growing body of controlled research suggest that EMDR is equally and perhaps more efficacious when cross-compared with other methods in treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. However, as EMDR was originally an empirically driven method, there has persisted a need for a more defined theoretical model, further scientific validation, and a neurobiological understanding of EMDR's reported robust effects. The possibility that EMDR can effectuate change on a neurobiological level has fueled speculation as to the neural-mechanisms that might underlie EMDR's effects. Brain scans and QEEG's are beginning to shed light on the alterations of brain function that EMDR appears to yield. This presentation will synthesize the existing research with theoretical speculation correlated with Francine Shapiro's model of the Adaptive Information Processing System. Specific attention will be given to recent empirical findings involving the thalamus in information processing and memory integration. This material will be integrated with previously posited theories regarding the cerebellum's involvement in many aspects of information processing and activation processes of the left prefrontal areas and EMDR's activation of the neurophysiology of REM-sleep systems. A neurobiological definition of EMDR serve to further legitimize its usage. It can also potentially enlighten our practice by informing preparation, resourcing and target selection strategies.

Keywords: Cerebellum Neurobiology Thalamus

Accuracy Verified: Yes

334. Olff, M., Nijdam, M., Samuelson, K., Golier, J., Meewisse, M., Marmar, C., Yehuda, R., Gersons, B., & Neylan, T. (2007, November). Neuropsychological Symptoms in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Changes Over Time. Symposium conducted at the 23rd annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Neuropsychological symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder and changes over time: Attention and memory problems are some of the most persisting and debilitating symptoms related to PTSD. This symposium will focus on neuropsychological symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder with particular emphasis on changes over time or changes due to treatment.

Effects of psychotherapy on neuropsychological performance in PTSD: Two of the most common findings in neuropsychological studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are impairments of attention and verbal memory. This presentation addresses whether these impairments improve after trauma-focused psychotherapy. Data are presented from an ongoing randomized controlled trial comparing Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy (n = 70) and Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n = 70). Participants were outpatients diagnosed with PTSD after a type I trauma of different kind. Attention and memory were investigated before and after treatment using the following neuropsychological tests: Trail Making Test, STROOP task, California Verbal Learning Test and Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test. Different versions of the memory tests were administrated at pre- and postassessment in order to control for learning effects. Preliminary results of treatment completers indicate significant improvements of verbal memory and divided attention after both treatments. Differences between the treatments as well as the clinical relevance of the findings will be discussed.

Keywords: Neuropsychological Performance Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

335. Isaacs, J. S. (2004, March). Numerical distraction therapy: Initial assessment of a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Traumatology, 10(1), 39-54. doi:10.1177/153476560401000104 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The efficacy of a new therapy, numerical distraction therapy (NDT), in treating symptoms of PTSD was investigated. It was hypothesized that the therapy would change the traumatic visual memories of PTSD patients and reduce the intensity of negative feelings associated with them. Both hypotheses were supported: 92% of patients reported post-treatment (positive) changes in their visual memories, and these same patients reported diminished levels of fear, shame, anxiety, and other negative feelings. A subsample of patients reported stable treatment effects in follow-up surveys conducted two to four months later. The author also discusses possible mechanisms of NDT and suggests that NDT, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and some forms of thought field therapy (TFT) might have "dual attention" as a common underlying mechanism. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Behavior Therapy Empirical Study PTSD Quantitative Study Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

336. Marafiote, R. A. (1994). On EMDR and controlled outcome studies. the Behavior Therapist, 17(1), 22.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Keywords: Controlled Outcome Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

337. Hogberg, G., Pagani, M., Sundin, Ö., Soares, J., Aberg-Wistedt, A., Tarnell, B., & Hallstrom, T. (2007, February). On treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in public transportation workers – A randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 61, 54-61. doi:10.1080/08039480601129408.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Previous studies on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) investigated a variety of treatments and included mostly patients victims of sexual and combat assault. This study aimed to determine the short-term efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in occupation-based PTSD. Employees of the public transportation system in Stockholm, who had been experiencing a person-under-train accident or had been assaulted at work were recruited. Subjects with trauma exposure since more than 3 months but less than 6 years were included. Twenty-four subjects who fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD were randomized to either EMDR therapy (n=13) or waiting list (WL, n=11). They were assessed pre-treatment and shortly after completion of treatment or WL period. The pre-defined primary outcome variable was full PTSD diagnosis. Secondary outcome variables were the results of various psychometric scales. Twelve participants began and completed five sessions of EMDR and nine completed the WL. After therapy, eight subjects in the EMDR group (67%) and one (11%) in WL did not fulfil the criteria for PTSD diagnosis (difference, P=0.02). Among the secondary outcome variables, there were significant differences post-treatment between the groups EMDR/WL in Global Assessment of Function (GAF) score and Hamilton Depression (HAM-D) score. This study indicates that EMDR has a short-term effect on PTSD in public transportation workers exposed to occupational traumatic events. Such intensive and brief therapy might be further validated in larger samples of exposed workers with longer periods of follow-up.

Keywords: Counter-Conditioning Empirical Study Occupational Health Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Random Control Trial RCT

Accuracy Verified: Yes

338. Lazrove, S., Triffleman, E. G., Kite, L., McGlashan, T. H., & Rounsaville, B. (1998, October). An open trial of EMDR as treatment for chronic PTSD. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68(4), 601-608 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In a prepilot study, 8 adults with chronic PTSD underwent 3 90-minute sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) at 1-week intervals in an open trial. None of the 7 who completed treatment met criteria for current PTSD 2 months later. Significant decreases in measures of pathology and disturbance were recorded. A controlled trial of EMDR is under way. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Clinical Trial Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

339. Taylor, S. (2003, Summer). Outcome predictors for three PTSD treatments: Exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 17(2), 149-162. doi:10.1891/jcop.17.2.149.57432.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Several psychosocial treatments appear to be effective in treating PTSD. However, little is known about the predictors of treatment outcome. It is possible that some variables predict poor outcome for some treatments but not for other treatments. To investigate this issue, outcome predictors were investigated for three 8-session treatments: exposure therapy (entailing prolonged imaginal and in vivo exposure), relaxation training, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). 60 people with PTSD entered and 45 completed treatment. Treatments did not differ in attrition or perceived credibility. Exposure tended to be most effective, and EMDR and relaxation did not differ in efficacy. A number of clinical and cognitive variables were examined to identify predictors of treatment dropouts as well as predictors of the likelihood that patients would be remitted from PTSD after treatment. These analyses were conducted by controlling for treatment condition. Low patient ratings of treatment credibility (assessed in session 2) predicted treatment dropout, regardless of treatment type. Severe reexperiencing symptoms (assessed prior to treatment) predicted poor outcome for relaxation training but not for the other therapies. These findings suggest that treatment outcome could be improved by improving treatment credibility. The findings also support the use of exposure therapy and, to a lesser extent, the use of EMDR in treating PTSD. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Brief Psychotherapy Disability Evaluation Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Follow-up Study Insurance Legal Processes Manual-Based Treatments Quantitative Study Relaxation Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial Reexperiencing RCT Social Security Stressors Survivors Treatment Dropouts Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

340. Kelley, S. D., & Bozorg, A. (2010, December). Outcomes of trauma-induced psychogenic nonepileptic attacks treated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Poster presented at the 64th Annual Meeting of the American Epilepsy Society, San Antonio, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Rationale: Because of high rates of trauma (44-100%) and abuse (23-77%) among PNEA patients, it has been suggested that PNEA are a clinical expression of a PTSD subtype. Although little is known about psychological treatments that are most effective with PNEA, EMDR has proved to be an effective treatment for trauma and is now showing promise in the treatment of PNEA patients with trauma and abuse histories. This presentation details outcomes of 74 patients with PNEA, the majority of whom have such histories, who have been referred for mental health treatment. Methods: This study integrates EMDR into the mental health treatment of PNEA patients referred after video EEG monitoring confirmed the presence of psychogenic attacks and diagnostic interviews revealed virtually ubiquitous trauma and abuse histories/experiences. Data were analyzed for patients referred over a 6-year period from a hospital-based clinic serving Floridians and persons from the southeastern US. Results: The study protocol was comprised of 2-3 initial sessions for diagnosis and rapport building followed by weekly EMDR ranging from 3 to 15 sessions. Of 74 patients referred, 31 were from distant locales and were matched with mental health practitioners in their home locations. 43 patients were interviewed; 20 were seen for consultation only - they refused treatment, preferring to pursue disability benefits. 21 of 23 remaining had trauma and abuse histories. 14 of those realized complete remission of PNEA with EMDR; 8 discontinued treatment because of relocation, transportation difficulties, and the like. Followup reveals no return to seizure status. Conclusions: EMDR appears to be an efficacious intervention in the psychological treatment of PNEA patients with trauma histories. A two year highly innovative single center randomized controlled tial comparing EMDR with another innovative promising approach, Neurofeedback Therapy (NFT) is planned for the fall of 2010 for 60 patients.

Keywords: Trauma-Induced Psychogenic Nonepileptic Attacks

Accuracy Verified: Yes

341. Brewin, C. R., Fuchkan, N., Huntley, Z., Robertson, M., Thompson, M., Scragg, P., d'Ardenne, P., & Ehlers, A. (2010, February). Outreach and screening following the 2005 London bombings: Usage and outcomes. Psychological Medicine, 40(12), 2049–2057. doi:10.1017/S0033291710000206.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Little is known about how to remedy the unmet mental health needs associated with major terrorist attacks, or what outcomes are achievable with evidence-based treatment. This article reports the usage, diagnoses and outcomes associated with the 2-year Trauma Response Programme (TRP) for those affected by the 2005 London bombings. Method: Following a systematic and coordinated programme of outreach, the contact details of 910 people were obtained by the TRP. Of these, 596 completed a screening instrument that included the Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ) and items assessing other negative responses. Those scoring 6 on the TSQ, or endorsing other negative responses, received a detailed clinical assessment. Individuals judged to need treatment (n=217) received trauma-focused cognitive-behaviour therapy (TF-CBT) or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Symptom levels were assessed pre- and post-treatment with validated self-report measures of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, and 66 were followed up at 1 year. Results: Case finding relied primarily on outreach rather than standard referral pathways such as primary care. The effect sizes achieved for treatment of DSM-IV PTSD exceeded those usually found in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and gains were well maintained an average of 1 year later. Conclusions: Outreach with screening, linked to the provision of evidence-based treatment, seems to be a viable method of identifying and meeting mental health needs following a terrorist attack. Given the failure of normal care pathways, it is a potentially important approach that merits further evaluation.

Keywords: Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy London Bombings Outreach Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Trauma Response Programme TRP

Accuracy Verified: Yes

342. Jaspers, J. (2011, March). Over behandeleffectiviteit en verandermechanismen [About treatment effectiveness and change mechanisms]. Psychologie & Gezondheid, 39(1), 3-4.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract: In het vorige nummer van Psychologie & Gezondheid schreef Remco Havermans een kritische forumbijdrage over mindfulness. Zijn stelling, dat de werkzaamheid van mindfulnessmeditatie nog onvoldoende is aangetoond om de toepassing ervan in de gezondheidszorg te rechtvaardigen, wordt in dit nummer beargumenteerd tegengesproken door Maya Schroevers en haar collega’s en door Ivan Nyklíček. Zijmenen dat het effectonderzoek naar mindfulness weliswaar nog uitgebreider en beter kan, maar dat het onderzoek tot nu toe voldoende evidentie heeft opgeleverd om toepassing te rechtvaardigen. Nyklíčekmerkt hierbij op dat in de psychologie een nieuwe therapie meestal eerst in de klinische praktijk jarenlang wordt toegepast voordat wetenschappelijk deugdelijk wordt onderzocht of de therapie wel werkt. Havermans blijkt verre van overtuigd en fileert de aangedragen evidentie genadeloos. Deze interessante discussie roept de vraag op wanneer we een behandeling evidence based mogen noemen. Het standpunt dat hiervan pas sprake kan zijn als gecontroleerd onderzoek de effectiviteit van de behandeling heeft aangetoond, zal door de meeste vakgenoten worden onderschreven. Maar wat is ‘gecontroleerd onderzoek’? Volstaat een wachtlijstcontrolegroep of moet de (nieuwe) behandeling worden vergeleken met andere actieve interventies, waarvan al eerder de effectiviteit is aangetoond? Ook de relatie tussen praktijk en theorie is interessant. Afgezien van de vraag of de opmerking van Nyklíček nog steeds hout snijdt in deze tijd van evidence based interventies, is het wel verantwoord om op grote schaal een nieuwe psychologische interventie toe te passen als de effectiviteit of specifieke werkzaamheid nog niet is aangetoond? Havermans meent dat men een nieuwe gedragstherapeutische interventie ontwikkelt op basis van veelbelovende klinische observaties en gedragswetenschap, met andere woorden er moet ook een theoretische onderbouwing van de interventie zijn. Voor dit laatste is inderdaad veel te zeggen, maar de geschiedenis leert dat de theorieën die aanvankelijk als verklaring voor de werkzaamheid van de interventie werden geformuleerd, meestal bij nader inzien de toets van de wetenschappelijke kritiek niet konden doorstaan. Onderzoek in de traditie van de experimentele psychopathologie (Jansen, Van den Hout & Merckelbach, 2010) heeft al heel wat reinigend werk verricht op theoretisch gebied. Op de keper beschouwd is van heel wat evidence based interventies aangetoond dat deze effectief zijn, maar hoe deze werken is veelal nog onduidelijk of voor de theoretische onderbouwing ervan is nog onvoldoende steun gevonden. Het laatste Najaarscongres van de Vereniging voor Gedragstherapie en Cognitieve Therapie (VGCT) had als thema ‘Change. Verandermechanismen en cognitieve gedragstherapie’. Tijdens het congres werd duidelijk dat over de verandermechanismen van evidence based interventies nog veel onduidelijkheid bestaat en dat het onderzoek hiernaar soms verrassende resultaten laat zien (Jaspers, 2011). Het is bepaald niet alleen EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing), waarover de theoretische inzichten zijn veranderd, ook al bestaat over de werkzaamheid van de interventie geen twijfel. In het volgend nummer van Psychologie & Gezondheid leest u hier meer over. In dit nummer vindt u nog een forumbijdrage, waarin de spreekwoordelijke knuppel in het hoenderhok wordt gegooid. De prikkelende titel ‘Huidige behandeling depressie is weggegooid geld’ nodigt op zijn minst uit tot lezing. Hoezo weggegooid geld? Als er een probleem is waarvoor evidence based behandelingen bestaan, is het immers depressie. Kok en collega’s laten echter zien dat ondanks de enorme bedragen die jaarlijks in Nederland worden uitgegeven aan de behandeling van depressie, in de huidige financiering van de gezondheidszorg nog onvoldoende rekening wordt gehouden met het hoge risico op terugval bij depressie. Het door velen, om uiteenlopende redenen verfoeide DBC-systeem (Diagnose Behandel Combinatie) ontmoedigt om langdurig met behandelingen door te gaan. Bestaande effectieve interventies om het risico op terugval te verminderen worden nauwelijks toegepast, terwijl deze bij de behandeling van een vaak chronische aandoening als depressie uitdrukkelijk zijn aangewezen. Hiermee wijzen de auteurs impliciet op een belangrijke tekortkoming van het bestaande effectonderzoek: het gebrek aan evaluatie van de langetermijneffecten van de onderzochte interventie. Ook voor psychologische interventies bij depressie is duidelijk dat deze werkzaam zijn. En al geldt ook voor depressie dat we nog lang niet weten wat de specifieke werkingsmechanismen zijn (hoe deze werken), de noodzaak van implementatie van evidence based interventies om terugval te vermijden of uit te stellen kan niet genoeg worden benadrukt. Het recidiverend karakter maakt depressie immers tot een aandoening met zowel hoge maatschappelijke kosten als een zeer hoge ziektelast, lijdensdruk en risico op suïcide.

In the previous issue of Psychology & Health Havermans Jim wrote a critical forum posting about mindfulness. His thesis, that the efficacy of mindfulness meditation is insufficient evidence to its application in health care to justify, this issue argued contradicted by Schroevers Maya and her colleagues and by Ivan Nyklicek. Zijmenen mindful that the impact study, while still more extensive and better, but that the investigation so far has yielded enough evidence to justify the application. Nyklíčekmerkt in psychology here that a new therapy in clinical practice usually first applied for years before being properly scientifically investigated whether the therapy works. Havermans appears far from convinced the fillets and put forward evidence mercilessly. This interesting discussion raises the question if we may call evidence-based treatment. The view that this only if there can be controlled study the efficacy of treatment has shown, most colleagues will be endorsed. But what is 'controlled study'? Is a waiting list control group or to the (new) treatment are compared with other active interventions whose effectiveness has already been demonstrated? The relationship between practice and theory is interesting. Apart from the question whether the remark Nyklicek still holds water in this era of evidence-based interventions, it is widely recognized for a new psychological intervention should be as specific activity or effectiveness is not proven? Havermans believes that a new behavioral intervention developed on the basis of promising clinical observations and behavioral science, in other words, there is also a theoretical justification for the intervention. For the latter is indeed much to say, but history shows that the theories initially as an explanation for the efficacy of the intervention were formulated, mostly on closer inspection the test of scientific criticism could not stand. Research in the tradition of experimental psychopathology (Jansen, Van den Hout & Merckelbach, 2010) has a lot of work cleaning the theoretical field. On closer examination of many evidence-based interventions shown to be effective, but how they work is often unclear whether the theoretical substantiation is found insufficient support. The last Autumn Congress of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy (VGCt)'s theme was "Change. Change mechanisms and cognitive behavioral therapy. During the conference it became clear that the change mechanisms of evidence-based interventions much uncertainty and that the research on this surprising results show (Jaspers, 2011). It provides not only EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), which the theoretical views have changed, even as to the efficacy of the intervention no doubt. In the next issue of Psychology & Health You can read more about. In this issue you will find a forum posting where the proverbial cat among the pigeons thrown. The provocative title "Current treatment depression is a waste of money 'invites at least into reading. Why wasted? If there is a problem for which evidence-based treatments exist, it is indeed depression. Cook and colleagues reveal that despite the enormous sums spent each year in the Netherlands for the treatment of depression in the current financing of health care is still insufficiently taken into account the high risk of relapse in depression. By many, for various reasons detested system DBC (Diagnosis Treatment Combination) discourages long-term treatments to continue. Existing effective interventions to reduce the risk of relapse are rarely used, while in the treatment of a chronic condition such as depression often explicitly designated. This, the authors implied a major weakness in the current outcome research: the lack of evaluation of the long-term effects of the tested intervention. For psychological interventions for depression is clear that this work. And already includes a long depression that we do not know the specific mechanisms of action (how they work), the necessity of implementation of evidence-based interventions to prevent relapse or delay can not be overstated. The recurrent nature makes depression after a disease with both high social cost as a very high disease burden, distress and risk of suicide.

Keywords: Change Mechanisms

Accuracy Verified: Yes

343. ten Broeke, E., Korrelboom, K., & de Jongh, A. (1998, December). Over de noodzaak van herhaalde en langdurige blootstelling aan traumatische herinneringen bij de behandeling van posttraumatische stress stoornis (PTSS)? [Is prolonged exposure to traumatic memories necessary in PTSD?]. Gedragstherapie, 31(4), 273-290.

Language: Dutch

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Langdurige blootstelling aan traumatische herinneringen wordt door velen beschouwd als een noodzakelijk element in de behandeling van posttramatic stress-stoornis (PTSS). Deze bewering wordt ondersteund door de doeltreffendheid van de directe therapeutische blootstelling (DTE), zoals blijkt uit gecontroleerde studies. Omgekeerd is er aanwijzingen dat andere behandelmethoden die geen gebruik maken van langdurige blootstelling wijzen verschijnt even effectief. Bovendien is de effectiviteit van de DTE bemoeilijkt door zowel psychiatrische complicaties en de beperkte compliance van de patiënt als gevolg van problemen met de blootstelling huiswerkopdrachten. In deze paper wordt geconcludeerd dat de DTE is een levensvatbare behandeling voor PTSS, maar het is twijfelachtig of DTE moet worden beschouwd als de 'voorkeursbehandeling' voor PTSS. Steekwoorden: langdurige blootstelling, PTSS, te herzien.

Prolonged exposure to traumatic memories is considered by many as a necessary element in the treatment of posttramatic stress disorder (PTSD). This claim is supported by the effectiveness of direct therapeutic exposure (DTE), as is evident from controlled outcome studies. Conversely, there is evidence to suggest that other treatment approaches that do not use prolonged exposure appear equally effective. Furthermore, the effectiveness of DTE is complicated by both psychiatric complications and limited patient compliance as a result of difficulties with exposure homework assignments. In this paper, it is concluded that DTE is a viable treatment for PTSD, but it is questionable whether DTE should be considered the 'treatment of choice' for PTSD. Key words: prolonged exposure, PTSD, review.

Keywords: Cognitive Therapy Episodic Memory Implosive Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Prolonged Exposure Review Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

344. Grant, M. (2001). Pain Control with EMDR: An Information Processing Approach. (2nd ed) Waterloo, ON: TherapistsResources.com.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract: Pain Control with EMDR is an 'information-processing' based approach to the psychological management of pain, using Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR). The title of this manual 'Pain Control with EMDR' is meant to suggest that pain can be overcome. But the approach described herein differs significantly from mainstream approaches to pain management. I want to suggest that pain is most effectively controlled when the patient is supported in having their experience, and then learning to master it.
Information processing approaches are based on a model of learning that incorporates emotion, cognition, and neurological processes. Some psychotherapies seek to help the patient cope with their pain, but information processing approaches (e.g., EMDR, EEG biofeedback) seek to change the way the patient experiences their pain, by changing the way it is stored in the nervous system. Information processing approaches to seek to do this by appealing as directly as possible to the nervous system.
This manual is divided into two parts, between theory and practice. Part one is a review of historical ideas and treatments for pain, in order to gain an appreciation of how history still shapes how we approach this problem. In part two the practicalities of treating chronic pain using EMDR are described.

Keywords: Chronic Pain Pain Control

Accuracy Verified: Yes

345. Grant, M. (2002). Pain control with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: An information reprocessing approach. Waterloo, ON: Therapists Resources.com.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
Pain Control with EMDR is an 'information-processing' based approach to the psychological management of pain, using Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR). The title of this manual 'Pain Control with EMDR' is meant to suggest that pain can be overcome. But the approach described herein differs significantly from mainstream approaches to pain management. I want to suggest that pain is most effectively controlled when the patient is supported in having their experience, and then learning to master it. Information processing approaches are based on a model of learning that incorporates emotion, cognition, and neurological processes. Some psychotherapies seek to help the patient cope with their pain, but information processing approaches (e.g., EMDR, EEG biofeedback) seek to change the way the patient experiences their pain, by changing the way it is stored in the nervous system. Information processing approaches to seek to do this by appealing as directly as possible to the nervous system. This manual is divided into two parts, between theory and practice. Part one is a review of historical ideas and treatments for pain, in order to gain an appreciation of how history still shapes how we approach this problem. In part two the practicalities of treating chronic pain using EMDR are described. (Revision)

Keywords: Chronic Pain Pain Control Pain

Accuracy Verified: Yes

346. Henry, S. (1996, Winter). Pathological gambling: Etiologic considerations and treatment efficacy of eye movement desensitization/reprocessing. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12(4), 395-405. doi:10.1007/BF01539184.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study of 22 subjects who meet DSM-IV criteria for Pathological Gambling (PG) tests a theory that the development of PG lies in the existence of unresolved trauma-related anxiety, similar to PTSD, and predicts that reduction of that anxiety will result in reduced pathological gambling behavior. The study compares the effect on gambling event frequency of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy with cognitive therapy to that of cognitive therapy alone for subjects with and without reported trauma history. Results are significant for pre- vs post-EMDR (p = .04), for those with reported trauma history (p = .01), and when controlled for frequency of sessions and time in therapy prior to the treatment (p = .04). Findings support an anxiety based model for the etiology of PG behavior. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Clinical Trial Cognitive Therapy Empirical Study Etiology Impulse-Control Disorders Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

347. Stramrood, C. A., van der Velde, J., Doornbos, B., Marieke Paarlberg, K., Weijmar Schultz, W. C., & van Pampus, M. G. (2012, March). The patient observer: Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing for the treatment of posttraumatic stress following childbirth. Birth, 39(1), 70-76. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-536X.2011.00517.x.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: No standard intervention with proved effectiveness is available for women with posttraumatic stress following childbirth because of insufficient research. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the possibility of using eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for women with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder following childbirth. The treatment is internationally recognized as one of the interventions of choice for the condition, but little is known about its effects in women who experienced the delivery as traumatic. Methods: Three women suffering from posttraumatic stress symptoms following the birth of their first child were treated with eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing during their next pregnancy. Patient A developed posttraumatic stress symptoms following the lengthy labor of her first child that ended in an emergency cesarean section after unsuccessful vacuum extraction. Patient B suffered a second degree vaginal rupture, resulting in pain and inability to engage in sexual intercourse for years. Patient C developed severe preeclampsia postpartum requiring intravenous treatment. Results: Patients received eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment during their second pregnancy, using the standard protocol. The treatment resulted in fewer posttraumatic stress symptoms and more confidence about their pregnancy and upcoming delivery compared with before the treatment. Despite delivery complications in Patient A (secondary cesarean section due to insufficient engaging of the fetal head); Patient B (second degree vaginal rupture, this time without subsequent dyspareunia); and Patient C (postpartum hemorrhage, postpartum hypertension requiring intravenous treatment), all three women looked back positively at the second delivery experience. Conclusions: Treatment with eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing reduced posttraumatic stress symptoms in these three women. They were all sufficiently confident to attempt vaginal birth rather than demanding an elective cesarean section. We advocate a large-scale, randomized controlled trial involving women with postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder to evaluate the effect of eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing in this patient group.

Keywords: Childbirth Postpartum Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Pregnancy PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

348. Solomon, R. M., & Kaufman, T. E. (2002, Fall/Winter). A peer support workshop for the treatment of traumatic stress of railroad personnel: Contributions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Journal of Brief Therapy, 2(1), 27-33.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of a 3-day peer support workshop for 60 railroad employees who had experienced fatal grade crossing accidents. Participants received training on trauma and coping strategies, peer support strategies, and peer debriefing. Half the group also receive Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). The Impact of Event Scale was administered at the workshop, a post-treatment followed 2 months later, and finally a 10-month follow-up. There was a significant decrease in scores at post-treatment and follow-up was conducted. The addition of EMDR led to significantly lower scores than having only the workshop. The workshop appeared successful in decreasing the effects of long-term trauma. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Longitudinal Study Males Non-Randomized Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Railroad Accident Survivors Transport Workers Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

349. Marich, J. N. (2009, April). Perceptions of EMDR amongst practicing clinicians: Preliminary findings and implications for practice setting. Capella University & PsyCare, Inc..

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
The efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been established through randomized controlled research and recognized by reputable clinical bodies. This article uses a mixed methodology to determine the knowledge and perceptual base of EMDR amongst a sampling of practicing clinicians, and to ascertain any significant correlations between clinician variables and their perceptions of EMDR. The qualitative component explores how a psychoeducational workshop on EMDR impacted the samplings’ perceptions of EMDR. The overall receptivity to the use of EMDR in clinical settings was positive, with very few of the participants indicating previous reception of negative material on EMDR. This article offers implications for implementing EMDR in public practice settings since the majority of the study’s participants practice in such settings.

Keywords: Clinician Variables Perceptions of EMDR

Accuracy Verified: Yes

350. Maynard, S. (2006, February). Personal and professional coaching: A literature review. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Research on the efficacy of coaching has been slow to emerge since the inception of its use in the late 1930s. Existing theoretical and empirical evidence is scarce, yet the successful use of many proprietary methods and models of coaching have been reported. The purpose of this literature review was to summarize current methods and models of personal and professional coaching to identify a common theoretical foundation upon which empirical studies can be conducted. The findings of the literature review revealed that humanistic theory can provide the theoretical framework for coaching. All methods and models of coaching emphasized unconditional respect for each individual's capacity to make their own choices and achieve fulfillment through self-actualization. The coaching process was found to be holistic, client-centered and focused on human value and potential. Due to the lack of theoretical and empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of coaching, a randomized study is proposed that is designed to assess the efficacy of coaching based on humanistic theory. The with-in subject study suggests using a quantitative Likert summated scale to assess client attitudes before and after coaching. It is designed to eliminate possible confounding variables that may have been present in previous research. The purpose of the proposed research study is to test the hypothesis that coaching increases client satisfaction as measured by quality of life indices in an effort to determine if this new helping intervention is impacting our society in a useful and positive way. Demonstrating the efficacy of coaching is not only socially significant for the protection of the consumer, but ethically imperative to substantiate claims being made by those who coach.

Keywords: Personal Coaching Professional Coaching

Accuracy Verified: Yes

351. Kreyer, A. K., & Egon, S. (2008, June). Physiological effects of eye movements of different speeds and eye fixation during engagement in negative autobiographical memories: Experimental research regarding EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: The aim of the study was to explore the working mechanism of the bilateral stimulation component in EMDR in relation to current hypotheses. Physiological hypotheses (of orienting response and relaxation response) were tested in an analogous experimental setting. Moreover, the clinical advice to use different stimulation speeds for different phases of EMDR was examined at the autonomic level, exploring two different speeds of eye movements. In a within-subject design 42 female students performed 7 short sets each of rapid eye movements (1 Hz), slow eye movements (0.3 Hz) and eye fixation while engaging in negative autobiographical memories. Order of the tasks was counterbalanced. Electrooculogramm (EOG), electrocardiogramm, electrodermal activity and distal pulswave were recorded continuously. Skin conductance level (SCL), heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (RMSSD) and pulse wave transit time (PWTT) were calculated. Performance of the eye movement tasks were controlled through EOG. All three conditions showed a clear-cut de-arousal at stimulation onset, which was 30 indicated by a decrease in HR and SCL and an increase in RMSSD and PWTT. That means, fast and slow eye movements as well as eye fixation initiated a moderate, but clear relaxation response with increased parasympathetic and reduced sympathetic activity. These results suggest that the speed of eye movements do not influence autonomic functions. Furthermore, the results of this study do not support most of the current hypotheses regarding the working mechanism of the bilateral stimulation in EMDR. Alternative explanations are discussed

Keywords: Autobiographical Memories Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

352. Nijdam, M., Olff, M., & Gersons, B. (2006, November). Posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic cognitions in response to trauma-focused psychotherapy. Poster presented at the 22nd annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Fall Conference, Hollywood, CA .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In clinical research it is important to address both vulnerabilities and positive processes that occur in response to traumatic stress. Therefore, we chose the concepts of posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic cognitions to examine how these reactions change in The Psychobiology of Trauma and Resilience 206 www.istss.org Poster Presentations – Session 3 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies 22nd Annual Meeting A C R O S S Tuesday Poster Presentations response to trauma-focused psychotherapy. In this presentation, preliminary data from a randomized controlled trial comparing Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy (n = 70) and Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n = 70) are presented. Participants were patients of the Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic of the Academic Medical Center / De Meren who had a diagnosis of PTSD following various kinds of type I trauma. Posttraumatic growth was assessed with the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, whereas posttraumatic cognitions were examined by use of the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory. Both measures were administered at pre- and postassessment to determine whether these concepts change after EMDR and/or BEP. Changes in and relationships between these variables are presented and future directions for research arising from the findings are discussed.

Keywords: Cognitions Poster Posttraumatic Growth Inventory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

353. Schnyder, U., Gersons, B., Wittmann, L., Nijdam, M., Maercker, A., Mueller, J., & Olff, M. (2008, November). Posttraumatic growth and PTSD symptoms in response to brief eclectic psychotherapy and EMDR. In Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD: New evidence. Symposium/panel conducted at the 24th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD: New evidence: Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP) is a multimodal treatment for PTSD comprising five essentials: psychoeducation; imaginal exposure; writing assignments and mementos; domain of meaning and integration; and a farewell ritual. This symposium presents findings from two recent randomized controlled trials testing BEP versus a minimal attention control group, and versus EMDR.
Posttraumatic growth and PTSD symptoms in response to brief eclectic psychotherapy and EMDR: How posttraumatic growth is related to posttraumatic stress pathology is a matter of ongoing debate. Examining these reactions in response to trauma-focused psychotherapy can help us gain more insight into these phenomena. In this paper, preliminary results are presented from a randomized controlled trial comparing Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n = 70) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR; n = 70). Participants were outpatients who had a diagnosis of PTSD following various kinds of type I trauma. The measures we applied to assess pre-post differences were SI-PTSD, SCID-I/P, IES-R, and PTGI. Preliminary analyses indicate a significant increase in posttraumatic growth and a significant decrease in PTSD symptomatology for both treatment conditions. Relationships between these variables and differences between treatment conditions are discussed.

Keywords: Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy New Evidence Posttraumatic Growth PTSD Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

354. Staff. (2007, May 4). Posttraumatic stress disorder therapy. Drug Week, Expanded Reporting, 62.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Researchers detail in "On treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in public transportation workers--a randomized controlled trial," new data in post-traumatic stress disorders. According to recent research published in the Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, "Previous studies on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) investigated a variety of treatments and included mostly patients victims of sexual and combat assault. This study aimed to determine the short-term efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in occupation-based PTSD."
Also published in Biotech Business Week, Expanded reporting, 706 - April 30, 2007

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

355. Devilly, G. J. (2005, June). Power therapies and possible threats to the science of psychology and psychiatry. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(6), 437-445. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2005.01601.x .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objective: Advocates of new therapies frequently make bold claims regarding therapeutic effectiveness, particularly in response to disorders which have been traditionally treatment-refractory. This paper reviews a collection of new therapies collectively self-termed "The Power Therapies", outlining their proposed procedures and the evidence for and against their use. These therapies are then put to the test for pseudoscientific practice. Method: Therapies were included which self-describe themselves as "Power Therapies". Published work searches were conducted on each therapy using Medline and PsychInfo databases for randomized controlled trials assessing their efficacy, except for the case of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing has more randomized controlled studies conducted on its efficacy than any other treatment for trauma and thus, previous meta-analyses were evaluated. Results and conclusions: It is concluded that these new therapies have offered no new scientifically valid theories of action, show only non-specific efficacy, show no evidence that they offer substantive improvements to extant psychiatric care, yet display many characteristics consistent with pseudoscience. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Commentary Energy Psychotherapy Literature Review Neurolinguistic Programming NLP Psychotherapeutic Processes TFT: Thought Field Therapy TIR: Traumatic Incident Reduction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

356. Rosen, G., Lohr, J., McNally, R. J., & Herbert, J. D. (1998, April). Power therapies, miraculous claims, and the cures that fail. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26(2), 99-101.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Recent "Power Therapies" claim near miraculous cures but fare less well under controlled testing. These developments recall for cognitive behavior therapists the history of past "cures" that temporarily induced high levels of expectancies, but failed the test of time. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Commentary Placebo Postraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors TFT Thought Field Therapy TIR Traumatic Incident Reduction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

357. Rosen, G., Lohr, J., McNally, R. J., & Herbert, J. D. (2000). Power therapies, miraculous claims, and the cures that fail. In M. J. Scott & S. Palmer (Eds.), Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (pp. 134-136) New York: Cassell Books.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract: Recent 'Power Therapies' claim near miraculous cures but fare less well under controlled testing. These developments recall for cognitive behavior therapists the history of past 'cures' that temporarily induced high levels of expectancies, but failed the test of time. [Author Abstract] Originally published as "Power therapies, miraculous claims, and the cures that fail," Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 26: 99-101 (1998) [Pilots]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors TFT Thought Field Therapy TIR Traumatic Incident Reduction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

358. Poole, A. D., de Jongh, A., & Spector, J. (1999, January). Power therapies: Evidence versus emotion: A reply to Rosen, Lohr, McNally and Herbert. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 27(1), 3-8.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Rosen, Lohr, McNally and Herbert’s (1998) arguments directed at the so-called “Power Therapies” and, in particular, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) are examined. It is suggested that their paper does not adequately review the available research data and, therefore, draws unwarranted conclusions. Based on published controlled studies it is concluded that there is evidence to support the use of EMDR in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Keywords: Letter Literature Review Outcome Research Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Professional Criticism PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

359. Karatzias, A., Power, K., McGoldrick, T., Brown, K., Buchanan, R., Sharp, D., & Swanson, V. (2007, February). Predicting treatment outcome on three measures for post-traumatic stress disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 257(1), 40-46. doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0682-2.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The aim of the present study was to investigate predictors of treatment outcome for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after treatment completion and at 15-months follow-up (n = 48), in a trial of Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) versus Imaginal Exposure and Cognitive Restructuring (E+CR). Factors associated with treatment outcome were investigated using regression analyses with the mean change scores in three assessor and self-rated PTSD symptomatology measures, including the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Impact of Events Scale (IES) and the PTSD Symptom Checklist (PCL) from pre- to post-treatment and pre-treatment to follow-up as the dependent variables and demographics, trauma, clinical and personality measures as independent variables. Irrespective to outcome measures and assessment points it was found that four variables were able to predict significantly treatment outcome. These included baseline PTSD symptomatology, number of sessions, gender and therapy type. Overall, our results showed that it is difficult to use pre-treatment variables as a powerful and reliable tool for predicting treatment outcome, as significant predictors were found to be sample-specific and outcome measure-specific. Clinical relevance of the present results and directions for future research are discussed.

Keywords: Empirical Study Postraumatic Stress Disorder Predictors PTSD Quantitative Study Treatment Outcome

Accuracy Verified: Yes

360. Rothbaum, B. (2008, November). Predictors of treatment response for EMDR and prolonged exposure. Symposium/panel conducted at the 24th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Recent developments in PTSD treatment outcome research: Although cognitive behavior therapy is the treatment of choice for PTSD, there is a need to develop more effective treatments and to determine factors that influence treatment response. This symposium presents four studies that address treatment outcome research. The initial paper provides an overview of treatment predictors from two trials of cognitive processing therapy. The second paper reviews the differential responses to treatment of survivors of terrorist attacks and motor vehicle accidents. The third paper reviews predictors of outcome following EMDR and Prolonged Exposure. The fourth paper overviews a series of studies that have used structural and functional fMRI to identify the neural factors that predict response to CBT and also the impact of CBT on neural functioning.

Predictors of treatment response for EMDR and prolonged exposure: Predictors for response to treatment in a controlled study aimed to evaluate the relative efficacy of Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) compared to a no-treatment wait-list control (WAIT) in the treatment of PTSD in adult female rape victims were examined. In this study, 74 participants with PTSD were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions to achieve 20 completers per group. Independent Assessors blind to the treatment condition administered standard measures of PTSD and related symptoms. Improvement in PTSD, depression, dissociation, and state anxiety was significantly greater in both PE and EMDR group than the WAIT group. PE and EMDR did not differ significantly for change from baseline to either post-treatment or 6-month follow up measurement for any quantitative scale. EMDR subjects with 2 or more comorbid diagnoses, however, improved significantly less than all other active treatment subjects. At post-treatment and 6- months, 95% and 94% of PE subjects and 75% and 74% EMDR subjects no longer met DSM-IV PTSD criteria, respectively. At the 6-month follow-up assessment, 78% of those who received PE and 35% of those who received EMDR met criteria for good end state functioning (p=.017).

Keywords: Panel Prolonged Exposure Symposium Treatment Response Predictors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

361. Rubin, A. (1999, November). Presidential editorial: Controlling for potential biases in research on social work practice effectiveness: Are higher standards needed?. Research on Social Work Practice, 9(6), 635-639. doi:10.1177/104973159900900601.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The article offers views on the processes and standards used by professional journals with respect to the review of manuscripts that report evaluations of practice effectiveness. The article discusses rejecting a study that randomly assigned clients to a treatment group and wait-list control group. The article discusses biases in research on social work practice effectiveness. Although the obvious bias in these studies regarding expectation for improvement or experimental demand was roundly criticized in subsequent reviews, it didn't keep them from being published. Given the difficulties researchers face in finding agencies that will permit rigorous experimental outcome studies, it is easy to recommend publishing a study that is strong in virtually every way but one-even if that one weakness is so severe that it virtually destroys the credibility of the study's findings. The author believes in studies using randomized assignment to experimental and control groups, where readers are so impressed by the randomized experimental design that they cut the author some slack regarding possible measurement bias or the potentially biasing effects of expectation for improvement or experimental demand.[EbscoHost]

Keywords: Editorial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

362. Rothbaum, B. O., Astin, M. C., & Marsteller, F. (2005, December). Prolonged exposure versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(6), 607-616. doi:10.1002/jts.20069.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This controlled study evaluated the relative efficacy of Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) compared to a no-treatment waitlist control (WAIT) in the treatment of PTSD in adult female rape victims (n = 74). Improvement in PTSD as assessed by blind independent assessors, depression, dissociation, and state anxiety was significantly greater in both the PE and EMDR group than the WAIT group (n = 20 completers per group). PE and EMDR did not differ significantly for change from baseline to either posttreatment or 6-month follow-up measurement for any quantitative scale. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Anger Canadians Cognitive Processing Therapy Empirical Study Exposure Exposure Therapy Guilt Longitudinal Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Relaxation Therapy Stress Inoculation Training Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

363. Rothbaum, B., & Astin, M. C. (2001, December). Prolonged exposure vs. EMDR for PTSD rape victims. Symposium conducted (B. O. Rothbaum, Chair and T. Keane, Discussant) at the 17th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Three randomized controlled trials treating PTSD in adult female rape victims will be presented: Patti Resick on long-term follow-up of Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) vs Prolonged Exposure (PE); Edna Foa on PE alone or with Cognitive Restructuring (CR); and Barbara Rothbaum on PE vs Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) vs waitlist control.
Prolonged exposure vs. EMDR for PTSD rape victims: This controlled study aimed to evaluate the relative efficacy of Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) compared to a notreatment wait-list control (WAIT) in the treatment of PTSD in adult female rape victims. In this study, 75 Ss with PTSD were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions to achieve 20 completers per treatment group. All assessments were conducted by an Independent Assessor blind to the treatment condition, and standard measures of PTSD and related symptoms were incorporated. The primary goals of this study were to compare the relative efficacy of EMDR and PE, and compare them to the WAIT control group in treating PTSD in rape victims; to gather information on the differential rate of response to treatment; to develop predictors for response to treatment; and to gather information on the long-term response to treatment for six and twelve months following treatment. The mean age of participants was 34.3 (SD = 11.9) and ranges from 18-63 years. Most participants were Caucasian (69%); 24% are African American, 3% are Latino, and 3% are Other. The majority were single (53%), while 28% were married or living with a partner, and19% were divorced or separated. Treated patients were significantly more improved on all of the PTSD symptom categories as well as by PTSD diagnostic status than the WAIT participants immediately post-treatment. Means and standard deviations of PTSD symptom measures and other symptom measures will be presented and compared for participants who received PE, EMDR, and WAIT at Pre-Treatment and Post-Treatment and 6-month follow-up. Saturday, Dec. 8 Concurrent Sessions - Saturday, December 8

Keywords: Prolonged Exposure Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

364. Feeny, N., Moser, J., Astin, M., Stines, L., & Eftekhari, A. (2006, November). Prolonged exposure vs. EMDR for PTSD rape victims: Trauma related cognitions. In N. Feeny (Chair), Trauma-related cognitions among assault survivors with PTSD symptoms. Symposium conducted at the 22nd annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Fall Conference, Hollywood, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Negative trauma related cognitions have been implicated in the onset and maintenance of PTSD, and often improve with treatment. This controlled study aimed to evaluate the relative efficacy of Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) compared to a no-treatment wait-list control (WAIT) in the treatment of PTSD in adult female rape victims. In this study, 75 Ss with PTSD were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions to achieve 20 completers per treatment group. All assessments were conducted by an Independent Assessor blind to the treatment condition. Participants completed the posttraumatic cognitions inventory (PTCI) and measures of PTSD symptomatology at pre- and post- treatment. We will investigate changes in cognitions across active treatment groups, and the extent to which cognitions at baseline predict treatment outcome.

Keywords: Cognitions Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prolonged Exposure PTSD Rape Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

365. Pocock, D. (2011, November). The promise of EMDR in family and systemic psychotherapy: A clinical complement to Field and Cottrell. Journal of Family Therapy, 33(4), 389-399. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6427.2011.00547.x.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Annalisa Field and David Cottrell's careful and balanced summary of the current state of evidence of the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with children and adolescents is to be welcomed. They conclude that there is, despite an overall lack of good quality studies, some encouraging emerging evidence. They set out a future scenario for development in which these hopeful indications may be sufficient to convince clinicians to train and consider using EMDR in practice. That may in turn lead to more people publishing the results of their nascent practice, and greater availability of therapists would enable larger scale randomized controlled studies to be designed and carried out. In this clinical addendum I seek to complement Field and Cottrell's sense of promise by setting out ways in which EMDR has become incorporated in my systemic psychotherapy practice during the last 3 years.

Keywords: Integration Psychotherapy Systems Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

366. Brewin, C. R., Scragg, P., Robertson, M., Thompson, M., D'Ardenne, P., & Ehlers, A. (2008, February). Promoting mental health following the London bombings: A screen and treat approach. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(1), 3-8.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Following the 2005 London bombings, a novel public health program was instituted to address the mental health needs of survivors. In this article, the authors describe the rationale for the program, characteristics of individuals assessed within the program, and preliminary outcome data. In addition to validated screening instruments and routine service usage data, standardized questionnaire outcome measures were collected. 71% of individuals screened positive for a mental disorder. Of those receiving a more detailed clinical assessment, PTSD was the predominant diagnosis. Preliminary outcome data on 82 patients revealed large effect sizes for treatment comparable to those previously obtained in randomized controlled trials. The program succeeded in its aim of generating many more referrals of affected individuals than came through normal referral channels. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults British Cognitive Therapy Epidemiology London Transport Bombings (2005) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychiatric Disorders PTSD Survivors Terrorism Treatment Effectiveness Victim Services

Accuracy Verified: Yes

367. Jarero, I., Artigas, L., & Hartung, J. G. (2005, March). Protocolo grupal e integrativo con EMDR: Intervención post-catástrofe para niños y adultos [EMDR integrative group treatment: A postdisaster trauma intervention for children and adults]. Revista de Psicotrauma para Iberoamérica, 4(1), 22-29 .

Language: Spanish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
El Reprocesamiento y Desensibilización a través del Movimiento Ocular (EMDR) por sus siglas en inglés, es reconocido como un tratamiento efectivo y eficiente para tratar asuntos relacionados con trauma. Este artículo describe la aplicación de una intervención grupal con EMDR para niños y adultos traumatizados por desastres naturales en varios países de Latinoamérica. Para ejemplificar la aplicación del modelo, se describe un estudio de campo medido formalmente y nueve proyectos piloto. Los prometedores resultados de esta intervención grupal sugieren que el EMDR es un medio efectivo para dar tratamiento a grandes grupos de personas afectadas por eventos traumáticos en gran escala (desastres naturales, terrorismo). Es necesaria más investigación controlada sobre este tema.

EMDR has been accepted as an effective and efficient approach in the treatment of trauma related issues. A model is described for using an EMDR group intervention for children and adults traumatized by natural disasters in several Latin American countries. To exemplify the application of the model, one formally measured field study and nine pilot projects are described. The promising outcomes of this intervention suggest that EMDR is an effective means for providing treatment to large groups of survivors affected by large scale traumatic events (natural disasters, terrorism, etc.). Anyway, more controlled research about this issue is needed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents Adults Argentines Colombians Natural Disasters Group Psychotherapy Mexicans Nicaraguans Salvadorans School Age Children Survivors Trauma Venezuelans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

368. Stallard, P. (2006, November). Psychological interventions for post-traumatic reactions in children and young people: A review of randomised controlled trials. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(7), 895-911. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.09.005.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Children exposed to a wide range of traumatic events suffer significant post-traumatic reactions. Randomised controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of interventions with traumatised children are described, the limitations of the current literature base identified, and issues regarding the applicability of these findings and interventions to everyday clinical practice discussed. Methodological issues, variations in interventions, parental involvement, theoretical underpinning, and outcomes will be discussed and implications for future studies highlighted. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents CBT Children Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive Therapy Literature Review Methodology Parents Posttraumatic Reactions Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Preschool Age Children Psychotherapy PTSD Random Control Trials RCT School Age Children Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

369. Bryant, R. A. (2011). Psychological interventions for trauma exposure and PTSD. In Dan J. Stein, Matthew J. Friedman, & Carlos Blanco (eds.), Post-traumatic stress disorder (pp. 171-202). Chichester, West Sussex, UK : John Wiley & Sons.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Psychological interventions are a first-line treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Most international treatment guidelines, including those in the UK, the USA, and Australia, converge on the conclusion that trauma-focused psychotherapy is the treatment of choice relative to other modalities. This chapter reviews the background and rationale for trauma-focused psychotherapy, outlines the evidence for the major variants of psychological interventions and discusses clinical guidelines for implementing these interventions with patients suffering PTSD. Trauma-focused therapies have been the focus of many well-controlled studies in the past two decades. The convergent finding across many of these studies is that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and the lesser-studied eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), have proven efficacy in reducing PTSD symptoms and increasing functioning and/or quality of life. There is agreement internationally that trauma-focused therapies are the treatment of choice for PTSD. Despite their success, we need to recognise some important limitations in our current knowledge. Many patients do not respond adequately to these therapies, and there is a need to explore means to augment or modify trauma-focused therapies to increase the number of patients who do respond. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Interventions Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

370. Ilic, Z. (2004). Psychological preparation of torture victims as witnesses toward the prevention of retraumatisation. In Ž. Špiric, G. Kneževic, V. Jovic, & G. Opacic (Eds.), Torture in war: Consequences and rehabilitation of victims – Yugoslav experience. (pp. 377-387) Belgrade, Serbia: International Aid Network.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
This work presents psychological specificities of situations where torture victims are witnesses at the court trial of perpetrators at the same time. Witnesses are subject to the risk of secondary traumatisation, retraumatisation and revictimatisation, which may lead to the deterioration of existing PTSD symptoms. Starting from the very act of reaching the decision whether to testify, witnesses are in a state of ambivalence associated with a need for truth and justice, the need that perpetrators should be adequately punished and thus certain compensation be provided as well as with fear of the course that the trial itself may take, they being partially aware of the risk for retraumatisation and retraumatisation. The author sets forth the need for psychological-psychiatric preparation of the witness prior to the trial, as well as co-operation between judicial organs and psychiatric-psychological service. The paper features examples from the Centre for Rehabilitation of Torture Victims – IAN Belgrade.

Keywords: Torture War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

371. Gillies, D., Taylor, F., Gray, C., O’Brien, L., & D’Abrew, N. (2012). Psychological therapies for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online), 12, CD006726. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006726.pub2.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highly prevalent in children and adolescents who have experienced trauma and has high personal and health costs. Although a wide range of psychological therapies have been used in the treatment of PTSD there are no systematic reviews of these therapies in children and adolescents. Objectives: To examine the effectiveness of psychological therapies in treating children and adolescents who have been diagnosed with PTSD. Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Review Group’s Specialised Register (CCDANCTR) to December 2011. The CCDANCTR includes relevant randomised controlled trials fromthe following bibliographic databases: CENTRAL (the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) (all years), EMBASE (1974 -), MEDLINE (1950 -) and PsycINFO (1967 -). We also checked reference lists of relevant studies and reviews. We applied no date or language restrictions. Selection criteria: All randomised controlled trials of psychological therapies compared to a control, pharmacological therapy or other treatments in children or adolescents exposed to a traumatic event or diagnosed with PTSD. Data collection and analysis: Two members of the review group independently extracted data. If differences were identified, they were resolved by consensus, or referral to the review team. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) for binary outcomes, the standardised mean difference (SMD) for continuous outcomes, and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for both, using a fixed-effect model. If heterogeneity was found we used a random-effects model. Main results Fourteen studies including 758 participants were included in this review. The types of trauma participants had been exposed to included sexual abuse, civil violence, natural disaster, domestic violence and motor vehicle accidents. Most participants were clients of a traumarelated support service. The psychological therapies used in these studies were cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), exposure-based, psychodynamic, narrative, supportive counselling, and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR). Most compared a psychological therapy to a control group. No study compared psychological therapies to pharmacological therapies alone or as an adjunct to a psychological therapy. Across all psychological therapies, improvement was significantly better (three studies, n = 80, OR 4.21, 95% CI 1.12 to 15.85) and symptoms of PTSD (seven studies, n = 271, SMD -0.90, 95% CI -1.24 to -0.42), anxiety (three studies, n = 91, SMD -0.57, 95% CI -1.00 to -0.13) and depression (five studies, n = 156, SMD -0.74, 95% CI -1.11 to -0.36) were significantly lower within a month of completing psychological therapy compared to a control group. The psychological therapy for which there was the best evidence of effectiveness was CBT. Improvement was significantly better for up to a year following treatment (up to one month: two studies, n = 49, OR 8.64, 95% CI 2.01 to 37.14; up to one year: one study, n = 25, OR 8.00, 95% CI 1.21 to 52.69). PTSD symptom scores were also significantly lower for up to one year (up to one month: three studies, n = 98, SMD -1.34, 95% CI -1.79 to -0.89; up to one year: one study, n = 36, SMD -0.73, 95% CI -1.44 to -0.01), and depression scores were lower for up to a month (three studies, n = 98, SMD -0.80, 95% CI -1.47 to -0.13) in the CBT group compared to a control. No adverse effects were identified. No study was rated as a high risk for selection or detection bias but a minority were rated as a high risk for attrition, reporting and other bias. Most included studies were rated as an unclear risk for selection, detection and attrition bias. Authors’ conclusions: There is evidence for the effectiveness of psychological therapies, particularly CBT, for treating PTSD in children and adolescents for up to a month following treatment. At this stage, there is no clear evidence for the effectiveness of one psychological therapy compared to others. There is also not enough evidence to conclude that children and adolescents with particular types of trauma are more or less likely to respond to psychological therapies than others. The findings of this review are limited by the potential for methodological biases, and the small number and generally small size of identified studies. In addition, there was evidence of substantial heterogeneity in some analyses which could not be explained by subgroup or sensitivity analyses. More evidence is required for the effectiveness of all psychological therapiesmore than one month after treatment.Much more evidence is needed to demonstrate the relative effectiveness of different psychological therapies or the effectiveness of psychological therapies compared to other treatments. More details are required in future trials in regards to the types of trauma that preceded the diagnosis of PTSD and whether the traumas are single event or ongoing. Future studies should also aim to identify the most valid and reliable measures of PTSD symptoms and ensure that all scores, total and sub-scores, are consistently reported.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

372. Bisson, J. I., Ehlers, A., Matthews, R., Pilling, S., Richards, D., & Turner, S. (2007, February). Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(2), 97-104. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.021402.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: The relative efficacy of different psychological treatments for chronic PTSD is unclear.AIMS: To determine the efficacy of specific psychological treatments for chronic PTSD. Method: In a systematic review of randomised controlled trials, eligible studies were assessed against methodological quality criteria and data were extracted and analysed. RESULTS: 38 randomised controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy (TFCBT), eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), stress management, and group cognitive-behavioural therapy improved PTSD symptoms more than waiting-list or usual care. There was inconclusive evidence regarding other therapies. There was no evidence of a difference in efficacy between TFCBT and EMDR but there was some evidence that TFCBT and EMDR were superior to stress management and other therapies, and that stress management was superior to other therapies. Conclusions: The first-line psychological treatment for PTSD should be trauma-focused (TFCBT or EMDR). [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Chronic Mental Illness Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive Therapy Group Counseling Literature Review Meta Analysis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stress Management Systematic Review Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

373. Bisson, J. (2005, November). Psychological treatments for PTSD. Symposium conducted at the 21st International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Conference, Toronto, Ontario.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence Guidelines on PTSD: Based on rigorous meta-analysis, detailed literature review and two public consultations, the national guidelines for the assessment, prevention and treatment of PTSD in the UK will be presented in this symposium on behalf of the Guideline Development Group.

Psychological treatments for PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of all randomised controlled trials of psychological treatment for PTSD was undertaken. Thirty-eight RCTs of psychological treatments for PTSD were identified. Trauma focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TFCBT) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) showed clinically important benefits over waitlist/usual care on measures of PTSD. The evidence base for EMDR was not as strong as that for TFCBT, both in terms of the number of RCTs available and the certainty with which clinical benefit was established. There was limited evidence that TFCBT and EMDR were superior to supportive/non-directive treatments, hence it is highly unlikely that their effectiveness is due to non-specific factors such as attention. There was limited evidence for stress management and group CBT but other therapies (supportive/non-directive therapy, psychodynamic therapies and hypnotherapies) that focus on current or past aspects of the patient’s life other than the trauma or general support, did not show clinically important effects on PTSD symptoms. However, this may be due to the limited number of studies available and does not mean that these treatments were shown to be ineffective.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Psychological Treatments Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

374. Hennessey, V. (2010, April 17). Psychologist in Pollacci rape trial challenges 'retrieved' memories. Monterey County, CA: The Herald.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Jane Doe 5 said the memories came to her after she began a therapy called eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, or EMDR. During the treatment, she said, she focuses on feelings associated with a traumatic event as her eyes follow the therapist's hand moving side to side in front of her face.

Keywords: Court Hearing Rape Retrieved Memories Testimony Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

375. Guzzi, R., Bossa, R., & Masaraki, S. (2003). Psychophysiological analysis of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing treatment. Homeostasis in Health and Disease, 42(3), 129-131.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a new controversial treatment that claims to resolve long-standing traumatic memories within few treatment sessions. Evidence based data indicate that EMDR markedly reduces anxiety associated with a traumatic memory already at the first session, and behavioural changes tend to be maintained. In spite of the positive results, critical reviews have outlined some methodological biases in the EMDR previous studies, such as the lacking of a pre and post treatment standardised assessments, lacking of standardised inclusion criteria, poor study design. In the present study we have examined three subjects with PTSD, before and after EMDR therapy. Clinical interviews, psychological tests and self-reports have been administered. Biofeedback measures of electromyographic muscle tension, body temperature, heart rate and skin potential reaction have been used as well. An independent investigator was responsible for the collection of final data. The results showed an interesting trend after treatment compared to baseline. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Empirical Study Quantitative Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

376. Peñalba, V., McGuire, H., & Leite, J. R. (2009). Psychosocial interventions for prevention of psychological disorders in law enforcement officers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD005601. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005601.pub2.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Background: Psychosocial interventions are widely used for the prevention of psychological disorders in law enforcement officers. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness and comparative effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for the prevention of psychological disorders in law enforcement officers. Search strategy: CCDANCTR-References was searched on 12/5/2008, electronic databases were searched, reference lists of review articles and included studies were checked, a specialist journal was handsearched, specialist books were checked and we contacted experts and trialists. Selection criteria: Randomised and quasi randomised controlled trials were eligible. The types of participants were people employed directly in law enforcement, including police officers and military police, regardless of gender, age and country of origin, and whether or not they had experienced some psychological trauma. All types of psychosocial intervention were eligible. The relevant outcome measures were psychological symptoms, adverse events and acceptability of interventions. Data collection and analysis: Datawas entered intoReviewManager 4.2 for analysis, but this reviewwas converted toRevMan 5.0 for publication.Quality assessments were performed. Two authors independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed the quality of studies. Summary effects were to be calculated using RevMan but no meta-analyses were possible. For individual studies, dichotomous outcome data are presented using relative risk, and continuous outcome data are presented using the weighted mean difference. These results are given with their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Main results: Psychosocial interventions for prevention of psychological disorders in law enforcement officers (Review) 1 Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd. Ten studies were included in the review but only five reported data that could be used. Three of the ten studies were related to exercisebased psychological interventions. Seven were related to psychological interventions. No meta-analyses were possible due to diversity of participants, interventions and outcomes. Two studies compared a psychosocial intervention versus another intervention. Three studies compared a psychosocial intervention to a control group. Only one primary prevention trial reported data for the primary outcomes and, although this study found a significant difference in depression in favour of the intervention at endpoint, this difference was no longer evident at 18 months. No studies of primary prevention comparing different interventions and reporting primary outcomes of interest were identified. The methodological quality of the included studies was summarised. No study met our full quality criteria and one was regarded as low-quality. The remainder could not be rated because of incomplete data in the published reports and inadequate responses from the trialists. Authors’ conclusions: There is evidence only from individual small and low quality trials with minimal data suggesting that police officers benefit from psychosocial interventions, in terms of physical symptoms and psychological symptoms such as anxiety, depression, sleep problems, cynicism, anger, PTSD, marital problems and distress. No data on adverse effects were available. Meta-analyses of the available data were not possible. Further well-designed trials of psychosocial interventions are required. Research is needed on organization-based interventions to enhance psychological health among police officers.

Keywords: Law Enforcement, Officers Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

377. Hembree, E. (2002, February). Psychosocial treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Primary Psychiatry, 9(2), 49-53.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article provides a brief summary of theory underlying trauma-focused psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with emphasis on emotional processing theory and cognitive theory. Psychosocial approaches to the treatment of PTSD that have received the strongest empirical support are cognitive-behavioral interventions, including prolonged exposure therapy, cognitive therapy, and stress-inoculation training. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing has also received empirical support. Each of these treatment interventions is described and selected controlled studies supporting their efficacy are reviewed.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychosocial Treatment PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

378. Rothbaum, B. (2001). Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. The Economics of Neuroscience: Ten, 3(10), 59-63.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Impressive advances in treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been made in the past 15 years especially with respect to pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). This review offers a summary of literature on psychosocial interventions for PTSD. It begins with a brief review of traditional therapies for PTSD and then examines the larger literture on the efficacy of CBTs for PTSD.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

379. ten Broeke, E., de Jongh, A., Wiersma, K., & Gimbrère, F. (1997, October). Psychotherapie bij posttraumatische stress–stoornis [Psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder progress]. Tijdschrift voor Psychotherapie, 23(5), 177-189. doi:10.1007/BF03061854 .

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In dit artikel wordt de stand van zaken besproken van het onderzoek naar de behandeling van posttraumatische stress–stoornis (PTSS). Aan de orde komen achtereenvolgens psychodynamische therapie, cognitieve therapie, exposure–therapie, cognitieve gedragstherapie en Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Ingegaan wordt op de verschillende theoretische modellen, de therapeutische toepassing en het beschikbare effect–evaluatieonderzoek. Zijdelings wordt aandacht besteed aan minder bekende en nog onvoldoende onderzochte behandelvormen voor PTSS. Naar voren komt dat gecontroleerd onderzoek naar de behandeling nog steeds betrekkelijk schaars is. Geconcludeerd wordt dat voor exposure en EMDR de meeste empirische steun bestaat. EMDR heeft wellicht een aantal klinisch relevante voordelen in vergelijking met exposure.

This article discussed the status of the investigation into the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It discusses successively psychodynamic therapy, cognitive therapy, exposure therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Outline the various theoretical models, and available therapeutic effect evaluation. Sideways looks at lesser known and insufficiently studied treatments for PTSD. It emerges that controlled treatment trial is still relatively scarce. It is concluded that exposure and EMDR most empirical support. EMDR may have a number of clinically relevant advantages over exposure.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

380. Nijdam, N. J., Gersons, B. P. R., Reitsma, J. B., de jongh, A., & Olff, M. (2012). Psychotherapie voor posttraumatische stressstoornis: Directe vergelijking van twee behandelingen [Psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: Direct comparison of two treatments]. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie, 54(4), 397-398.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Waarom dit onderzoek? Uit vele studies en meta-analyses komen traumagerichte cognitieve gedragstherapie (cgt) en eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (emdr-therapie) naar voren als de effectiefste interventies voor de behandeling van de posttraumatische stressstoornis (ptss). Deze behandelingen zijn nooit direct met elkaar vergeleken in een gerandomiseerde effectstudie met voldoende onderscheidingsvermogen (statistische power). Ook hebben slechts enkele studies het beloop van de symptomen tijdens de interventies onderzocht.

Why this research? Many studies and meta-analyzes are trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR Therapy) forward be the most effective interventions for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These treatments are never directly compared in a randomized clinical study with sufficient discernment (statistical power). also have only a few studies the evolution of symptoms during the interventions studied.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Research

Accuracy Verified: No

381. Schnyder, U. (2005). Psychotherapies pour les PTSD – Une vue d’ensemble [Psychotherapies for PTSD – An overview]. Psychotherapies, 25(1), 39-52. doi:10.3917/psys.051.0039.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Depuis le diagnostic du syndrome de stress post-traumatique (SSPT) a été introduit dans le DSM-III en 1980, une variété d'approches psychothérapeutiques ont été développées pour résoudre les problèmes et besoins spécifiques des patients traumatisés. Le succès du traitement du SSPT a besoin d'un bien pensée sur l'attitude thérapeutique. Le thérapeute doit trouver une position équilibrée entre les sur-identification et de se détourner de l'impuissance. Une attitude la recherche de sensations doivent être évités de même que le risque de traumatisme du fait d'autrui. Dans de nombreux cas, le SSPT peut pas être traité suffisamment par la psychothérapie seule: un plan complet de traitement multi-modal peut comprendre pharmacothérapeutique, les interventions physiques, sociaux, juridiques et autres. Les premières interventions psychothérapeutiques au lendemain d'un événement traumatique suivre les règles d'intervention de crise (immédiateté, l'accent sur les problèmes actuels de limitation de temps). Une attention particulière devrait être accordée aux questions de développement d'une relation de confiance thérapeutique, en créant une atmosphère de sécurité, aider le patient à reprendre le contrôle de et / ou se distancier de souvenirs intrusifs. traitements de désensibilisation des mouvements oculaires et retraitement (EMDR) et d'autres «pouvoir» peut offrir un soulagement rapide des symptômes. Après un traumatisme collectif, des débriefings psychologiques sont largement utilisés, bien que la preuve de leur utilité dans la prévention de l'ESPT est discutable. Chez les patients porteurs chroniques du SSPT, le psychothérapeute ne devrait pas travailler exclusivement sur l'événement traumatique et ses séquelles: le traitement doit être orientée vers l'avenir plutôt que par le passé. Au lieu de l'exploration, le thérapeute devrait essayer d'activer les ressources des patients et les aider à trouver un nouveau sens à leur vie future. Il ya un besoin urgent d'soigneusement conçus, randomisés, études d'intervention contrôlée sur l'efficacité de l'intervention précoce chez les patients gravement traumatisés et la mi-aux psychothérapies à long terme chez les patients souffrant de PTSD chronique. En outre, les études futures devraient inclure les approches psychodynamiques, ainsi que des protocoles de traitement multimodal, et d'élaborer des critères d'évaluation cliniques plus sophistiqués. (Base de données PsycINFO Record (c) 2008 APA, tous droits réservés)

Since the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was introduced in DSM-III in 1980, a variety of psychotherapeutic approaches have been developed to address the specific problems and needs of traumatised patients. Successful treatment of PTSD requires a well thought-out therapeutic attitude. The therapist must find a well-balanced position between over-identification and turning away out of helplessness. A sensation-seeking attitude should be avoided as should the danger of vicarious traumatisation. In many instances, PTSD cannot be treated sufficiently by psychotherapy alone: a comprehensive, multi-modal treatment plan may include pharmacotherapeutic, physical, social, legal, and other interventions. Early psychotherapeutic interventions in the immediate aftermath of a traumatic event follow the rules of crisis intervention (immediacy, focus on the current problems, time limitation). Special attention should be paid to the issues of developing a trusting therapeutic relationship, creating an atmosphere of safety, helping the patient to regain control over and/or distance himself from intrusive recollections. Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) and other "power therapies" can offer quick relief from symptoms. After collective traumatization, psychological debriefings are widely used, although the evidence for their usefulness in preventing PTSD is questionable. In patients with chronic PTSD, the psychotherapist should not work exclusively on the traumatic event and its sequelae: treatment should be oriented towards the future rather than the past. Instead of exploring, the therapist should try to activate the patients' resources and help them to find new meaning in their future life. There is an urgent need for carefully designed, randomized, controlled intervention studies investigating the effectiveness of early interventions in acutely traumatized patients and of mid- to long-term psychotherapies in patients suffering from chronic PTSD. Furthermore, future studies should include psychodynamic approaches as well as multimodal treatment protocols, and elaborate more sophisticated clinical endpoints. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Crisis Intervention Interdisciplinary Treatment Approach Multimodal Treatment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Power Therapies Psychotherapy PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

382. Norcross, J. C. (2007, September). Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based practices in EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Assocation, Dallas, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Decades of clinical experience and controlled research consistently demonstrate that the therapy relationship accounts for as much psychotherapy success as the treatment method itself. This plenary address will present evidence-based practices on: (1) creating a facilitative therapeutic relationship; and (2) tailoring that relationship to the individual patient in ways that improve treatment outcome. These practices are then applied specifically to the different phases of EMDR. The talk synthesizes three of the most crucial developments in contemporary mental health: evidence-based practice, the therapeutic relationship, and EMDR.

Keywords: Evidence-Based Practices

Accuracy Verified: Yes

383. St-André, E. (2007, June). PTSD secondary to Fournier's grangrene: 1-Comparison of two eye modalities, 2-Legal and ethical issues. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
G. G., a man in his mid 30s was brought to medico-legal service to assess fitness to stand trial, and criminal responsibility, after a brief appearance in court: He was charged with death threats.
G. G. was quite angry about his situation, and argumentative against health and justice systems. Physically, he was short stature, extremely lean, his body was leaning forward.
He was living alone, has a girl of thirteen, which he saw once in a while.
He was not working for few years, after two major events; he lost his garage after a huge fire (from which he escaped alive and safe), and was few months earlier, found almost dead by a neighbor. Brought to the hospital, he had more than ten surgeries in a few days, to lance many wound, as he as suffering of Fournier’s disease. He was left with his body leaning forward about 45 degrees, 4 cm thick scar around his abdomen, a severely deformed genitalia, and chronic pain. Another surgery was performed later which permitted the man to be less leaned forward.
Before those events, he wasn’t known from psychiatry. He had a life that he considered, “okay,” even though he was separated. He has his own garage, a social life. He admitted some alcohol and drugs use in the past. After the illness and the fire, he was seen more often in psychiatry. Specialists concluded from time to time to chronic adjustment disorder, and drug addiction, and oriented him to resources for his problem. No follow-up in psychiatry.
G. G. was so much in pain that he took cocaine repeatedly for few minutes’ relief.
With this story and symptoms description, severe PTSD diagnosis was made and treatment initiated accordingly, with introduction of ISRS, and later, seroquel, to decrease dissociative episode he was still experimenting. With informed consent, we had three sessions of EMI, which helped him in various ways; The nightmares decreased of 50%, after the first treatment, he was less angry and afraid of hospital and care, and was more in control of dissociative episodes. Sleep improved, so did his mood. He was eve able to go for correction of his deformed genitalia. Even though still on medication, he felt that the therapy helped him much to recover. After his discharge and end of court process, he was able to go back home. We were at the time unable to do more treatments, as he was involved in his physical rehabilitation. He had at least 2 other reconstructive surgeries.
This case allows discussion about similarities, pros and cons of EMI and EMDR, in their theories and practice. More importantly, this case raises important ethical and legal questions about adequate diagnosis and treatment of PTSF which include powerful tools as EMDR. This tool is yet relatively unknown from general population, and available mainly (in Quebec, Canada) through private facilities. From ethical standpoint, it should be more readily available – without fees – in public services.

Keywords: Case Report Ethical Issues Fournier's Gangrene Legal Issues

Accuracy Verified: Yes

384. Tal, K. (2013, February 26). PTSD: The futile search for the “Quick Fix”. Scientific American. Retrieved from http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2013/02/26/ptsd-the-futile-search-for-the-quick-fix/ on 2/26/2013.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
A few weeks ago an article in the Scientific American Twitter stream caught my eye. EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) once again debuted as a “promising new treatment” for PTSD. EMDR, which has been repeatedly called “promising” over the last two decades, works only about as well for PTSD as other psychological treatment modalities with which it competes, primarily cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure therapy. These so-called trauma focused treatments (TFT) all garner similar results. TFT have large effects in clinical trials, with two important caveats: 1) the enthusiasm of their various advocates bias the study results towards the treatment the researchers prefer; and, 2) they are effective for a significant number of carefully selected PTSD patients. The sad truth, however, is that current short-term treatments are not the solution for most patients with PTSD. Trial criteria often exclude those with comorbid disorders, multiple traumas, complex PTSD, and suicidal ideation, among others. Even when they are included, comorbid patients drop out of treatment studies at a much higher rate than those with simple PTSD, a problem that has implications for clinical practice. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Blog Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

385. Cahill, S. P., & Foa, E. B. (2007, March 1). PTSD: Treatment efficacy and future directions. Psychiatric Times, 24(3), 32.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
In this article, we provide a summary of research on the efficacy of treatments for PTSD and suggest directions for future work. Although numerous psychological therapies have been suggested and used in patients with PTSD, most efficacy research using gold standard randomized controlled treatment methodology2 has focused on various cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) programs. Accordingly, our review will also focus on CBT.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Treatment Efficacy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

386. de Roos, C., Greenwald, R., den Hollander-Gijsm, M., Noorthoorn, E., van Buuren, S., & de Jongh, A. (2011). A randomised comparison of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) in disaster-exposed children. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2, 1-11. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.5694 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Building on previous research with disaster-exposed children and adolescents, a randomised clinical trial was performed in the treatment of trauma-related symptoms. In the current study two active treatments were compared among children in a broad age range and from a wide diversity of ethnic populations. Objective: The primary aim was to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR). Design: Children (n52, aged 418) were randomly allocated to either CBT (n26) or EMDR (n26) in a disaster mental health after-care setting after an explosion of a fireworks factory. All children received up to four individual treatment sessions over a 48 week period along with up to four sessions of parent guidance. Blind assessment took place pre- and post-treatment and at 3 months follow-up on a variety of parent-rated and self-report measures of post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology, depression, anxiety, and behaviour problems. Analyses of variance (general linear model repeated measures) were conducted on the intention-to-treat sample and the completers. Results: Both treatment approaches produced significant reductions on all measures and results were maintained at follow-up. Treatment gains of EMDR were reached in fewer sessions. Conclusion: Standardised CBT and EMDR interventions can significantly improve functioning of disasterexposed children.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Diaster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Randomized Controlled Trial RCT

Accuracy Verified: Yes

387. Hogberg, G., Pagani, M., Salmaso, D., Stain, R., Soares, J., Jacobsson, H., Hallström, T., Larsson, S. A., & Sundin, O. (2005, June). A randomised study of public transportation workers suffering PTSD, being treated with EMDR and assessed by psychometric scales and physiological parameters during symptom provocation. In J. Ford (Chair) Methods of Treatment of Today. Symposium presented at the 9th European Conference on Traumatic Stress (ECOTS), Stockholm, Sweden.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Public Transportation Workers Randomized Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychometic Scales PTSD Symptom Provation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

388. Kim, D. (2003, October). Randomized clinical trial of EMDR for schizophrenia: Preliminary findings. Presentation at the Annual Conference of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, Seoul, Korea.

Language: Korean

Format: Conference

Keywords: Random Clinical Trial RCT Schizophrenia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

389. van der Kolk, B. A., Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M. E., Hopper, J. W., Hopper, E. K., Korn, D. L., & Simpson, W. B. (2007, January). A randomized clinical trial of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), fluoxetine, and pill placebo in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Treatment effects and long-term maintenance. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(1), 37-46.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objective: The relative short-term efficacy and long-term benefits of pharmacologic versus psychotherapeutic interventions have not been studied for PTSD. This study compared the efficacy of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), fluoxetine, with a psychotherapeutic treatment, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and pill placebo and measured maintenance of treatment gains at 6-month follow-up. Method: 88 PTSD subjects diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria were randomly assigned to EMDR, fluoxetine, or pill placebo. They received 8 weeks of treatment and were assessed by blind raters posttreatment and at 6-month follow-up. The primary outcome measure was the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, DSM-IV version, and the secondary outcome measure was the Beck Depression Inventory-II. The study ran from July 2000 through July 2003. Results: The psychotherapy intervention was more successful than pharmacotherapy in achieving sustained reductions in PTSD and depression symptoms, but this benefit accrued primarily for adult-onset trauma survivors. At 6-month follow-up, 75.0% of adult-onset versus 33.3% of child-onset trauma subjects receiving EMDR achieved asymptomatic end-state functioning compared with none in the fluoxetine group. For most childhood-onset trauma patients, neither treatment produced complete symptom remission. Conclusions: This study supports the efficacy of brief EMDR treatment to produce substantial and sustained reduction of PTSD and depression in most victims of adult-onset trauma. It suggests a role for SSRIs as a reliable first-line intervention to achieve moderate symptom relief for adult victims of childhood-onset trauma. Future research should assess the impact of lengthier intervention, combination treatments, and treatment sequencing on the resolution of PTSD in adults with childhood-onset trauma. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Depressive Disorders Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Random Clinical Trial RCT Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

390. Bloomgarden, A., & Calogero, R. M. (2008, October-December). A randomized experimental test of the efficacy of EMDR treatment on negative body image in eating disorder inpatients. Eating Disorders, 16(5), 418-427. doi:10.1080/10640260802370598.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is being used by some clinicians to treat eating disorders. Although there is anecdotal and case study data supporting its use, there are no controlled studies examining its effectiveness with this population. This study examined the short and long-term effects of EMDR in a residential eating disorders population. A randomized, experimental design compared 43 women receiving standard residential eating disorders treatment (SRT) to 43 women receiving SRT and EMDR therapy (SRT+EMDR) on measures of negative body image and other clinical outcomes. SRT+EMDR reported less distress about negative body image memories and lower body dissatisfaction at posttreatment, 3-month, and 12-month follow-up, compared to SRT. Additional comparisons revealed no differences between the conditions pre to posttreatment on other measures of body image and clinical outcomes. The empirical evidence reported here suggests that EMDR may be used to treat specific aspects of negative body image in conjunction with SRT, but further research is necessary to determine whether or not EMDR is effective for treating the variety of eating pathology presented by eating disorder inpatients.

Keywords: Clinicians Eating Disorders Eating Disorder Inpatients Negative Body Image

Accuracy Verified: Yes

391. van der Gaag, M., van der Vleugel, B., van den Berg, D., de Bont, P., de Jongh, A., & van Minnen, A. (2011, August-September). A randomized multicentered trial of trauma focused treatment of psychotic patients with PTSD in the Netherlands; design and research questions. In Treating PTSD in patients with psychotic disorders. Symposium conducted at the 41st EABCT Annual Congress, Reykjavík, Iceland .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objectives: The prevalence of postraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in severe mental illness varies from 10 to 60% is the published literature. Probably between 10 to 20% of lifetime psychotic patients, also meet the criteria for having a PTSD. There is not much evidence for the efficacy and safeness of treatment in patients with a lifetime psychotic disorder who also meet the criteria for PTSD. Some pilot studies show promising results. Method: A study is designed to investigate whether treatment of PTSD is effective and safe in a group of people with a psychotic disorder? A multi-site randomised clinical trial with 80 patients Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) versus 80 patients Prolonged Exposure (PEx) versus 80 patients Treatment as Usual/Waiting list (TAU) is now being performed to answer these research questions. The outcome measures in this study are: Primary: Posttraumatic stress disorder (diagnose and severity) Secundary: psychosis, depression, adverse events. Moderators en mediators of treatment success. Cost-effectiveness will be assessed and expressed in Euro per gained Quality Adjusted Life Years. If no effectivity can be demonstrated, a costminimalisation calculation will be made. Results: Therapist have been trained in EMDR and in PEx during eight days. Therapies are closely supervised an monitored during the study. Fidelity measures are collected from a rond sample of sessions. Conclusions and Discussion: Pilots have been promising in showing effective treatment for PTSD without any adverse events or worsening of the condition in psychotic patients with a chronic course. If this study can demonstrate effectivesness and safety, this can change the treatment for many patients with severe mental illness and reduce suffering from symptoms of PTSD and probably also the burden of psychotic symptoms can be reduced in a subsample of the patients.

Keywords: Netherlands Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Psychotic Disorders Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

392. Spokes, T., Hofmeyr, M., & Hopkinson, P. (2011, August). Reducing distress following assault in the workplace. Nursing Times, 107, Online Issue 9; Nursing Times.Net. Retrieved from http://www.nursingtimes.net/reducing-distress-following-assault-in-the-workplace/5033506.article on August 9, 2011.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Nurses working in inpatient mental health settings report high rates of assault and psychological morbidity. Psychological debriefing is the main form of post-incident support, yet its efficacy has been widely questioned. Aim: To determine whether eye-movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is effective in reducing the psychological distress experienced by nurses after an assault at work. Method: Four participants experiencing post-traumatic stress symptoms following a workplace assault completed between three and five sessions of EMDR. A multiple-baseline, case series design was used, and quantitative and qualitative outcome data were collected. Results: The results showed a clinically significant reduction in the level of emotional distress associated with traumatic memories, avoidance and intrusion symptoms between the pre and post-treatment data collection points for all participants. There was also an increase in the strength of belief in positive coping cognitions concerning the event following EMDR therapy in all participants. These improvements were maintained at one-month follow-up for three of the four participants. The study results did not show a reduction in general psychological distress. Conclusion: The value of EMDR as a form of post-incident support lies in its alleviation of specific post-traumatic stress symptoms, rather than in improving general psychological wellbeing. The data must be interpreted with caution, but the positive outcomes suggest the need for further case series research, or a more controlled design with a larger sample.

Keywords: Mental Health Post-Incident Support Workplace Assault

Accuracy Verified: Yes

393. Maxfield, L., & Hyer, L. (2002, January). The relationship between efficacy and methodology in studies investigating EMDR treatment of PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 23-41. doi:10.1002/jclp.1127.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The controlled treatment outcome studies that examined the efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of PTSD have yielded a range of results, with the efficacy of EMDR varying across studies. The current study sought to determine if differences in outcome were related to methodological differences. The research was reviewed to identify methodological strengths, weaknesses, and empirical findings. The relationships between effect size and methodology ratings were examined, using the Gold Standard (GS) Scale (adapted from Foa and Meadows). Results indicated a significant relationship between scores on the GS Scale and effect size, with more rigorous studies according to the GS Scale reporting larger effect sizes. There was also a significant correlation between effect size and treatment fidelity. Additional methodological components not detected by the GS Scale were identified, and suggestions were made for a Revised GS Scale. We conclude by noting that methodological rigor removes noise and thereby decreases error measurement, allowing for the more accurate detection of true treatment effects in EMDR studies (Pilots).

Keywords: Literature Review Meta Analysis Methodology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

394. Colosetti, S., & Thyer, B. A. (2000, October). The relative effectiveness of EMDR versus relaxation training with battered women prisoners. Behavior Modification, 24(5), 719-739. doi:10.1177/0145445500245006 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
5 women prisoners with a history of being battered and who met the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD were assessed (A phase) and provided with structured relaxation training (RT) (B phase, or placebo treatment), followed by eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy (C phase). Using the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Impact of Events Scale's avoidance behavior and intrusive thoughts subscales as outcome measures, RT alone did not result in any clinical improvements. The subsequent provision of EMDR did not improve upon this lack of success with 4 of the 5 participants; 1 did improve on anxiety and intrusive thoughts. The apparent ineffectiveness of EMDR with these participants may be attributed to several explanations. Foremost perhaps is the hypothesis that EMDR is not sufficient to ameliorate the effects of chronic abuse. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults African American Anxiety Disorders Avoidance Battery Drug Abuse Effectiveness Empirical Study European Americans Females Intrusive Thoughts Quantitative Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prison Inmates PTSD Rape Relaxation Therapy Survivors Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial Treatment Spouse Abuse

Accuracy Verified: Yes

395. Devilly, G. J., & Spence, S. H. (1999, January-April). The relative efficacy and treatment distress of EMDR and a cognitive-behavior trauma treatment protocol in the amelioration of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 131-157. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00044-9.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The growing body of research into treatment efficacy with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has, by-and-large, been limited to evaluating treatment components or comparing a specific treatment against wait-list controls. (PubMed) This has led to two forms of treatment, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT), vying for supremacy without a controlled study actually comparing them. The present research compared EMDR and a CBT variant (Trauma Treatment Protocol; TTP) in the treatment of PTSD, via a controlled clinical study using therapists trained in both procedures. It was found that TTP was both statistically and clinically more effective in reducing pathology related to PTSD and that this superiority was maintained and, in fact, became more evident by 3-month follow-up. These results are discussed in terms of past research. Directions for future research are suggested (ScienceDirect).

Keywords: Adults Australians Cognitive Therapy Empirical Study Longitudinal Study Non-Randomized Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

396. Benish, S. G., Imel, Z. E., & Wampold, B. E. (2008 June). The relative efficacy of bona fide psychotherapies for treating post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of direct comparisons. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(5), 746–758. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.10.005..

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Psychotherapy has been found to be an effective treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but meta-analyses have yielded inconsistent results on relative efficacy of psychotherapies in the treatment of PTSD. The present meta-analysis controlled for potential confounds in previous PTSD meta-analyses by including only bona fide psychotherapies, avoiding categorization of psychotherapy treatments, and using direct comparison studies only. The primary analysis revealed that effect sizes were homogenously distributed around zero for measures of PTSD symptomology, and for all measures of psychological functioning, indicating that there were no differences between psychotherapies. Additionally, the upper bound of the true effect size between PTSD psychotherapies was quite small. The results suggest that despite strong evidence of psychotherapy efficaciousness vis-à-vis no treatment or common factor controls, bona fide psychotherapies produce equivalent benefits for patients with PTSD.

Keywords: Comparison Meta-analysis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

397. Hase, M. H., Popky, A. J., & Woffgramm, J. (2007, June). Reprocessing of the addiction memory. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A randomized pilot study demonstrated the efficacy of EMDR to reduce the craving in alcohol addicted in-patients (Hase, 2006). The rationale of this EMDR approach is based on the concept of the addiction memory (Woffgramm and Heyne, 1995; Heyne, May et al, 2000; Wolffgramm, Galli et al, 2000). The addiction memory qualifies as a maladaptive memory regarding to the Adaptive Information Processing Model. The DeTUR approach was introduced to reprocess triggers for abuse and to reduce the user to use a drug in 1998 (Popky, 1998; Popky, 2005). If differs slightly in it rationale. J. Wolffgramm established an animal model of addiction providing data to move towards the concept of memory of addiction (Wolffgramm, Galli et al, 200). A. J. Popky established the DeTUR approach. M. Hase conducted the randomized pilot study demonstrating the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of alcohol addicts. Wolffgramm, Popky, and Hase will discuss research, theory, and practice of EMDR in the treatment of addictions representing the state of the art of EMDR addiction treatment.
Hase, M. (2006, September) EMDR applied to reprocess the addiction memory in alcohol addicted in-patients. Outcome and follow-up data of a clinical study, 2006 EMDRIA Conference, Philadelphia, PA.
Heyne, A., May, T. et al. (2000). "Persisting consequences of drug intake toward a memory of addiction," J. Neural Transm, 107(6), 613-638.
Popky, A. J. (1998). DeTUR, (Desensitization triggers and urge reprocessing). Monte Sereno, CA.
Popky, A. J. (2005). "DeTUR, an urge reduction. protocol for addictions and dysfunctional behaviors," in EMDR Solutions. R. Shapiro. New York: W. W. Norton, pp. 167-188.
Wolffgramm, J. G., Galli, G. et al. (2000). "Animal models of addiction: Models for therapeutic strategies." J. Neural Transm, 107(6), 649-668. Wolffgramm, J., & Heyne, A. (1995). "From controlled drug intake to loss of control: The irreversible development of drug addiction in the rat." Behav Brain Res, 70(1), 77-94.

Keywords: Addiction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

398. van den Berg, D. (2011, June). Research on clinical applicaton of EMDR other than PTSD - EMDR with trauma in psychosis: Preliminary findings. Presentation at the 12th European Conference on Traumatic Stress (ECOTS), Vienna, Austria .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Posttraumatic stress disorder is one of the most common comorbid conditions in patients with psychotic disorders. A large proportion of this group indicate that they want to be treated for their PTSD symptoms. Conversely, a psychotic disorder is nearly always used as an exclusion criterion for effective psychotherapeutic treatments. The clinical experience and limited scientific research conducted in this area, however, indicate that these patients can be effectively treated with techniques directly aimed at processing the trauma. However, research in this area is lacking. During this presentation the different interactions between trauma, psychosis and PTSD will briefly be discussed. In addition, the results of a feasibility trial of EMDR in patients with psychosis and comorbid PTSD will be presented. The main finding of this trial was that treatment did not result in any adverse effects. EMDR appeared to be very effective in alleviating PTSD symptoms. Even more surprisingly, other symptomatology, such as symptoms of psychosis and depression decreased significantly. Hence, treating PTSD in patients suffering from psychosis with EMDR appears to be feasible and safe.

Keywords: Psychosis Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

399. Thyer, B. A. (2001, January). Research on social work practice does not benefit from blurry theory: A response to Tomi Gomory. Journal of Social Work Education, 37(1), 51-66 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a well-supported evidence-based psychosocial treatment that clinically and significantly helps clients meeting the DSM criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Dozens of well-controlled clinical trials and dozens of single-subject studies bear this out, many designed and conducted by social workers. Most of these studies have involved Caucasian clients, a few used African Americans. But both groups seem to respond well, as do both males and females. Suppose a social worker has a new client from Mongolia with OCD. Falsificationism may well be the strongest approach to scientific inquiry regarding the validity of theories. The American Psychiatric Association used the following types of evidence in developing its practice guidelines: a randomized clinical trial, prospectively designed with double-blind assessments and treatment and control groups, a clinical trial, similarly prospective, but lacking blind assessments or control groups, cohort or longitudinal studies and case-control studies, retrospective studies of clients. [Author abstract]

Keywords: Letter

Accuracy Verified: Yes

400. Leeds, A. M. (2009). Resources in EMDR and other trauma-focused psychotherapy: A review. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(3), 152-160. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.3.152.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The present review examines how resources have been used in trauma-focused psychotherapy with an emphasis on their use in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Current practices of EMDR-trained clinicians are presented in a historical context and considering a range of contemporary approaches to ego strengthening. This article describes the use of resources as presented in the EMDR literature along with research findings. The review concludes with a call for controlled research on widely used resource-focused procedures and practice guidelines for their use in clinical applications of EMDR.

Keywords: Ego Strengthening RDI Resources Resource Development and Installation Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

401. Lipke, H. (1993, August). Response to Pitman et al paper: A controlled study of eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Unpublished.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Keywords: Letter

Accuracy Verified: Yes

402. Sayer, P. C. (2002, August). Responses of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing or a cognitive-behavioral treatment as mediated by attachment status. Alliant International University, Fresno, CA. AAT 3043018.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The primary focus of this investigation was to evaluate the responses of individuals diagnosed with PTSD to treatment with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). In the event that a participant was unable to tolerate the EMDR approach, an alternative cognitive-behavioral treatment approach was offered. It was anticipated that individuals exhibiting Secure Attachment status as revealed on administration of the Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory (BORRTI) would experience lower scores between pre- and post-intervention administrations of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). 6 individuals took part in the study; 5 completed the EMDR protocol and one completed an alternative cognitive-behavioral therapy program due to problems tolerating the EMDR treatments. Subjects met with the researcher/therapist from 1 to 12 sessions, participating in the assessment, psychoeducational, and treatment components of the protocol. The application of the BORRTI Insecure Attachment (IA) measure resulted in 5 of the participants receiving a designation Secure Attachment status and 1 person an Insecure Attachment status classification. Thus, comparison groups according to attachment status designation could not be formed. Comparisons of group mean differences between the pre- and post-intervention administrations of the SCL-90-R did not reveal statistically significant differences with regard to the five individuals completing the EMDR protocol. Limitations of the study are discussed, as well as implications for future research on the mediating influences of attachment status on the treatment of PTSD. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 63(2-B), Aug 2002, pp. 1047.

Keywords: Attachment Behavior Brief Psychotherapy Clinical Trial Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

403. Dietrich, A. N., Baranowsky, A. B., Devich-Navarro, M., Gentry, J. E., Harris, C. J., & Figley, C. R. (2000, December). A review of alternative approaches to the treatment of past traumatic sequelae. Traumatology, 6(4), Article 1, 251-271.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Approaches to the treatment of posttraumatic sequelae are reviewed in terms of criteria for evaluating inferential validity with case studies, and where applicable, effect sizes are provided where there are data from group comparisons. The approaches covered in this paper include the Trauma Recovery Institute (TRI) Method, Traumatic Incident Reduction (TIR), Visual/Kinesthetic Disassociation (V/KD), and Thought Field Therapy (TFT). Internal validity of case studies on the TRI Method and V/KD appear controlled for, whereas reports on TFT do not meet internal validity criteria. Effect sizes are reported on one study that compared TIR to waitlist control and Direct Therapeutic Exposure (DTE), suggesting that TIR is superior to waitlist control, and shows more modest gains over DTE. The available evidence suggests TIR, the TRI Method, and V/KD are effective treatments for posttraumatic sequelae.

Keywords: Alternative Treatments Case Study Evaluation Mechanism of change Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

404. Greyber, L., Dulmus, C. N., & Cristalli, M. E. (2009, October). A review of EMDR intervention studies with children. Poster presented at Society for Psychotherapy Research European Conference, Bolanzo, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Dating back to 1987, Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is a comprehensive treatment approach theoretically founded in cognitive, behavior, experiential, hypnotic, systems, and psychodynamic therapies. Although the use of EMDR with adults has received much attention throughout the past two decades, research is lacking in the area of randomized controlled trials testing the efficacy and effectiveness of EMDR with children. This presentation reviews all EMDR randomized controlled trial studies conducted with children from 1998 to 2008 and summarizes outcomes, methodological approaches and limitations, as well as recommendations for future research. Research indicates that EMDR may be a promising treatment for children experiencing PTSD symptoms, or other residual traumatic effects from distressing occurrences. Although promising, research warrants more RCTs with a higher level of methodological rigor in order to test the effectiveness and efficacy of EMDR with children. The clinical utility of EMDR implemented with children is questionable until further research ensures that the benefits to children greatly outweigh risks.

Keywords: Children Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

405. MacCluskie, K. (1998, April). A review of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Research findings and implications for counselors. Canadian Journal of Counseling, 32(2), 116-137.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The last 6 years have seen the emergence of a new therapeutic technique, most often used to treat symptoms of PTSD, called Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). A number of uncontrolled case studies followed the initial studies of EMDR alleging remarkable successes in the treatment of PTSD. More recently, controlled studies examining the efficacy of this strategy have appeared, most often in the behavioural literature. Considerable variability exists in the findings of the controlled studies, making definitive conclusions difficult to achieve. This article examines the strengths and weaknesses of the published studies, illuminates the nature of the debate about efficacy of EMDR, and reviews implications for practicing counsellors and counsellor trainees. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

406. Maxfield, L., Greenwald, R., de Roos, C., Satin, M., Azubuike, A., Borgen, R., Rubin, A., Noorthoorn, E., & de Jongh, A. (2004, September). A review of PTSD treatment studies with children. In L. Maxfield (Chair), New data on EMDR for children. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Montreal, Quebec Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This symposium features reports on two randomized controlled studies. The first study is of EMDR (as part of a multi-component treatment) compared to standard care only for 300 incarcerated teens in several New York state facilities. The second study is of EMDR compared to CBT for 57 children and adolescents who were traumatized by exposure to the Enchedde (Netherlands) fireworks disaster.

Keywords: Children Research Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

407. Acierno, R. E., Hersen, M., van Hesselt, V. B., Tremont, G., & Meuser, K. T. (1994). Review of the validation and dissemination of eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing: A scientific and ethical dilemma. Clinical Psychology Review, 14(4), 287-299. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(94)90026-4.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), a technique that combines imaginal exposure with eye movement, recently has been proposed by its originator, F. Shapiro, as a prescriptive treatment for trauma-related anxiety. To date, several uncontrolled case studies have found EMDR to be effective. However, none employed objective or standardized dependent measures of therapeutic improvement and all combined EMDR with other interventions. In contrast to results obtained from case studies, controlled experiments utilizing objective and standardized dependent measures have failed to support the efficacy of the technique beyond that of its imaginal exposure component. Unfortunately, these experiments employed small samples with a limited range of disorders, indicating the need for further evaluation. However, unbiased replication is impeded by Shapiro's practice of prohibiting individuals not associated with her EMDR Institute from training others in the technique. We articulate our concern that despite its lack of empirical validation clinical application of the technique by behavior therapists is rapidly increasing. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Commentary Literature Review Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

408. Bisson, J. L. (2007, November). Review: Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing reduces PTSD symptoms compared with fluoxetine at six months post-treatment. Evidence-based Mental Health, 10(4), 118. doi:10.1136/ebmh.10.4.118.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Is eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing more effective than fluoxetine in people with post-traumatic stress disorder? van der Kolk BA, Spinazzola J, Blaustein ME, et al. A randomized clinical trial of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), fluoxetine, and pill placebo in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: treatment effects and long-term maintenance. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:37–46.

Keywords: Fluoxetine Desensitization Mental Illness Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

409. Shapiro, F. (1998, July). Riding the wave. Keynote presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) review the controlled studies completed on EMDR; 2) explore the ramifications of the information processing model; and 3) review the clinical validity factors that need to be incorporated in future research.

Keywords: Clinical Validity Factors Controlled Studies Information Processing Model Future Research Keynote

Accuracy Verified: Yes

410. Dietrich, A. M. (2001, April). Risk factors in PTSD and related disorders: Theoretical, treatment, and research implications. Traumatology, 7(1), 23-50. doi:10.1177/153476560100700103.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Contemporary treatment approaches for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) include traditional approaches such as Cognitive-Behavioral therapy, Psychodynamic therapy, Group Therapy, Pharmacotherapy, et cetera, as well as experimental approaches such as Body therapies (e.g., Sensorimotor Processing) (Ogden & Minton, in press) and other Asian-based approaches (often termed “Energy Therapies”). These approaches have varying degrees of data in support of their effectiveness, that range from anecdotal case reports to randomized and controlled studies (e.g., see Dietrich, et al., 2000; Foa, Keane, & Friedman, 2000; Shalev, Bonne & Eth, 1996; van der Kolk, McFarlane, & van der Hart, 1996).

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Risk Factors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

411. Chang, S. H. (2007, September). Role of EM and stimulus valence presentation order in the return of fear: Possible implications for the therapeutic mechanism. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association Conference, Dallas, Texas. (NSC 93-2413-H-002-002-).

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Research background & aims: This study examined possible therapeutic mechanisms of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989, 1995, 2001) in terms of exposure and information processing model. While exposure model contended process of extinction and response habituation, Stickgold (2002) proposed that sleep induced change in associative memory via activation of weak association during REM state and EM functioned as REM sleep to integrate the episodic memory of trauma into general semantic memory. In this study, the effect of EM compared to that of Exposure-Only (non-EM) on process measures of SUDs, ratings of cockroach phobia across sessions, along with outcome measures were examined. Specifically, the degree of return of fear and response habituation was explored. Methods: Thirty-six college students with cockroach phobias were recruited as participants and invited after informed consent for 4 1-week interval treatment sessions and a 1 month follow-up session. The instruments for outcome measures included Cockroach Phobia Questionnaire, fear ratings of cockroach slides, FSS, STAI-S, BDI, short form of SCL-90, the Revised Thought-Action Fusion Questionnaire, White Bear Suppression Inventory, and cognitive tasks for measuring strength of associations. The SUDs, credibility and therapeutic relationship rating, and physiological measures such as HR, HRV, EOG, served as process measures. Due to space limitations, the results of cognitive task and physiological measures were reported elsewhere. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: EM condition (EM vs. Non-EM exposure only) × block order of cockroach theme presentation (negative cognition first vs. positive cognition first). A 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time: pre-assessment and post-assessment for each of the 4 sessions plus 1 month follow-up assessment) mixed factorial design was performed, with time serving as within Ss factor and the other two variables serving as between Ss factors. There were 20 trials in each therapeutic session. The duration of each trial was 30s for both the EM and Exposure-Only conditions. Results: After preliminary analyses for group differences on pretreatment variables, credibility-relationship ratings, and outcome variables were explored, the 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time) ANOVA on SUDs showed that the main effects of time and EM were both significant (p < .001 and p < .034). Subsequently, two 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time) ANOVAs were performed for EM condition and Exposure-Only condition, respectively. The results showed that for EM condition, only time effect was significant (p < .006); while for Exposure-Only condition, there were a significant time effect (p < .001) and an approaching significant valence presentation order effect (p < .065), with the SUDs being higher in negative cognition presented first condition compared to positive cognition presented first condition; whereas the effect was not significant for the EM condition. Using trend analyses and inspection of time effect showed that significant within session SUDs reduction for Exposure-Only conditions. Notwithstanding, the pairwise comparisons for the 9 time points indicated salient phenomena of return of fear among several of the 5 sessions for this condition when comparing the pre-assessment of each session with post-assessment of its previous session. Whereas for EM condition the return of fear between sessions was small and the trend analysis showed a reduction with linear trend. Conclusions & Discussion: Compared to Exposure-Only, EM resulted in less degree of sufferings while participants encountering negative theme which in turn might facilitate further processing of negative memory. In addition, EM might add something beyond the mechanism of pure exposure. The less return of fear indicating that information processing in addition to response inhibition might take place between sessions. The results echoed Shapiro’s Adaptive Information Processing model and Stickgold’s REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, suggesting that EM in EMDR might reflect a shift in associative memory systems by activating different strength of associations of negative semantic nodes for different semantically related words. Given that previous research showed that EM decreased emotionality and also generate greater amount of associations for negative stimuli, the implications of the present results from theoretical and therapeutic point of views and future research possibilities are discussed.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Saccadic Eye Movement Semantic Association

Accuracy Verified: Yes

412. Chang, S. H. (2009). Role of EM and stimulus valence presentation order in the return of fear: Possible implications for the therapeutic mechanism. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Saccadic Eye Movement Sematic Association

Accuracy Verified: Yes

413. Chang, S. H., & Chen, K. P. (2009). Saccadic eye movement and change of semantic associations: Possible therapeutic mechanisms of EMDR. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
In light of a putative model proposed by Stickgold and to mimic clinical trial of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), this study examined possible therapeutic mechanism and effect of eye movements (EM) on change of semantic associations and to explore if the effect would be influenced by valence of stimuli and order of presentation. Seventy-five college students were recruited as participants. The results showed that the effect of 8s saccadic bilateral eye movement in terms of change of semantic associations was associated with valence of words and their presentation order, which echoed Stickgold’s model, Shapiro’s clinical procedure, and also advanced the evidence regarding the mechanism of EM from the framework of working memory model. The present study further highlights the importance of taking into consideration these three treatment variables simultaneously when doing EM. The implications of the findings from both the theoretical and clinical viewpoints are discussed.

Keywords: Imagery Vividness Negative Emotiveness Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Saccadic Eye Movement Semantic Association Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

414. Chang, S. H. & Chen, K. P. (2004, July). Saccadic eye movement and change of semantic associations: Possible therapeutic mechanisms of EMDR. Presentation at the Hawaii International Conference on Social Sciences, Honolulu, Hawaii, In 2004 HICSS (Hawaii International Conference on Social Science) Conference Proceedings (pp. 569-574).

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Imagery Vividness Negative Emotiveness Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Saccadic Eye Movement Semantic Association Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

415. Fernandez, I., Gallinari, E., & Lorenzetti, A. (2004, Spring-Summer). A school-based EMDR intervention for children who witnessed the Pirelli Building airplane crash in Milan, Italy. Journal of Brief Therapy, 2(2), 129-136.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article describes a group intervention using a variant of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing called the butterfly hug. The treatment was provided to 236 children in an elementary school in Milan, Italy, after a small plane crashed into the Pirelli building, a skyscraper adjacent to the school, causing severe damage, fire, and loss of life. After this incident most of the children developed symptoms of PTSD, disrupting school function. A team of three psychologists, working with school teachers, provided this 90-minute intervention to each school class. The treatment reduced reported symptoms of distress during the treatment process, and appeared to result in changed patterns of observable behavior, which were maintained at 4-month follow-up. Given the dearth of research on post-disaster treatment and the limitations of this naturalistic evaluation, future rigorous study is suggested. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Air Traffic Accidents Brief Psychotherapy Elementary School Students Italians Non-Randomized Study Pirelli Tower Airplane Crash (Milan, 2002) Recent Events School Age Children School Based Treatment Treatment Effectiveness Witnesses

Accuracy Verified: Yes

416. Simonson, E. L. (2009). School-based intervention programs for symptoms of traumatic stress. Universitetet i Stavenger, Stavenger, Norway.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This thesis attempts to provide an up-to-date overview of school-based intervention programs for symptoms of traumatic stress. The objectives were: 1) to identify school-based intervention programs for preventing or reducing symptoms of traumatic stress, 2) to examine the effectiveness of the intervention programs, and 3) to identify the accordance of the intervention programs with three current theories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The three main academic databases used to locate the studies for this thesis were ERIC, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE. Inclusionary/exclusionary criteria included: 1) use of a control group, 2) use of randomized/quasi-experimental design, 3) school setting, 4) participant exposure to a traumatic event, 5) targeted at the prevention/ reduction of symptoms of traumatic stress, 6) use of standardized instruments, and 7) not targeted Type II trauma. Using these criteria, 19 studies conducted in 11 different countries were selected. Unfortunately, school-based studies conducted in Norway were not located. The selected studies dealt with various types of trauma exposure such as natural disasters, community violence, and war. Fourteen of the studies used cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) methods as the main treatment approach. Other treatment approaches used included Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), mind-body techniques (e.g., guided imagery, relaxation techniques, and meditation), play therapy, art therapy, and drama. The findings of this thesis suggest that intervention provided within the school setting can be effective in helping children and adolescents following a variety of traumatic events. The majority of the studies had good results in relation to reducing symptoms of PTSD. Of the 19 studies, 14 had effect sizes in the medium to large range. Most of the intervention programs were found to be in accordance with the treatment recommendations of the three theories presented; however, none appeared to be explicitly based on the theories.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD School Intervention Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

417. Herbert, J. D., Lilienfeld, S. O., Lohr, J. M., Montgomery, R. W., O'Donohue, W. T., Rosen, G. M., & Tolin, D. F. (2000, November). Science and pseudoscience in the development of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Implications for clinical psychology. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(8), 945-971. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00017-3.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The enormous popularity recently achieved by Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as a treatment for anxiety disorders appears to have greatly outstripped the evidence for its efficacy from controlled research studies. The disparity raises disturbing questions concerning EMDR's aggressive commercial promotion and its rapid acceptance among practitioners. In this article, we: (1) summarize the evidence concerning EMDR's efficacy; (2) describe the dissemination and promotion of EMDR; (3) delineate the features of pseudoscience and explicate their relevance to EMDR; (4) describe the pseudoscientific marketing practices used to promote EMDR; (5) analyze factors contributing to the acceptance of EMDR by professional psychologists; and (6) discuss practical considerations for professional psychologists regarding the adoption of EMDR into professional practice. We argue that EMDR provides an excellent vehicle for illustrating the differences between scientific and pseudoscientific therapeutic techniques. Such distinctions are of critical importance for clinical psychologists who intend to base their practice on the best available research.

Keywords: Commentary Review Scientific Research Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

418. Scheck, M. M., Schaeffer, J. A., Gillette, C. S., & van der Kolk, B. A. (1996, June). Scientific investigations into EMDR (Part I) - Brief psychological intervention with young high-risk females: A comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with active reflective listening. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Americans Battery Child Abuse Effects Emotional Abuse Females Incest Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial Rape RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Young Adults

Accuracy Verified: Yes

419. Rothbaum, B. O. (1996, June). Scientific investigations into EMDR (Part I) - A controlled study of eye movement desensitization in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disordered sexual assault victims. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Adults Americans Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial Rape RCT Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

420. Carlson, J. G., & Chemtob, C. (1996, June). Scientific investigations into EMDR (Part I) – A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Combat Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

421. Becker, L., Marcus, S., Marquis, P., & Sakai, C. (1996, June). Scientific investigations into EMDR (Part II) – Controlled study post-traumatic stress disorder using EMDR in an HMO setting. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Adults Americans Managed Care PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

422. Petermann, F., & Winkel, S. (2007). Selbstverletzendes verhalten - Diagnostik und psychotherapeutische ansätze [Self-injury - diagnosis and psychotherapeutic approaches]. Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 55(2), 123-133. doi:10.1024/1661-4747.55.2.123.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Selbstverletzendes Verhalten wie Sich-Schneiden und Kratzen kommt sowohl bei männlichen als auch bei weiblichen Jugendlichen verhältnismäßig häufig vor. Es handelt sich dabei in den meisten Fällen um den Ausdruck schwerwiegender psychischer und/oder sozialer Belastungen und sollte als Hinweis darauf gewertet werden, dass der oder die Jugendliche Hilfe und Unterstützung benötigt. Dieser Beitrag befasst sich vor allem mit den aktuellen Möglichkeiten der Diagnostik und Therapie selbstverletzenden Verhaltens. Beispielhaft werden Selbstbeurteilungsinstrumente vorgestellt, die verschiedene Aspekte selbstverletzenden Verhaltens detailliert erfassen. Sie können bei der Identifikation und Differenzialdiagnostik, aber auch zur Vorbereitung, Begleitung und Evaluation therapeutischer Maßnahmen eingesetzt werden. Als besonders vielversprechende Interventionsmöglichkeiten werden die DBT-A (Dialektisch-Behaviorale Therapie für Adoleszente) und das Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) vorgestellt, wobei für die DBT-A bereits erste positive empirische Befunde vorliegen. Die Wirksamkeit dieser Verfahren sollte zukünftig möglichst in kontrolliert-randomisierten Studien geprüft werden.

Self-injurious behavior without suicidal intent, like wrist-cutting or scratching, is quite common among male and female adolescents. It indicates severe psychological strain and can be interpreted as a call for help and support. This paper introduces several currently available assessment tools as well as therapeutic strategies. Self-report questionnaires can be implemented to identify self-injurious behavior and in order to discriminate it from other types of psychopathology, for example suicidal behavior. Furthermore, they can be used to prepare, adapt and evaluate therapeutic interventions. Promising therapeutic strategies - Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Adolescents (DBT-A) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) - are introduced in more detail. Further research in this area involving controlled-randomized studies is needed.

Keywords: Assessment DBT Dialectical Behavior Therapy Self-Injurious Behavior

Accuracy Verified: Yes

423. Shapiro, F. (1994, Summer). Shapiro’s response [to Steketee and Goldstein]. the Behavior Therapist, 17(7), 157-158.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Steketee's and Goldstein's thoughtful comments concentrate on the need for empirical study of EMDR and I could not agree more. Treatment outcome research is notoriously scarce and traditionally lags far behind clinical practice. For instance, 13 years after PTSD was officially classified in the 1980 DSM-111, only six controlled clinical treatment studies were cited in the published literature (Solomon, 1992) and four of these were limited to male Vietnam combat veterans.

Keywords: Letter

Accuracy Verified: Yes

424. Taylor, S., Adminson, G., Gordon, J. G., & Carolton, R. N. (2006). Simple versus complex PTSD: A cluster analytic investigation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(4), 459-472. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.04.003.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A cluster analytic investigation was conducted on measures of PTSD associated features (e.g., personality pathology, dissociative tendencies) to investigate whether empirically-defined clusters correspond to Herman's distinction between simple and complex PTSD. Results from a sample of 60 PTSD patients were broadly consistent with this distinction, although some inconsistencies were observed. Treatment outcome generally did not differ between the two clusters. Implications for classifying and treating PTSD are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Canadians Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD Dissociative Symptoms Exposure Therapy Nosology Personality Disorders Random Clinical Trial RCT Relaxation Therapy Somatic Symptoms Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

425. Puffer, M., Greenwald, R., & Elrod, D. (1998). A single session EMDR study with twenty traumatized children and adolescents. Traumatology-e, 3(2), Article 6.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Twenty children and adolescents were treated for a single traumatic memory with a single session of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Treatment was delayed 1 m for half the group. Over half of the 20 participants moved from Clinical to Normal levels on the Impact of Events Scale, and all but 3 showed at least partial symptom relief on several measures at 1-3 m following a single EMDR session. Results should be interpreted with caution, but were positive, and essentially consistent with analogous findings of EMDR with adults.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Non-Randomized Study Single Session Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

426. Ray, P., & Page, A. (2002, November). A single session of hypnosis and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of chronic pain. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 30(2), 170-178.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Hypnosis and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of chronic pain were examined. In a randomised controlled trial, patients in a crossover design experienced one session of hypnotherapy and EMDR. Subjective pain within treatment sessions was assessed using the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Subjective pain between treatment sessions was assessed using a diary record of pain. Treatment brought about reductions in subjective pain with evidence for the superiority of hypnosis.

Keywords: Chronic Pain Empirical Study Hypnosis Hypnotherapy Multimodal Treatment Approach Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

427. Maxfield, L., & Melnyk, W. (2000, April). Single session treatment of test anxiety with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). International Journal of Stress Management, 7(2), 87-101. doi:10.1023/A:1009580101287.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
One session of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) appeared to be an effective treatment for test anxiety, reducing reported physiological distress, worry, and fears of negative evaluation. The research design included two components: a comparison study, comparing Immediate Treatment and Wait List groups, and a replication study comparing the treatment response of Immediate and Delayed (Treated Wait List) groups. 17 test anxious university students were randomly assigned to one session of EMDR or Wait List. At post-test, the Immediate group demonstrated significant improvement, compared to the Wait List group, on the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) and Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Treatment effects were maintained at follow-up. The Wait List group received treatment after post-measures were taken. Treatment of the Delayed group replicated effects. Improvement was reflected by large treatment effect sizes and a decrease in percentile ranking on the TAI from the 90th to the 50th percentile (Pilots).

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Brief Psychotherapy College Students Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Test Anxiety Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome

Accuracy Verified: Yes

428. Rogers, S., Silver, S. M., Goss, J., Obenchain, J., Willis, A., & Whitney, R. L. (1999, January-April). A single session, group study of exposure and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in treating posttraumatic stress disorder among Vietnam War veterans: Preliminary data. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 119-130. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00043-7.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This report summarizes data gathered thus far from an ongoing study. Two groups (total N = 12) of Vietnam War veterans diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) received a single session of exposure or Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) focusing on the veterans’ most distressing war experience. Group assignment was random, treatment providers were blind to assessment data, and the pre- and posttreatment assessor was blind to treatment assignment. Both groups showed improvement on the Impact of Event Scale. EMDR treatment resulted in greater positive changes in within-session Subjective Units of Discomfort levels and on self-monitored severity of intrusive recollection. A trend toward decreased heart rate reactivity was observed in both groups. Results must be considered carefully due to the small number of subjects used in the study. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Americans Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Middle Aged Posttrraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial Veterans Vietnam War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

429. Norcross, J. (2003, August). Sociopolitical and psychohistorical factors in acknowledging the effectiveness of EMDR. Presentation at the 111th annual meeting of the American Psycholgical Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) has been mired in intense controversy since its inception. Initial claims of its efficacy were probably exaggerated, but many researchers continue to outright dismiss its positive outcome data. Indeed, the ongoing debate over the effectiveness of EMDR recapitulates the developmental history of validating many psychotherapy systems. This presentation reviews sociopolitical considerations in interpreting and acknowledging the outcome research on EMDR. These considerations include paradigm strain, early restrictions on EMDR training, the timing of controlled research vis a vis clinical applications, initial failure to place EMDR into existing theories, its application to disorders beyond trauma, and the use of ?eye movements? in its title. Dispassionate reviews generally find the clinical results of EMDR with PTSD to be equivalent to exposure methods in fewer sessions, but the research community has failed to embrace these conclusions. Needed are critical openness to new psychotherapies, familiarity with the published data, and a responsibility to evaluate the effectiveness of any therapeutic innovation.

Keywords: Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: No

430. Norcross, J. (2002, June). The sociopolitical context of EMDR research: can't we all just get along (or at least look at the data)?. In L. Beutler, Discussant, EMDR research and its future: Ecological validity, process research, component analysis, outcome findings, and sociopolitical context. Panel discussion at the (SPR)Society for Psychotherapy Research, International Conference, Santa Barbara, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) has been mired in intense controversy since its inception. Initial claims of its efficacy were probably exaggerated, but many researchers continue to outright dismiss its positive outcome data. Indeed, the ongoing debate over the effectiveness of EMDR recapitulates the developmental history of validating many psychotherapy systems. This presentation reviews sociopolitical considerations in interpreting and disseminating the burgeoning outcome research (16 plus controlled studies, several meta-analyses) on EMDR. These include paradigm strain, the initial restrictions on training in EMDR, the timing of controlled research vis a vis clinical applications, its application to disorders beyond trauma, and the unfortunate use of “eye movements" in its title. Dispassionate reviews generally find the clinical results of EMDR with PTSD to be equivalent to exposure methods in fewer sessions, but the psychotherapy research community has failed to embrace these conclusions.

Keywords: Exposure Therapy Outcome Research Panel Discussion

Accuracy Verified: Yes

431. Parker, C., Doctor, R. M., & Selvam, R. (2008, September). Somatic therapy treatment effects with tsunami survivors. Traumatology, 14(3). 103-109. doi:10.1177/1534765608319080.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This is an uncontrolled field study of the outcome effects of a somatically based therapy with tsunami victims in southern India. One hundred and fifty (150) participants, prescreened for trauma symptoms, received 75 minutes of somatic therapy and training in affect modulation and self-regulation. The results indicate a reliable and significant treatment effect at immediate, 4-week, and 8-month follow-up assessments. At the 8-month follow-up, 90% of participants reported significant improvement or being completely free of symptoms of intrusion, arousal, and avoidance. The results support the effectiveness and reliability of this modified version of Somatic Experiencing Therapy in working with trauma reactions and invite future controlled trials of this therapy.

Keywords: IES Impact of Event Scale Posttraumatic Stress Post-Tsunami Symptoms PTSD Somatic Therapy Somatic Experiencing Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

432. Arnold, L. (1995). Some nontraditional (unconventional and/or innovative) psychosocial treatment for children and adolescents: Critique and proposed screening principles. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23(1), 125-140. doi:10.1007/BF01447048 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Five examples of nontraditional psychosocial treatments used for children/adolescents are reviewed: eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, electroencephalographic (EEG) biofeedback, deep pressure/touch therapies, stress-challenge treatments, and confrontational scare treatments. The generic recommendations from the September 1992 National Institutes of Health Conference on Unconventional Medical Treatments are summarized. Additional screening principles specific for psychosocial treatments are proposed and applied to the five treatments. The screens do not validate treatment efficacy or evaluate the quality of any previous research, but only facilitate decisions as to whether treatments deserve controlled investigation. Scientific evaluation of the nontraditional treatments reviewed could in general benefit from blinds (at least for assessment); control conditions matched for intensity, frequency, and duration (double blind where feasible); dose-response studies; testing of generalization and endurance supplements or boosters for quick, cheap treatments with time- or domain-limited effects; and comparing cost-effectiveness with established treatments. Two unscientific pitfalls must be avoided: embracing new treatments uncritically and rejecting them without fair examination. These pitfalls must be skirted without dissipating scarce research resources. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents Adventure Therapy Aversion Therapy Biofeedback Training Body Psychotherapy Children Literature Review Research Needs Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

433. Brink, A. (2006). Spiritualität in der traumatherapie mit EMDR [Spirituality in trauma therapy with EMDR]. Institut für Traumatherapie. Retrieved from http://www.traumatherapie.de/users/brink/Spirituelle%20Aspekte.html on 11/16/2011.

Language: German

Format: Other

Abstract:
Allgemeine spirituellle Aspekte der Traumatherapie Viktor Frankl entwickelte Ideen zu Psychotherapie und psychischer Gesundheit am schrecklichsten Ort, den die Welt je sah: in einem Konzentrationslager der NS-Zeit. Seine Schriften lesen sich gleidhwohl alles andere als schrecklich, todesnah oder morbide. Vielmehr geht es um tiefe existentielle Fragen, die Frankl stellt und fur sich selbst voll Glauben, ~i tmenschl ichdeiut nd spiritueller Einsicht beantwortet. 1st es ein Zufall, dass gelrade ein ~olocaust -~ber lebenddeer r Begrijnder der Logotherapie ist, die die "Frage nach dem Sinn" (Frankl, 1985) zum obersten Gebot des "Sinn-voll heilen" (1984) in der psychologischen Behandlung erhebt? Ich denke nicht. Die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Trauma - dem eigenen wie dem anderer - wirft vielmehr ganz voh selbst existentielle und spirituelle Fragen auf. Therapeuten wie Patienten haben sich diesen zu stellen. Ich denke, von der Gute der Antwort auf die Frage nach dem Sinn des schicksalhaften Leidens hangt die zukunftige Lebensqualitat eines Traumatisierten ab. Unsere therapeutische Aufgabe muss daher sein, gerneinsam mit dem Patienten eben diese Fragen zu stellen und ihh auf der Suche nach einer befriedigenden Antwort zu begleiten. Dabei nutzt es nichts, sith groOe Worte, wie sie in der Politik so leicht uber die Lippen gehen, anzueignen, etwa von "innerem Frieden", von "Schuld und Suhne" bzw. von "Unschuld" oder gar von "Vergebung" zu sprechen. Es zahlt nur das, was fuhlbar wird, was als innere Erfahrung auf$teigt, was als "Eingebung", "Erleuchtung", "Gedankenblitz" oder "innere Weisheit" aus delm Patienten selbst heraus entwickelt wird. In der modernen Psychotherapieforschung werden diese therapeutischen Momente als Therapieeinheiten mit bdsonders hoher Kongruenz (Grawe, 2005) beschrieben und damit als anzustrebende Therapiegestaltung: "Je intensiver solche Erfahrungen der Kongruenz sind, desto mehr wird sich sein [des Patienten] Inkongruenzniveau verringern mit all den weit reichenden positiven Folgen, die sich aus den [...KIorrelationen zwischen Verringerungen der Inko~ngruenzu nd klinischen Verbesserungen ergeben" (Grawe, 2005). Hellinger (2003), verlangt als Abschluss seiner Familienaufstellungen stets das Erweisen von Respekt, ja Versohnung und Vergebung - auch Eltern gegenuber, die ihr Kind misshandelt, ignoriert, rrhissbraucht oder weggegeben haben. Aus traumatheoretischer Sicht birgt dieses Vorgehen das Risiko einer erneuten Traumatisierung. Ganz alnders, wenn derselbe Patient ganz von allein, aus seinem eigenen Prozess heraus, zu einer Haltung der Vergebung finden kann: dann ist es mehr als eine Genesung, ein wirkliches Ganz und Heil werden, ein groOer Schritt zu einern spirituellen Bewusstsein. Wie wir noch sehen werden, wird dieser Schritt durch EMDR haufig gefordert. Er Iasst sich nicht erzwingen, aber ich durfte mehrfach Zeuge werden, wie er ganz von allein geschieht. Zunachst aber kehren wir zu der Feststellung zuruck, dass die Auseinandersetzung mit den spirituellen Seiten des Seins ihren festen Platz in der Traumatherapie hat.

Spiritual general aspects of trauma therapy Viktor Frankl developed ideas on psychotherapy and mental health in the most horrible place that the world has ever seen: in a concentration camp during the Nazi period. His papers read gleidhwohl anything but terrible, todesnah or morbid. The issue is deep existential questions that Frankl makes for himself and full of faith, i ~ nd tmenschl ichdeiut spiritual insight answered. 1st it a coincidence that Paddlewheel a ~ olocaust - ~ over lebenddeer r Begrijnder is of logotherapy, the "question of the meaning" (Frankl, 1985) the supreme command of the "cure sensible" (1984) in the psychological treatment does? I think not. Dealing with the trauma - their own as the others - quite the contrary voh throws himself on existential and spiritual questions. Therapists and patients have to face them. I think the best answer to the question of the meaning of the fatal disease depends the future Lebensqualitat from a traumatized. Our therapeutic task must be, therefore, like to make alone with the patient on this very issue and ihh to accompany the search for a satisfactory answer. It is no use sith Grooe words, as in politics go so easily over the lips, to appropriate to speak of such "inner peace", from "Crime and Suhner" or of "innocence" or even "forgiveness" . It pays only what is palpable, as the inner experience of what teigt $, which as "inspiration", "enlightenment", "mind flash" or "inner wisdom" is developed from delme patients themselves out. In modern psychotherapy research, these therapeutic moments as therapy sessions with bdsonders high congruence (Grawe, 2005) described and so as to be aimed at treatment planning: "The more such experiences of congruence, the greater will reduce his [the patient] Inkongruenzniveau far with all the reaching positive consequences arising from the [... KIorrelationen between reductions in Inko ngruenzu ~ nd clinical improvements result "(Grawe, 2005). Hellinger (2003), required as a conclusion of his family always lists the demonstration of respect, even reconciliation and forgiveness - to about parents who abused their child, ignored, have rrhissbraucht or given away. Trauma from a theoretical perspective this approach carries the risk of re-traumatization. All of ALND if the same patient come about solely from his own trial, may related to an attitude of forgiveness: it is more than a recovery, a true and full salvation to a einern groOer step spiritual awareness. As we shall see, this step by EMDR is often required. He Iasst force is not, but I could go back and witness how it happens all by itself. At first but we return back to the finding that the conflict is with the spiritual side of being a permanent place in trauma therapy.

Keywords: Spirituality Trauma Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

434. Neuner, F. (2008, Juli). Stabilisierung vor konfrontation in der traumatherapie -- Grundregel oder mythos? [Stabilization before confrontation in trauma treatment -- Elementary rule or myth?]. Verhaltenstherapie, 18(2), 109-118. doi:10.1159/000134006.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Psychotherapie der PTBS ist oft in die Phasen der Stabilisierung und Konfrontation unterteilt. In der Stabilisierungsphase lernt der Patient, Strategien zur Regulierung und Kontrolle beeinflussen Symptome. Danach kann die Erinnerungen an das traumatische Ereignis offen gelegt und verarbeitet werden in der Konfrontation Phase. Deutsch Behandlungsrichtlinien und etwas Text Pfund postulieren, dass eine Phase der Stabilisierung bedingungslos vor der Konfrontation mit dem Trauma Erinnerungen erforderlich stattfinden kann. Im Gegensatz zu dieser Aussage, Evidenz aus randomisierten, kontrollierten Studien zeigt, dass die sogenannten Trauma-Ansätze konzentrieren (Varianten der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie, Exposition Therapie und EMDR) die erfolgreichsten Methoden für die Behandlung von PTBS sind. Als Konsequenz empfehlen mehreren internationalen Verbänden und Instituten diese Verfahren als Therapie der ersten Wahl. Alle Trauma-konzentrierte Ansätze umfassen irgendeine Art von Konfrontation mit nur rudimentären Stabilisierung oder ohne Stabilisierung bei allen. Darüber hinaus gibt es keine Hinweise, dass die Exposition Verfahren gefährlicher als Stabilisierung oder dass sie weniger gut toleriert und akzeptiert werden. Ebenso gibt es keinen Beweis, dass die Stabilisierung ist notwendig für Patienten mit komplexen Trauma-bedingten Erkrankungen wie bei erwachsenen Patienten mit einer Vorgeschichte von sexuellem Missbrauch. Entgegen der gängigen Lehre, eine Phase der Stabilisierung ist nicht notwendig, Trauma Behandlung und die Möglichkeit der negativen Auswirkungen der Stabilisierung kann nicht ausgeschlossen werden. [Abstract Autor]

Psychotherapy of PTSD is often divided into the phases of stabilization and confrontation. In the stabilization phase, the patient learns strategies to regulate affect and control symptoms. Thereafter, the memories of the traumatic event can be disclosed and processed in the confrontation phase. German treatment guidelines and some text books postulate that a phase of stabilization is unconditionally required before the confrontation with trauma memories can take place. In contrast to this statement, evidence from randomized controlled trials shows that the so-called trauma-focused approaches (variants of cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy, and EMDR) are the most successful methods for the treatment of PTSD. As a consequence, several international associations and institutes recommend these procedures as the treatment of first choice. All trauma-focused approaches include some type of confrontation with only rudimentary stabilization or with no stabilization at all. In addition, there is no evidence that exposure procedures are more dangerous than stabilization, or that they are less well tolerated and accepted. Likewise, there is no evidence that stabilization is necessary for patients with complex trauma-related disorders such as adult patients with a history of childhood sexual abuse. Contrary to the common doctrine, a stabilization phase is not necessary for trauma treatment and the possibility of negative effects of stabilization cannot be ruled out. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Confrontation Exposure Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stabilization Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

435. Devilly, G. J., Spence, S. H., & Rapee, R. M. (1998, Summer). Statistical and reliable change with eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing: Treating trauma within a veteran population. Behavior Therapy, 29(3), 435-455. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(98)80042-7.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
51 war veterans with PTSD symptomatology were randomly allocated to one of three conditions: two sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), an equivalent procedure without EMDR, or a standard psychiatric support control condition. There was an overall significant main effect of time from pre- to posttreatment, with a reduction in symptomatology for all groups. However, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups. Participants in the two treatment conditions were more likely to display reliable improvement in trauma symptomatology than subjects in the control group. By 6-month follow-up, reductions in symptomatology had dissipated and there were no statistical or reliable differences between the two treatment groups. Overall, the results indicated that, with this war veteran population, improvement rates were less than has been reported in the past. Also, where improvements were found, eye movements were not likely to be the mechanism of change. Rather, the results imply that other nonspecific or therapeutic processes may account for any beneficial effects of EMDR. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Australians Empirical Study Follow-up Study Longitudinal Study Males Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Treatment Effectiveness Veterans Vietnam War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

436. Lo Iacono, S. (2008, Novembre). Stato di coscienza e paradigma: Un confronto tra 2 descrizioni sistemiche dei processi di cambiamento osservati in una psicoterapia integrate con EMDR [State of consciousness and paradigm: A comparison between 2 descriptions - Systemic change processes observed in psychotherapy integrated with EMDR]. Poster presentato al Applicazioni Cliniche dell'EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In questa presentazione la psicoterapia integrata con EMDR viene definita sulla base delle due tecniche principali di questa metodologia clinica: 1. le attivitï¿½ di Focalizzazioni Mentali Multiple su immagini, cognizioni e sensazioni corporee e sul qui ed ora della relazione terapeutica piï¿½. 2. la Stimolazione Bilaterale Alternata su un canale sensoriale. Vengono, quindi, confrontate due differenti descrizioni sintetiche, Paradigma e Stato di Coscienza, dei processi di cambiamento osservati nel paziente in una psicoterapia con EMDR. La descrizione sintetica come cambiamento di Paradigma viene effettuata in stretto parallelo con le definizioni originali di Paradigma date dallo stesso Kuhn. La seconda descrizione sintetica degli stessi processi di cambiamento viene effettuata dopo aver definito un modello di Stato di Coscienza come prodotto di tre fattori: stato fisico chimico dell'organismo, stato mentale dell'organismo e condizioni fisiche e sociali dell'ambiente. Nelle conclusioni si evidenzia come la descrizione sintetica di Salto di Paradigma possa render conto solo dei cambiamenti di ambito cognitivo mentre restano escluse da questa descrizione i cambiamenti inerenti le emozioni e le sensazioni corporee che si osservano in una psicoterapia integrata con EMDR. La descrizione sintetica come cambiamento dello Stato di Coscienza potrebbe, invece, essere utile a comprender meglio i modi in cui il cambiamento ï¿½ indotto ed a distinguere il ruolo delle attivitï¿½ di Focalizzazioni Mentali Multiple da quello della Stimolazione Bilaterale Alternata e quindi a riflettere e ad intervenire, sia in contesti clinici che di ricerca, sulle due tecniche prevalenti della psicoterapia con EMDR.

In this presentation, the integrated psychotherapy with EMDR is defined on the basis of two Main technical methodology of this trial: 1. Multiple Mental activities focusing on images, cognitions and bodily sensations and on the here and now of the therapeutic relationship more. 2. Alternating Bilateral Stimulation on a sensory channel. Are then compared two different brief descriptions, model and state of consciousness, processes of change observed in the patient in psychotherapy with EMDR. Description summarized as a change of paradigm is carried out in close parallel with the definitions original paradigm given by Kuhn. The second summary description of these processes of change is made after a model for state of consciousness as the product of three factors: state physical chemist body, mental body and physical and social environment. In conclusions noted as a concise description of paradigm shifts can realize only of changes in the cognitive field and are excluded from this description the Changes related emotions and bodily sensations that are observed in psychotherapy integrated with EMDR. The outline as a change of consciousness, but it could be useful to understand better the ways in which change is induced and to distinguish the role of activities Focus from that of the Multiple Mental Stimulation alternative two and then reflect and act, whether in clinical research, the two prevailing techniques psychotherapy with EMDR.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

437. Wilson, S., Becker, L., Tinker, R., & Logan, C. (2000, November). Stress management with law enforcement personnel: A controlled outcome study of EMDR vs. a traditional stress management program. In B. A. van der Kolk (Chair), Current Research on EMDR. Symposium conducted at the annual