Francine Shapiro Library - EMDR Bibliography Links
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1. Holmshaw, M. (2005, April). Adaptive use of the EMDR protocol in the treatment of PTSD and trauma-related conditions, especially after RTAs, occupational accidents and assaults. Presentation at the 3rd annual conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland Association, Belfast, Ireland.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Keywords: Assault Occupational Accidents Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Roadside Traffic Accident RTA
Accuracy Verified: Yes
2. Harvey, A.G., Bryant, R. A., & Tarrier, N. (2003, May). Cognitive behaviour therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(3), 501-522. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(03)00035-7.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Following considerable empirical scrutiny, cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has proven to be a
safe and effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article overviews the
general principles of treatment and describes the components that comprise CBT for PTSD. We
then move on to review the efficacy of CBT for the treatment of PTSD caused by various traumas,
including assault, road traffic accident (RTA), combat, and terrorism. Recent advances in early
intervention and in the treatment of disorders that are comorbid with PTSD are reviewed. Finally,
future directions are discussed. In particular, it is proposed that randomised controlled trials (RCT)
of CBT for PTSD must be conducted with enhanced methodological rigour and public health
relevance.
D 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
3. Holmshaw, M. (2008, June). EMDR & CBT work equally well for psychological trauma – Why?. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, UK.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
The use of EMDR, CBT or a combination of the two, in managing psychological ill health following road Traffic
Accidents (RTA): The Results and analysis of 1100 consecutive referrals. This paper determines the role of
trauma-focused psychological treatment in the management of psychological ill health following road traffic
accidents in the UK. RTA’s are the biggest cause of PTSD in this country. All consecutively referred patients with
possible psychological ill-health following a RTA were offered a comprehensive psychological assessment by an
established provider of trauma services in the UK. Those with significant psychological ill health were offered
trauma-focused psychological treatment, EMDR and/or CBT, in line with NICE (National Institute for Health and
Clinical Excellence) guidelines. During the psychological assessment a clinical diagnosis was made and a number
of psychometric scores were used. These comprised
1 DSM IV criteria for PTSD and illness severity,
2 General Health Questionnaire,
3 Impact of Event Scale,
4 Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.
Similar subjective and objective measurements were made after every fourth session of therapy and on
discharge. The results offer a breakdown of diagnoses, the number of patients who proceeded to treatment and
the type of treatment and outcome of such treatment. Of the 658 patients who proceeded to Trauma-focused
psychological treatment, patients had either EMDR by itself (31%), CBT by itself (36%) or a Combination of EMDR
and CBT (33%). Subjectively and objectively three out of four patients were completely relieved of their
symptoms or were much better. There was no significant difference between CBT and EMDR in terms of
treatment results. Closer analysis of the three subgroups revealed a number of variables which seemed to be
associated with failure of EMDR treatment and failure of CBT treatment. These variables will be discussed against
the background of the trauma focused CBT model of Clarke, D and Ehlers A, 2002. Recommendations will be made of ways to improve the outcome of EMDR Therapy and improving EMDR training.
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behaviorial Therapy Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
4. Blore, D. C., Farrell, D., & Clifford, C. (2008, June). The experience of post traumatic growth amongst road traffic accidents victims who have completed EMDR treatment: A status report on research. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Conference, London, England.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
According to Tedeschi & Calhoun (1995; 2004 and 2006), Post Traumatic Growth (PTG) consists of five ‘domains’:
discovery of new possibilities in life; improvements in relating to others; an increased sense of personal strength;
greater appreciation of life and spiritual changes. The first author’s experience of treating Road Traffic Accidents
(RTA) victims with Eye Movement Desensitisation & Reprocessing (EMDR) suggests that the experience of PTG is
far wider and more complicated than Tedeschi & Calhoun’s domains. This paper reports on the current status of
a study whose aim is to identify PTG that may be occurring at any point from the immediate aftermath of an RTA
through to completion of EMDR. The study so far consists of 11 interviews utilising an Interpretative
Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) methodology. So far well over 50 PTG themes have emerged although only the
first hermeneutical analysis has been completed on the interviews analysed so far, it is currently difficult,
therefore, to establish the degree of ‘theme overlap’. However, new themes include growth ‘by proxy’ (growth in
those who have come into contact with the participants, but who have not themselves been traumatised by the
RTA); somewhat paradoxically, ‘pre-trauma growth’ apparently activated by a subsequent RTA; and a ‘cascade’ of
growth attributed to events subsequent to the initial trauma (such as the EMDR and the EMDR therapist). Some
implications of these themes are also discussed, particularly in relation to EMDR.
Keywords: Motor Vehicle Accidents Poster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Victims
Accuracy Verified: Yes
5. Blore, D. C. (2011, September). An interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) investigation of positive psychological change (PPC), including post traumatic growth (PTG). School of Health and Population Sciences, The University of Birmingham, UK.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Positive Psychological Change (PPC) following trauma is a developing field for which
there is no standard terminology. The plethora of labels, of which Post Traumatic
Growth (PTG) is probably the most common descriptor, arguably masks a significant
gap in clinical and theoretical understanding of the phenomenon. One specific gap
addressed by this study is PPC following psychological trauma stemming from a
Road Traffic Accident (RTA) in which the person involved has subsequently received
Eye Movement Desensitisation & Reprocessing (EMDR). To investigate this gap in knowledge, an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
(IPA) approach was used and twelve participants recruited via a snowball sampling
method. The participants were then interviewed using a Semi-structured Interview
Questionnaire (SSIQ) and the interviews were then transcribed for IPA analysis. Key
themes that emerged included Navigational Struggle (NS) to describe Negative
Psychological Change (NPC), and Network Growth (NG), to describe PPC. At any
one post-RTA/EMDR point there was a preponderance of one over the other,
however, NS and NG were inseparable and found to co-exist along an NS-NG
continuum. In addition, Figurative Language Use (FLU) had a significant role in both
NS and NG yet was independent of both and apparently driving change towards the
development of NG. Whilst NS and NG were both post-trauma phenomena, FLU
seemed to hallmark expansion of memory networks as part of a general maturation
process post-RTA. Furthermore, there was evidence that participants were
incorporating their traumatic experiences via FLU into the rebuilding of their
assumptive worlds.
To account for these findings, an extension to Adaptive Information Processing (AIP)
– the theory widely accepted to underpin EMDR - is proposed based upon a
hypothesised Plasticity of Meaning (PoM), which is observable through FLU. PoM
predicts which, why and how memory networks connect resulting in the adaptive
processing predicted by AIP. The study’s findings are re-examined in terms of
consequential modifications to the clinical use of EMDR. Extensive suggestions for
further research are provided.
Keywords: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis IPA PPC Positive Psychological Change
Accuracy Verified: Yes
6. Holmshaw, M., Hodder, K. I., & Carswell, J. W. (2009, April). The relative efficacy of trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy and EMDR in treating psychological trauma resulting from road traffic accidents. Presentation at the annual British Psychological Society Conference, Brighton, UK.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Objectives: Following road traffic accidents (RTAs) psychological problems are common and can cause long-term disability. Whilst both trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) have proved successful in treating such problems there is currently no clear evidence supporting one treatment over the other. Previous comparisons of these treatments have been based on small samples. The present research aimed to explore the relative efficacy of CBT and EMDR in treating psychological trauma resulting from RTAs in a large sample.
Design: Patients who had previously been involved in an RTA were referred to a psychological rehabilitation provider and received treatment with either CBT or EMDR by accredited therapists. The treatments were compared on drop-out rate number of sessions required for completion of treatment therapist rating of success and a number of widely used psychometric measures which were administered at assessment and again at the end of treatment.
Methods: A total of 1179 referrals were made of which 435 met the inclusion criteria and proceeded to treatment. These patients presented with a range of psychological trauma symptoms resulting from RTAs which had occurred an average of 21 months previously. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was diagnosed in 51 per cent of patients with the remaining patients presenting with travel anxiety depression general anxiety and other psychological conditions. Outcomes were assessed in the whole sample and separately for those with a diagnosis of PTSD.
Results: No differences emerged between the treatments on any outcome measure both for patients diagnosed with PTSD and for those with other trauma-related symptoms. Both CBT and EMDR resulted in large improvements in self-rated symptoms as assessed using the psychometric measures and in both groups over 80 per cent of cases were rated by the therapist as successful or having made good progress by the end of treatment. The CBT group required an average of 9.1 sessions and the EMDR group required an average of 9.9 sessions. Reliable change indices showed that over 80 per cent of patients made clinically significant improvements in both treatment groups.
Conclusions: In conclusion both CBT and EMDR proved to be effective treatments for psychological trauma resulting from RTAs but no differences emerged between them in terms of efficacy patient compliance and number of sessions required. Psychological trauma following RTAs is eminently treatable in the community when treatment is offered by trained CBT or EMDR therapists.
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Road Traffic Accidents
Accuracy Verified: Yes