Francine Shapiro Library ~ EMDR Bibliography

Francine Shapiro Library - EMDR Bibliography Links

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1. Oz, S. (2005). The "wall of fear": The bridge between the traumatic event and trauma resolution therapy for childhood sexual abuse survivors. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 14(3), 23-47. doi:10.1300/J070v14n03_02.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A multitude of published books and papers on child sexual abuse (CSA) describe symptoms, long-term effects, and therapy for survivors of abuse. However, the parallels between the nature of the sexual trauma event(s) as originally experienced by the victim and the therapeutic process into which the survivor later becomes engaged have not been reported. This paper attempts to fill that gap and proposes that the concept of a "Wall of Fear" is the bridge connecting the two. In the first part of the paper, a model of the CSA experience based upon Furniss will be explained in order to point out the basis for the dissociation and other symptomology demonstrated by the CSA victim. Following that, the stages of therapy will be mapped out, with special attention to the concept of the Wall of Fear and traumatic memory resolution (abreactions) and with reference to the experience of the original traumatic events. Therapist fear of decompensation will be addressed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Child Abuse Rape Survivors Effects Psychotherapeutic Processes Adults Body Psychotherapy TIR Traumatic Incident Reduction

Accuracy Verified: No

2. 朱品潔 [Chu Pin-Chieh, & Zhu Pinjie]. (1999). 個人失落與EMDR之介入：個案研究 [EMDR of personal loss and intervention: A Case Study]Educational Psychology and Counseling]. National Taiwan Normal University, Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, Taiwan.

Language: Chinese

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
本研究的目的是探索的眼動脫敏和再處理（EMDR）的干預治療結果與個人的損失。通過深入了解客戶的主觀經驗和在整個治療過程中不斷變化的課程，研究人員打算證明 EMDR的治療 efficaciously幫助客戶克服個人損失的創傷，重拾信心和活力。研究人員採訪了客戶端是誰願意分享他的生活和EMDR的治療經驗，通過一個半結構化的問卷。與客戶的許可，研究人員已經獲得了客戶的臨床記錄。有條不紊地綜合各種數據後，研究人員已開發出的情況下提出的生活經驗和客戶端的EMDR的治療干預的描述。研究者分析了廣義的數據，客戶端的適應性應對整個 EMDR的治療過程，並討論了從精神科醫生和其他輔導員干預的影響。（作者摘要）

The purpose of this study is to explore the treatment outcomes from the intervention of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) with personal loss. Through in-depth understanding of the client’s subjective experiences and changing courses throughout the entire therapeutic process, the researcher intends to prove that EMDR therapy has efficaciously helped the client overcome the trauma from personal loss and regain confidence and vitality. The researcher has interviewed a client who is willing to share his life and EMDR therapy experiences through a semi-structured questionnaire. With the client’s permission, the researcher has obtained the client’s clinical records. After methodically synthesizing the various data, the researcher has developed a case description presenting both the life experience and the intervention of EMDR therapy of the client. The researcher has analyzed the data, generalized the client’s adaptive coping processes throughout EMDR therapy and discussed the effects from the psychiatrist’s and other counselors’ interventions. (Author's abstract)

Keywords: Case Study Dissociation Personal Loss

Accuracy Verified: Yes

3. Lanius, U. (2005, April). 'Dissociative processes' and EMDR - Staying connected. Presentation at 3rd Annual Conference of the EMDR Association of UK and Ireland, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: D
issociative processes, common in a wide variety of psychological disorders (e.g., PTSD, Anxiety Disorders, Personality Disorders, Dissociative Disorders, etc.) can interfere with effective EMDR treatment. The information processing system gets overwhelmed and shuts down, thereby barring the integration and resolution of traumatic experience. The workshop presents a model, based on recent developments in neuroscience and the neurobiology of dissociation, that guides therapeutic interventions in general and EMDR treatment in particular. Treatment planning, target selection, the use of both body-oriented (bottom-up processing) versus cognitive and ego-state (top-down processing), and other interventions are discussed. Participants will become familiar with specific interventions designed to minimize dissociative symptoms, as well as techniques that aid clients in becoming reconnected once dissociative processes have occurred. A comprehensive therapeutic approach is described that aids clients with dissociative symptoms to stay connected and thereby enhance the likelihood of efficient information processing during EMDR treatment.

Keywords: Dissociation Dissociative Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

4. Koshal, A. (2010, June). The 4-fields-technic in the traumatherapy of complex traumatized and drug-addicted people (in methadone-treatment). In Addictions. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Nowadays several international studies demonstrate that the problem of drug-addiction is very often found in combination with complex traumatization in early childhood and youth. (Felitti. 2903; Kufner et al. 2000; Langeland et al. 2006; Schmidt, 2000 etc.) As we all know PTSD and the other trauma symptoms cause a lot of psychophysical dysregulation. So the psychiatrist Khantrian postulated already 1985 the "self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders". Janina Fisher, Trauma Center Boston, 2000, called this assumed combination of trauma-consequences and drug-addiction, "compensatory strategies aimed at self-regulation" In many years of working with drug-addicted people it became very obvious that a high percentage of this people are using drugs, for example to calm down after being aggressive, may be caused by an argue: or to reduce strong inner tensions; to sleep without nightmares, to alleviate the feeling of helplessness and fear etc. Drugs and alcohol do reduce all the mentioned symptoms for a while. To learn to cope in another, more adaptive way, the addicted people need to learn alternatives strategies for a good functioning self-regulation. After stabilization, the trauma therapy can start, so the patient can reduce some of the sources of psychophysiological dysregulation. Even when the addicted people still get methadone psychotherapy is possible. Practical experience over a long time. started 1990, did show a lot of successful treatments and that methadone does not interfere a traumatherapy. The 4-Fields-Technic is a special method of EMDR that was developed by Jarero et al. 1997 in Mexico after a hurricane disaster. Dorothee Lansch modified the group method into a therapy-setting for single persons. For complex traumatized and drug-addicted people this technic is very helpful. The focus is more easy to keep in mind, - in front of the eyes. In the 4-Fields-Technic the patient focuses on a self-painted picture, that represents the worst part of a trauma experience. The patient keeps his focus on this picture, combined with bilateral stimulation, till he feels the picture should be changed. And so the process is going on till finished. The participant will be able to learn: - about the correlation between complex trauma and drug-addiction - that drug-addicted people who get methadone are able to do trauma therapy -the 4-Fieids-Technic as a method to create resources. Psychotherapy and specially psychotraumatherapy with drug-addicted people who are as well in a methadone-treatment is for many therapists still controversial. This presentation will give you an idea how good it can work, based on various case series.

Keywords: 4-Fields-Technic Complex Trauma Drug Addiciton Methodone Treatment Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5. Tarrier, N., Liversidge, T., & Gregg, L. (2006, November). The acceptability and preference for the psychological treatment for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(11), 1643-1656. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.11.012.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The acceptability and preference of psychological treatments is important in understanding patient treatment seeking, choice, engagement and attrition and possibly treatment response in health care. The acceptability of, and preference for, 14 different types of psychological treatment for PTSD were investigated in a student population through invitation to participate in a web-based survey. Respondents were asked to rate each treatment on 10 scales and to rank the treatments in order of preference. Respondents were also asked whether they would seek treatment themselves, recommend treatment to friends and family, feel stigmatised by suffering from PTSD, had any prior knowledge of the treatments and if this had been positive or negative, and whether they had a history of psychological problems or treatment. A total of 330 respondents completed the survey. A past or current history of psychological problems and treatment was surprisingly high. Almost all respondents indicated that they would seek or recommend treatment in spite of high levels of stigmatisation. Factor analysis of the 10 scales indicated two factors: Endorsement and Discomfort. Rank ordering on preference and Endorsement scores was highly consistent. The highly preferred and endorsed treatments involved cognitive therapy, exposure, or psycho-education in spite of high levels of discomfort anticipated with exposure. Treatments involving new technologies, EMDR, and psychodynamic psychotherapy received the lowest Endorsement and preference. There was a modest influence of prior knowledge of a treatment. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy Cognitive Therapy Exposure Therapy College Students Computer Assisted Psychotherapy Empirical Study Family Therapy Group Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Preference Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Psychological Treatment Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Quantitative Study Relaxation Therapy Treatment Acceptability Virtual Reality Exposure Web-Based Survey

Accuracy Verified: Yes

6. Lee, C. W., Taylor, G., & Drummond, P. D. (2006, March-April). The active ingredient in EMDR: Is it traditional exposure or dual focus of attention?. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13(2), 97-107. doi:10.1002/cpp.479.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Very little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the therapeutic effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). This study tested whether the content of participants' responses during EMDR is similar to that thought to be effective for traditional exposure treatments (reliving), or is more consistent with distancing, which would be expected given Shapiro's proposal of dual process of attention. The responses made by 44 participants with PTSD were examined during their first EMDR treatment session. An independent rater coded these responses according to whether they were consistent with reliving, distancing, or focusing on material other than the primary trauma. The coding system was found to have satisfactory inter-rater reliability. Greatest improvement on a measure of PTSD symptoms occurred when the participant processed the trauma in a more detached manner. Cross-lagged panel correlations suggest that processing in a more detached manner was a consequence of the EMDR procedure rather than a measure that covaried with improvement. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Attention Australians Cognitive Processes Empirical Study Mechanism of Action Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Quantitative Study Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

7. Shapiro, F. (2003, September). Adaptive information processing and case conceptualization. Plenary presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is guided by the Adaptive Information Processing paradigm, which differentiates it from other forms of psychotherapy. The model was formulated to describe clinical phenomena observed in EMDR, successfully predict treatment effects, and guide clinical practice. These principles, along with EMDR protocols, and procedures will be used to evaluate various trends in EMDR clinical practice. Clinical cases and questions collected from particlpants will be used to illustrate the ways in which EMDR can be applied.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model Adolescents Cognitive Processes AIP Cognitive Processes Family Systems Therapy Females Integrative Psychotherapy Memories Plenary Psychotherapeutic Processes Self Concept

Accuracy Verified: Yes

8. Shapiro, F. (2005, June). Adaptive information processing and case conceptualization. Keynote presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is guided by the Adaptive Information Processing paradigm, which differentiates it from other forms of psychotherapy. The model was formulated to describe clinical phenomena observed in EMDR, successfully predict treatment effects, and guide clinical practice. These principles, along with EMDR protocols and procedures will be used to discuss a wide range of clinical applications, ranging from acute through chronic and complex conditions.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model Adolescents AIP Cognitive Processes Family Systems Therapy Females Integrative Psychotherapy Keynote Memories Psychotherapeutic Processes Self Concept

Accuracy Verified: Yes

9. Shapiro, F. (2004, September). Adaptive information processing: EMDR clinical applications and case conceptualizations. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montreal, Quebec Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is guided by the Adaptive Information Procesing paradigm, which differentiates it from other forms of psychotherapy. The implications of this paradigm will be explored in relation to a variety of recent clinical case studies and research reports. Questions from participants will be used to explore potential clinical applications, and to hone case conceptualization skills.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model Adolescents AIP Females Memories Cognitive Processes Family Systems Therapy Integrative Psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic Processes Self Concept

Accuracy Verified: Yes

10. Schubert, S., & Lee, C. W. (2009). Adult PTSD and its treatment with EMDR: A review of controversies, evidence, and theoretical knowledge. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(3), 117-132. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.3.117.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article provides an overview of selective issues relating to adult posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). The article begins by providing a historical overview of PTSD, and debates about the etiology and definition of PTSD are discussed. The most predominant theories of PTSD are summarized by highlighting how they have evolved from traditional behavioral accounts based on the assumption that PTSD is an anxiety disorder to theories that now incorporate information-processing models. This article then examines the development of EMDR and the corresponding body of research that clearly demonstrates its efficacy for the treatment for adult PTSD. The underlying mechanisms of EMDR are discussed, with a focus on the importance of the eye movement component and how the therapeutic processes in EMDR differ from those of traditional exposure therapy. Finally, the adaptive information-processing (AIP) model that underlies EMDR is outlined, and evidence for the model is summarized. The article concludes by suggesting future research based on questions raised about PTSD and its treatment with EMDR when the AIP model is compared to other information-based theories of PTSD.

Keywords: Adult Mechanism of Action Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

11. Vogelmann-Sine, S., Popky, A. J., Lazrove, S., Sine, L., Speare, J., Wade, D., & Wade, T. (1995, June). Advanced clinical applications of EMDR to addictive behaviors. Symposium conducted at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop addresses the application of standard and modified EMDR treatment protocols to addictive and compulsive behaviors including substance abuse/dependence, overeating, smoking, love addiction. Individuals with addictive and compulsive behaviors frequently have suffered from childhood trauma and neglect resulting in developmental arrests, as well as a variety of maladaptive behaviors which are trauma-related and serve to minimize pain. The successful implementation of EMDR to addictive behaviors requires that EMDR be used as part of an overall treatment program carefully addressing the needs of individuals who have been traumatized and are exhibiting addictive behaviors. A thorough diagnostic work up is needed aimed at assessing comorbidity, dissociation, and a detailed trauma history covering childhood traumas and traumas suffered as adults including traumas that occur as a consequence of addictive behaviors. Careful client preparation is essential to assist individuals in coping adequately with the high levels of emotion experienced during EMDR Clients' readiness to stop compulsive/addictive behaviors needs to be carefully evaluated. A decision tree aimed at determining the appropriateness of EMDR to individuals diagnosed with addictive behaviors is presented which assists clinicians in minimizing the premature use of EMDR. EMDR is a client centered method, and thus, careful pacing is needed with this population to reprocess underlying traumatic issues. This frequently implies utilizing a modified EMDR treatment protocol with only partial resolutions of underlying traumatic material. Guidelines will be discussed to assist clinicians in selecting EMDR targets for optional results which relate to the stages of recovery. EMDR can be used at all stages of recovery to neutralize the negative impact of memories contributing to problematic behaviors, such as urges to use, ambivalence about treatment, fear of facing painfull feelings from the past. EMDR also has the power to install templates for future actions which assist individuals with skill deficits in more rapidly acquiring necessary skills for a successful recovery. Examples of cognitive interweaves are presented which take into consideration clients' readiness, as well as the need to accelerate the recovery process. EMDR has a unique role in the recovery of traumatized individuals with addictive and compulsive behaviors since the accelerated processing of negative experiences and the installation of positive adaptive cognitions assist clients in more rapidly overcoming barriers throughout the recovery process. It also challenges rigid approaches to recovery which frequently stress that trauma work should not be attempted before abstinence has been accomplished for a specified period of time. EMDR is especially valuable in processing core issues which center around shame and manifest in cognitions, such as "I am defective," "There is something wrong with me," "I am not good enough," "I am not quite right," "I don't belong," "I don't deserve to live." Case examples will be given as to how such core issues can be targeted to accelerate the recovery process. A.J. Popky has developed a specialized EMDR treatment protocol which targets levels of urges of addictive/compulsive behaviors directly and installs a positive internal state of feeling empowered without relying on compulsive and addictive behaviors. Case examples fiom clinical practice indicate that when levels of urges are targeted directly, underlying traumas frequently emerge without increasing clients' usage. The symposium addresses the application of this protocol to a range of addictive and compulsive behaviors. The Wades' integrative psychotherapy combines ego-state therapy and EMDR in a psychosocial developmental context. Their substance use disorders treatment program incorporates specialized applications of their integrative psychotherapy, which includes both individual and group therapy and employs hypnosis as well as EMDR Their presentation focuses on applications of the standard EMDR protocol in individual therapy, which is limited primarily to desensitization of dysphoric affect and reprocessing negative cognitions associated with grief and trauma. Their conceptual framework of substance use disorders proceeds from a goal of reducing the harm caused by substance use and a primary distinction between functional and autonomous use (rather than the DSM conceptualizations of "dependence" or "abuse") because this guides interventions. Initial treatment planning depends upon external constraints (e.g., lack of support for positive change, hostile environment), internal limitations (e.g., severity of substance use and its effects, neurocognitive deficits, inadequate "ego strength," lack of skills, disrupted psychosocial development, psychological trauma) and the nature of the substance use disorder (i.e., functional, autonomous, or both). Methods include education about substance use disorders and processes of change, group therapy to develop skills and obtain feedback and support, individual therapy to correct disrupted development and resolve traumatic stress reactions, and exercises to apply what is learned in real-life situations. The standard EMDR protocol is applied to disrupted development involving grief and to resolve psychological trauma that lead to substance use. Case vignettes in which such applications of the standard EMDR protocol were employed are presented in detail.

Keywords: Addictions Substance Abuse Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

12. Sack, M. (2005, November). Alterations in autonomic tone during trauma therapy with EMDR. In S. Woodword, J. Hopper, M. Sack, R. Pitman, & D. Kaloupek (Chairs), Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia: Insights into Autonomic Function in PTSD. Symposium conducted at the 21st annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Toronto, ON.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia: Insights into Autonomic Function in PTSD: Studies of cardiac responses to trauma-related cues have defined the mainstream of laboratory research in posttraumatic stress disorder. Examinations of respiratory sinus arrhythmia now challenge the view that exaggerated sympathetic tone and reactivity provide a sufficient account of the autonomic abnormalities seen in this diagnosis.
Alterations in autonomic tone during trauma therapy with EMDR: It has been hypothesized that EDMR, by pairing stimuli that evoke divided attention with exposure to trauma memories, elicits repetitive orienting responses followed by enhanced parasympathetic tone, resulting in significant within-session psychophysiological de-arousal. We monitored 10 standard EMDR treatments for PTSD (55 sessions) with impedance cardiography. Heart rate (HR), parasympathetic tone (RMSSD), sympathetic tone (PEP), and respiration rate (RESP) were assessed. Markers were set at the onset of every stimulation/exposure period (N = 811). Effects within and across stimulation sets were examined. An orienting response, with associated sharp increase of parasympathetic tone and significant decrease of HR, was found at stimulation onsets. During ongoing stimulation, sympathetic arousal increased while parasympathetic tone decreased, responses consistent with stressrelated arousal during trauma exposure. However, across entire sessions there was a significant pattern of psychophysiological de-arousal, evidenced by progressively decreasing HR and increasing RMSSD. These findings suggest EMDR is associated with distinct patterns

Keywords: Autonomic Tone Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

13. Lovett, J. M. (1998). Am I real?: Mobilizing inner strength to develop a mature identity. In P. Manfield (Ed.), Extending EMDR: A casebook of innovative applications, (1st ed.) (pp. 191-216). New York: Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Chris was a 44-year old woman who had extremely low self-esteem, depression, panic attacks, and symptoms of dissociation when she began EMDR-facilitated therapy. Eye movement was used initially to reinforce healthy beliefs, physical sensations, and feelings related to experiences of safety, competence, well-being, and success based on prior learning. EMDR was then employed to target painful memories of childhood scenes with her parents, as well as erroneous beliefs and feelings of intense anxiety. Although none of the memories targeted occurred before age 5, the "white empty feeling" that was targeted seemed to represent the earlier deprivation. The desired positive cognition "I am significant" became the "umbrella cognition" containing various "sub-cognitions" (such as "I am loveable," "I deserve respect," and "I can take care of my needs").As Chris reprocessed traumatic childhood memories with EMDR, more and more of these sub-cognitions were integrated. Progress was not linear, but reprocessing the client's issues as she presented them gradually led to a more stable, flexible, and resilient sense of self. Eventually, the negative self-assessments dissipated. After 18 sessions Chris felt strong and confident, fully present, and eager to be involved in intimate relationships that were based on mutual respect. [Text, pp. 215-216] [Pilots]

Keywords: Adults Americans Anxiety Disorders Case Report Child Abuse Cognitive Therapy Depressive Disorders Females Life Experiences Neglect Psychotherapeutic Processes Self Esteem Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

14. Descilo, T. (1999). Amelioration of death-related trauma with traumatic incident reduction (TIR) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Traumatology of grieving: conceptual, theoretical, and treatment foundations (pp. 153-182). Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The author notes the significance of the child-adult system and the effects of the death of either person on the other. She describes two treatment approaches: traumatic incident resolution (TIR) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Both approaches are reviewed, beginning with the theoretical model on which they are based. In a synthesis of both TIR and EMDR, the author offers "clinical traumatology skills" to overcome the potential bias introduced by the therapist. She discusses three focusing drills to develop practitioners' effectiveness in focusing on the most critical issues and procedures of trauma work. Acknowledgement and closure drills enable practitioners to more effectively end trauma work sessions. The author also discusses what effective trauma treatment should look like. These end points help assure both client and therapist that the distress associated with the memories has been removed permanently. After discussing the role of emotions in processing traumatic events, the chapter focuses on TIR and then EMDR regarding assessment and treatment procedures. This is followed by a discussion of what can go wrong when applying the treatment procedures. The chapter ends with presentation and discussion of a case example. [Adapted from Introduction]

Keywords: Assessment Bereavement Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Survivors TIR Traumatic Incident Reduction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

15. Becker, C. B., Darius, E., & Schaumberg, K. (2007, December). An analog study of patient preferences for exposure versus alternative treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(12), 2861-2873. DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2007.05.006 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Although several efficacious treatments for PTSD exist, these treatments are currently underutilized in clinical practice. To address this issue, research must better identify barriers to dissemination of these treatments. This study investigated patient preferences for PTSD treatment given a wide range of treatment options in an analog sample. 160 individuals, with varying degrees of trauma history, were asked to imagine themselves undergoing a trauma, developing PTSD, and seeking treatment. Participants evaluated 7 different treatment descriptions, which depicted treatment options that they might encounter in a clinical setting. Participants rated their most and least preferred treatments along with their personal reactions to and the perceived credibility of each treatment. Participants also completed a critical thinking skills questionnaire. Participants predominantly chose exposure or another variant of cognitive-behavioral therapy as their most preferred therapy, and those who chose exclusively empirically supported treatments evidenced higher critical thinking skills. The present study contributes to a growing literature indicating that patients may be more interested in these therapies than indicated by utilization rates. The problem of underutilization of empirically supported treatments for PTSD in clinical practice may be due to therapist factors. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Cognitive Processes Cognitive Therapy College Students Evidence Based Treatment Exposure Empirically Supported Treatment Patient Preference Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Stressors Survivors TFT Thought Field Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

16. Lee, C. (2005, September). An analysis of critical processes and components in EMDR treatment of trauma memories. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Seattle, WA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Very little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the effectiveness of EMDR. Participants will be presented with information to facilitate their understanding of two competing hypotheses to account for EMDR effectiveness. Namely, because it uses similar processes found effective in traditional exposure treatments (reliving). Alternaitvely according to Shapiro's proposal of dual process of attention, the procedure may be successful because it elicits distancing responses. Participants will be able to describe how these competing hypotheses were investigated. The responses made by 44 participants with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) were examined during their first EMDR treatment session. Participants will be able to describe the key process variable found to be effective in EMDR treatment of trauma memories and the extent to which this process is determined by eye movement or by therapist instructions.

Keywords: Dual Attention Mechanism of Action Reliving

Accuracy Verified: Yes

17. Lanius, U. F. (2004, September). Apego y disociacion, El papel de los opioides endógenos [Attachment and dissociation: The role of endogenous opioids]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montreal, Quebec Canada.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Endogenous opiates play a major role in attachment and they are also involved in dissociative processes and somatoform dissociation. The presentation discusses the adjunctive use of opoid antagonists both during stabilization and trauma processing with EMDR and the neurobiology of opiate with regard to attachment and dissociation. It delineates the effects of effects on learning including support for a differential mechanism for EMDR as compared to Exposure treatment. It describes how to integrate EMDR processing and the use of opioid antagonists in the treatment of Complex PTSD.

Opiáceos endógenos juegan un papel importante en la adhesión y que también están involucrados en los procesos disociativos y somatomorfos disociación. La presentación trata sobre el uso complementario de los antagonistas de opoides tanto durante la estabilización y el procesamiento del trauma con EMDR y la neurobiología de los opiáceos, con lo que se refiere a la unión y la disociación. Se exponen los efectos de los efectos en el aprendizaje incluido el apoyo a un mecanismo diferencial para EMDR, en comparación con el tratamiento de la exposición. En él se describe la forma de integrar el procesamiento EMDR y el uso de antagonistas de los opioides en el tratamiento del trastorno de estrés postraumático complejo.

Keywords: Attachment Dissociation Endogenous Opioids

Accuracy Verified: Yes

18. Lupo, W., Plans, B., & Seijo, N. (2010, Abril). Aplicación de EMDR en el tratamiento del Trauma (PTSD) [EMDR in the application of trauma treatment (PSTD)]. In EMDR: Un abordaje integral de la personalidad traumatizada (Francisca García Guerrero, Coordinadora). Simposio realizado en el Congreso Internacional sobre Avances en Tratamientos Psicológicos, Granada, Spain .

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR es un modelo de terapia, que se basa en el procesamiento adaptativo de la información (AIP). Además de desensibilizar, se trata de transformar la memoria afectada por el trauma, en la que las experiencias disfuncionales queden definitivamente en el pasado e integrarlas al presente de una forma adaptativa. En el trastorno de estrés postraumático y en el DESNOS, encontramos una memoria fragmentada, con un alto nivel de activación psicofisiológica, una dificultad en regular los afectos y con los síntomas intrusivos y evitativos vinculados a las experiencias. El procedimiento de EMDR, consta de 8 fases y mostraremos su aplicación en la presentación de un caso clínico de Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático.

EMDR therapy is a model that is based on adaptive processing information (AIP). Desensitize addition, it is transformed memory affected by trauma, which experiences dysfunctional are definitely in the past to the present and integrate adaptive way. In posttraumatic stress disorder and in the DESNOS, found a fragmented memory, with a high level of activation psychophysiological a difficulty in regulating emotions and intrusive and avoidant symptoms linked to experiences. The EMDR procedure consists of eight phases and show its application in presenting a case of PTSD.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

19. Lupo, W., Plans, B., & Seijo, N. (2010, Abril). Aplicación de EMDR en el tratamiento del Trauma (PTSD) [EMDR in the application of trauma treatment (PSTD)]. In EMDR: Un abordaje integral de la personalidad traumatizada (Francisca García Guerrero, Coordinadora). Simposio realizado en el Congreso Internacional sobre Avances en Tratamientos Psicológicos, Granada, Spain .

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

20. Hartung, J. (2008, Novembro). Aplicações de EMDR para o desenvolvimento de recursos, melhoria de desempenho e treinamento [Applications of EMDR to resource development, performance enhancement, and coaching]. Apresentação no II Congresso Ibero-Americano de EMDR, Brasilia, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract: The traditional focus of psychotherapists (and their clients) has been on pathology and symptom reduction. Professional therapists are becoming increasingly interested in applications of psychotherapeutic principles to prevention, growth, and other examples of what is being generically called “positive psychology”. EMDR clinicians, like other psychotherapists, are seeking more positive ways to practice, both to increase the services they offer, and to redefine themselves professionally. A focus on performance enhancement and coaching are two examples of how clinicians can offer services beyond symptom reduction. A model for using EMDR in positive applications, pilot tested in several countries, will be presented and demonstrated. The EMDR phases will be reconsidered in light of this positive focus: history taking has a greater focus on solutions; the safe place will be discussed as a tool for developing more specific and relevant resources; the TICES acronym will be expanded to include behavior and the therapy relationship; and greater flexibility will be suggested between the parallel processes of desensitization (of the traumatic past) and installation (of the positive future). This last comment relies on the assumption that participants are already skilled in the use of EMDR as a preferred treatment of trauma. The model to be presented has been successfully field tested in several countries in Asia, Europe, and the Americas.

Keywords: Coaching Performance Enhancement Resource Development

Accuracy Verified: Yes

21. Manfield, P., & Shapiro, F. (2003). The application of EMDR to the treatment of personality disorders. In J. F. Magnavita (Ed.), Handbook of Personality Disorders: Theory and Practice (pp. 304-330). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Since its inception in 1987, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has evolved into an integrated approach to psychotherapy that synthesizes aspects of the major psychological orientations. As such, its comprehensive treatment effects span cognitive, somatic, and affective domains (Shapiro, 2002). Although most widely used to process single or multiple incident traumatic memories, it can be used effectively to treat many conditions. In this chapter, we describe the theoretical foundations of this approach and how it is used to treat personality disorders. A fundamental principle of the Adaptive Information Processing Model is that present disturbance and dysfunctional characteristics have their origins in past events; these antecedents, whether identified or not, can be processed to an adaptive resolution using EMDR. In treating personality disorders, the EMDR approach integrates procedures from many other orientations to stabilize clients and equip them to address their source memories. The accelerated processing of disturbing memories that takes place during EMDR makes it possible for clients to address and resolve their issues relatively rapidly. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Personality Disorders Psychotherapeutic Processes Theories

Accuracy Verified: Yes

22. Devilly, G. J. (2004, December). An approach to psychotherapy toleration: The Distress/Endorsement Toleration Scale (DEVS) clinical outcome studies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35(4), 319-336. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.08.001.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The issue of treatment tolerance within the field of psychotherapy is, at best, a nebulous construct and has been commonly evaluated via rates of subject attrition and homework compliance. This research presents the psychometric properties of a ten-item scale which endeavours to measure treatment distress and participant endorsement of therapy protocols used in clinical research. Two factors emerged and the subscales of Distress and Endorsement were derived. These subscales displayed good reliability with acceptable inter-item correlations within each subscale. The subscales were also able to differentiate the perspectives of male Vietnam veterans from their spouses on a lifestyle management course at the termination of intervention. However, this scale also displayed a cognitive behavioural trauma treatment protocol and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing to be equivalent in treatment distress and participant endorsement in the treatment of PTSD. Preliminary findings suggest that the relationship between these two subscales and outcome may, to some extent, be population specific. First evidence suggests that intervention distress ratings may be influenced by severity of presentation, whilst endorsement ratings are more influenced by symptomatic improvement over time. Suggestions for future research are presented and the full questionnaire is attached as an appendix. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Australians Cognitive Therapy Distress Family Therapy Endorsement Females Males Outcome Psychotherapeutic Processes Questionnaire Self Report Instruments Spouses Tolerance Treatment Treatment Effectiveness Veterans Vietnam War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

23. MacCulloch, M., & Barrowcliff, A. (2001, May). Are EMDR effects caused by de-arousal?. Presentation at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, London, UK .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is increasingly being recognised as a coherent therapeutic procedure in the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other anxiety disorders, yet we still do not fully understand by which process or mechanisms it might work. We consider a number of models implicating orienting or investigatory reflexes as a significant contributor to the success of EMDR as a treatment method. A series of experiments were designed to test the predictions derived from these models, examining the physiological effects of eye-movements following auditory challenge compared to an eyes-stationary condition. A significant physiological de-arousal effect is observed in conditions requiring eye-movements similar to those used in the EMDR protocol. We go on to consider the implications for this de-arousal effect in the treatment of PTSD and present preliminary data from a case series designed to examine the unique contribution of EMDR when used with treatment resistant clients. A range of psychometric and psychophysiological process and outcome measures were utilised in this study, providing a detailed evaluation of change over the course of the treatment design. Specialised software was developed for use in this study, in addition to a computerised test and software is provided, along with data obtained from this test.

Keywords: De-Arousal

Accuracy Verified: Yes

24. Greenfield, R. (2010, October). The assessment and psychotherapy of a dissociateve adult man with complex PTSD. Presentation at the 27th Annual Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation, Atlanta, GA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This paper presents the assessment and four year psychotherapy of a Hispanic man with Complex PTSD and Dissociative Disorder NOS. The patient’s history of childhood sexual abuse caused significant disruptions in normative developmental processes causing what van der Kolk (2005) posits as a Developmental Trauma Disorder. Based on Shapiro’s (2001) adaptive information processing paradigm, the patient’s memories of extensive childhood sexual victimization became blocked from resolution from adaptive memory networks, becoming embedded in the emotional brain and activated by the 9/11 tragedy. This stimulated an array of PTSD and Dissociative symptomatology. In treatment he verbalized and chronicled his experiences of 9/11 and memories of severe childhood sexual abuse, establishing a narrative of victimization, helplessness, and confusion about his sexual orientation (Gardner, 1999). Furthermore, there were episodes of dissociation revealing the possibility of alters. Attempts to access adaptive networks using EMDR protocols were thwarted by intractable defenses. The patient’s desire to return to work was offset by his entitlement to Social Security Disability that was initially denied. Working through my concordant countertransference (Racker, 1968), I ultimately accepted his wish for SSD, which he obtained on appeal based upon my symptom-specific evaluation. The patient transferred to a clinic that accepted SSD.
Participants will be able to : ♦♦ identify the developmental derailing effects of childhood sexual abuse on normative developmental processes. ♦♦ assess how childhood trauma(s) that are repressed or dissociated are invoked by trauma(s) in adulthood through associative memory networks causing Complex PTSD. ♦♦ apply methods of working with patients dissociative defenses in psychotherapy.

Keywords: Case Study Developmental Trauma Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

25. Carter, A. (2007, June). Assessment and treatment of complex PTSD and dissociative disorders in childhood and adolescence, the role and use of EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Damage occurs to a child’s self in the context of relationship when raised in an environment of abuse and neglect. This damage to self is manifested through disruptions in development. A child or adolescent will be unable to perform tasks a non-traumatized child or adolescent has not difficulty mastering. These tasks may be physical, emotional, intellectual, sexual, social, or spiritual. When these disruptions become manifest in the environment with which the child or adolescent is interacting, home, school, or community, conflict arises. The conflict is both internal with self and external in relationship, behavioral, and biological. This is generally when a child or adolescent is brought into therapy for intervention Caregivers are not always aware of the impact traumatic events have on a child’s life or may not want to deal with the impact and the long term implications. The therapeutic relationship is a context outside of the system where the child was traumatized that provide the potential environment and relationship which can facilitate healing for the child, adolescent, and possible, the system in which they live.
Children and adolescents with a complex PTSD will often employ the use of dissociation as a way to cope with overwhelming events or chronically dysfunctional lifestyles. The degree and way in which the child dissociates to self regulate internal systems will determine behavioural and neurological trajectories in their life such as, how the child will cope, rupture of developmental task attainment, and it will determine what type of attachment process the child experiences. Also determined are: impulse control, sleep regulation, meta cognitive functioning, neurobiological processes and the integrative processes of self. When there is no therapeutic intervention, the self which emerges as a result of these processes is a “traumatic self” organization, that is a self structural in response to traumatic experience determined to avoid the repetition of the traumatic experience “at all costs.” The biological body that emerges is the traumatized body organized for avoidance in the forms of fighting, fleeing, or freezing and submitting.
The assessment phase of therapy will map for the therapist and client where the internal dysregulation occur, what are the maladaptive response which have been developed, and what the negative beliefs are which all contribute to the construction of the “traumatic self." There are a variety of assessment tools specifically designed for this purpose.
Once the map is established, a plan can be developed to use with children and adolescents and family for therapy and for EMDR. There are a variety of models which have been developed to use with children and adolescents to process bad memories, negative cognitions and to strengthen internal resources. EMDR can also be used to facilitate state change, strengthen self regulatory capacities, and promote integrative processes of authentic self, facilitating healing throughout self, body, and relational systems.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD Dissociative Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

26. Sack, M., Lempa, W., & Lamprecht, W. (2007). Assessment of psychophysiological stress reactions during a traumatic reminder in patients treated with EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(1), 15-23. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.15.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study investigates changes of stress-related psychophysiological reactions after treatment with EMDR. 16 patients with PTSD following type I trauma underwent psychometric and psychophysiological assessment during exposure to script-driven imagery before and after EMDR and at 6-month follow-up. Psychophysiological assessment included heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) during a neutral task and during trauma script listening. PTSD symptoms as assessed by questionnaire decreased significantly after treatment and during follow-up in comparison to pretreatment. After EMDR, stress-related HR reactions during trauma script were significantly reduced, while HRV indicating parasympathetic tone increased both during neutral script and during trauma script. These results were maintained during the follow-up assessment. Successful EMDR treatment may be associated with reduced psychophysiological stress reactions and heightened parasympathetic tone. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Germans Manual-Based Treatments Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiology PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

27. Lanius, U. F. (2004, September). Attachment and dissociation: The role of endogenous opoids. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montreal, Quebec Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Attachment Dissociation Endogenousopoids

Accuracy Verified: Yes

28. Paulsen, S. (2012, October). Attachment repair and temporal integration: EMDR for early trauma. Presentation at the 29th annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation, Long Beach, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Progress in neuroscience reveals that attachment learning, affect dysregulation, and traumatic experience are predominantly held in the right hemisphere (Schore, 2009). Therapists can access trauma and neglect held in the right hemisphere using EMDR, somatic awareness, imaginal excursions, and the therapists mirror neuronal experience. This workshop summarizes the Early Trauma approach of EMDR (O'Shea, 2009; and its variations for the dissociative client (Paulsen, in press). Of note is a new stabilization procedure that appears to work directly on the subcortical affective circuits (Panksepp, 1998). The Early Trauma approach to EMDR processes preverbal implicit memory in sequential time periods, while attending to the nuances of somatic and affective experience as they emerge both in the clients subjective report and in the relationship field. As the infants story is told with the deciphering of these nuances, the therapy repairs developmental milestones imaginally. This enables integration from the bottom up, by time frame, called Temporal Integration (Paulsen, 2009), which contrasts with Strategic and Tactical Integration. Preliminary clinical findings are that the procedure helps repair injuries of attachment, structural dissociation, affect dysregulation and personality. The workshop will interest both EMDR and non-EMDR practitioners because of its significant implications for theory and practice Learning Objectives: Participants will be able to list a modification of the ET procedure for dissociative clients for each of the four steps. Participants will be able to list the seven hardwired subcortical affective circuits described by Panksepp. Participants will be able to name four steps of the Early Trauma procedure for non-dissociative clients.

Keywords: Attachment Repair Early Trauma Temporal Integration

Accuracy Verified: Yes

29. Dworkin, M. (2009, August). Attachment, attunement, and resonance in EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Atlanta, GA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Attachment, attunement, and resonance in the eight phases of EMDR enhance therapeutic outcomes. Patients with disorganized attachment processes may have complications that may make EMDR treatment more difficult. This workshop is designed to teach attunement, resonance, and therapeutic relatedness strategies in the work with patients with complicated attachment histories. Problems and solutions for misattunements during the eight phases will be the main focus of this workshop. Interpersonal neurobiological concepts will be taught to enhance the participant’s effectiveness. The Clinician Self Awareness Questionnaire will be demonstrated as a tool to deal with correct therapist misattunement.

Keywords: Attachment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

30. Liotti, G. (2012, June). Attachment, psychotherapy and EMDR [Apego, psicopatología y EMDR]. Keynote presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The defense system (freezing-‐fight-‐flight-‐feigned death), that is set into motion in every individual by the exposure to any event that threatens life or bodily integrity in the self or in significant others, is terminated after the event is over by mental and interpersonal processes involving the soothing and security-‐ seeking system (attachment). If the functions of the attachment system are hindered by memories (internal working model, IWM) of early attachment interactions with neglecting or abusive caregivers, the defense system may remain active for long periods of time after the traumatic event is over. Insecure and especially disorganized IWMs of early attachments, together with the unavailability of social support after the trauma, are thus risk factors for developing the symptoms of post-‐traumatic stress disorders. This lecture dwells on the main features of attachment disorganization, on the negative interference of attachment disorganization in the therapeutic relationship, and on the reasons why the characteristic patient-‐therapist relationship in EMDR interventions can be instrumental in by-‐passing such negative interference.

El sistema de defensa (respuesta de inmovilización-‐lucha-‐huída-‐muerte fingida) que se pone en marcha en toda persona por la exposición a cualquier incidente que amenaza su vida o la integridad física o las de sus allegados llega a su fin tras el incidente mediante procesos mentales e interpersonales implicados en el sistema de tranquilizar y la búsqueda de seguridad (apego). Si las funciones del sistema de apego se ven impedidas por los recuerdos (el modelo del funcionamiento interno, IWM, por sus siglas en inglés) de interacciones precoces de apego con cuidadores negligentes o abusivos, es posible que el sistema de defensa permanezca activo durante períodos prolongados después de que el evento traumático haya terminado. Así, los IWM inseguros y especialmente desorganizados del apego temprano, junto con la falta de apoyo social tras el incidente traumático, se convierten en factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de síntomas de los trastornos postraumáticos. Esta conferencia se centra en los rasgos esenciales de la desorganización del apego, en la interferencia negativa de la desorganización del apego en la relación terapéutica y en los motivos por los cuales la relación característica entre paciente y terapeuta en las intervenciones con EMDR pueden ser instrumentales para puentear dicha interferencia negativa.

Keywords: Attachment Keynote

Accuracy Verified: Yes

31. Kirsch, A., & Seidler, G. H. (2004). Ausdruck und erleben von emotionen bei der posttraumatischen belastungsstörung: Erste ergebnisse einer studie mit gewaltopfern [Expression and experience of emotion in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: First result of a study with victims]. Zeitschrift für Psychotraumatologie und Psychologische Medizin, ZPPM 2(1), 45-60.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Emotionale Betäubung (EN) in PTSD ist ein Cluster von schwächenden Symptomen mit Problemen in der Erfahrung und dem Ausdruck von Emotionen. EN ist in drei separate diagnostischen Kriterien dargestellt: deutlich vermindertes Interesse an wichtigen Aktivitäten, Gefühle der Ablösung oder Entfremdung von anderen, und eingeschränkte Bandbreite des Affekts. Die funktionale Beziehung zwischen anderen Klassen von PTSD Symptome und EN ist nicht gut verstanden. In diesem Artikel werden verschiedene Studien diskutiert werden. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass Patienten mit psychischen Erkrankungen eine spezifische Wechselwirkung Muster implementieren, die in der Gesichts-affektiven Ausdruck und äußerte sich vor allem in Gesichts-affektiven Mikro-Verhalten. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Pilot-Studie war die Analyse von Gesichts-affektive Verhalten von Patienten mit PTSD im Vergleich zu gesunden Personen. Erste Ergebnisse der ersten EMDR-Sitzungen auf Video aufgezeichnet von Patienten und psychodynamischen Interviews von gesunden Personen (keine psychische / psychiatrische Störungen nach ICD-10) wurden mit dem codierten Emotional Facial Coding System Acting, ein Instrument zur Erfassung von mimischen mit emotionaler Bedeutung. Danach wurden diese Analysen mit Blickverhalten verbunden. PTSD Patienten zeigten eine Verringerung der gesamten Mimik und eine verminderte Häufigkeit von Gesichts wirkt im Vergleich zu gesunden Personen. Unter dem Blickverhalten in Betracht, wurde es offensichtlich, dass PTSD Patienten zeigten Anteil sank gegenseitigen Blick im Vergleich zu gesunden Personen. Außerdem war der Gesichtsausdruck affektiven Ausdruck von vier Patienten (Eltern, die durch den gewaltsamen Tod ihrer Kinder beraubt) erste und letzte EMDR-Sitzung verglichen. Eine leichte Erhöhung des Gesichts affektiven Ausdruck gefunden wurde. [Autor Summary)

Emotional numbing (EN) in PTSD is a cluster of debilitating symptoms involving problems in the experience and expression of emotion. EN is represented in three separate diagnostic criteria: markedly diminished interest in significant activities, feelings of detachment or estrangement from others, and restricted range of affect. The functional relationship between other classes of PTSD symptoms and EN is not well understood. In this article different studies will be discussed. It is assumed that patients with mental diseases implement a specific interaction pattern, that is expressed in the facial affective expression and particularly in facial-affective micro-behaviours. The aim of the presented pilot-study was the analysis of facial-affective behaviour of patients with PTSD in comparison to healthy persons. First results of videotaped first EMDR sessions of patients and psychodynamic interviews of healthy persons (absence of mental/psychiatric disorder according to ICD-10) were coded using the Emotional Facial Acting Coding System, an instrument for the registration of facial movements with emotional relevance. Afterwards these analyses were connected with gazing behaviour. PTSD patients showed a reduction of overall facial expressions and a reduced frequency of facial affects in comparison to healthy persons. Taking the gazing behaviour into consideration, it became obvious that PTSD patients showed decreased portion of mutual gaze compared to healthy persons. Furthermore, the facial affective expression of four patients' (parents bereaved by the violent deaths of their children) first and last EMDR session was compared. A slight increasing of facial affective expression was found. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Crime Emotional Numbing Interpersonal Interaction Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

32. van den Hout, M., Muris, P., Salemink, E., & Kindt, M. (2001). Autobiographical memories become less vivid and emotional after eye movements. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40(2), 121-130. doi:10.1348/014466501163535.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: To test (1) whether eye movements during retrieval of emotional memories are followed by less vividness and less emotionality of future recollections, (2) whether this effect, if present, is stronger than the effects of a control activity (finger tapping), (3) whether the alleged effects of tapping and eye movements are stronger than a no-movement, control condition (mere imagery), (4) whether reductions in vividness and emotionality after eye movements (and finger tapping) are specific to negative memories or also occur in the case of positive memories. Method: 60 healthy volunteers recalled either positive or negative memories and scored the vividness and emotionality of the recollections. Next, memories were recalled whilst the participant was performing rapid eye movements, finger tapping, or not performing a dual task. Then participants were asked to recall the event again and to rate its vividness and emotionality. Results: Compared to finger tapping and the no-dual-task condition, recollections after eye movements made future recollections less vivid. After eye movements, but not after the other interventions, negative memories became less negative, and positive memories became less positive. Conclusion: The findings show that eye movements not only reduce vividness and emotionality of memories during the eye moving, but also affect future recollections, during which no eye movements are made. Some theoretical explanations are discussed. As to clinical implications, it is suggested that if there is a role for eye-movement-based treatments, it is very limited. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents Cognitive Processes College Students Dutch Exposure Therapy Memory Impairment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Young Adults

Accuracy Verified: Yes

33. Cortés, C. (2012, June). Ayudando a desarrollar el sistema de procesamiento de la información para la reconstrucción del apego en niños adoptados [Helping to develop the adaptive information system for attachment reconstruction in adopted children]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is based on the adaptive information system model. Humans have an inherent information processing system that generally processes the complex elements of an experience to an adaptive state. In other words, we have the innate capacity to resolve difficult emotional experiences and move forward in our lives. There are cases where, besides the trauma of abandonment and lack of attachment, there has been no early stimulation, mainly during the first year of life. Sometimes the emotional environment is so poor that results in insufficient attachment, and prevents the motivational system from becoming strong enough to push the baby to find and produce stimulation. Other times, the environment has been so negligent that has not provided the conditions for the baby to adequately cover this first sensory stimulation. Whether it is poor emotional environment or a negligent environment, or both at once, the result is that we find children who have not had the opportunity to generate enough neural connections or the quality required for the reptilian brain to mature. This phenomenon hinders the brain integration, both vertically and horizontally, and makes the processing of the adaptive information system difficult, if not impossible. Aiming to promote and foster the development of the adaptive information system, we have focused on a dual purpose: rebuilding attachment and ensuring the neurofunctional reorganization and development of the child at early stages. For this we rely on both; EMDR processing, as well as sensory integration and sensorimotor therapies, which promote the integration of primitive reflexes and the child´s development at early years. Given the baby's phylogenetic development and the ideal conditions for such development to occur, we try to generate the same conditions, with the aim to facilitate and complete part of the child's development that, so far, has not occurred yet. Therefore, the quality of attachment is what will define the self-‐regulation capacity and the child's motivational system. And in this sense, the neurofunctional organization and sensory integration will provide the child with the necessary resources to meet the challenges of both, development and growth, and the possibility to achieve success and thus to obtain the perception of efficiency. Both aspects, attachment and neurofunctional organization, are interwoven with each other and feed the adaptive information system. Through videos and clinical material, we show the evolution of adopted children with whom we have already intervened from this dual therapeutic point of view; generating a greater vertical and horizontal integration and a better attachment consolidation. Parents will play a key role in this intervention and we prepare them for it through both; psycho-‐education and EMDR. In this way, they can become proper therapeutic parents, capable to parenthesize their own children.

EMDR está basado en el modelo del sistema adaptativo del procesamiento de la información. El ser humano posee un sistema inherente de procesamiento de la información que normalmente procesa los elementos complejos de una experiencia en un sistema adaptativo. En otras palabras, tenemos una capacidad innata para resolver las experiencias emocionalmente difíciles y seguir adelante con nuestras vidas. Existen casos donde, tras el trauma de abandono y la falta de apego, no ha existido estimulación temprana, principalmente durante el primer año de vida. A menudo el ambiente emocional es tan pobre que da como resultado un apego insuficiente, e impide que el sistema emocional sea lo suficientemente fuerte para conseguir que el bebe encuentre y produzca estimulación. En otras ocasiones, el ambiente ha sido tan negligente que no proporciona las condiciones adecuadas para que el bebe cubra su primera estimulación sensorial. Ya sea por ambiente emocional pobre o un ambiente negligente, o bien ambos, el resultado es que encontramos niños que no tienen la oportunidad de generar conexiones neurales suficientes o de calidad requeridas por el cerebro reptiliano para madurar. Este fenómeno dificulta la integración del cerebro vertical y horizontalmente y hace que el sistema de procesamiento de la información sea deficitario, si no imposible. Con el objetivo de promover y fomentar el desarrollo del sistema adaptativo del procesamiento de la información, nos hemos centrado en un propósito dual: Reconstruir el apego y asegurarnos de reorganizar y desarrollar la neurofuncionalidad del niño en las etapas tempranas del niño. Para ello nos apoyamos en el procesamiento del EMDR, así como en las terapias de integración sensorial y sensoriomotoras, que fomentan la integración de los reflejos primitivos y el desarrollo del niño en las etapas tempranas. Dado el desarrollo filogenético del niño y las condiciones ideales para que dicho desarrollo ocurra, intentamos generar las mismas condiciones, con el objetivo de facilitar y completar parte del desarrollo del niño que hasta ahora, no ha ocurrido todavía. Por tanto, la calidad del apego es aquella que será definida por la capacidad de autorregulación y el sistema motivacional del niño. Y en este sentido, la organización neurofuncional y la integración sensorial promoverán en el niño los recursos necesarios para encontrarse con los retos de desarrollo y crecimiento y la posibilidad de conseguir el éxito en ambos, además de obtener la percepción de eficiencia. Ambos aspectos, apego y organización neurofuncional, están entrelazados y alimentan el sistema adaptativo del procesamiento de la información. A través videos y material clínico, mostramos la evolución de los niños adoptados los cuales ya han sido intervenidos desde esta perspectiva terapéutica dual; generando una gran integración vertical y horizontal y una mejora en la consolidación del apego. Los

Keywords: Adoptives

Accuracy Verified: Yes

34. EMDRIA Standards and Training Committee. (2002, June). Becoming an independent EMDRIA approved instructor. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop is designed for Approved Instructors in EMDR or those who plan to pursue this designation. Becoming an Approved Instructor in EMDR requires an even greater commitment to mastery of EMDR's processes, procedures, theories, and research. It also entails the skills necessary to impart this information, to untrained clinicians, in such a way, that allows them to responsibly practice. This workshop will cover the steps necessary to become an EMDRIA Approved Instructor. It will offer ideas for getting started, for meeting the new EMDRIA criteria, for developing instructional tools and for managing the course structure to maximizing success. A question and answer session will be available to help with specific questions.

Keywords: Approved Instructor Training

Accuracy Verified: Yes

35. Korn, D., Weir, J., & Rozelle, D. (2005, June). Beyond the data: Clinical lesions learned from a four-year treatment outcome study comparing EMDR to prozac. Plenary presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
"Bridging the gap between research and clinical practice" is a challenging and elusive goal. Outcome data, while critical for the legitimacy and advancement of clinical work, often fail to translate into practical skill sets. It is only when clinicians look beyond the data that they learn some of the most valuable lessons of research.
In this session, we will present the results of a four-year, randomized controlled study comparing EMDR to Prozac in the treatment of PTSD. We will also explore the clinical and practical lessons learned throughout the study. We will address assessment and history taking, treatment planning, readiness for processing, target selection. transference and countertransference, and adult versus childhood onset trauma. We hope to give EMDR practitioners an in-depth analysis of the real-life processes, dilemmas, and learning that took place during our protocol based treatment outcome study. Video segments will be used to illustrate clinical concepts and key points. And perhaps, most importantly, these same segments will be used to demonstrate how we struggled to recognize and learn from our own mistakes.

Keywords: Plenary Prozac

Accuracy Verified: Yes

36. van der Kolk, B. A. (2002). Beyond the talking cure: Somatic experience and subcortical imprints in the treatment of trauma. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism (1st ed.) (pp. 57-83). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Subcortical nature of traumatic memories (Freud and trauma; the processing of experience); Trauma and physical sensations (the neurobiology of trauma; the tyranny of language); Clinical dilemmas for therapists of patients who have been traumatized (the therapeutic challenge; top-down versus bottom-up emotional processing); Learning about EMDR; Further experiences with EMDR; Integrative capacity of EMDR: transcript of one session; EMDR and the transformation of experience; What does EMDR do? [Pilots]

Keywords: Adults Cognitive Processes Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

37. van der Kolk, B. A., Hopper, J., & Spinazzola, J. (2004, November). Biological changes in arousal and cortisol following PTSD treatment. Symposium conducted (M. Olff, Chair) at the 20th annual meeting of the International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Effects of treatment of PTSD on psychobiological measures: It is well known that PTSD is associated with changes in several biological systems. However little research has been done on whether it is possible to “reset” these biological systems with effective psychotherapy of pharmacological therapy. This symposium will present data on neuroendocrine and neuroimaging outcome measures.
Biological changes in arousal and cortisol following PTSD treatment: This presentation will discuss the results of a controlled treatment outcome study comparing EMDR, fluoxetine and pill placebo and demonstrate how effective treatment resulted in changes in memory processes, utilizing the Traumatic Memory Inventrory. In the EMDR condition, but not fluoxetine, the change in traumatic memory towards an integrated narrative was linearly correlated with physiological arousal in response to script driven imagery. This presentation will also present the relationship between clinical improvement in the three conditions and change in the cortisol response to a dexamethasone challenge.

Keywords: Fluoxetine Pill Placebo Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

38. Reitz, S. (2008, September). Body-memories: A potential healing obstacle in trauma therapeutical and EMDR - Processes and a re-traumatization risk regarding body-based psychotherapies and other body work therapies. In H. Kanitschar (Chair), Trauma and Hypnosis. Symposium presented at the 11th Congress of the European Society of Hypnosis in Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Body-Based Therapies Re-Traumatization Risk Symposium Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

39. Gannon, J. P. (2011, April). A brain-based peak performance model using meditation, EMDR and cardio imagery and rehearsal. Peak Performance Systems, San Francisco.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
This pilot study investigated the effectiveness of a new model of peak performance training based on applications of brain research to stimulate mental skill acquisition leading to enhanced performance capabilities. Brain-based techniques such as Mindfulness Meditation (MM), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cardio Imagery and Rehearsal (CIR) appear to stimulate various neurological processes including alpha and theta brain waves, higher interhemispheric coherence and reduced sympathetic nervous system arousal. Clinical application of these techniques in a preliminary pilot study with a variety of performers was shown in follow-up self-assessments to have enhanced performance outcomes on seven measures including reduced performance anxiety and self-consciousness, enhanced concentration and focus, improved memorization of performance routines and enhanced overall performance goals. The idea that specific performance routines can be installed using these brain-based techniques that enhance peak performance functioning on demand was supported by these findings.. However, the results of this pilot study are preliminary and further studies using a larger subject sample, empirically validated test measurements and independent control groups are necessary before these findings can be corroborated.

Keywords: Brain-Based Peak Performance Brainscripting Cardio Imagery and Rehearsal Flow Interhemispheric Coherence Mindfulness Meditation Neurofeedback Neuroplasticity Performance Anxiety Pilot Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

40. Zaghrout-Hodali, M., Alissa, F., & Dodgson, P. (2008). Building resilience and dismantling fear: EMDR group protocol with children in an area of ongoing trauma. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(2), 106-113. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.2.106.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A number of studies indicate that EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) may be efficacious in treatment of children and young people with symptoms of posttraumatic stress. However, reports are limited in the use of the EMDR psychotherapy approach in situations of ongoing violence and trauma. This case study describes work with 7 children in an area of ongoing violence who were subject to repeat traumas during the course of an EMDR psychotherapy intervention, using a group protocol. Results indicate that the EMDR approach can be effective in a group setting, and in an acute situation, both in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic and peritraumatic stress and in "inoculation" or building resilience in a setting of ongoing conflict and trauma. Given the need for such applications, further research is recommended regarding EMDR's ability to increase personal resources in such settings. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder Cognitive Processes Conflict Intifada Group Psychotherapy Multiple Traumatic Events Palestinians Psychotherapeutic Processes Recent Events Resilience Group Therapy Survivors School Age Children Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

41. Cartwright, L. (2000, September-October). Case Studies: Expanding our tool kit: A new technique that compliments TFT and EMDR. Family Therapy Networker, 24(5), 71-82.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
In recent years, increasing numbers of therapists have discovered the effectiveness of neurologically based therapy techniques, such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Thought Field Therapy (TFT), not only for trauma, but for a wide range of problems, including anxiety, anger, grief and phobias. Like most therapeutic approaches, however, they provide remarkable results for one client and little or no results for another, no matter how skilled the therapist. Even more mysterious, they can significantly help a client with one problem, but not with a different problem. For instance, Sarah, age 40, had been suffering from depression for five years. The depression was triggered by the death of her father, loss of a good-paying job due to downsizing and her fiance's breaking off their engagement--all within a one-year period. After six months of increasing anxiety and worsening depression (accompanied by low energy, disinterest in life and withdrawal from social situations), Sarah entered therapy. Biweekly sessions for the next three years, which frequently included EMDR, significantly reduced her anxiety, but did not alleviate the depression. Nor did antidepressants. Years before, I had had a similar experience. EMDR had sharply reduced my obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but didn't help my depression. TFT eliminated recurring anger, but also didn't help my depression.

In the course of five years of research into neurologically based approaches, I happened upon a working hypothesis that explains such inconsistent results. The side-to-side eye movements of EMDR that activate the left and right hemispheres of the brain seem to help people resolve problems based on a lack of communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. The tapping, or front/back stimulation of acupuncture points, in TFT is effective when there is a lack of communication between the front and back of the nervous system (controlled by the energy center, well known to acupuncturists and martial artists, that lies below the navel). And since we are three-dimensional creatures, I hypothesized that some problems stem from a lack of communication between the top and bottom of the nervous system as well, which I correlate with the brain and the enteric nervous system of the digestive tract (the source of gut feelings). Working from this hypothesis, I have also developed processes to reintegrate the top/bottom dimension.

I have found that although certain emotions tend to be based within a given neurological dimension (indecisiveness is often in left/right, anxiety in front/back and depression in top/bottom, for example), a client may experience any emotion as a block within any dimension or combination of dimensions. As a result, depending upon both the client and the specific problem being addressed, a therapist might need to use techniques that facilitate integration of the left/right, front/back and/or top/bottom dimensions of the nervous system. When a client is blocked within two or three dimensions of the nervous system, working within just one dimension will sometimes activate healing across the entire nervous system. If this does not happen, it is then necessary to work in the remaining dimensions.

From these hypotheses I developed a system called Shifting Consciousness through Dimensions (SCtD), which provides therapists ways to assess the dimension(s) the client is blocked in, processes to identify, if necessary, which dimension to start with and specific integrating techniques for each dimension.

Keywords: TFT Thought Field Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

42. Falaschi, R., & Tizzani, E. (2001, October). Changes in electroencephalographic quantitative analysis in patients treated with EMDR. In International CIANS Conference (CIANS: Collegium Internationale Activitatis Nervosae Superioris; International Association for Integrative Nervous Functions, Neurobiology of behaviour and Psychosomatics), (p 159) Palermo.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
EMDR’s basic working theory assumes that traumatic memories remain unprocessed because the innate information processing system is stuck by the psychophysiological effects of trauma. Traumatic events are stored in their original form, and the recall of traumatic memories causes a high level of disturbance.
Left-right rhythmic stimulations of EMDR seem to remove the block in the traumatic memories processing and help memories storing mechanism function at an adaptive level. In recent years, many scientific researches have focused on the opportunity to assess the functional connection between different brain areas through quantitative analysis of EEG.
According to the aim of this presentation, our attention was drawn to the correlation between slow bands (4- 7 Hz) and the activity in the sub-cortical areas involved in working memory and, also, high frequency ranges (> 36 Hz) and cortical activities during sensorial stimuli processing. There are a few quantitative EEG studies on patients with PTSD. The EEG analysis of subject with childhood abuse histories revealed less synchronization in the two hemispheres functioning compared to normal control subjects.
EEG quantitative analysis in abused children showed a higher intra-hemispheric left coherence and a lower intra-hemispheric right coherence in comparison with normal control subjects. According to these results, the aim of this presentation is to test if there are recordable changes in the intra and inter hemispheric synchronization between brain areas where information processing occurs (limbic system, prefrontal cortical area, and posterior cortical areas) in patients with PTSD after EMDR treatment.

Keywords: EEG Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

43. Frustaci, A., Lanza, G. A., Fernandez, F., di Giannantonio, M., & Pozzi, G. (2010). Changes in psychological symptoms and heart rate variability during EMDR treatment: A case series of subthreshold PTSD. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(1), 3-11. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.1.3 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Elevated psychophysiological parameters and heightened physiological reactivity to trauma-related cues are acquired changes following trauma exposure. Measuring improvement in these variables is an appropriate evaluation of outcome in treatment studies. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is a computerized measure of physiological responsivity derived from Holter ECG recording. Four female outpatients with persistent post-traumatic symptoms and personal impairment following “small t” trauma exposure underwent a course of EMDR treatment and were assessed at baseline, end of treatment, day 30 and day 90 of followup, using self-report symptom scales and 90-min Holter ECG recordings. Symptom scores decreased between baseline and end of treatment, with improvement maintained at follow-up. Several HRV measures changed favorably in different recording intervals. HRV is a feasible and sensitive method to measure physiological changes in the treatment of individuals distressed by “small t” trauma. Further investigation is advisable to expand these preliminary data.

Keywords: Case Series Heart Rate Variability HRV IES Small T Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

44. Knipe, J. (2008, June). The CIPOS method -- procedures to therapeutically reduce dissociative processes while preserving emotional safety. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
It is well documented (Maxfield and Hyer, 2002) that the 8-phase EMDR model is highly effective for clients who are troubled by disturbing memories. However, clients who are dissociative often have great difficulty in maintaining present orientation and the "dual attention" that is a necessary condition for processing. Dissociative clients are highly vulnerable, during the EMDR Preparation, Assessment and Dissociation Phases, to becoming disoriented and overwhelmed by the surprising intrusion of dissociated parts that bring intensely disturbing images and other information. Since, with these clients, there is a greater risk of non-therapeutic dissociative abreaction, it is very important to counter this risk with an increased emphasis on safety and containment of affect. In this presentation, I will describe two procedures that can be helpful in making the healing power of EMDR available to clients who have this kind of vulnerability. One is the BHS (Back of the Head Scale), a procedure that can be useful in assessing a client’s moment-to-moment level of dissociation during a traumafocused EMDR session. The other is the CIPOS (Constant Installation of Positive Orientation and Safety) procedure, which is a method of slowing down processing, and carefully containing and controlling the emergence of potentially overwhelming post-traumatic material. These methods will be illustrated with video segments of a therapy session.

Keywords: Back-of-the-Head Scale BHS CIPOS Method Contant Installation of Present Orientation and Safety Emotional Safety Psycholgical Defenses Targeting

Accuracy Verified: Yes

45. Opdyke, D. C. (1995, May). Clinical efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Georgia State University. AAT 9608510.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has gained notoriety as a brief treatment for PTSD. In EMDR, clients repeatedly bring up traumatic events in memory and visually track stimuli moving back and forth in front of them. Previous group studies of EMDR have had methodological problems, however. The present study attempted to (1) assess EMDR's effectiveness compared to an Eye Focus treatment controlling for eye movement; (2) compare both treatments to a wait-list control; and (3) rate therapist characteristics to check experimenter bias.20 participants suffering from PTSD were randomly assigned to either EMDR or Eye Focus (EF) treatments, and immediate treatment or wait-list conditions. After two 90-minute treatment sessions, outcomes were assessed on subjective measures of anxiety (SUDs) and cognitive beliefs (VOCs). The mean SUDs pre-post differences on matched pairs t-tests indicated significant reduction of disturbance for both the EMDR group, p < .001, and the Eye Focus group, p < .001. VOC ratings showed similar treatment gains. Two-factor analyses assessed changes across groups (2 administrations x 2 treatment groups) on two standardized measures, the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the Modified PTSD Symptom Scale (MPSS). The IES showed a main effect for treatment F (2, 18) = 16.45, p < .001, while wait-list remained unchanged F (2, 18) = 1.09, p > .05. A significant interaction F (2, 18) = 6.69, p < .05 supported treatment efficacy. EMDR and EF participants improved equally on the IES, i.e., no differences for type of treatment, F (2, 18) = 0.54, p > .05. The MPSS also showed a main effect for treatment, F (2, 18) = 6.46, p < .05, with wait-list unchanged, F (2, 18) = 0.27, p > .05. This interaction was not significant, p =.10. Further, both EMDR and EF groups demonstrated improvement on the MPSS. Results suggest that (1) EMDR and Eye Focus are both effective in reducing some self-reported PTSD symptoms; (2) EMDR and Eye Focus scores improved significantly compared to wait-list; and (3) ratings of experimenter bias suggested that the EMDR and Eye Focus participants were treated equally by the therapist. Future comparison studies should use larger samples, independent assessors, and equally-trained independent therapists. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 56(11-B), May 1996, pp. 6402

Keywords: Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

46. Gelinas, D., & Lipke, H. (2007). Clinical Q & A. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(1), 62-65. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.62.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A contribution to the "Clinical Q&A" column, in which master clinicians answer questions posed by readers who are requesting assistance with clinical challenges. The question to which the authors are replying is "I recently took the EMDR training, but I'm having trouble getting started with EMDR. What do you suggest?" [Adapted from Text, p. 62] [Pilots]

Keywords: Professional Training Psychotherapeutic Processes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

47. Wizansky, B. (2007). A clinical vignette: Resource connection in EMDR work with children. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(1), 57-61. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.57 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A vignette is a brief case report that makes a contribution to the literature, but which has used only EMDR's standard protocol measures. This vignette describes a procedure for drawing on and strengthening a child's resources in all phases of EMDR treatment. The procedure facilitates the connection to more authentic and meaningful inner resources that come directly from the child's world, thus strengthening the positive memory networks so that these are available for the child to access when processing his/her traumatic material. Three separate cases are described to illustrate the application. [Author Introduction]

Keywords: Israelis Psychotherapeutic Processes School Age Children Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

48. Perry, B. D. (2002, June). Clinical work with maltreated and traumatized children: Evolving innovations in treatment. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Building upon the concepts and pricipals outline in the Keynote, clinical implications for the neurodevelopmental understanding of childhood trauma will be presented. Specific assessment processes, treatment planning activities and intervention strategies will be discussed. The use of EMDR and music and movement treatments with traumaitized and maltreated children will be presented.

Keywords: Children Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

49. Makinson, R. A., & Young, J. S. (2012, April). Cognitive behavioral therapy and the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Where counseling and neuroscience meet. Journal of Counseling & Development, 90(2), 131-140. doi:10.1111/j.1556-6676.2012.00017.x .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
There is increasing evidence to support the biological basis of mental disorders. Subsequently, understanding the neurobiological context from which mental distress arises can help counselors appropriately apply cognitive behavioral therapy and other well-researched cognitive interventions. The purpose of this article is to describe the neurobiological context underlying the formation and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorders, a mental disorder frequently encountered by counselors, from a cognitive therapy framework.
Recent changes to the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (2009) accreditation standards include the need for counselors-in-training to understand the neurobiological basis of behavior, which marks a new direction for the training of professional counselors who have historically reacted ambivalently toward medical models for understanding client concerns and treatments. Yet recent findings in neuroscience actually support the verbally based interventions that counselors typically use in treatment; therefore, there is much to be gained by counselors and counselor educators in understanding the basics of human neurobiology and how commonly used counseling interventions intervene on these biological systems. The National Institute of Mental Health (2010) stated in a recent strategic plan that “Important discoveries in areas such as genetics, neuroscience, and behavioral science largely account for the substantial gains in knowledge that have helped us to understand the complexities of mental illnesses and behavioral disorders over the past 15 years” (“Introduction,” para. 4).
Given the increasingly biological focus of mental health research, the practicing counselor is faced with the task of understanding and using the emerging mental health treatments and explaining to clients, to reimbursing agencies, and to the broader public how counseling fits within the medically dominated mental health culture. Some counselors have long reacted ambivalently toward the pathologically oriented diagnostic categories of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV;American Psychiatric Association, 1994) system and the medication-dominated world of psychiatry. For example, the contrasting viewpoints on this issue were published in the Journal of Counseling & Development between Allen and Mary Ivey (1998, 1999) and Scott Hinkle (1999). Ivey and Ivey (1998) argued for a developmental interpretation to the DSM-IV, opposing what they called the “pathological view” (p. 334) of the manual. According to Ivey and Ivey, disorders could be viewed through a positive development tradition to lie not within the individual but within the contextual systems in which a person lives. Subsequently, disorders are viewed as a “logical response to a developmental history” (Ivey & Ivey, 1999, p. 484). By contrast, Hinkle (1999) argued that because anxiety and depressive disorders “are the most common clinical symptoms associated with presentation to counseling” (p. 475), the counseling profession is weakened if counselors shy away from direct participation in the DSM nomenclature and treatment parlance. As Hinkle indicated, “mental disorders according to the medical model describe disease processes, not people” (p. 475). Regardless of the reader's philosophical perspective, practicing counselors know participation in medical and psychiatric systems is necessary at times. Also, recent discoveries in the field of neuroscience are providing evidence that interventions often used by counselors have direct physiological impact on client neurobiology (Kennedy et al., 2007; Linden, 2006). For example, Felmingham et al. (2007) demonstrated significant differences in brain activity before and after 8 weeks of exposure therapy, which correlated with a reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. Similarly, Paquette et al. (2003) found that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) alters the activation and metabolism of specific brain regions following successful treatment of spider phobia. These findings, along with others (for a detailed review, see Beauregard, 2007; Frewen, Dozois, & Lanius, 2008), are significant because they support the techniques, interventions, and approaches used by counselors and provide a mechanism by which counseling positively affects brain physiology. Within the emerging physiologically based treatment milieu, counselors should be prepared to articulate how cognitive counseling interventions make measurable changes to the client. Although cognitive-behavioral-based approaches are effective in the treatment of a number of psychiatric illnesses, adult PTSD is arguably one of the best understood mental disorders from a neurological perspective. It thus presents a valuable model for exploring not only the basic tenets of neurobiology but also the mechanisms behind its successful treatment. Furthermore, PTSD is a disorder that counselors will likely encounter in practice.
PTSD is a mental disorder characterized by a sudden onset of symptoms due to environmental exposure to a psychologically stressful event such as war, natural disaster, or sexual victimization. Thus, it provides a clear example of how, even in adulthood, neurological adaptation (in this case maladaptive changes) can functionally “rewire” the brain in a short period of time, resulting in a sustained array of clinical symptoms. The diagnostic criteria for PTSD are a history of exposure to a traumatic event meeting two criteria and symptoms from each of three symptom clusters: intrusive recollections, avoidant/numbing symptoms, and hyperarousal symptoms. A fifth criterion concerns duration of symptoms and a sixth assesses functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).
The National Comorbidity Survey Replication, conducted between February 2001 and April 2003 (Kessler et al., 2005), determined that the estimated lifetime prevalence of PTSD among American adults is 6.8%, with women (9.7%) twice as likely as men (3.6%) to have the disorder at some point in their lives. These findings are very similar to those of the first National Comorbidity Survey conducted in the early 1990s (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995), which was composed of interviews of a representative national sample of 8,098 Americans ages 15 to 54 years. In this earlier sample, the estimated prevalence of lifetime PTSD was 7.8% in the general population. As in the more recent survey, women (10.4%) were more than twice as likely as men (5%) to have PTSD at some point in their lives (Kessler et al., 2005; Kessler et al., 1995).

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Neurobiological Basis of Behavior Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

50. Brewin, C. R. (2001, April). A cognitive neuroscience account of posttraumatic stress disorder and its treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(4), 373-393. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00087-5.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Recent research in the areas of animal conditioning, the neural systems underlying emotion and memory, and the effect of fear on these systems is reviewed. This evidence points to an important distinction between hippocampally-dependent and non-hippocampally-dependent forms of memory that are differentially affected by extreme stress. The cognitive science perspective is related to a recent model of posttraumatic stress disorder, dual representation theory, that also posits separate memory systems underlying vivid reexperiencing versus ordinary autobiographical memories of trauma. This view is compared with other accounts in the literature of traumatic memory processes in PTSD, and the contrasting implications for therapy are discussed. 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

51. Fine, C. G., & Berkowitz, S. A. (1999). The combined use of EMDR and hypnosis in the treatment of DID: The wreathing protocol:The imbrication of hypnosis and EMDR in the treatment of dissociative identity disorder and other dissociative responses. Presentation at the International Society for the Study of Dissociation Fall Conference, Miami FL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: DID Dissociative Identity Disorder Hypnotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Psychotherapeutic Processes

Accuracy Verified: No

52. Young, J., Zangwill, W. M., & Behary, W. E. (2002). Combining EMDR and schema-focused therapy: The whole may be greater than the sum of the parts. In F. Shapiro (Ed.). EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism (1st ed.) (pp. 181-208). Washington: American Psychological Association. vii, 444 pp.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract: E
motional processing occurs through specific circuitry and structures in the brain. Unfortunately, much of clinical psychology has neither understood nor sufficiently integrated the treatment implications of this area of research. However, some practitioners have recognized the need for more integrative models of psychotherapy. Two of the best models are Young's Schema-Focused Therapy (SFT) and Shapiro's Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Although these two approaches arose from different clinical experiences and theoretical backgrounds, they are similar in that they recognize the importance of all the ways in which people process information -- affectively, physiologically, through the senses, and cognitively. Each model can be tremendously beneficial to clinicians and their clients. Combining aspects of each often yields better results than using either one alone. Thus, this chapter first includes a description of Young's model and then an illustration of the way EMDR clinicians can enhance SFT by using the powerful information-processing aspects of EMDR. Last is a brief discussion of the ways SFT can also be valuable to EMDR clinicians. [Adapted from Text, pp. 181-182][Pilots]

Keywords: Cognitive Therapy Psychotherapeutic Processes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

53. Hartung, J. G., & Galvin, M. D. (2002). Combining eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and energy therapies. In F. P. Gallo (Ed.), Energy psychology in psychotherapy: A comprehensive sourcebook (1st ed) (pp. 179-197) NewYork: W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract: Observing that there has been a rapid increase in the number of practitioners trained in both eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and the energy psychotherapies, the authors describe ways to combine these modalities to increase their effectiveness. Topics include correcting psychological reversals prior to initiating and during EMDR; muscle testing with EMDR; EMDR along with energy therapies to limit the severity and disruption of abreaction, dissociation, "looping," and blocking beliefs; treatment of addiction; using one method to further client receptivity to use of the other; self-use of EMDR and the energy techniques; and, among others, energy training for paraprofessional crisis teams for use in residential programs with EMDR clients. [Adapted from Introduction]

Keywords: Energy Psychotherapy Latin Americans Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors TFT Thought Field Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

54. Capps, F. (2006, January). Combining eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with Gestalt techniques in couples counseling. Family Journal, 14(1), 49-58. doi:10.1177/1066480705282055 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is gaining acceptance as efficacious treatment for PTSD for individuals but not for couples. This article reports three case studies of couples in which EMDR is combined with Gestalt therapy in a single session to resolve relational trauma effects, increase empathy and awareness in the supportive partner, and deepen intimacy within the couple. Case studies are described, and implications for research and clinical applications are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Couples Therapy Family Therapy Gestalt Therapy Nonclinical Case Study Qualitative Study Perpetrators Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Spouse Abuse Survivors Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

55. Hoyt, M. F. (1999, July). Comment on L'Abate. The Family Journal, 7(3), 224-226. doi:10.1177/1066480799073004 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Keywords: Commentary Computer Applications Oral Communication Therapeutic Processes Written Communication

Accuracy Verified: Yes

56. Cummings, N. A. (1999). Comment on L'Abate: Psychotherapist future shock. The Family Journal, 7(3), 221-223. doi:10.1177/1066480799073003.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Keywords: Commentary Computer Applications Computer Assisted & Programmed Distance Writing Interventions Oral Communication Preference to Traditional Talk-Oriented Techniques Therapeutic Processes Written Communication

Accuracy Verified: Yes

57. Williams, K. (2006, August). A comparative experimental treatment outcome study: Female survivors of sexual assault suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and trauma-related guilt – self-report and psychophysiological measures. Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, CAN.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Diverse psychotherapeutic approaches for treating trauma-related sequelae have emerged over the last several decades in response to the widespread prevalence of sexual assault and resultant posttraumatic stress disorder among women (PTSD). In a recent formal study (Grace, 2003), a newer treatment called one eye integration (OEI) has been shown to be effective for traumatized individuals. The purpose of this study was to build upon those findings by comparing the effectiveness of two treatments for reducing PTSD symptoms with a breathing, relaxation, autogenics, imagery, and grounding (BRAIN) control condition. Twenty-seven female rape or sexual assault survivors who met the criteria for PTSD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Text-Revision, (DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000) were randomly assigned to three groups: (a) a neurologically-based therapy called OEI, (b) an information processing model referred to as cognitive processing therapy-revised (CPT-R), or (c) a control condition (BRAIN), PTSD, depression, and trauma-related guilt symptoms were assessed pretreatment, posttreatment and at 3-month follow up, and qualitative electroencephalography (qEEG) brainwave patterns of two regions of the scalp (frontal and parietal) were measured pre and posttreatment. The following dependent measures were used: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), and t he Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI). Though there were no significant differences in PTSD symptoms between groups from pretreatment to post treatment assessments, a significant difference occurred between pretreatment and 3-month follow up, with OEI manifesting greater reductions than CPT-R or BRAIN. There were no significant differences between groups in depression, but there was a reduction in BDI-II scores over time. Reduction in guilt-related symptoms occurred on several scales and subscales for all three groups over time from pretreatment of posttreatment assessments, though not significantly by group. A significant difference was found for the Global Guilt subscale at 3-month follow up, with greater improvement for the OEI group. Preliminary results from cortical brain activity assessments indicate typical qEEG asymmetry patterns for PTSD and depression, though there were no significant group differences apart from minor post hoc analyses. Implications of these findings for clinical work and directions for future research were discussed.

Keywords: Depression Female Guilt Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Sexual Assault Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

58. Staff. (2000). Complex PTSD in children II: Therapeutic interventions. Cavalcade Productions, Inc., Nevada City, CA.

Language: English

Format: Video

Abstract:
In this video series, Bessel van der Kolk and other clinicians from The Trauma Center, along with therapists Joyanna Silberg and Frances Waters, describe the assessment tools and therapeutic approaches that they have found most useful in working the severely traumatized in children. The clinician's role in such cases often includes working with parents or guardians as well as children, and can extend far beyond the therapy room to encompass psychoeducation and advocacy. For children with complex PTSD, safety must be established both externally and internally. Maintaining internal safety can be an especially difficult task when the child is highly dissociative. The presenters discuss ground techniques that can help a child to stay safe and stable, and describe the therapeutic modalities "play, talk, art, and group therapy" that they have found useful. Topics include controlling aggression, accessing emotions, changing the trauma story, and using EMDR.

Keywords: Children Clinical Judgment Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD Intervention Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Therapeutic Processes Treatment

Accuracy Verified: No

59. Tofani, L. R. (2007). Complex separation, individuation processes, and anxiety disorders in young adulthood. In F. Shaprio, F. W. Kaslow, & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp. 265-283). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Research has shown that anxiety in children is highly influenced by parenting style, perception of family support (Rapee & Melville, 1997), and family relational patterns. Social Anxiety Disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) is considered to be a common disorder in young adults. According to Shapiro's (1995, 2001) Adaptive Information Processing model, a neurotic symptomatic situation in a young adult with an unfinished separation process may be connected to unresolved separations and other past traumas. This chapter discusses research and clinical evidence, and treatment of young adults with complex separation problems. Integration of family systems therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 2001) is discussed. In this integrated treatment procedure, family therapy follows the experiential family systems therapy approach (Giat Roberto, 1992; Napier & Whitaker, 1978), with elements of multigenerational and Structural Family Therapy styles (Bowen, 1978; Minuchin & Fishman, 1992). The EMDR standard protocol is followed. A case example and concluding discussion complete the chapter. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Family Relations Family Systems Therapy Family Systems Theory Family Therapy Individuation Integrative Psychotherapy Separation Anxiety Separation Individuation Separation Problems Separation Reactions Structural Family Therapy Young Adulthood

Accuracy Verified: Yes

60. Allen, J., & Lewis, L. (1996, Spring). A conceptual framework for treating traumatic memories and its application to EMDR. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 60(2), 238-263.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
With burgeoning interest in trauma has come a proliferation of interventions for the treatment of intrusive memories. At this stage of development, uniformity of clinical practice in the trauma field is neither possible nor desirable. The literature suggests that a wide range of treatment interventions are effective. But diversity in practice does not preclude coherence in conceptualization. This article presents a general theoretical framework to provide clinicians and patients with a rationale for treating intrusive symptoms of PTSD. To illustrate the applicability of the framework, the authors critique Shapiro's recent theoretical explanation of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), an exemplary cognitive-behavioral approach to the treatment of trauma. EMDR merits careful theoretical reappraisal, because it has become a highly popular and seemingly effective technique that currently rests on an unsound neurobiological theoretical foundation. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Hallucinations Intrusive Thoughts Memory Impairment Neurophysiology Professional Criticism Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

61. Hyer, L. A., Boudewyns, P. A., Peralme, L., Touze, J., & Kiel, A. (1995, June). Controlled treatment outcome study using EMDR on combat-related post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
After the status of PTSD was established, subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions; EMDR, exposure control (EC), and group (GT). Subjects in EMDR condition received at least five but no more than eight sessions of EMDR. EC condition subjects therapy procedure as the EMDR subjects but without the eye movements. Subjects in the GT condition received five to eight session of group therapy only. Outcome measures were at intervals; prior to therapy, immediately following therapy and at two follow-up periods. These include: (1) self report or interview-related psychological measures (Combat Exposure scale, MMPI-2 PTSD, Veterans Adjustment Scale (VETS), Mississippi Scale, Hamilton (Depression and Anxiety); (2) behavioral outcome measures (employment, treatment seeking behavior medication therapy, and re hospitalization rate); and (3) psychophysiological response measures (skin conductance, frontalis EMG, heart rate and blood pressure). The last measures involved a change measure in psychological arousal during exposure to tape recorded scripts depicting the patients' most traumatic combat memory. In addition to these pre-, post-, follow-up measures, measures (SUD, profile of mood scale (POMS), and impact of events scale (IOE) were taken at each therapy session. Early results on selected outcomes show differences in positive outcome between conditions POMS EMDR>GT (p<.01); IOE Avoidance, EMDR>GT (p<.04); IOE Intrusion, EMDR>GT(p<.03); Heart Rate, EMDR>GT (p<.04). Presently, there were no other significant differences between EMDR or EC. Trends, however suggest that EMDR may be superior to EC on several of the measures. These results indicate that EMDR may be producing greater reduction in the conditioned emotional response to traumatic memories in these patients, when compared to group therapy approach commonly used to treat these types of patients in a special VA treatment program.

Keywords: Combat Controlled Treatment Outcome Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

62. Dial, M. (1995, June 20). Controversial therapy offered for bomb survivors. Hays, Kansas: The Hays Daily News, 5.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
Shapiro said studies showing the dominant half of the brain processes positive ideas, with negative ideas processed in the other, may be a clue to how EMDR works. (Excerpt)

Keywords: Bombings General Oklahoma City Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

63. Lee, C. (2008). Crucial processes in EMDR - More than imaginal exposure. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(4), 262-268. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.262.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The processes that underlie the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) are examined by evaluating the procedural differences between it and exposure therapy. Major factors include the degree of emphasis placed on reliving versus distancing in the therapies and the degree to which clients are encouraged to focus on direct trauma experiences versus experiences associated with the trauma. Research results indicate that, unlike traditional imaginal exposure, reliving responses in EMDR did not correlate with symptom improvement. Instead, consistent with an information processing model, the degree of distancing in EMDR was significantly associated with improvement. A case study is described to highlight these methodological divergences in the respective therapies relating to reliving. Finally, the research regarding the possible sources of the distancing response within EMDR was examined. The results indicate that the distancing process was more likely to be an effect produced by eye movements than by any therapist instructions. Theoretical and research evaluations indicate that the mechanisms underlying EMDR and traditional exposure therapy are different.

Keywords: Exposure Therapy Information Processing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Reliving

Accuracy Verified: Yes

64. van der Kolk, B. A., & Stickgold, R. (1998, July). Current understanding of the psychobiology of trauma. Plenary presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will have basic knowledge about 1) the variety of psychophysiological responses to trauma; 2) current status of our knowledge about how the shutting off of the trauma response is mediated on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and the abnormalities of this biological system in PTSD; 3) basic understanding about the functions of different parts of the brain, in particular, the structure; and 4) explorations into possible modes of action of EMDR.

Keywords: Plenary Psychobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

65. van Eijk, M. & ter Braak, A. (2008, Maart). De noodkreet van het lijf: Het lichaam spreekt [The cry of the body: The body speaks]. Presentatie aan de derde congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Ede, The Netherlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
De gevolgen van psychotrauma manifesteren zich in de meeste gevallen in de vorm van herbelevingen, vermijding, emotionele ontregeling, concentratiestoornissen en dergelijke. Lichamelijke klachten worden inmiddels ook steeds vaker herkend als een van de gevolgen van PTSS. In deze workshop wordt naast aandacht voor de theoretische achtergrond van psychofysiologische reacties, ingegaan op wat men als EMDR- therapeut in de praktijk kan tegenkomen: dit kan variëren van selectief mutisme tot stigmata en van verlammingsverschijnselen tot visus uitval. Een en ander wordt geïllustreerd aan de hand van voorbeelden en videomateriaal.

The effects of psychotrauma manifest themselves in most cases in the form of reexperiencing, avoidance, emotional disturbance, impaired concentration and the like. Physical symptoms are also now increasingly being recognized as one of the effects of PTSD. This workshop will next focus on the theoretical background of psycho-physiological responses, discuss what they like EMDR therapist in practice may encounter: this may range from selective mutism to stigmata and paralysis to vision loss. This is illustrated by examples and video material.

Keywords: Body Psychophysiological Responses Somatic

Accuracy Verified: Yes

66. Shapiro, F., Lake, K., & Norcross, J. C. (2003, November). Desensibilización y reprocesamiento por movimientos oculares (EMDR): Un tratamiento integrador para el trauma [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as an integrative treatment for trauma]. Revista de Psicotrauma para Iberoamérica, 2(3), 4-12.

Language: Spanish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
EMDR es un método psicoterapéutico integrador que ha sido designado oficialmente una forma efectiva de tratamiento para el trastorno de estrés postraumático en la comunidad internacional. El EMDR de ocho fases proporciona un método eficiente, estructurado y seguro para hacer frente a los efectos nocivos de los eventos traumáticos. Varios aspectos del método EMDR, incluyendo su capacidad para hacer frente a los componentes múltiples de la experiencia del trauma (creencias, emociones, sensaciones fisiológicas), han hecho un llamamiento a los psicoterapeutas de diversas orientaciones teóricas. Aunque existen muchas similitudes entre el método EMDR y otros sistemas de las psicoterapias, EMDR es un enfoque distinto, debido, en parte, al uso de un modelo de procesamiento de información para explicar la psicopatología. Protocolos EMDR incorporan una combinación única de elementos que se piensa extender los resultados positivos del tratamiento. [Autor Resumen]

EMDR is an integrative psychotherapeutic approach that has been officially designated an effective form of treatment for PTSD within the international community. The eight-phase EMDR provides an efficient, structured, and safe method for addressing the deleterious effects of traumatic events. Various aspects of EMDR, including its ability to address the multiple experiential components of trauma (beliefs, emotions, physiological sensations), have appealed to psychotherapists of diverse theoretical orientations. Though many similarities exist between EMDR and other systems of psychotherapies, EMDR is a distinct approach due, in part, to its use of an information processing model to explain psychopathology. EMDR's protocols incorporate a unique combination of elements that are thought to extend positive treatment outcomes. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Stressor Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

67. Siegel, D. J. (2002). The developing mind and the resolution of trauma: Some ideas about information processing and an interpersonal neurobiology of psychotherapy. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism (1st ed.) (pp. 85-121). Washington: American Psychological Association.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
This chapter provides an overview of an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the nature of the developing mind and how the unresolved effects of trauma may be resolved within psychotherapy. Following is a brief background of my introduction to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and Francine Shapiro, the founder and a leading pioneer in the field of EMDR.My work comes from an interdisciplinary approach that combines numerous independent fields, including attachment theory and research, cognitive neuroscience, complexity theory, developmental psychology and psychopathology, genetics, psycholinguistics, and the study of trauma. By weaving the findings from these varied disciplines together with clinical work as a child psychiatrist, I developed a conceptual framework that was published as a book, "The Developing Mind: Toward a Neurobiology of Interpersonal Experience" (1999). This chapter offers a brief overview of this work and highlights ways in which this interpersonal neurobiology approach may help in understanding some possible mechanisms underlying trauma and its resolution. [Text, pp. 85, 86]

Keywords: Adults Cognitive Processes Neurobiology Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

68. Plassmann, R. (2007). Die kunst des lassens: Psychotherapie mit EMDR fur erwachsene und kinder [The art of giving. EMDR for adults and children]. Reihe: edition psychosozial, Giessen: Psychosozial-Verlag.

Language: German

Format: Book

Abstract:
Das Buch beschreibt auf sehr lebendige Weise, mit vielen Fallbeispielen, wie das EMDR und die moderne Hirnforschung die Psychotherapie auf eine völlig neue Grundlage gestellt haben und uns Möglichkeiten an die Hand gegeben haben, die vorher nicht bestanden. Es erläutert dem Fachmann die Arbeitsweise und deren wissenschaftliche Grundlagen und potenziellen Patienten, wie ihr Weg durch den Heilungsprozess aussieht.Wie fördert man seelische Heilungs- und Wachstumsprozesse? Vor dieser Herausforderung steht die wissenschaftliche Psychotherapie seit nunmehr 100 Jahren. Entscheidende Fortschritte sind in den letzten Jahren durch die neuen Methoden der modernen Traumatherapie möglich geworden. Gleichzeitig hat uns die moderne Hirnforschung Einblick gegeben, wie das Gehirn emotionale Belastungen verarbeitet. Die EMDR-Technik (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) konzentriert sich der Patient auf ein belastendes Erlebnis während seine Augen gleichzeitig den Handbewegungen des Therapeuten folgen, wodurch eine entlastende Wirkung eintritt. Das Buch beschreibt mit vielen Fallbeispielen auf sehr lebendige Weise, wie das EMDR und die moderne Hirnforschung die Psychotherapie auf eine völlig neue Grundlage gestellt und uns neue Möglichkeiten an die Hand gegeben haben. Es erläutert dem Fachmann die Arbeitsweise und deren wissenschaftliche Grundlagen und potenziellen Patienten, wie ihr Weg durch den Heilungsprozess aussieht, bei Essstörungen, Borderlinestörungen, Traumafolgestörungen und bei allen durch emotionale Überlastung entstandenen Erkrankungen.

The book describes in lively fashion, with many case studies provided as EMDR and modern brain research and therapy in a completely new basis have and have given us opportunities to the hand that were not there before. It explains the workings of the expert and the scientific basis and potential patients, as its way through the healing process aussieht.Wie promotes spiritual healing and growth it processes? That is the challenge the scientific psychotherapy is now 100 years since. Decisive progress in recent years made possible by new methods of modern trauma therapy. At the same time our modern brain research has given insight into how the brain processes emotional stress. The EMDR technique (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) focuses the patient on a stressful experience at the same time as his eyes follow the hand movements of the therapist, making an exculpatory effect occurs. The book describes many case studies have a very vivid way, as the modern brain research and the EMDR psychotherapy on an entirely new basis, and given us new opportunities to the hand. It explains the workings of the expert and the scientific basis and potential patients, as you look way through the healing process by eating disorders, borderline personality disorders, trauma disorders, and in all subsequent congestion caused by emotional disorders.

Keywords: Adults Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

69. Hopper, J., Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M., Yehuda, R., van der Kolk, B. A., & Simpson, W. (2003, October-November). Differential biological outcomes of EMDR and fluoxetine for PTSD. In B. A. van der Kolk (Chair), Treatment outcome studies of PTSD. Symposium conducted at the 19th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Treatment Outcome Studies of PTSD: This symposium presents three large carefully controlled treatment outcome studies using four different treatment modalities (CBT, EMDR, psychopharmacology and Cognitive Processing) and presents data on comparative efficacy, treatment responsiveness and resistance, effects on comorbidity, quality of life, and biological changes that accompany symptom improvement.

Differential Biological Outcomes of EMDR and Fluoxetine for PTSD: Two major developments in PTSD research have been the development of effective treatments and the delineation of pathophysiology. While major gains have been made in both of these areas, they have occurred in parallel. There is a need for investigations of possible differential effects of different treatment modalities on biological aspects of PTSD. In this randomized controlled trial (N = 105), we compared the exposure treatment Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, the serotonergic reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine, and pill placebo for their effects on both PTSD symptoms and biological parameters. The outcome measures were severity of reexperiencing, avoidant/numbing, and hyperarousal symptoms; psychophysiological reactivity to script-driven imagery; basal salivary cortisol and dexamethasone suppression test (DST). At pre-treatment, post-treatment and 3-month follow-up, saliva samples were acquired at 8 a.m., 11 p.m. (immediately followed by dexamethasone) and 8 a.m.. Participants also underwent a script-driven imagery protocol utilizing four 30s scripts, each followed by a 60s script imaging period and 2 minute recovery periods (fixed order: neutral, trauma, neutral, trauma). Preliminary analyses partially support hypothesizes concerning differential efficacies of pharmacological and psychological treatments on different symptom clusters and biological markers of the disorder, at post-treatment and 3- month follow-up. Potential implications for treatment and future research will be discussed.

Keywords: Fluoxetine Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

70. Lanius, U. F. (2001, June). Dissociation processes and EMDR: Staying connected. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) learn a model, based on recent developments in neuroscience and the neurobiology of dissociation, that guides therapeutic interventions in general and EMDR treatment in particular; 2) apply effective treatment planning, target selection, and the use of both body-oriented (bottom-up processing); 3) learn to utilize interventions intended to minimize dissociative symptoms; and 4) learn techniques that aid clients in becoming reconnected, once dissociative processes have occurred.

Keywords: Dissociation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

71. Lanius, U. F. (2004, September). Dissociative processes and EMDR – Staying connected. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montreal, Quebec Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A model is proposed, based on recent research in neuroscience and the neurobiology of dissociation and attachment, that guides therapeutic interventions in general and EMDR treatment in particular. Participants will become familiar with specific interventions intended to minimize dissociative symptoms, as well as techniques that aid clients in becoming reconnected, once dissociative processes have occurred. That is, a comprehensive therapeutic approach is described to aid clients with dissociative symptoms to stay connected, and in some cases reconnect with their healing process, thereby enhancing the likelihood of efficient information processing during EMDR treatment.

Keywords: Dissociation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

72. Fraser, G., & Welburn, K (1999, November). Dissociative table technique: Guided imagery strategy for PTSD with dissociation. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Miami, FL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In keeping with the theme of bridging gaps across disciplines, the Dissociative Table Technique brings to this trauma conference a strategy from the field of dissociative disorders. This therapeutic adjunct has been used by many therapists over the past 10 years for managing dissociated ego states in trauma victims who also have dissociation as part of their clinical picture. This strategy has been used with dissociative disorders, Ego-State therapy and more recently in conjunction with EMDR for patients having dissociative state alterations in addition to their PTSD. This guided imagery strategy provides a protocol for clinical intervention in such clients and will provide an additional therapeutic adjunct for trauma workers when PTSD is complicated by dissociative pathology. Based on gestalt, guided imagery and hypnosis strategies, the Dissociative Table Technique assists the clinician to bring order to the random dissociation which can complicate therapy in such cases. Also clients can be taught to become aware of and integrate dissociated ego states. This strategy must be carefully considered as it can have a profound effect on the dissociative processes. It is advised that it only be employed by clinicians whose fields permit hypnosis-based therapy.The workshop will commence with a therapeutic rationale for this technique followed by an outline of the clinical application. Included will be a video introducing the technique in a clinical case. The video will be followed by a second speaker discussing possible applications to EMDR. Useful suggestions for utilizing EMDR in this trance-prone population (those with dissociation in addition to PTSD) will be addressed in addition to presenting clinical examples in which the Dissociative Table Technique was integrated with EMDR in appropriate clinical groups.

Keywords: Dissociative Table Technique Dissociation Guided Imagery Poster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

73. Hassard, A. (2003, June). Distribution of targets in 400 eye-movement desensitization cases. Psychological Reports, 92(3), 717-722. doi: 10.2466/pr0.2003.92.3.717 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In a series of 400 patients undergoing Eye-movement Desensitization (EMD), patients rarely reported more than 9 flashbacks or other focal targets, which may indicate the working memory limit. Eye-movement desensitization may operate by freeing working memory capacity, enabling cognitive change and memory recovery to occur. Complete EMD treatment may require sufficient eye movements to free up working memory capacity. Patients given less than this requirement may not be adequately treated. This may account for variable results in evaluations of eye-movement desensitization. Such possible dose effects may be important in this therapy. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Cognitive Processes Psychotherapeutic Processes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

74. Manfield, P. (2013, May). Dyadic resourcing: Creating a foundation for treating early trauma [La dyade comme ressource: Créer une base solide pour traiter les traumas de la petite enfance]. Presentation at the annual EMDR Canada Conference, Banff, Alberta CAN.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop introduces “dyadic resourcing,” a resourcing approach designed to facilitate EMDR processing of very early trauma with severely deprived clients, including those with attachment disorders. The goal of this process is to help clients connect affectively to an internal experience of being in a nurturing parent-child relationship. This workshop will address the basic principles and processes central to this form of resourcing, including each of the five steps involved in establishing this resource. The process will be illustrated using clinical videos, resourcing transcripts, and a live demonstration. Links to free additional training resources will be provided.
Learning Objectives: • Explain why cognitive interweaves are often not helpful to clients with attachment disorders • List 15 possible sources of resource figures a client might have that the client can feel a present affective connection to. • List 8 techniques that can be used to help a client feel more intensely connected to a resource. • Describe 4 indications that clients are NOT assuming an outside observer role and are instead overly identifying with their child selves. • Describe how the “morphing” process minimizes a client’s resistance to feeling nurtured.

Cet atelier présente la dyade comme ressource, une approche conçue pour faciliter le retraitement en EMDR pour les traumas de la petite enfance chez des clients qui ont été sévèrement négligés dont ceux avec un trouble de l’attachement. L’objectif de ce processus est d’aider le client à se connecter au niveau affectif à une expérience intérieure d’être dans une relation nourrissante parent-enfant. Cet atelier portera sur les principes de base et les processus centraux de cette forme de ressourcement incluant les 5 étapes pour établir cette ressource. Le processus sera illustré à l’aide de vidéos de transcription sur les ressources et une démonstration en direct. Il fournira aussi des ‘’liens’’ afin d’avoir accès gratuitement à des formations sur les ressources.
Objectifs d’apprentissage: • Expliquer pourquoi les tissages cognitifs ne sont pas aidant pour les clients ayant un trouble de l’attachement • Une liste de 15 figures ressourçantes pour le client et pour lesquelles il peut ressentir une connexion sur le plan affectif. • Une liste de 8 techniques qui peut être utiliser afin d’aider le client à se sentir de plus en plus connecter à une ressource. • Décrire 4 indications que le client n’adopte pas une position d’observateur mais plutôt qu’il soit vraiment identifié avec leurs ‘’soi’’ d’enfant. • Décrire comment le processus de ‘’morphing’’ peut diminuer la résistance au sentiment d’être nourrit affectivement

Keywords: Dyadic Resourcing Morphing Resource Figures

Accuracy Verified: Yes

75. Manfield, P. (2011, August). Dyadic resourcing: EMDR with difficult clients. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Orange County, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Difficult Clients Dyadic Resourcing

Accuracy Verified: Yes

76. Shapiro, E., & Laub, B. (2008). Early EMDR intervention (EEI): A summary, a theoretical model, and the recent traumatic episode protocol (R-TEP). Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(2), 79-96. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.2.79.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article examines existing early EMDR intervention (EEI) procedures, presents a conceptual model, and proposes a new comprehensive protocol: the Recent-Traumatic Episode protocol (R-TEP). A review of research and important professional issues regarding application and parameters are presented. The commonly used EEI protocols and procedures are summarized, with the inclusion of descriptive case examples from the Lebanon war and a review of related research. Then a theoretical model is presented in which traumatic information processing is conceptualized as expanding from a narrow focus on the sensory image (perceptual level) to a wider focus on the event/episode (experiential level) and finally to a broad focus on the theme/identity (meaning level). The relationship of this model to the Recent-Traumatic Episode protocol is articulated and case examples are presented. Theoretical speculations are discussed relating to attention regulation and the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model. Further research is encouraged. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model AIP Cognitive Processes Crisis Intervention Early EMDR Intervention Emergency Room Patients Israel-Hezbollah War Israelis Prevention of PTSD Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Recent Events Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

77. Hollander, H. E., & Bender, S. S. (2001, January-April). ECEM (Eye Closure Eye Movements): Integrating aspects of EMDR with hypnosis for treatment of trauma. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 43(3-4), 187-202. doi:10.1080/00029157.2001.10404276.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The paper addresses distinctions between hypnotic interventions and Eye Movement Desensitizing and Reprocessing (EMDR) and discusses their effect on persons who have symptoms of PTSD. Eye movements in hypnosis and EMDR are considered in terms of the different ways they may affect responses in treatment. A treatment intervention within hypnosis called ECEM (Eye Closure, Eye Movements) is described. ECEM can be used for patients with histories of trauma who did not benefit adequately from either interventions in hypnosis or the EMDR treatment protocol used separately. In ECEM the eye movement variable of EMDR is integrated within a hypnosis protocol to enhance benefits of hypnosis and reduce certain risks of EMDR. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Hypnotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

78. Lee, H., Yum, M. K., Kim, S. H., Lee, Y. J., & Kim, D. (2008). Effect of horizontal eye movements on the heart rate variability after exposure to a fear-inducing film clip. Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 15(1), 35-45.

Language: Korean

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: There has been a continued debate regarding the role of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). This study examined the possible autonomic effect of horizontal eye movements after being exposed to fearful stimuli. Methods: Fifty two healthy adult women were randomly allocated to eye movement or eye fixed groups after watching a five minute fear-inducing film clip. ECG was recorded during the resting state, after watching the clip, and the treatment. A spectral power analysis of the heart rate variability was performed. As the variables violated the rule of normal distribution and the number in each group is small the non-parametric test was used. Results: Overall, we did not find the differences between the groups in both time and frequency domains. Some minor differences found were not consistent with results from previous studies. Conclusions: Effect of eye movement on autonomic nervous system during fear desensitization was not supported in this experiment. Further study with other psychophysiological measures is needed to understand the role of eye movements in treatment of traumatic memory.

Keywords: Autonomic Nervous System Eye Movements Eye Movements Females Fear Film Clip Heart Rate Variability Horitzontal Korean

Accuracy Verified: Yes

79. Khalfa, S. (2012, June). Effects of EMDR on cognition, psychophysiology and cerebral mechanisms in PTSD [Efectos del EMDR en cognición, psicofisiología y mecanismos cerebrales en TEPT]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Despite the emergence of many theories on biological EMDR mechanisms, research is still needed to understand the healing processes of EMDR. We conducted four experiments to explore the effects of EMDR on PTSD with 17 to 22 patients suffering from one unique trauma. The first experiment evidenced attentional bias in PTSD towards negative words that disappeared after successful EMDR Therapy. The second experiment has shown a less efficient control of emotion in PTSD as compared to healthy controls. This altered emotional suppressing measured through psychophysiological responses was restored after symptoms disappearance following EMDR. The third experiment also using psychophysiological measures confirmed the increased fear sensitization and delayed fear extinction in PTSD and again the restoration of a normal fear conditioning and extinction processes after EMDR. The last experiment explored the negative emotional cerebral mechanisms using functional magnetic resonance imagery in PTSD. Activities in prefrontal structures were modified in PTSD as compared to healthy controls. After the EMDR treatment accompanied by symptoms removal, the prefrontal responses were not different between PTSD patients and their controls. Theoretical issues of these results will be discussed in order to integrate cognitive, psychophysiological and cerebral mechanisms observations.

A pesar del emerger de muchas teorías sobre los mecanismos biológicos del EMDR, la investigación aún necesita entender el proceso de curación que se produce en EMDR. Hemos realizado 4 experimentos para explorar los efectos del EMDR en TEPT de 17 a 22 pacientes que sufrieron un único trauma. El primer experimento evidencia un sesgo atencional del TEPT ante las palabras negativas que desaparecen después de una terapia exitosa de EMDR. El Segundo experimento mostró una baja eficiencia del control de las emociones en los TEPT comparados con el control de individuos sanos. Esta alterada supresión emocional medida a través de respuestas psicofisiológicas fue restaurada después de una desaparición de los síntomas realizando EMDR. El tercer experimento también confirma mediante medidas psicofisiológicas el aumento de la sensación de miedo y un retraso en la extinción del mismo en el TEPT. De nuevo tras administrar una terapia EMDR se produjo una restauración a una condición normal de miedo y un proceso de extinción. El último experimento explica los mecanismos negativos emocionales cerebrales usando resonancia funcional magnética en TEPT. La actividad en las estructuras prefrontales fue modificada en el TEPT comparado con el control. Después del tratamiento de EMDR acompañado de una remisión de los síntomas, las respuestas prefrontales no fueron diferentes entre los pacientes con TEPT y los controles. Cuestiones teoréticas sobre estos resultados serán discutidas con el fin de integrar cognitivamente, psicofisiológicamente y observar los mecanismos cerebrales del EMDR.

Keywords: Cognition, Psychophysiology and Cerebral Mechanisms Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

80. Becker, L., Black-Tanski, D., Nugent, N., & Thede, L. (1999, November). The effects of eye movement on the stream of consciousness. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Miami, FL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A recent meta-analysis of PTSD treatments (van Etten & Taylor, 1998) found EMDR to be as efficacious as behavioral and drug treatments. There is considerable controversy, but little research, on the underlying mechanisms of EMDR. A conditioning model by Dyck (1993) suggests that eye movements (EM) effect a distraction from trauma related thoughts, causing an extinction trial. According to this model, the distraction of EM should cause thoughts to be directed outward. A psychodynamic model by Allen and Lewis (1996) suggests that EM facilitate the formation of new associations to traumatic memories and allow the client to “remain in the present while thinking of the past.” This model postulates that EM cause thoughts to be directed inward. We report two experiments in which thought processes were studied using a stream of consciousness (SOC) technique (Singer, 1993). In both studies, undergraduate participants wrote down a sad (or happy) target event from their life. They then thought about the target event and let their thoughts go where they may for 10 minutes. At approximately 1-minute intervals they were asked to report their thoughts. The baseline study (n = 42) looked at SOC with eyes closed; the second study (n = 27) compared SOC with eyes open, eyes closed, and with EM. Relative the to the eyes-open condition, EM tended to keep the SOC internally focused. During the last 4 minutes of the SOC, eyes open participants were externally focused (thoughts about the surroundings) about 50% of time; EM participants were externally focused 25% of the time; and eyes closed participants were externally focused 3% of the time, F(1, 11) = 6.08, p = .017. Eye movements produced a blend of external (eyes open) and internal (eyes closed) thoughts, offering support to the psychodynamic model.

Keywords: Eye Movement Poster Stream of Consciousness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

81. Choi, K. M., Min, J. A., Park, G. H., Lee, S.-H., & Chae, J.-H. (2011). The effects of horizontal eye movement on mental health indices and psychophysiological activities in healthy subjects. Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 18, 148-158.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: The eye movement (EM) has been reported to play a role in enhancing the retrieval of episodic memories and reducing effects of fearful episodes in the past and worries for the futures. However, it is still unclear in the mechanism of EM in normal subjects. We examined the horizontal eye movement (HEM) effect using an aiding apparatus on mental health indices including negative and positive psychological factors, and psychophysiological measures such as heart rate variability and quantitative electroencepaholography (qEEG) in healthy subjects.
Methods: Twenty eight healthy subjects were recruited and randomly allocated into two groups : active HEM group and control group. The active HEM group conducted the HEM training with usual stress management audio-intervention using the apparatus inducing eye movement once a day for 14 days. The control group also conducted the same training once a day for 14 days, however, the saccadic eye movement was not included in this training. Psychological measurements, neurocognitive function tests, heart rate variability measurement and qEEG were conducted before and after the training in both groups.
Results: In the active HEM group, sleep status using Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) positive factors significantly increased after the training. By contrast, scores on the negative items of Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWBS), and negative items of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) were significantly decreased after the training. The percentage of delta amplitude (1-3 Hz) in qEEG significantly decreased after the HEM training. The percentage of alpha amplitude (8-12 Hz) significantly increased after HEM training. The change of delta amplitude in the active HEM group was positively correlated with the change of sleep satisfaction of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the change of alpha amplitude was negatively correlated with depression of VAS, anxiety of VAS and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI).
Conclusions: The HEM training improved sleep quality and well-being, and sense of optimism. The HEM training also increased alpha amplitude and decreased delta amplitude in qEEG. The qEEG changes were well correlated with subjective improvement of mental health indices in healthy subjects. These results suggest some evidences that HEM training using the apparatus that induces EM would be helpful in improving subjective mental health in healthy subjects. Further study with larger samples size would be needed.

Keywords: Horitzontal Eye Movements

Accuracy Verified: Yes

82. Lee, C. (2006, May). Efficacy and mechanisms of action of EMDR as a treatment for PTSD. Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The first aim of this thesis was to describe the characteristics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and to elucidate its place as a symptom disorder that sometimes develops when people are exposed to a traumatic event. The current major theoretical approaches to account for why some people who are exposed to trauma develop PTSD and the mechanisms by which this occurs were described. Three classes of theories were reviewed: conditioning/learning approach; information processing theories with a particular focus on the meaning of the trauma event; and biological models with an emphasis on recent neurocircuitry and neurochemistry models. Successful treatment approaches were then reviewed which indicated two major contenders for the most efficacious treatment for PTSD: traditional cognitive behaviour therapies (CBT) using either stress inoculation or prolonged exposure; and eye movement desensitisation and processing (EMDR). Prior to the first study (Lee, Gavriel, Drummond, Richards, and Greenwald, 2002), a review of the literature indicated equivalent effects for EMDR and CBT. There had been very few direct comparison studies and each had serious methodological flaws, particularly with respect to random assignment and treatment fidelity. Therefore, the first study ensured adequate attention to these areas and involved a direct comparison between the two procedures using a sample of 24 participants diagnosed with PTSD. EMDR and stress inoculation training with prolonged exposure were found to lead to similar symptom improvement at the end of treatment, apart from a slight advantage for EMDR on intrusion symptoms. Both treatments led to significantly greater symptom reduction than a wait list control condition. At follow-up, EMDR led to greater gains on both self-report and observer rated measures of PTSD and self-report measures of depression. Overall, the findings were similar to those described in previously published studies, with a suggestion that EMDR was slightly more efficient than the standard CBT approach. Given that the evidence suggested that EMDR was a more efficient treatment, it became critical to understand the underlying processes. A process study was undertaken that examined the responses of people with PTSD receiving EMDR treatment (Lee, Taylor, and Drummond, 2006). Guided by process studies of other treatments and theories that might account for why EMDR is effective, participants' responses were examined to see which models better accounted for symptom improvement. The main analysis tested whether or not the responses were consistent with processes that occurred during traditional CBT treatment, which prior research had identified as reliving, or whether they were more consistent with Shapiro's proposal that enhanced information processing occurs because there is a dual focus of attention (that is, the person simultaneously focuses on an external stimulus and on the traumatic memory) (Shapiro, 1995). The responses made by 44 participants were coded by an independent rater according to whether they were primarily reliving, distancing, affect or material other than the primary trauma. The coding system was found to have satisfactory inter-rater reliability. Greatest improvement occurred when the participant processed in a more detached or distant manner, whereas reliving responses were not associated with improvement. Cross-lagged panel correlations suggested that processing in a more detached manner was a consequence of the EMDR procedure rather than a measure that co-varied with improvement. The findings underscored a difference in the processes that underlie EMDR and traditional CBT. The major question left unanswered from this second study was what causes this distancing process? Competing views were that it was facilitated by eye movement; alternatively, the therapist's instructions to participants might have precipitated this distancing phenomenon. The third study tested these ideas by randomly assigning 48 participants to either an eye movement or a no eye movement condition under two types of therapist instructions (reliving or distancing). Participants recalled personal distressing memories, and measures of distress and vividness were taken after treatment and at follow up. Only the eye movements made a significant difference to people's level of distress. This conclusion appeared at odds with some of the previous literature that had tested the effects of eye movement on levels of distress. A meta-analysis of some of this research had suggested that there was no significant advantage of including eye movement in EMDR treatment unless the person had been diagnosed with PTSD. However, a close examination of this meta-analysis indicated some major methodological flaws in the computation; therefore, this was recalculated. The conclusion from this fourth study was consistent with study three in that EMDR with eye movement was found to lead to significantly greater improvement that EMDR without eye movement. The results of these four studies were then discussed in terms of their implications for the theoretical models presented in Chapter 1. Aspects of learning theory that might account for EMDR efficiency were discussed as well as the failure of this model to account for treatment gains following EMDR. Information processing models were seen to better account for some of the phenomena observed in EMDR and for the findings from the four studies. Some suggestions of how eye movements might facilitate improved information processing were presented. Finally, the relative merits of EMDR and CBT treatments were discussed and suggestions made for when to combine approaches. The conclusions highlight the point that EMDR appears to be the most promising treatment for PTSD.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

83. Schubert, S. (2010, July). The efficacy and psychobiological correlates of dual-attention task. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The study being presented aimed to investigate the psycho physiological correlates and the effectiveness of different dualattention tasks used during eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR). Sixty-two non-clinical participants with negative autobiographical memories received a single EMDR session that involved fixed or varied rate eye movements, or exposure without eye movements. Subjective units of distress and vividness of the memory were recorded at pretreatment, post-treatment, and 1 week follow-up. EMDR-with eye movements led to greater reduction in distress (SUDs) than EMDR-without eye movements. Psycho physiological measures were continuously recorded throughout each session. Heart rate decreased significantly when eye movements began; skin conductance decreased during eye movement sets; heart rate variability and respiration rate increased significantly as eye movements continued; and orienting responses were more frequent in the eye movement than no-eye movement condition at the start of exposure. These findings indicate that eye movements in EMDR are beneficial, and are coupled with distinct psycho physiological changes that may aid in the processing of negative memories. Implications for clinical practice, directions for future research, and the importance of building bridges between East & West whilst conducting EMDR research will also be discussed.

Keywords: Dual Attention Psychophysiological Correlates

Accuracy Verified: Yes

84. Schubert, S. (2009, June). The efficacy and psychophysiological correlates of different dual attention tasks in EMDR. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Dual Attention Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

85. Schubert, S. J., Lee, C. W., & Drummond, P. D. (2011, January). The efficacy and psychophysiological correlates of dual-attention tasks in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.024.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study aimed to investigate the psychophysiological correlates and the effectiveness of different dual-attention tasks used during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Sixty-two non-clinical participants with negative autobiographical memories received a single session of EMDR without eye movements, or EMDR that included eye movements of either varied or fixed rate of speed. Subjective units of distress and vividness of the memory were recorded at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 1 week follow-up. EMDR-with eye movements led to greater reduction in distress than EMDR-without eye movements. Heart rate decreased significantly when eye movements began; skin conductance decreased during eye movement sets; heart rate variability and respiration rate increased significantly as eye movements continued; and orienting responses were more frequent in the eye movement than no-eye movement condition at the start of exposure. Findings indicate that the eye movement component in EMDR is beneficial, and is coupled with distinct psychophysiological changes that may aid in processing negative memories.

Keywords: Eye Movements Autobiographical Memory Psychophysiology Orienting Response

Accuracy Verified: Yes

86. Tripolt, R. (2012, June). EMDR in Motion. Using movement and body oriented therapeutic interweaves for complex trauma and dissociative symptoms [EMDR en movimiento. Usar el movimiento y la terapia orientada al cuerpo para traumas complejos y síntomas disociativos]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
"The Body Keeps the Score" (B. v.d. Kolk, 1996) Clients who suffer from traumatic stress are often afraid about disturbing and painful somatic symptoms. Structural dissociation alienates from body reactions. Nevertheless it is the body that "holds" the discomfort and painful memory of neglect and violence. Trauma Survivors tend to perceive their body as hostile. They suffer from Alexithymia deficiency of interpreting the meaning of body reactions and muscle activation. Trauma Survivors are easily irritated and tend to react with rage on very slight provocations and freeze when they are frustrated. Even minor problems cause fear and helplessness. The Polyvagal Theory (S. Porges 2010) proves the neurological aspect of behavioral patterns. Neurozeption describes how we perceive others in a neurological way. Certain behavioral patterns are established through life experiences. This research underlines Francine Shapiros AIP model and confirms the importance of a body orientated approach. We know that experiencing the effect of eye movement -‐ and other bilateral stimulation, is a gentle and powerful way to bring the voice of the body into the therapeutic space. EMDR helps to integrate cognitive, emotional and body sensations. Using movement and body orientated skills in difficult processes f.e. with severely and/or early traumatised clients, even enhances the effect of EMDR. Content of the Workshop: Short theoretical implications: Polyvagal Theory and AIP Model. Stabilisation and Movement -‐ creating a „Moving Container“: How to create a safe place of relationship and attachment between the client and the therapist by using movement and bodywork? The body is the most powerful resource: How to use movement to access this power. How to recognize and dissolve dissociation by body and movement awareness. EMDR Process and Movement : How to widen the „window of tolerance“ by using movement and deeper levels of body consciousness. Adding a fourth level of attention to the EMDR process: cognition -‐ emotion -‐ body scan -‐ movement. Movement and reflex feedback as interweave technique in difficult processes. Methods used in the Workshop: Lecture and Video Presentation. Practical demonstration of some movement orientated techniques. Discussion.

“El cuerpo lleva la cuenta” (B. v.d. Kolk, 1996), los clientes que sufren de estrés traumático tienen a menudo miedo sobre sus síntomas somáticos preocupantes y dolorosos. La disociación estructural aliena las reacciones del cuerpo, sin embargo es el cuerpo el que “mantiene” el disconfort y el recuerdo doloroso de negligencia y violencia. Los supervivientes a un trauma suelen tender a percibir su propio cuerpo como hostil. Sufren de Alexitimia, deficiencias para interpretar las señales corporales y la activación muscular. Son fácilmente irritables y tienden a reaccionar con ira, con leves provocaciones y se “congelan” cuando están frustrados. Incluso problemas de fuerza menor causan miedo y desesperanza. La teoría polivagal (S. Porges 2010) prueba el aspecto neurológico de los patrones de comportamiento. La neurocepción describe cómo percibimos a los otros desde un punto de vista neurológico. Ciertos patrones de comportamiento están establecidos a través de las experiencias vitales. Esta investigación se basa en el modelo SPIA de Francine Shapiro y confirma la importancia del enfoque orientado al cuerpo. Sabemos que al experimentar el efecto de la estimulación ocular, y otras estimulaciones bilaterales, es un camino poderoso y suave para traer la voz del cuerpo dentro del espacio terapéutico. EMDR facilita la integración cognitiva emocional y corporal. Usar el movimiento y las habilidades orientadas al cuerpo en los procesos difíciles con clientes traumatizados, severamente o tempranamente, incluso amplifica el efecto terapéutico del EMDR Contenido del taller: Implicaciones teóricas: Teoría Polivagal y modelo SPIA Estabilización y movimiento – Crear un “recipiente de movimiento” Cómo crear un lugar seguro en relación al apego entre el cliente y el terapeuta usando movimiento y trabajo corporal. El cuerpo es el recurso más poderoso: Cómo usar el movimiento para acceder a este poder. Cómo reconocer y disolver la disociación en el cuerpo y la atención al movimiento. Procesamiento EMDR y movimiento: Cómo ampliar la "ventana de tolerancia" mediante el uso de movimientos y niveles más profundos de la conciencia del cuerpo. Añadir un 4 nivel de atención al procesamiento de EMDR: Cognición-‐Emoción-‐ Escáner corporal-‐movimiento.

Keywords: Body Oriented Therapeutic Interweaves

Accuracy Verified: Yes

87. Plassmann, R., & Seidel, M. (2003, May). EMDR - Group therapy with patients having eating disorders. In Eating Disorders. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Rome, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
We understand a therapeutic group, here the EMDR-group, analog to the opinion of Watzlawick et al., Koffka and Grinberg as a multiplicity that is more than only the sum of the individuals. An individual is a part of a group, who expresses himself in the collective „we". Even if the individual expresses himself at first individually, the remarks turn into collective-appearances with basic-convictions–and assumptions. This group-structure, labeled by the authors as a dynamic collective-constellation, is based on unconscious processes projecting and introjecting identification. The group-member takes in those feelings and impulses of the others that are similar to the own emotions, and perceives them due to the experienced reinforcement more severely. Simultaneously the individual projects his objects of the unconscious imagination on the others and tries to reproduce the specific pattern of his difficult interpersonal relationships.

Keywords: Binge Eating Eating Disorders Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

88. Shapiro, F. (2002, January). EMDR 12 years after its introduction: Past and future research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 1-22. doi:10.1002/jclp.1126 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was one of the first treatments of PTSD to be evaluated in controlled research and has to date been empirically supported by 13 such studies. This article reviews the historical context and empirical research of EMDR over the past dozen years. Historically, EMDR's name has caused confusion in that "desensitization" is considered to be only a by-product of reprocessing and because the eye movement component of EMDR is only one form of dual stimulation to be successfully used in this integrative approach. Research is needed to determine the comparative efficacy of EMDR relative to cognitive-behavioral treatments of PTSD. However, this has been hampered by the lack of independent replication studies of the latter treatments. Current component analyses of EMDR have failed to effectively evaluate the relative weighting of its procedures. Parameters for future research and the testing of protocols for diverse disorders are suggested. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive Processes Literature Review Posttraumtic Stress Disorder PTSD Research Needs

Accuracy Verified: Yes

89. Fernandez, I. (2008). EMDR after a critical incident: Treatment of a tsunami survivor with acute posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(2), 156-159. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.2.156.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Research indicates that EMDR is effective for the treatment of PTSD, with numerous studies showing a high percentage of symptom remission after 3 sessions. The case of a tsunami survivor with acute PTSD is presented. Treatment for overt trauma symptoms was completed within 3 sessions, including all 8 phases and the 3-pronged protocol (i.e., past, present, future targets). One EMDR session was sufficient to process the trauma and alleviate the related symptoms, while another session was necessary for re-evaluation and processing present triggers and future templates. Resource installation was particularly helpful to prepare him for those future situations that had been generating anxiety as a result of his traumatization. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Brief Psychotherapy Case Report Disaster Disaster-Response Indian Ocean Tsunami Italians Males Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Recent Events Survivors Trauma Tsunamis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

90. Shapiro, F. (2005, December). EMDR and adaptive information processing: Clinical applications and case conceptualization. Presentation at the 5th Evolution of Psychotherapy Conference, Anaheim, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: EMDR is guided by the Adaptive Information Processing paradigm, which differentiates it from other forms of psychotherapy. The implications of this paradigm will be explored in relation to a variety of recent clinical case studies and research reports. Questions from participants will be used to explore potential clinical applications.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model Adolescents AIP Cognitive Processes Family Systems Therapy Females Integrative Psychotherapy Memories Psychotherapeutic Processes Self Concept Video

Accuracy Verified: Yes

91. Cohen-Posey, K. (1998, March). EMDR and bibliotherapy. EMDRIA Newsletter, 3(1), 20-21.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
I fell in love with EMDR after my Level I training in October of 1995 and have used it as much as possible since. Using it with people who have experienced trauma is like having a front row seat to the healing processes of the universe. I no longer struggler with the perennial question: “What do I do next?” When processing becomes stuck, cognitive interweaves usually come to me during an eye movement set.

Keywords: Bibliotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

92. Beley, T. (2001, June). EMDR and Bowen theory: A natural integration of technique and theory in therapy. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Although very distinct in their respective technical and theorectical approaches, EMDR and Bowen Theory hold important commonalities. Participatns will be able to 1) dsecribe the relationship of the triune brain, emotional reactiveness, and anxiety; 2) develop a basic understanding of the relationship between evolutionary processes, biologic processess, and human behavior; and 3) identify how EMDR can be used within the context of Bowen Theory and therapy.

Keywords: Bowen Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

93. Shapiro, F. (2007). EMDR and case conceptualization from an adaptive information processing perspective. In F. Shapiro, F. Kaslow, & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp. 3–36). New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
In its 20-year history, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has evolved from a simple technique into an integrative psychotherapy approach with a theoretical model that emphasizes the brain's information processing system and memories of disturbing experiences as the basis of pathology. The eight-phase treatment comprehensively addresses the experiences that contribute to clinical conditions and those that are needed to bring the client to a robust state of psychological health. The concept of the transformation of the stored experience through a rapid learning process is the key to understanding the basis and application of EMDR and its guiding Adaptive Information Processing model (Shapiro, 1995, 2001, 2002). The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of both theory and practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model AIP Brain Cognitive Processes Integrative Psychotherapy Memories Memory Models Pathology Psychotherapeutic Techniques Psychotherapy Approach Stored Experience

Accuracy Verified: Yes

94. Smyth, N. J., & Poole, A. D. (2002). EMDR and cognitive-behavior therapy: Exploring convergence and divergence. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism (1st ed.) (pp. 151-180). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Since first introduced by Shapiro, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been the subject of considerable interest, debate, and controversy within the behavioral literature. In this chapter, EMDR is examined from a behavioral perspective with the goal of exploring connections between it and behavior therapy. Since its initial introduction as an intervention for PTSD, EMDR has been expanded and is used to treat a range of other disorders. The present discussion centers on its application in the management of PTSD for two reasons: First, PTSD is the diagnostic category on which the majority of research studies have focused. Second, empirical research has determined that EMDR and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are efficacious in the treatment of PTSD; they seem to be equally effective, although EMDR may be more efficient.The chapter begins with a brief consideration of the development and essential principles of behavior therapy and of the manner in which behavioral approaches have conceptualized PTSD. This context is essential to understanding how EMDR is conceptualized from a behavioral perspective. The relationship between EMDR and behavior therapy is then explored and mechanisms for its apparent effectiveness considered. Finally, contributions of behavior therapy to EMDR and of EMDR to behavior therapy are discussed, including challenges that each poses to the other. [Text, pp. 151-152]

Keywords: Adults Cognitive Therapy Posttraumtic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

95. Protinsky, H., Flemke, K., & Sparks, J. (2001, June). EMDR and emotionally oriented couples therapy. Contemporary Family Therapy, 23(2), 153-168. doi:10.1023/A:1011193518301.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
When reviewing past and current research on the role of emotion in couples therapy, there appeared to be a lack of articulation concerning how emotional expressions and relational dynamics are affected by emotional trauma that has not been accessed. The authors demonstrate how emotionally and experientially oriented therapy with couples can be enhanced by accessing stored trauma through the use of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). This approach is called Eye Movement Relationship Enhancement (EMRE) therapy and includes key clinical areas such as accessing and tolerating previously disowned emotion, reprocessing emotional experiences, and amplifying couple intimacy. These key areas are discussed and illustrated with case examples. [Springer]

Keywords: Empirical Study Family Therapy Literature Review Marital Problems Nonclinical Case Study Psychotherapeutic Processes Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

96. Bohart, A. C., & Greenberg, L. S. (2002). EMDR and experiential psychotherapy. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism (1st ed.) (pp. 239-261). Washington: American Psychological Association.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
This chapter compares EMDR with three experiential approaches. Although various experiential approaches exist, the chapter concentrates on Gendlin's focusing-oriented psychotherapy (FP), Rogers's client-centered therapy (CCT), and Greenberg and colleagues' process-experiential psychotherapy (PEP) to explore similarities and differences. The exploration begins with an introduction of each approach to orient the reader. [Text, pp. 239-240]TOPICS TREATED: Self-healing; Summary of similarities between EMDR and experiential psychotherapy; Differences between EMDR and experiential psychotherapy; Integrating experiential therapies with EMDR.

Keywords: Adults Client Centered Psychotherapy Experiential Psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

97. Gilligan, S. (2002). EMDR and hypnosis. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism (1st ed.) (pp. 225-238). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
During the past decade, EMDR has emerged as a very promising therapeutic approach for treating trauma-related problems. It seems to allow for the integrated processing of experiential learning that has been "stuck" or "frozen" in the course of a person's experience. Although its effectiveness seems clear, many questions still remain regarding the way it works and its relationship to other therapeutic modalities. This chapter examines whether EMDR is related to a hypnotic trance and whether hypnotic forms of treatment can be used in conjunction with EMDR. [Text, p. 225]

Keywords: Adults Hypnotherapy Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

98. Shapiro, F., & Maxfield, L. (2003). EMDR and information processing in psychotherapy treatment: Personal development and global implications. In M. F. Solomon & D. J. Siegel (Eds.), Healing trauma: Attachment, mind, body, and brain (pp. 196-220). New York: W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
EMDR: A peculiar technique. It may give one an idea of hocus-pocus: the eliciting of the eye-movement. But it isn’t! And how it originated also is a peculiar story, but this I suppose is well known. It was a nice case of serendipity. The adaptive information processing (AIP) model was developed to explain and predict EMDR treatment effects. We read: The AIP model states that all memory is associated, and learning occurs through the creation of new associations. When an incident is not fully processed, the perceptions, thoughts, and emotions that were experienced during the traumatic event are generally stored in state-dependent form. This storage may be in an isolated memory network where the information cannot link up with more appropriate information and learning cannot take place. And, to jump to a conclusion, what EMDR does is linking, forging new connections between the unprocessed memory and more adaptive information that is contained in other memory networks, while the simultaneous eye-movement decreases the intense and painful emotions that are recalled. Again: creating the narrative, cognitively and emotionally. EMDR, provided it is well indicated and correctly applied, seems to be a very useful technique, a real tool, without pretension. It provides what it offers if… the results last (do they?). The case studies described in this chapter are convincing, one of them with a 5 year old child with a D attachment pattern (disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern, see also chapter 2). Both mother and child treated with EMDR. What happens in the brain when we move our eyes from left to right to left while recalling a traumatic incident is not explained. In chapters 6-8 we can read about the psychotherapy of traumatized people.

Keywords: Cognitive Processes Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

99. Lanius, U. F. (2008, June). EMDR and information processing: Towards a neurobiological model. Keynote presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Recent neuroscience research is discussed with a view towards increasing our understanding of underlying neurobiological processes with respect to traumatic stress syndromes and EMDR treatment. Moreover, the relevant neuroscience research and theory with regard to learning, memory and information processing is reviewed, with a view towards integrating Shapiro's Adaptive Information Processing Model and EMDR clinical practice with current theory and research in the field of neuroscience.

Keywords: Keynote Neurobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

100. Lanius, U. (2009, May). EMDR and information processing: Towards a neurobiological model. Presentation at the EMDR Canada Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Neurobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

101. Cole, M. (2010, July). EMDR and metacognitive therapy: Same destination, different language. Poster presented at the 38th Annual Conference of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies, Manchester, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The information processing model has been described in many different ways and is potentially the underlying process that describes the psychotherapy change process, regardless of orientation. In this poster I will briefly compare Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing and Meta-Cognitive Therapy in light of this information processing model and conclude that although they may use different language to describe their theories, a unifying information processing model describes both paradigms. Human beings are meaning making machines (Robbins, 2009). We give meaning to the world, the deeds we do and the interactions we have, as well as the more fundamental senses we experience (Frankl, 2004). Information arises either from external stimulus or internal process’s and this information goes through our filters where we delete, distort and generalise this information based on the rules created in our information processing unit (Fig 1). This information processing mechanism gives meaning to this filtered information and generates a response, this response interacts with this information and the cycle then repeats in a self regulatory manner. This process is repeated for everything we do; we are and continues until we die. Mental health issues arise when this self regulatory system fails to make a useful functional meaning of the information. Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) was developed by Francine Shapiro (1989) for the treatment of trauma memories and associated emotions, changing the meaning the person gives to their experiences. Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) was developed by Wells and Matthews (1984) as a way of defining the processes that underpin a range of psychological disorders. One of the features of psychological disorders such as anxiety or depression is that thinking becomes difficult to control and biased in particular ways that lead to a worsening and maintenance of emotional suffering. Many clients report that they feel that they have ‘lost control’ over their thoughts and behaviours. Another important feature is that the persons thinking and attention becomes fixed in patterns of brooding and dwelling on the self and threatening information. Both EMDR and MCT describe an information management/processing system that organises and carries out various tasks such as how to open a door, how to get dressed, how to be anxious, how to respond to a trauma memory Both therapies appear to change this system / process to something that is much more adaptive for the client, as if they change the master information management control programme that runs this system, in the same way a conductor influences the orchestra and the music they produce. Both models describe the same process, although they utilise different language to describe this change process. Perhaps a change of focus for the development of pychotherapy towards more process change models rather than content change interventions.

Keywords: Metacognitive Therapy Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

102. Schneider, J., Hofmann, A., Rost, C., & Shapiro, F. (2007). EMDR and phantom limb pain: Theoretical implications, case study, and treatment guidelines. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(1), 31-45. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.31.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article reviews the literature on EMDR treatment of somatic complaints and describes the application of Shapiro's Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model in the treatment of phantom limb pain. The case study explores the use of EMDR with a 38-year-old man experiencing severe phantom limb pain 3 years after the loss of his leg and part of his pelvis in an accident. Despite treatment at several rehabilitation and pain centers during the 3 years, and the use of opiate medication, he continued to experience persistent pain. After 9 EMDR treatment sessions, the patient's phantom limb pain was completely ablated, and he was taken off medication. Effects were maintained at 18-month follow-up. The clinical implications of this application of EMDR are explored. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Adults AIP Amputation Case Report Depressive Disorders Males Motor Traffic Accidents Pain Phantom Limb Physical Pain Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

103. Wachtel, P. L. (2002). EMDR and psychoanalysis. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism (1st ed.) (pp. 123-150). Washington: American Psychological Association.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Although EMDR is clearly an integrative approach, it is an integrative approach with a strong cognitive-behavioral flavor. In this chapter, EMDR is examined and considered from a different vantage point. For some time, I too have been engaged in developing an integrative approach to therapy. However, apropos the previous paragraph, my integrative efforts have a different flavor; they are rooted most deeply in the psychodynamic tradition, not the cognitive- behavioral.As a consequence of my psychodynamic vantage point, my view and use of EMDR differ somewhat from the "classic" approach to EMDR. This chapter is thus likely to reflect clinical and theoretical views that differ in important ways from those of many of this book's other authors. However, my discussion does not constitute a critique of EMDR. I began using EMDR and am writing this chapter because I am intrigued by EMDR -- by its clinical potential, the experiences it seems to generate, and the challenges to theory and research that it presents. My goal is to expand our ways of viewing and thinking about EMDR, and to consider the ways in which EMDR can be enriched by a psychoanalytic perspective and vice versa. For an integration or combination of EMDR and psychoanalysis to be viable, two conditions must be satisfied. The differences must not be so fundamental and unbridgeable that any effort to bring the two approaches together is inherently incoherent and contradictory. At the same time, the differences must not be so trivial or superficial that putting them together adds little or nothing. The interface between EMDR and psychoanalysis meets both these conditions, and the chapter will attempt to demonstrate this as it proceeds. [Adapted from Text, p. 124] [Pilots]

Keywords: Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic Processes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

104. Lipke, H. (2000). EMDR and psychotherapy integration: Theoretical and clinical suggestions with focus on traumatic stress. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
This book is about what I have learned about EMDR and its clinical use, especially with combat veterans. It is also about what trying to understand how EMDR works has taught me about psychotherapy in general. That second lesson is what I call the Four-Activity Model (FAM) of Psychotherapy, which grows out of a concept that Francine Shapiro refers to as Accelerated Information Processing (AIP). Shapiro's AIP description gives name to the idea that learned psychopathology can be considered dysfunctional held information, including thoughts, emotions, sensations, and behavior, that can be modified more quickly than previously believed by most therapists. The Four-Activity Model is an attempt to conceptualize how psychotherapeutic activity can be used most efficiently to reprocess dysfunctional held material and thereby resolve psychological problems.Finally, this book is about what psychotherapy in general has taught me about EMDR. Even in her early explanations of EMDR, Shapiro taught that it was an integrative method, that it relied on the lessons learned by years of clinical work using dynamic, behavioral, and humanistic methods. In this book I will attempt to elaborate on that relationship and offer specific therapeutic suggestions that will rely on the wisdom of previously established therapeutic methods, as well as the wisdom of past philosophical inquiry and religion. The book starts with EMDR, proceeds to try to describe how EMDR and other methods can be integrated into an overall model of psychotherapy, and then works its way back to the concrete practical integration of psychotherapy in general. The second half of the book has a practical focus on examples that are created mostly from my experience working with combat trauma. I hope that readers will see how these examples of interventions are easily generalized to other learning-based problems. [Author Introduction]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

105. Leeds, A. M., & Shapiro, F. (2000). EMDR and resource installation: Principles and procedures for enhancing current functioning and resolving traumatic experiences. In J. Carlson, & L. Sperry (Eds.), Brief therapy with individuals and couples (pp. 469-534). Phoenix, Arizona: Zeig, Tucker & Theisen, Inc..

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
This chapter presents an overview of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), a research-validated treatment for PTSD, and a related set of procedures known as resource development and installation (RDI), which have been reported to be useful in ego strengthening and stabilization. First, the extant research on EMDR, its theoretical model, and the 8 phases of its treatment are summarized (patient history and treatment planning, preparation, assessment, desensitization, installation, body scan, closure, and reevaluation). The 5 main elements of memory networks in EMDR are: image, thoughts and sounds, affect, sensation, and self-appraisal. The principles and theoretical foundations of RDI are then discussed. Then, 2 case examples are given. The 1st case illustrates a simple application of resource development and installation to supplement the standard EMDR PTSD protocol in the brief treatment of a marital crisis. The 2nd case summarizes the brief, strategic use of RDI to stabilize a patient with complex PTSD who was referred for collaborative treatment and to build a foundation for comprehensive EMDR treatment. [Adapted from Text, p. 469] [Pilots]

Keywords: Brief Psychotherapy Clinical Case Study Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

106. Gelinas, D. J. (2011, August). EMDR and the phobias of structural dissociation in treating complex traumatization. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Orange County, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Managing dissociative interference when treating individuals with early repetitive traumatization requires recognition, then direct intervention. The “phobias of structural dissociation” are especially helpful in recognizing the less readily apparent dissociative interferences. These refer to the individual’s fear and avoidance of their own internal experiencing, (e.g., thoughts, parts, memories) rather than the traditional fear of external objects or processes. They can be responsible for failures to establish the therapy or Safe Place, refusal of EMDR, looping, “stuck” NCs, etc. This presentation describes the phobias (with clinical illustrations), recognition markers, and a stepped hierarchy of EMDR interventions to manage dissociative interferences.

Keywords: Complex Trauma Phobias Structual Dissociation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

107. Dworkin, M. (2005). EMDR and the relational imperative: The therapeutic relationship in EMDR treatment. New York: Routledge.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
This book is a commentary on Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), based on my observations from clinical practice, that amplifies the relational perspective to Francine Shapiro's standard methodology. During the last 14 years I have conducted more than 5,000 EMDR sessions. The patterns of response I have seen in my clients and the latest discoveries in the neurosciences, which support my conviction in the relational imperative, have prompted me to write this commentary.The main theme of my book is that healing takes place when proper knowledge of the standard methodology is integrated into the context of the therapeutic relationship. I offer this work to enrich the reader's understanding of how I practice EMDR clinically. I have not conducted research to validate my opinions. This work is based on acute and repeated clinical observations of the many clients with whom I have had the privilege to work. [Adapted from Preface]

Keywords: Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Alliance

Accuracy Verified: Yes

108. DiGiorgio, K. E., Arnkoff, D. B., Glass, C. R., Lyhus, K. E., & Walter, R. C. (2004, September). EMDR and theoretical orientation: A qualitative study of how therapists integrate eye movement desensitization and reprocessing into their approach to psychotherapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 14(3), 227-252. doi:10.1037/1053-0479.14.3.227.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study examined how 3 therapists from differing theoretical orientations (psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive–behavioral) integrate eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) into their work with clients. The consensual qualitative research method was used to analyze interview responses from each of the therapists. All of the therapists deviated from the standard EMDR protocol to some degree, and their decisions to either add to or leave out various aspects of the protocol were greatly influenced by their theoretical orientation. They reported that the integration of EMDR into their usual therapy styles varied depending on their clients. The present study expands on previous psychotherapy integration research because it provides detailed descriptions as to how therapists actually use a specific method with clients. Findings may be particularly useful for researchers and therapists interested in the practice of EMDR, as well as the process of assimilative integration.

Keywords: Assimilative Integration Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Empirical Study Humanistic Psychotherapy Integrative Psychotherapy Humanistic Therapy Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Psychodynamic Therapy Psychotherapeutic Processes Psychotherapy Integration Qualitative Study Treatment Outcomes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

109. Hase, M. H. (2006, September). EMDR applied to reprocess the addiction memory in alcohol addicted in-patients – Outcome and follow-up data of a clinical study. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Substance abuse and its sequels often mean intense suffering for the individual and huge costs for society. Established treatment modalities, as good as they are, lack effectiveness. Comorbid PTST with substance abusers is more the rule, than the exception. So the integration of traumatherapy, especially EMDR, into addiciton therapy seems necessary. Recent research in the field of neuroscience has shown that most experience is automatically processed on subcortical levels, i.e., by "unconscious" interpretations that are made outside of conscious awareness. Insight and understanding have only a limited influence on the operation of these subcortical processes. The concept of an addiction memory is helpful. It can be understood as a form maladaptive memory and EMDR could be the tool for resolution. Targeting the addiction memory and reprocessing should lead to a reduction in craving. Date of a study on alcohol addicted inpatient support the hypothesis. Data shown include outcome and follow-up data. Reprocessing of the addiction memory could lead to EMDR protocol beyond the EMDR Chemical Dependency Treatment Manual. Participants will be able to understand the concept of the addiction memory and its implications for therapy. They will be able to identify targets for EMDR. Video of treatment sessions illustrate common principles and differences.

Keywords: Addiction Memory Substance Abuse

Accuracy Verified: Yes

110. Shapiro, F. (2002). EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Books.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
Beyond the talking cure: somatic experience and subcortical imprints in the treatment of trauma; The developing mind and the resolution of trauma: some ideas about information processing and an interpersonal neurobiology of psychotherapy; EMDR and psychoanalysis; EMDR and cognitive-behavior therapy: exploring convergence and divergence; Combining EMDR and schema-focused therapy: the whole may be greater than the sum of the parts; EMDR: an elegantly concentrated multimodal procedure?; EMDR and hypnosis; EMDR and experiential psychotherapy; Feminist therapy and EMDR: theory meets practice; EMDR in conjunction with family systems therapy; Transpersonal psychology, eastern nondual philosophy, and EMDR; Integration and EMDR.

Keywords: Adults Psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

111. Manfield, P. (2003). EMDR casebook: Expanded (2nd Ed.). New York: W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
This book picks up where formal EMDR training leaves off. Research has now shown that EMDR is powerfully effective in the treatment of residual psychological effects of a single-incident trauma. Through case studies, this book explores other areas where EMDR may be helpful, including long-term childhood abuse and complex PTSD. The eleven case reports illustrate the application of EMDR to a broad range of cases. The many clinical transcripts will help newly trained EMDR clinicians fell comfortable using EMDR with their clients and provide models for experienced EMDR clinicians to broaden their use of EMDR. The clear explanations of the treatment processes will demystify EMDR for both clinicians and clients.
The introduction includes basic descriptions of EMDR and the accelerated information processing model, as well as definitions of its terminology. Each of the following chapters begins with a discussion of the contributors background, the principles of the traditional treatment approach used before incorporating EMDR, and the ways he or she has integrated EMDR into that approach. The contributors, who represent various orientations, including psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and systems, demonstrate the importance of procedural fidelity while extending EMDR protocols.

Keywords: Miscellanous

Accuracy Verified: Yes

112. Manfield, P. (2010, June). EMDR clinical skills: Dyadic resourcing. Keynote presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop introduces 'dyadic resourcing,' a form of resourcing designed to facilitate the processing of very early trauma with severely deprived clients, including those with attachment disorders. The goal of this process is to help a client connect affectively to the experience of being in a nurturing relationship Through this process clients experience both roles, the role of the adult who loves them and the role of the child who is lovable and loved. These roles become increasingly real to them and clients come away with access to a loving non-judgmental view of themselves as a child. Clients whose original trauma was a result of or exacerbated by a lack of a strong connection to a nurturing caregiver will benefit from a variety of resources, but the resource that is essential is access to a secure internal nurturing relationship, which this process provides. This procedure is particularly useful for clients who think they were bad or worthless as children, who think the abuse or neglect they suffered chronically was deserved, who are overwhelmed by the intensity of their pain from early childhood experiences, or who cannot view their child selves in an accepting nurturing way. In other words, this type of resourcing is ideal for some of the most difficult EMDR clients, and helps to prepare them for trauma processing. Once developed, these resources allow the EMDR clinician to utilize cognitive interweaves in which the adult client is able to support the child self. Dyadic resourcing is typically a five step process: identifying a nurturing adult resource, make the resource real for the client, formulating a parent-child relationship involving the resource, intensify the client's experience of that relationship, and helping the client to have the experience of both the child and adult in the resource dyad. This workshop will address each of these steps, covering the basic principles and processes central to this form of resourcing. The process will be illustrated using clinical videos, transcripts, and a live demonstration. Techniques borrowed from Eidetic Psychotherapy, Neuro-Linguistic Programming, Gestalt Therapy, hypnotic phrasing and other disciplines will be addressed Links to free downloadable explanatory material from the presenter's book. EMDR Clinical Skills: Case Conceptualization and Dyadic re^ sourcing will be offered for those interested in sharpening their skills in this useful resourcing approach. Learning objectives: Participants will be able to - Explain why cognitive Interweaves are often not helpful to clients with attachment disorders -List 15 possible sources of resource figures - List 8 techniques that can be used to help a client feel more intensely connected to a resource. - Describe 4 indications that clients are NOT assuming an outside observer role and are instead overly identifying with their child selves.

Keywords: Dyadic Resourcing Keynote

Accuracy Verified: Yes

113. Grégoire, P. A. (2010, Avril/Mai). EMDR dans les cas de deuil et de dépression [EMDR in bereavement and depression]. Atelier présenté à la réunion annuelle de l'EMDR Canada, Toronto, Ontario.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Le deuil et la dépression sont des expériences de vie qui présentent un défi pour les mécanismes d’adaptation et remettent en question les états d’équilibre déjà établis. Les liens qui deviennent de plus en plus évidents entre ces états expérientiels et la présence de mécanismes défectueux de traitement de l’information soulignent l’importance d’offrir des services psychothérapeutiques, telle l’approche EMDR qui tient compte de ces besoins et de ces processus spécifiques. Notre présentation veut souligner : 1) l’importance des protocoles et des principes de base de l’approche EMDR comme modèle d’intégration des processus de psychothérapie 2) les recherches qui explorent les mécanismes dysfonctionnels des réseaux de mémoire impliqués lors du travail du deuil et 3) les applications de protocoles spécifiques EMDR pour les diverses étapes du deuil. La partie expérientielle de cette présentation explorera certains des facteurs adaptatifs permettant le renouvellement de cet équilibre perdu et la consolidation de mécanismes reliés à la résilience. (Tous les niveaux)

Grief and depression are life experiences that are challenging for coping and challenge the already established equilibrium states. The links are becoming increasingly evident between these experiential states and the presence of defective mechanisms of information processing emphasize the importance of providing psychotherapeutic services, such as the EMDR approach that addresses these needs and these specific processes. Our presentation will highlight: 1) the importance of protocols and basic principles of the EMDR approach as a model for the integration of psychotherapy process 2) research that explores the dysfunctional mechanisms of memory networks involved in the work of mourning and 3) applications of EMDR protocols specific for the various stages of grief. The experiential part of this presentation will explore some of the factors adaptive to the renewal of this lost balance and strengthening mechanisms associated with resilience. (All levels)

Keywords: Bereavement Depression: Grief

Accuracy Verified: Yes

114. Matthess, H., & Mehrotra, S. (2008, June). EMDR Europe Humanitarian Assistance Programme (HAP): The efficacy of using EMDR in the aftermath of an earthquake in India. Keynote presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
India, the world’s second largest democracy, is known for its diversity in terrain, culture and ethnicity. Prone to both natural and man made calamities along with a high population density and not enough resources, mental health does not rank high on the list of people’s priorities. The earthquake of January 2001, was the second deadliest experienced by the country through its recorded history. Trauma therapy, specifically EMDR was still at its inception in the country with very few fully trained professionals. These professionals put together a response that reached out to more than 16000 affected individuals, mostly children and adolescents and a few parents, teachers and adults from the society. The keynote address discusses the approach that was adapted in working in Gujarat in the aftermath of the earth quake, the processes that were modified to make them relevant both to the culture and the trauma experienced by the people. The address also discusses the documented findings while work was underway, the experiences and observations of the therapists along with a few representative cases. The data for this keynote was generated through the drawings of children done as a part of the therapy itself. The impact on adolescents using the Impact of Event scale will also be presented.

Keywords: Earthquake India Keynote

Accuracy Verified: Yes

115. Ribchester, T., Yule, W., & Duncan, A. (2010). EMDR for childhood PTSD after road traffic accidents: Attentional, memory, and attributional processes. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(4), 138-147. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.4.138.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was used with 11 children who developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after road traffi c accidents. All improved such that none met criteria for PTSD on standardized assessments after an average of only 2.4 sessions. Signifi cant improvements in PTSD, anxiety, and depression were found both immediately after treatment and at follow-up. Attentional, memory, and attributional processes associated with PTSD were assessed and their relationship to therapeutic change examined. Treatment was associated with a signifi cant trauma-specifi c reduction in attentional bias on the modifi ed Stroop task, with results apparent both immediately after therapy and at follow-up.

Keywords: Attention Attribution Child Memory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

116. Twombly, J. H. (2005). EMDR for clients with dissociative identity disorder, DDNOS, and ego states. In R. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing (pp. 88-120). New York: W W Norton & Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract: U
sing EMDR with clients with dissociative identity disorder (DID) and other dissociative disorders (DDs) requires careful adaptation to allow the unique benefits of EMDR to be used productively, without risking unleashing a flood of traumatic material and destabilizing the client. In this chapter I will discuss adaptations for each stage of treatment for dissociative clients. While I'll focus on work with DID (formerly multiple personality disorder) and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified (DDNOS), the EMDR adaptations and protocols taught in this chapter can be used with people with other DDs and complex PTSD, and in ego-state work. This chapter is divided into three sections, summarizing the treatment of DDs within the three stages of standard phase-oriented trauma treatment. [Text, pp. 88, 90]

Keywords: Adults Child Abuse DID Dissociative Identity Disorder Hypnotherapy Psychotherapeutic Processes Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

117. Adler-Tapia, R. (2012). EMDR for the treatment of children in the welfare system who have been traumatized by abuse and neglect. In A. Rubin, (Ed.), Programs and interventions for maltreated children and families at risk, The clinician's guide to evidence-based practice series, (pp. 141-160). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The use of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) with traumatized children is discussed. The Adaptive Information Processing model that supports EMDR is explained, as well as assessment and diagnostic processes for children in the child welfare system, the phases of the EMDR treatment protocol, and the impact of child welfare involvement on EMDR with children.

Keywords: Abuse Children Neglect Welfare System

Accuracy Verified: Yes

118. Dworkin, M. (2003, September). EMDR from the heart: A relational view of healing traumatic memories. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Many memories, explicit and implicit, and their concomitant sensations, are stimulated intersubjectively, spontaneously, and continuously, forming a multiplicity of feedback loops from clinician to client. This workshop 1s designed to raise the awareness of the clinician's witting and unwitting participation in these processes. Transferential remarks may become sources of potential targeting, which may spontaneously bring the client back to old unfinished material. Somatosensory countertransferential reactions may serve as sources of rich data to identify and work out blocks at a moment that a session seems to stall. The Relational Interweave, a relatively new intersubjective strategy, takes reactions of clinician and client into account and opens opportuntities for new and more powerful links to positive neural networks enhancing the work. This workshop will teach rapid methods of identifying and sequencing and intervening in these intersubjective processes.

Keywords: Relational Interweave Relational Strategies

Accuracy Verified: Yes

119. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N. L., & Muroaka, M. Y. (1995, June). EMDR in combat-related PTSD: A controlled study. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In view of potential, but largely undocumented benefits of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as an intervention for PTSD in combat veterans, in our laboratory a study of EMDR treatment included (1) randomized patient assignment, (2) clinically appropriate comparison (treatment and control) groups, (3) a 12-session EMDR protocol administered by experienced, EMDR trained clinicians, and (4) extensive clinical assessment, including physiological evaluation at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Thirty-five veterans who met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD completed an extensive multimodal assessment protocol. Assessment instruments included: The Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD, the Impact of Events Scale (IES), the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), a self-rating of overall severity of "PTSD symptoms," the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventories (STAI). In addition, each subject completed a Stressful Scene Construction Questionnaire (SSCQ) in which scripts of specific traumatic combat incidents were prepared for presentation during psychophysiological assessment. Following pre-assessment, a subset of the subjects constituted a waiting list control (CON, N = 12). Routine clinical care for these subjects was available at the VA Medical Center. Seven of these subjects also participated in group sessions for discussion of PTSD designed as an attentional control. There were no differences between the two control subgroups and their data was combined for all subsequent analyses. For the treatment groups, subjects assigned to the EMDR (EMD, N = 10) and relaxation (RXT, N = 13) groups were seated in a semi-reclined chair and continuous measures were taken of muscle tension levels (four sites), hand temperature, skin conductance levels, heart rate, and blood pressure. For all subjects, there were 20 minutes in each of the baseline sessions with no additional stimuli presented. At the end of session 2 of baseline, the patients remained in the experimental room and were assessed for an additional 20 minutes (pre-treatment) during which the SSCQ scripts also were presented. There were two sessions per week with a minimum of one day between sessions. Each subsequent treatment session for the EMD and RXT subjects was approximately 60 minutes in duration, allowing for set-up time and briefing. In the EMD group, a standard protocol for the EMDR interventions was administered, including periodic SUDS ratings and VoC scaling of combat and related images and cognitions (cf Shapiro, 1995). In the RXT group, home relaxation tapes and biofeedback on four sites (face, neck, arm, and back) to assist lowered muscle tension were provided. Following 12 treatment sessions (post-treatment), and again after three months (follow-up) the psychometric instruments and psychophysiological assessment were readministered using the format outlined above. Relative to the other conditions, the EMDR treatment produced substantially more positive clinical effects at post-treatment and follow-up. Comparing the EMD group to the CON group, significant effects (p<.05 or better) were obtained on measures of PTSD including the Mississippi and PTSD symptoms self-rating, and on the Beck and STAI-Trait. Comparing the EMD group to the RXT subjects, significant differences were found on the Mississippi, the IES-Intrusion scale, the CAPS, PTSD symptoms ratings, and the STAI-Trait scale. No differences were obtained on any of the physiological measures. Therefore, the present results support the effectiveness of EMDR with combat veterans with chronic PTSD. The data strongly suggest that some previous negative results obtained when EMDR was applied to chronic and severe combat PTSD may have resulted from methodological artifacts, such as inadequate amount of treatment and therapist inexperience. While the failure to find physiological effects is consistent with results of other controlled treatment exposure trials in PTSD, this finding raises clinical and conceptual questions with respect to the arousal component of the disorder.

Keywords: Combat Controlled Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

120. Gambuzza, C. A. (2010, June). EMDR in complex trauma of perinatal disorder and abuse. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This paper reports a case of PN-PTSD (Perinatal Disorder), this being a disorder that is not frequently diagnoses and not classified in DSM-IV, where a technical variation of floatback, i. e., floatback-floatforward on timeline successfully overcame the posttraumatic amnesia, optimized access to the dissociated parts of the Self, and integrated the Internal Family System with EMDR and Ego State Therapy. The sixteen year old patient, S, sniffed heron and practised self mutilation. After two years' therapy the family secret was revealed in a dream and led us towards the abuse. I adopted the theoretical reference models on dissociation reported by M. Steinberg, B. A. van der Kolk, 0. van der Hart, and C. McFarlane's operative EMDR model and Ego State Therapy. The aim of the therapy was to rebuild integrity of the Self and to foster individualization- separation processes. The main goal was create a sense of loyalty during therapy that would allow S to be able to control in transitions in her dissociated mental states. Negotiation between the ego states were created so that S could face the states of terror and anxiety and gradually become integrated. Alter had different names and distinctively different preferences and personality traits, at times those alter took complete executive control of the body and of the self. Initially the alter has names outside the Self, then during the course of therapy their names began with '5'. The dissociated alters have become targets far EMDR. The story of S, revolves round two traumas: PN-PTSD and abuse. Perinatal trauma and uterine perception of her mother's depressive emotional states triggered difficulties in the child latching on to the mother's breast, and the lack of mirroring and affective syntonization caused the failure of internalization processes that lead to identity. 5 was aware of the trauma of abandonment, but not of the trauma of abuse that she defined as 'a deep impenetrable hole'. In order to address the life-threatening trauma. S used an invasive ego-dystonic coping mechanism: dissociation of the object and the Self. By placing the abuse in an alter, S could still feel attached to her family members that abused her, actively or passively using silence. While the DES scale did not provide significant dissociation results, the SCID-LIST furnished high values. The self-mutilation practised by S may represent her hate of her body that did not rebel to the abuse it was subjected to, or, as she said it may represent "a way to punish herself for the guilt of existing or to inflict upon herself physical pain to conceal the anxiety of death". EMDR was a challenge; it reached the preverbal states of the arena of the primary process, it bound with emotions and led her to symbolization, t resolved the traumatic matter that was frozen In the neural networks and determined Self- integration. The Ego States Therapy was a useful tool.

Keywords: Perinatal Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

121. Kaslow, F. W., Nurse, A. R., & Thompson, P. (2002). EMDR in conjunction with family systems therapy. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism (1st ed.) (pp. 289-318). Washington: American Psychological Association.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The field of family therapy seemed to coalesce around 1960, although some of the early pioneers were already conducting and writing about family systems and treating multipatient units before then. This chapter offers a brief overview of the field and then provides case studies in which EMDR is the primary treatment methodology, used within a family systems perspective, or both. [Text, p. 289]TOPICS TREATED: Evolution of the field (key concepts; various conceptual models); EMDR and family systems therapy (Case studies: EMDR used to break an impasse, EMDR used to facilitate effective coparenting during a divorce, EMDR used in a transgenerational transmission process; additional uses of EMDR with family systems therapy); EMDR and traditional thought in family systems therapy; Description of positive treatment effects of EMDR; How EMDR lets family therapists use what they know; How EMDR extends the outcomes of family therapy; Suggestions for strengthening EMDR; Using EMDR to investigate interesting areas in family therapy.

Keywords: Adults Family Therapy Life Experiences Marital Problems Psychotherapeutic Processes Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

122. Sack, M., Lempa, W., & Lamprecht, F. (2003). EMDR in der behandlung dissoziativer störungen [EMDR in the treatment of dissociative disorders]. Zeitschrift für Psychotraumatologie und Psychologische Medizin, 1 (3), 25-33.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Psychologische Behandlung von traumatischen Belastungsstörungen mit EMDR. Die EMDR-Behandlung ist nach unserer Erfahrung eine sehr effektive Technik zur Behandlung von traumatischen Erinnerungen bei Patienten mit dissoziativen Störungen. Das Ziel der Traumabehandlung bei dissoziativen Patienten zusätzlich zu der Verringerung der Belastung von posttraumatischen Symptomen, Aussetzen der zuvor abgespaltenen Erinnerungen im Sinne einer Integration von dissoziierten Erfahrung liegt. Die EMDR-Behandlung dissoziativer Patienten brauchen, wenn nötig. durch Ändern der Standard-Protokoll auf den einzelnen Elastizität eingestellt werden. Da dissoziative Speicher Barrieren durch eine EMDRBehandlung sehr schnell untergraben werden kann, kombiniert mit dem Risiko der Übererflutung durch aversive Reize, sollte dies nur von entsprechend erfahrenen Therapeuten und mit Sorgfalt im Rahmen einer umfassenden Traumatherapie eingesetzt werden.

Psychological treatment of traumatic stress disorders with EMDR. The EMDR treatment is, in our experience a very effective technique for the treatment of traumatic memories in patients with dissociative disorders. The aim of trauma treatment in dissociative patients in addition to reducing the burden of post-traumatic symptoms, exposing the previously split-off memories in the sense of an integration of dissociated experience content. The EMDR treatment of dissociative patients need, if necessary. be adjusted by modifying the standard protocol on the individual resilience. Since dissociative memory barriers through a EMDRBehandlung may be undermined very quickly, combined with the risk of Übererflutung by aversive stimuli, this should only be used by suitably experienced therapists and with care in the context of a comprehensive trauma therapy.

Keywords: Dissociative Disorders, Psychotherapeutic Processes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

123. Egli-Bernd, H. (2012, Juni). EMDR in der behandlung von dissoziativen prozessen bei bindungsstörungen. Die bedeutung und schwierigkeiten bei der wahl guter kognitionen in diesen Behandlungen. Das dialog protokoll [EMDR in the treatment of dissociative processes in attachment disorders. The importance and difficulty of choosing good cognition in these treatments. Dialog protocol] . Präsentation auf EMDRIA Tag, Köln, Deutschland.

Language: German

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Es geht im Workshop um die Rolle der Kognitionen im EMDR bei der Bearbeitung früher und komplexer Themen aus dem Bereich der Bindungsstörungen. Durch die Aktivierung von Egostates respektive subtiler dissoziativer Prozesse in der Phase 3 der EMDR-Behandlung kommt es häufig zu Schwierigkeiten bei der Herausarbeitung bedeutungsvoller und hilfreicher Kognitionen. Das Dialog-Protokoll stellt eine Möglichkeit dar, diese Schwierigkeiten zu vermeiden. Durch die Wahl hilfreicher Kognitionen in einer dialogischen Formulierung zwischen zwei involvierten Selbstteilen wird der dissoziative Prozess aufgehoben und der Verarbeitungsprozess im Sinne der interaktiven Vernetzung von Vergangenheit und Gegenwart affektiv und kognitiv intensiviert und beschleunigt. Das Dialog Protokoll kann als die direkte und effiziente Verbindung von EMDR und Egostate-Arbeit angesehen werden. Im Workshop werden theoretische Grundlagen der Vorgehensweise vermittelt, eine kurze life Demonstration und/oder ein Video sollen die konkrete Anwendung des Dialogprotokolls anschaulich näherbringen.

[It's in the workshop on the role of cognitions in EMDR in the treatment earlier and complex topics in the field of attachment disorders. By activating Egostates respectively subtle dissociative processes in phase 3 of the EMDR treatment often leads to difficulties in the elaboration of meaningful and helpful cognitions. The dialog protocol provides a way to avoid these difficulties. By choosing more helpful cognitions in a dialogical formulation between two self-involved parts of the dissociative process is canceled and the manufacturing process in terms of the interactive network of past and present affective and cognitive intensified and accelerated. The dialog protocol can be used as direct and efficient connection of EMDR and egostate work are considered. During the workshop, theoretical foundations of the approach gives a brief demonstration of life and / or a video to bring closer the actual application of the Protocol dialog clearly.]

Keywords: Attachment Disorders Cognitions Dissociation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

124. Egli-Bernd, H. (2011). EMDR in dissociative processes within the framework of personality disorders: The impact of cognitions in the EMDR Process: The “dialogue protocol“. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(3), 131-139. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.3.131.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A theoretical analysis of the psychodynamic dimension of cognitions in the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) protocol can be beneficial in addressing the specific issues affecting the choice of appropriate cognitions in working with clients with personality disorders. This group of patients share the biographic commonality of emotional-narcissistic abuse and neglect in childhood by primary attachment figures and significant others in their lives. Arising from these experiences, a subtle dissociation (in childhood) can cause the development of parts of self with an emotional and cognitive fixation on a self-image. This is defined by the child's attachment figures and other significant people, and has subsequently been internalized by the child themselves. In such cases, the actual goal of treatment is not primarily the event on which the EMDR session is initially focused, but rather the complex emotional and cognitive significance that the event has on the client's self-perception and self-evaluation.

Keywords: Attachment Childhood Abuse Dimension of Cognitions Dissociation Processing

Accuracy Verified: Yes

125. Tripolt, R. (2010, June). EMDR in motion: Enhancing the effect of EMDR by using elements of movement therapy, dance and body orientated therapeutic interweave techniques. In Experimental use of EMDR. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
'The Body Keeps the Score' (Bessel van der. Kolk 1996). Clients who suffer from traumatic stress are often afraid of disturbing and painful symptoms. Structural Dissociation alienates from the body reactions. Clients tend to perceive the body as hostile. As we know from eye movement and other bilateral stimulations, using movement is a gentle and powerful way, to bring the voice of the body into the therapeutic space. To expand the movement and body orientated skills either in difficult processes for example in the therapeutic work with complex traumatised clients enhances the effect of EMDR. Content of the Workshop: How to install the body as resource where the EMDR process can 'take place'. How to dissolve dissociation by associating body and movement awareness. How to accelerate the desensitization process by leading into deeper levels of body consciousness. How to help the client to stay within the "window of tolerance" of vegetative arousal by using elements of movement and dance therapy.

Keywords: Body Dance Therapy Experimental Use Movement Therapy Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

126. Parnell, L. (1999). EMDR in the treatment of adults abused as children. New York: W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
This book offers practical information about the use of EMDR in a typical clinical setting and presents innovations that build upon the information in Shapiro's 1995 book. It not only teaches many practical techniques that help the therapist when a therapeutic impasse is reached but also provides a selection of treatment choices. Case material is used throughout the book to illustrate the techniques described and to provide the therapist with a deeper, more grounded understanding of different kinds of abuse cases. Included are suggestions I have used with my clients and collected from other sources over the last 8 years. [Text, pp. x-xi] [Pilots]

Keywords: Adults Survivors Child Abuse Incest Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Rape

Accuracy Verified: Yes

127. Brown, S., & Shapiro, F. (2006). EMDR in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Clinical Case Studies, 5(5), 403-420. doi:10.1177/1534650104271773.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) usually experience significant impairment in their ability to function. Impulsivity, affect instability, interpersonal difficulties, and identity problems are hallmark features of this disorder, frequently leading to suicidal and parasuicidal behaviors. Although BPD has traditionally been considered chronic and enduring, recent research has indicated that it can remit over time and that psychotherapy can accelerate this process. The etiology of BPD has been associated with childhood abuse and inadequate attachment. Given the significance of childhood abuse and trauma, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), a recognized trauma therapy, may be a reasonable treatment option for BPD. The positive effects noted in the following case illustrate EMDR's utility in the treatment of BPD and indicate that further controlled studies are warranted. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Borderline Personality Disorder Case Report Child Abuse Clinical Case Study Empirical Study Females Incest Individual Psychotherapy Interpersonal Difficulties Interpersonal Interaction Psychotherapeutic Processes Qualitative Study Rape Suicide Survivors Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

128. Mazzola, A., Calcagno, M. L., Goicochea, M. T., Pueyrredòn, H., Leston, J., & Salvat, F. (2009). EMDR in the treatment of chronic pain. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(2), 66-79. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.2.66.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Chronic pain can significantly diminish life quality, causing depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances, and may lead to neuroplastic processes that influence pain modulation. The current study investigated eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment of 38 patients suffering from chronic pain with 12 weekly 90-minute sessions. A battery of self-reported questionnaires assessing quality of life, pain intensity, and depression level were administered pre- and posttreatment for objective outcome evaluation. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM was administered at pretreatment to identify participants' personality traits that may influence pain perception. Patients showed statistically significant improvement relative to baseline after 12 weeks of EMDR treatment. Our findings suggest that EMDR is an effective tool in the psychological treatment of chronic pain, resulting in decrease pain sensations, pain-related negative affect, and anxiety and depression levels. We examine possible theories about the mechanisms by which EMDR achieves these effects. Results were consistent with the underlying EMDR premise that posits the important effect of emotions on pain perception.

Keywords: Chronic Pain Neuroplastic Processes Pain Modulation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

129. Ilic, Z. (2004). EMDR in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with prisoners of war. In Ž. Špiric, G. Kneževic, V. Jovic, & G. Opacic (Eds.), Torture in war: Consequences and rehabilitation of victims – Yugoslav experience. (pp. 281-289). Belgrade, Serbia: International Aid Network.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The experience of imprisonment and torture of exposure to psychophysical stress is the highest intensity, which leads to high percentage of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and has a tendency hronifikacije. The program of assistance to victims of torture at the Centre for Rehabilitation of Torture Victims-IAN Belgrade apply the method of cognitive behavioral desensitization and reprocessing rapid eye movements (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing - EMDR), which has proven successful in treatment and is part of an integrative therapeutic procedures. The paper presented a theoretical concept of this method with some specific work with victims of torture and the case [Author]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Serbs Survivors Torture Yugoslav Wars of Secession

Accuracy Verified: Yes

130. Jarero, I., Artigas, L., Montero, M., & Lopez-Lena, L. (2008). The EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: Application with child victims of a mass disaster. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(2), 97-105. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.2.97.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The EMDR Integrative Group Treatment protocol (EMDR-IGTP) has been used in different parts of the world since 1998 with both adults and children after natural or man-made disasters. This protocol combines the eight standard EMDR treatment phases with a group therapy model, thus providing more extensive reach than the individual application of EMDR. In this study the EMDR-IGTP was used with 16 bereaved children after a human provoked disaster in the Mexican State of Coahuila in 2006. Results showed a significant decrease in scores on the Child's Reaction to Traumatic Events Scale that was maintained at 3-month follow-up. Although controlled research is needed to establish the efficacy of this intervention, preliminary results suggest that EMDR-IGTP may be an effective means of providing treatment to large groups of people impacted by large-scale critical incidents (e.g., human-provoked disasters, terrorism, natural disasters. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Children Death of Parent Explosions Females Group Psychotherapy Group Treatment Human-Provoked Disaster Industrial Accidents Latin American Males Mexicans Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Survivors School Age Children Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

131. Hensel, T. (2012, Juni). EMDR mit kindern und jugendlichen mit mentalen handicaps [EMDR with children and adolescents with mental handicaps]. Präsentation auf EMDRIA Tag, Köln, Deutschland.

Language: German

Format: Conference

Abstract: EMDR bei mentaler: Behinderung
Der Zugang zu traumatischen Erinnerungen und das visuelle Vorstellungsvermögen bei biografischen Episoden ist NICHT gestört.
Die Verarbeitungsprozesse laufen NICHT langsamer ab.

EMDR mental: disability
Access to traumatic memories and the visual imagination in biographical episodes is NOT disturbed.
processing processes are NOT slower. {Excerpt]

Keywords: Adolescents Children Intellectual Disabilities

Accuracy Verified: Yes

132. Amato, M. (2008, Novembre). EMDR nel servizio screening post-partum [EMDR in the post-partum screening service]. Presentazione le Applicazioni Cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
L’attività è stata svolta presso l’U.O. di ginecologia-ostetricia di Lamezia Terme nella quale è stato attivato uno Screening sulla “Depressione in gravidanza e nel puerperio” che ha come obiettivo primario di individuare i soggetti vulnerabili alla depressione o PN- PTSD e di rilevare i fattori di rischio: vulnerabilità e/o scatenanti e i fattori protettivi. La gravidanza e il parto sono eventi fisiologici che segnano un periodo determinato del ciclo di vita di una donna. Sono eventi che attivano vissuti emotivi intensi e predispongono la donna ad una eccessiva sensibilità e vulnerabilità. In questo periodo la donna contatta e fa proprie una serie di processi identificativi assunti nell’infanzia che possono, se non bene rielaborati, bloccare il comportamento responsivo della futura madre con comportamenti non idonei e convizioni target inadeguate. Anche la presenza di eventi di vita stressanti possono sovraccaricare la donna a livello emotivo tale da strutturare comportamenti poco adattivi da provocare serie difficoltà nella gestione del bambino. Nel sistematizzare tale screening si è adoperato il metodo EMDR sia nell’ambito dell’assessment nella raccolta delle informazioni dal punto degli aspetti diagnostici con riferimenti alla mappa dei traumi, che nella cura nell’uso dei tices, taping, posto al sicuro in soggetti particolarmente vulnerabili. Tale metodologia si è dimostata efficace in quanto: • individua in brevissimo tempo il target delle difficoltà con i possibili traumi, • attiva i fattori di protezione con istallazione delle risorse positive, • desensibilizza e fluidifica gli stati emotivi intensi, • velocizza la risoluzione dei comportamenti disadattavi in comportamenti adattivi adeguati al maternage, al ben-essere della donna e della genitorialità.

The activity was held at the U. O. gynecology-obstetrics Lamezia Terme in which it was activated a screening on "Depression in pregnancy and childbirth" which has as main objective to identify those vulnerable to depression or PN-PTSD and to detect risk factors: vulnerability and / and protective factors or triggers. Pregnancy and childbirth are physiological events that mark a given period of the life cycle of a woman. They are events that trigger intense emotional experiences and predispose women to an excessive sensitivity and vulnerability. During this time she makes contact, and their identification processes undertaken a series of childhood that can, if not well elaborated, lock the responsive behavior of the mother with inappropriate behavior and inappropriate convictions target. The presence of stressful life events can overload the woman on an emotional level that structuring behavior just to cause serious problems in adaptive management of the child. In systematizing this screening method was used in EMDR is of the Assessment in collecting information from the diagnostic aspects with reference to the map of trauma care in the use of which tices, taping, safe place particularly in subjects vulnerable. This methodology is effective because it can show: • identify the target in the shortest time possible difficulty with trauma, • active protection factors with installation of positive resources, • desensitizes and liquify the intense emotional states, • speeds up the resolution of maladaptive behavior in adaptive behaviors adapted to mothering, the well-being of women and parenting.

Keywords: Post-Partum Depression

Accuracy Verified: Yes

133. Shapiro, R. (2005). EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing. New York: W W Norton & Co.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
This book is a manual for doing EMDR with diverse client populations. [Text, P. 3]TOPICS TREATED: The strategic developmental model for EMDR; Integrating resource development strategies into your EMDR practice; EMDR for clients with dissociative identity disorder, DDNOS, and ego states; EMDR processing with dissociative clients: adjunctive use of opioid antagonists; The phantom limb pain protocol; The two-hand interweave; DeTUR, an urge reduction protocol for addictions and dysfunctional behaviors; Targeting positive affect to clear the pain of unrequited love, codependence, avoidance, and procrastination; The reenactment protocol for trauma and trauma-related pain; EMDR with cultural and generational introjects; Exiting the binge-diet cycle; Utilizing EMDR and DBT techniques in trauma and abuse recovery groups; Using EMDR in couples therapy; EMDR with clients with mental disability; Treating anxiety disorders with EMDR; Affect regulation for children through art, play, and storytelling. [Pilots]

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

134. Manfield, P. (1998). EMDR terms and procedures: Resolution of uncomplicated depression. In P. Manfield (Ed.), Extending EMDR: A casebook of innovative applications, (1st Ed.) (pp. 15-36). New York: W. W. Norton. xii, 292 pp.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Keywords: Adults Americans. Child Abuse Depressive Disorders Life Experiences Males Psychotherapeutic Processes Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

135. Hase, M. (2006, November). EMDR toegepast op de addicition geheugen in alcohol verslaafde patiënten opnieuw te verwerken in - Resultaten en follow-up gegevens van een klinische studie [EMDR applied to reprocess the addicition memory in alcohol addicted in-patients – Outcome and follow-up data of a clinical study]. Keynote gepresenteerd aan de tweede congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Alcohol afhankelijkheid en haar gevolg op betekenen vaak intens lijden voor het individu en enorme kosten voor de samenleving. Gevestigde behandelmethoden, zo goed als ze zijn, gebrek aan effectiviteit. Uit recent onderzoek op het gebied van de neurowetenschappen is gebleken dat de meeste ervaring wordt automatisch verwerkt op subcorticaal niveau, dat wil zeggen door 'onbewust' interpretaties die buiten bewustzijn gemaakt. Inzicht en begrip hebben slechts een beperkte invloed op de werking van deze subcorticale processen. Deze bevindingen zijn ook van toepassing op verslaafde mensen een bijdragen aan een nieuwe aanpak te creëren. Het concept van een addicition geheugen is behulpzaam (Wolffgramm 2000; Wolffgramm 2002). Het kan worden opgevat als een vorm van onaangepast geheugen en EMDR is het hulpmiddel voor de resolutie (Shapiro 2001). De presentatie richt zich op theorie en praktijk van een EMDR aanpak van de verslaving opwerken geheugen (Hase 2006). Gegevens van een klinische studie zullen worden gepresenteerd en besproken.

Alcohol dependency and its sequela often mean intense suffering for the individual and huge costs for society. Established treatment modalities, as good as they are, lack effectiveness. Recent research in the field of neuroscience has shown that most experience is automatically processed on subcortical levels, i.e. by “unconscious” interpretations that are made outside of conscious awareness. Insight and understanding have only a limited influence on the operation of these subcortical processes. These findings are also applicable on addicted people an help to create a new approach. The concept of an addicition memory is helpful (Wolffgramm 2000; Wolffgramm 2002). It can be understood as a form of maladaptive memory and EMDR is the tool for resolution (Shapiro 2001). The presentation focusses on theory and practice of an EMDR approach to reprocess the addiction memory (Hase 2006). Data of a clinical study will be presented and discussed.

Keywords: Addiction Memory Inpatients

Accuracy Verified: Yes

136. Knipe, J. (2008, June). EMDR toolbox. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
It is clear from over 17 published studies that the EMDR method is highly effective in assisting clients in resolving PTSD (Maxfield and Hyer, 2002). However, most clients who enter therapy do not have a simple problem of a single disturbing memory, but a complex history. Typically, clients come to therapy with a mixed presentation, of not only emotional disturbance, but also mental structures and actions which function to soothe, contain, avoid or dissociate from emotional disturbance. Thus, the initial presentation of most clients is complex and often ambivalent. In this workshop, examples will illustrate Adaptive Information Processing methods of targeting and resolving psychological defenses, such as avoidance, ambivalence, and idealization. Also, the BHS/CIPOS (Back-of-the-Head Scale/Constant Installation of Present Orientation and Safety) method will be described. This method is a set of procedures that can be used during the EMDR Desensitization Phase to therapeutically reverse dissociative processes while preserving emotional safety. Video segments from therapy sessions will be shown to illustrate each of these methods.

Keywords: Back-of-the-Head Scale BHS CIPOS Contant Installation of Present Orientation and Safety Psycholgical Defenses Targeting

Accuracy Verified: Yes

137. Knipe, J. (2006, June). EMDR toolbox: Video examples of methods of targeting avoidance, procrastination, affect dysregulation, the pain of being "dumped" by a lover, and a shame-based ego state in a client with a identity disorder. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Istanbul, Turkey.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Back-of-the-Head Scale BHS CIPOS Contant Installation of Present Orientation and Safety Psycholgical Defenses Targeting

Accuracy Verified: Yes

138. Higa, M., & Tsuda, A. (2005, September). EMDR treatment and psychophysiological changes: A preliminary study. Poster presented at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Seattle, WA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Poster Psychophysiological Change

Accuracy Verified: Yes

139. Manon, M. (2007). EMDR Treatment of family abuse: Eye movement to "I" movement. In F. Shaprio, F. W. Kaslow, & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp. 95-110). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
This chapter presents an inside view of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) narrated by a client who was requested to tell her story to educate clinicians and clients so that others might be healed. The client's vivid account of her emotional history, along with the description of various memories targeted in treatment and the results of her processing sessions, provide an illustration of the therapy. Her emotional upheaval and adult relationships are a reflection of the cauldron of abuse, deceit, and chaos intrinsic to her family of origin. As indicated by the Adaptive Information Processing model, her symptoms were largely the result of the earlier negative experiences from childhood that were dysfunctionally stored in her brain. These memories had inherent within them the emotions and perspectives that generated her negative sense of self and inability to function happily in the world. The processing of the memories of these early events resulted in accelerated learning and a concomitant transmutation of her personal identity and self-efficacy. An addendum to the case by Kaslow elucidates the family systems perspective. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model Child Abuse Cognitive Processes Early Memories Family Abuse Family Systems Perspective Memories

Accuracy Verified: Yes

140. Shapiro, F. (2002). EMDR treatment: Overview and integration. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism (1st ed.) (pp. 27-55). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
EMDR is not viewed as a panacea but rather as a comprehensive approach to be applied to experiential contributors of disorder and self-enhancement. The information-processing model that governs EMDR practice invites clinicians to view the overall client picture to identify the past events that contribute to the dysfunction, the present events that trigger disturbance, and the skills and internal resources that need to be incorporated for healthy and adaptive living in the future. The approach to the clinical picture is termed the adaptive information-processing model. It was previously termed the accelerated information-processing model because the rapid learning and transmutation of characteristics can take place without the time limitations accepted and imposed on the previous traditional therapies. [Text, p. 27]TOPICS TREATED: Eight phases of treatment (client history and planning; preparation; assessment; desensitization; installation; body scan; closure; re-evaluation); Adaptive information processing (mimicking spontaneous processing; case study); Future explorations

Keywords: Adults Cognitive Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

141. Jacobs, A. & de-Jongh, S. (2007). EMDR und biofeedback in der behandlung von posttraumatischen belastungsstörungen: Ein neuropsychotherapeutisches behandlungsprogramm [EMDR and biofeedback in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorders]. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe. ISBN: 9783801720391.

Language: German

Format: Book

Abstract:
Das Manual stellt ein neu entwickeltes, multimodales neuropsychotherapeutisches Therapieprogramm zur Behandlung der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTB) vor. Ausgehend von neueren Befunden aus den Neurowissenschaften, die darauf hinweisen, dass eine Dissoziation zwischen implizitem und explizitem Traumagedächtnis die wesentliche Grundlage der PTB darstellt, wurden verschiedene Module in das Behandlungsprogramm integriert. Dazu gehören spezielle kognitiv-behaviorale Interventionstechniken, Biofeedback-gestütztes Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) sowie die gezielte Bereitstellung von Informationen über die Störungszusammenhänge für den Patienten. Mittels Biofeedback wird die elektrodermale Aktivität der Patienten während der EMDR-Sitzungen als Indikator für die autonome Erregung aufgezeichnet. Die bei der Traumaexposition implizit ablaufenden Prozesse werden somit an Therapeut und Patient zurückgemeldet. Dadurch ist es möglich, zu kontrollieren, ob das Ausmaß der autonomen Erregung soweit gesenkt werden konnte, dass eine erfolgreiche Verarbeitung und Abspeicherung der traumatischen Erinnerungen im expliziten Gedächtnissystem möglich wird. Studien belegen die Wirksamkeit des Programms. So zeigen Ergebnisse eine deutliche Reduktion der PTB Symptomatik sowie eine starke Abnahme der autonomen Erregung und der subjektiven Belastung.

The manual presents a newly developed multi-modal neuropsychotherapeutisches therapy program for treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD before). Based on recent findings from the neurosciences that suggest that a dissociation between implicit and explicit memory of trauma is the main basis of the PTB, different modules were integrated into the treatment program. These include specific cognitive-behavioral intervention techniques, biofeedback-assisted Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and the targeted provision of information about the disorder correlations for the patient. Biofeedback is recorded, the electrodermal activity of patients during the EMDR sessions as an indicator of autonomic arousal. The case of trauma exposure implicit processes involved are therefore reported to the therapist and patient. This makes it possible to check whether the degree of autonomic arousal could be lowered so far that a successful processing and storage of traumatic memories is possible in the explicit memory system. Studies show the effectiveness of the program. Results nevertheless show a significant reduction of symptoms and PTB a strong decrease of the autonomous arousal and subjective burden.

Keywords: Biofeedback Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

142. Jacobs, S., & Strack, M. (2007, Mai). EMDR und biofeedback in der therapie posttraumatischer belastungsstörungen. Evaluation eines neuropsychotherapeutischen [EMDR and biofeedback therapy in post-traumatic stress disorder. Evaluation of a neuropsychology treatment program]. Symposium at the (R. Keller, Chair) Workshoptagung der European Society für traumatische Stress Studies (EWOTS), Hamburg, Deutschland.

Language: German

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Evaluiert wurde ein neu entwickeltes multimodales, neuropsychotherapeutisches Programm zur Behandlung der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTB). Ausgehend von neueren Befunden aus den Neurowissenschaften, die darauf hinweisen, dass eine Dissoziation zwischen implizitem und explizitem Traumagedächtnis die wesentliche Grundlage der PTB darstellt, wurden verschiedene Module in das Behandlungsprogramm integriert. Dazu gehören neben der gezielten Bereitstellung von Informationen über die Störungszusammenhänge, ein Patientenedukationsfilm, spezielle kognitiv-behaviorale Interventionstechniken sowie Biofeedback gestütztes Eye Movement Desentization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Ziel der Anwendung des Biofeedback im Rahmen der EMDR-Sitzungen ist es zum einen, den PatientInnen implizite Prozesse während der Traumaexposition zurückzumelden, zum anderen wird anhand der Biofeedback-Aufzeichnung das Ausmaß der Übereinstimmung zwischen subjektivem Belastungsgrad durch die traumatische Erinnerung (SUD-Rating) und physiologisch messbarer Erregung überprüft. Als physiologischer Parameter wurde die elektrodermale Aktivität (Hautleitwert, EDA) erhoben.

Was evaluated a newly developed multi-modal, neuro psychotherapeutic Program for the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Starting by recent findings from neuroscience, the point out that a dissociation between implicit Trauma and explicit memory the essential PTB is based on, were different modules integrated into the treatment program. These include next targeted provision of information on the disorder correlations, a Patientenedukationsfilm, specific cognitive-behavioral intervention techniques and biofeedback-assisted Eye Movement Desentization and Reprocessing (EMDR). The aim of the application of Biofeedback in the EMDR sessions is to one, the patients implicit processes during the Trauma exposure report back, on the other hand on the basis of biofeedback recording the extent of Agreement between subjective stress level by the traumatic memory (SUD rating) and measurable physiological arousal reviewed. As a physiological Parameters, the electrodermal activity (skin conductance, EDA) raised.

Keywords: Biofeedback Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

143. Jacobs, S., de Jong, A., & Strack, M. (2007). EMDR und biofeedback in der therapie posttraumatischer belastungsstörungen: Evaluation eines neuropsychotherapeutischen behandlungsprogramms [EMDR and biofeedback in the therapy of posttraumatic stress disorder: Evaluation of a neuropsychotherapeutic intervention]. VPP - Verhaltenstherapie & Psychosoziale Praxis, 39(4), 855-876.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eine neu entwickelte multimodale, neuropsychotherapeutic Programm für die Behandlung der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS) wurde ausgewertet. Ausgehend von neueren Erkenntnissen in der Forschung neuroscienctific, so dass eine Dissoziation zwischen impliziter und expliziter Trauma-Speicher die wichtigste Grundlage der PTBS ist, verschiedene Module wurden im Rahmen der Behandlung integriert anzuzeigen. Die vereinigten Komponenten sind: spezifische Hintergrundinformationen über die Unordnung und typische PTSD-Symptome, eine pädagogische Film für Patienten, spezifische kognitive Verhaltenstherapie und Biofeedback-Techniken unterstützte Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Das Ziel der Biofeedback-Sitzungen während EMDR ist es, den Patienten eine direkte Rückmeldung über die implizite Prozesse während der Trauma-Exposition. Darüber hinaus Erfassung der physiologischen Daten über Biofeedback ermöglicht das Testen, ob es eine Korrelation zwischen dem Grad der subjektiven Belastung durch traumatische Erinnerungen ausgelöst (quantifiziert mit der SUD-Skala), und messbare physiologische Erregung. Elektrodermale Aktivität (EDA; Hautleitfähigkeit) wurde als eine physiologische Parameter gemessen. Die Ergebnisse einer durchgeführten Pilot-Studie (16 Patienten auf der Grundlage, mit einem wartenden Gruppe als Kontrollgruppe) zeigen verschiedene EDA-Muster während EMDR-desensitivation (fad und assoziative Wiederaufbereitung). Ein offensichtlich Reduktion der PTBS-Symptome gefunden (d = 2,27) sein, die stärker ist als in anderen Behandlungen. Die traumatischen Erinnerungen mit EMDR behandelt wurde weniger Anstrengung, die ebenfalls reflektiert in der Physiologie (verminderte autonome Erregung) und in der subjektiven Belastung fühlte sich durch die Patienten. Die Kürzungen der Erregung (d = 1,01) und subjektive Belastung (d = 2,55) zeigen, dass eine effektive Hemmung der Aktivierung der Amygdala-und damit der Angstreaktion selbst-aufgrund der Intervention geschaffen. Mit EMDR reduziert die Amygdala physiologische Erregung. Wir vermuten, dass aus diesem Grund den medialen präfrontalen Kortex und im Hippocampus kann eine kortikale Inhibition, die erfolgreich reduziert die Angst-Reaktion (Grawe, 2004) zu etablieren. Die berichteten Ergebnisse wurden durch einen dreimonatigen Follow-up-Bewertung bestätigt. Mit einer durchschnittlichen Dauer von 16 Sitzungen und einer nicht vorhandenen Drop-out-Rate (0%), die Intervention erwiesen sich ebenfalls als sehr effizient. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, alle Rechte vorbehalten)

A newly developed multimodal, neuropsychotherapeutic program for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was evaluated. Starting from recent findings in the neuroscienctific research, which indicate that a dissociation between implicit and explicit trauma-memory is the main basis of PTSD, different modules were integrated within the treatment. The combined components are: specific background information regarding the disorder and typical PTSD-symptoms, an educational movie for patients, specific cognitive behavioral intervention techniques and biofeedback-supported Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). The aim of using biofeedback during EMDR sessions is to give patients a direct feedback about the implicit processes during trauma-exposition. In addition, recording the physiological data via biofeedback allows testing if there is a correlation between the level of subjective strain, triggered by traumatic memories (quantified with the SUD-scale), and measurable physiological arousal. Electrodermal activity (EDA; skin conductance) was measured as a physiological parameter. The results of a conducted pilot-study (based on 16 patients, with a waiting group as a control group) show different EDA-patterns during EMDR-desensitivation (bland and associative reprocessing). An evident reduction of the PTSD-symptoms could be found (d = 2.27), which is stronger than in other treatments. The traumatic memories treated with EMDR became less straining, which reflects likewise in physiology (decreased autonomous arousal) and in the subjective strain felt by the patients. The reductions of arousal (d = 1.01) and subjective strain (d = 2.55) indicate that an effective inhibition of the amygdala activation—and thereby of the anxiety reaction itself—is created due to the intervention. Using EMDR reduces the amygdala induced physiological arousal. We suppose that for this reason the medial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus can establish a cortical inhibition, which successfully reduces the anxiety reaction (Grawe, 2004). The reported results were confirmed by a three month follow-up evaluation. With an average duration of 16 sessions and a non-existing drop-out rate (0%), the intervention also proved to be very efficient. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Biofeedback PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

144. Blanford, C., & Blanford R. (1991 December). EMDR used as a treatment in chronic pain. EMDR Network Newsletter, 1(2), 8.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
My wife Carol returned from the EMDR Level I Basic Training and posed a question regarding the effectivenessof EMDR on chronic pain. It seems that if we believe that the eye movements in EMDR produce something that assists or facilitates the brain to reprocess thought, memory, and emotions, then we can speculate or hypothesize that the same procedure could effect how the brain processes chronic pain.

Keywords: Chronic Pain

Accuracy Verified: Yes

145. Seubert, A. (2005). EMDR with clients with mental disability. In R. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing (pp. 293-311). New York: W W Norton & Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Until recent times those with the dual diagnosis of mental retardation and mental health issues were deemed inappropriate candidates for counseling or psychotherapy. Dysfunctional behaviors and emotional displays generated by mood disorders, grief, or trauma were often written off as part of the mental disability, in what has come to be known as diagnostic overshadowing. Time, experience, and compassion have changed this. Counseling and psychotherapy have been shown to be "feasible and successful" with this population. Most effective are approaches that utilize and integrate concrete, experiential, and behavioral aspects of the treatment. The task and responsibility of the therapist is to follow the client's internal and interpersonal process as it reveals itself and find the ways, means, and language to facilitate this organic movement toward well-being. [Text, p. 293] [Pilots]

Keywords: Mentally Retarded Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

146. Manfield, P. (2010, September/October). EMDR with difficult clients: Dyadic resourcing. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Minneapolis, MN.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop introduces "dyadic resourcing," a resourcing approach designed to facilitate EMDR processing of very early trauma with severely deprived clients, including those with attachment disorders. The goal of this process is to help clients connect affectively to an internal experience of being in a nurturing parent-child relationship. This workshop will address the basic principles and processes central to this form of resourcing, including each of the five steps involved in establishing this resource. The process will be illustrated using clinical videos, resourcing transcripts, and a live demonstration.

Keywords: Difficult Clients Dyadic Resourcing

Accuracy Verified: Yes

147. Solomon, R. M. (2008, June). EMDR with grief and mourning. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The death of a loved one confronts people with particularly complicated challenges at a time of often unparalleled distress. This workshop will focus on integrating EMDR into the treatment of grief and mourning. Understanding grief and mourning in terms of the Adaptive Information Processing model will be presented and illustrated by case presentations and videos of EMDR sessions. EMDR does not shorten the phases the mourner has to go through for adaptive assimilation and accommodation of the loss, but processes the factors that can complicate the mourning. The processes the mourner has to go through for assimilation and accommodation of the loss, and how EMDR facilitates movement through them, will be presented. Particular attention will be paid to how EMDR facilitates the emergence of adaptive inner representations. We do not lose attachments to loved ones that die, they are transformed. We move from loving in presence to loving in absence. Memories of the deceased often emerge during EMDR treatment. It is the emergence of memories of the deceased that let us know and acknowledge the meaning of the relationship, the person’s role in our lives and identity, and enable us to carry the basic security of having loved and been loved into the future. We can go forward in a world without the deceased, because we have an adaptive inner representation to take with us. Content includes: · Overview of AIP model and how it applies to grief and mourning · Acute grief as a form of traumatic stress · Common responses to loss · The six “R” processes of mourning · High-risk factors predisposing to complicated mourning · General principles of EMDR treatment in grief and mourning

Keywords: Bereavement Grief Mourning Psychotherapeutic Processes Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

148. Gunter, R. W., & Bodner, G. E. (2009). EMDR works . . . But how? Recent progress in the search for treatment mechanisms. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(3), 161-168. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.3.161.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a highly scrutinized but efficacious psychotherapy commonly used in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Despite much theorizing and speculation, EMDR's mechanism of action remains unspecified. This article reviews several accounts of how EMDR works to reduce symptoms and/or aid memory reprocessing, including disruption of a traumatic recollection in working memory, increased psychological distance from the trauma, enhanced communication between brain hemispheres, and psychophysiological changes associated with relaxation or evocation of a rapid-eye-movement-like brain state. Several gaps in knowledge are also identified: The working memory account has received considerable support but has yet to be evaluated using clinical samples. How psychological distancing translates into symptomatic improvement is unclear. Psychophysiological effects of EMDR are well demonstrated but leave open the question of whether they constitute a treatment mechanism or an outcome of memory processing. Multiple mechanisms may work to produce treatment gains in EMDR; hence, an integrative model may be necessary to capture its myriad effects.

Keywords: Eye Movements Psychotherapy Treatment Mechanism

Accuracy Verified: Yes

149. Hase, M. H. (2005, June). EMDR – Reprocessing of the addiction memory. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Substance abuse is always a challenge for the therapist. Substance abuse and its sequelae often mean intense suffering for the individual and huge costs for society. Established treatment modalities, as good as they are, lack effectiveness. Recent research in the field of neuroscience has shown that most experience is automatically processed on sub cortical levels, i.e. by "unconscious" interpretations that are made outside of conscious awareness. Insight and understanding have only a limited influence on the operation of these sub cortical processes. These findings are also applicable on addicted people and help to create a new approach. The concept of an addiction memory is helpful (Wolffgramm 2000: Wolffgramm 2002). It can be understood as a form of maladaptive memory and EMDR is the tool for resolution (Shapiro 2001). In this workshop an overview over theory and the practical aspects of EMDR treatment for substance abusers will be given.
Theory in combination with video demonstration will facilitate the transfer of knowledge into everyday therapy.

Keywords: Addiction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

150. Ilic, Z. P, Lecic-Tosevski, D. M., Bokonjic, S., Drakulic, B., & Jovic, V. (1999). EMDR: Kognitivno bihejvioralna metoda u lecenju posttraumatskog stresnog poremecaja kod zrtava torture [EMDR: Cognitive behavioral method for posttraumatic stress disorder in torture victims]. Psihijatrija Danas, 31(2-3), 245-269.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
(In both English and Serbian) The experience of confinement to prison with exposure to psychophysical torture is the stress of the highest intensity frequently leading (48.4% in our research) to the development of PTSD with a tendency towards chronicity. In the programme for torture victims at the Stress Clinic we also use EMDR-cognitive behavioral method of desensitization and reprocessing (cognitive restructuration) by rapid eye movements which proved to be very effective and became the part of the integrative therapeutic procedure. The paper discusses the theoretical concept of this method and provides case presentation. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Clinical Case Study Empirical Study Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Serbs Survivors Torture Yugoslav Wars of Secession

Accuracy Verified: Yes

151. Doner, K. (1994, September). EMDR: Miracle cure or sleight of hand? . . . Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. American Health, 13(7), 78-79.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Thousands of victims of phobias, rape, childhood abuse, natural disasters, and combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder have benefited from a controversial new treatment called Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Developed in the late 1980s by psychologist Francine Shapiro, EMDR involves having patients move their eyes back and forth, following a practitioner's fingers, while the practitioner evokes an image or feeling about a specific trauma. Shapiro speculates that the method may unlock traumatic feelings and pictures from the nervous system because the eye movements in EMDR are similar to movements that occur during REM sleep, which is when the brain processes disturbing memories. Researchers are currently trying to measure the effectiveness of EMDR, which is used by an estimated 7,000 therapists across the U.S. Some critics dismiss EMDR as pop psychology promoted by hucksters.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

152. Lazarus, C. N., & Lazarus, A. A. (2002). EMDR: An elegantly concentrated multimodal procedure?. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism (1st ed.) (pp. 209-224). Washington: American Psychological Association.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The active ingredients of many therapeutic processes remain open to conjecture. Regardless of what actually underlies the putative benefits of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), its degree of overlap with many of the multimodal therapy (MMT) features and components is noteworthy. In essence, EMDR is a highly systematized, elegant therapeutic package using many of the same modalities that comprise MMT. Be that as it may, MMT methods are broader and more comprehensive than the EMDR methodology. EMDR is thought of as an accelerated and facilitated information-processing therapy, whereas MMT is considered a theory of personality as well as a system for implementing comprehensive biopsychosocial therapy. MMT therapists can probably enhance their treatment outcomes by knowing when and how to apply EMDR, and EMDR therapists would be well advised to become proficient with the MMT framework and its many applications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adults Multimodal Therapy Multimodal Treatment Approach Psychotherapeutic Techniques Psychotherapeutic Processes Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

153. Derksen, M. T., & Baeten, B. M. (2010, April). EMDR: Kijken met een diagnostische 'traumabril' in de ziekenhuispsychiatrie [EMDR: A diagnostic check with trauma glasses' in the psychiatric hospital]. Presentatie op het 38ste Voorjaarscongres Nederlandse Vereniging voor Psychiatrie, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Inhoud van de workshop: EMDR (eye movement desentization and reprocessing) is een intensieve vorm van psychotherapie voor mensen die last houden van de gevolgen van een (of meerdere) schokkende ervaring(en). Een deel van de getroffenen verwerkt deze ervaringen op eigen kracht, anderen ontwikkelen psychische klachten. Juist deze klachten in het hier en nu als gevolg van een schokkende gebeurtenis in het verleden maken de gebeurtenis tot een traumatische gebeurtenis. Een ogenschijnlijk eenvoudige medische ingreep kan leiden tot reactivering van eerdere traumatische ervaringen. De kern van deze workshop is het leren herkennen en vaststellen van de 'ontwrichtende ervaringen' die van blijvende invloed zijn op het functioneren van de patiënt. Verder wordt aandacht besteed aan het diagnostisch leren kijken met een 'traumabril' en het leren kennen van het indicatiegebied van emdr binnen de ziekenhuispsychiatrie. emdr is volgens internationale en nationale richtlijnen de behandeling van eerste keus bij PTSS. EMDR kan ook toegepast worden bij traumagerelateerde stoornissen die niet per se hoeven te voldoen aan de diagnose ptss, zoals bij angststoornissen, eetstoornissen, pijnstoornissen, somatoforme stoornissen, seksuele stoornissen en verslaving. De bijzondere kenmerken en effecten van emdr worden besproken. Gecontroleerde effectstudies laten zien dat EMDR even effectief of effectiever is dan de huidige meest effectieve therapievorm, de cognitieve gedragstherapie. EMDR-behandeling is bovendien sneller en minder belastend voor patiënten. Vorm: Presentatie, geïllustreerd met videobeelden, tijd voor vragen en een interactieve discussie. Leerdoelen: Na de workshop kunnen de deelnemers kijken met de diagnostische 'traumabril', hebben zij inzicht in het brede indicatiegebied van EMDR en hebben zij kennis van deze vorm van psychotherapie en de plaats van EMDR binnen de psychotherapie.

Contents of the workshop: EMDR (eye movement desentization and reprocessing) is an intensive form of psychotherapy for people to suffer from the effects of one (or more) shocking experience (s). Some of the affected processes these experiences on their own, others developed psychological problems. Precisely these problems in the here and now because of a shocking event in the past to make the event a traumatic event. A seemingly simple medical intervention can lead to reactivation of previous traumatic experiences. The core of this workshop is learning to recognize and identify the "disruptive experiences" of lasting impact on the functioning of the patient. Attention is paid to the diagnostic learning to look with an "eye trauma 'and getting to know the indication of EMDR in the psychiatry hospital. EMDR has been under international and national guidelines the treatment of choice for PTSD. EMDR can also be applied to trauma-related disorders that do not necessarily have to meet the PTSD diagnosis, such as anxiety disorders, eating disorders, pain disorders, somatoform disorders, sexual disorders and addictions. The particular characteristics and effects of EMDR are discussed. Controlled Impact studies show that EMDR is as effective or more effective than the current most effective form of therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy. EMDR treatment is faster and less stressful for patients. Methods: Presentation, illustrated with video, an interactive time for questions and discussion. Objective: After the workshop the participants can see the diagnostic trauma spectacles, they understand the broad indication in EMDR and have knowledge of this form of psychotherapy and the place of EMDR in psychotherapy.

Keywords: Hospital

Accuracy Verified: Yes

154. Bertolotti, G. (2008, June). EMDR: Should be appropriate in a rehabilitation multidisciplinary programme?. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Because EMDR is a powerful short-term therapy effective for confronting and overcoming stress, anxiety, and trauma which could be its role in an intensive rehabilitation multidisciplinary programme? As well-known PTSD is the most common diagnostic category used to describe symptoms arising from emotionally traumatic experience.This disorder presumes that the person experienced a traumatic event involving actual or threatened death or injury to themselves or others. Some research shows that EMDR is rapid, safe and effective in helping those who suffer from anxiety, distressing memories, nightmares, insomnia, as consequences from traumatic events. Several recent reviews have looked at the relationship between medical illness and subsequent PTSD. Moreover Spindler(2005) published a review with focal point on subjects after cardiovascular disease and mainly with a focus on prevalence rates, risk factors, and future. Should be possible catch a trauma event right through in-hospital and use the EMDR when appropriate? Hence how should be tailored an appropriate assessment procedures during the rehabilitation in-hospital? Anxiety (using a the STAI) and Depression (measured with Depression Questionnaire) with clinical cut-off score might be useful in screening and an adequately structured interview could complete in-hospital screening. In a more wide assessment screening a device for psychophysiological assessment measuring electrodermal activity and heart rate/pulse wave. An elevated cardiovascular and electrodermal activity during the interview should be an index for selecting a clinical simple of patients where carry out a deeper assessment in search for a trauma connect to the pre-rehabilitation period or older. The aforementioned could be a wished-for screen subjects with trauma events both at short or long term insurgence.

Keywords: Rehabilitation Multidisciplinarian Program

Accuracy Verified: Yes

155. Shapiro, F. (1996, Summer). EMDR: Adaptive information processing. Independent Practitioner, 16(3), 142-146.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) method defines the succesful treatment of pathology as a clinician-assisted "self-healing" process. Specifically, the individual reprocesses the dysfunctional information stored in the nervous system as a result of previous disturbing events. Congruent with the principles of mind/body psychology, there is an assumed interaction of psychological and physiological processes. The nature of the clinical disorder is defined on the basis of the type of experiences that have been dysfunctionally stored and which need to be effectively processes.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP

Accuracy Verified: Yes

156. Stickgold, R. (2002, January). EMDR: A putative neurobiological mechanism of action. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 61-75. doi:10.1002/jclp.1129.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Numerous studies have provided evidence for the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR) in the treatment of PTSD, including recent studies showing it to be more efficient than therapist-directed flooding. But few theoretical explanations of how EMDR might work have been offered. Shapiro, in her original description of EMDR, proposed that its directed eye movements mimic the saccades of rapid eye movement sleep (REM), but provided no clear explanation of how such mimicry might lead to clinical improvment. We now revisit her original proposal and present a complete model for how EMDR could lead to specific improvement in PTSD and related conditions. We propose that the repetitive redirecting of attention in EMDR induces a neurobiological state, similar to that of REM sleep, which is optimally configured to support the cortical integration of traumatic memories into general semantic networks. We suggest that this integration can then lead to a reduction in the strength of hippocampally mediated episodic memories of the traumatic event as well as the memories' associated, amygdala-dependent, negative affect. Experimental data in support of this model are reviewed and possible tests of the model are suggested. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive Processes Mechanism of Action Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiology PTSD Review Sleep Behavior Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

157. Bergmann, U. (2010). EMDR’s neurobiological mechanisms of action: A survey of 20 years of searching. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(1), 22-42. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.1.22.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Historically, mechanisms of action have often been difficult to ascertain. Thus far, the definitive discovery of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)’s underlying mechanisms has been equally elusive. We review the neurobiological studies of EMDR, as well as the theoretically driven speculative models that have been posited to date. The speculative theoretically driven models are reviewed historically to illustrate their growth in neurobiological complexity and specificity. Alternatively, the neurobiological studies of EMDR are reviewed with regard to their object of investigation and categorized as follows: findings before and after EMDR therapy (neuroimaging and psychophysiological studies) and findings during the EMDR set (psychophysiological, neuroimaging, and qEEG studies).

Keywords: Neural Mechanisms Neurobiological Research Speculative Models

Accuracy Verified: Yes

158. Grand, D. (1998). Emerging from the coffin: Treatment of a masochistic personality disorder. In P. Manfield (Ed.), Extending EMDR: A casebook of innovative applications (1st ed.) (pp. 65-90). New York: W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
"Dan" was a 48-year old married man who, despite ten years of psychoanalytic treatment, awakened every morning with the image of lying dead in a coffin. This dovetailed with his experience of daily life as devoid of meaning and pleasure. Despite his apparent relentless suffering and preoccupation with death, Dan reported never having been actively suicidal. In fact, his life appeared to be oddly homeostatic. He sought out therapy at the urging of his wife, who was exasperated by his pervasive negativity. This case illustrates the successful use of longer-term EMDR charactered by the multiple sessions and many months to fully reprocess individual protocols. Treatment was completed, with Dan free of coffin fantasies and capable of experiencing hope, joy and purpose for the first time in his life. His positive response, over time, indicates that individuals with characterological defenses can process, albeit incrementally, difficult material and ultimately reach a level of full resolution. Since my success with Dan, I have replicated this startling outcome with numerous clients in periods ranging from 9 to 18 months. This was inconceivable for me in my pre-EMDR days when many years of treatment yielded far more limited results. [Text, pp. 66-67]

Keywords: Adults Americans Case Report Life Experiences Males Personality Disorders Psychotherapeutic Processes Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

159. Thompson, M. M., Pasto, L., & McCreary, D. R. (2002, July). Empirical assessment of Lanius, et al.s’ “functional MRI of EMDR in peacekeepers,’ a review of the EMDR literature and an annotated bibiliography. Defence R&D Canada – Toronto, Technical Memorandum, DRDC Toronto.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
This report reviews a research proposal, the major objective of which is to assess the relation between PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) and limbic, paralimbic, and prefrontal brain function as assessed with functional MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), and to determine whether an Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) intervention causes those structures to return to a normal mode of functioning. The proposed study secondarily explores the effectiveness of EMDR in reducing PTSD symptomatology. While the first and second objectives of the study may have scientific merit, the mandates of other funding agencies would appear to be more appropriate for investigations of basic neuroscience processes associated with brain functioning in PTSD (e.g., NSERC or CIHR). Importantly, a critical review of the EMDR research reveals that a great deal of controversy surrounds the effectiveness of this therapy. EMDR has not been shown to be more effective than presently validated PTSD exposure-based therapies, and the eye movement component of EMDR appears to provide no therapeutic benefit. Finally, there is a lack of clarity around specific items listed in the proposed budget. Given these concerns it is not recommended that this proposal be funded at this time.

Keywords: Bibliographies Canada Desensitizing' Magnetic Resonance Imaging Eye Movements Mental DIsorders MRI Medical Research Order Disorder Transofrmations Signs and Symptoms Stress (Physiology) Traumatic Shock

Accuracy Verified: Yes

160. Sack, M., Lempa, W., & Lamprecht, F. (2005, September 24). Empirische befunde zu wirkmechanismen des EMDR [Empirical evidence of mechanisms of action of EMDR]. In A. Karl & W. Lempa, (Moderators), Symposium 2 Traumaspezifische Interventionen in Forschung und Praxis, Jahrestagung der deutschsprachigen Gesellschaft für Psychotraumatologie DeGPT, Dresden .

Language: German

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Das Traumabearbeitungsverfahren EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) kombiniert die imaginäre Exposition mit der traumatischen Erinnerung mit repetitiver Stimulation durch Augenbewegungen oder durch taktile bzw. auditive Reize. Während die Wirksamkeit des EMDR gut belegt ist, sind die spezifischen Wirkungen der bilateralen Stimulation noch weitgehend unbekannt. Wir führten ein psychophysiologisches Monitoring mittels Impedanzkardiographie aller EMDR-Behandlungssitzungen ( N= 55) bei 10 Patienten mit PTSD durch. Aufgezeichnet wurden Herzfrequenz (HR), Parasympathikotonus (RMSSD), Sympathikotonus (PEP), und Atemfrequenz (RESP). Beginn und Ende der Stimulationsperioden (N = 811) wurden markiert. Es fand sich ein steiler Anstieg des Parasympathikotonus verbunden mit einem signifikanten Abfall der Herzfrequenz zu Beginn der Stimulationsperioden, entsprechend dem psychophysiologischen Reaktionsmuter einer deutlich ausgeprägten Orientierungsreaktion. Im weiteren Verlauf der Stimulation nahm der Parasympathikotonus wieder ab und der Sympathikotonus nahm zu, was sich als Stresseffekt während der Exposition interpretieren lässt. Im Sitzungsverlauf zeigte sich jedoch eine signifikante Abnahme der Herzfrequenz und eine Zunahme des Parasympathikotonus. Unsere Befunde weisen darauf hin, dass es während EMDR-Sitzungen zu einem signifikanten psychophysiologischen Dearousal kommt. Die Stimulation durch Augenbewegungen scheint eine Orientierungsreaktion auszulösen, die über eine passagere Erhöhung des Parasympathikotonus eine Entspannungsreaktion auslöst. Es stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit die von uns beobachteten psychophysiologischen Reaktionen mit dem Therapieerfolg korrelieren.[Author abstract]

The EMDR trauma processing method (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) combines the imaginary exposure to the traumatic memory with repetitive stimulation of eye movements or tactile or auditory stimuli. While the effectiveness of EMDR is well documented, the specific effects of bilateral stimulation are still largely unknown. We conducted a psycho-physiological monitoring using impedance cardiography of EMDR treatment sessions (N = 55) of 10 patients with PTSD. Recorded were heart rate (HR), parasympathetic tone (RMSSD), sympathetic (PEP) and respiratory rate (RESP). Beginning and end of the stimulation periods (N = 811) were selected. There was a steep increase in parasympathetic tone associated with a significant decrease in heart rate at the beginning of the stimulation periods, according to the psycho-physiological Reaktionsmuter a clearly marked orientation reaction. In the course of the stimulation of the parasympathetic tone took off again and the sympathetic tone increased, which can be interpreted as a stress effect during exposure. During the session, however, showed a significant decrease in heart rate and an increase in parasympathetic tone. Our findings indicate that occurs during EMDR sessions to significant psychophysiological Dearousal. The stimulation of eye movements seems to trigger a policy response that triggers a transient increase in parasympathetic tone a relaxation response. This begs the question of the extent to which we have observed psychophysiological responses correlate with treatment success. [Author abstract]

Keywords: Mechanism of Action

Accuracy Verified: Yes

161. Hartung, J., & Galvin, M. (2003). Energy psychology & EMDR: Combining forces to optimize treatment (1st ed). New York: W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
As clinical and consulting psychologists, we have continually searched for ever better ways to help people. At this point after almost 60 years of combined practice, we have come to rely on energy psychology (EP) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as our preferred methods. In this book we present the clinical findings that have led us to believe that these methods excel -- especially in combination -- in helping clients achieve profound change and growth, usually quickly and with stable results.We hope to persuade energy therapists to look at the richness that EMDR has to offer, keeping in mind that the interests of some clients sometimes might be better served by treatment with EMDR than EP. We also hope to convince EMDR clinicians to consider using energy techniques as additional resources for those times when EMDR stalls. For readers yet untrained in either, we offer an overview of the two brief therapies that have transformed our professional lives. [Adapted from Preface]

Keywords: Energy Psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

162. Hartung, J. G. (2005, September). Enhancing performance and positive emotion with EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Seattle, WA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
While the presenter will provide some information through lecture and handouts, this workshop will be mostly based on experiential learning processes. Demonstrations, a supervised practicum, and other hands-on experiences are seen as the best ways to learn the model of perfomance enhancement with EMDR. Because the practicum focus will be exclusively on the development and strengthening of positive emotion, risks to participants are not predicted. The presenter will focus on ways to define psychotherapy in addition to its value as a treatment of problems in living. Positive psychology and coaching for development will be terms used frequently, both in the lecture and throughout the demonstration and practicum experiences.

Keywords: Performance Enhancement Positive Emotion

Accuracy Verified: Yes

163. Gabarra, D. O. (2012, Novembro). Estados de ego e o EMDR em quadros dissociativos [Ego states and EMDR in dissociative frames]. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
O objetivo da oficina é abordar como os processos de dissociação consciente de papéis ou estados de ego podem ser utilizados para potencializar a reintegração psíquica dos pacientes dissociativos. Pacientes dissociativos sempre foram um dos grandes temores dos terapeutas em EMDR para o uso da fase 3 em diante. Geralmente esses quadros requerem um grande tempo de preparação além de um manejo mais avançado e interventivo durante o reprocessamento. Entretanto, entre pacientes com alto grau dissociativo é comum encontrarmos pessoas com grande fragilidade psíquica, acesso a um pobre histórico de recursos, uma grande dificuldade em se expressar, perceber e nomear seus sentimentos além de grande dificuldade em relatar seus traumas. Então, como avançar no protocolo de EMDR com pessoas tão fragilizadas e que quase não nos dão dicas do conteúdo de seus traumas? Alguns critérios hipotéticos auxiliam a instrumentalizar tanto o profissional quanto o paciente a enfrentarem o reprocessamento. Primeiramente, (a) se diante de uma história de traumas intensos a pessoa sobreviveu e chegou até você, é porque ela tem recursos importantes, mesmo que tenha dificuldade de acessá-los. Um desses recursos é o próprio quadro dissociativo que a protege da intensidade dos traumas e possibilita a vida “apesar de...”. (b) Se essas partes estão tão distantes uma da outra, é porque elas tiveram um motivo para isso, mas talvez esse motivo já esteja no passado, e hoje podemos caminhar para uma conversa. (c) Sendo todos esses papéis ou egos são partes do eu, certamente eles querem algo de positivo para esse eu, mesmo que aparentemente seja difícil perceber isso. Essas hipóteses ou crenças positivas a respeito do paciente devem ser checadas com dados de realidade para que possam ser fortalecidas, mas, mais do que isso, é fundamental que elas "transpirem por todos os poros do corpo do terapeuta". Identificados os estados de ego presentes no evento traumático parece ser mais fácil seguir com a etapa do reprocessamento de deforma menos interventiva, principalmente quando não se tem o conteúdo do evento em questão. Obviamente que todo esse processo deve levar todo o tempo necessário e seguido de todos os cuidados que a aplicação do EMDR demanda.

The goal of the workshop is to discuss how the processes of conscious dissociation of roles or ego states can be used to enhance the reintegration of the psychic dissociative patients. Dissociative patients have always been one of the great fears of EMDR therapists for use in phase 3 onwards. Generally these paintings require a great preparation time plus a more advanced and interventional management during reprocessing. However, among patients with high dissociative is common to find people with great fragility psychic, poor access to a historical resource, a great difficulty in expressing themselves, perceive and name their feelings besides great difficulty in reporting their trauma. So, how to advance the EMDR protocol with people so fragile and hardly give us hints of the contents of their trauma? Some hypothetical criteria help to equip both the professional and the patient to face the reprocessing. First, (a) in front of a history of severe trauma the person survived and came to you, it is because it has important features, even if you have difficulty accessing them. One of these features is the very dissociative disorder that protects the intensity of the trauma and allows life "although ...". (B) If these parties are so far apart, it's because they had a reason for that, but maybe that reason is already in the past, and today we can walk into a conversation. (C) Since all these roles and egos are part of me, surely they want something positive to me, although apparently it is difficult to realize this. These positive beliefs or assumptions about the patient be checked against data from reality so that they can be strengthened, but more than that, it is crucial that they "transpire from every pore of the body of the therapist." Identified ego states present at the traumatic event seems to be easier to follow with step of reprocessing deforms less interventionist, especially when you do not have the content of the event in question. Obviously, this entire process should take all the time necessary and followed by all care that the application of EMDR demand.

Keywords: Advanced Management Dissociation Ego States

Accuracy Verified: Yes

164. Wolff, R. P. (2004). Evaluation of effectiveness of individual therapy sessions over 60 minutes. California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA. AAT 3158599.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Research has produced few studies that support the 50-minute therapy session as the most effective session length for achieving optimal therapeutic results. This descriptive study attempted to determine differences in therapists' perceptions of how session length might impact therapeutic process, therapeutic outcome, treatment of specific psychological disorders, and if session length preference was based on theoretical orientation or procedures/techniques. A total of 65 practicing therapists drawn from the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, EMDR International Association, Trauma Incident Reduction Practitioners, San Francisco Society of Lacanian Study, and California Psychological Network completed questionnaires regarding their perceptions about psychotherapy for individuals employing longer session lengths versus the standard 50-minute session.Overall frequencies of questionnaire responses and between groups comparisons were analyzed using Chi-Square. The sample endorsed the use of longer sessions at statistically significant frequencies on the following questionnaire items: three therapeutic outcome items: Increases client's satisfaction, Shortens overall duration of therapy, and Facilitates corrective emotional experience; and nine therapeutic process items: Access to client's emotional material, Integration of experience before leaving session, Deepens development of transference, Working through defenses, Access to traumatic experiences, Integrate traumatic experience within session, Working through traumatic experience, and Improving likelihood of breakthrough experiences. The sample also agreed on the use of longer sessions as potentially contributing to positive outcome for treatment of the following disorders: Substance Abuse, Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia, Specific Phobia, Social Phobia, PTSD, GAD, and Eating Disorders. The findings of this study suggest that longer session lengths may have a positive impact on therapeutic process, therapeutic outcome, and certain disorders. Specific implications for the field of psychology and suggestions for research are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 65(12-B), 2005, pp. 6680.

Keywords: Empirical Study Health Personnel Attitudes Individual Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Quantitative Study Treatment Duration Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

165. Lamprecht, F., Kohnke, C., Lempa, W., Sack, M., Matzke, M., & Munte, T. F. (2004, June). Event-related potentials and EMDR treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuroscience Research, 49(2), 267-272. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2004.02.013.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
10 patients suffering from PTSD following a severe traumatic event, were assessed with event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in a modified oddball paradigm containing auditory standard, target, and novel tones. ERPs were assessed before and after a treatment session using the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing method. Compared to a control group that underwent sham treatment, ERPs of the patients showed a reduction of the P3a component in the post-treatment recording, suggesting a reduced orienting to novel stimuli and reduced arousal level after the treatment. Moreover, psychometric assessment revealed a marked improvement of the PTSD symptoms after treatment. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Brain Imaging Adults Cognitive Processes Empirical Study Germans Longitudinal Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiology PTSD Quantitative Study Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

166. Aubert-Khalfa, S., Roques, J., & Blin, O. (2008). Evidence of a decrease in heart rate and skin conductance responses in PTSD patients after a single EMDR session. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(1), 51-56. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.1.51.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Patients with PTSD demonstrate abnormal psychophysiological responses to stressful events. Given that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy appears to be a treatment of choice for trauma victims, the aim of the present study was to determine if psychophysiological responses to stress decreased after a single EMDR session. 6 PTSD patients were treated by an EMDR therapist. Their psychophysiological responses (heart rate and skin conductance) were recorded before and after the EMDR session under two conditions: (a) in a relaxed state and (b) while visualizing their own traumatic event. At the end of the session, all patients had a significant reduction in their PTSD symptoms, which confirms previous results demonstrating the efficacy of the EMDR approach. Second, after only one EMDR session, heart rate and skin conductance during the trauma recall decreased significantly as compared to a relaxing state. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Arousal Clinical Trial Electrodermal Activity Empirical Study French Heart Rate Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiology PTSD Quantitative Study Skin Conductance Stressors Survivors Treatment Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

167. Naccarato, C. (2008). The experience of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as a therapeutic approach in healing trauma. University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL. AAT 3306738.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Grounded theory method was used to explore the experiences of patients suffering the effects of psychological trauma who had received eye movement desensitization and reprocessing approach (EMDR) as treatment. Saturation of the categories was achieved with the analysis of 15 interviews. The basic social psychological process that emerged is transforming suffering and the core category is changes in perception. The three subcategories, relinquishing, presencing and emerging, form the conceptual framework for the stages of transforming suffering. The stages of relinquishing, presencing and emerging contain concepts and their properties to guide practice. The two dimensions of processing subsumed within each stage are temporal perspectives (past, present and future) and processing fields (physical field, cognitive field and transformative field). These concepts help explain the progression of the patient to experience resolution of the trauma and/or related symptoms/behaviors. Transforming suffering: changes in perception using EMDR is the resultant substantive theory. The implications of this theoretical framework for psychotherapeutic practice and future research are reviewed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 69(3-B), 2008, pp. 1571.

Keywords: Empirical Study Grounded Theory Quantitative Study Therapeutic Processes Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

168. Kreyer, A. K. (2008). Experimentelle Überprüfung psychophysiologischer prozesse im EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) - Ein beitrag zur psychotherapeutischen grundlagenforschung [Experimental verification of psychophysiological processes in EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) - A contribution to psychotherapy research]. Köln, Universität, Internet-Ressource.

Language: German

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Spätestens am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts kam – damals in psychiatrischen Kreisen – die Vermutung auf, dass starke seelische Verletzungen zu speziellen Symptomkomplexen führen, welche zunächst unter der Kategorie Hysterie klassifiziert wurden (vgl. van der Kolk, Weisaeth & van der Hart, 1996/2000). Ein Jahrhundert psychotherapeutischer Erfahrungen und Forschungsbemühungen – sowohl im Zusammenhang mit den Folgen beider Weltkriege und des Vietnamkrieges als auch mit der Frauenrechtsbewegung, welche auf Gewalt gegen Frauen aufmerksam machte – verdichteten diese Vermutung. Aber es sollte noch bis 1980 dauern, bis die Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (PTBS) als offizielle Diagnose in der psychiatrischen Nomenklatur anerkannt wurde (vgl. van der Kolk, McFarlane & Weisaeth, 1996/2000).

By the end of the 19th Century was - at that time in psychiatric circles - on the presumption that strong psychological injury on specific symptom complexes, which were initially classified under the category of hysteria (van der Kolk, Weisaeth & van der Hart, 1996/2000). A century of psychotherapy experience and research efforts - both in connection with the effects of both World Wars and the Vietnam War and with the women's rights movement, which called attention to violence against women compacted - this assumption. But it would take until 1980 until the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as an official diagnosis in the psychiatric nomenclature has been recognized (van der Kolk, McFarlane & Weisaeth, 1996/2000).

Keywords: Psychophysiological Processes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

169. Schottenbauer, M. A. (2006). Expert therapists and practicing clinicians: Reported prototypical treatments of trauma. The Catholic University of America. AAT 3239353.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
PTSD is a frequent psychiatric response to a variety of extreme psychological stressors. While several effective treatments for PTSD such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) have been included on lists of empirically supported treatments, nonresponse rates to these treatments can be high. According to patient report, psychodynamic interventions are more common than CBT for PTSD in the community, yet only one randomized controlled trial has included a psychodynamic treatment for PTSD. This dissertation reviews the treatment dropout and non-response rates in studies of empirically supported treatments for PTSD. Next, a case for the value of psychodynamic treatment of PTSD is made, utilizing empirical research on links between the psychopathology of PTSD and psychodynamic concepts such as defenses and relationship patterns. Then, an empirical study was conducted to find out how psychodynamic and CBT therapists treat patients with PTSD, to discover commonalities and defining characteristics of treatment within each group of respondents, and to delineate the unique contributions of psychodynamic psychotherapy to the treatment of such patients.Therapists who identified themselves primarily with psychodynamic/psychoanalytic or cognitive-behavioral theoretical orientations were recruited online through professional organization listservs. They were randomly presented one of four case studies, describing variations on trauma. Participants then completed a Psychotherapy Process Q-Sort to describe quantitatively their ideal treatment of the given patient. Results indicated many similarities among clinicians of widely different perspectives. Among clinicians who indicated that their primary theoretical orientation was psychodynamic, three prototypical treatments were discovered, and among clinicians who indicated that their primary theoretical orientation was cognitive-behavioral, four prototypical treatments were found. Overall, the prototypes in the current study were correlated with, but not identical to, prototypes of PD, CBT, or interpersonal therapy (IPT) developed in previous studies based on experts' ratings. While the literature has suggested that clinicians who treat patients who have PTSD may make alterations in their techniques to address issues that are specific to PTSD, the current study provides some evidence that therapists are not aware of how their treatment for trauma is different from the theoretical approaches they endorse. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 67(10-B), 2007, pp. 6077.

Keywords: Cognitive Therapy Empirical Study Health Personnel Attitudes Mental Health Personnel Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Quantitative Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

170. Manfield, P. (1998). Extending EMDR: A casebook of innovative applications. New York: W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
"Extending EMDR" is divided into two parts: those cases in which it was possible to target a relatively small number of distinct traumatic experiences, and those in which the client's symptoms have resulted from ongoing childhood trauma or neglect for which they are initially unable to identify representative discrete traumatic events. The cases in which clear targets were available required the therapists to identify those targets and work with a variety of resistances in order to achieve adaptive resolution. These clients could generally address their maladaptive defenses directly. Typically, their therapists relied on extensive cognitive interweave, structuring, support, and sometimes direct nurturing to make it possible for these clients to tolerate and utilize EMDR to process their targeted traumas.Where there were no distinct memories to target, the therapists needed to create innovative interventions. Their clients tended to be unable to address their maladaptive defenses directly without fragmenting or closing off. These cases required far more treatment time than those for which there were a limited number of discreet traumatic memories to target and process. Each therapist working with these clients needed to find a way to strengthen their ability to maintain internal cohesion and increase their sense of safety so that they could relinquish defenses without the threat of becoming overwhelmed and fragmented. Several of the therapists attempted to address directly the deficits that prevented their clients from recalling their past experiences, organizing them, and gaining access to specific memories and affect. [Text, pp. 9-10] [Pilots]

Keywords: Adults Americans Child Abuse Complex PTSD Defense Mechanisms Depressive Disorders Females Life Experiences Males Neglect Personality Disorders Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

171. Leeds, A. M. (2010, February). Extinction or reconsolidation differences between suppression and transformation in how we recover from traumatic experiences. Author.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Memory is central to all learned behavior, and in humans to one’s sense of identity. Sleep and memory processes are deeply entwined. Both are central to our sense of well-being.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP Extinction, Prolonged Exposure Reconsolidation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

172. Bryant, R. A., Harvey, A. G., Gordon, E., & Barry, R. (1995). Eye movement and electrodermal responses to threat stimuli in post-traumatic stress disorder. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 20(3), 209-213. doi:10.1016/0167-8760(95)00036-4.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A core feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is hypervigilence to threatening material. This study measured processing of threat material in PTSD with simultaneously acquired initial eye movements and electrodermal activity, following presentation of threatening and neutral words. Ten PTSD subjects and 10 controls were presented with 4 words in parafoveal range. On trials in which a threat word was present, PTSD subjects demonstrated initial eye fixations on the threat word more than controls. PTSD subjects also demonstrated more orienting responses on all trials than controls. These results suggest that processing of threat information in PTSD can be usefully investigated with convergent psychophysiological methodologies.

Keywords: Electrodermal Responses Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

173. Greenwald, R. (2000). Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing. In K. N. Dwivedi (Ed.). Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents (pp.198-212). London: Whurr Publishers.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Discusses the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of child and adolescent trauma survivors, with two case examples of succesful EMDR therapy in preadolescents. [Pilots]

Keywords: Adolescents Children Disruptive Behavior Disorders Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Preadolescents Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

174. Kitchiner, N. J., Roberts, N., & Bisson, J. I. (2006, April). Eye movement desensitisation reprocessing (EMDR). Mental Health Practice, 9(7), 40-44.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
The article discusses the trauma-focused psychological therapy for PTSD that was recommended by the National Institute of Clinical Excellence in Great Britain. The development of the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as a psychological treatment to alleviate the distress associated with traumatic memories is explored. EMDR facilitates the accessing and processing of traumatic memories to bring an adaptive resolution of negative beliefs of physiological arousal. [Text, p. 40] [Pilots]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

175. Smith, P. A., & Yule, W. (1999). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. In W. Yule (Ed.), Post-traumatic stress disorders: concepts and therapy (pp. 267-284). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is one of the most recent additions to the armoury of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This chapter briefly outlines the EMDR procedure, and reviews the growing number of outcome evaluation studies, before considering some of the recent theoretical explanations that have been offered. EMDR has been used with a variety of populations, and its use with children and adolescents is considered here. At the heart of EMDR is the notion that accelerated processing of disturbing material can be directly facilitated at a neurophysiological level using a variety of dual attention tasks. Accordingly, a by-product of resolution at the neurophysiological level is cognitive and emotional well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adolescents Children Literature Review Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Research Needs Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

176. Shapiro, F. (2001, April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and the anxiety disorders: Clinical and research implications of an integrated psychotherapy treatment. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 7(1), 43-75.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Four recent, independent, rigorously controlled studies of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) have reported that 84 to 100% of single trauma victims no longer maintain the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis after the equivalent of 3 90-minute sessions. The rapidity of EMDR treatment effects makes many ancillary research opportunities available. Specifically, the increased number of cases resolved in a relatively short period of time allows investigation of neurophysiological phenomena, patterns of cognitive and emotional processing, component analyses of a large range of procedural factors, and evaluation of the efficacy of application to diverse clinical populations. This article describes the procedures and protocols that are believed to contribute to EMDR's clinical effects and are, therefore, suggested for the EMDR treatment and research of the anxiety disorders. This is particularly relevant given the misconceptions that have abounded due to the unfortunate naming of the procedure after the eye movements, which have proved to be only one of many useful types of stimulation, and only one of many components of this complex, integrated treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Methodology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Research Needs Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

177. Shapiro, F. (1999, January-April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and the anxiety disorders: Clinical and research implications of an integrated psychotherapy treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 35-67. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00038-3.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Four recent, independent, rigorously controlled studies of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) have reported that 84 to 100% of single-trauma victims no longer maintain the posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis after the equivalent of three 90-minute sessions. The rapidity of EMDR treatment effects makes many ancillary research opportunities available. Specifically, the increased number of cases resolved in a relatively short period of time allows investigation of neurophysiological phenomena, patterns of cognitive and emotional processing, component analyses of a large range of procedural factors, and evaluation of the efficacy of application to diverse clinical populations. Unfortunately, some research has been conducted that has been severely hampered by insufficient treatment fidelity and lack of clinical validity. Consequently, this article will attempt to describe the procedures and protocols that are believed to contribute to EMDR's clinical effects and are, therefore, suggested for the EMDR treatment and research of the anxiety disorders. This is particularly relevant given the misconceptions that have abounded due to the unfortunate naming of the procedure after the eye movements, which have proved to be only one of many useful types of stimulation, and only one of many components of this complex, integrated treatment. [PubMed]

[Note: Erratum in Journal of Anxiety Disorders 13(6), 621, Nov-Dec 1999]

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Literature Review Methodology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Research Needs

Accuracy Verified: Yes

178. Marich, J. N. (2009, May). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the addiction continuing care: A phenomenological study of women treated in early recovery. Capella University, Minneapolis, MN. UMI 3355347.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to explore: (a) the lived experiences of clients participating in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment as part of their addiction continuing care, and (b) the impact of the EMDR experience on their lives as individuals recovering from addiction. A review of the critical literature was conducted to reveal a wealth of information concerning EMDR's efficacy with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suggestions for implementing EMDR into addiction treatment, and various ethical-clinical issues that continue to be addressed within the scope of EMDR treatment. Research on implementing EMDR as part of the overall addiction recovery process is minimal at present. In this study, ten women who received EMDR at a treatment program in the urban Midwest participated in a semi-standardized phenomenological interview to share their experiences with active addiction, treatment, EMDR, and recovery. Using Giorgi's Descriptive Phenomenological Psychological Method to analyze the data, four major thematic areas emerged: safety as an essential crucible of the EMDR experience, accessing the emotional core as vital to the recovery experience, lifestyle change, and using a combination of factors for successful treatment. All ten of the women who came forward through the established recruitment process expressed positive sentiments about their EMDR experiences, and in various degrees, they credited their EMDR treatment with being a crucial competent of their addiction continuing care processes. As a collective sample, the participants shared experiences about how EMDR altered their perspectives of self, others, and situations. These perspective shifts resulted in meaningful lifestyle changes that were critical to developing healthy, enduring recoveries.[Author abstract]

Keywords: Addiction Early Recovery Women

Accuracy Verified: Yes

179. Silver, S. M., Rogers, S., & Russell, M. C. (2008, August). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of war veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(8), 947-957. doi:10.1002/jclp.20510.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Recent practice guidelines and meta-analyses have designated eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as a first-line treatment for trauma. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is an eight-phase therapeutic approach guided by an information-processing model that addresses the combat veteran's critical incidents, current triggers, and behaviors likely to prove useful in his or her future. Two case examples of combat veterans illustrate the ability of EMDR to achieve symptom reduction in a variety of clinical domains (e.g., anxiety, depression, anger, physical pain) simultaneously without requiring the patient to carry out homework assignments or discuss the details of the event. The treatment of phantom limb pain and other somatic presentations is also reviewed. The ability of EMDR to achieve positive effects without homework indicates that it can be effectively employed on consecutive days, making it especially useful during combat situations. [Wiley]

Keywords: Military Veterans Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Psychotherapy Trauma Treatment Effectiveness War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

180. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N.L., & Muraoka, M. Y. (1998, January). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(1), 3-24. doi:10.1023/A:1024448814268.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Despite the clinical and social impact of PTSD, there are few controlled studies investigating its treatment. In this investigation, the effectiveness of two psychotherapeutic interventions for PTSD were compared using a randomized controlled outcome group design. 35 combat veterans diagnosed with combat-related PTSD were treated with either (a) 12 sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, EMDR (n = 10), (b) 12 sessions of biofeedback-assisted relaxation (n = 13), or (c) routine clinical care, serving as a control (n = 12). Compared with the other conditions, significant treatment effects in the EMDR condition were obtained at posttreatment on a number of self-report, psychometric, and standardized interview measures. Relative to the other treatment group, these effects were generally maintained at 3-month follow-up. Psychophysiological measures reflected an apparent habituation effect from pretreatment to posttreatment but were not differentially affected by treatment condition. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Adults Americans Arousal Biofeedback Training Males Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Relaxation Therapy Treatment Effectiveness Veterans War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

181. de Jongh, A., & ten Broeke, E. (1996, April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Een procedure voor de behandeling van aan trauma gerelateerde angst [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A procedure for the treatment of trauma-related anxiety]. Tijdschrift voor Psychotherapie, 22(2), 53-64. doi:10.1007/BF03079287.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR ) is een relatief nieuwe procedure op het terrein van de psychotherapie. Ervaringen met EMDR geven aanleiding tot hoopvolle verwachtingen van de behandeling van diverse aan trauma gerelateerde angststoornissen, met name post–traumatische stress–stoornis (PTSS). Onderdeel van deze procedure is dat de therapeut bij de cliënt een aantal snelle en ritmische oogbewegingen uitlokt door te vragen zijn of haar vinger te volgen, terwijl de cliënt een beeld van de traumatische herinnering in gedachten houdt. In dit artikel worden de achtergronden en de principes van EMDR belicht en wordt de stapsgewijze procedure uitvoerig beschreven. Een gevalsbeschrijving van een cliënt met een paniekstoornis en een tandartsfobie laat zien dat EMDR kan leiden tot een langdurige vermindering van angstklachten. Tevens wordt ingegaan op de huidige stand van zaken van de wetenschappelijke ondersteuning van EMDR . Het toepassen van EMDR bij PTSSwordt door wetenschappelijk onderzoek gesteund, maar empirische ondersteuning voor de therapeutische effectiviteit van EMDR bij andere angststoornissen ontbreekt.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new procedure in the field of psychotherapy. Experiences with EMDR give rise to hopes of treating various anxiety disorders related to trauma, especially post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Part of this procedure is that the therapist and the client a number of rapid rhythmic eye movements provoked by asking his or her finger to follow, while the customer a picture of the traumatic memory in mind. This article describes the background and principles of EMDR and highlights the stepwise procedure in detail. A case report of a patient with a dental phobia and panic disorder showed that EMDR could lead to a prolonged reduction of anxiety. It also discusses the current state of the scientific support of EMDR. The use of EMDR in PTSSwordt supported by scientific research, but empirical support for the therapeutic efficacy of EMDR with other anxiety disorders is lacking.

Keywords: Clinical Case Study Dental Phobia Empirical Study Follow-up Study Panic Disorder Phobia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

182. ten Broeke, E., & de Jongh, A. (1995, November). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): 'Gewoon' imaginaire exposure? [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Just imaginal exposure?]. Tijdschrift de Psycholoog, 30(11), 459-464.

Language: Dutch

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Oogbeweging desensibilisatie and Reprocessing (EMDR) is een relatief nieuwe methode voor de behandeling van PTSS. Sinds de eerste studie meer dan 10.000 artsen zijn opgeleid hele wereld en de positieve resultaten met EMDR zijn gemeld met een groot aantal van de bevolking. Er is gesuggereerd dat EMDR is niets meer dan een complexe vorm van de blootstelling. Het doel van dit artikel is om deze bewering te kritisch aan te pakken. Een korte schets van exposure in vivo behandeling, de EMDR-behandeling protocol, EMDR en een case-studie worden gepresenteerd. Geconcludeerd wordt dat de waargenomen procedurele en theoretische verschillen tussen blootstelling en EMDR leiden tot de conclusie dat de effectiviteit van EMDR, meest waarschijnlijk is, niet kan worden verklaard door de effecten van imaginaire exposure alleen. [Samenvatting Auteur] [Loodsen]

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new treatment method for PTSD. Since the initial study over 10,000 clinicians have been trained world-wide and positive results with EMDR have been reported with a wide number of populations. It has been suggested that EMDR is nothing more than a complex form of exposure. The aim of the present article is to address this claim critically. A brief outline of exposure in vivo treatment, the EMDR treatment protocol, and an EMDR case-study are presented. It is concluded that observed procedural and theoretical differences between exposure and EMDR lead to the conclusion that the effectiveness of EMDR, most likely, cannot be explained by the effects of imaginal exposure only. [Author Summary] [Pilots]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

183. Shapiro, F., & Maxfield, L. (2002, August). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Information processing in the treatment of trauma. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(8), 933-946. doi:10.1002/jclp.10068.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an efficacious and efficient treatment for PTSD. This article provides a brief overview of the findings of 20 controlled-outcome studies and describes Shapiro's Adaptive Information Processing model. This model posits that pathology results when distressing experiences are processed inadequately and hypothesizes that EMDR accelerates information processing, resulting in the adaptive resolution of traumatic memories. A detailed description of the eight phases of treatment highlights the procedures, assumptions, and clinical observations that currently guide EMDR clinical practice. A case study, with an in-session transcript, illustrates the application of EMDR to address the past events that have laid the groundwork for dysfunction, the present circumstances that elicit distress, and skills acquisition needed for adaptive functioning (Pilots).

Keywords: Clinical Case Study Cognitive Processes Empirical Study Information Processing Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Psychotherapeutic Processes Treatment Process

Accuracy Verified: Yes

184. Marich, J. (2010, September). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in addiction continuing care: A phenomenological study of women in recovery. Psychology of Additive Behaviors, 24(3), 498-507. doi:10.1037/a0018574.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Traditional models of addiction treatment and relapse prevention fail to consider the role that unresolved trauma plays in an addicted woman's recovery experience. Implementing Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) into the treatment process offers a potential solution to this problem. Ten women (alumnae of an extended-care treatment facility) participated in a semistandardized interview to share their experiences with active addiction, treatment, EMDR therapy, and recovery. With the use of A. P. Giorgi's descriptive phenomenological psychological method for analysis, four major thematic areas emerged from the interview data: the existence of safety as an essential crucible of the EMDR experience, the importance of accessing the emotional core as vital to the recovery experience, the role of perspective shift in lifestyle change, and the use of a combination of factors for successful treatment. All 10 women, to some degree, credited EMDR treatment as a crucial component of their addiction continuing-care processes, especially in helping with emotional core access and perspective shift. Implications emerge from the data on how to best implement EMDR into a comprehensive addiction treatment program.

Keywords: Client-Centered Therapy Client Safety Phenomenology Protocols Therapeutic Alliance Therapists Training

Accuracy Verified: Yes

185. Fernandez, I., & Faretta, E. (2007, February). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Clinical Case Studies, 6(1), 44-63. doi: 10.1177/1534650105277220.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article describes a comprehensive treatment of a case of panic disorder with agoraphobia. A thorough history taking revealed that experiential contributors had a pivotal role in the development of the condition. Therefore, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was used to address early traumatic events as well as the present stimuli that caused disturbance and had maintained symptomatology for the past 12 years. Although the client's symptoms were resolved after 15 sessions, EMDR was also effective in addressing future behaviors and resolving anticipatory anxiety. During EMDR processing, the client demonstrated emotional and cognitive changes consistent with trauma resolution, insight, and personal growth. The client gradually enacted functional new behaviors spontaneously as treatment unfolded. The therapeutic process and the targets are described in detail. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Agoraphobia Case Report Clinical Case StudyFemales Italians Panic Disorder Phobia Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

186. Schneider, G., Nabavi, D., & Heuft, G. (2005, December). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in a patient with comorbid epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 7(4), 715-718. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.08.020.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Whether eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) causes reactivation of epilepsy is as yet unclear. A 34-year-old woman was treated in an inpatient multimodal psychotherapeutic setting with EMDR for PTSD resulting from sexual harassment and for a moderate depressive episode. She had been diagnosed with idiopathic generalized absence epilepsy in childhood, but had experienced no seizures under lamotrigine medication since 1999. After the second EMDR session, clinical seizures in the form of absences occurred, and were validated by electroencephalography. The seizures ceased after medication with benzodiazepines and an increase in the lamotrigine level. She underwent four more sessions of EMDR treatment successfully without further seizures. Possible triggers are discussed, especially as to whether EMDR treatment played a role in reactivating epilepsy. Further research and publications on the application of EMDR in epilepsy patients are needed.

Keywords: Adults Amputation Case Report Clinical Case Study Depressive Disorders Males Motor Traffic Accident Physical Pain Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Stressors Traffic Accident

Accuracy Verified: Yes

187. Tufnell, G. (2005, October). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of pre-adolescent children with post-traumatic symptoms. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10(4), 587-600. doi:10.1177/1359104505056320.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article describes the treatment of PTSD using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with four pre-adolescent children. EMDR has been shown to bring rapid relief in adults with PTSD. Studies are beginning to show that it can also be useful in work with young children. However, the standard protocol requires some adjustment to make it suitable for use with young children. In addition, in situations where children have complex difficulties in addition to PTSD, EMDR may need to be used alongside other interventions within a complex treatment package. This study describes brief work carried out with four pre-adolescent children with PTSD. Three of these children had received no treatment despite suffering from significant and chronic symptoms for some years. One had suffered a recent traumatic bereavement. All had additional problems that required intervention. EMDR was used as part of a multimodal treatment package. In all cases, the children's PTSD symptoms resolved within 2-4 sessions of EMDR. The maximum total number of sessions was 7. The children's symptomatic improvements were maintained at 6-month follow-up. EMDR can be adapted for use with pre-adolescent children. It can provide rapid and lasting symptomatic relief. EMDR can be a useful part of a multi-modal treatment package for young children with PTSD and additional mental health problems. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Brief Psychotherapy Clinical Case Study Energy Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress DIsorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

188. Balcom, D. (2000, December). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of traumatized gay men. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 12(1/2), 75-89. doi:10.1300/J041v12n01_04 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Gay men suffering from traumatic experiences can benefit from Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing treatment (EMDR). In the past decade the theory and practice of EMDR has expanded to address acute and chronic childhood and adult traumas, substance misuse or abuse, identity issues including shame and self-esteem, and health issues. Through a process of accelerated information processing, traumatic memories are desensitized and reprocessed, resulting in less distress for the client in the present and future. EMDR can also be useful for developing internal resources and for exploration of relevant themes for the client. Further attention is needed in exploring the use of EMDR for gay men traumatized by hate crimes, sexual issues resulting from traumatic experiences, and internalized homophobia. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Emotional Trauma Gay Males Homosexuality Homosexuals Males Psychotherapeutic Processes Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

189. Balcom, D. (2001). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of traumatized gay men. In J. Cassese (Ed.), Gay men and childhood sexual trauma: Integrating the shattered self (pp. 75-89). Binghamton, NY: Harrington Park Press/The Haworth Press.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Describes the theory and practice of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment (EMDR), presents a survey of its applications to traumatized gay male clients, and offers an illustrative case study to highlight the utility of EMDR. In the past decade the theory and practice of EMDR has expanded to address acute and chronic childhood and adult traumas, substance misuse or abuse, identity issues including shame and self-esteem, and health issues. The author suggests that gay men suffering from traumatic experiences can benefit from EMDR. It is noted that through a process of accelerated information processing, traumatic memories are desensitized and reprocessed, resulting in less distress for the client in the present and future. It is concluded that further attention is needed in exploring the use of EMDR for gay men traumatized by hate crimes, sexual issues resulting from traumatic experiences, and internalized homophobia. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adults Emotional Trauma Gay Males Homosexuality Homosexuals Males Psychotherapeutic Processes Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

190. Greenwald, R. (2006). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with traumatized youth. In N. B. Webb (Ed.), Working with traumatized youth in child welfare (pp. 246-264). New York: Guilford Press. xx, 316 pp.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
This chapter provides an overview of how eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) may be used to treat trauma/loss memories and related symptoms in children and adolescents. The literature on EMDR indicates not only that it works well, but that it may be more efficient than other methods. The reasons for its effect are unclear. Several cases are presented. It is important that clinicians receive formal training to use EMDR, and that it is integrated into a comprehensive trauma-informed treatment approach. [Text, p. 246]

Keywords: Bereavement Child Abuse Children Community Violence Effects Psychotherapeutic Processes Rape Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

191. Welch, K. L., & Beere, D. B. (2002, May-June). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A treatment efficacy model. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 9(3), 165-176. doi:10.1002/cpp.323.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), though controversial, is increasingly utilized for treatment of PTSD. This article reviews the debate concerning efficacy and concludes that the evidence, though not definitive, supports EMDR's positive treatment effects. The authors argue that EMDR is a therapeutic intervention different from exposure. The authors set forth three interrelated hypotheses to explain EMDR's therapeutic mechanism: bilateral hemispheric activation, normalized brain activation patterns, and activation/desensitization of emotion/arousal; avoidant/constricted attention is disrupted, allowing normalizing processes to occur. Lowered arousal then leads to a resumption of more adaptive cognitive processing. Some predictions to test this model are presented. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Evidence-Based Treatment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

192. Shapiro, F., Vogelmann-Sine, S., & Sine, L. F. (1994, October-December). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Treating trauma and substance abuse. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 26(4), 379-391.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a new psychological methodology that has been applied to a wide range of psychological disorders. Clinical reports over the past three years indicate that it is an important addition to the treatment of substance abuse. EMDR offers a structured, client-centered model that integrates key elements of intrapsychic, behavioral, cognitive, body-oriented, and interactional approaches. Treatment effects are quite rapid and, during an individual session, the therapist may witness accelerated processing of information involving a shift of cognitive structures (including the assimilation of positive beliefs) along with the desensitization of attendent traumata. The application of EMDR apparently stimulates an inherent physiological processing system that allows dysfunctional information to be adaptively resolved, resulting in increased insight and more functional behavior. The judicious use of EMDR includes a comprehensive client history and extensive preparation, allowing the client to deal with the high levels of disturbance often engendered by the treatment itself. After the inauguration of a sufficient therapeutic alliance, adequately addressing potential issues of secondary gain, and appropriate client stabilization, EMDR may be used to ameliorate the effects of earlier memories that contribute to the dysfunction, potential relapse triggers, and physical cravings. In addition, EMDR is used to incorporate new coping skills and assist in learning more adaptive behaviors. Other potential targets for reprocessing include treatment noncompliance, ambivalence about abstinence, and present crises. Finally, EMDR should be used on this clinical population only by a trained clinician who is educated and experienced with this problem area. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Drug Abuse Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

193. Feener, R. S. (2004). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A new method in the treatment of performance anxiety for singers. Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. AAT 3156073.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The purpose of this thesis is to provide information and exposure for EMDR therapy as it relates to performance anxiety in singers and other musicians. Since EMDR therapy is a relatively new approach to relieving issues of anxiety, this thesis provides a description of its discovery, background, development, and proper procedures and protocols. In 1987 Francine Shapiro discovered and began to develop a new method in the treatment of trauma using guided eye movements. These guided eye movements were theorized to create bilateral brain stimulation, which through the simultaneous component of recalling ones trauma both physically and emotionally, an individual’s trauma can be processed toward a state of mental health. This is similar to what is theorized to happen during REM sleep. Francine Shapiro states that every human being possesses an innate information processing system that guides each individual toward a balanced state of mental health, similar to the way our bodies heal physically. Once an individual experiences a trauma, the events become locked into the nervous system into its own separate neuro-network, unable to be accessed by the individual for positive processing. Our ability to process the traumatic experience is hindered and the trauma relives itself through nightmares, flashbacks, disturbing or intrusive thoughts, anxiety, or any number of life hindering events. The theory of EMDR is that through guided eye movements, or other sources of bilateral brain stimulation such as hand taps, alternating lights or sounds, or hand buzzers, the traumatic information held in its separate neuro-network is able to bridge itself to more positive information stored in the individual’s memory. EMDR not only helps to desensitize our traumatic memories but also helps to reprocess our thoughts and feelings regarding the trauma with positive statements and beliefs such as “I am in control” and “I deserve this”. One of the most impressive aspects of the therapy is the rate in which patients improve. The success rate of EMDR is between 84 and 90 percent effective in one to three sessions or less, depending on the severity of the trauma. EMDR began treating patients suffering primarily from PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome) but has expanded over the years to include a wide range of pathologies, traumas, and anxiety disorders. Francine Shapiro is continuously striving to enhance the protocols and procedures of EMDR in order to better understand and improve its effectiveness. I discovered EMDR only a ew years ago and realized that it was being used by therapists across the country in the treatment of performance anxiety, but very little had been written on this topic. Therefore, my goal is to expose both singers and instrumentalists to this new method as a new option in the treatment of performance anxiety.

Keywords: Bilateral Brain Stimulation Brain Stimulation Cognitive Processes Emotional Trauma Eye Movements Information Processing System Mental Health Musicians Performance Anxiety Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Singers Stress Syndromes Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

194. Woosley, L. (2002, June 2). Eye movement eases angst for those haunted by memories. Tulsa, OK: The Tulsa World, Final Home Edition, Living, 1.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
A therapy meant to muscle man over traumatic memories is gaining popularity and regard in the world of psychology. EMDR, or eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing, taps into the brain's storage bin of bad experiences, and using a combination of bilateral eye movement and talk therapy, alters how one processes a traumatic event.

Keywords: General Overview Tulsa

Accuracy Verified: No

195. Barrowcliff, A. L., Gray, N. S., Freeman, T. C. A., & MacCulloch, M. J. (2004, June). Eye-movements reduce the vividness, emotional valence and electrodermal arousal associated with negative autobiographical memories. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 15(2), 325–345. doi:10.1080/14789940410001673042.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of eyemovements on subjective and psychophysiological measures of arousal and distress associated with positive and negative autobiographical memories. These memories were ‘brought-to-mind’ whilst engaging in eye-movement or eyes-stationary conditions in a counterbalanced within subjects design, with pre and post eye-condition subjective ratings of emotional valence and image vividness. Participants also rated current symptomatology associated with negative memories using the Impact of Events Scale. Engagement in eye-movements compared to the eyes-stationary condition resulted in significant reductions on measures of vividness and emotional valence for both positive and negative autobiographical memories. Reductions in electrodermal arousal were only observed when engaging in eye-movements following elicitation of the negative memory. This effect was observed independently of symptom severity.

Keywords: Eye Movements

Accuracy Verified: Yes

196. Brown, L. S. (2002). Feminist therapy and EMDR: theory meets practice. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism (1st ed.) (pp. 263-287). Washington: American Psychological Association.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
This chapter includes a review of certain core concepts of feminist therapy theory and an exploration of how EMDR can be integrated into feminist practice as a means of operationalizing that theory. Because feminist therapy is inherently technically eclectic, embracing interventions ranging from the psychodynamic to the most radically behavioral, the question to be addressed regarding EMDR as a feminist practice is whether its use in therapy supports feminist models of change. In feminist practice, that question is the boundary condition for inclusion of a strategy: Can its use promote feminist models and outcomes? Not every way of practicing therapy does this, and some strategies, particularly those that emphasize strategic approaches in which therapists intentionally use their power over the client, are per se problematic. However, EMDR seems to fall easily within the parameters of feminist practice and even in the hands of nonfeminist therapists advances the goals of feminist social and personal change that are at the core of feminist therapy models. In arguing that EMDR does support feminist strategies, this chapter explores the way feminist practice conceptualizes the notions of change and goodness of outcome. To some degree, these notions are very similar to those of nonfeminist therapies, and in other respects they are radically different. [Text, p. 266]

Keywords: Adults Feminist Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

197. Smyser, S. (2004, August 3). Finding peace: EMDR technique helps patients recover from trauma. Mattoon, IL: Journal-Gazette, d1.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
"The data is almost frozen. But this simple process (EMDR) appears to trigger the normal information processes system that was disrupted."

Keywords: Mattoon, IL Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

198. Phillips, M. (2000). Finding the energy to heal: How EMDR, hypnosis, TFT, imagery, and body-focused therapy can help restore mindbody health. (1st ed.) New York: Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
I have found that more traditional models of psychological healing, such as self-object relations, ego psychology, cognitive behaviorism, and developmental psychology, along with theories of trauma, dissociation, and attachment, are invaluable in helping to identify the general patterns of disharmony that can activate illness. Once my clients and I have sketched the broad outlines of where and how their pathways to healing may be blocked, then we can use the relatively more precise implements of hypnosis, EMDR, imagery, and body-focused therapies to reopen them again. The basic strategy illustrated throughout this book, then, is one of combining traditional psychological models for assessment with special tools to activate energy shifts that can rebalance the mindbody system.Three kinds of common stressors associated with problematic health provide the framework for this book: (1) General stress-related symptoms; (2) Psychophysiological symptoms that result from posttraumatic stress; (3) Stress connected with organic conditions. [Adapted from Text, pp. xiv, xv] [Pilots]

Keywords: Body Psychotherapy Cognitive Therapy Ego State Therapy Hypnotherapy Stressors Survivors TFT: Thought Field Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

199. van der Kolk, B. A., Spinazolla, J., & Hopper, J. (2000, November). Fluoxetine vs. prozac in PTSD: Preliminary analysis of psychological and psychophysiological changes following effective treatment. In B. A. van der Kolk (Chair), Current Research on EMDR. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Traumatic Stress, San Antonio, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Fluxotine Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prozac PTSD Research Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

200. Morris-Smith, J. (2012, June). Footsteps into the future: EMDR for children and families using a neurodevelopmental perspective [Pasos hacia el futuro: EMDR para niños y familias desde una perspectiva del neurodesarrollo]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The acquisition of clinical skills in developing successful EMDR therapeutic practices is in itself a journey of discovery. Each step forward brings new clinical puzzles, challenges and insights: why are some individuals able to use the EMDR therapy more smoothly that others; what is the role of attachment; how are preverbal memories made and how do they become accessible to verbal recall with EMDR therapy; what is the developmental role of dissociation and why do some evolve into coherent, integrated individuals whilst others develop pathological dissociation? This paper presents a neurodevelopmental approach to inform our clinical practice of EMDR therapy with children, adolescents and adults. Brain development is affected by both genetic and environmental factors and included in the latter are: the family milieu, physical illness, toxins and developmental opportunities. During development the brain organizes from the bottom to the top with the lower parts of the brain developing earliest. The majority of the brain organization takes place during the first 4 years of life. Development of the brain in childhood unfolds in a series of stages with higher cortical areas entering final developmental processes much later in childhood and into early adulthood. How to integrate neurodevelopmental aspects with our EMDR clinical practice to develop healthier positive future trajectories for children, adolescents and their families is discussed. This paper will be illustrated by the use of video clips and case material.

La propia adquisición de las habilidades clínicas para desarrollar prácticas terapéuticas de EMDR de éxito es de por sí, un viaje de descubrimiento. Cada paso hacia delante nos plantea nuevos rompecabezas, retos, y conocimientos clínicos: ¿Por qué algunos individuos encuentran menos obstáculos en la aplicación de terapia con EMDR que otros?; ¿Cuál es la función del apego?; ¿Cómo se forman los recuerdos preverbales y cómo se accede a ellos mediante el recuerdo verbal con la terapia con EMDR?; ¿Qué papel desempeña la disociación en el desarrollo y por qué algunas personas se convierten en individuos coherentes e integrados mientras que otros desarrollan una disociación patológica? Esta ponencia pretende presentar un planteamiento desde el neurodesarrollo para instruir nuestra práctica clínica de terapia con EMDR con niños, adolescentes y adultos. El desarrollo cerebral se ve afectado por factores tanto genéticos como ambientales; entre éstos últimos se incluyen: el entorno familiar, las enfermedades físicas, las toxinas y las oportunidades de desarrollo. Durante el período de desarrollo, el cerebro organiza desde abajo hacia arriba, siendo las áreas inferiores del cerebros las que primero se desarrollan. La mayor parte del desarrollo cerebral ocurre durante los cuatro primeros años de vida. El desarrollo del cerebro durante la infancia sucede en una serie de etapas, entrando las áreas corticales superiores en los últimos procesos de desarrollo, mucho más tarde en la infancia y al principio de la vida adulta. Se abordan las cuestiones de cómo integrar aspectos de neurodesarrollo en nuestro trabajo clínico con EMDR para poder desarrollar trayectorias más sanas y positivas para el futuro para los niños, adolescentes y sus familias. Se emplearán grabaciones en vídeo y notas clínicas para ilustrar esta ponencia.

Keywords: Children Families Neurodevelopment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

201. Lipke, H. (1996 June). A four activity model of psychotherapy and its relationship to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and other methods of psychotherapy. Traumatology, 2(2), 1-8. doi:10.1177/153476569600200201 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This paper presents a general, information processing, model of psychotherapy based on Shapiro's EMDR, that includes both recently developed and traditional psychotherapy methods. It is posited that methods of psychotherapy can be conceptualized as employing up to four categories of activity to promote adaptive functioning. These activities include: (1) accessing of information already acquired; (2) introduction of new information; (3) facilitation of the processing of information; (4) inhibition of accessing. The third category, facilitation of processing, includes abstract activity, and represents a relatively new development in psychotherapy. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive Processes Psychotherapeutic Processes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

202. Scholz, R. (2010, June). From mass trauma to chosen trauma - some discriminations and their therapeutic relevance. In Complex trauma. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The paper is about what usually is referred to as collective trauma and specifies this term. 'Collective trauma' here is used as a generic term that covers mass trauma, so called 'simple' large group trauma and chosen trauma. These different types are defined and the process and conditions are explored that is needed to transform mass suffering into large group trauma and then into chosen trauma. Emphasis is laid on the process' time dimension, which is connected to different types of memory (body memories, communicative memory, cultural memory) modes of transition and functions for the psychic life of a group and its members. The basic assumption is that trauma always is relational and thus contains a group dimension that is often ignored and to a certain degree in some cases for practical reasons is ignorable in treatment. But in the area of collective trauma this dimension has to be put into the foreground to gain a sound understanding from the processes involved. The paper tries - to provide EMDR-therapist with a theoretical background to discriminate between different types of collective trauma, - to foster an understanding of different types of memories connected to these different trauma types, - to convey the knowledge that different types of collective trauma due to the different dynamics involved ask for different types of actions, - to give a tool to understand when and to what extend EMDR treatment is the method of choice and what else or different is needed in heaping people to overcome collective trauma. The innovation is a classification of collective trauma connecting it too different types of memories that cause different processes. That allows getting out of the sometimes gloomy use of the term "collective trauma". The high emotional as well as moral loading always connected to traumatic experiences tend to obscure a clear view on the processes at work. But a sound understanding is needed to take appropriate measures in the different areas.

Keywords: Mass Trauma Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

203. van der Kolk, B. A. (2009, December). Frontiers of trauma treatment. Presentation at the 6th Evolution of Psychotherapy Conference, Anaheim, CA.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The study of psychological trauma has been accompanied by an explosion of knowledge about how experience shapes the central nervous system and the formation of the self. We have learned that most experience is automatically processed on a subcortical level, i.e. by “unconscious” interpretations that take place outside of awareness. Insight and understanding have only a limited influence on the operation of theses subcortical processes. When addressing the problems of traumatized people who, in a myriad of ways, continue to react to current experience as a replay of the past, there is a need for therapeutic methods that do not depend exclusively on understanding and cognition. This workshop surveys current research on how people’s brains, minds and bodies respond to traumatic experiences, and will specifically address the use of affect modulation techniques, EMDR, yoga, theater, and neurofeedback in overcoming various aspects of the destabilization and disintegration caused by trauma. Educational Objectives 1) To describe three new approaches in the treatment of trauma. 2) To describe the differences between how ordinary memories are stored contrasted with the memory processing of traumatic experiences.

Keywords: Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

204. Pagani, M. (2013, June). Functional and structural neuroimaging and EEG monitoring related to EMDR and CBT treatments for PTSD. Presentation at the 13th annual conference for the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS), Bologna, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In the recent past several neuroimaging studies aimed at evaluating the neural correlates of PTSD-related psychotherapies revealing their neurobiological effects on brain function. Functional studies by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and electroencephalography (EEG) detected changes in cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation patterns, identifying the brain areas implicated in the various components of emotional processing and/or affected by the disorder. Investigations by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have also revealed PTSD-related structural changes. The first part of the workshop will review the neuroimaging methodologies and findings in PTSD treatment-related research with an extensive review of previous literature on the neurobiological effects of the various psychotherapies. The second part will deal with the description and implementation in research and clinic of neuropsychological testing with brief comments and discussion about their use in recent studies published by our group. In the third part the EEG monitoring of a complete set of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapies in 30 patients suffering of major trauma as compared to 20 healthy controls will be presented. These findings will also be compared to the neurobiological effects of trauma-focussed Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in a second group of psychologically traumatized clients. The results are the first report ever on the neurobiological changes occurring before, during and after PTSD-related psychotherapies shedding light on the neuronal processes underlying their clinical efficacy. The description and the discussion about the contents of the workshop will provide the audience (1) the necessary information to understand the methodological principles behind neuroimaging techniques (SPECT, EEG and MRI) and their possible applications in research and clinic; (2) the up-dated critical knowledge of the published papers in the field of PTSD-related psychotherapies functional and anatomical studies; (3) the basic research principles and examples to be motivated to start, take part and/or collaborate to functional studies in order to better understand the neural basis of psychotherapeutic techniques. The presented material will represent the state-of-the-art of the current neuroscience PTSD-related research and of the neuroimaging methodologies available at the moment.

Accuracy Verified: Yes

205. Bergmann, U. (2000, September). Further thoughts on the neurobiology of EMDR: The role of the cerebellum in accelerated information processing. Traumatology, 6(3), 175-200. doi:10.1177/153476560000600303 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This discussion explores, briefly, the position that the repetitive redirecting of attention in EMDR is capable of turning on the brain's REM sleep system, leading to the activation of specific areas of the the anterior cortex of the cingulate gyrus, facilitating its function as a filter, thereby facilitating the integration of traumatic memory into general semantic networks. This integration is seen to lead to the subsequent reduction in both the strength of hippocampally mediated episodic memories of the traumatic event as well as the amygdaloid mediated negative affect of PTSD. The possibility is suggested that another underlying mechanisms of EMDR stimulation is the activation of the lateral cerebellum. The contribution of the cerebellum to cognitive and language functions is explored. The activation of the dentate nuclei in the lateral neocerebellum is shown to facilitate activation of the ventrolateral and central lateral thalamic nuclei. The activation of the ventrolateral nucleus is shown to lead to the activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; further facilitating the integration of traumatic memory into general semantic and other neocortical networks. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive Processes Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Sleep Behavior Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

206. Bergmann, U. (1996, June). Further thoughts on the neurophysiology of EMDR. EMDRIA Newsletter, 1(1), 5-9.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
The following speculations considered in this paper are submitted to stimulate further discussion and research about the primary Neurophysiological processes that are involved in EMDR.

Keywords: Cognitive Processes Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Sleep Behavior Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

207. Wylie, M. S. (1996, July/August). Going for the cure. Family Therapy Networker, 20(4), 20-37 .

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
This article discusses the challenges that working with PTSD clients present to therapists who wish to avoid vicarious traumatization. In addition, the work of Charles Figley and Joyce Carbonell to further understanding and treatment of PTSD is addressed, with particular emphasis on eye movement desensitization, traumatic incident reduction, visual kinesthetic dissociation, and thought field therapy.

Keywords: Behavior Therapy Commentary Epidemiology Neurolinguistic Programming NLP Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Research Needs TFT Thought Field Therapy TIR Traumatic Incident Reduction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

208. Pagani, M., Nardo, D., Höberg, G., & Larson, S. (2009, November). Gray matter changes in limbic cortex in PTSD are associated with trauma load and EMDR outcome. Presentation at the 25th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Atlanta, GA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Psychophysiological Research
There is converging evidence of gray matter (GM) structural alterations in different limbic structures in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate GM reduction in PTSD in relation to trauma load, and to assess the volumetric differences between responders (R) and non-responders (NR) to EMDR therapy. Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans of 21 subjects exposed to occupational trauma, who developed PTSD (S), and of 22 who did not (NS), were compared by means of an optimized Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) analysis as implemented in SPM. Within S, further comparisons were made between 10 R and 5 NR. A regression analysis between GM density and the Traumatic Antecedents Questionnaire (TAQ) was also performed on all 43 subjects. Results showed a highly significant GM volume reduction in S as compared to NS, bilaterally in posterior cingulate and in the left hemisphere in precuneus, lingual and parahippocampal gyri. Moreover, NR showed a highly significant GM volume reduction as compared to R in bilateral posterior cingulate, as well as insula, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala in the right hemisphere. Regression analysis showed that GM volume reductions positively correlated with trauma load in bilateral anterior and posterior cingulate and right parahippocampal gyrus. In conclusion, GM volume reductions in posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex were associated with PTSD diagnosis, trauma load, and EMDR treatment outcome.

Keywords: Limbic Cortex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Outcome Trauma Load

Accuracy Verified: Yes

209. Pagani, M. (2010, June). Gray matter density is associated with EMDR outcome in PTSD patients. In Research. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
There is converging evidence of gray matter (GM) structural alterations in different limbic structures in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder patients. Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is currently used to treat PTSD but its neurobiological implications are still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate GM density in PTSD relation to trauma load, and to assess the GM differences between responders (R) and non-responders (NR) to EMDR therapy. Structured clinical interviews for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders were carried out before and after EMDR treatment. Those who no longer fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD were classified as R and those who still met the diagnostic criteria of PTSD after treatment were classified as NR. Two scales 0f self-related Trauma Antecedent Questionnaire (‘trauma and neglect’ TAQ-, and ‘resilience factors’ TAQ+), were administered to assess lifelong trauma load and resilience. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans 10 R and of 5 NR were compared before therapy by means of an optimized Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) analysis as implemented in SPM. For group analysis, a threshold of p<0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons at cluster level and an uncorrected threshold of p <0.001 at voxel-level were used. NR subjects showed no significant differences nor in TAQ- scores neither in TAQ+ as compared to R(t=0.140, p+0.891). The contract R>NR exhibited a significant GM lower density in NR as compared to R in three different cluster: the first bilaterally located over posterior cingulate (Brodmann Areas, Bas 23 and 31); the second centered over the left precentral (BA 4), middle and medial frontal gyri (BA 6); the third including anterior insula (BA 13), and the complex anterior parahippocampal gyrus/amygdala, over the right hemisphere. To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating GM alterations with a VBM approach in a sample of PTSD patients respond and non responding to EMDR therapy. Posterior cingulate, parahippocampal and insular lower GM concentrations have been found to relate to responsiveness to EMDR therapy suggesting a high vulnerability of these structures to the effects of stress and trauma. These regions are well known to be implicated in processes such as: integration, encoding and retrieval of autobiographical and episodic memories; emotional processing, interoceptive awareness and sefl-referential conscious experience. Thus, our study supports lower GM densities in limbic and paralimbic cortices as a potential structural basis for memory and dissociative dysfunction in PTSD. Using such methodological approach can contribute to better understand the neurostructural basis for traumatic responses and their treatment. The goals for the audience are: 1. To understand the methodological research principles; 2. To be updated on neurobiological research in EMDR; 3. to be informed on the neural basis of EMDR.

Keywords: Gray Matter Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Research Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

210. Shapiro, F., Kaslow, F. W., & Maxfield, L. (2007). Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc. xxxiii, 470 pp.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
Starting with the Foreword by Daniel Siegel, MD, the Handbook demonstrates in superb detail how you can combine EMDR’s information processing approach with family systems perspectives and therapy techniques. An impressive and needed piece of work, Handbook of EMDR and Family Therapy Processes provides a clear and comprehensive bridge between individual and family therapies.

Keywords: Family Therapy Processes Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

211. Vogelmann-Sine, S. (1998). Healing hidden pain: resolving the effects of childhood abuse and neglect. In P. Manfield (Ed.), Extending EMDR: A casebook of innovative applications (1st ed.) (pp. 167-190). New York: W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract: W
hen EMDR is incorporated into a treatment plan, the treatment outcome is primarily determined by the clients' willingness and ability to trust their therapists and face the painful feelings that are limiting their functioning. Each treatment plan has to be carefully designed in order to assist individuals to overcome behavior adaptations based on trauma and assist them to function more adequately in the present. I have found it most effective to educate clients about their trauma history and the adaptations they have to make and enlist them as active participants in the healing process. A collaborative relationship is necessary in order to determine whether clients are willing and able to take the risks necessary to face painful emotions and experiences in order to overcome barriers in their lives. The therapeutic journey discussed in this chapter is inspiring because it illustrates the complexity of such a healing process. "Susan's" story demonstrates that EMDR is a tool that can help clients go back in time and develop those parts of their personalities that could not emerge because of an invalidating environment. [Text, p. 169]

Keywords: Adults Americans Case Report Child Abuse Females Life Experiences Neglect Psychotherapeutic Processes Self Concept Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

212. Forgash, C. A. (2005, September). Healing the heart of complex trauma through EMDR, ego state and somatosensory work. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Seattle, WA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is increasingly being utilized to treat highly challenging clients with a variety of diagnoses including complex PTSD, DESNOS, and a range of dissociative disorders. The dissociative processes commonly described as part of the PTSD spectrum, are also predicted by early attachment difficulties and losses. These clients may present with elements of several disorders (i.e., Borderline PD). Without considerable stabilization work, they may be unable to process information safely. This presentation, through lecture, experiential work and case presentation, will provide clinicians with a model that enables them to provide EMDR treatment effectively with this population. Participants will become familiar with specialized treatment planning that begins with detailed and complex history taking and pays particular attention to an extensive individualized preparation phase. They will learn how and when to integrate ego state work, somatosensory work and disociative treatment strategies in this phase and throughout EMDR protocol work. This systemic work will be understood to help patients resolve internal conflicts, deal with stabilization, affect regulation, triggering, overwhelm, dissociation, and resistance.

Keywords: Challenging Clients Dissociation Ego State Therapy Master Series Somatosensory Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

213. Steele, S. L. (2003). Healing trauma: Creating a theoretical structure for nonverbal and expressive therapies in the treatment of trauma. Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL. AAT 3093612.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Expressive and nonverbal therapies are increasingly being used in the treatment of trauma. This paper provides a theoretical structure that explains the mechanisms of therapeutic action so that empirical investigations can be conducted to determine the effectiveness of these modalities. Trauma, PTSD, memory, dissociation, alexithymia, and somatization are discussed. Donnel B. Stern's conceptualization of unformulated experience and David Kreuger's discussion of the body self and psychological self are explored and integrated with the neuropsychological research of Bessel A. van der Kolk and others. Finally, these concepts and research findings are integrated with expressive and nonverbal treatment approaches, including Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, Somatic Experiencing, Sensorimotor Psychotherapy, and Dance/Movement and Voice Movement therapies. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Alexithymia Body Psychotherapy Cognitive Processes Dance Therapy Dissociative Disorders Expressive Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Stressors Somatic Symptoms

Accuracy Verified: Yes

214. Ventouratou, D. (2012, June). Help the helpers with EMDR(For all EMDR professionals) [Ayudar a los formadores del EMDR (Especialmente para Supervisores)]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Most therapists are confronted with feelings of insufficiency, helplessness and even anger if a therapy is not successful. Feelings of shame often prevent the therapist to come in contact with his own countertransference during a supervision session. Supervisors often get lost in analyzing history details and making interpretations or offering tools, but they sometimes fail to help the therapists to get in touch with their own feelings. Therefore, a “stuck” therapeutic process is probably followed (or actually “mirrored”) by a “stuck” in supervision process. In this workshop we will demonstrate how we can utilize the EMDR-‐protocol in difficult supervision or intervision cases, in order to overcome impasses in therapeutic processes, negative emotions or beliefs, matters of countertransference and secondary traumatization of the therapist. Case examples will show how utilizing EMDR in supervision can lead to a sudden change of feelings towards the client and to a deeper understanding of his attitude, show the connection to the therapists blocking issues, and therefore re-‐enable conscious empathy. The presentation of a specially modified EMDR – Supervision-‐ Protocol and case examples will be followed by a live demonstration. The workshop is addressed to all clinicians who work as supervisors. The modified EMDR-‐Supervision-‐Protocol can be used by all EMDR-‐Practitioners (NOT only accredited consultants!), whereas their supervisors do not necessarily need to be familiar with EMDR.

La Mayoría de los terapeutas tienen que enfrentarse con sentimientos de insuficiencia, frustración e incluso ira si la terapia no tiene éxito. Sentimientos de vergüenza a menudo previenen al terapeuta a ponerse en contacto con su propia contratransferencia durante una sesión de supervisión. Los supervisores a menudo se pierden en analizar los detalles de la historia y hacer sus interpretaciones u ofrecer herramientas terapéuticas, pero en muchos casos, fallan en ayudar al terapeuta a ponerse en contacto con sus propios sentimientos. Por eso un “atasco” en el proceso terapéutico esta probablemente seguido por (o “reflejado”) por un “atasco” en el proceso de supervisión. En este taller vamos a demostrar cómo podemos utilizar el protocolo EMDR en supervisiones o intervenciones de casos difíciles, con el fin de sobreponer los obstáculos del proceso terapéutico, las emociones negativas, o las creencias relacionadas con la contratransferencia y secundariamente la traumatización del terapeuta Casos prácticos mostrarán, cómo utilizando el EMDR, en la supervisión puede promover un cambio repentino de cara al cliente y de un más profundo entendimiento de sus actitudes, mostraremos la conexión con los problemas de bloqueos de los terapeutas, y por tanto, reactivar la empatía consciente. La presentación de esta modificación especial del protocolo EMDR – Supervisión-‐ Protocolo y ejemplos de casos se llevaran a cabo con demostraciones en directo.

Keywords: Burnout

Accuracy Verified: Yes

215. Ichii, M., Amano, T., & Yoshikawa, H. (2012, June). Hemodynamic responses during EMDR treatment of traumatic memory [Respuestas hemodinámicas durante el tratamiento de memorias traumáticas con EMDR]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In order to investigate brain activity during EMDR, 52-channel NIRS（near –infrared spectroscopy) and heart rate were measured in treating a traumatic memory of non-clinical twenty five year old woman. A target memory was sexually molestation by a stranger when she was ten years old, and forced to touch penis of perpetrator. And IES-R score was as low as 11. A well-experienced EMDR therapist (=M.I.) applied estandarized EMDR protocol. Negative cognition was “I am shameful person”, and positive cognition was ”I deserve to live.” The body location is both arms and hands. By thirty-seven sets of EM, 7.5 level of SUDs decreased to 0, and VOC went up from 3.5 to 7. The [oxy-Hb] change in right orbitofrontal cortex increased as the negative emotion went up, and decreased rapidly after processing. The [oxy-Hb] change in left orbitofrontal cortex decreased just after cognitive interweave of responsibility was done. The [oxy-Hb] variation in right temporal lobe increased rapidly, and the [oxy-Hb] change in left temporal lobe decreased when direction of EM was changed from horizontal to diagonal movement when negative imagery disappeared. Heart rate data show gradual decreasing tendency throughout the session. Within each set, heart rate also decreased by EM. By monitoring NIRS, various techniques or pivotal processes in EMDR may be supposed to influence brain. In order to confirm the relationship, we should collect data from more subjects.

Para poder investigar la actividad cerebral durante EMDR, se midieron la NIRS (espectroscopia cercana al infrarrojo) de 52 canales y el ritmo cardíaco para tratar los recuerdos traumático de una mujer no clínica de veinticinco años. Un recuerdo diana fue un abuso sexual de un extraño cuando tenía 10 años y el agresor la obligó a tocarle el pene. La puntuación del IES-‐R fue de 11. Un terapeuta EMDR con experiencia (=M.I.) aplicó el protocolo estándar de EMDR. La cognición negativa fue “Soy una persona vergonzosa”, y la cognición positiva fue ”Merezco vivir.” La localización corporal fue en ambos brazos y manos. Después de 37 sets de movimientos oculares, el SUD de 7,5 bajó a 0, y el VOC subió de un 3,5 a un 7. El cambio [oxy-‐Hb] en el córtex órbitofrontal derecho aumentó a medida que aumentaba la emoción negativa, y disminuyó rápidamente después del procesamiento. El cambio [oxy-‐Hb] en el córtex órbitofrontal izquierdo disminuyó justo después de hacerse un entrelazado cognitivo de responsabilidad. La variación [oxy-‐Hb] en el lóbulo temporal derecho aumentó rápidamente, y el cambio [oxy-‐Hb] en el lóbulo temporal izquierdo disminuyó al cambiar la dirección de los movimientos oculares de horizontal a diagonal cuando desapareció la imagen negativa. Los datos del ritmo cardíaco muestran una tendencia decreciente gradual a lo largo de la sesión. En cada una de las tandas, el ritmo cardíaco también disminuyó por los movimientos oculares. A través de monitorear el NIRS, se supone que diversas técnicas o procesos centrales en EMDR influyen en el cerebro. Para poder confirmar esta relación, deberíamos recolectar datos de más sujetos.

Keywords: Hemodynamic Responses

Accuracy Verified: Yes

216. van der Zee, H., & Zaal, A. (2011, April). Het emotionele brein; EMDR & neuropsychologie [The emotional brain, EMDR & neuropsychology]. Presentatie op de 5e Jaarlijkse Conferentie van EMDR Vereniging Nederland, Nijmegen, Nederland.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Het menselijk brein is bijzonder veerkrachtig. Als gevolg op een traumatische ervaring ontstaat er in het lichaam een keten aan reacties. De meeste van deze reacties zijn adaptief en gericht op een natuurlijke verwerking. Bij 10 tot 20 % van de mensen die een traumatische ervaring meemaken verloopt de verwerking pathologisch en ontstaat een post traumatische stress stoornis. Lichamelijke veranderingen als gevolg van langdurige stress of een genetische gevoeligheid kunnen hierbij een rol spelen. Bij de verwerking van emotionele gebeurtenissen en psychotrauma zijn verschillende hersenstructuren betrokken. In deze presentatie zal een toelichting worden gegeven op biologische factoren bij het ontstaan van psychotrauma en de rol van ‘ het emotionele brein’ bij traumaverwerking. Ook zal worden ingegaan op de wijze waarop bilaterale stimulatie deze processen mogelijk beïnvloed en hoe dit zich verhoudt tot vigerende verklaringsmodellen over de werkzaamheid van EMDR. Tot slot wordt een casus gepresenteerd waarbij EMDR is toegepast in een neuropsychologische behandeling en is er ruimte voor discussie over de toepassing van EMDR bij neuropsychologische problematiek.

The human brain is very resilient. Due to a traumatic experience develops in the body of a chain reaction. Most of these responses are adaptive and focused on a natural process. At 10 to 20% of people who experience a traumatic experience does the pathological process and creates a post-traumatic stress disorder. Physical changes resulting from prolonged stress or a genetic susceptibility may play a role. In the processing of emotional events and psychotrauma several brain structures involved. This presentation will be given an explanation on biological factors in the development of psychotrauma and the role of the emotional brain in trauma. It will also examine how these processes affect bilateral stimulation and how this relates to current models of explanation about the efficacy of EMDR. Finally, a case presented which EMDR was used in a neuropsychological treatment and there is room for discussion about the use of EMDR with neuropsychological problems.

Keywords: Neurobiology Neuropsychology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

217. Dyregrov, A. (2004, Oktober). Hjelper terapi for traumatiserte mennesker? [Does trauma therapy help?]. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 41(10), 787-793.

Language: Norwegian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Denne artikkelen beskriver de psykologiske og fysiske konsekvenser av traumer. Det vurderinger deretter ulike terapeutiske tiltak for posttraumatisk stresslidelse (PTSD). Metoder basert på atferds-og kognitive strategier synes mest effektive i behandling av traumer. Studier har vist at et stort flertall av personer med en eksisterende PTSD diagnosen ikke har PTSD etter opphør av behandlingen. Videre er positiv behandling resultatet tydelig demonstrert lenge etter behandling nedleggelse. Effektiv behandlingsmetoder omfatter eksponering terapi, kognitiv terapi, Eye Movement Desensitisation og Rengjøring (EMDR), og kognitiv atferdsterapi. Nye behandlingsmetoder vil uten tvil utvide antall hvordan PTSD kan behandles, slik at programmer bedre tilpasset behovene til hver enkelt pasient. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 TFO, alle rettigheter reservert)

This article describes the psychological and physical consequences of trauma. It then reviews different therapeutic interventions for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Methods based on behavioural and cognitive strategies seem most effective in the treatment of trauma. Studies have shown that a large majority of persons with an existing PTSD diagnosis do not have PTSD after termination of treatment. Furthermore, positive treatment outcome is clearly demonstrated long after treatment closure. Effective methods of treatment include exposure therapy, cognitive therapy, Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR), and cognitive behavioural therapy. New treatment methods will no doubt broaden the number of ways in which PTSD may be treated, allowing for programmes better suited to the needs of each particular patient. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Literature Review Physical Consequences Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychological Consequences Psychotherapy PTSD Therapeutic Interventions Therapeutic Processes Trauma Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

218. Barrowcliff, A., Gray, N., MacCulloch, S., Freeman, T., & MacCulloch, M. (2003, September). Horizontal rhythmical eye movements consistently diminish the arousal provoked by auditory stimuli. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42(3). 289-302. doi:10.1348/01446650360703393.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: Theoretical models implicating the orienting reflex as an explanatory mechanism in the eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment protocol are contrasted and tested empirically. We also test whether EMDR effects are due to a distraction effect. Design: A repeated measure design is used in two experiments. The first experiment employed two independent variables, eye condition (moving vs. stationary) and tone (a pseudo-randomized series of low and high intensity tones). In Expt 2, eye condition was replaced by attentional demand conditions (low or high). In both cases, electrodermal responses served as the dependent variable. Method: Participants were recruited from the Psychology Department at Cardiff University. In Expt 1, participants were required to either pursue a moving stimulus following auditory challenge or engage in an eyes-stationary task. In Expt 2, the task following auditory challenge required participants to identify specific items from letter strings in low and high attentional demand conditions. Results: Lower levels of electrodermal arousal were identified in tasks eliciting eye movements, compared to no eye movements. This effect was not due to the attentional requirements of the task. Conclusions: Eye movements following auditory challenge result in an effect of psychophysiological de-arousal. This supports the reassurance reflex model of EMDR proposed by MacCulloch and Feldman (1996).

Keywords: Distraction Effect Empirical Study Orienting Reflex Quantitative Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

219. Henry, S. (1994). How does EMDR work, anyway?. EMDR Network Newsletter, 4(1), 4-5.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
The following speculations are submitted to stimulate discussion and perhaps research about some of the primary neuropsychological processes involved in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

220. Bergmann, U. (1999, November). How does EMDR work? An exploration of possible neurobiological mechanisms. Presentation at the annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation Fall Conference, Miami, FL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: This discussion explores, briefly, the position that the repetitive redirecting of attention in EMDR is capable of turning on the brain's REM sleep system, leading to the activation of specific areas of the the anterior cortex of the cingulate gyrus, facilitating its function as a filter, thereby facilitating the integration of traumatic memory into general semantic networks. This integration is seen to lead to the subsequent reduction in both the strength of hippocampally mediated episodic memories of the traumatic event as well as the amygdaloid mediated negative affect of PTSD. The possibility is suggested that another underlying mechanisms of EMDR stimulation is the activation of the lateral cerebellum. The contribution of the cerebellum to cognitive and language functions is explored. The activation of the dentate nuclei in the lateral neocerebellum is shown to facilitate activation of the ventrolateral and central lateral thalamic nuclei. The activation of the ventrolateral nucleus is shown to lead to the activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; further facilitating the integration of traumatic memory into general semantic and other neocortical networks

Keywords: Cognitive Processes Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Sleep Behavior Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

221. Catherall, D. R. (2003, June). How fear differs from anxiety. Traumatology, 9(2), 76-92. doi:10.1177/153476560300900202.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Animal models conceptualize anxiety as a response to potential danger while fear is a response to present danger. The way humans experience anxiety involves our capacity for higher thinking while the human experience of fear appears to be much the same as the animal model. This article examines these differences at both a phenomenological and neurological level and highlights implications for the treatment of conditioned fear in PTSD. The stimuli for human fear are sensory-perceptual, while the stimuli for most forms of anxiety are conceptual-linguistic. Individuals in a state of fear/terror undergo a radical shift from top-down to bottom-up processing in which access to conceptual-linguistic thought processes is severely restricted and the frontal regions of the cortex are no longer able to override impulses from brain stem and midbrain regions. Conditioned fear involves actual neurological changes in the limbic system. To overcome a traumatic memory, the individual must (1) gain some level of access to the bottom-up state in order to habituate or extinguish the conditioned fear response, and (2) also achieve access to the top-down state in order to process the fear. ]Sage Journals]

Keywords: Anxiety Fear Cognitive Neuroscience Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

222. Baddeley, M. (1996, March). Hypnotherapy, gestalt, EMDR and the treatment of post traumatic stress. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 17(1), 41-47.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The paper consists of clinical observations on the use of Gestalt and EMDR under hypnosis for the treatment of post-traumatic stress. The observations are made in the context of 2 cases:(1) an individual who had been bound during an armed hold-up in her home. (2) an emergency services worker suffering from accumulated stress resulting in burn-out. The paper concludes by drawing out a number of principles that give structure to working with the above techniques. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Gestalt Therapy Hypnotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

223. Luber, M., & Shapiro, F. (2009). Illness and somatic disorders protocol. In M. Luber (Ed.), Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) scripted protocols: Basics and special situations, (pp. 189-211). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
When the perpetrator is the client's own body, the Illness and Somatic Disorders Protocol can be used. It is important to note that this protocol addresses both psychological and physical factors related to somatic complaints. This is not a substitute for appropriate medical care but an adjunct to it. For many, addressing the psychological dimensions will cause partial or complete remission of the physical symptoms. When primarily organic processes are involved, the psychological issues may be exacerbating the physical conditions. While physical symptoms may not remit, the clinical emphasis is on improving the person's quality of life (Shapiro, 2001). This chapter presents a summary of the Illness and Somatic Disorders Protocol scripted by Marilyn Luber (Shapiro, 2001, 2006). The Illness and Somatic Disorders Protocol Script is provided. [PsycINFO Database]

Keywords: Illness Protocol Somatic Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

224. Engel, L. (1998). Imaginary crimes: Resolving survivor guilt and writer's block. In P. Manfield (Ed.), Extending EMDR: A casebook of innovative applications, 1st ed. (pp. 138-163). New York: W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
A 45-year old female professor of creative writing complained of depression, obsessing about an ex-boyfriend, and a writing block. She is in ongoing but episodic treatment within the framework of a psychodymanic model, specifically Control Mastery Theory, utilizing EMDR as an exploratory tool and treatment method. Issues of survivor guilt toward her murdered sister, identification with her anxious, unhappy mother, and compliance with her critical and rejecting father were addressed and at least partially worked through in the first 11 sessions (reported here). Her depression has lifted, she has been able to write freely for the first time in ten years, and has stopped obsessing about her ex-boyfriend. The therapist was able to combine CMT and EMDR to create a rapid but deep exploration and amelioration of the client's major, longstanding life problems. [Text, p. 162]

Keywords: Adults Americans Case Report Cognitive Therapy Depressive Disorders Females Guilt Life Experiences Psychotherapeutic Processes Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

225. Flumeri, F., Salmaso, D., & Pagani, M. (2008, 26-28 Settembre). Impatto dell'EMDR sulle fuzioni e sulla neurobiologia cerebrali [Impact on EMDR and neurobiological brain functions]. In T. Farma (Chair), Simposio, Il modello psicotraumatologico: Un ponte tra indicatori neurobiologici e Psicoterapia. VII Congresso SPR Italia, Modena.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Introduzione:negli ultimi anni il numero di studi condotti nell’ambito dei disturbi causati da eventi traumatici ha subito una forte accelerazione rilevando l’esistenza di alterazioni fisiologiche e morfologiche in specifiche aree cerebrali associate sia alla risposta emotiva al trauma che alla insorgenza dei sintomi della sindrome da stress post-traumatico (PTSD). L’impiego delle tecniche di neuroimmagine ha consentito di fare luce sui correlati neurali della psicoterapia, rivelando i suoi effetti neurobiologici sulla funzione cerebrale. Nell’ambito dei diversi approcci psicoterapeutici, l’EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy) è emerso come promettente risorsa per il trattamento del trauma e di altri disturbi d’ansia, sebbene ancora non sia stata completamente chiarita la sua modalità di azione sui circuiti neurali. Molte ricerche sono state effettuate per valutare l’efficacia dell’EMDR, ma solo un numero esiguo di esse ha indagato il substrato neurobiologico di questa psicoterapia. Le metodiche di neuroimmagini utilizzate finora per studi sull’EMDR sono la Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) e la Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). La prima raccoglie dati sull’attivita’ cellulare cerebrale mentre la seconda riporta dati anatomici strutturali. Gli studi funzionali condotti con SPECT consentono di identificare le variazioni del metabolismo e del flusso ematico cerebrale, suggerendo un ruolo specifico per ciascuna area cerebrale coinvolta nel complesso meccanismo che sottende il processamento delle emozioni; la MRI consente invece di rilevare la presenza di variazioni morfologiche e volumetriche di specifiche strutture cerebrali. Negli ultimi anni, studi SPECT e MRI, volti ad esaminare gli effetti dell’EMDR sulla fisiopatologia cerebrale in pazienti affetti da disturbi d’ansia, hanno riscontrato sostanziali variazioni del flusso ematico ed alterazioni strutturali di alcune regioni cerebrali in seguito a terapia. L’efficacia dell’EMDR nel trattamento del PTSD è stata confermata da uno studio SPECT su sei soggetti ( Lansing et al.) (1) che ha evidenziato dopo terapia una diminuzione del flusso ematico nel lobo occipitale bilateralmente e nel lobo parietale sinistro e un aumento di flusso nel giro frontale inferiore sinistro. Sempre utilizzando la SPECT Oh e Choi (2) hanno riportato una significativa modificazione del flusso cerebrale in seguito ad EMDR, prevalentemente riscontrabile nell’area limbica e nella corteccia prefrontale. Un recente studio con utilizzo di MRI (3) ha inoltre messo in evidenza un aumento di volume dell’ippocampo in seguito a trattamento con EMDR, aumento invece non riportato in un lavoro di Lindauer et al. su 9 soggetti con PTSD, nonostante il successo clinico della psicoterapia eclettica eseguita (4). Obiettivi: il nostro gruppo ha studiato gli effetti a breve e lungo termine dell’EMDR (5, 6) dimostrando la sua efficacia nel trattamento di soggetti traumatizzati sul lavoro, e una stabilità del miglioramento clinico ottenuto in risposta alla terapia, ancora presente a distanza di tre anni. Nell’ambito dello stesso progetto sono state anche studiate le variazioni del flusso ematico cerebrale e della volumetria di alcune strutture cerebrali in relazione alla terapia con EMDR. Un primo studio SPECT ha analizzato la variazione della distribuzione di flusso in 11 soggetti guariti clinicamente da PTSD in seguito a EMDR messi a confronto con 5 soggetti nei quali la terapia non ha avuto effetto (7). Risultati: è stato evidenziato nei soggetti con remissione sintomatologica significative differenze di flusso in 4 aree corticali, alla disfunzione delle quali sono ascrivibili alcuni sintomi presenti in corso di PTSD. Diminuzioni di flusso post-terapia sono state registrate nell’ippocampo, nella corteccia parieto-occipitale e nella corteccia visiva primaria. L’ippocampo e’ sede della memoria a breve termine; la corteccia parieto-occipitale processa il riconoscimento di volti, dei corpi e delle parole; la corteccia visiva primaria custodisce la memoria visiva degli eventi. La mancata inibizione e/o l’iperattivita’ di queste regioni nel PTSD sono responsabili della rivisitazione patologica dell’evento traumatico e della presenza di flashback ed immagini allucinatorie. Inoltre la corteccia frontale dorsolaterale ha dimostrato un aumento di flusso nei soggetti che hanno risposto positivamente alla terapia. Questa regione chiave oltre ad essere deputata ad inibire la risposta patologica a stimoli che ricordano l’evento traumatico e’ essenziale per i processi di attenzione e di autostima, diminuiti in corso di PTSD e recuperati in seguito alla remissione della malattia. In ulteriori studi che combinano indagini funzionali e strutturali utilizzando SPECT e MRI abbiamo messo in evidenza il valore predittivo delle dimensioni dell’ippocampo riguardo all’efficacia della terapia con EMDR (Pagani et al. sottomesso). Conclusioni: gli effetti della terapia con EMDR sono risultati, unitamente ad un consistente miglioramento della sintomatologia e ad una riduzione della iperreattività a stimoli di carattere emotivo, in una normalizzazione funzionale di alcune aree specifiche e in un aumento del volume ippocampale probabilmente ascrivibile a neo-neurogenesi. Questi risultati sono in linea con la pregressa letteratura e con le attuali conoscenze sul PTSD e suggeriscono basi neurobiologiche dell’effetto terapeutico dell’EMDR confermandone l’impatto funzionale su strutture cerebrali coinvolte in patologie ansiogene. Bibliografia: 1. Lansing et al. (2005). J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci;17(4):526-532. 2. Ho DH and Choi J. (2007). J EMDR Pract Res;1(1):24-30. 3. Bossini et al. (2007). J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci; 19(4):475-476. 4. Lindauer et al. (2005). Psychol Med ; 35 :1-11. 5. Hogberg et al. (2007). Nord J Psych; 61(1):54-61. 6. Hogberg et al. (2008). Psych Res; doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.10.019. 7. Pagani et al. (2007). Nuc Med Comm; 28(10):757-65. [Pagani abstract]

Introduction In recent years the number of studies in disorders caused by traumatic events has been greatly accelerated by detecting the existence of morphological and physiological changes in specific brain areas associated with both the emotional response to trauma to the onset of symptoms Post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD). The use of neuroimaging techniques has allowed to shed light on the neural correlates of psychotherapy, revealing the neurobiological effects on brain function. Under the different psychotherapeutic approaches, EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy) has emerged as a promising resource for the treatment of trauma and other anxiety disorders, although still not been fully elucidated its mode of action on neural circuits. Many studies have been carried out to assess the effectiveness EMDR, but only a small number of them have investigated the neurobiological substrate of this psychotherapy. The methods used so far for neuroimaging studies on EMDR are Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The first collects data on 'brain cells while the second contains structural anatomical data. The functional studies performed with SPECT to identify changes in metabolism and cerebral blood flow, suggesting a specific role for each brain area involved in the complex mechanism underlying the processing of emotions, instead of MRI allows detection of morphological changes and volume of specific brain structures. In recent years, MRI and SPECT studies, aimed to examine the effects of EMDR on brain pathophysiology in patients with anxiety disorders, have found substantial variations in blood flow and structural alterations of some brain regions after treatment. The effectiveness of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD was confirmed by a SPECT study in six subjects (Lansing et al.) (1) showed that after treatment reduced blood flow in the occipital lobe bilaterally and in left parietal lobe and a increase of flow in left inferior frontal gyrus. Always using SPECT Oh and Choi (2) reported a significant change of cerebral blood flow after EMDR, mainly found in limbic and prefrontal cortex. A recent study using MRI (3) has also highlighted an increase in volume of the hippocampus after treatment with EMDR, but no increase in reported work of Lindauer et al. on 9 subjects with PTSD, despite the clinical success of eclectic psychotherapy performed (4). Objectives: Our group has studied the effects of short and long term EMDR (5, 6) demonstrating its effectiveness in treating traumatized individuals at work, and stability of clinical improvement obtained in response to therapy, yet this distance three years. Within the same project were also studied changes in cerebral blood flow and volume of certain brain structures in relation to treatment with EMDR. A first SPECT study analyzed the change in flow distribution in 11 subjects clinically recovered from PTSD after EMDR compared with 5 subjects in whom treatment had no effect (7). Results: It was shown in patients with symptomatic remission, significant differences in flow in 4 cortical areas, which are attributable to dysfunction of some symptoms of PTSD being present. Flow decreases post-treatment were recorded in the hippocampus, cortex parietal-occipital and primary visual cortex. The hippocampus and 'seat of short-term memory, the parietal-occipital cortex processes the recognition of faces, bodies and words, the primary visual cortex preserves the visual memory of events. The lack of inhibition and / or 'hyperactivity' of PTSD in these regions are responsible for the pathological review of the traumatic event and the presence of flashbacks and hallucinatory images. Moreover, the dorsolateral frontal cortex showed an increase in flow in subjects who responded positively to therapy. This key region in addition to being appointed to inhibit the pathological response to stimuli that recall the traumatic event and 'essential for the processes of attention and self-esteem, decreased in the course of PTSD and recovered following the remission of the disease. In further studies that combine functional and structural investigations using SPECT and MRI have shown the predictive value of the size of the hippocampus on the effectiveness of EMDR therapy (Pagani et al. Submitted). Conclusion: the effects of EMDR therapy were coupled with a significant improvement in symptoms and a reduction of hyperreactivity to stimuli, emotional, functional in a normalization of some specific areas and an increase in hippocampal volume probably due to neo- neurogenesis. These results are consistent with previous literature and with current knowledge about PTSD and suggest a neurobiological basis of therapeutic EMDR confirming the functional impact on brain structures involved in anxiety-disorders. Bibliography: 1. Lansing et al. (2005). J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci, 17 (4) :526-532. 2. I DH and J. Choi (2007). J EMDR pract Res, 1 (1) :24-30. 3. Bossini et al. (2007). J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci, 19 (4) :475-476. 4. Lindauer et al. (2005). Psychol Med, 35 :1-11. 5. Högberg et al. (2007). Nord J Psych, 61 (1) :54-61. 6. Högberg et al. (2008). Psych Res, doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.10.019. 7. Pagani et al. (2007). NUC Med Comm, 28 (10) :757-65. [Pagani abstract]

Keywords: Brain Functions Neurobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

226. Lamprecht, F., Sack, M., & Lempa, W. (2002, November). Improved regulatory capacities after successful treatment of PTSD. Poster presented at the 18th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
We assessed the effects of psychotherapeutic treatment on psychophysiological hyperarousal and self-regulation during confrontation with a traumatic reminder in 15 subjects with PTSD before, shortly after EMDR-treatment and at 6-month follow-up.All subjects underwent a psychphysiological evaluation with a modified traumascript paradigm including assessment of scriptprovoked heart rate changes and heart rate variability. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) as the component of heart rate variability closely related to vagal tone was derived from the time-series of inter-beat intervals via polynomial band-pass filtering (Porges 1992). Psychometric instruments (IES, PDS, SUD-Scale) were used to assess treatment outcome.We found a significant overall reduction in psychometric measures of PTSD-symptomatology as well as significantly decreased levels of script provoked HR-acceleration after EMDR-treatment (11.3 ± 10.8 bpm vs. 5.1 ± 5.7 bpm, p < .03). As expected, traumascript presentation suppressed RSA-levels reflecting the effect of stress on vagal regulation. In comparison pre- vs. follow-up RSA increased significantly during baseline (5.06 ± .98 vs. 5.86 ± 1.2, p < .004) as well as during traumascript (4.55 ± 1.26 vs. 5.55 ± 1.23, p < .02). Our findings of higher RSA-levels in combination with reduced HR reactions on a traumatic reminder after successful psychotherapy can be interpreted as a therapy mediated enhancement of biologically determined self regulation capacities.

Keywords: Poster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

227. Leeds, A. (2007, June). Improving self-regulation and social functioning for survivors of early emotional neglect and abuse with positive affect tolerance and integration protocol: A case series. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Survivors of early emotional neglect experience pervasive difficulties including vulnerability to adult psychiatric disorders and inability to regulate emotional states (Schore, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2001a, 2001b; Teicher, 2000, 2002; Teicher et al, 1993; Teicher et al., 1997). Their inability to regulate emotional states is not solely linked to effects of adverse events, but is significantly linked to insufficient exposure to normal, developmental attachment sequences that foster capacities for self-regulation.
A subset of adult survivors of early, pervasive, emotional neglect who meet full or partial criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder also present with comorbid Cluster C Axis II symptoms (Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive) and meet criteria for dismissing (or fearful) insecure attachment (Cassidy & Shaver, 1999; Main, 1996).
Clinical assessment reveals these patients have low tolerance for positive interpersonal emotions and engage in defensive strategies to dismiss, minimize, deny or subtly avoid experiencing and assimilating this positive emotional states into their internal model of self. These strategies include overt and covert behavioral avoidance as well as dissociate defenses. Paradoxically, these patients may show superficial characteristics or competence, interpersonal skills, or emotional stability which on closer examination prove to be fragile or which collapse in the face of social stressors.
The general theoretical base for the Positive Affect Tolerance and Integration (PAT) protocol is related to McCullough’s (1996, 2003) model of affect phobia and recognizes McCullough’s emphasis on an anxiety regulating, titrated approach to developing tolerance for adaptive affect and associated coping behaviors. Putnam’s (1997) discrete behavioral states model provides an important conceptual framework for understanding these patients’ needs to gradually develop new discrete behavioral (psychophysiological and affective) states and new pathways (schemes and scripts) fostering access to these shared positive states often as a crucial early phase of treatment to help resolve their impairments in emotional self-regulation.
This presentation describes the use of standard EMDR procedural steps in a treatment plan that postpones the standard three pronged (past, present, future) PTSD protocol, but which is consistent with the consensus model for Complex PTSD (Brown, Scheflin & Hammond, 1998; Chu, 1998; Courtois, 1999; Hart, Nijenhuis, Steele, 2006) and other EMDR approaches focused initially on improving response to current stimuli (Hoffman, 2004; Leeds & Korn, 1998; Leeds & Shapiro, 2000) before attempting to target childhood traumatic memories. Targets for PAT are recent experiences in which the patient was exposed to positive, shared, interpersonal emotional states. The purposes for applying PAT to these targets are: to decrease defensive avoidance; dissociation and anxiety about shared positive emotional states; to increase capacity to tolerate and enjoy these shared positive emotional states; and to integrate these shared positive emotional states into positive schemas and self-concepts. Observed clinical gains following PAT included: improved mood and resilience, and decreased depersonalization during subsequent use of EMDR to reprocess traumatic memories.
The goal in presenting this “Positive Affect Tolerance and Integration Protocol” case series is to encourage research to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of this application of the standard EMDR procedures for a clinical subpopulation generally considered challenging to treat.

Keywords: Affect Tolerance Poster Self-Regulation Social Functioning

Accuracy Verified: Yes

228. Shapiro, F., & Maxfield, L. (2002, March). In the blink of an eye. The Psychologist, 15(3), 120-124.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Imagine a safe, rapid and effective treatment that results in the elimination of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). When I originally introduced eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) (Shapiro, 1989), the claims that it could quickly alleviate the disabling symptoms of PTSD were received with both interest and scepticism. Since then EMDR has been the object of much scrutiny and debate, and the focus of many empirical investigations. This article reports on the clinical applications of this innovative method, on research evaluating treatment outcomes, and on EMDR’s mechanisms of action.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

229. Twombly, J. H. (2000). Incorporating EMDR and EMDR adaptations into the treatment of clients with dissociative identity disorder. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 1(2), 61-81. doi:10.1300/J229v01n02_05.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This paper offers ways to incorporate Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of clients with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). Uses of EMDR detailed can be applied to Dissociative Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified (DDNOS) and ego state work. EMDR is a therapeutic method using alternating bilateral stimulation (ABS) that integrates traumatic memories with adaptive reasoning and the patient's own resources, resulting in accelerated information processing and healing. DID is a complex disorder suffered by clients who have often experienced multiple childhood traumas. They live with what Kluft terms a "multiple reality disorder," and describes as living in "...several parallel but incompletely over-lapping constructions of the world and of life experience." An asset with EMDR is that it can accelerate the treatment process. A liability is that its incorrect use can accelerate decompensation for fragile clients, e.g., those with complex trauma histories or DID. This paper offers suggested uses of EMDR and EMDR adaptations to facilitate learning, intervene in multiple reality disorder, decrease some negative transferences, and to provide a protective format for processing traumatic material. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Dissociative Identity Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

230. Garvey, K. J. (2004). Increased interhemispheric interaction leads to decreased false memories for prose: The effects of degree of handedness and of eye movement-induced cortical activation. University of Toledo, Toledo, OH. AAT 3141037.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Two experiments examining the effects of mixed handedness (which is associated with increased interhemispheric interaction) and horizontal saccadic eye movements (which are associated with increased bihemispheric cortical activation) on the recognition of prose are reported. In study one mixed handedness was associated with greater accuracy in both rejecting new material and recognizing old material. In study two eye movements resulted in relative improvement of episodic memory. This improvement is hypothesized to reflect increased interaction between the left and right cerebral hemispheres, which is associated with superior episodic memory. Implications for possible neuropsychological mechanisms underlying eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), a therapeutic techniquDissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 65(7-B), 2005, pp. 3738.e for PTSD, are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive Processes Empirical Study Eye Movements False Memory Handedness Interhemispheric Interaction Neurobiology Quantitative Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prose PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

231. Knudsen, N. J. (2007). Integrating EMDR and Bowen Theory in treating chronic relationship dysfunction. In F. Shaprio, F. W. Kaslow, & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp.169-186). Hoboken,. xxxiii, 470 pp.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The concept of Chronic Relationship Dysfunction was developed by the author to describe the experience of those who are unable to find and maintain a healthy relationship with a mate and who feel considerable related emotional distress. The types of experiences that people with this problem typically present in a clinical setting include the inability to make any meaningful contact with an appropriate partner and making a series of poor choices so that no relationship lasts. Clients seeking treatment for relationship problems can be effectively treated using a Bowen family systems perspective (Bowen, 1978; Kerr & Bowen, 1988) as the theoretical backdrop for understanding the bigger relational context. In addition, the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model (Shapiro, 2001) can be used to understand the physiological link between critical early life experiences and current dysfunction. Together these theories provide a cohesive theoretical base and integrative treatment approach for use with clients with chronic relationship dysfunction. The AIP model and the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) approach address current symptoms such as chronic relationship dysfunction by allowing the individual to reprocess the old material, thus integrating it with current information. The treatment model described here utilizes the basic structure of the EMDR protocol with the clinical application of Bowen Theory at certain key times. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model AIP Bowen Theory Chronic Relationship Dysfunction Cognitive Processes Family Systems Theory Interpersonal Relationships Models

Accuracy Verified: Yes

232. Gelinas, D. (2003). Integrating EMDR into phase-oriented treatment for trauma. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 4(3), 91-135. doi:10.1300/J229v04n03_06.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Originally introduced a century ago by Pierre Janet, phase-oriented treatment has been independently proposed by many authors and is now widely considered by trauma specialists to be the treatment of choice for PTSD and other posttraumatic disorders. Much more recently, introduced by Francine Shapiro in 1989, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has also become available for the treatment of PTSD and other trauma-based disorders. EMDR has become widely accepted by clinicians and has received strong support regarding its efficacy from a wide range of empirical studies. However, with a very few exceptions (highlighted in this paper), these two major approaches for treating trauma have developed largely independently. The present paper integrates the major EMDR developments with the different stages of the phase-oriented approach to assess if such an integration is conceptually and clinically useful. The EMDR developments integrated into the phases of trauma treatment include: Shapiro's prototypic protocol for PTSD and the protocols for other trauma-based disorders, safety protocols, Leeds' and Korn's work with Resource Development and Installation, and Kitchur's Strategic Developmental Model for EMDR. The usefulness of integrating phase-oriented treatment and EMDR is then assessed. These approaches were found to strongly complement each other in their clinical strengths and weaknesses, while sharing many underlying theoretical and structural elements. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Dissociative Identity Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

233. Kiessling, R. (2005). Integrating resource development strategies into your EMDR practice. In R. Shapiro, (Ed.), EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing (pp. 57-87). New York: W W Norton & Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
As EMDR became more accepted within the psychotherapy community and more clinicians became trained, a greater number of clients with diagnoses other than PTSD were introduced to it. As a result, it became apparent that some of these more difficult, complex clients were not immediately ready for EMDR targeting and reprocessing. Many were either too unstable, had affect tolerance issues, or lacked the ego strengths to withstand the potential rigors of target desensitization. Others lacked needed coping skills, lacked the ability to recognize that they have the tools available to address their issues, or were fearful of addressing their traumatic experiences. Resource Development and Installation (RDI) strategies were developed and, over time, have been accepted within the EMDR community as valuable solutions for these challenging clients. [Text, p. 57]

Keywords: Life Experiences Psychotherapeutic Processes Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

234. Moore, R. H., Dryden, W., Frater, A., Volkman, M., Volkman, V. R., & Gerbode, F. A. (2004). Integrating therapies. In V. R. Volkman (Ed.), Beyond conversations on traumatic incident reduction (pp. 155-179). Ann Arbor, MI: Loving Healing Press. ix, 292 pp.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
"TIR and Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT): A Conversation with Robert H. Moore, Ph.D" / Robert H. Moore / Moore, who is well-versed in Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) provides insights on how lessons learned from TIR can influence an REBT practice. /// "A Conversation with Windy Dryden, Ph.D" / Windy Dryden / Dryden also describes integration of REBT with TIR. /// "Using TIR in a Psychotherapy Practice: A Conversation with Alex Frater" / Alex Frater / Frater describes the use of TIR, REBT, and Thought Field Therapy in a psychotherapy practice. /// "TIR and EFT: A Practitioner's Perspective A Conversation with Marian Volkman" / Marian Volkman / Volkman describes the use of TIR and EFT (emotional freedom technique) in her private practice. /// "TIR and EMDR: Notes from the Field" / Victor R. Volkman / Describes similarities and differences in TIR and EMDR. /// "Comparing TIR and Other Techniques" / Frank A. Gerbode / Gerbode compares TIR with other techniques, such as EMDR, V/KD, DTE (direct therapeutic exposure), and TFT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Behavior Therapy Cognitive Therapy Counseling Multimodal Treatment Approach EFT Emotional Freedom Therapy Emotional Trauma Integrative Psychotherapy Integrative Therapy Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Reduction Psychotherapeutic Processes Psychotherapeutic Techniques Psychotherapy TFT Thought Field Therapy TIR Traumatic Incident Visual/Kinesthetic Dissociation V/KD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

235. Lyhus, K. E. (2003, April). Integration of EMDR with other therapeutic approaches: A survey investigation. Catholic University of America, Washington, DC. AAT 3067496.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The present study examined assimilative integration, i.e., when techniques from various therapeutic approaches are imported into a single, consistent theoretical framework. Specifically, the aim of this study was to investigate how Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), a manualized therapeutic approach originally developed as a treatment for traumatic memories, is incorporated into clinical practice. In assimilative integration, elements of the EMDR protocol would be expected to be conceptualized and possibly modified in ways that are consistent with the therapist's theoretical framework. A survey design, using web-based questionnaires, was implemented to gather information from therapists who use EMDR. Therapists responded to a broad range of questions regarding their theoretical orientation, involvement in EMDR organizations, and practice of EMDR. A large sample (N = 532) was obtained, and results demonstrated that most therapists integrated EMDR with other therapeutic methods. Further, there was some evidence that therapists were practicing assimilative integration. Specifically, therapists typically added methods consistent with their primary theoretical orientation and conceptualized the effective elements of EMDR as those that were most consistent with their orientation. Most therapists reported using most of the elements of the EMDR protocol, perhaps reflecting the high level of interest in EMDR among therapists in the sample. However, there were some differences related to therapists' level of commitment to EMDR. For example, members of the EMDR International Association used more elements of the protocol and were more likely to report that they did not combine other methods with EMDR when compared to nonmembers. The diagnosis of the client was also an important factor in how EMDR was integrated into treatment. For example, therapists treating clients with PTSD were more likely to report on their use of EMDR as the primary therapeutic approach and to integrate cognitive/behavioral methods than were those treating clients with other disorders. This study was among the first to examine the process of assimilative integration. The findings show that psychotherapy integration varies by therapists' base theoretical orientation, client factors, and therapists' commitment to the treatment method being integrated. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 63(10-B), Apr 2003, pp. 4912.

Keywords: Assimulative Integration Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Traumatic Memories

Accuracy Verified: Yes

236. Dworkin, M. (2003, June). Integrative approaches to EMDR: Empathy, the intersubjective, and the cognitive interweave. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 13(2), 171-187. doi:10.1037/1053-0479.13.2.171.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
EMDR represents an integrative model of psychotherapy at the theoretical level. During its 16-year history, it has created quite a controversy in academic psychology. Missing from these debates have been additional therapeutic elements that are necessary to propel productive thinking into ways of making greater use of the model. These elements—empathy, the intersubjective, and usage of the cognitive interweave in conjunction with transference and countertransference issues—are explored. This addition constitutes an assimilative approach to an ever-evolving model of resolving posttraumatic stress disorder.

Keywords: Empathy Intersubjective Cognitive Interweave Cognitive Processes Countertransference Integrative Model Integrative Psychotherapy Interpersonal Interaction Models Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PTSD Transference Psychotherapeutic Transference Subjectivity

Accuracy Verified: Yes

237. Harford, P. M. (2010). The integrative use of EMDR and clinical hypnosis in the treatment of adults abused as children. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(2), 60-75. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.2.60.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The potential benefits of the use of a permissive style of clinical hypnosis as a therapeutic medium to enhance eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) trauma treatment are explored. A comparative review of hypnosis and EMDR is provided, including putative psychophysiological mechanisms for both. A rationale for integrating clinical hypnosis with EMDR treatment is presented. It is suggested that hypnosis primarily enhances the accessibility of traumatic information while EMDR primarily enhances the reprocessing of traumatic information and that accessibility and reprocessing are reciprocal features. The relative and combined merits of hypnosis and EMDR for resource development are discussed. The author proposes that clinical hypnosis may be incorporated into EMDR without necessarily modifying the eight-stage EMDR protocol apart from modifications that are indicated for special conditions. Three case vignettes are used to illustrate the integrative use of clinical hypnosis and EMDR in the treatment of adults who experienced childhood abuse.

Keywords: Abuse ACC Adolescents Children Clinical Hypnosis Complex PTSD Complex Posttraumatic Strress Disorder C-PTSD Integrative Use VMPFC

Accuracy Verified: Yes

238. Rossman, M. & Bresler, D. (1995, June). Interactive guided imagery and EMDR: Synergy and complementarity. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
I. What is Imagery? An image is a thought-form with sensory qualities. It is an internal representation of personal reality. Imagery is the natural, efficient way the human nervous system stores, processes and accesses information. Imagery is the major natural language of the unconscious II. What is Interactive Communication? There are three levels of interactive communication. (1) Non-interactive communication in which the client is a passive participant of suggestion and the guide sets the pacing and direction of the experience. (2) One way interactive communication in which the guide provides the direction but the client sets the pace (e.g. "let me know when you are feeling more comfortable and relaxed). (3) Two way interactive communication in which the client provides both the pace and the direction of the experience. There are many great advantages to working interactively. Greater client participation in the process leads to greater client empowerment, and with a greater sense of personal control, clients are able to progress more rapidly with less resistance to the change process. III. What is Interactive Guided Imagery"? - Interactive Guided Imagery is a therapeutic approach that quickly accesses and simultaneously utilizes the rich resources available from both the client's conscious and unconscious minds. It includes a set of techniques designed to enhance relaxation, reduce the effects of stress, modulate affect, increase motivation, expand creativity and problem solving abilities, resolve conflicts and the sequellae of trauma and facilitate action planning. IV. The Inner Advisor - The Inner Advisor is an internalized image that has the qualifies of wisdom and compassion. It can represent a crucial inner support system for clients dealing with PTSD. Participants are taught how to find their own Inner Advisors and to establish a dialogue that can lead to future inner exploration. The benefits and potential complications of working with Advisor figures are discussed. V. EMDR and Interactive Guided Imagery - (IGI) Drs. Bresler and Rossman discuss what Interactive Guided Imagery and EMDR have in common and how they differ. In particular, EMDR therapists are encouraged to utilize Conditioned Relaxation to enhance the clearing process during eye movements, and to recruit the assistance of the Inner Advisor to prevent or reduce flooding, traumatic insight, and/or regression panic. Conflict resolution techniques are also discussed.

Keywords: Guided Imagery

Accuracy Verified: Yes

239. Scagliotti, J. (2011). Interoceptive exposure therapy for combat veterans: A group treatment approach. University of Hartford, Hartford, CT.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This paper explores the application of interoceptive exposure (IE) therapy to treat the arousal and avoidant symptoms in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The historical background of PTSD and the functional impact of the disorder in veterans from Vietnam and Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom are discussed in the first chapter. Literature on romantic and family relationship impairment, employment challenges, decreased physical health and overall quality of life, and increased mental health issues in veterans of combat are presented. Following the introductory chapter is a brief description of the history of treatment for combat trauma and a detailed review of the most common treatments for PTSD in their application to the veteran population. Research on psychophysiological approaches to treatment, pharmacotherapy, and EMDR is discussed. The extensive literature on cognitive behavioral treatment approaches for combat trauma is reviewed. As noted, exposure therapy appears to be the treatment approach with the most scientific support. A relatively new form of exposure therapy known as IE, as well as the small but promising body of research on the potential to augment conventional long-term exposure therapy with IE, are also addressed here. A new treatment protocol proposed here is built upon the foundation of empirical support for cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD. It is intended to incorporate trauma-informed best practices and exposure therapy tenets through the implementation of group based IE for individuals with combat-related PTSD. Outlines of the following two sections will provide detailed descriptions of the group design and the specific treatment modules, the first of which addresses therapeutic rationale and group composition, and the second lists the specific twelve treatment modules.

Keywords: Combat Veterans Interoceptive Exposure Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

240. Luber, M., & Shapiro, F. (2009). Interview with Francine Shapiro: Historical overview, present issues, and future directions of EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(4), 217-231. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.4.217.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This interview with Dr. Francine Shapiro, originator and developer of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), provides an overview of the history and evolution of EMDR from its inception to current findings and utilization, as well as future directions in research and clinical development. Dr. Shapiro discusses the psychological traditions that informed the development of EMDR and the Adaptive Information model, as well as the implications for current treatment. The rationale for the application of EMDR to a wide range of disorders is discussed, as well as its integration with other therapeutic approaches. Topics include research on the role of eye movements, the use of EMDR with combat veterans, somatoform disorders, attachment issues, and the distinct features of EMDR that have allowed it to be used for crisis intervention worldwide. Dr. Francine Shapiro is the originator and developer of EMDR. She is a senior research fellow at the Mental Research Institute (MRI) in Palo Alto, California, executive director of the EMDR Institute in Watsonville, California, and the founder and president emeritus of the EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Program, a nonprofit organization that coordinates disaster response and supports low fee training worldwide. She has written the primary text on EMDR: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles and Procedures (Guilford Press) and co-authored or edited four others: EMDR: The Breakthrough Therapy for Overcoming Anxiety, Stress and Trauma (Basic Books), EMDR as an Integrative Psychotherapy Approach: Experts of Diverse Orientations Explore the Paradigm Prism (American Psychological Association Books), Handbook of EMDR and Family Therapy Processes (Wiley), and Short-Term Therapy for Long-Term Change. She has written and co-authored more than 60 articles and chapters and is an invited speaker at psychology conferences all over the world. Dr. Shapiro is a recipient of the American Psychological Association Division 56 Award for Outstanding Contributions to Practice in Trauma Psychology, the Distinguished Scientific Achievement in Psychology Award presented by the California Psychological Association and the International Sigmund Freud Award for Psychotherapy presented by the City of Vienna in conjunction with the World Council of Psychotherapy. She was appointed one of the “Cadre of Experts” by the American Psychological Association and Canadian Psychological Association Joint Initiative on Ethno-political Warfare. She has served as an advisor to many trauma treatment and outreach organizations and journals. She has three awards bestowed in her honor. Those given by the EMDR International Association and the EMDR-Ibero-American Association celebrate members of the EMDR community who follow in her footsteps of creative thinking, service, and dedication to the standard of EMDR. The EMDR Europe Association presents the Francine Shapiro EMDR-Europe Research Award in order to encourage research in the field. In 2008, a comprehensive electronic resource for scholarly articles and other important references related to EMDR and adaptive information processing was introduced and was named The Francine Shapiro Library in honor of Dr. Shapiro (http://emdr.nku.edu/emdr_data.php).

Keywords: History Interview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

241. Snyker, E. (1998). The invisible volcano: Overcoming denial of rage. In P. Manfield (Ed.), Extending EMDR: A casebook of innovative applications, (1st ed.) (pp. 91-112). New York: W. W. Norton. xii, 292 pp.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The case in this chapter integrates EMDR and interpretive short-term dynamic therapy as contrasted with cognitive, interpersonal, or existential short-term therapies. I became interested in Davanloo's technique of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy (ISTDP) after attending a workshop in 1981. Short-term dynamic therapy, which is rooted in psychoanalytic theory, emphasizes brevity, focus, therapist activity, and patient selection. The goal is to effect change in the personality or character structure of the person, not simply alleviate symptoms. The treatment is dynamic in that it emphasizes a single focal issue that serves as a link to core conflicts arising from early life experiences. The transference relationship is used to examine and reexperience important past relationships that account for current difficulties. In addition to dealing with issues of transference and complexity of the case (single versus multi-foci), handling resistance (conscious and unconscious) aimed at avoiding painful affects must be addressed. [Text, p. 91]

Keywords: Adults Americans Anger Anxiety Disorders Brief Psychotherapy Case Report Child Abuse Defense Mechanisms Depressive Disorders Females Life Experiences Psychotherapeutic Processes Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

242. Lustig, S., Smrz, A., Sladen, P., Sellers, T. D., & Hellman, S. (2000, January-February). It takes a village: Caring for a traumatized art student. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 7(5), 290-298. doi:10.3109/hrp.7.5.290.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
One of the fascinating developments in mental health care in the last decade has been the appearance of specific psychotherapies for various psychiatric illnesses. Perhaps the best known of these is dialetical behavior therapy (DBT), pioneered by Linehan and colleagues for borderline personality disorder and consisting of rigorous group and individual cognitive-behavioral therapy within an empathetic and validating psychotherapy setting. Another is eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), described by Shapiro and coworkers as a treatment for PTSD and other anxiety disorders.The following case study involves a patient in a team-treatment setting who benefitted significantly from the use of DBT and EMDR, as well as a complex psychopharmacology regimen, after receiving an extensive battery of psychological tests. The clinicians who were involved with the patient will discuss the aspects of her care for which they were responsible. We do not endeavor to isolate which modality was the "right" one; rather, we are looking at the manner in which each potentiated the others. [Introduction] [Pilots]

Keywords: Borderline Personality Disorder Case Report Child Abuse Cognitive Therapy College Students Drug Therapy European Americans Females Incest Individual Psychotherapy Partial Hospitalization Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Rape Survivors Young Adults

Accuracy Verified: Yes

243. Lazzari, D. (2008, Novembre). L'EMDR in ottica PNEI (interazione corpo-mente) [EMDR in optical PNEI (interaction body-mind)]. Presentazione le Applicazioni Cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In questi anni l’EMDR si è affermata come trattamento di evidenza nel più classico e più grave dei disturbi direttamente legati allo stress, cioè il PTSD (Bisson & Andrew, 2007) e sono stati evidenziati i suoi effetti sul SNC. Nonostante questo ed il suo progressivo impiego in una ampia varietà di situazioni sono ancora poche le riflessioni sull’EMDR dal punto di vista dell’integrazione mente-corpo, in particolare utilizzando i dati offerti dal campo di ricerca della PNEI. Nel presente lavoro ci soffermeremo su alcuni di questi aspetti per evidenziare come l’EMDR rappresenta una delle terapie più rispondenti alle nuove evidenze scientifiche ed alle esigenze di una scienza integrata della salute. Tre gli elementi salienti offerti dalla ricerca: 1. La vita ha plasmato nel percorso evolutivo strutture altamente integrate, descrivibili come sistemi complessi a rete in retroazione continua con il contesto. In particolare i sistemi nervoso, endocrino ed immunitario costituiscono nel network psicocorporeo un “super-sistema” di relazione e regolazione in grado di assicurare gli equilibri adattativi incorporando l’esperienza e gestendo la dinamica mantenimento-cambiamento (“regolazione allostatica”). Quindi l’organismo non è una macchina fatta di parti autonome tra loro assemblate, ma una realtà che parte dall’unità (zigote) e mantiene tale carattere unitario in tutte le sue articolazioni. 2. Lo stress non è qualcosa di per sé eccezionale e patologico, deve invece essere visto – all’opposto – come l’espressione di un insieme di processi (un sistema) che modulano la regolazione individuo-contesto a fini adattativi. In sostanza il sistema dello stress è sempre attivo e solo in situazioni di eccesso o di carenza (acute o croniche) produce effetti progressivamente dannosi per l’individuo. Le attività legate allo stress producono un “carico allostatico” (peso biologico, energetico) che – in relazione a fattori soggettivi ed esterni – può divenire “sovraccarico” innescando una catena di successive alterazioni nel funzionamento dell’organismo. Parallelamente vi è un “carico” ed un “sovraccarico psicologico” legati al primo da processi circolari. 3. Nel network corporeo e nel sistema dello stress, ovvero nei processi di regolazione generale interni e individuo-contesto, la mente svolge un ruolo cruciale di modulazione come dimensione nella quale i segnali (interni ed esterni) vengono trasformati in informazioni (assegnazione di significati) in base ai percorsi ed alle esigenze individuali di adattamento. La mente rappresenta così la più alta espressione dell’evoluzione della vita e delle sue strategie adattative e ciò spiega il suo ruolo rispetto al funzionamento complessivo dell’organismo. Le recenti acquisizioni delle neuroscienze hanno mostrato l’interdipendenza tra attività psichica, espressione genica e plasticità cerebrale che rende possibile il ruolo della mente. Il sovraccarico allostatico e psicologico legati allo stress dipendono in gran parte dall’attività mentale e costituiscono il principale fattore di rischio per la salute nelle società occidentali, antecedenti accertati delle patologie più diffuse. Se guardiamo a quanto detto sinora nell’ottica dello sviluppo individuale (fase intrauterina, processi di attaccamento, eventi significativi successivi) possiamo avere una idea di come mente, corpo e contesto interagiscono nella strutturazione dell’individuo ed il ruolo condizionante e de-strutturante delle situazioni e degli eventi che provocano una alterazione da stress. Le ricerche sul rapporto tra stress e sviluppo psicobiologico, tra modalità di attaccamento, strutturazione dei circuiti cerebrali, o tra queste e salute, confermano tali assunti (Lazzari, 2007). Venendo più da vicino all’EMDR, gli studi sulla psicobiologica del PTSD stanno mostrando che siamo di fronte sostanzialmente ad una manifestazione (particolarmente complessa ed accentuata) degli effetti dello stress sul network psicocorporeo (Iribarren et al., 2005). La ricerca sul PTSD (e gli altri disturbi da stress del DSM) deve incrociare necessariamente i filoni di studio sopra richiamati ed utilizzare la cornice concettuale che ne scaturisce. Gli effetti psicobiologici dello stress estremo e del trauma vanno inquadrati nell’ambito delle interazioni mente-corpo e della regolazione allostatica (carico vs sovraccarico allostatico). A nostro avviso, al di là degli specifici effetti sul SNC, l’EMDR si è mostrata efficace nel PTSD in relazione alla sua caratteristica generale di ricercare ed utilizzare come “target” non singoli aspetti di una esperienza, bensì l’esperienza nei suoi diversi aspetti: cognitivi, emotivi, fisiologici e relazionali. Il lavoro dell’EMR va a recuperare una integrazione perduta e lavora su questa. Si deve tenere presente infatti che, in via generale e preminente, lo stress compromette i livelli di integrazione, coerenza e flessibilità del sistema: lo stress cronico per processi progressivi di disregolazione, quello acuto per “rotture”, blocchi e sconnessioni. Pertanto l’elaborazione dell’informazione (e delle conseguenze) legata ad eventi e situazioni stressanti passa attraverso una re-integrazione di tutti gli aspetti psicobiologici correlati per giungere ad una ristrutturazione. Il livello di “penetrazione” (efficacia) di un approccio terapeutico è molto legato alla sua omogeneità con la realtà su cui interviene,cioè al fatto di parlare lo stesso linguaggio. E questo è un punto di forza notevole per l’EMDR. I dati disponibili sono coerenti con quanto enunciato: l’EMDR modifica i parametri fisiologici riducendo ed annullando l’attivazione da stress, spostando la bilancia dall’inibizione simpatica all’attivazione parasimpatica (Sack et al. 2007) e risulta associata l’abbassamento dell’arousal fisiologico, cioè con pattern di attività regolari e trofiche (Sack et al. 2008), mostrando similarità con quanto accade durante il sonno REM (Elofsson et al., 2008). L’EMDR incide altresì su disturbi fisici legati al sistema dello stress, come ad esempio hanno mostrato ricerche su patologie dermatologiche (Gupta, 2002).

In recent years, EMDR has established itself as the treatment of evidence in the most classical and most serious of disorders directly related to stress, that is, PTSD (Bisson & Andrew, 2007) and were highlighted its effects on the CNS. Despite this and its progressive use in a wide variety of situations are still few reflections from the perspective sull'EMDR mind-body integration, in particular using data provided by the search of PNEI. In this work we will focus on some of these issues to highlight how EMDR is one of the therapies are more responsive to new scientific evidence and the needs of an integrated science of health. Three main elements of research are: 1. Life has shaped the evolutionary highly integrated structures, we describe how systems complex feedback network continues with the context. In particular, the nervous, endocrine immune network and provide psycho in a "super-system" of relationship and adjustment able to ensure the balance incorporating adaptive expertise and managing the dynamic maintenance-change ( "regulation allostatica"). Then the body is a machine made of autonomous parts, assembled together, but a reality that leaves the unit (zygote) and maintains that unitary in all its joints. 2. Stress is not something in itself exceptional and pathological, but must be seen - in contrast -- as the expression of a set of processes (a system) that modulate the individual-regulation framework for adaptive. In essence, the system of stress is always on and only in situations of excess or deficiency (acute or chronic) effects progressively damaging to the individual. The Stress-related activity produces a "load allostatico" (weight biological energy) that -- relation to subjective factors and external - can become "overloaded" by triggering a chain of subsequent alterations in the functioning of the organism. In parallel there is a "load" and a "Overload psychological" processes related to the first round. 3. In the network system and body of stress, or in the process of setting general internal and individual-context, the mind plays a crucial role as a dimension of modulation in which signals (internal and external) are transformed into information (assigning meanings) depending on the paths and individual needs of adaptation. The mind is so the highest expression of the evolution of life and its adaptive strategies, which explains its role in relation to the overall functioning of the organism. The recent acquisitions of neuroscience have shown the interdependence of psychic activity, gene expression and plasticity brain that makes the role of the mind. Overload allostatico and psychological stress-related depend in large part by activism mental and constitute the main risk factor for health in Western societies, antecedents established disease spreading. If we look to the foregoing view of personal development (stage intrauterine attachment process, significant events later) we can have an idea of how mind, body and environment interact in the structuring the individual and the role conditioning and de-structuring of situations and events that cause an alteration by stress. Research on the relationship between stress and psychobiological development, including mode of attachment, structure of brain circuits, or between them and health, confirmation of these given (Lazzari, 2007). Coming closer all'EMDR, psychobiological studies of PTSD are showing that we are dealing essentially an event (especially complex and pronounced) the effects of stress on the network psycho (Iribarren et al., 2005). Research on PTSD (and other stress disorders DSM) must necessarily cross the strands study mentioned above and use the conceptual framework that arises. Psychobiological effects of extreme stress and trauma should be classified within mind-body interactions and regulation allostatica (load vs. overload allostatico). In our view, beyond the specific effects on the CNS, EMDR has been shown effective in PTSD in connection with his characteristic broad research and use as a "target" rather than individual aspects of an experience, but experience in its different aspects: cognitive, emotional, physiological and relational. Work dell'EMR goes to retrieve a lost and working on this integration. It should be remembered that, in general, and prominent, stress affects the levels of integration, consistency and flexibility of the system: chronic stress for progressive process of dysregulation, the acute "broken", blocks and disconnections. Therefore processing information (and consequences) related to events and stressful situations through a re-integration of all aspects related to psychobiological reach a restructuring. The level of "penetration" (effectiveness) of a therapeutic approach is very attached to his homogeneity with the reality on which it operates, namely the fact of speaking the same language. And this is a great asset for EMDR. The available data are consistent with the statement: EMDR change physiological parameters reducing and canceling the activation by stress, shifting the balance from the inhibition nice parasympathetic activation (Sack et al. 2007) and is associated with lowering dell'arousal physiological, ie regular patterns of activity and trophic (Sack et al. 2008), showing similarities with what happens during REM sleep (Elofsson et al., 2008). EMDR also impacts on physical ailments related to the system of stress, such as have Show searches on dermatological (Gupta, 2002).

Keywords: Body-Mind Interaction PNEI

Accuracy Verified: Yes

244. Gambuzza, C. (2008, Novembre). L'EMDR in un trauma complesso di PN-PTSD e abuso [EMDR in a complex PN-PTSD trauma and abuse]. Poster presentato al Applicazioni Cliniche dell'EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Propongo il caso di S. perché il PN-PTSD è poco diagnosticato e perché, attraverso una variante tecnica al floatback, il floatback-floatforward sulla timeline, sono riuscita ad aggirare la dissociazione post traumatica, a identificare i vari alter dissociati e a integrarli nella persona con l’uso del protocollo standard dell’EMDR. A sedici anni S. fu portata in studio dai genitori che l’avevano sorpresa a inalare i fumi dell’eroina; oggi ha diciotto anni e non si droga più da quel giorno. Guardandole le braccia piene di cicatrici mi resi conto che S. ricorreva alla pratica dell’autolesionismo, ma i genitori non se ne accorgevano. Qual era il segreto custodito gelosamente dalla famiglia? La storia di S. si articola intorno a due traumi: il PN-PTSD e l’abuso. Dal trauma perinatale e dalla percezione in utero degli stati emotivi depressivi della madre sono scaturiti disturbi nell’attaccamento e, per la mancanza di mirroring e di sintonizzazione affettiva, sono falliti i processi d’internalizzazione che portano all’identità. S. era consapevole del trauma dell’abbandono ma non dell’abuso, che definiva come un “pozzo nero impenetrabile”. Per affrontare il trauma che minacciava la sopravvivenza, S. faceva ricorso in maniera invasiva a un meccanismo di coping: la dissociazione dell’oggetto e del Sé. Mettere in un alter l’abuso consentiva a S. di mantenere l’attaccamento ai membri della propria famiglia che avevano abusato di lei o attivamente, o passivamente con la complicità del silenzio. Usando la scala Des non ho riscontrato risultati significativi sulla dissociazione, invece con la SCID-LIST ho rilevato valori alti. L’autolesionismo può rappresentare l’odio per il corpo che ha subito l’abuso senza ribellarsi, o, come dice S., “un modo per punirsi della colpa di esistere o di infliggersi una sofferenza fisica per coprire l’angoscia di morte”. L’EMDR ha rappresentato la sfida.

Propose the case of S. because the PN-PTSD is poorly diagnosed and because, through a variant technique to floatback the floatback-floatforward on the timeline, I managed to circumvent the Post traumatic dissociation, to identify the various alter-differentiated and integrate them in person using the standard EMDR protocol. At sixteen, S. was brought to the study by parents who had found to inhale the fumes of heroin; Today is eighteen years and not more drugs that day. Looking at the arms full of scars I realized that St. resorted to the practice of self, but the parents did not noticed. What was the secret guarded jealously by the family? The story of St. focuses on two traumas: the PN-PTSD and abuse. Since perinatal trauma and perception of emotional states of depression in the uterus of the mother are resulting in attachment disorders and the lack of mirroring and affective attunement, failed processes of internalization that lead to identity. S. was aware of the trauma of abandonment but not the abuse, which defined as a "well impenetrable black. To deal with the trauma that threatened the survival, S. was used in an invasive manner coping mechanism: the dissociation of object and self. Putting an alter abuse allowed S. to maintain the attachment to family members who had abused her or actively, or passively with the complicity of silence. Using the scale Des I have not found significant results on the dissociation, but with the SCID-LIST I observed high values. The SIB may represent the hatred of the body that has suffered abuse without rebelling, or, as Saint, "a way to punish a fault to exist or to inflict physical pain cover the anguish of death." EMDR has been the challenge.

Keywords: Complex PTSD Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

245. Puliatti, M. (2008, Novembre). L'EMDR nel trattamento del dolore uro-genitale [EMDR in the treatment of uro-genital pain]. Presentazione le Applicazioni Cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
La rilevazione di disturbi uro-ginecologici è in costante crescita, è ciò probabilmente a causa della maggiore attenzione che i clinici dimostrano nei confronti di disturbi variegatati, a volte quasi impalpabili, ma che possono anche dimostrarsi invalidanti. Oltre al vaginismo e alla dispareunia, ben noti nella letteratura scientifica da decenni, crescente interesse stanno dimostrando disturbi come la cistite interstiziale, il dolore pelvico e la vulvodinia. Complessivamente considerati, la componente psicosomatica di tali disturbi viene abbondantemente confermata dalla letteratura. A prescindere dagli approcci più chiaramente monolaterali e riduttivi, si nota nella letteratura un interesse consolidato per una terapia che sia per definizione integrata: ginecologica/riabilitativa, psicoeducazionale, sessuologica e psicoterapeutica. L’EMDR si propone in questo ambito clinico come uno strumento di straordinaria versatilità, potendo infatti intervenire sia a livello delle cause remote (eventi stressanti/traumatici, educazione sessuale distorta, etc.), che delle contingenze attuali che mantengono o peggiorano la sintomatologia, offrendo inoltre la possibilità di intervenire direttamente sia sul dolore inteso come sintomo, che sugli scenari futuri connotati negativamente dalla paziente, che frequentemente sono connessi alla percezione del dolore stesso. Infine, si rivela di particolare utilità nel caso in cui il dolore sia correlato a difficoltà relazionali caratterizzate da scarsa assertività. Nell’ambito del Workshop verranno approfondite le seguenti tematiche: • Diagnosi differenziale tra i differenti tipi di dolore uro-ginecologico. • Valutazione dell’eziologia multifattoriale: cause biologiche, psicosessuali, relazionali e presenza di eventi traumatici. • Ruolo dell’abuso sessuale. • Meccanismi psicofisiologici nell’insorgenza dei disturbi: il ruolo della tensione muscolare. • Caratteristiche psicologiche della donna che presenta dolore uro-ginecologico. • Strumenti di screening psicodiagnostico. • Cenni sulle principali strategie di valutazione e di intervento uro-ginecologiche e farmacologiche • Pianificazione e fasi del trattamento con l’EMDR, e loro integrazione con differenti approcci psicoterapeutici: aree di indagine, aspetti psicoeducazionali, tecniche sessuologiche specifiche, target caratteristici, l’utilizzo dell’EMDR nelle differenti fasi del trattamento.

The detection of uro-gynecological disorders is growing, this is probably due to the increased attention that clinicians demonstrate against variegatati disorders, sometimes almost intangible, but can also prove crippling. In addition to vaginismus and dyspareunia, well known in the scientific literature for decades, are showing increasing interest in disorders such as interstitial cystitis, pelvic pain and vulvodynia. Overall, the psychosomatic component of these disorders is abundantly confirmed by the literature. Apart from unilateral and reductionist approaches more clearly, there is a vested interest in literature for a treatment that is by definition integrated: gynecological / rehabilitation, psycho-educational, sexology and psychotherapy. EMDR is proposed in this clinical setting as an instrument of extraordinary versatility, allowing it to intervene at the level of remote causes (stressful events / trauma, distorted sex education, etc..) That the current quotas that maintain or worsen the symptoms, offering the possibility to intervene directly understood as a symptom is pain, which adversely on future scenarios of patient characteristics, which are frequently associated with pain perception itself. Finally, it proves particularly useful in cases where the pain is related to interpersonal difficulties characterized by lack of assertiveness. As part of the workshop will examine the following issues: • Differential diagnosis between different types of pain, uro-gynecology. • Evaluation multifactorial etiology: biological, psychosexual, relationship and presence of traumatic events. • Role of sexual abuse. • psychophysiological mechanisms in the onset of the disorder: the role of muscle tension. • Psychological characteristics of women with uro-gynecological pain. • psycho-diagnostic screening tools. • Work on the main strategies for assessment and intervention uro-gynecological and pharmacological • Planning and stages of treatment with EMDR, and their integration with different psychotherapeutic approaches: areas of inquiry, psychoeducational aspects, technical sexological specific target features, using EMDR in different stages of treatment.

Keywords: Urogenital Pain

Accuracy Verified: Yes

246. Ventura, M. (2006). La desensibilización y el reprocesamiento por medio de movimientos oculares [EMDR] en el tratamiento del trauma emocional [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing EMDR for the treatment of emotional trauma]. Psicología Conductual Revista Internacional de Psicología Clínica de la Salud, 14(3), 387-400.

Language: Spanish

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Eye Movement desensibilización y reprocesamiento [EMDR] fue desarrollado originalmente para el tratamiento de recuerdos traumáticos. Este procedimiento incluye la exposición imaginación, el reprocesamiento cognitivo y estimulación bilateral inicialmente decidió considerando inducida por los movimientos oculares. El procedimiento consta de ocho fases, en busca de la desensibilización del impacto emocional y cognitivo de reprocesamiento de recuerdos y pensamientos inquietantes desarrollado tras un traumatismo. Aunque hay muchos estudios que apoyan su eficacia, se conoce muy poco sobre los mecanismos subyacentes. EMDR es una de las técnicas reconocidas por la American Psychological Association [APA] como eficaz para el tratamiento del trastorno por estrés postraumático [TEPT] y algunos estudios han demostrado su eficacia en el tratamiento de otros problemas de salud mental. (Registro de bases de datos PsycINFO (c) 2008 APA, todos los derechos reservados)

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing [EMDR] was originally developed to treat traumatic memories. This procedure includes imagination exposure, cognitive reprocessing and bilateral stimulation initially decided by considering induced eye movements. The procedure consists of eight phases, looking for desensitization of the emotional impact and cognitive reprocessing of disturbing memories and thoughts developed after trauma. Although there are many studies supporting its effectiveness, very little is known about the underlying mechanisms. EMDR is one of the techniques recognized by the American Psychological Association [APA] as effective for treating posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] and some studies have proved its effectiveness in the treatment of other mental health problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Cognitive Processes Cognitive Reprocessing Emotional Trauma Eye Movements Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trauma Traumatic Memories

Accuracy Verified: Yes

247. Capezzani, L. (2010, Novembre). La psicotraumatologia oncologica,Fondamenti, clinica, ricerca, strumenti di intervendo (EMDR), processi di umanizzazione e trasversalità delle aree di supporto alla persona [The psychotraumatology cancer,Foundations, clinical, research, tools intervening (EMDR), and transverse processes of humanization of the areas of support to the person]. Presentazione al "Convegno La psicotraumatologia Oncologica, Roma, Italia .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Recentemente presso l’IRE-ISG di Roma è stata fondata l’Area di Supporto alla Persona la cui mission è tentare di rispondere alle più attuali linee strategiche dei processi di umanizzazione che vogliono riconoscere e soddisfare i bisogni dei pazienti oncologici secondo la definizione che essi medesimi ne danno. A tale scopo l’area si articola in 5 sottoaree, quella dell’Accoglienza e della Preospedalizzazione, quella di Prossimità, quella Clinica, quella della Formazione al personale sanitario e quella della Emergenza Urgenza e della Psicotraumatologia Oncologica. Rispetto alle altre quattro aree quella dell’Emergenza Urgenza e della Psicotraumatologia Oncologica rappresenta l’elemento di novità proponendosi sia come servizio sia come modello di intervento complementare a quello psicooncologico già preesistente. Obbiettivo di questa relazione è: a. presentare i fondamenti teoretici e clinici che sostengono l’area, b. presentare le linee di ricerca che ne mostrano la portata euristica e terapeutica in ambito psicooncologico, c. indicare gli organi funzionali dell’area, articolata in un servizio di emrgenza/urgenza 24/24h che interviene sulla crisi ed in un servizio terapeutico orientato prevalentemente ai disturbi post-traumatici da stress acuti e cronici correlati all’evoluzione della malattia oncologica e ai suoi processi di guarigione, d. presentare gli strumenti terapeutici di cui si avvale, in particolare intervento psicoterapico con EMDR, e le tecniche sensorimotorie e. mostrare la trasversalità funzionale dell’area dell’Emergenza Urgenza e della Psicotraumatologia Oncologica rispetto alla altre quattro sottoaree secondo quei medesimi processi di umanizzazione che mettono la “persona prima di tutto”.

Recently at the IRE-ISG of Rome was founded areas with additional support to the Person whose mission is groped to respond to the most current strategic processes of humanization who want to recognize and meet the needs of cancer patients according to the definition that they they give themselves. For this purpose, the area is divided into 5 sub-areas, and that of welcoming Preospedalizzazione, that of Proximity, the Clinic, that of training the medical staff and that of Urgency and Emergency Psychotraumatology Oncology. Compared to the other four areas that Urgency and Emergency Psychotraumatology Oncology is the new element is presenting itself as a service and as a model of intervention complementary to the already existing psicooncologico. The objective of this report is: a. present the theoretical foundations and supporting the clinical area, b. present the research lines that show the flow heuristic and therapeutic in scope psicooncologico, c. indicate the functional organs of the area, divided into a service Hazard warning / urgent 24/24h who spoke on the crisis and in a therapeutic service oriented mainly to the symptoms of post-traumatic stress related to the evolution of acute and chronic oncologic disease and its healing processes, d. present the therapeutic tools that it uses, in particular psychotherapeutic intervention with EMDR, sensorimotor and techniques and. show the cross-functional area Urgency and Emergency Psychotraumatology Oncology compared to the other four sub-areas according to those same processes of humanization that put the "person first of all."

Keywords: Psychotraumatology Cancer

Accuracy Verified: Yes

248. Haour, F., & Servan-Schreiber, D. (2009). Les bases neuroscientifiques de l’EMDR [Neuroscientific bases of EMDR]. In J. Cottraux (Ed.), TCC et Neurosciences (pp.187-202). Issy-les-Moulineaux: Elsevier Masson.

Language: French

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
France Haour et David Servan-Schreiber présentent avec clarté la désensibilisation par les mouvements oculaires et le retraitement de l’information (EMDR), ainsi que les études qui ont été effectuées par des méthodes neuroscientifiques pour tester ces processus. Plusieurs points restent néanmoins en suspens. Effectivement, l’EMDR est d’efficacité démontrée dans le stress post-traumatique, et les traumatismes plus légers, mais il n’y a pas de données dures pour le valider dans d’autres indications. De plus, son processus, comme il est souligné dans le chapitre, demeure controversé. Il ne faudrait pas oublier qu’un EMDR sans mouvements oculaires aboutit à de résultats identiques à ceux d’un EMDR avec mouvements oculaires, dans la méta-analyse de Davidson et Parker (2001), qui inclut 13 études comparant ces deux conditions. Cinq méta-analyses ne retrouvent pas de différence d’efficacité entre TCC et EMDR. Ces faits expérimentaux ont amené aussi bien l’Association psychiatrique américaine (2004) que le rapport INSERM (2004) à classer l’EMDR dans les TCC, dont il représente une variante technique, sans véritable discontinuité. Par ailleurs, l’analogie souvent faite entre EMDR et la phase REM (phase paradoxale du sommeil correspondant au rêve et à des mouvements oculaires rapides) n’est qu’une hypothèse et ne repose pas à ce jour sur des données scientifiques. Enfin, toutes les thérapies d’exposition utilisent des distracteurs (relaxation, images mentales de sécurité, pensées positives) pour faciliter l’accès aux émotions liées au traumatisme. L’hypnose, qui a montré son efficacité dans le stress post-traumatique lors d’une seule étude contrôlée (Brom, 1989), elle aussi, se sert de mouvements oculaires, pour capter l’attention. Ainsi faisait son ancêtre, Franz Anton Mesmer, comme le montre le rapport établi en 1784 par la commission royale sur le magnétisme animal (Darnton, 1995). Quoi qu’il en soit, l’EMDR propose un protocole utile, robuste et aisé à enseigner et à appliquer.

France Haour and David Servan-Schreiber present with clarity desensitization Eye Movement and reprocessing of information (EMDR) and studies that have been conducted by neuroscientists methods to test these processes. Several points are still open. Indeed, EMDR is proven efficacy in post-traumatic stress, and lighter injuries, but there is no hard data to validate in other indications. In addition, its process, as outlined in the chapter remains controversial. We should not forget that EMDR without eye movements leads to results identical to those of EMDR with eye movements in the meta-analysis of Davidson and Parker (2001), which includes 13 studies comparing these two conditions. Five meta-analyzes found no difference in efficacy between CBT and EMDR. These experimental facts led both the American Psychiatric Association (2004) report that the INSERM (2004) to classify EMDR in CBT, which is a variant technique, no real discontinuity. Moreover, the analogy often made between EMDR and REM sleep (REM sleep corresponding dreams and rapid eye movement) is only a hypothesis and not based so far on scientific data. Finally, all therapies exposure using distractors (relaxation, mental imagery security positive thoughts) to facilitate access to the emotions related to the trauma. Hypnosis, which has shown its effectiveness in post-traumatic stress in one controlled study (Brom, 1989), it also uses movements eye for attention. So was his ancestor, Franz Anton Mesmer, as shown in the report prepared in 1784 by the Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism (Darnton, 1995). Anyway, EMDR offers a useful protocol, robust and easy to teach and apply.

Keywords: Neuroscience Neuroscientific Bases

Accuracy Verified: Yes

249. Bergmann, U. (2011). Les mécanismes d'action neurobiologiques de l'EMDR: Un aperçu de 20 ans de recherche [The neurobiological mechanisms of action of EMDR: An overview of 20 years of research]. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(2), 23E-45E. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.2.E23.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Historiquement, les mécanismes d’action se sont souvent avérés difficiles à identifier. Les mécanismes d’action sous-jacents de l’EMDR échappent encore aujourd’hui aux tentatives de découverte définitive. Nous examinons les études neurobiologiques de l’EMDR ainsi que les modèles spéculatifs théoriques qui ont été proposés à ce jour. Les modèles théoriques spéculatifs sont analysés dans une perspective historique en vue d’illustrer leur évolution en termes de complexité et de spécificité neurobiologique. Les études neurobiologiques de l’EMDR sont également analysées en fonction de leur objet d’investigation et classées selon les données obtenues avant et après la thérapie EMDR (études de neuroimagerie et psychophysiologiques) et selon les données recueillies pendant les séries de stimulations bilatérales alternées en EMDR (études psychophysiologiques, de neuroimagerie et de qEEG).

Historically, the mechanisms of action have often proved difficult to identify. Mechanism actions underlying EMDR still escape the attempts of discovery final. We examine the neurobiological study of EMDR and theoretical speculative models that have been proposed to date. Theoretical models are discussed in a speculative perspective history to illustrate their evolution in terms of complexity and specificity neurobiological. The neurobiological studies of EMDR are also analyzed according to their subject of investigation and classified according to the data obtained before and after EMDR (neuroimaging studies and psychophysiological) and based on data collected during a series of bilateral stimulation alternating in EMDR (psychophysiological studies, neuroimaging and QEEG).

Keywords: Neural Mechanisms Neurobiological Research Speculation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

250. Leeds, A. M. (1998). Lifting the burden of shame: Using EMDR resource installation to resolve a therapeutic impasse. In P. Manfield (Ed.), Extending EMDR: A casebook of innovative applications, (1st ed.) (pp. 256-281). New York: W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
With Meredith, what had seemed an insurmountable impasse using a standard PTSD protocol had become amenable to significant resolution when addressed with a non-standard protocol. The key to this approach was to install multiple positive resources without deliberately activating the distressing emotions and associations of a specific, disturbing memory or current stimuli. I have coined the phrase "EMDR resource installation" to describe this protocol. I have since used this approach with other challenging clients who have childhood histories of significant failures of attachment with their primary caregivers. In these cases, their histories and current functioning led me to conclude that their capacity for self-soothing and affect modulation was not yet developed to the point where they could tolerate directly targeting distressing memories using the standard EMDR protocol. [Text, pp. 276-277]

Keywords: Adults Case Report Child Abuse Defense Mechanisms Diseases Females Neglect Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

251. Silver, S. M., & Rogers, S. (2002). Light in the heart of darkness: EMDR and the treatment of war and terrorism survivors (1st ed.). New York: Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
Notes that the effects of war and terrorism can be long-lasting and discreet, emerging years later in different forms of psychological and physical strain in the body. In this work, the authors uncover how developments in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) can be successfully applied to the treatment of war and terrorism trauma. They address issues confronted by all clinicians attempting to respond to this particular type of trauma--the psychological aftermath of man's inhumanity to man. The authors focus on the application of EMDR to clients' traumatic experiences, covering a wide range of traumatic settings and survivors from school violence to "near-war" experiences, refugees, combat soldiers, children, and emergency service workers. They provide a review of the research on the use of EMDR, specific case studies to demonstrate their results as well as general suggestions for integrating EMDR into the therapeutic process. It is stated that this book can be used as a general reference for all practitioners looking to broaden their understanding and care of trauma patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Psychotherapeutic Processes Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Terrorism Veterans War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

252. Knipe J. (2008). Loving eyes: Procedures to therapeutically reverse dissociative processes while preserving emotional safety. In C. Forgash and M. Copeley, (Eds.) Healing the heart of trauma and dissociation with EMDR and ego state therapy (pp. 181-225). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Dual attention (simultaneous awareness of both the disturbing material and a neutral or safe aspect of the present situation) is an essential element of the effectiveness of EMDR (Shapiro, 2001). That is, in EMDR therapy, the therapist assists the client in keeping "one foot in the present, one foot in the past." Metaphorically, "two feet in the past" would simply be emotionally reliving the trauma, and not therapeutic. For those clients with highly dissociated and intense affect, there is a danger with standard EMDR that uncontrolled emotion may intrude into consciousness in a way that undermines this important balance between present and past. In this chapter, several methods are described that seem to be useful in empowering clients with dissociated ego states to stay oriented to the present while processing unfinished disturbing memories. Specifically, these EMDR variations seem to enable the client to maintain the balance between emotional safety and the controlled emergence of unresolved affect, so as to avoid dissociative abreaction and make possible the healing and eventual integration of separate parts of the self. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved

Keywords: Dual Attention

Accuracy Verified: Yes

253. Mazzola, A., Calcagno, M. L., Goicochea, M. T., Pueyrredòn, H., Leston, J., & Salvat, F. (2010). L’EMDR dans le traitement de la douleur chronique [EMDR in the treatment of chronic pain]. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(3), E31-E44. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.3.E31.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
La douleur chronique peut réduire considérablement la qualité de vie, engendrant dépression, anxiété et troubles du sommeil ; elle peut déclencher des processus neuroplastiques qui infl uencent la régulation de la douleur. La présente étude examine le traitement EMDR ( Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing ) de 38 patients souffrant de douleur chronique, en 12 séances hebdomadaires de 90 minutes. Une batterie de questionnaires auto-administrés, portant sur la qualité de vie, l’intensité de la douleur et le niveau de dépression, a été complétée avant et après le traitement en vue d’une évaluation objective des résultats. L’Entretien clinique structuré du DSM a été administré lors du pré-traitement afi n d’identifi er les traits de personnalité des participants susceptibles d’infl uencer la perception de la douleur. Les patients ont manifesté une amélioration statistiquement signifi cative par rapport à leur état initial après 12 semaines de traitement EMDR. Nos résultats suggèrent que l’EMDR constitue un outil effi cace pour le traitement psychologique de la douleur chronique, conduisant à une diminution des sensations douloureuses, des affects négatifs en lien avec la douleur, et des niveaux d’anxiété et de dépression. Nous examinons les théories pouvant expliquer les mécanismes par lesquels l’EMDR produit ces effets. Les résultats sont cohérents avec la prémisse sous-jacente de l’EMDR selon laquelle les émotions ont un effet important sur la perception de la douleur.

Chronic pain can greatly reduce the quality of life, causing depression, anxiety and sleep disorders, and may trigger processes that influence neuroplastic regulation pain. This study examines the treatment EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) of 38 patients suffering from chronic pain, in 12 weekly sessions of 90 minutes. A battery of self-administered questionnaires on the quality of life, the intensity of the pain and depression level, was completed before and after treatment for assessment objective results. The Structured Clinical Interview of DSM was administered at pre-treatment to identify personality traits of participants likely to influence the perception of pain. Patients showed a statistically significant compared to baseline condition after 12 weeks of treatment EMDR. Our results suggest that EMDR is an effective tool cient for psychological treatment of chronic pain, leading to a loss of sensation painful, negative affect related to pain, and levels of anxiety and depression. We examine theories that explain the mechanisms by which EMDR produces these effects. The results are consistent with the underlying premise of EMDR that emotions have an effect important perception of pain.

Keywords: Chronic Pain Douleur Chronique Neuroplastic Processes Processus Neuroplastiques Regulation of Pain Régulation de la Douleur

Accuracy Verified: Yes

254. Masson, J. (2005). L’outil EMDR en alcoologie: Reflexions theoriques et cliniques [EMDR in alcoology: Theoretical and clinical reflections]. Psychotherapies, 25(2) 117-123. doi:10.3917/psys.052.0117..

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
La méthode EMDR, conçue et développée par Shapiro, est une psychothérapie qui, selon les études les plus récentes (Inserm, 2004), peut être efficace dans la résolution des troubles de stress post-traumatique (SSPT). Son auteur pense qu'il s'agit d'un traitement qui est en même temps, relationnelle, intrapsychique, cognitive, comportementale et corporelle. La thèse principale de cette approche est fondée sur l'idée que les souvenirs des expériences passées physiologique est la clé pour comprendre le comportement, la personnalité et le processus psychologique. objectif de cet article est de décrire cet outil thérapeutique en tenant compte des principaux aspects théoriques sous-jacents et à réfléchir sur son utilisation pour les alcooliques qui souffrent du SSPT. (Base de données PsycINFO Record (c) 2008 APA, tous droits réservés)

The EMDR method, conceived and developed by Shapiro, is a psychotherapy which, according to most recent studies (Inserm, 2004), can be effective in the resolution of post traumatic stress disorders (PTSD). Its author thinks of it as a therapy that is at the same time relational, intrapsychic, cognitive, behavioral and corporal. The main thesis of this approach is based on the idea that physiological memories of past experiences is the key to understanding behavior, personality and psychological process. This article's aim is to describe this therapeutic tool by considering the principal subjacent theoretical aspects and to reflect on its use for alcoholics suffering from PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Alcoholism Evaluation Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Psychotherapeutic Processes Psychotherapy Secondary Alcoholism Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

255. Solomon, R. M. (2010, Novembre). L’uso dell’ EMDR nel trattamento del dolore, del lutto e del dolore traumatico [The utilization of EMDR in the treatment of grief, mourning and traumatic grief]. Presentazione al "Convegno La psicotraumatologia Oncologica, Roma, Italia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Il dolore è uno di reazione ad una perdita e lutto è l'assimilazione e la sistemazione della perdita. Trauma può disabilitare la possibilità di far fronte, mettere in pericolo il funzionamento, compromettere la capacità di adattarsi, e aggiungere in modo significativo alla sofferenza del lutto. Trauma complica anche il lutto interferendo con i processi del lutto ha bisogno di passare attraverso per l'assimilazione e la sistemazione della perdita. Una perdita può essere così doloroso che l'accesso alle emozioni che richiedono attenzione è impedito e / o reti di memoria contenenti ricordi positivi della persona amata sono bloccate. Con l'elaborazione EMDR, non solo può essere lavorato attraverso le emozioni, ma le reti di memoria possono diventare accessibili e in grado di giocare un ruolo fondamentale nella sistemazione di perdita. I ricordi del defunto sono gli elementi costitutivi di una rappresentazione interna adattivo, servono come un ponte essenziale tra il mondo e con il mondo senza la persona amata. Questo workshop, attraverso lezioni e nastri di sessioni, si concentrerà su utilizzando l'EMDR nel trattamento del dolore e del lutto, con particolare attenzione sulla domanda di lutto traumatico.

Grief is one’s reaction to a loss and mourning is the assimilation and accommodation of the loss. Trauma can disable the ability to cope, impair functioning, compromise the ability to adapt, and add significantly to the mourner’s distress. Trauma also complicates mourning by interfering with the processes the mourner needs to go through for assimilation and accommodation of the loss. A loss can be so distressing that access to emotions requiring attention is prevented and/or memory networks containing positive memories of the loved one are blocked. With EMDR processing, not only can emotions be worked through, but memory networks can become accessible and capable of playing a vital role in accommodation of loss. Memories of the deceased are the building blocks of an adaptive inner representation; they serve as an essential bridge between the world with and the world without the loved one. This workshop , through lecture and tapes of sessions, will focus on utilizing EMDR in the treatment of grief and mourning, with special attention on the application to traumatic grief.

Keywords: Grief Mourning Traumatic Grief

Accuracy Verified: Yes

256. van der Kolk, B. A. (2006). Más allá de la cura por el diálogo: Experiencia somática, impront as subcorticales y tratamiento del trauma [Beyond dialogue cure: Somatic experience, subcortical imprints and the treatment of trauma]. Presentación en la Asociación EMDR España, Madrid.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
La investigación realizada en los laboratorios orientada a aclarar los procesos de la memoria en el hombre han mostrado de manera coherente que la memoria es un proceso activo y constructivo: la mente está reensamblando de manera constante las antiguas impresiones, agregándolas a la nueva información. Los recuerdos no son considerados como hechos precisos sino que son transformados en relatos que nos contamos a nosotros mismos y a los demás, con el fin de transmitir una narración coherente de nuestra experiencia en el mundo. En raras ocasiones genera nuestra mente imágenes, olores, sensaciones o acciones musculares precisas que reproduzcan exactamente experiencias previas. De hecho, los más renombrados investigadores de la memoria tales como Elizabeth Loftus, Dan Schachter y John Kihlstrom niegan de manera enfática que la mente sea capaz de reproducir de manera precisa las improntas de experiencias previas.

Research conducted in laboratories oriented to clarify the processes of memory in humans have consistently shown that memory is an active and constructive process: the mind is constantly reassembling the old prints, adding to the new information. The memories are not considered precise facts that are transformed into stories we tell ourselves and others, to convey a coherent narrative of our experience in the world. On rare occasions our mind creates images, smells, feelings or actions that reproduce exactly precise muscle experiences. In fact, the best known memory researchers such as Elizabeth Loftus, Dan Schachter and John Kihlstrom emphatically deny that the mind is able to accurately reproduce the imprints of past experiences.

Keywords: Neurobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

257. de Jongh, A., & ten Broeke, E. (2006, November). Masterclass EMDR. Presentatie aan de tweede congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Arnhem, The Netherlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
De uitvoering van EMDR kent zo zijn lastige kanten, bijvoorbeeld omdat het proces niet op gang lijkt te komen, of omdat het scherpstellen niet gemakkelijk gaat. In veel gevallen heeft dat te maken met een gebrek aan ervaring met de unieke dynamiek van EMDR als informatie-verwerkingsmethode, maar vaak ook ligt de oorzaak in het niet optimaal toepassen van het protocol. In deze bijeenkomst wordt een overzicht gegeven van - en uitleg gegeven over - veelvoorkomende EMDR ‘fouten’ en moeilijkheden. De deelnemers krijgen tips en instructies om geblokkeerd gewaande processen weer op te starten, ook bij complexe patiëntenpopulaties. Uitgebreid wordt ingegaan op het conceptualiseren van casus voor de toepassing van EMDR, onder andere aan de hand van video-opnamen. Van de deelnemers wordt gevraagd hun eigen vragen en problemen met de EMDR procedure in te brengen om van deze masterclass een levendige bijeenkomst te maken.

The implementation of EMDR knows its tough edges, such process will not start because it seems to be, or because the focus is not easy. In many cases, this has to do with a lack of experience with the unique dynamics of EMDR as an information processing method, but often the reason lies in not fully implement the protocol. In this session gives an overview of - and explanations are given - EMDR common 'mistakes' and difficulties. Participants receive tips and instructions for processes blocked supposed to restart, even in complex patient populations. Extensively discusses the conceptualization of case for the application of EMDR, including using video recordings. Participants are asked their own questions and problems with the EMDR procedure to bring this master of making a lively meeting.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

258. Egli-Bernd, H. (2009, October). MDR bei dissoziativen prozessen im rahmen von persönlichkeitsstörungen ; Zur Bedeutung der kognitionen im EMDR-prozess, Das „Dialog-Protokoll“ [EMDR in dissociative processes within the framework of Personality Disorders; On the importance of cognitions in EMDR process, The "dialogue protocol"] . EMDR Deutschland e.V. Rundbrief, 19, 20-34.

Language: German

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Spezifische Schwierigkeiten bei einer Gruppe von KlientInnen mit Persönlichkeitsstörungen bei der Wahl adäquater Kognitionen erfordern eine theoretische Auseinandersetzung mit der psychodynamischen Bedeutung der Kognitionen im EMDR-Protokoll. Die biographische Gemeinsamkeit dieser Patientengruppe ist der emotional-narzisstische Missbrauch in der Kindheit sowie Vernachlässigung durch primäre Bindungs- und Beziehungspersonen. Diese Lebenserfahrungen haben zur Folge, dass durch eine subtile Dissoziation (kindliche) Selbstteile entstehen, die emotional und kognitiv auf dasjenige Selbstbild fixiert sind, welches von den Bindungs- und Beziehungspartnern definiert und vom Kind verinnerlicht wurde. Das Ziel der Bearbeitung mit der EMDR-Methode ist in diesen Fällen nicht primär das anvisierte Ereignis, sondern dessen komplexe emotionale und kognitive Bedeutung für die Selbstwahrnehmung und -bewertung. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird vorgeschlagen, bei der EMDR-Bearbeitung dieser spezifischen Foki während der Bewertungsphase 3 sich der subtilen dissoziativen Struktur bewusst zu sein und sich ihrer, falls nötig, explizit zu bedienen. Dies geschieht durch die Fokussierung auf die gleichzeitige „Aktivierung“ zweier neuronaler Netzwerke (Selbstteile,) nämlich des „betroffenen (kindlichen) Selbst“ (Traumanetzwerk) und des erwachsenen „Gegenwarts-Selbst“ (Alltagsnetzwerk). Die Formulierung des schlimmsten Momentes (Bild), der Negativen Kognition sowie Affekt und Körperlokalisierung obliegen dem „betroffenen Selbst“, welches das zu bearbeitende verzerrte Selbstbild verinnerlicht hat. Die Positive Kognition hingegen soll vom „Gegenwarts-Selbst“ als eine dialogische, alternative Sichtweise aus der Gegenwartsperspektive formuliert und in den EMDR Prozess als direkte Anrede in der 2.Person Einzahl eingebracht werde n („du bist…“ etc.)

Specific difficulties in a group of clients with personality disorders in the choice of adequate cognition require a theoretical discussion of the psychodynamic significance of cognitions in EMDR protocol. The biography of this common group of patients is the emotional and narcissistic childhood abuse and neglect through primary attachment and relationship people. These life experiences have the effect that, due to a subtle dissociation (childish) Auto Parts, which are fixed to that of emotional and cognitive self-image, which was defined by the attachment and relationship partners and internalized by the child. The goal of treatment with the EMDR method in these cases is not primarily the targeted event, but the complex emotional and cognitive meaning for the self-perception and assessment. In this article it is proposed to be in the EMDR treatment of these specific foci during the evaluation phase 3 is aware of the subtle dissociative structure of her, if necessary, to use explicitly. This is done by focusing on the simultaneous "activation" of two neural networks (auto parts,) namely, the "concerned (children's) self" (Trauma Network) and the adult "present-self '(everyday network). The wording of the worst moment (picture), the negative cognition and affect and body localization is responsible for the "self-interested", which has internalized the distorted self-image to be processed. The positive cognition on the other hand will be the "present-self," formulated as a dialogical, alternative view from the present perspective, and placed in the EMDR process as a direct address to the 2nd person singular ("you are ..." etc.).

Keywords: Cognitions Dialogue Protcol Dissociation Personality Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

259. Dieffenbach, R. (2001). Medikamentöse behandlung und EMDR [Drug therapy and EMDR]. Institut fur Traumatherapie.

Language: German

Format: Other

Abstract:
Arzneimittel und Psychotherapie Medikamentengabe und psychotherapeutische Prozesse treffen sich an der Schnittstelle sehr unterschiedlicher Paradigmen. So ergeben die meisten Forschungen der unterschiedlichen psychotherapeutischen Prozesse, solange sie schulenübergreifend sind, dass die methodische Ausrichtung für den Erfolg einer psychotherapeutischen Behandlung relativ unerheblich ist. Lambert et al. (1986) sowie Miller et al. (1997) haben in Literaturübersichten über Therapieerfolgsforschung darauf hingewiesen, dass die erfolgsbeeinflussenden Faktoren für die Änderung in einer Therapie sich nur zu 15% auf Technik- und Modellfaktoren zurückführen lassen, mit gleicher Häufigkeit werden Plazebofaktoren aufgeführt, sehr viel wichtiger werden die Beziehungsfaktoren mit 30% und am wichtigsten werden die (außertherapeutischen) Klientenfaktoren mit 40% eingestuft.

Drug medication and psychotherapy and psychotherapeutic processes meet at the intersection of very different paradigms. So devoted, most research of different psychotherapeutic processes, as long as they are across the school that the methodological approach for the success of a psychotherapeutic treatment relatively insignificant. Lambert et al. (1986) and Miller et al. (1997), in literature reports on successful therapy research pointed out that the erfolgsbeeinflussenden factors allow for the change in therapy is attributed only to 15% on technique and model factors, with the same frequency can be placebo factors listed, much more important are the relationship factors with 30% and most importantly the (außertherapeutischen) client factors are classified with 40%.

Keywords: Drug Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

260. Brewin, C. (2005, June). Memory and identity in PTSD: Core processes underlying treatment efficacy. Plenary presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
PTSD appears to incorporate two quite separate sets of processes. One is concerned with specific reactions to extreme threat. The encoding of long-lasting image-based memories interferes with the encoding of verbal memories that are necessary to represent the trauma as a past event and inhibit the reliving of the trauma. The second set of processes is concerned with the challenge the trauma poses to the victim's identity. "Trauma processing" leaves original memory representations intact and involves the construction of alternative memories that are helped to compete more effectively for retrieval in the presence of reminders of the traumatic event.

Keywords: Identity Memory Plenary Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

261. Brewin, C. (2003, March). Memory, identity and post-traumatic stress disorder. Keynote at the 1st annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland Association, London, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Recent research indicates that the reactions to a traumatic event we know as PTSD are complicated because they may incorporate two quite separate sets of processes. One set of processes is concerned with specific reactions to extreme threat. The other set of processes is concerned with the challenge the trauma poses to the victim's beliefs and identity. These processes are not specific to trauma, hence the overlap between symptoms of PTSD and other disorders. Repeated exposure to threat will lead to the longer term establishment of identities that have lost much capacity for optimism, trust or intimacy. But even a single event which is merely upsetting for one person may fatally undermine the positive aspirations of another. Negative reactions to trauma go beyond thoughts and include impulses, imagined pictures, emotions, such as anger and shame, a feeling of being more than one person and a sense of disconnection from others. These individual responses are also highly varied and yet at the same time contain their own internal organisation, suggesting that a helpful framework for understanding them is the social psychological approach to identity involving multiple selves. Treating PTSD involves understanding how the survivor adapts to these twin challenges of memory and identity.

Keywords: Identity Memory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

262. Shapiro, F. (2010, March). Mente humana, psicoterapia y EMDR/Human mind, psychotherapy and EMDR. XVII Scientific Symposium "From Neurobiology to Nosology of Mental Disorders," Lilly Foundation, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Over the past decade, the rapid treatment effects of EMDR have provided neuro-physiological and clinical researchers with a “window into the brain.” In addition to the neurobiological changes, the rapid shifts in cognition, affect and somatic response reveal consistent patterns of internal associative processes. Systematic evaluation has also demonstrated that a wide variety of diagnoses are caused or exacerbated by unprocessed memories. Hence, EMDR treatment directly addresses the physiologically stored memory networks that underlie both psychological problems and mental health. A clinical tape will illustrate the findings, and the implications will be explored.

Keywords: Human Mind Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

263. Lee, C. W., & Cuijpers, P. (2012, November). A meta-analysis of the contribution of eye movements in processing emotional memories. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experiential Psychiatry, 44(2), 231-239. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.11.001.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background and Objectives: Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is now considered evidence based practice in the treatment of trauma symptoms. Yet in a previous meta-analysis, no significant effect was found for the eye movement component. However methodological issues with this study may have resulted in a type II error. The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine current published studies to test whether eye movements significantly affect the processing of distressing memories. Method: A systematic review of the literature revealed two groups of studies. The first group comprised 15 clinical trials and compared the effects of EMDR therapy with eye movements to those of EMDR without the eye movements. The second group comprised 11 laboratory trials that investigated the effects of eye movements while thinking of a distressing memory versus the same procedure without the eye movements in a non-therapy context. The total number of participants was 849. Results: The effect size for the additive effect of eye movements in EMDR treatment studies was moderate and significant (Cohen's d = 0.41). For the second group of laboratory studies the effect size was large and significant (d = 0.74). The strongest effect size difference was for vividness measures in the non-therapy studies (d = 0.91). The data indicated that treatment fidelity acted as a moderator variable on the effect of eye movements in the therapy studies. Conclusions: Results were discussed in terms of current theories that suggest the processes involved in EMDR are different from other exposure based therapies.

Keywords: Meta-Analysis Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

264. Zarghi, A., Zali1, A., & Tehranidost, M. (2013, February). Methodological aspects of cognitive rehabilitation with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Basic and Clincal Neuroscience, 4(1), 97-103.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A variety of nervous system components such as medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, basal ganglia, parietal, frontal and occipital lobes have role in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) processes. The eye movement is done simultaneously for attracting client's attention to an external stimulus while concentrating on a certain internal subject. Eye movement guided by therapist is the most common attention stimulus. The role of eye movement has been documented previously in relation with cognitive processing mechanisms. A series of systemic experiments have shown that the eyes’ spontaneous movement is associated with emotional and cognitive changes and results in decreased excitement, flexibility in attention, memory processing, and enhanced semantic recalling. Eye movement also decreases the memory's image clarity and the accompanying excitement. By using EMDR, we can reach some parts of memory which were inaccessible before and also emotionally intolerable. Various researches emphasize on the effectiveness of EMDR in treating and curing phobias, pains, and dependent personality disorders. Consequently, due to the involvement of multiple neural system components, this palliative method of treatment can also help to rehabilitate the neuro-cognitive system.

Keywords: Rehabilitation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

265. Binder, J. L. (2007, June). Mind or brain? Where does therapeutic change originate? A reaction to 'The reunion process: A new focus in short-term dynamic psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 44(2), 137-141. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.44.2.137.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In "The Reunion Process: A New Focus in Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy," by Dr. Sandler (see record 2007-09422-001), addresses posttreatment relapse by a new therapeutic strategy based on attachment theory and recent research findings concerning the neurobiology of memory. This strategy involves the discovery or creation of positive childhood maternal attachment memories as a method of overcoming the dominance of negative memories. Dr. Sandler makes assumptions about what can be achieved in short-term therapies, the pace of therapeutic change, as well as the role in treatment outcome of techniques versus therapist skill and relationship factors. These assumptions are not supported by psychotherapy research. While the attempt to use new discoveries from neurobiology to guide the development of therapeutic techniques is admirable, the author appears to engage in a fair amount of speculative theoretical reductionism in attempting to explain the eventually positive outcome of the case he presents. I offer a more parsimonious psychological explanation, which is consistent with the short-term dynamic psychotherapy theory of change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Attachment Attachment Behavior Brief Psychotherapy Early Memories Memory Theory Panic Disorder Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic Processes Relapse Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

266. Siegel, I. (2012, October). Mindful awareness and the role of resonance within EMDR protocol. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Arlington, VA .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop is experiential and informational, describing the use of tools of intuitive mindful skills and resonance within EMDR protocol. Theories and research will be presented reflecting the convergence of psychology, science, and spirituality. Relationship to brain integration and processing will be linked to tools of intuitive processes within expanded awareness and an interconnected field of energy and informational flow between therapist and client. Participants will identify internal feedback mechanisms through the use of guided imagery, leading to a nonlinear, moment to moment integrative therapy. Applications to the EMDR process and attachment issues will be discussed through case presentation.

Keywords: Mindful Awareness Protocol Resonance

Accuracy Verified: Yes

267. Glans, E., & Dahlberg, U. O. (2004). Minne efter påverkan, Bilateral stimulering och dess effekt på episodiskt minne [Memory after impact: Bilateral stimulation and its effect on episodic memory]. Umeå Universiter, Institutionen för psykologi Psykologprogrammet.

Language: Swedish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Ett kognitivt minnesexperiment med mellangruppsdesign genomfördes i syfte att undersöka auditiv bilateral stimulerings inverkan på episodiskt minne. Bakgrunden till studien var att många kliniska iakttagelser gjorts i den psykoterapeutiska behandlingsmetoden Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, (EMDR) angående den bilaterala stimuleringens effekt på minnesprocesser. Frågeställningen var: Har auditiv bilateral stimulering någon positiv effekt på det episodiska minnet? Ett randomiserat urval bestående av 110 universitetsstuderande försökspersoner (55 kvinnor och 55 män), jämnt fördelade över fem grupper, i åldrarna 19-46 år, deltog. Auditivt stimulus gavs i fyra av grupperna. Den beroende variabeln var episodiskt minnesprestation och mättes med hjälp av meningstest och ordtest. Någon generell effekt av bilateral stimulering på episodiskt minne kunde inte påvisas. Bilateralt stimuli vid inlärning visade dock på signifikanta resultat avseende minnesprestation i förhållande till de två grupper som erhöll bilateralt stimuli vid återgivning. Signifikans erhölls även avseende prestation i förhållande till försökspersonernas upplevelse av stimulus. Resultaten diskuterades utifrån försökspersonernas upplevelse av stimulus samt inflytande av arousal. Avsaknad av emotionella komponenter, som i förlängningen bidragit till skillnader i minnesprocessande, antogs vara huvudsaklig förklaring till utebliven positiv effekt av bilateral stimulering.

A cognitive memory experiment with between group design was conducted to investigate the auditory bilateral stimulation effect on the episode of animal memory. The background to study was that many clinical observations made in the psychotherapeutic treatment Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) regarding bilateral stimulation effect on memory processes. The issue was: Did auditory bilateral stimulation a positive effect on the episodic memory? A randomized sample of 110 university student volunteers (55 women and 55 males), evenly distributed over five groups, aged 19-46 years, participated. Audi TIVE stimulus was given in four groups. The dependent variable was episode-Semitic memory performance and measured with the help of meaningful test and ordtest. A general effect of bilateral stimulation of episode animal memory could not be demonstrated. Bilateral stimuli at learning, however, showed the significant results relating to memory performance in relation to the two groups who received bilateral stimulation at reproducing. Significance was obtained including performance in relation to the trial subject's experience of stimulus. The results are discussed from the trial subject's experience of stimulus and the influence of arousal. Lack of emotional components, which ultimately contributed to differences in memory processing, was adopted as the primary explanation for non - positive effect of bilateral stimulation.

Keywords: Auditory Bilateral Stimulation BLS Episodic Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

268. Aubert-Khalfa, S., & Roques, J. (2007, Juin). Modifications des résponses psychophysiologiques au stress chez les patients PTSD aprés une seule séance d'EMDR [Modifications of psychophysiologcal response to stress in PTSD patients after a single EMDR session]. Présentation à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Patients atteints de SSPT démontrer anormale des réponses psychophysiologiques aux événements stressants. Ce dérèglement automatique est donc l'une des mesures objectives de stress post-traumatique qui pourrait également être utilisé pour évaluer les effets traitement du SSPT. Étant donné que la thérapie EMDR semble être un traitement de choix pour les victimes de traumatismes, l'objectif de l'étude était de vérifier que les réponses psychophysiologiques au stress a diminué après une séance EMDR unique. Six patients atteints du SSPT ont été traités par un thérapeute EMDR. Tout d'abord, au niveau clinique, à la fin de la session, les six patients ont eu une réduction très nette de leur niveau de perturbation subjective (SUD), leurs scores SSPT diminué (évaluée par le PLC-S), et leur auto-évaluation ( COV) est devenue positive, confirmant des études antérieures sur l'efficacité de l'EMDR. Deuxièmement, leurs réponses psychophysiologiques (rythme cardiaque, la conductance de la peau, le rythme respiratoire et la température de la peau) pendant un état de détente et tout en visualisant leur propre événement traumatique ont été enregistrées avant et après la session de l'EMDR. Malgré un nombre restreint de patients, après une seule séance EMDR, les réponses physiologiques à l'évocation de l'événement traumatique a diminué de manière significative. Cela comprenait la conductance de la peau, la fréquence cardiaque et la température de la peau. Ces résultats de l'étude préliminaire de confirmer l'efficacité du traitement EMDR sur le SSPT de la première session. Ils mettent également en évidence les effets thérapie EMDR sur le système nerveux autonome. Les changements psychophysiologiques enregistrés peuvent faire partie de mécanismes sous-jacents de traitement EMDR. D'autres études, y compris ces mesures seront donc nécessaires pour tester l'hypothèse.

PTSD patients demonstrate abnormal psychophysiological responses to stressful events. This automatic dysregulation is thus one of the objective measures of PTSD which could also be used to assess therapy effects on PTSD. Given that the EMDR therapy appears to be a treatment of choice for trauma victims, the aim of the study was to verify that the psychophysiological responses to stress decreased after a single EMDR session. Six PTSD patients have been treated by an EMDR therapist. First, at the clinical level, at the end of the session, all six patients had a very clear reduction of their subjective disturbance level (SUD), their PTSD scores diminished (as assessed by PLC-S), and their self-assessments (VOC) became positive, confirming previous studies on EMDR’s efficacy. Second, their psychophysiological responses (heart rate, skin conductance, respiration rate, and skin temperature) during a relaxing state and while visualizing their own traumatic event were recorded before and after the EMDR session. Despite small number of patients, after only one EMDR session, physiological responses to the evocation of the traumatic event decreased significantly. This included skin conductance, heart rate and skin temperature. These preliminary study results confirm the EMDR treatment efficiency on PTSD from the first session. They also highlight the EMDR therapy effects on the autonomic nervous system. The psychophysiological changes recorded may be part of the mechanisms underlying EMDR treatment. Further studies including these measures will therefore be necessary to test the hypothesis.

Keywords: Immersion Stress Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiological Responses PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

269. Andonucci, H. (2004). The modifications of the EMDR protocol for sexually abused children. Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay. AAT 3133439.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
There is an increasing interest in using the procedures of EMDR with sexually abused children because of its effectiveness in treating PTSD and trauma in adults and children. Within the literature clinicians have reported modifications of the standard adult protocol originally developed by Shapiro in order to facilitate the therapy with children. To date, no study has investigated the actual modifications clinicians use when treating sexually abused children. A study was designed to elicit information about the actual use of such modifications from appropriately trained clinicians who work with sexually abused children 12 years and younger. A questionnaire was developed to obtain demographic information from therapists about their background and experience with abused children. An EMDR protocol modification survey was also created to elicit information about whether and how clinicians alter the standard EMDR protocol for use with abused children. Eight completed surveys were returned and the results of data analysis showed that clinicians do indeed modify the protocol as described and discussed. In particular, the results indicated the importance of modifications in the EMDR procedure for children and suggested important changes in the questionnaire that could be used for future data collection. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 65(5-B), 2004, pp. 2611.

Keywords: Child Abuse Empirical Study Psychotherapeutic Processes Qualitative Study Rape School Age Children Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

270. Perez-Marin, M., & Molero-Zafra, M. (2008, June). Narrative family therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and adoption: Fostering interactions in clinical settings [Intermediate workshop]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Narrative family therapy is the study of individuals, systems and the research on origins, development and transmission of values, as well as their meaning, and influence on social dynamics. Using tales we could symbolically represent an entity, both individual and collective, and express a personal identification, a family tie, a community link or a socially recognized status or personal worth. Externalisation, in narrative family therapy, is a process to “get out” from the person any element or quality that is transformed in some with entity. In psychotherapy, externalising is the use of language to convert problems that affect person or family on to independent entity. This transformation allows people to fight against them or to view them from a new perspective. Externalisation technique thorough the metaphoric use of tales as external representation of family entity and individual’s worth inside the family system is applied in adoption cases. The objective here is to create a link between the child history and the family history in order to cope with difficulties that children and families find after adoption. We use tales inside the symbolic techniques that permits families work together with meanings, individualism and cohesion within their members, and after adoption. We present some clinical cases with families that have adopted a child. During the treatment we have combined EMDR and narrative family therapy techniques in clinical interventions. Using them, we carried out an analysis of the therapeutic issues and benefices of EMDR and narrative therapy in these family processes.

Keywords: Adoption Narrative Family Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

271. Prado-Gasco, V. J., Perez-Marin, M., & Molero-Zafra, M. (2010, July). Narrative family therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and adoption: An intervention protocol. Poster presented at the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology, Melbourne, Australia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: From the model of Narrative family therapy we use tales that could symbolically represent in therapy settings a person or a legal entity, both individual and collective, and which expresses a personal identification, a family tie, a community link or a socially recognized status or personal worth. Externalisation, in narrative family therapy, is a process to “get out” from the person any element or quality that is transformed in some with entity (White, 1991; White y Epston, 1993). In psychotherapy, externalising is the use of language to convert problems that affect the person or family on to an independent entity. This transformation allows people to fight against them or to view them from a new perspective. Externalisation technique through the metaphoric use of tales as external representation of family entity and individual’s worth inside the family system is applied in children adoption cases. The objective here is not to fight against the external representation of the family. We use tales inside the symbolic techniques that permits families to work together with meanings, individualism and cohesion within their members, and after adoption. We present a therapeutic protocol that combined EMDR and narrative family therapy externalisation techniques. We expose in a format of clinical case report the therapeutic work with a family that have adopted a child who suffer of a simple phobia. Using the protocol we describe above we carried out an analysis of the therapeutic issues and benefices of EMDR and narrative therapy in these family processes. This protocol has been useful to manage the phobia symptoms and to improve the adoptive family identity and cohesion. The combined approach we describe could help adoptive families to understand and to interpret the meanings from the construction that family systems make of their own world and relieve psychological symptoms that children could present.

Keywords: Adoption Intervention Protocol Narrative Family Therapy Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

272. Staff. (2010, Juni). Neurobiologie van EMDR. Psychopraktijk, 2(3), 38. doi:10.1007/BF03089021.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing) wordt veelvuldig toegepast in de klinische praktijk. Hoewel er goede resultaten worden geboekt met deze behandeling, blijft voor veel mensen onduidelijk welke processen aan de werking van EMDR ten grondslag liggen. Dit geldt weliswaar voor de meeste medicamenteuze en ook psychologische interventies, maar maakt wel nieuwsgierig.

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is widely used in clinical practice. Although good results are achieved with this treatment, remains unclear which processes many of the effects of EMDR is based. This is true for most medical and psychological interventions, but is curious.

Keywords: Neuriobology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

273. Staff. (2010, June). Neurobiologie van EMDR [Neurobiology of EMDR]. Psychopraktijk, 2(3), 38. doi:10.1007/BF03089021.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing) wordt veelvuldig toegepast in de klinische praktijk. Hoewel er goede resultaten worden geboekt met deze behandeling, blijft voor veel mensen onduidelijk welke processen aan de werking van EMDR ten grondslag liggen. Dit geldt weliswaar voor de meeste medicamenteuze en ook psychologische interventies, maar maakt wel nieuwsgierig.

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing) is often used in clinical practice. Although good results are achieved with this treatment, for many people remains unclear what processes to the underlying effects of EMDR. This is true for most medical and psychological interventions, but is curious.

Keywords: Neurobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

274. Bergmann, U. (2008, September). The neurobiology of EMDR: Recent findings and insights. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Given that EMDR originated as an empirically driven method, there has persisted a need for a more defined theoretical and neurobiological model of EMDR’s reported robust effects. This presentation will synthesize the existing research on memory formation. Specific attention will be given to recent empirical findings, involving the thalamus in somatosensory integration and in episodic and procedural memory integration. This material will be integrated with previously posited theories regarding the cerebellum’s involvement in many aspects of information processing and activation processes of the frontal lobes and EMDR’s activation of the neurophysiology of REM-sleep systems.

Keywords: Neurobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

275. Bergmann, U. (2008). The neurobiology of EMDR: Exploring the thalamus and neural integration. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(4), 300-314. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.300.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Recent neuroimaging studies on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have revealed a consistent decrease in thalamic activity, relative to non-PTSD controls. Empirical studies of the past decade have shown the thalamus to be centrally involved in the integration of perceptual, somatosensory, memorial, and cognitive processes (thalamo-cortical-temporal binding). A theoretical model is proposed to suggest that one underlying mechanism of EMDR stimulation (dual-attention stimulation/bilateral stimulation [DAS/BLS] ) is thalamic activation, specifi cally of the ventrolateral and central-lateral nuclei. It is hypothesized that this may facilitate the repair and integration of somatosensory, memorial, cognitive, frontal lobe and synchronized hemispheric functions that are disrupted in PTSD.

Keywords: 40-Hz Gamma-Band Activity (GBA) Neural Oscillation Thalamo-Cortical-Temporal Binding Thalamus

Accuracy Verified: Yes

276. Bergmann, U. (2007, September). The neurobiology of EMDR: Recent findings and insights. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Dallas, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Clinical case reports and controlled research suggest that EMDR is equally and perhaps more efficacious than other methods in treating PTSD. However, as EMDR originated as an empirically driven method, there has persisted a need for a more defined theoretical and neurobiological model of EMDR’s reported robust effects. This presentation will synthesize the existing research on memory formation. Specific attention will be given to recent empirical findings, involving the thalamus in somatosensory integration and in episodic and procedural memory integration. This material will be integrated with previously posited theories regarding the cerebellum’s involvement in many aspects of information processing and activation processes of the frontal lobes and EMDR’s activation of the neurophysiology of REM-sleep systems.

Keywords: Neurobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

277. Bergmann, U. (2006, September). The neurobiology of EMDR: Thalamic, cerebellar and pontine/REM processes. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Clinical case reports and a growing body of controlled research suggest that EMDR is equally and perhaps more efficacious when cross-compared with other methods in treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. However, as EMDR was originally an empirically driven method, there has persisted a need for a more defined theoretical model, further scientific validation, and a neurobiological understanding of EMDR's reported robust effects. The possibility that EMDR can effectuate change on a neurobiological level has fueled speculation as to the neural-mechanisms that might underlie EMDR's effects. Brain scans and QEEG's are beginning to shed light on the alterations of brain function that EMDR appears to yield. This presentation will synthesize the existing research with theoretical speculation correlated with Francine Shapiro's model of the Adaptive Information Processing System. Specific attention will be given to recent empirical findings involving the thalamus in information processing and memory integration. This material will be integrated with previously posited theories regarding the cerebellum's involvement in many aspects of information processing and activation processes of the left prefrontal areas and EMDR's activation of the neurophysiology of REM-sleep systems. A neurobiological definition of EMDR serve to further legitimize its usage. It can also potentially enlighten our practice by informing preparation, resourcing and target selection strategies.

Keywords: Cerebellum Neurobiology Thalamus

Accuracy Verified: Yes

278. Boyd, S. (2010, July). The neurobiology of EMDR; An explanation using a broad biologicval appraoch. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Explanations of the neurobiological mechanisms of the Adaptive Information Processing Model and EMDR continue to engender debate among researchers and practitioners. A complete biological explanation was suggested by Tinbergen(1) to require description of: • An adaptive function • A phylogenetic (evolutionary) history • A biological mechanism • A developmental trajectory This presentation reports on a translational study which sought to analyse the processes of EMDR according to Tinbergen’s approach. Using the concept of learning in its widest biological sense, and acknowledging that there are several memory systems in the human brain, the biological framework was able to provide useful ways to conceptualise the processes of traumatisation and its treatment. In particular the ideas of competing survival goals, and conflicts in learning between memory systems were helpful in guiding EMDR treatment and in explaining the approach to patients. This framework may increase understanding of neurobiology for participants and may promote discussion among different health professional disciplines so that a wider and more consistent basis for research about EMDR is created.

Keywords: Neurobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

279. Vojtova, H., & Hasto, J. (2009). Neurobiology of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Activitas Nervosa Superior, 51(3), 98-102.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing represents a promising approach to treatment of posttraumatic disord-ers. The specific factors underlying its effectiveness rely particularly on bilateral stimulation, which seems to provoke a specific neurobiological response during traumatic recall particularly in individuals with PTSD. The empirical findings provide evidence for the effect of BLS on autonomic nervous system shifting the balance towards parasympathetic acti-vation (reducing arousal) as well as the effect on subjectively perceived vividness and emotional burden of autobiograph-ic memories (decrease). The most credible hypotheses derive the effects from neurobiological mechanisms employed in dual focus attention, orienting reflex and REM sleep. Further research is needed to explore the processes included in the EMDR therapy in more detail and clarify the role of bilateral stimulation.

Keywords: Brain Dissociation Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

280. Ferrie, R. K., & Lanius, U. F. (2002, June). The neurobiology of opiates: Opoid antagonists and EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Endogenous opiates not only play a major role in attachment, but are also involved in dissociative processes and somatoform dissociation. We present a series of case studies of severely dissociative clients. In our sample administration of an opioid antagonist significantly enhanced EMDR processing. Possible caveats and contraindications are discussed. Findings support the notion of a differential mechanism for EMDR as compared to exposure treatment.

Keywords: Neurobiology Opiates

Accuracy Verified: Yes

281. Lanius, U. (2012, October). Neurobiology, adaptive information processing. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Arlington, VA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Recent neuroscience research is discussed with a view towards increasing our understanding of underlying neurobiological processes with respect to the phenomenology of dissociation. It is suggested that dissociation is a result on a breakdown in the linking of different neural networks in the time domain, e.g. information processing. Recent research suggests that both lower brain structures as well as higher brain structures are involved. It is suggested that this process is essential to our understanding both of dissociation on one hand, as well as Adaptive Information Processing on the other.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP Neurobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

282. Pagani, M. (2011, June). Neuroimaging and novel neurobiological findings in EMDR research [Neuroimaging und neuartige neurobiologische erkenntnisse in der EMDR forschung]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In the recent years the number of neuroimaging studies evaluating neural correlates of psychotherapy has steadily increased revealing its clear neurobiological effects on brain function across a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Functional studies by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) detect changes in cerebral blood flow and metabolism patterns, identifying the brain areas processing the various components of emotional processing and/or affected by the disorders. Investigations by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have also revealed psychiatry disease-related structural changes. The first part of the workshop (20 minutes) will describe the neuroimaging methodologies and findings in PTSD/EMDR research with and extensive review of previous literature on the neurobiological effects of EMDR. The second part of the workshop (20 minutes) will deal with the description and implementation in research and clinic of neuropsychological testing with brief comments and discussion about their use in the recent experiments performed by our group. In the third part the EEG monitoring of a complete set of EMDR therapies in 10 patients suffering of major trauma will be presented. The relative results are the first report ever on the neurobiological changes occurring before, during and after EMDR therapy sheding light on the neuronal processes underlying its clinical efficacy. Learning objectives: The description and the discussion about the contents of the workshop will provide the audience (1) the necessary information to understand the methodological principles behind the neuroimaging techniques (PET, SPECT and MRI) and their possible applications in research and clinic; (2) the critical knowledge of the limited number of published papers in the field of EMDR-related functional and anatomical studies; (3) the basic research principles and examples to be motivated to begin, take part and/or collaborate to EMDR research in order to better understand the neural basis of this fascinating psychotherapeutic technique.

Keywords: Neurobiology Neuroimaging

Accuracy Verified: Yes

283. Krystal, S. (2003). A nondual approach to EMDR: Psychotherapy as satsang. In J. J. Prendergast, P. Fenner, & S. Krystal (Eds.), The sacred mirror: Nondual wisdom and psychotherapy, (1st ed.) (pp. 116-137). St. Paul, MN: Paragon House Publishers.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Tibetan Buddhist Dzogchen, Hindu Advaita, Taoism, Kabbalism, and mystical Christianity all suggest that the fulfillment of human potential and the liberation from suffering happen when attention rests peacefully in its source, prior to thought. These traditional spiritual disciplines inform a nondual approach to psychotherapy that views form as a natural and temporary expression of a unified, omnipresent, nonlocatable, and pregnant emptiness. In time all forms--everything and everyone--dissolve back into this emptiness which is present now. Once clients begin to appreciate that they are actually not their distracting thoughts, emotions, or bodily sensations, but rather a dispassionate, observing Presence, a process of disidentification begins and peace of mind unfolds naturally. Clients learn that they have within a natural predisposition toward health and wholeness. Freedom from psychological suffering is often immediately available when clients know how to look or how to just be. Clients learn that simply being fully present now in a timeless moment of silence can reveal what is already and always free. This philosophy informs the EMDR therapeutic approach. This chapter explains the EMDR model, illustrating its use with a case study. EMDR is an integrative psychotherapeutic appproach first discovered and developed by Dr. Francine Shapiro (2001) in 1987, which is guided by an information processing model that has numerous protocols and procedures including the administration of bilateral stimulation to the client. The procedure was originally used to treat trauma, but it has now developed into a comprehensive approach used widely to ameliorate a variety of psychological symptoms and disorders including anxiety and depression, phobia, addiction and substance abuse, among others. In fact, EMDR is now used to target experiential contributors of all clinical complaints. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Being Fully Present Now Clinical Case Study Cognitive Processes Emptiness Information Processing Model Integrative Psychotherapeutic Approach Models Nondual Approach Psychotherapeutic Processes Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

284. Cvetek, R. (2002). Obravnava disfunkcionalno shranjenih izkušenj z metodo desenzitizacije in ponovne predelave z očesnim gibanjem - EMDR [Treatment of dysfunctionally stored experiences with the method eye movement desensitization and reprocessing - EMDR]. Psiholoska Obzorja, 11(3), 55-79.

Language: Slovenian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
V tem prispevku nova terapevtska metoda, imenovana Eye Movement desenzibilizacijo in Reprocessing (EMDR) je opisan. Metoda je bila ustanovljena predvsem za zdravljenje posttraumatic stresne motnje, vendar pa tudi nekaj poročil o njegovi učinkovitosti z drugimi duševnimi motnjami. Avtor predstavlja teoretično podlago za EMDR, predvsem model pospešene informacijske predelave, koncept spominskih mrež ter razlage učinkov očesnega gibanja. Proces EMDR je opisana tudi. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, vse pravice pridržane)

In this paper, a new therapeutic method called Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is described. The method was formed mainly for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder, but there also are some reports about its efficiency with other mental disorders. The author presents the theoretical base for EMDR and especially the accelerated information processing model, the concept of memory networks, and the explanations of effects of eye movements. The process of EMDR also is described. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Accelerated Information Processing Model Cognitive Processes Eye Movements Information Processing Model Memory Mental Disorders Memory Networks Models Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

285. Lipke, H. (2009). On science, orthodoxy, EMDR, and the AIP. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(2), 109-110. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.2.109.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Comments on the book by Francine Shapiro (see record 2001-05049-000). I was fortunate to observe Shapiro’s concern for the principles of science in the development of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). She insisted that EMDR be called experimental until after there was supportive peer-reviewed literature, limited training to mental health professionals, and strongly encouraged research. EMDRIA and its peer-reviewed journal have generally continued in this admirable direction. However, when an association is organized around a specific method of treatment rather than a problem area or a more general philosophy of approach, the question of orthodoxy must be addressed. At its best, orthodoxy ensures that practice is consistent with what has been demonstrated to be worthwhile, and all benefit from adherence. Also, there are aspects of the adaptive information processing (AIP), as it is described in the text, that are debatable and some that appear even self-contradictory. One example is Shapiro’s claim that the AIP is a “psychophysiological” model while also denying that enough is known about the details of psychophysiology to offer an explicit model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP

Accuracy Verified: Yes

286. Presser, L. (2008, November 12). Online collection is on PTSD eye therapy. The Northerner.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Northern Kentucky University recently unveiled the Francine Shapiro Library, an online collection of nearly 4,000 citations to writings about a form of psychotherapy called Eye-Movement-Desensitization-Reprocessing (EMDR). EMDR treats post-traumatic stress disorder, according to the EMDR International Association Web site. Eye movement is thought to be involved in the brain's memory processes. To treat the disorder, EMDR's patients watch the rapid movement of a clinician's finger while recalling a traumatic event.

Keywords: Francine Shapiro Library

Accuracy Verified: Yes

287. van der Schoot, O. M. (2010, Juli). Oogbewegingen en imaginatie: Een kritische toets van de werkgeheugen theorie bij EMDR [Eye movements and imagination: A critical test of working memory theory in EMDR]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
‘Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing’ (EMDR), een veel gebruikte behandelingbij posttraumatische stressstoornis, kan de helderheid en emotionaliteit van plezierige enonplezierige herinneringen reduceren. Tevens kunnen visuele beelden van gevreesdetoekomstige gebeurtenissen worden gedegradeerd. Verondersteld wordt dat EMDR zijnwerking verleent door manipulatie van het gelimiteerde werkgeheugen. In de huidige tweeexperimenten wordt deze veronderstelling nogmaals kritisch getoetst aan de hand van eenoogbewegingen, alleen ophalen (controle) en imaginatie conditie. Er werd verondersteld datwanneer imaginatie gebruik zou maken van dezelfde processen als EMDR (manipulatie vanhet werkgeheugen) er spiegelbeeldige effecten zouden moeten optreden. In experiment 1 werdgebruik gemaakt van neutrale herinneringen (huiskamers). In de oogbewegingen en alleenophalen conditie werd geen effect gevonden. In de imaginatie conditie nam de compleetheiden waarheidsgetrouwheid van de herinnering toe. In experiment 2 werd gebruik gemaakt vaneen Reactie Tijden (RT) taak om te objectiveren of de oogbewegingen en de imaginatiedaadwerkelijk het werkgeheugen taxeren: zowel oogbewegingen als imaginatie vertraagdende RT, maar oogbewegingen het meest, hetgeen suggereert dat oogbewegingen het meestewerkgeheugen taxeert. Vervolgens werd experiment 1 herhaald, echter ditmaal met specifiekepositieve autobiografische herinneringen. In de drie condities werd geen effect gevonden.Huidig onderzoek biedt geen ondersteuning voor de werkgeheugentheorie. Echter, geen vande andere prominente theorieën over het werkingsmechanisme van EMDR kan het uitblijvenvan effect in huidig onderzoek verklaren. Verder onderzoek naar EMDR zal nodig zijn om debehandeling verder te kunnen optimaliseren en het werkingsmechanisme beter te kunnenbegrijpen.

"Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), a widely used behandelingbij posttraumatic stress disorder, the clarity and emotion of pleasant memories enonplezierige reduced. It may also feared future events of visual images are degraded. It is assumed that EMDR effect gives through manipulation of the limited memory. In the present two experiments were critically tested this assumption on the basis of one eye movements, only to retrieve (control), and imagery condition. It was assumed datwanneer imagination would use the same processes as EMDR (manipulation of working memory) are mirrored effects should arise. In experiment 1 was used neutral memories (homes). In the retrieval condition, eye movements and all found no effect. In the imagination condition heathlands took the complete veracity of the increased memory. Experiment 2 was used asunder Reaction times (RT) task to objectify or eye movements and working memory imaginatiedaadwerkelijk value: both eye movements and imagination-using RT slowed, but the most eye movements, suggesting that eye movements appraises the most memory. Experiment 1 was then repeated, this time with specific positive autobiographical memories. In the three conditions, no effect gevonden.Huidig research does not support the working memory theory. However, no Vande other prominent theories on the mechanism of EMDR uitblijvenvan effect may explain current research. Further research on EMDR debehandeling will be needed to further optimize the mechanism and to better understand.

Keywords: Imagination Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Vividness Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

288. Denny, N. (1995, March). An orienting reflex/external inhibition model of EMDR and thought field therapy. Traumatology, 1(1), 1-6, Article 1. doi:10.1177/153476569500100101.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The clinical phenomena of the conduct of EMDR and Thought Field Therapy were interpreted in light of concepts in the field of classical conditioning with emphasis on the orienting reflex and its external inhibiting effects on conditioned responses. A model was proposed using the temporary suppression through external inhibition of the fear and avoidance conditioned responses to disturbing memories. The clinically helpful effect proposed is the emergence of previously suppressed competing responses to the troublesome memories. Those newly emerged responses are responsible for spontaneous cognitive restructuring of the meaning attribution of the memories, thus lowering SUDS ratings. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Conditioned Emotional Responses Cognitive Processes TFT Thought Field Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

289. Taylor, S. (2003, Summer). Outcome predictors for three PTSD treatments: Exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 17(2), 149-162. doi:10.1891/jcop.17.2.149.57432.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Several psychosocial treatments appear to be effective in treating PTSD. However, little is known about the predictors of treatment outcome. It is possible that some variables predict poor outcome for some treatments but not for other treatments. To investigate this issue, outcome predictors were investigated for three 8-session treatments: exposure therapy (entailing prolonged imaginal and in vivo exposure), relaxation training, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). 60 people with PTSD entered and 45 completed treatment. Treatments did not differ in attrition or perceived credibility. Exposure tended to be most effective, and EMDR and relaxation did not differ in efficacy. A number of clinical and cognitive variables were examined to identify predictors of treatment dropouts as well as predictors of the likelihood that patients would be remitted from PTSD after treatment. These analyses were conducted by controlling for treatment condition. Low patient ratings of treatment credibility (assessed in session 2) predicted treatment dropout, regardless of treatment type. Severe reexperiencing symptoms (assessed prior to treatment) predicted poor outcome for relaxation training but not for the other therapies. These findings suggest that treatment outcome could be improved by improving treatment credibility. The findings also support the use of exposure therapy and, to a lesser extent, the use of EMDR in treating PTSD. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Brief Psychotherapy Disability Evaluation Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Follow-up Study Insurance Legal Processes Manual-Based Treatments Quantitative Study Relaxation Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial Reexperiencing RCT Social Security Stressors Survivors Treatment Dropouts Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

290. Grant, M. (2001). Pain Control with EMDR: An Information Processing Approach. (2nd ed) Waterloo, ON: TherapistsResources.com.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract: Pain Control with EMDR is an 'information-processing' based approach to the psychological management of pain, using Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR). The title of this manual 'Pain Control with EMDR' is meant to suggest that pain can be overcome. But the approach described herein differs significantly from mainstream approaches to pain management. I want to suggest that pain is most effectively controlled when the patient is supported in having their experience, and then learning to master it.
Information processing approaches are based on a model of learning that incorporates emotion, cognition, and neurological processes. Some psychotherapies seek to help the patient cope with their pain, but information processing approaches (e.g., EMDR, EEG biofeedback) seek to change the way the patient experiences their pain, by changing the way it is stored in the nervous system. Information processing approaches to seek to do this by appealing as directly as possible to the nervous system.
This manual is divided into two parts, between theory and practice. Part one is a review of historical ideas and treatments for pain, in order to gain an appreciation of how history still shapes how we approach this problem. In part two the practicalities of treating chronic pain using EMDR are described.

Keywords: Chronic Pain Pain Control

Accuracy Verified: Yes

291. Grant, M. (2002). Pain control with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: An information reprocessing approach. Waterloo, ON: Therapists Resources.com.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
Pain Control with EMDR is an 'information-processing' based approach to the psychological management of pain, using Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR). The title of this manual 'Pain Control with EMDR' is meant to suggest that pain can be overcome. But the approach described herein differs significantly from mainstream approaches to pain management. I want to suggest that pain is most effectively controlled when the patient is supported in having their experience, and then learning to master it. Information processing approaches are based on a model of learning that incorporates emotion, cognition, and neurological processes. Some psychotherapies seek to help the patient cope with their pain, but information processing approaches (e.g., EMDR, EEG biofeedback) seek to change the way the patient experiences their pain, by changing the way it is stored in the nervous system. Information processing approaches to seek to do this by appealing as directly as possible to the nervous system. This manual is divided into two parts, between theory and practice. Part one is a review of historical ideas and treatments for pain, in order to gain an appreciation of how history still shapes how we approach this problem. In part two the practicalities of treating chronic pain using EMDR are described. (Revision)

Keywords: Chronic Pain Pain Control Pain

Accuracy Verified: Yes

292. Lanius, U., & Paulsen, S. (2010, September/October). Part I - Towards an embodied self: The neurobiology of traumatic dissociation. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Minneapolis, MN.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Recent neuroscience research is discussed with a view towards increasing our understanding of underlying neurobiological processes with respect to the phenomenology of dissociation. It is suggested that dissociation is a result on a breakdown in cognitive-temporal binding (Crick & Koch, 2003), thus disrupting the linking of different neural networks in the time domain, e.g. information processing. It is suggested that this process is essential to our understanding both dissociation on one hand, as well as Adaptive Information Processing on the other. Please note: Part I (Session 332) and Part II (Session 432) each stand alone without prerequisite and are designed to complement each other. You do NOT have to take Part I to take Part II.

Keywords: Dissociation Embodied Self Neurobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

293. Tinker, R. H., & Wilson, S. A. (2005). The phantom limb pain protocol. In R. Shapiro (Ed.). EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing (pp. 147-159). New York: W W Norton & Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Following an amputation of almost any body part, the patient can experience phantom limb sensation, which is the feeling that the limb is still there, or phantom limb pain (PLP), which is pain that exists after the amputation. Often the pain after the amputation is the pain that existed before the amputation, somehow staying locked in the nervous system. In 1996 we did a pilot study, using a case series approach, with 7 amputees. We wanted to see if EMDR could be effective in treating PLP. We thought that PLP might be similar to PTSD, in that the event is over but the pain (emotional or physical) is still there, somehow embedded in the nervous system. In our case series, EMDR was found to be an effective treatment for PLP (complete elimination) in leg amputations. In most of the cases, pain disappeared within three sessions of treatment after the initial diagnostic interview. In general, the protocol for PLP consists of three parts: history-taking and relationship building, then targeting the trauma of the experience, and finally targeting the pain itself. [Adapted from Text, pp. 147-151]

Keywords: Amputation Survivors Physical Pain Psychotherapeutic Processes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

294. Yule, W. (1999) . Post-traumatic stress disorders: Concepts and therapy. Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
This book, written by contributors from the Institute of Psychiatry in London, represents the fruits of ten years of working with survivors of accidents and disasters. It contains a coherent approach to the psychology underpinning their stress reactions, and places these disorders within a broad social psychological perspective. It applies many of the latest insights from experimental cognitive psychology to the experiences of the survivors. [Adapted from Preface]

Keywords: PTSD Treatment Adults Children Survivors Adolescents Coping Behavior Social Support Networks Personality Traits Psychobiology Intrusive Thoughts Cognitive Processes Cognitive Therapy Behavior Therapy Research Needs Epidemiology Etiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

295. Parnell, L. (1998). Postpartum depression: Helping a new mother to bond. In P. Manfield (Ed.), Extending EMDR: A casebook of innovative applications, (1st ed.) (pp. 37-64). New York: W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
"Karen" was a young mother who came to me in desperate shape, suffering from acute postpartum depression, unable to bond with, or to take care of, her new baby. This case demonstrates how a therapist can skillfully integrate EMDR with dreams, imagery, and inner child work in intensive brief therapy. [Text, p. 37] [Pilots]

Keywords: Adults Americans Case Report Childbirth Depressive Disorders Females Psychotherapeutic Processes Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

296. Nijdam, M., Olff, M., & Gersons, B. (2006, November). Posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic cognitions in response to trauma-focused psychotherapy. Poster presented at the 22nd annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Fall Conference, Hollywood, CA .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In clinical research it is important to address both vulnerabilities and positive processes that occur in response to traumatic stress. Therefore, we chose the concepts of posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic cognitions to examine how these reactions change in The Psychobiology of Trauma and Resilience 206 www.istss.org Poster Presentations – Session 3 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies 22nd Annual Meeting A C R O S S Tuesday Poster Presentations response to trauma-focused psychotherapy. In this presentation, preliminary data from a randomized controlled trial comparing Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy (n = 70) and Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n = 70) are presented. Participants were patients of the Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic of the Academic Medical Center / De Meren who had a diagnosis of PTSD following various kinds of type I trauma. Posttraumatic growth was assessed with the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, whereas posttraumatic cognitions were examined by use of the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory. Both measures were administered at pre- and postassessment to determine whether these concepts change after EMDR and/or BEP. Changes in and relationships between these variables are presented and future directions for research arising from the findings are discussed.

Keywords: Cognitions Poster Posttraumatic Growth Inventory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

297. Hasto, J., & Vojtova, H. (2012). Posttraumatická stresová porucha, bio-psycho-sociálne aspekty EMDR a autogénny tréning pri pretrvávajúcom ohrození: Prípadová stúdia [Post-traumatic stress disorder, bio-psycho-social aspects of EMDR and autogenic training with ongoing risk: A case study]. (1.vyd) Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci.

Language: Slovak

Format: Book

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desenzibilizácia a prepracovanie predstavuje sľubný prístup k liečbe poúrazových porúch. Medzi špecifické faktory, z ktorých jej účinnosť spoliehajú predovšetkým na bilaterálnej stimulácie, ktorá ako sa zdá, vyvolať špecifickú neurobiological odpoveď počas traumatické odvolanie najmä u jedincov s PAS. Empirické poznatky poskytujú dôkazy o vplyve BLS na autonómneho nervového systému dosiahnuť rovnováhu smerom aktivácia parasympatiku (zníženie vzrušenie), ako aj vplyv na subjektívne vnímanú živosťou a emocionálne záťaž z autobiographic pamätí (pokles). Najdôveryhodnejší hypotézy odvodiť účinky z neurobiologických mechanizmov pracujúcich v duálnom zamerať pozornosť, orientujúca reflex a REM spánok. Ďalší výskum je potrebné preskúmať procesy zahrnuté v terapii EMDR podrobnejšie a objasniť úlohu bilaterálne stimulácie. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, všetky práva vyhradené)

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing represents a promising approach to treatment of posttraumatic disorders. The specific factors underlying its effectiveness rely particularly on bilateral stimulation, which seems to provoke a specific neurobiological response during traumatic recall particularly in individuals with PTSD. The empirical findings provide evidence for the effect of BLS on autonomic nervous system shifting the balance towards parasympathetic activation (reducing arousal) as well as the effect on subjectively perceived vividness and emotional burden of autobiographic memories (decrease). The most credible hypotheses derive the effects from neurobiological mechanisms employed in dual focus attention, orienting reflex and REM sleep. Further research is needed to explore the processes included in the EMDR therapy in more detail and clarify the role of bilateral stimulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Autonomic Nervous System Bilateral Stimulation Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD REM Sleep

Accuracy Verified: Yes

298. Phillips, M. (2001, January-April). Potential contributions of hypnosis to ego-strengthening procedures in EMDR. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 43(3-4), 247-262. doi:10.1080/00029157.2001.10404280.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This paper explores how hypnotic principles can be systematically incorporated into the standard EMDR protocol to enhance various ego strength capacities during EMDR treatment. Expanding these skill areas can widen the therapeutic window of possibility for clients with a variety of complex clinical issues, including posttraumatic, dissociative or personality disorders, anxiety symptoms, and depressive difficulties. Clinical case examples are used to illustrate ways of integrating hypnotic principles within a proposed EMDR protocol to promote ego strengthening and facilitate therapeutic change. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Hypnotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Review Treatment Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

299. Devilly, G. J. (2005, June). Power therapies and possible threats to the science of psychology and psychiatry. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(6), 437-445. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2005.01601.x .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objective: Advocates of new therapies frequently make bold claims regarding therapeutic effectiveness, particularly in response to disorders which have been traditionally treatment-refractory. This paper reviews a collection of new therapies collectively self-termed "The Power Therapies", outlining their proposed procedures and the evidence for and against their use. These therapies are then put to the test for pseudoscientific practice. Method: Therapies were included which self-describe themselves as "Power Therapies". Published work searches were conducted on each therapy using Medline and PsychInfo databases for randomized controlled trials assessing their efficacy, except for the case of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing has more randomized controlled studies conducted on its efficacy than any other treatment for trauma and thus, previous meta-analyses were evaluated. Results and conclusions: It is concluded that these new therapies have offered no new scientifically valid theories of action, show only non-specific efficacy, show no evidence that they offer substantive improvements to extant psychiatric care, yet display many characteristics consistent with pseudoscience. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Commentary Energy Psychotherapy Literature Review Neurolinguistic Programming NLP Psychotherapeutic Processes TFT: Thought Field Therapy TIR: Traumatic Incident Reduction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

300. van der Vleugel, B. (2011, August-September). Practical guidelines for PTSD treatment in psychotic patients. In Treating PTSD in patients with psychotic disorders, Symposium conducted at the 41st EABCT annual congress, Reykjavík, Iceland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objectives: Professionals are very cautious, if not reluctant, to treat trauma-related symptoms in psychotic patients. As is argued by the other speakers there is growing evidence psychotic patients can safely be exposed to PTSD treatment. There are several possible links between trauma and psychosis and an integrative approach to conceptualizing these relationships is needed (Morrisson et al., 2003) Methods: In this presentation practical guidelines are given with respect to gathering information in the assessment phase and presenting this information in an individual case conceptualisation. Choices regarding which experiences to work with and in what way, will be discussed. Treatment processes are illustrated by vignettes and video material. Some difficulties one may encounter when using interventions like EMDR and prolongued exposure with psychotic patients, will be adressed. Results: Attendants will be mindful of an integrative model of trauma and psychosis and will be able to use this to identify the target(s) for intervening. They will be prepared for some diffuclties they may encounter while conducting PTSD treatment. Conclusions: Case formulations aim to explain the development and maintenance of client‘s experienced problems in terms of causal relationships. It is vital that both client and therapist have a shared understanding of the problems that are going to be addressed in therapy and that interventions are guided by this formulation.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Psychotic Disorders Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

301. Stevens, P. (2000, July). Practicing within our competence: New techniques create new dilemmas. Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 8(3), 278-280.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article focuses on the ethical and legal aspects of family therapy students' use of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) with clients. Furthermore, the article discusses the ethical necessity for clinicians and supervisors to practice within the limits of their competency. EMDR is a particularly excellent example because of the unknown mechanisms at work to create change in clients. Therefore, there is no common language or knowledge base that supports the use and supervision of EMDR in the same way that practicing or supervising a variety of "traditional talk" counseling techniques might be appropriate without specialized training. The majority of supervisors of students and practicing clinicians were trained in variety of theoretical orientations. The training experience is most certainly one in which the training facility and the supervisors want to encourage learning new and helpful techniques for facilitating change with the clients. It is incumbent on the facility to require the appropriate level of training and experience before students venture into new techniques.; (AN 3350110)(Ebsco)

Keywords: Legal Processes Professional Ethics Professional Specialization Professional Supervision Psychotherapeutic Techniques Therapist Trainees

Accuracy Verified: Yes

302. Korn, D., & Leeds, A. (2002, December). Preliminary evidence of efficacy for EMDR resource development and installation in the stabilization phase of treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(12), 1465-1487. doi:10.1002/jclp.10099.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article reviews the complexity of adaptation and symptomatology in adult survivors of childhood neglect and abuse who meet criteria for the proposed diagnosis of Complex PTSD, also known as Disorders of Extreme Stress, Not Otherwise Specified (DESNOS). A specific EMDR protocol, Resource Development and Installation (RDI), is proposed as an effective intervention in the initial stabilization phase of treatment with Complex PTSD/DESNOS. Descriptive psychometric and behavioral outcome measures from two single case studies are presented which appear to support the use of RDI. Suggestions are offered for future treatment outcome research with this challenging population. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Child Abuse Clinical Case Study Complex Empirical Study Females Neglect Postt traumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Review Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

303. Hopchet, M., & Detournay, F. (2012, June). Preliminary study on the effects of simultaneous application of two types of stimulations (eye movements and tactile stimuli) on psychophysiological autoreported symptoms in the treatment of negative autobiographical memories [Estudios preliminares sobre los efectos de la aplicación simultanea de dos tipos de estimulación (movimientos oculares y táctiles) en sintomatología psicofisiológica autoinformada en el tratamiento de recuerdos autobiográficos negativos]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Negative autobiographical memories are effectively treated using EMDR with patients making eye movements during the recall of negative autobiographical memories. While several studies have measured the effects of different types of stimulations, we are not aware of any research assessing the combined effects of two different stimulations applied simultaneously during the recall of the event. For this preliminary study involving 15 adult patients from both sexes, 4 EMDR counselor therapists measure 17 symptoms of the list proposed by Weimann (1968)). Each patient is evaluated before, during and at the end of each session. We control the effect of the sequence of one versus two types of stimulations by assigning each patient to both conditions but in a random way: (a) first target first session with one type of stimulation following with a second target first session, including two types of stimulation; (b) the inversed sequence. We compare the mean level intensity of each symptom (within factor) between one type vs. two types of stimulations (between factor) using the Anova and the t- Student tests. We hypothesize that an attenuation of intensity of the stress symptoms occurs when the patient is treated simultaneously with two types of bilateral stimulation (eye movements and tactile stimuli), compared to one (eye movements). The paper presents preliminary data, as well as a discussion of the results in the light of the theory of the working memory (Andrade et al.1997) and the reassurance reflex model of EMDR proposed by MacCulloch and Feldman (1996).

Los recuerdos autobiográficos negativos son tratados con efectividad usando el EMDR con pacientes a través del movimiento ocular de ojos durante el acceso al recuerdo negativo autobiográfico. Mientras muchos estudios han medido dos tipos diferentes de estimulación, no estamos al corriente de ninguna otra investigación que informe de los efectos combinados de los dos tipos de estimulación aplicada simultáneamente durante este acceso al recuerdo del evento. En este estudio preliminar contamos con los datos de 15 pacientes adultos de ambos sexos, 4 consultores EMDR midieron 17 síntomas de la lista propuesta por Weimann (1968). Cada paciente era evaluado antes, durante, y al final de cada sesión. Controlamos los efectos de una secuencia en función de los 2 tipos de estimulación, asignando a cada paciente ambas condiciones pero de manera aleatorizada: (a) Primer recuerdo Diana, primera sesión con un tipo de estimulación seguido de un Segundo recuerdo de la primera sesión incluyendo dos tipos de estimulación; (b) invertimos la secuencia anterior. Comparamos la media del nivel de intensidad de cada síntoma (dentro del factor) entre un tipo y dos tipos de estimulación (entre factores) usando cálculos estadísticos de Anoia y una t-‐Student para los resultados. Nuestra hipótesis es que ocurrirá una atenuación de los síntomas de estrés cuando el paciente es tratado simultáneamente con dos tipos de estimulación bilateral (movimientos oculares y estímulos táctiles), comparados con la de un solo tipo (Movimientos oculares). Este artículo presenta el análisis preliminar de los datos, así como la discusión de los resultados en línea con la teoría de la memoria de trabajo (Andrade y cols 1997) y la reafirmación del modelo refractario del EMDR propuesto por MacCulloch y Feldman (1996).

Keywords: Autobiographical Memories Bilateral Stimulation Eye Movements Tactile Stimulation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

304. Rubin, A. (1999, November). Presidential editorial: Controlling for potential biases in research on social work practice effectiveness: Are higher standards needed?. Research on Social Work Practice, 9(6), 635-639. doi:10.1177/104973159900900601.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The article offers views on the processes and standards used by professional journals with respect to the review of manuscripts that report evaluations of practice effectiveness. The article discusses rejecting a study that randomly assigned clients to a treatment group and wait-list control group. The article discusses biases in research on social work practice effectiveness. Although the obvious bias in these studies regarding expectation for improvement or experimental demand was roundly criticized in subsequent reviews, it didn't keep them from being published. Given the difficulties researchers face in finding agencies that will permit rigorous experimental outcome studies, it is easy to recommend publishing a study that is strong in virtually every way but one-even if that one weakness is so severe that it virtually destroys the credibility of the study's findings. The author believes in studies using randomized assignment to experimental and control groups, where readers are so impressed by the randomized experimental design that they cut the author some slack regarding possible measurement bias or the potentially biasing effects of expectation for improvement or experimental demand.[EbscoHost]

Keywords: Editorial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

305. Cantelmi, T. (2010, Novembre). Prevalenza, incidenza e diagnosi differenziale dei disturbi da stress post-traumatici in oncologia [Prevalence, incidence and differential diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder in oncology]. Presentazione al "Convegno La psicotraumatologia Oncologica, Roma, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Il PTSD abbraccia una gamma ampia di fenomeni: dagli eventi naturali catastrofici, dalle violenze maltrattamenti ed abusi su bambini ed adulti ad altre forme di aggressioni fisiche, gravi malattie ed interventi chirurgici, gravi problemi nel lavoro, come il mobbing ed altro ancora. L prevalenza del PTSD oscilla tra l’1 ed il 9% della popolazione generale e può raggiungere il 50/60% in sottogruppi di soggetti esposti a traumi considerati di particolare gravità.. Tra i disturbi mentali conseguenti a traumi solo il PTSD è identificato dall’evento traumatico che in questo disturbo assume un ruolo specifico, tanto che la presenza di uno stressor a cui collegare i sintomi è l’elemento necessario per fare diagnosi. Si discute se lo stesso possa e debba sufficientemente essere rappresentato da un evento che ha le qualità per minacciare alla vita e qualità della vita di un soggetto o se sia identificabile esaurientemente con un vissuto soggettivo di impotenza che cambia l’adattamento della persona alla realtà in modo disfunzionale. Sembra comunque che la malattia oncologica e le sue fasi evolutive nonché i processi di guarigione che implica presentano occasioni ripetute per il paziente oncologico a rischio di traumatizzazione sia a causa delle circostanze oggettive che mettono in pericolo la qualità di vita della persona e la sua vita medesima, sia per le simbolizzazioni drammatiche che a volte essa può assumere nell’immaginario collettivo e soggettivo. Gli studi epidemiologici indicano come il PTSD interessi maggiormente il sesso femminile (11% vs 5% del sesso maschile) sulla cui prevalenza può anche influire il tipo di trauma (violenze e molestie sessuali, neglect ed abusi infantili vs. aggressioni fisiche, minacce con armi prigionia e rapimento negli uomini. IL PTSD rappresenta una sfida in psichiatria non solo in generale perché i sintomi che emergono sono diversi e sintetizzano una miscela di processi sociali, biologici e psicologici, ma anche soprattutto in oncologia perché esiste una vasta gamma di sintomi dello spettro post-traumatico, come ad esempio i disturbi dell’adattamento, ma si è spesso in presenza di un PTSD sottosoglia difficilmente discriminabile anche agli occhi di esperti preparati. Così possiamo intendere i disturbi dell’adattamento come tutte quelle manifestazioni in cui, in assenza di vulnerabilità individuale, un evento stressante, ad esempio la diagnosi di cancro ed i trattamenti ad essa legati, rappresenta il fattore causale ed esclusivo di insorgenza dei sintomi, che si presume non sarebbero altrimenti occorsi. Essi influiscono negativamente sull’adattamento del soggetto alla malattia e sul funzionamento psicofisico generale. I sintomi possono essere rappresentati da reazioni depressive, reazioni d’ansia o miste (ansioso-depressive), reazioni con altri aspetti emozionali (irritabilità, aggressività labilità emotiva) o con disturbi della condotta (comportamenti inadeguati). Importante risulta la diagnosi differenziale con i disturbi d’ansia e depressivi. I disturbi dell’adattamento rappresentano i quadri di sofferenza psicologica più frequentemente diagnosticabili nei pazienti con cancro, avendo una prevalenza del 30-35%. I sintomi sottosoglia possono rappresentare invece i prodromi di una sindrome conclamata oppure i sintomi residui di un PTSD in remissione parziale. E’ importante volgere l’attenzione ai PTSD in oncologia, alla diagnosi differenziale con altri tipi di disagi psicooncologici, ed in particolare alla peculiarità, gravità cronicità del quadro clinico per la possibilità di attuare una prevenzione efficace prima che il disturbo insorga o si strutturi, e per le potenzialità di comprensione di alcuni meccanismi di funzionamento cerebrale che creano un ponte fra psicologico e biologico.

The PTSD embraces a wide range of phenomena: from natural catastrophic events, from violence and abuse, ill-treatment of children and adults with other forms of physical assaults, serious illness and surgery, severe problems in the work, such as bullying and more. The prevalence of PTSD ranges between 1 and 9% of the general population and can reach 50/60% in subgroups of subjects exposed to trauma considered particularly serious .. Among the mental disorders resulting from trauma, PTSD is identified only by the traumatic event that in this disorder takes on a specific role, so that the presence of a stressor that link symptoms is a necessary element to diagnose. It was discussed whether the same can and should be sufficiently represented by an event that has the quality to threaten the life and quality of life of an individual, or whether it is fully identifiable with a subjective experience of powerlessness that changes to adapt to the reality of the person in dysfunctional way. It seems that the oncological disease and its evolutionary phases as well as the healing process that involves repeated opportunities to present the cancer patient at risk of trauma and because of objective circumstances that endanger the quality of life of the person and his life itself , both for the dramatic symbolization that sometimes it can take in the collective and subjective. Epidemiological studies indicate that PTSD interests most of the women (11% vs. 5% of males) on the prevalence of which may also affect the type of trauma (violence and sexual harassment, child abuse and neglect Vs. Physical attacks, threats with weapons imprisonment and kidnapping in men. IL PTSD represents a challenge in psychiatry not only in general because the symptoms that emerge are different and synthesize a mixture of social processes, biological and psychological, but also especially in oncology because there exists a wide range of symptoms spectrum post-traumatic, such such as adjustment disorders, but it is often in the presence of a subthreshold PTSD hardly discriminated even in the eyes of experts prepared. So we can understand the adjustment disorders like all those events where, in the absence of individual vulnerability, a stressful event, such as the diagnosis of cancer and the treatments associated with it, is the causal factor and exclusive of onset of symptoms, which it is assumed would not otherwise have occurred. They have a negative impact on the adaptation of the subject to physical and mental illness and the general operation. Symptoms may be represented by depressive reactions, anxiety reactions or mixed (anxious-depressive), reactions with other aspects of emotional (irritability, aggressiveness, emotional lability) or conduct disorder (inappropriate behavior). Important results in the differential diagnosis of anxiety disorders and depression. The adjustment disorders represent the paintings of psychological distress more frequently diagnosed in patients with cancer, having a prevalence of 30-35%. The subthreshold symptoms may instead represent the beginnings of a full-blown syndrome or residual symptoms of PTSD in partial remission. It 'important to turn our attention to PTSD in oncology, the differential diagnosis with other types of inconvenience psicooncologici, and in particular to the peculiarities, chronicity, severity of the clinical picture for the possibility of implementing effective prevention before the disorder arises or is structured, and the potential of understanding of some mechanisms of brain function that create a bridge between psychological and biological.

Keywords: Cancer Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

306. Solomon, R., & McGoldrick, T. (2002, June). Protocol for the utilization of EMDR with grief and mourning. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Bereavement Grief Mourning Psychotherapeutic Processes Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

307. Solomon, R. M., & McGoldrick, T. (2002, June). Protocol for the utilization of EMDR with grief and mourning. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR can be utilized within an overall framework for treatment of grief and mourning. Processes that mourners go through to accommodate and assimilate the loss, and how EMDR can be utilized for each process, will be discussed. EMDR can also be utilized in the safe development of an adaptive "inner representation" that enables the mourner to move from "loving in presence" to "loving in absence." A protocol for the utilization of EMDR in dealing traumatic grief will be discussed. Data from s study involving parents of murdered children, where EMDR was utilized, wlll he presented.

Keywords: Bereavement Children Murder Grief Mourning Psychotherapeutic Processes Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

308. Mollon, P. (2001, Summer). Psychoanalytic perspectives on accelerated information processing (EMDR). British Journal of Psychotherapy, 17(4), 448-464.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Psychoanalysis and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) are, in manifest technique, utterly different. Nevertheless, both may draw upon universal and natural processes of healing the mind. EMDR appears to facilitate the processing of emotional experience and review of defensive strategies. It may do so by inducing favourable changes at a neurobiological level, involving interhemispheric communication. Comparisons may be made with Bion's analogy of the mind as a digestive organ. Although initially framed within a cognitive-behavioural paradigm, EMDR is now used by clinicians of a wide range of backgrounds, including psychoanalytic. The clinical phenomena revealed by EMDR may have some implications for certain models of the mind within contemporary psychoanalysis, particularly concerning the past unconscious and the present unconscious. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Accelerated Information Processing AIP: Emotional Experience Emotional Trauma Psychoanalysis Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

309. Mollon, P. (2001, May). Psychoanalytical perspectives in EMDR (with clinical examples)". Presentation at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, London, UK .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Psychoanalysis and EMDR are, in manifest technique, utterly different. Nevertheless, both may draw upon universal and natural processes of healing the mind. EMDR appears to facilitate the processing of emotional experience and review of defensive strategies. It may do so by inducing favourable changes at a neurobiological level, involving interhemispheric communication. Comparisons may be made with Bion's analogy of the mind as a digestive organ. Although initially framed within a cognitive behavioural paradigm, EMDR is now used by clinicians of a wide range of backgrounds, including psychoanalytic. The clinical phenomena revealed by EMDR may have some implications for certain models of the mind within contemporary psychoanalysis, particularly concerning the past unconscious and the present unconscious.

Keywords: Psychoanalytic

Accuracy Verified: Yes

310. Kozon, A. (2007, September). Psychoedukacia a EMDR v dynamickej psychoterapii v azylovom dome pre tyrane zeny [Psychoeducation and psychotherapy, EMDR in the dynamic in the asylum house for abused women]. Psychiatria-Bratislava, 14(4), 161-164.

Language: Slovak

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Program azylového domu pre týrané ženy sa zameriava nielen na zabezpečenie ochrany klientky, ktorá opustila prostredie domáceho násilia, ale poskytuje aj konkrétnu sociálnu starostlivosť a emocionálnu podporu. Súčasťou programu je individuálna psychoterapia. Aby sa predišlo omylom a chybám, dynamická psychoterapia má svoje špecifiká vzhľadom na prítomnosť symptomatiky posttraumatickej stresovej poruchy, ktorá v prípravnej psychoterapeutickej fáze je zameraná na stabilizáciu psychických procesov ich odstránením prepracovanými technikami psychickej desenzibilizácie formou EMDR a psychoedukáciou. V ďalšej psychoterapeutickej fáze sa pozornosť upriamuje na rozvoj jadra štruktúry osobnosti – identity metodikou krátkodobej psychoanalyticky orientovanej hlbinnej psychoterapie, aby sa v budúcnosti preventívne predchádzalo stretu obete s násilím.

Asylum Program of the house for abused women in focus in order to protect clients who left the environment of domestic violence, but also provides specific social care and emotional support. The program is individual psychotherapy. To avoid mistakes and errors, dynamic psychotherapy has its own specifics to the presence of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, which in the preparatory phase of psychotherapy is to stabilize the mental processes of removing the sophisticated techniques of psychological desensitization through EMDR and psychoedukáciou. In the next phase of psychotherapy it focuses on developing the core structure of personality - the identity-oriented methodology for short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy prawn to prevent future conflict prevention with victims of violence.

Keywords: Abused Women Conscious and Unconscious Half-Way House Identity Positive Change in Perception Personality Development Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Sentences of Focus Strategy Psychotherapeutic Intervention Violence

Accuracy Verified: Yes

311. Kozoň, A. (2007). Psychoedukácia a EMDR v dynamickej psychoterapii v azylovom dome pre týrané ženy [Psychoeducation and EMDR in dynamic psychotherapy in the asylum house for abused women]. Psychiatria, 14(Part 4), 161-163.

Language: Slovak

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Program azylového domu pre týrané ženy sa zameriava nielen na zabezpečenie ochrany klientky, ktorá opustila prostredie domáceho násilia, ale poskytuje aj konkrétnu sociálnu starostlivosť a emocionálnu podporu. Súčasťou programu je individuálna psychoterapia. Aby sa predišlo omylom a chybám, dynamická psychoterapia má svoje špecifiká vzhľadom na prítomnosť symptomatiky posttraumatickej stresovej poruchy, ktorá v prípravnej psychoterapeutickej fáze je zameraná na stabilizáciu psychických procesov ich odstránením prepracovanými technikami psychickej desenzibilizácie formou EMDR a psychoedukáciou. V ďalšej psychoterapeutickej fáze sa pozornosť upriamuje na rozvoj jadra štruktúry osobnosti – identity metodikou krátkodobej psychoanalyticky orientovanej hlbinnej psychoterapie, aby sa v budúcnosti preventívne predchádzalo stretu obete s násilím. Kľúčové slová: psychodynamická psychoterapia, psychoedukácia, EMDR, azylový dom, týrané ženy, násilie, fókusová veta, vedomie a nevedomie, stratégia psychoterapeutickej intervencie, pozitívna zmena vnímania, identita, rozvoj osobnosti.

Asylum Program of the house for battered women focuses not only protect our clients, who left the environment of domestic violence, but also provides specific social care and emotional support. The program is individual psychotherapy. To avoid mistakes and errors, dynamic psychotherapy has its own specifics to the presence symptomatiky post traumatic stress disorder, which is in the preparatory phase of psychotherapy is to stabilize the mental processes of removing the sophisticated techniques of psychological desensitisation by EMDR and psychoedukáciou. In the next phase of psychotherapy focuses on developing the core structure of personality - the identity-oriented methodology for short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy for Northern to prevent future conflict prevention victim to violence.

Keywords: Battered Women Consciousness and the Unconscious Identity Personality Development Positive Change in Perception Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Shelter Strategy of Psychotherapeutic Interventions Violence

Accuracy Verified: Yes

312. Lipke, H., & Glang, C. (2000, December). Psychological approach to Albanian Kosovar refugees with considerations for brief post-crisis services in general. Traumatology, 6(4), 295-305. doi:10.1177/153476560000600404 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article focuses on an interesting experience in working with Albanian Kosovar refugees last year in a refugee camp in Hemer, Germany. The authors, though highly trained and proficient traumatologists, worked with a large number of clients for a brief amount of time who had to rely on poorly trained interpreters who were themselves refugees in need of traumatology services (and eventually received it). They describe how Western educated practitioners were forced to adopt their methods of treatment ("standard EMDR model") to fit the requirements of the context. Among other things, they had to represent their work as educational ("information focus groups") and not "treatment" (due to the stigma), skip the time-consuming activities of assessment and rapport building, and accepted the direction of the camp psychologists as to who should or should not receive assistance. The bulk of their report focuses on the their information focus: the focus group content. They most often utilized a solution-focused approach (using eye movements to reinforce positive self-referencing statements) when working with individuals, although EMDR was used successfully with the few who requested it. The latter portion of the report includes three case studies. The authors concluded what worked best is a combination of group and individual work that relied on psychoeducation, accessing positive as well as negative material, and not initially focusing on the trauma. This information should be useful to any practitioner who must overcome similar challenges. [Adapted from Introduction] [Pilots]

Keywords: Interpreters Kosovars Psychotherapeutic Processes Refugees Victim Services

Accuracy Verified: Yes

313. Nacey, M. (2004, January). Psychologist, heal thyself. Practical Horseman, 32(1), 112-112.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Recounts an author's experience on overcoming a traumatic experience related to horse riding. Therapy developed in 1987 by physician Francine Shapiro; Processes used by the therapists; Benefits of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing to the horse riders.

Keywords: Horsemenship Horse Riding Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

314. Lamprecht, F., Sack, M., Lempa, W., & Eickhoff-Fels, S. (2001). Psychophysiological activation via trauma script in PTSD patients and matched healthy controls and its reversal after succesful treatment. Presentation at the annual meeting of the German Society for Psychotraumatology.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Purpose: It is well known that hyperarousal in PTSD patients leads to an increase in heart rate to trauma related stimuli. The purpose of this study was to see if this peripheral physiological activation in PTSD patients by a trauma script can be reversed by successful trauma treatment including EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). Methods: 12 PTSD patients fulfilling DSM IV criteria with 52.6 mean level of the impact of event scale (IES) and 8.1 of the subjective unit of distress (SUD) were compared to 12 matched healthy controls (IES level 23, SUD level 4.8). Glued electrodes were placed according to published guidelines for electrophysiological research on thorax (ECG) and palmar skin of the left (non dominant) hand (SCL). Psychophysiological data (heart rate and skin conductance) were recorded continually and stored on a PC card during three conditions: neutral, relaxation and trauma script. In the patient group the procedure was repeated after finishing treatment. Results: The patient group and control group did not differ in the baseline heart rate, however, the stimulation by the trauma script in the PTSD patients was significant in the mean 15.6 (T-2.88) (p < 0.01) increase in heart rate and in the control group 1.6 not significant (the script here was derived from the worst life event). There was a wide variation in the patient group with three patients without any reaction. In those with a strong reaction after trauma script, successful treatment was accompanied by a decline in heart rate response after trauma script, which remained stable during 6 months follow-up. SCL data did not show any consistent relationship. Since this is an ongoing study with increasing numbers and further analysis, additional data will be given during presentation. A decline of the SUD level to 2.3 and within the IES-score to 21 at the three months follow-up measurement was also significant (p < 0.01).

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiological Activation PSTD Trauma Script

Accuracy Verified: Yes

315. Guzzi, R., Bossa, R., & Masaraki, S. (2003). Psychophysiological analysis of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing treatment. Homeostasis in Health and Disease, 42(3), 129-131.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a new controversial treatment that claims to resolve long-standing traumatic memories within few treatment sessions. Evidence based data indicate that EMDR markedly reduces anxiety associated with a traumatic memory already at the first session, and behavioural changes tend to be maintained. In spite of the positive results, critical reviews have outlined some methodological biases in the EMDR previous studies, such as the lacking of a pre and post treatment standardised assessments, lacking of standardised inclusion criteria, poor study design. In the present study we have examined three subjects with PTSD, before and after EMDR therapy. Clinical interviews, psychological tests and self-reports have been administered. Biofeedback measures of electromyographic muscle tension, body temperature, heart rate and skin potential reaction have been used as well. An independent investigator was responsible for the collection of final data. The results showed an interesting trend after treatment compared to baseline. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Empirical Study Quantitative Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

316. Sack, M., Hofmann, A., Wizelman, L., & Lempa, W. (2008). Psychophysiological changes during EMDR and treatment outcome. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(4), 239-246. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.239.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study was designed to investigate the question of whether psychophysiological changes during EMDR sessions are related to subjective and objective reduction of PTSD symptoms. During-session changes in autonomic tone in relation to session-to-session changes of subjective stress, trauma-related symptoms, and psychophysiological reactions during a traumatic reminder were investigated in 10 patients suffering from single-trauma PTSD. Treatment duration followed each patient’s individual needs and ranged between 1 and 4 sessions, resulting in a total of 24 EMDR treatment sessions from which psychophysiological data were completely recorded. Treatment with EMDR was followed by a significant reduction of trauma-related symptoms, elimination of the PTSD diagnosis in 8 of the 10 participants, as well as by significantly reduced psychophysiological reactivity to an individualized trauma script. Psychophysiological dearousal in sessions correlated significantly with decrease in script-related reactions in heart rate and parasympathetic tone, and with changes in subjective disturbance. Our results indicate that information processing during EMDR is followed by during-session decrease in psychophysiological activity, reduced subjective disturbance and reduced stress reactivity to traumatic memory.

Keywords: Psychophysiological Assessment Treatment Outcome Working Mechanism

Accuracy Verified: Yes

317. Sack, M., Hofmann, A, Wizelman, L., & Lempa, W. (2007, June). Psychophysiological changes during EMDR - Are they related to treatment outcome?. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objective: Dual attention stimulation seems to provoke orienting response like patterns of psychophysiological deactivation during “real-life” EMDR treatment sessions (Sack et al, in review). Objective of this study was to investigate the association of psych-physiological effects during dual attention stimulation with treatment outcome as measured by questionnaire and by psychophysiological reactions during presentations of an individualized trauma script.
Methods: A total of 24 EMDR treatment sessions from 10 patients with PTSD were monitored applying impedance Cardiography. The onset of every stimulation/exposure period was marked and effects within and across stimulation sets on heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (RMSSD), pre-ejection period (PEP) and respiration rate were examined. Heart rate reactivity during presentation of an audiotaped trauma script was measured at beginning of every session and additionally one week before the first session and one week after the last treatment session. Statistical correlations between both subjective (Impact of Event Scale, SUD) and objective (heart rate reactivity) measures of treatment outcome with psychophysiological changes during session (orienting response at beginning of stimulation, slope of HR) were computed.
Results: A significant reduction of trauma-related symptoms was noticed over the course of EMDR treatment: (IES one week pre: 61.2(SD 10.9), IES pre: 55.4(SD 19.0), IES post: 13.3(SD 12.2), F(2,27); 32.6, p < .001). Subjective distress during trauma script decreased significantly (SUD one week pre: 6.6(SD 1.4), SUD pre: 6.9(SD1.4), SUD post: 2.1(SD 1.7); F(2, 27); 31.5, p < .001). The statistical analysis of physiological variables is currently in process. Results will be presented at the conference.
Conclusions: The results of this study will allow further insights into the working mechanism of EMDR.
This study was co-sponsored by EMDREA and EMDRIA-Germany.

Keywords: Medical Treatment Outcome

Accuracy Verified: Yes

318. Sack, M. (2005, June). Psychophysiological monitoring during EMDR – Evidence for stimulation associated changes in autonomic tone. Plenary presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
We report about an empirical investigation of EMDR working mechanisms. 55 EMDR sessions were psycho physiologically monitored including start and end of each stimulation set (N = 811). The results demonstrate a sharp increase of parasympathetic tone (RMSSD) and a prolonged decrease of heart rate as soon as stimulation begins. Observations during treatment sessions show a significant psychophysiological dearousal in terms of a decrease of HR and a significant increase of parasympathetic tone. Both the deconditioning hypothesis (dearousal during session) as well as the accelerated information processing hypothesis (enhancement of parasympathetic tone during stimulation) are supported by our empirical results.

Keywords: Mechanism of Action Plenary

Accuracy Verified: Yes

319. Sack, M., Lempa, W., & Lamprecht, F. (2005, June). Psychophysiological monitoring during trauma therapy with EMDR. In R.-L. Punamäki (Chair) Neurobiology and Trauma. Symposium conducted at the 9th European Conference on Traumatic Stress (ECOTS), Stockholm, Sweden.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Psychophysiological Monitoring Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

320. Sack, M., & Lempa, W. F. (2002, May). Psychophysiological monitoring during treatment sessions – An Approach to the assessment of neurobiological mechanisms of EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Frankfurt, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Neurobiological Mechanisms

Accuracy Verified: Yes

321. Schellong, J. (2010, June). Psychophysiological responsivity to trauma and internal resources in patients with PTSD and healthy subjects. In Research. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This study aims to measure psychophysiological parameters during activation of internal resources k g . positive memories) and to compare these to activated traumatic internal networks. Antecedent studies show that traumatic stimulation on patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) finalizes in various psychophysiological correlates. During therapy of these patients a strong demand for activation of internal resources, i.e. activation of fortitude and positives thoughts, exists. Especially EMDR therapy uses resource stimulating elements such as position of power and absorption in preparation for exposure. In this study standardized EMDR protocols establish a solid basis to explore individual internal resources. Researches on trauma stimuli in EMDR- patients show effects on parasympathetic tonus (Sack 2006) as well as increased cerebral blood flow in defined brain regions (Levin 1999. Lamprecht 2000). Especially the heart rate variability (HRV) may describe the sympatheticovagal balance (Cohen, 2002, Porges 1991). This study focuses on psychophysiological effects and neurobiological regulative mechanisms of stabilizing methods and activation of internal resources in PTSD patients and healthy control group. Methods: Healthy subjects and patients with diagnosed PTSD (DIAX) listened to a commonly neutral script, an individual trauma script and an individual absorption script. Following each script measurements of heart rate variability (HRV), respiratory flow, skin conductance responses (SCR) and skin blood flow (LCF, TU50%) took place. Results: Preliminary results revealed a significant reduced heart rate variability in patients compared to the healthy controls in reaction to the stress script as well as to the positive and the neutral scripts. Conclusion: To our knowledge this is the first time to be proven that altered autonomous functions are found in PTSD not only in reaction to traumatic reminders, but even to a positive, resource activation situation. This provides our basement for further research. Detailed analysis of different effects to each script on both groups are currently underway.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Research Responsivity Symposium Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

322. Sondergaard, H. P., & Elofsson, U. (2008). Psychophysiological studies of EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(4), 282-288. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.282.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been established as an efficacious therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The working mechanism of the procedure is, however, still partly unknown. It is therefore important to explore the physiological effects of eye movements and alternative bilateral stimulation. This article describes our research on the effects of eye movements during authentic EMDR sessions of chronic PTSD in refugees with war and torture experiences and places this research in the context of other findings. The findings point to definite physiological effects of eye movements; namely a dearousal with increased finger temperature and changes in the balance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomous nervous systems.

Keywords: Finger Temperature Heart Rate Variability Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiology PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

323. Sack, M., Nickel, L., Lempa, W., & Lamprecht, F. (2003). Psychophysiologische regulation bei patienten mit PTSD: Veränderungen nach EMDR-behandlung [Psychophysiological regulation in patients with PTSD: Improvement after EMDR-treatment]. Zeitschrift für Psychotraumatologie und Psychologische Medizin (ZPPM), 1(3), 47-57.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Behandlung psychotraumatischer belastungsstörungen mit EMDR
Uns interessierte die Frage, ob die EMDR-Behandlung bei Patienten mit Posttraumatischer Belastungsstörung (PTSD) neben einer Symptomreduktion auch mit einer verbesserten psychophysiologischen Regulationsfähigkeit einhergeht. 15 Patienten (9 w, 6 m) mit PTSD nach Einzeltraumatisierung wurden vor und nach einer EMDR- Behandlung sowie in einer 6-Monate Katamnese per Fragebogen (PDS, IES, STAI, SCL-90-R) sowie mit psychophysiologischen Parameter (HR, HRV) während Konfrontation mit der individuellen traumatischen Erinnerung (Traumaskript) untersucht. Im Vergleich Prä-/Post, sowie Prä-/Katamnese kam es zu einer signifikanten Abnahme der Beschwerden in allen Symptombereichen. Gleichzeitig konnte nach Behandlung und in der Katamnese eine signifikante Verminderung des Anstiegs der Herzfrequenz während Konfrontation mit dem Traumaskript beobachtet werden. Der HF-Anteil der Herzratenvariabilität als Indikator für den Parasympathikotonus nahm im Vergleich Prä-/Katamnese unter Ruhebedingungen sowie während Traumaskript signifikant zu. Die EMDR-Behandlung erwies sich als wirksam hinsichtlich einer Reduktion der traumaassoziierten Symptomatik und einer Reduktion des psychophysiologischen Arousals bei Konfrontation mit der belastenden Erinnerung. Die Zunahme der HRV im Behandlungsverlauf im Sinne eines höheren Parasympathikotonus lässt auf eine Verbesserung der psychophysiologischen Regulationsfähigkeit schließen.

Our question was whether PTSD-patients would show a decrease of trauma associated symptoms as well as improved psychophysiological regulatory capacities after EMDR-treatment. 15 patients (9 female, 6 male) with PTSD after single traumatizations underwent psychometric assessment including questionnaires (PDS, IES, STAI, SCL-90-R) and psychophysiological variables (HR, HRV) during presentation of their individual trauma script before and after treatment and in a 6-month follow-up. Pre-/post as well as pre-/follow-up comparison showed significant decreases in all symptom measures. At the same time HR acceleration during trauma script decreased significantly after treatment. HF-HRV, an indicator for parasympathetic tone, increased significantly during baseline as well as during trauma script in pre-/post comparison. EMDR treatment led to an effective and lasting symptom reduction as well as to a reduction of the psychophysiological arousal associated with the traumatic memory. Enhancement of HRV after treatment in terms of a higher parasympathetic tone might be the result of improved psychophysiological regulatory capacities after successful EMDR treatment. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Adults Effects Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiology PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

324. Sondergaard, H. P., von Scheele, B., Garpe, F., Elofsson, U., & Theorell, T. (2004, June). The psychophysiology effects of eye movement in EMDR. In symposium EMDR, biology, and the body (J. Spector, Chair). Symposium conducted at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, Stockholm, Sweden .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR has in its short time of existence become an established therapy treating PTSD. The importance of the eye movement (EM) has so far been difficult to demonstrate, given that data supporting possible relationships between physiological variables and the therapeutic effect while conducting EM has not yet been recorded. Although theories have been presented, there is no data to support them. Our dismantling case study presents the first preliminary results from actual treatment studies and compares them with suggested theories. The results are based on three EMDR sessions treating a refugee diagnosed with chronic PTSD. In each session, heart rate, skin conductance, finger temptation, EMG, expiratory carbon dioxide, and oxygen saturation were recorded continuously. Our data demonstrates a strong and consistent trend toward an altered physiological state during EM. The directions of physiological change were consistent in all sessions. All alterations indicated raised activitry in the parasympatic nervous system and were thus compatible with the Stickgold hypothesis suggestion that EMDR increases processing of unprocessed traumatic memories through activation of cholinergic systems. Despite the small scale of our study, these novel and interesting findings generate a new fore further research. Our psychophysiological approach appears to be a promising path.

Keywords: Dismantling Study Psychophysiology Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

325. Plassmann, R. (2007, November). Psychotherapie traumatisierter patienten: Die arbeit mit der bipolaren EMDR-technik [Psychotherapy of traumatized patients: Working with bipolar technique EMDR]. Trauma und Gewalt, 1(4), 312-321.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Der Artikel beschreibt die Geschichte der modernen Trauma-Therapie seit 1989 und die Entwicklung von der EMDR-Standardprotokoll, um bipolare EMDR. Die letztere Technik wird mit Bezug auf eine Fallgeschichte demonstriert. Im letzten Abschnitt schließlich erweitert die Unterschiede und Ähnlichkeiten zwischen dem psychoanalytischen Modell von Krankheit und Therapie und ihre therapeutischen Trauma-Pendant. Besonderer Hinweis auf die Art und Weise emotionale Aspekte des Umgangs mit ihnen und den Status der psychosomatischen Symptomen aus. [Abstract Autor]

The article describes the history of modern trauma therapy since 1989 and the development from the EMDR Standard Protocol to bipolar EMDR. The latter technique is demonstrated with reference to a case history. The closing section enlarges on the differences and similarities between the psychoanalytic model of illness and therapy and its trauma-therapeutic counterpart. Special reference is made to the way emotional aspects are dealt with and the status of psychosomatic symptoms. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Bipolar Psychoanalysis Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

326. Corrigan, F. M. (2004). Psychotherapy as assisted homeostasis: Activation of emotional processing mediated by the anterior cingulate cortex. Medical Hypotheses, 63(6), 968-973.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Although psychotherapy is successful in altering emotional distress, the biological mechanism by which it achieves this has not been the subject of intensive neurobiological investigation. Mindful processing of emotion has been proposed to be a key factor in prevention of relapse in depressive illness and here that hypothesis is developed and extended to include other conditions in which emotion processing may be obstructed or dysregulated. Cognitive therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, psycho-dynamic psychotherapy, and dialectical behaviour therapy, each in a different way and with a distinct emphasis, encourage awareness of emotions and their associated cognitions and biographies, and their varying success may depend on the degree to which they achieve activation of internal healing processes. In eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), the selected target is formatted for endogenous processing which is facilitated and accelerated by eye movements or alternating bilateral auditory or tactile stimulation. The ability to sustain focussed attention on the affect and its visceral, cognitive, and biographical components is postulated to activate a homeostatic process of distress resolution, seen most clearly in treatment of PTSD with EMDR, in which resolution of distress can be intense and rapid while therapist input is non-directive, although supportive, empathic, and non-judgemental. Once the therapist has helped to frame the questions, the patient's brain will find the answers needed for the resolution of the distress and all the components of the traumatic event, whether visceral, cognitive, affective, or interpersonal. The anterior cingulate cortex, especially the dorsal and rostral components, is suggested to be the key neurobiological substrate for the efficacious psychotherapeutic relief of distress, and relevant functional neuroimaging studies are summarised. One limitation of some previous imaging studies of emotion is that they have tended to use mild stimuli to discrete emotions. An alternative approach would be to image the brain during reprocessing of an unpleasant event which has profoundly affected the person so that the associated intense emotions could be clearly labelled and correlated with changes in regional brain functioning. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Cognitive Processes Cognitive Therapy Neurobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

327. Lanius, U. F. (2005, September). PTSD, Information processing and thalamo-cortrical dialogue. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Seattle, WA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The presentation integrates recent findings in neuroscience and the neurobiology of traumatic stress and proposes a theoretical model to account for EMDR treatment effects. It reviews relevant basic neuroscience studies and theories with regard to learning, memory and information processing. Participants will increase the understanding of possible underlying neurobiological processes with regard to both PTSD and EMDR treatment and be able to integrate Shapiro's Adaptive Information Processing Model with current theory and research in the field of neuroscience.

Keywords: Information Processing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Thalamo-Cortical Dialogue

Accuracy Verified: Yes

328. Young, W. C. & Young, L. J. (1997). Recognition and special treatment issues in patients reporting childhood sadistic ritual abuse; Appendix A: Informed consent regarding the treatment of traumatic and dissociative disorders. In G. A. Fraser (Ed.), The Dilemma of Ritual Abuse: Cautions and Guides for Therapists (Clinical Practice, No. 41) (1st ed.) (pp. 65-93, 95-100). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The purpose of this chapter is to review reports of the Sadistic Ritual Abuse (SRA) phenomenon, to discuss credibility of the accounts, and to describe current issues in its treatment, including preparation for treatment, general treatment issues, management of cultic or satanic alters, pharmacological treatment, and controversy over historical accuracy. Controversial trends in the etiology and treatment of SRA cases are also discussed. It should be kept in mind that the controversy surrounding SRA continues to heighten. Actual clinical interpretations may be considerably different if scientific data should support patients' accounts or, from an opposing viewpoint, if a socially contagious, media-influenced syndrome is shown to run its course among dissociative, suggestible individuals. [Text, p. 68]

Keywords: Adults Child Abuse Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Identity Disorder Drug Therapy Etiology False Memory Hypnotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Ritual Abuse Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

329. Beere, D., Simon, M., & Welch, K. (2000, January-April). Recommendations and illustrations for combining hypnosis and EMDR in the treatment of psychological trauma. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 43(3-4), 217-231. doi:10.1080/00029157.2001.10404278.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Three experienced therapists, trained in hypnosis and EMDR, distilled some tentative hypotheses about the use of hypnosis in EMDR from fifteen cases, two presented here. When a therapist uses hypnosis with EMDR, it seems that the client is having difficulty or the therapist anticipates that the client will have difficulty managing the experiences processed with EMDR. Hypnosis initiated either during the introduction to EMDR or within a therapy session prior to the initiation of EMDR seems to have served two functions. The first function is to activate inner work that prepares the client to use EMDR successfully, and the second function is to facilitate overtly the processing of the traumatic experience. Clients might have two kinds of difficulties in managing affect or distress: (1) they may have a long-standing, irrational and strongly held belief that interferes with managing affect or distress, and (2) they may never have developed the capacity to tolerate intense affect, distress or pain. Should a therapist use hypnosis during the closing down phase of a session without preparing the client with hypnosis during the introduction to EMDR, the therapist should seriously reconsider the pace and focus of EMDR and the client's resources to manage affect and distress. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Hypnotherapy Treatment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Review Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

330. Lushyn, P., & Borrelli, S. ([2003]). Rediscovery of EMDR: In search of a rationale. The EMDR Practitioner. Retrieved from http://www.emdr-practitioner.net on 12/27/2008.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
I am a clinical psychologist and professor of psychological counseling from Ukraine,. My introduction to EMDR happened in Kiev, in 1995, when Professor A. Bondarenko (initiator and one of the prominent EMDR proponents in Ukraine) invited me to participate in one of the first Ukrainian EMDR workshops (Level 1) lead by Dr. Roger Solomon. After that, Francine Shapiro sponsored my Level I1 training in Los Angeles in 1996. By that time I have had a rather extended EMDR experience with Chernobile clients. I would not say that all has been totally positive. But still, some of my results attracted Dr. Shapiro and she used a few cases from my practice in her second book coauthored with M. Forrest (Shapiro & Forrest, 1997). 1 had mixed feelings about EMIIR. On the one hand, I intuitively sensed that there are many clinical possibilities for its use. On the other, the absence of a "strong" rationale added to my subconscious search for a more grounded EMDR explanation than the metaphors Francine used. My first attem~ptto create one of my own coincided with some major life change-events, influenced by the breakdown of the USSR and consequently, dramatic social and personal transformations in the fate of the nation. At the same time (1995-2001), 1 started my post-doctoral project on personality change processes. I nearly stopped practicing EMDR and was totally overwhelmed with personal survival issues facing the challenges of the economic mi political situation.

Keywords: Pavel Lushyn

Accuracy Verified: Yes

331. Cole, J. W. (2005). The reenactment protocol for trauma and trauma-related pain. In R. Shapiro, Robin (Ed.), EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing (pp. 213-227). New York: W W Norton & Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
After a trauma, an individual is often tormented by the images of the tragic incident. These recollections return as nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and flashbacks. Physical pain related to the trauma triggers recollections of the trauma. These images reinforce the victimization. Those who take flight or who fight back during a trauma hold images of being active while those who freeze have more passive images. The Reenactment Protocol (RP) is a process of developing a new active image that reflects control, safety, and efficacy that is then associated with the trauma to allow the client a new set of meanings. I've never seen an abreaction, or reexperiencing of the trauma, arise during the RP. After the RP, clients report feeling in control. Their Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) have significantly lowered. Their physical pain has often lessened or disappeared. Clients often laugh at the point of reenacting their story, and the positive affect remains for the rest of the session. In therapies that have relied heavily on the RP, many clients gain a sense of control and sureness and increase their assertive behaviors. [Text, p. 213] [Pilots]

Keywords: Physical Pain Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Psychotherapeutic Processes Reexperiencing Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

332. Gallo, F. P. (1996, January). Reflections on Active Ingredients in Efficient Treatments of PTSD,, Part 2. Traumatology, 2(2), 9-14. doi:10.1177/153476569600200202.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Part 2 of this paper focuses on possible active, change-producing elements of the four therapies for PTSD included in the Active Ingredients Demonstration Project (Figley, C and Carbonell, J., 1995). The methods studied were Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (Shapiro, 1995), Visual/Kinesthetic Dissociation (Bandler & Grinder, 1979), Traumatic Incident Reduction (Gerbode, 1989), and Thought Field Therapy (Callahan, 1985). While detailed research is indicated toward clarifying the extent of treatment effects, as well as the necessary ingredients involved, momentarily allow some speculation as to the active ingredients. The following is not intended to be a comprehensive compilation but rather a highlighting of some feasible ingredients. It is hoped that this will prove of heuristic value toward advancing understanding of active ingredients, stimulating research, and promoting the evolution and utilization of effective means of treating trauma-based conditions.

Keywords: Neurolinguistic Programming NLP Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD TFT Thought Field Therapy TIR Traumatic Incident Reduction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

333. Dworkin, M. (2002, June). Relational strategies in EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: Many memories, explicit and implicit, and their concomitant sensations, are stimulated intersubjectively, spontaneously, and continuously, forming a multiplicity of feedback loops from clinician's witting and unwitting participation in these processes. Transferential remarks may become sources of potential targeting, which may spontaneously bring the client back to old unfinished material. Somatomsensory countertransferential reactions may serve as sources of rich data to identify and work out blocks at a moment that a session seems to stall. The Relational Interweave, a relatively new intersubjective strategy, takes reactions of clinician and client into account and opens opportunities for new and more powerful links to positive neural networks enhancing the work. This workshop will teach rapid methods of identifying and sequencing and intervening in this intersubjective processes.

Keywords: Relational Interweave Relational Strategies

Accuracy Verified: Yes

334. Manfield, P. (2010). Resourcing in the preparation phase of EMDR. In Philip Manfield, Dyadic Resourcing: Creating a Foundation for Processing Trauma (pp. 55-66). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, ISBN-13: 9781453738139 .

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The preparation phase of EMDR is designed to allow the therapist to establish rapport with the client, familiarize the client with EMDR processes, and prepare her to begin trauma processing. The therapist attends to the physical setup, explanation of EMDR, explains the stop signal, explains the basic metaphors, and describes what to expect during processing. In addition, the therapist may want to give the client a brief explanation of EMDR‟s model of change, the Adaptive Information Processing model (AIP).

Keywords: Preparation Phase

Accuracy Verified: Yes

335. Kaye, B. (2008). Reversing reciprocal suppression in the anterior cingulated cortex: A hypothetical model to explain EMDR effectiveness. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(1), 88-99. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.2.88.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A theoretical model is proposed to explain desensitization during Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as resulting from the reversal of reciprocal suppression of cognitive processing in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Dual-attention and error monitoring are known to activate dorsal regions of the ACC that mediate metacognitive processing. Neuroimaging research has produced evidence that cognitive areas in the upper ACC may reciprocally suppress affective processing in the lower areas and vice versa. It is therefore proposed that the original eye-to-finger tracking task of EMDR may achieve its therapeutic effect by using error monitoring to reverse suppression of the upper ACC by the lower ACC. Contributions to EMDR effectiveness from resource installation and novelty-driven orienting reflexes may also influence ACC functioning. A distraction effect is proposed to be a negative and potentially disruptive by-product of very interactive stimulation tasks. A semantic priming procedure is suggested to limit distraction effects during more interactive forms of stimulation. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Anterior Cingulate Cognitive Processes Neurotransmitters Reciprocal Suppression Semantic Priming

Accuracy Verified: Yes

336. Giovannozzi, G. (2013, June). Safety, regulation, self-regulation and eye contact: New challenges for EMDR therapy. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Geneva, Switzerland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Porges’ polivagal theory of the hierarchical interpretation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), in addition to extending the range of human beings’ possible responses to environmental demands, links the first line ventral-vagal response with the regulation of important viscera as well as that of facial and head muscles, mediating social interactions, and associates its activation with the feeling of safety, identifying this latter condition as essential for a person’s well-being.
Without safety no social relations, physiological regulation or healing are possible. Hence the importance for EMDR therapists to lead their clients to this condition: lacking the activation of the ventral-vagal circuit there can be no processing. EMDR therapists will be provided with tools to keep their clients in safe conditions within the setting.
Clients exposed to trauma and/or insecure attachment do not have a good ANS regulation and maintain inadequate defensive attitudes – as demonstrated by Porges’ results, easily comparable with Schore’s on affective development and with those of several multi-disciplinary scholars.
Exploring this dysfunction provides EMDR therapists with useful elements to guide their clients in the difficult task of confronting what they did not/could not process at that time. We propose a three-pronged cross-sectional assessment, regardless of the pathology, aimed at identifying the defensive arousal state of the ANS needed to face the dysregulating impact at that time, focusing on the prevalent activation style of the client, when meeting environmental challenges, and that emerging in the session. Starting from this assessment, EMDR therapists will be provided with tools to help clients recognize and master their defenses to increase their flexibility.
Using the regulation as a healing instrument and goal, and given the two-directional psychophysiological approach, where psychological and physiological processes meet, a new intervention model, stemming from the AIP-EMDR approach, is proposed, acting directly on the missing or impaired developmental stages of the self-regulation ability, consistently with what Porges hoped for.
The intervention focuses on Eye Contact (EC), because, as confirmed by several scholars, this is a privileged communication pathway, in particular in the mother-child dyad, to learn self-regulating skills and is easily impaired in psychiatric clients.
Learning objectives: Raise EMDR therapists’ awareness of the importance of safety for their clients, based on Porges’ Polyvagal Theory; Provide therapists with tools to maintain clients’ safety during the session; Help EMDR therapist to recognize and modulate clients’ Autonomic Nervous System activation; and Present an EMDR Protocol to regulate Eye Contact

Keywords: Eye Contact Protocol Regulation Safety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

337. Lanius, U. (2012, October). Science & practice: Attachment, dissociation and EMDR. Presentation at the 29th annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation, Long Beach, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is a powerful integrative psychotherapeutic intervention. However, in the case of disrupted attachment and significant dissociative symptoms EMDR can be destabilizing if used early on in treatment. That is, fragmentation of self and dissociative symptoms commonly interfere with information processing, thus barring the integration and resolution of the traumatic experience through EMDR. Dissociation interferes with clients sense of their own body, their ability to experience emotion, their capacity for emotional regulation and their sense of self. Addressing dissociative symptoms prior to proceeding with EMDR treatment is essential for positive treatment outcomes. A neurobiological model is described that guides therapeutic interventions and integrates diverse approaches that include not only EMDR and relevant target selection, but also mindfulness, body therapy approaches, ego-state interventions, sensory integration, as well as neurobiologically based interventions. Such interventions can be used both in the preparation phase but can also form useful interweaves during EMDR information processing. Using a neurobiologically informed approach, the case is made for the use of somatic and ego-state interventions when dissociation is a signiﬁcant part of the clinical presentation. Specific focus is on different ego-state and body therapy interventions to increase awareness of the self and ones body. Body therapy and somatic interventions are distinguished from other psychotherapeutic interventions in that they are expressed in markedly slowed-down time, in order to give clients ample time to experience the felt sense of their bodies. Similarly ego-state work can be utilized to titrate information processing, as well as provide clients with internal resources that aid in enhanced information processing. Attendees will gain knowledge about possible underlying neurobiological processes with regard to attachment, dissociation and adaptive information processing and how this relates to EMDR treatment. The workshop will teach specific interventions intended to stabilize clients, create safety, help the client stay connected or get reconnected and therefore minimize dissociative symptoms and their effect. Participants will learn how to effectively integrate different somatic and ego-state interventions in the treatment of attachment and trauma related syndromes and dissociative disorders, as well as how to enhance information processing during the EMDR treatment. The workshop also will discuss innovative use of opioid antagonists in the treatment of dissociative symptoms with a particular focus on EMDR.

Learning Objectives: Attendees will gain knowledge about possible underlying neurobiological processes with regard to attachment, dissociation and adaptive information processing and how this relates to EMDR treatment. Participants will learn how to effectively integrate different somatic and ego-state interventions in the treatment of attachment and trauma related syndromes and dissociative disorders, as well as how to enhance information processing during the EMDR treatment. The workshop will teach specific interventions intended to stabilize clients, create safety, help the client stay connected or get reconnected and therefore minimize dissociative symptoms and their effect.

Keywords: Attachment Dissociation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

338. Stickgold, R. (2013, May). Searching for the scientific basis of EMDR [À la recherche des fondements scientifiques de l’EMDR]. Presentaton at the annual EMDR Canada Conference, Banff, Alberta CAN.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Several scientific models have been proposed to explain the unique efficacy of EMDR in treating PTSD. These include models based on the relaxation response, on working memory, and on REM-sleep associative processing. In this workshop I will describe and discuss these and other models within a larger framework that views PTSD as primarily a memory disorder. Memories are not like photographs. They evolve. After a memory is initially formed, it goes through an extended period of processing—a complex set of automatic processes, occurring without intent or conscious awareness, that modifies the memory. In the end, a memory can be substantially different from its original form, with some parts still as vivid as the day they were formed and other parts forgotten. At the same time, the memory becomes integrated into wide-ranging memory networks that create a context for the original memory and, in the process, construct an implicit interpretation of the memory. While the processing of small, everyday, distressful events is normally handled efficiently by these automatic mechanisms, grief and painful traumas can overwhelm them. When this happens, the memory is left frozen in its original form—raw, intrusive, distressing, and unexplained––a condition that can lead to PTSD. The goal of any treatment for PTSD, then, should be to “restart” these processes of memory evolution, and to thereby support resolution of the trauma. How each of the various scientific models of EMDR might explain this facilitation of memory processing will be the focus of the workshop. Learning Objectives: • The structure and physiology of the human sleep cycle • The role of sleep in memory “evolution” • How PTSD can be seen as a disorder of sleep-dependent memory evolution • How EMDR might act to restore normal memory processing

Plusieurs modèles scientifiques ont tenté d’expliquer l’efficacité de l’approche EMDR dans le traitement du SSPT. Dans ces modèles, il y a ceux portant sur la réponse de relaxation, sur la mémoire de travail, sur le processus associatif durant la phase ‘REM’ du sommeil. Dans cet atelier, l’auteur abordera ces différents modèles et bien d’autres et ce dans une optique élargie mais qui se fonde sur la prémisse que le SSPT est principalement un trouble de la mémoire. Les souvenirs ne sont pas comme des photos. Elles évoluent. Alors que le souvenir prend forme, il se passe un certain laps de temps où le traitement de l’information se poursuit –une série complexe de processus automatiques, loin du champs de la conscience, modifiant le souvenir. Finalement, le souvenir peut être considérablement différent de sa forme originale dans ce sens que certaines parties demeurent très claires et très vivides et d’autres sont oubliées. Lorsque le souvenir se forme, celui-ci est intégré dans un large réseau de la mémoire qui crée un contexte et dans son traitement de l’information construit une interprétation implicite de ce souvenir. Alors que le traitement d’événements stressants du quotidien sont normalement bien gérés par ces mécanismes automatiques, ceux-ci sont complètement envahis par les pertes ou les traumas douloureux. Quand cela se produit, le souvenir demeure ‘gelé’ (‘frozen’) dans sa forme originale- à l’état brute, intrusif, perturbant, inexpliqué- conditions pouvant mener au SSPT. L’objectif du traitement du SSPT est de ‘’redémarrer’’ ces processus évolutifs de la mémoire afin de permettre la résolution du trauma. L’intérêt premier de cet atelier est de voir comment les différents modèles scientifiques en EMDR facilitent ces processus de traitement de la mémoire. Objectifs d’apprentissage: • La structure et la physiologie du cycle du sommeil chez l’humain • Le rôle du sommeil dans ‘’ l’évolution ‘’ de la mémoire • Comment le SSPT peut être vu comme un syndrome dépendant du sommeil dans l’évolution de la mémoire • Comment l’ EMDR peut jouer un rôle important à rétablir le processus normal de la mémoire.

Keywords: Memory Processing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Scientific Models Sleep Cycle Sleep-Dependent Memory Evolution

Accuracy Verified: Yes

339. Stickgold, R. (2013, May). Searching for the scientific basis of EMDR [À la recherche des fondements scientifiques de l’EMDR]. Presentation at the annual EMDR Canada Conference, Banff, Alberta CAN.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Memory Processing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Scientific Models Sleep Cycle Sleep-Dependent Memory Evolution

Accuracy Verified: Yes

340. Benor, D. J. (2005, November). Self-healing interventions for clinical practice: Brief psychotherapy with WHEE -- the wholistic hybrid of EMDR and EFT. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 11(4), 270-274. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2005.02.006.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Potent self-healing approaches are now available to help people to deal with their stresses, anxieties, and pains of physical and emotional origins. The author, a wholistic psychiatrist, shares his clinical experiences in helping his clients deal expeditiously and successfully with a variety of physical and psychological symptoms. This article focuses on WHEE, a brief, potent method for releasing psychological and physical pains, negative beliefs, and disbeliefs, and for installing positive feelings and beliefs. To use modern terminology, this method allows you to correct the serious but not fatal error you have made in letting a child program your lifetime computer. WHEE is a method for reprogramming your default programs. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Brief Psychotherapy Energy Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSDStressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

341. Edmond, T., Sloan, L., & McCarty, D. (2004, July). Sexual abuse survivors’ perceptions of the effectiveness of EMDR and eclectic therapy. Research on Social Work Practice, 14(4), 259-272. doi:10.1177/1049731504265830.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objective: This article examines survivor perspectives of the effectiveness of two different treatments for trauma symptoms among adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse -- Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and eclectic therapy. Method: Qualitative interviews obtained in the context of a mixed-methods study were conducted with 38 adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Results: Two major differences in outcomes between the two treatment approaches were observed. There were considerable distinctions between the two treatment groups in terms of the importance and effect of the client-therapist relationship, and in terms of the depth of change reportedly caused by the different therapies. Conclusions: Survivors' narratives indicate that EMDR produces greater trauma resolution, while within eclectic therapy, survivors more highly value their relationship with their therapist, through whom they learn effective coping strategies. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Child Abuse Depressive Disorders Empirical Study Females Individual Psychotherapy Mixed Methods Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Quantitative Study Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

342. Maxfield, L., & Melnyk, W. (2000, April). Single session treatment of test anxiety with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). International Journal of Stress Management, 7(2), 87-101. doi:10.1023/A:1009580101287.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
One session of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) appeared to be an effective treatment for test anxiety, reducing reported physiological distress, worry, and fears of negative evaluation. The research design included two components: a comparison study, comparing Immediate Treatment and Wait List groups, and a replication study comparing the treatment response of Immediate and Delayed (Treated Wait List) groups. 17 test anxious university students were randomly assigned to one session of EMDR or Wait List. At post-test, the Immediate group demonstrated significant improvement, compared to the Wait List group, on the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) and Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Treatment effects were maintained at follow-up. The Wait List group received treatment after post-measures were taken. Treatment of the Delayed group replicated effects. Improvement was reflected by large treatment effect sizes and a decrease in percentile ranking on the TAI from the 90th to the 50th percentile (Pilots).

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Brief Psychotherapy College Students Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Test Anxiety Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome

Accuracy Verified: Yes

343. Kinowski, K. (2002, June). A somatosensory anchoring of confidence using EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop will present a treatment protocol that is specifically aimed at finding and strengthening a somatosensory basis for confidence to help clients deal with recurrent difficulties. Short sets of slow eye movements are used. Participants will see video illustrations of different sections of the protocol and review in session outcomes with follow-up report by clients that suggest a generalization towards increased resilience. Participants will also learn the conjectured theoretical underpinnings of the protocol in terms of neurophysiological processes and relationship attachment issues. This treatment protocol does not replace the standard EMDR protocol but may be used as an adjunct or as a stand alone therapy for mild to moderate range GAF problems.

Keywords: Confidence Somatosenory Anchoring

Accuracy Verified: Yes

344. Saverio, L. I. (2008, June). State of consciousness & paradigm: A comparison between two descriptions of the processes of change observed in a psychotherapy integrated with EMDR and some contributions on a unified theory of psychotherapy. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Conference, London, England UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation compares two different descriptions: Paradigm and State of Consciousness, of the changes, observable in a psychotherapy integrated with EMDR, to establish which of the two descriptions is the most likely and consistent. Applying the method of the double description it will seek to identify contributions that may be 25 useful for the construction of a Unified Theory of Psychotherapy. At first, attention is focused upon the necessity to construct a bridge-language between the different dialects of psychotherapies. Short specialized definitions, such as Paradigm and State of Conscience, could be examples of the complex concepts, here denominated synthetic ï¿½tï¿½ metaphors, transtheorical or Tran disciplinal, to be researched for constructing a common language between the plurality of psychotherapies. Some implications of the methodological innovation carried on by EMDR in psychology, psychotherapy, and in other disciplines are then analysed and proposed. In particular, the easy integration of traditional psychotherapeutic methodologies with EMDR and the discovery of new target of psychotherapy, have led to looking at all psychological activities in terms of a spatial metaphor. On the basis of this a general map of the psychological territories of ï¿½sapiens sapiensï¿½ has been drafted. This general map is divided in two main areas: A -the psychological territories of the individual, B -the psychological territories of the species, This species map has some specific characteristics; since ï¿½sapiens sapiensï¿½ are social animals, their relations have clear functions of social and environmental group interface too. These maps will be illustrated. In its original meaning, the definition of Paradigm will be found within the maps and consequently analysed in its variations. The amplified theory of State of Conscience will be presented and analysis, similar to the previous one, will be carried out. A description of EMDR, that may be useful for implementing its understanding, will be proposed at the end.
The title link is to an Introduction in Italian.

Keywords: Poster Unified Theory of Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

345. Devilly, G. J., Spence, S. H., & Rapee, R. M. (1998, Summer). Statistical and reliable change with eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing: Treating trauma within a veteran population. Behavior Therapy, 29(3), 435-455. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(98)80042-7.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
51 war veterans with PTSD symptomatology were randomly allocated to one of three conditions: two sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), an equivalent procedure without EMDR, or a standard psychiatric support control condition. There was an overall significant main effect of time from pre- to posttreatment, with a reduction in symptomatology for all groups. However, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups. Participants in the two treatment conditions were more likely to display reliable improvement in trauma symptomatology than subjects in the control group. By 6-month follow-up, reductions in symptomatology had dissipated and there were no statistical or reliable differences between the two treatment groups. Overall, the results indicated that, with this war veteran population, improvement rates were less than has been reported in the past. Also, where improvements were found, eye movements were not likely to be the mechanism of change. Rather, the results imply that other nonspecific or therapeutic processes may account for any beneficial effects of EMDR. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Australians Empirical Study Follow-up Study Longitudinal Study Males Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Treatment Effectiveness Veterans Vietnam War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

346. Lo Iacono, S. (2008, Novembre). Stato di coscienza e paradigma: Un confronto tra 2 descrizioni sistemiche dei processi di cambiamento osservati in una psicoterapia integrate con EMDR [State of consciousness and paradigm: A comparison between 2 descriptions - Systemic change processes observed in psychotherapy integrated with EMDR]. Poster presentato al Applicazioni Cliniche dell'EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In questa presentazione la psicoterapia integrata con EMDR viene definita sulla base delle due tecniche principali di questa metodologia clinica: 1. le attivitï¿½ di Focalizzazioni Mentali Multiple su immagini, cognizioni e sensazioni corporee e sul qui ed ora della relazione terapeutica piï¿½. 2. la Stimolazione Bilaterale Alternata su un canale sensoriale. Vengono, quindi, confrontate due differenti descrizioni sintetiche, Paradigma e Stato di Coscienza, dei processi di cambiamento osservati nel paziente in una psicoterapia con EMDR. La descrizione sintetica come cambiamento di Paradigma viene effettuata in stretto parallelo con le definizioni originali di Paradigma date dallo stesso Kuhn. La seconda descrizione sintetica degli stessi processi di cambiamento viene effettuata dopo aver definito un modello di Stato di Coscienza come prodotto di tre fattori: stato fisico chimico dell'organismo, stato mentale dell'organismo e condizioni fisiche e sociali dell'ambiente. Nelle conclusioni si evidenzia come la descrizione sintetica di Salto di Paradigma possa render conto solo dei cambiamenti di ambito cognitivo mentre restano escluse da questa descrizione i cambiamenti inerenti le emozioni e le sensazioni corporee che si osservano in una psicoterapia integrata con EMDR. La descrizione sintetica come cambiamento dello Stato di Coscienza potrebbe, invece, essere utile a comprender meglio i modi in cui il cambiamento ï¿½ indotto ed a distinguere il ruolo delle attivitï¿½ di Focalizzazioni Mentali Multiple da quello della Stimolazione Bilaterale Alternata e quindi a riflettere e ad intervenire, sia in contesti clinici che di ricerca, sulle due tecniche prevalenti della psicoterapia con EMDR.

In this presentation, the integrated psychotherapy with EMDR is defined on the basis of two Main technical methodology of this trial: 1. Multiple Mental activities focusing on images, cognitions and bodily sensations and on the here and now of the therapeutic relationship more. 2. Alternating Bilateral Stimulation on a sensory channel. Are then compared two different brief descriptions, model and state of consciousness, processes of change observed in the patient in psychotherapy with EMDR. Description summarized as a change of paradigm is carried out in close parallel with the definitions original paradigm given by Kuhn. The second summary description of these processes of change is made after a model for state of consciousness as the product of three factors: state physical chemist body, mental body and physical and social environment. In conclusions noted as a concise description of paradigm shifts can realize only of changes in the cognitive field and are excluded from this description the Changes related emotions and bodily sensations that are observed in psychotherapy integrated with EMDR. The outline as a change of consciousness, but it could be useful to understand better the ways in which change is induced and to distinguish the role of activities Focus from that of the Multiple Mental Stimulation alternative two and then reflect and act, whether in clinical research, the two prevailing techniques psychotherapy with EMDR.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

347. Kitchur, M. (2005). The strategic developmental model for EMDR. In R. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing (pp. 8-56). New York: W W Norton & Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The strategic developmental model (SDM) for EMDR originated in Canada in 1996. It is a model that was born out of desperation in the face of the overwhelming treatment needs of severe- and multiple trauma victims, forensic clients, and short-term funded high-risk individuals. It is an efficient and comprehensive method for maximally delivering the benefits of EMDR to high-needs clients before their therapy might be prematurely interrupted by the realities of funding or of a multiproblem life. Such a method, I felt, would need to effectively facilitate rapid engagement and address or circumvent the fear, hostility, anxiety, and resistance that so often undermine or sabotage therapy with high-need and high-risk populations. Clinical experience also suggested the importance of having some systematic manner of assessing and treating the often multiple fundamental underlying causes of pathology and symptomatology in order to assist these high-risk and high-need clients to break the cycles and patterns that likely would repeat in their lives. I hypothesized that any process or strategies that might facilitate healing in these ways could also be anticipated to optimize therapeutic outcome for high-functioning clients and diverse client populations. [Text, p. 8] [Pilots]

Keywords: Patient History Hypnotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

348. Leeds, A. M. (2002, June). Strengthening identity and performance. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop will articulate an enlarged set of EMDR related Resource Development and Installation (RDI) protocols. All these procedures emphasize the deliberate incorporation of positive emotion as part of restructuring and developing new affect scripts across discrete behavioral states. A majority of workshop time will be devited to experiential practice in dyads and small groups of these clinically relevant procedures. Strategies for accessing and evoking positive emotion will include movement, posture, music, artistic and emotional expression, and a variety of imagery processes. In these experiential exercises, participants will identify personally relevant areas of desired professional development including issues of recurring countertransference stressors and compassion fatigue. The aim of these procedures is to access naturalistic capacities for positive emotion and incorporate these capacities into new affect scripts that strengthen identity and enhance performance and interaction.

Keywords: RDI Resource Development and Installation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

349. Pagani, M. (2008, Novembre). Sub-strato neurobiologico della sindrome da stress post-traumatico e relativo impatto funzionale e strutturale della terapia con EMDR [Neurobiological substrate of post-traumatic stress syndrome and impact on functional and structural therapy with EMDR]. Presentazione le Applicazioni Cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Recenti studi hanno dimostrato come la sindrome da stress post-traumatico (PTSD) possa causare nel cervello cambiamenti sia strutturali che funzionali. Studi di imaging funzionale tramite tomografia ad emissione di fotone singolo (SPECT) e ad emissione di positrone (PET) hanno evidenziato significative variazioni del flusso cerebrale in pazienti con PTSD durante la rivisitazione del trauma. A questo proposito sono stati riportati aumenti e diminuzioni di flusso nell’ippocampo, nell’amigdala, nella corteccia prefrontale mediale, nel cingolo anteriore e posteriore e nella corteccia temporale. Il modello prevalente collega i sintomi del PTSD ad una mancata inibizione dell’ amigdala, iperattivata dalla sensazione di incombente minaccia, da parte della corteccia prefrontale. E’ stato anche proposto che i cambiamenti strutturali dell’ippocampo e del cingolo anteriore rivelati dalla risonanza magnetica strutturale (RM) siano causati dalla risposta neuronale allo stress. L’obiettivo delle nostre ricerche e’ stato quello di analizzare la risposta funzionale e le variazioni strutturali in due gruppi di soggetti esposti a trauma occupazionale che hanno sviluppato (S=sintomatici, n=20) o no (NS=non sintomatici, n=27) il PTSD. Una parte dei S (n=16) è stata trattata con EMDR. La diagnosi di PTSD prima e dopo la terapia è stata basata sia sui criteri del DSM-IV sia su vari test neuropsicologici mirati. La SPECT (n=47) e la RM (n=33) sono state eseguite da 3 mesi a sei anni dal trauma e la prima è stata ripetuta dopo EMDR. I sintomi sono stati provocati da uno script individualizzato che ha riportato alla memoria il trauma e durante il quale è stato iniettato il tracciante di flusso cerebrale. Le analisi eseguite hanno mostrato differenze significative tra S e NS nella risposta del flusso cerebrale allo script. Nei 33 soggetti in cui sono state eseguite sia la SPECT che la RM sono state trovate differenze significative sia funzionali che strutturali nella corteccia temporo-parietale sinistra e nell’ippocampo, regioni nelle quali gli score dei test neuropsicologici correlano significativamente con il flusso cerebrale. Nei soggetti con remissione sintomatologica dopo EMDR (R; n=11) sono state trovate rispetto ai soggetti che non hanno risposto alla terapia (NR; n=5) significative differenze di flusso in 4 aree corticali che processano funzioni deteriorate in corso di PTSD. Diminuzioni di flusso dopo la terapia sono state registrate nei R rispetto ai NR nell’ippocampo, nel giro fusiforme (corteccia parieto-occipitale) e nella corteccia visiva primaria. L’ippocampo è sede della memoria episodica ed autobiografica; il giro fusiforme processa il riconoscimento di volti, dei corpi e delle parole; la corteccia visiva primaria custodisce la memoria visiva degli eventi. La mancata inibizione e/o l’iperattività di queste regioni nel PTSD sono responsabili della rivisitazione patologica figurata e somatica dell’evento traumatico e della presenza di flashback ed immagini allucinatorie. Viceversa la corteccia frontale dorsolaterale ha mostrato un aumento di flusso nei R. Questa regione oltre ad essere deputata ad inibire nel sistema limbico la risposta patologica a stimoli che ricordano l’evento traumatico è essenziale per i processi di attenzione e del “senso di sé”, diminuiti in corso di PTSD e recuperati in seguito alla remissione della malattia. In questi soggetti la RM ha inoltre messo in evidenza il valore predittivo delle dimensioni dell’ippocampo rispetto all’efficacia della terapia con EMDR. I nostri risultati confermano il coinvolgimento della corteccia temporo-parieto-occipitale nel PTSD e sottolineano il valore delle neuroimmagini sia nello svelare gli effetti neurobiologici dell’EMDR che determinare il valore delle indagini strutturali nel predirne l’efficacia.

Recent studies have shown that the post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) may result in both structural and functional brain changes. Imaging studies using functional Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) shown significant changes in cerebral blood flow in patients with PTSD during revisiting the trauma. In this regard have been reported increases and decreases in flow hippocampus, amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate and posterior and temporal cortex. The dominant model linking the symptoms of PTSD to a no inhibition of 'amygdala hyperactivity disorder by the sense of impending threat by the prefrontal cortex. E 'was also proposed that the structural changes of the hippocampus and anterior cingulate revealed by structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are caused by the response neuronal stress. The aim of our research and 'was to analyze the response functional and structural variations in two groups of subjects exposed to occupational trauma that have developed (S = symptomatic, n = 20) or not (NS = non-symptomatic, n = 27) PTSD. Part of S (n = 16) was treated with EMDR. The diagnosis of PTSD before and after the therapy was based on both DSM-IV has on several neuropsychological tests targeting. SPECT (n = 47) and MRI (n = 33) are were performed from 3 months to six years from the trauma and the first was repeated after EMDR. Symptoms were caused by a script individual who reported to the memory of the trauma and during which were injected with a tracer of cerebral blood flow. The analysis performed showed significant differences between S and NS in the response of flow brain to the script. In the 33 subjects in which they were performed both SPECT and MRI were found significant differences in both functional and structural temporo-parietal cortex left hippocampus, regions in which the scores of neuropsychological tests correlate significantly with the flow in the brain. In subjects with symptomatic remission after EMDR (R; n = 11) were found compared with subjects who did not respond to therapy (NR, n = 5) significant differences in flow in 4 cortical areas that process functions deteriorated in the course of PTSD. Decreases in flow after treatment were recorded in R than NR hippocampus, within fusiform (parieto-occipital cortex) and in the primary visual cortex. The hippocampus is the seat of episodic memory and autobiographical, and the processes around the fusiform recognition of faces, bodies and words, the primary visual cortex preserves the memory visual events. The non-inhibition and / or 'hyperactivity of these regions in PTSD are responsible for pathological figured revisiting the traumatic event and physical and presence of flashbacks and hallucinatory images. Contrast, the dorsolateral frontal cortex has showed an increase of flow in R. This region in addition to being deputies to inhibit the system limbic response to pathological stimuli that recall the traumatic event is essential for processes of attention and the "sense of self, decreased in the course of PTSD and recovered following remission. In these subjects, MRI has also highlighted the predictive value the size of the hippocampus compared the efficacy of EMDR therapy. Our results confirm the involvement of the temporo-parietal-occipital cortex in PTSD and emphasize the value of neuroimaging in revealing both the neurobiological effects of EMDR that determine the value of the structural surveys in predicting effectiveness.

Keywords: Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

350. Foreningen EMDR Sverige. (2009). Synpunkter akutstressyndrom och PTSD [EMDR Sweden Association comments acute stress syndrome and PTSD]. In Foreningen EMDR Sverige, Inkomna synpunkter, Nationella riktlinjer för depressionssjukdom och ångestsyndrom preliminär, (pp. 163-164). Denmark: Riksforeningen Psykoterapi Centrum.

Language: Swedish

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Föreningen EMDR Sverige vill lämna följande kommentarer till utkastet till riktlinjer avseende behandling av akut stressyndrom och posttraumatiskt stressyndrom. International Society for Traumatic Stress studies gör regelbundet sammanställningar av evidensläget [1]. Det är viktigt att beakta att psykologiska behandlingsformer i form av traumafokuserad KBT och EMDR är de viktigaste och mest effektiva behandlingar. EMDR har varit kontroversiell men är det inte längre, utan är en internationellt accepterad behandlingsmetod för PTSD. Det är fortfarande inte allmänt accepterad att ögonrörelser har betydelse, men nyligen har svensk och australisk forskning visat att ögonrörelser under EMDR har tydliga fysiologiska effekter som är meningsfulla [2, 9], dessutom har alla studier av fysiologi vid EMDR hittills samstämmande visat dessa effekter, enligt en litteratursammanställning [3]. Under senaste åren har forskning om minnesfunktion och sakkadiska ögonrörelser visat att minnessystem som till exempel episodminne (som ofta är störd vid PTSD) påverkas på ett gynnsamt sätt av ögonrörelser [4-8]. Således finns det i dag mycket som stödjer att ögonrörelser är meningsfulla även om det kan vara svårt att förstå vid första anblicken. EMDR och exponeringsbehandling är lika effektiva enligt metastudier, bland annat Cochrane och i ISTSS aktuella genomgång av effektiva behandlingsmetoder för PTSD. Referenser 1. Foa E, Keane TM, Friedman MJ & Cohen JA. 2009. Effective Treatments for PTSD Practice Guidelines from the International Society fro Traumatic Stress Studies. Guilford,New York. 2. Elofsson, U.O., et al., Physiological correlates of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of anxiety disorders, 2008. 22(4): p. 622-34. 3. Söndergaard, E., Psychophysiological studies of EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2008. 2(4): p. 282-288. 4. Stickgold, R., EMDR: A putative neurobiological mechanism of action. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2002. 58(1): p. 61-75. 5. Parker, A. and N. Dagnall, Effects of bilateral eye movements on gist based false recognition in the DRM paradigm. Brain and cognition, 2007. 63(3): p. 221-5. 6. Parker, A., S. Relph, and N. Dagnall, Effects of bilateral eye movements on the retrieval of item, associative, and contextual information. Neuropsychology, 2008. 22(1): p. 136-45.

EMDR Association of Sweden makes the following comments to Draft Guidelines for the treatment of acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies makes regular summaries of evidence-mode [1]. It is important to note that psychological treatments in the form of trauma-focused CBT and EMDR is the most important and most effective treatments. EMDR has been controversial but it is no longer, but is an internationally accepted method of treatment for PTSD. There is still no generally accepted that eye movements are important, but lately, Swedish and Australian research has shown that eye movements during EMDR has clear physiological effects that are meaningful [2, 9], Moreover, all studies of physiology at the convergence of EMDR to date shown these effects, according to a literature review [3]. In recent years, research on memory function and Sakka wash eye movements showed that memory systems, such as episodic memory (which is often is disturbed in PTSD) is affected in a favorable way of eye movements [4-8]. Thus today there are a lot of support that eye movements are meaningful although it may be difficult to understand at first glance. EMDR and exposure therapy are as effective as meta-studies, including Cochrane and in ISTSS current review of effective treatments for PTSD. References 1st Foa E, Keane TM, Friedman MJ & Cohen JA. 2009th Effective Treatments for PTSD Practice Guidelines from the International Society fro Traumatic Stress Studies. Guilford, New York. 2nd Elofsson, UO, et al., Physiological correlator of eye movement desensitization and Reprocessing. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2008. 22 (4): p. 622-34. 3rd Sondergaard, E., Psychophysiological studies of EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2008. 2 (4): p. 282-288. 4th Gold Stick, R., EMDR: A putative neuro Biological mechanism of action. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2002. 58 (1): p. 61-75. 5th Parker, A. and N. Dagnall, Effects of bilateral eye movements on GIST-based false recognition in the DRM paradigm. Brain and Cognition, 2007th 63 (3): p. 221-5. 6th Parker, A., S. Relph, and N. Dagnall, Effects of bilateral eye movements On the retrieval of item, associative, and contextual information. Neuro-Psychology, 2008. 22 (1): p. 136-45.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

351. L'Abate, L. (1999). Taking the bull by the horns: Beyond talk in psychological interventions. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 7(3), 206-220.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The purpose of this article is to argue that as long as the therapeutic community relies on commonly accepted sacred cows to produce results, little if any progress will take place. The five sacred cows of traditional psychological interventions (prevention, psychotherapy, and rehabilitation) are based on the following: (a) talk; (b) face-to-face contact; (c) the professionals’ proper style and personality; (d) adding family members, the more people the better; and (e) the more sessions the better. New psychological interventions that may challenge the sacred cows as we know them are as follows: (a) psychoeducational skill training programs; (b) computer assisted interventions, including verbal, visual (i.e., virtual reality), and neurobiofeedback; (c) manualized therapies; (d) eye movement desensitization and reprocessing; and (e) programmed distance writing, as exemplified by mental health workbooks. The latter is an inexpensive approach that can be administered concurrently with the new approaches as well as with talk-oriented interventions to obtain synergistic results. In addition, suggestions for minimally verbal and maximally action-oriented props and prescribed tasks are given.

Accuracy Verified: Yes

352. Knipe, J. (1995). Targeting defensive avoidance and dissociated numbing. EMDR Network Newsletter, 5(2), 6-7.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
For some clients (perhaps 10-15%),I have found that the effectiveness of EMDR (Level I, Level I1 version) is blocked or hindered by defensive processes which may or may not be conscious or voluntary, and which function to protect the individual against unpleasant affect. In such instances, it has frequently been useful to use the 0-10 scale to measure aspects of experience other than unpleasant affect. This is similar to the Level of Urge (LOU) innovation designed by Popky (1994) and used as part of his protocol for the treatment of substance addictions.

Keywords: Numbing Targeting

Accuracy Verified: Yes

353. Knipe, J. (2005). Targeting positive affect to clear the pain of unrequited love, codependence, avoidance, and procrastination. In R. Shapiro (Ed.). EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing (pp. 189-212). New York: W W Norton & Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Most clients who enter therapy do not have a simple problem of a single disturbing memory. More typically, clients come to therapy with a mixed presentation, of not only emotional disturbance, but also a history of conscious or unconscious choices about how best to soothe, contain, or avoid that disturbance. When the client has a problem that includes positive and negative affective components, we could say (in the language of Shapiro's Adaptive Information Processing Model) that the chain of experiential associations -- the dysfunctionally stored memory network -- has positively valued experience at the entry point into the network and disturbing material at other, less accessible places. Clients often experience this situation as one of conflicting ego states. Specifically, one ego state may be positively emotionally invested in an outcome that is an obstacle to the person's larger life goals. When this happens and the usual EMDR method of targeting negative affect is stalled, it may be useful to target the positive side of the issue, that is, an image that has a positive emotional valence. Such clients are asked to hold in mind the enjoyable aspects of a problematic wish or identity while engaging in Dual Attention Stimulation (DAS). In this way, they can process these positive aspects, "disinvest" from the problem, and go on to resolve the conflict. Several session transcripts illustrate how this approach can work in practice. [Adapted from Text, pp. 189-190]

Keywords: Life Experiences Psychotherapeutic Processes Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

354. Parnell, L. (2007). A therapist's guide to EMDR: Tools and techniques for successful treatment. New York: W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
The book reviews the theoretical basis for EMDR and new information on the neurobiology of trauma. It provides a detailed explanation of the procedural steps along with helpful suggestions and modifications. Areas essential to successful utilization of EMDR are emphasized. These include: case conceptualization; preparation for EMDR trauma processing, including resource development and installation; target development; methods for unblocking blocked processing, including the creative use of interweaves; and session closure. Case examples are used throughout to illustrate concepts. The emphasis in this book is on clinical usefulness, not research. [Preface]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

355. Tinker, R. H., & Wilson, S. A. (1999). Through the eyes of a child: EMDR with children. New York W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
Explores the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with children and adolescents. The book demystifies the application of EMDR for children, from the first session with the parents to later sessions with children at all developmental stages. The adult protocol is modified so that it can be applied to children as young as two years old (and possibly younger). A system of classification of childhood trauma allows therapists to predict a child's response to EMDR is presented. Myriad cases illustrate the use of EMDR with various traumas. Many examples of simple traumas are presented, including automobile accidents, lightning strikes, bereavement, and specific phobias such as a fear of animals. In addition, cases illustrate success with complex traumas, where aspects of the trauma are ongoing and EMDR becomes part of several possible therapeutic interventions. EMDR is also discussed as an intervention for children who have problems that are not caused by trauma. Case illustrations show how EMDR can be used with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, depressive, or reactive attachment disorders as well as learning difficulties and somatoform disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Children Mental Disorders Phobias Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Therapeutic Processes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

356. Morris-Smith, J. (2007, November). Transforming change for children and adolescents using eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR). Presentation at the CCYP Conference, London, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Crisis occurring at critical stages of development can have a devastating impact on the long term future of children and adolescents. This workshop will look at changes that occur unexpectedly to children and adolescents and how the use of EMDR therapy transforms crises using their own creative and intuitive processes leading to developmentally appropriate adaptive responses and coping strategies. It will be illustrated by the use of case examples and video clips for discussion/debate. The morning workshop is aimed at those who do not have a training in EMDR and are wanting to learn what it can do. The afternoon workshop is aimed at those who have some training in EMDR and troubleshooting its applications. Delegates and are invited to bring their own case material for discussion.

Keywords: Adolescents Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

357. Morris-Smith, J. (2008, February). Transforming change for children and adolescents using eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR). Presentation at the CCYP Conference, London, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Adolescents Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

358. Krystal, S., Prendergast, J., Krystal, P., & Fenner, P., Shapiro, I., & Shapiro, K. (2002). Transpersonal psychology, eastern nondual philosophy, and EMDR. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism (1st ed.) (pp. 319-339). Washington: American Psychological Association.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Transpersonal psychology has been strongly influenced by the nondual spiritual traditions of the East. These traditions describe a natural unconditioned state of awareness that is every human's birthright. Realization of this awareness brings peace, freedom, joy, and acceptance of life as it is. As EMDR fosters personal integration and transformation, clients sometimes report contact with this profound awareness during a session. A specialized transpersonal EMDR protocol targets distractions to this awareness and can be used once clients have sufficiently progressed with the standard protocol. The transpersonal protocol, in conjunction with the open-hearted and quiet presence of the therapist, invites clients into their natural contentment. Goals, methods, and roles fall away as therapist and client discover their shared ground. The ritual of psychotherapy unfolds into satsang, the celebration of nondual awareness. Several spiritual teachers with nondual orientations confirm the value of EMDR in working with obscurations to this awareness. EMDR has a surprising and powerful contribution to make to transpersonal psychology by helping to facilitate and stabilize the experience of nondual awareness. [Text, p. 338]

Keywords: Adults Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors Transpersonal Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

359. Castello, A. G. L. (2012, Novembro). Tratamento de fobias e traumas em crianças através do EMDR [Treatment of phobias and trauma in children through EMDR]. In EMDR na infância. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Este trabalho foi realizado numa Clínica Pediátrica, CLIAP, em São Paulo, Brasil, com 450 crianças na idade de 0 a 12 anos. Estas crianças vieram para tratamento psicológico com queixas de fobias e traumas simples e complexos. Foram utilizados 2850 protocolos de EMDR individual com as crianças e 220 protocolos individuais com os pais. Estes pais vieram para tratamento psicológico por intermédio do pediatra da clínica com queixas de dificuldades na condução do papel parental. Objetivos: Este trabalho é o início de uma pesquisa com EMDR com crianças, onde a técnica é utilizada como articulação metodológica no trabalho terapêutico com crianças e pais nas diversas situações de vida familiar, e tem sido realizado nos últimos cinco anos. Os atendimentos são feitos com EMDR individuais com as crianças e EMDR individuais com os pais quando necessário. Resultados: conseguimos obter um processamento das situações que foram trazidas como queixas pelos pais e pelas crianças, onde aparecem processos terapêuticos evidenciados pela elaboração dos traumas da Matriz de Identidade ligados a essas situações e o reprocessamento e rematrizações obtidas pelo EMDR.

This work was performed in a Pediatric Clinic, CLIAP in Sao Paulo, Brazil, with 450 children age 0-12 years. These children came to treatment complaining of psychological traumas and phobias simple and complex. We used 2850 individual EMDR protocols with children and 220 parents with individual protocols. These parents came to psychological treatment through the pediatric clinic with complaints of difficulties in conducting the parental role. Objectives: This study is the beginning of a survey of EMDR with children, where the technique is used as methodological articulation in therapeutic work with children and parents in diverse situations of family life, and has been held in the past five years. Services are made with individual EMDR with children and individual EMDR with parents when necessary. Results: we can get a processing situations that were brought as complaints by parents and children, where they appear therapeutic processes evidenced by the development of trauma Matrix Identity linked to these situations and reprocessing and rematrizações obtained by EMDR.

Keywords: Children, Phobias Processing Traumas

Accuracy Verified: Yes

360. Punamaki, R.L., & Peltonen, K. (2008). Trauma among children and adolescents: Treatments and interventions. European Trauma Bulletin, 15(2), 3-13.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:

Keywords: Adolescents Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

361. Shapiro, F. (2001). Trauma and adaptive information-processing: EMDR's dynamic and behavioral interface. In M. F. Solomon; R. J. Neborsky, L. McCullough, M. Alpert, F. Shapiro, & D. Malan (Eds.), Short-term therapy for long-term change (pp. 112-129). New York: W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
This chapter reviews some of the pertinent elements of the model we use to guide EMDR practice and a variety of its clinical applications. Since the first application of EMDR was the treatment of PTSD, we'll begin there. The International Society For Traumatic Stress Studies has accepted EMDR as a standard and effective treatment, which has been validated in comprehensive meta-analyses of all PTSD treatments. [Text, p. 113]

Keywords: Cognitive Processes Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

362. Schleyer, M. A. (2000, July). The trauma client's experience of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A heuristic analysis. Union Institute and University, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 9958854 .

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Traumatic stress and its impact on the individual, family and society have been described in the literature for over one hundred years. Controversy exists regarding etiology, determinants and therapeutic intervention for traumatic stress. There is limited research regarding the comparative value of treatment of trauma. In 1989 Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) emerged as a therapeutic intervention for traumatic stress. Studies have shown the benefits of EMDR to be equal to or superior to those of other therapies in the treatment of PTSD. To date, the value of EMDR has been measured primarily by the decrease or amelioration of symptoms. Limited research has focused on the client's experience of EMDR and life changes after EMDR. The specific aim of this study was to: (a) generate a description of the personal experience of the EMDR process, (b) identify whether life changes had occurred after EMDR, and (c) if any life changes had occurred describe the changes and the nature of these changes.Data were collected via unstructured interviews with seven individuals who had experienced some form of trauma, and who had experienced EMDR as a therapeutic intervention for trauma. Van Manen's and Heidegger's interpretive processes were used to guide the method of data analysis. The shared meanings identified were: (a) Set-up for Harm, (b) Being Stuck, (c) Willing to Risk in Spite of..., (d) Release, (e) Movement and (f) Ongoing Movement. The participants all described childhood events of being put in harm's way. As adults participants felt frustrated with their inability to change personal and relational alienation which resulted from the childhood events. However, in spite of incredulity and fears, risking the experience of EMDR was primarily dependent on trust in the therapist. All experienced emotional, cognitive and physical release in response to the EMDR experience which allowed participants to move forward with their lives. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 61(1-B), Jul 2000, pp. 549.

Keywords: Adults Americans Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

363. Greenwald, R. (2000, April). A trauma-focused individual therapy approach for adolescents with conduct disorder. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44(2), 146-163. doi:10.1177/0306624X00442002 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Trauma is proposed as a key to understanding the development and persistence of conduct disorder in conjunction with other contributing factors. Trauma history is virtually universal in this population, and trauma effects can help to account for many features of the disorder including lack of empathy, impulsivity, anger, acting out, and resistance to treatment. The current standard of care fails to fully address trauma, which may partially explain the low success rate. A trauma-focused individual therapy approach is presented as one example of how this population might be more effectively treated. This approach features motivational interviewing, self-control training, and trauma resolution and integrates eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Two illustrative case examples are presented and discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents Cognitive Therapy Disruptive Behavior Disorders Individual Psychotherapy Males Psychiatric Inpatients Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

364. Schubbe, O. (2006). Traumatherapie mit EMDR: Ein handbuch für die ausbildung [Trauma therapy with EMDR: A manual for the training]. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Language: German

Format: Book

Abstract:
"Traumatherapie mit EMDR" ist ein Trainingsmanual für Psychotherapeuten, die sich für eine Ausbildung in dieser Traumaverarbeitungsmethode interessieren oder sie in ihrer therapeutischen Arbeit bereits anwenden. EMDR steht für Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, deutsch: Desensibilisierung und Neubearbeitung mit Augenbewegungen. Es ist eine Technik therapeutischer Traumaverarbeitung und gleichzeitig eine innere Haltung und fast ein kleines Wunder. Die Methode folgt einer klaren Zielorientierung, um dysfunktionale Lernerfahrungen in funktionale verwandeln zu helfen. Ausgegangen wird davon, dass Menschen ein natürlicher Antrieb zu Wachstum und Integration von Erfahrung innewohnt. Der angeleitete EMDR-Prozess unterstützt die genaue Beobachtung und das differenzierte Erleben bewusstseinsfähiger innerer Prozesse und ein nachvollziehendes Verstehen und Akzeptieren von Zusammenhängen. Oft berichten die Klienten von spontanen inneren Einsichten, die sich mit den traumatischen Erinnerungen verbinden und anschließend zu neuen Gefühlen, Gedanken und Handlungen befähigen. Nach einer Einführung zur allgemeinen Psychotraumatologie und zum theoretischen Hintergrund werden empirische Erfahrungen m it EMDR berichtet. Der Schwerpunkt des Buches liegt auf der Erläuterung der praktischen Durchführung von EMDR. Dabei werden therapeutische Schwierigkeiten differenziert aufgegriffen, angemessene Umgangsweisen damit dargestellt, professionelles Affektmanagement und ressourcenorientiertes Arbeiten vorgestellt.

"Trauma Therapy with EMDR is a training manual for psychotherapists who are interested in training in this trauma processing method or apply them in their therapeutic work already. EMDR stands for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, German: desensitization and revised edition with eye movements. It is a technique of therapeutic trauma processing, while an inner attitude, and almost a small miracle. The method follows a clear goal orientation, to help transform learning experiences into functional dysfunctional. The starting point is the fact that inherent in a natural human impulse to growth and integration of experience. The guided EMDR process supports the close monitoring and the differentiated experience of becoming conscious of inner processes and understand understanding and accepting connections. Often, clients report of spontaneous internal insights that are combined with the traumatic memories and then to new feelings, thoughts and actions qualify. After a general introduction to psychological trauma and the theoretical background, empirical experience w ith EMDR are reported. The focus of the book is on explaining the practical application of EMDR. These therapeutic difficulties are addressed differentiated, appropriate ways of dealing presented thus presented professional resource-management and emotional work.

Keywords: Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

365. Perry, B. D. (2002, June). Traumatic memory and neurodevelopment: A proposed mechanism of action for EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation will provide an overview of the neurodevelopmental process of creating neural networks mediating various functions. A general understanding of those "memory" processes can provide a plausible mechanism to explain the efficacy of EMDR and other therapeutic approaches which use repetitive, rhythmic sensory stimulation and cognitive recall to treat the symptoms of trauma.

Keywords: Mechanism of Action Neural Networks Neurodevelopment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

366. Trotter, K., Baranowsky, A. B., Carbonell, J., & Figley, C. R. (2004). Traumatology. In V. R. Volkman (Ed). Beyond conversations on traumatic incident reduction (pp. 99-122). Ann Arbor, MI, US: Loving Healing Press.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
This section highlights the stories of several people involved in the ongoing development of traumatology and how well it's being put into practice on the front lines of trauma. This chapter is primarily oriented toward mental health professionals and clinicians. "Traumatology on the front lines with Karen Trotter" / Karen Trotter / This chapter describes Trotter's involvement with the Green Cross project, which provides consultation, information, and education to traumatologists who respond to communities in need. /// "The Green Cross Projects: Who, What, and How" / This information, excerpted from the Green Cross Projects website, describes the organization of the Project, what the Project does, and and how the Project provides services to traumatized communities. /// "Dr. Anna B. Baranowsky and the Traumatology Institute of Canada" / Anna B. Baranowsky / This chapter provides information on Baranowsky's involvement with the Green Cross Project and the Traumatology Institute of Canada. /// "Active Ingredient Study--Preliminary Findings" / Joyce Carbonell / In 1994, TIR, V/KD, EMDR, and TFT were investigated through a systematic clinical demonstration (SCD) methodology at Florida State University. This paper discusses the theoretical, clinical, and methodological implications of this study. /// "TIR in Traumatology: A Conversation with Charles R. Figley, Ph.D" / Charles R. Figley / The article is an excerpt of a brief interview with Figley on the use of TIR in traumatology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Counseling Emotional Trauma Mental Health Personnel Mental Health Services Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes Psychotherapeutic Techniques PTSD Self Concept

Accuracy Verified: Yes

367. Manfield, D. C. (1998). Treating a highly defended client: reworking traditional approaches. In P. Manfield (Ed.), Extending EMDR: A casebook of innovative applications, (1st ed.) (pp. 217-231). New York: Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Several key points emerge for consideration when treating the highly defended client with EMDR, in particular clients whose primary defenses are distancing ones. The first is to carefully gauge the client's level of functioning, the depth of therapeutic alliance, and the client's perceived sense of safety. These factors determine the appropriateness of EMDR, and presuming that, the style and directiveness of the clinician.Secondly, the use of EMDR with highly defended clients may require a directiveness that exceeds the basic protocol designed by Shapiro. Once the therapeutic alliance has been established, the clinician must balance, while being sensitive to, the client's need for control over the therapeutic process, hopefully avoiding unproductive periods of defensive distancing. This balance and sensitivity, inherent in all effective treatments and psychotherapies, is particularly important when the modality is as potent and emotionally evocative as EMDR can be. The case of William illustrates the risks in a directive approach, such as initiating EMDR too early, promoting a withdrawing or angry transference, or choosing the wrong cognitions. Knowing your client well and securing an effective working alliance is crucial to success. [Text, pp. 230-231]

Keywords: Adults Americans Anxiety Disorders Case Report Defense Mechanisms Life Experiences Male Psychotherapeutic Processes Self Concept Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

368. Shapiro, R. (2005). Treating anxiety disorders with EMDR. In R. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing (pp. 312-326). New York: Norton & Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
EMDR clears PTSD. It eradicates the anxiety that accompanies PTSD. How do you use it with anxiety that isn't pure PTSD? Whether trauma or biology started the anxiety disorder, by the time a client reaches your office, you have to treat both. Anxiety is an intensely physical experience, and the experience of an out-of-control body is traumatic. [Adapted from Text, p. 313]

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

369. Wesselmann, D. (2007). Treating attachment Issues through EMDR and a family systems approach. In F. Shaprio, F. W. Kaslow, & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp.113-130). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The difficult behaviors exhibited by children who meet the criteria for a diagnosis of Reactive Attachment Disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) can be challenging to both parents and professionals. Utilizing the point of view of three models--attachment, Adaptive Information Processing, and family systems--can enhance the clinician's understanding of attachment-related symptoms. Although the models hold shared views, each brings an additional piece of the puzzle to case conceptualization and treatment planning. Family systems therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy are different but complementary approaches to improving attachment relationships. Some general treatment strategies combining a family systems approach with an EMDR approach that are helpful in working with families affected by disturbed parent-child attachments are presented here. Case examples and a concluding discussion complete the chapter. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP Attachment Attachment Disorders Cognitive Processes Family Systems Approach Family Systems Theory Family Therapy RAD Reactive Attachment Disorder Treatment Strategies

Accuracy Verified: Yes

370. Honda, M. (2005, February). Treatment of a PTSD victim of attempted murder-robbery by eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A case report. Japanese Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3(1), 91-106.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Reports both in Japan and in the U.S. indicate that Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) can be effective for the treatment of PTSD and traumatic memory. This report summarizes the treatment of an attempted murder-robbery victim using EMDR. Although she responded rather poorly to the medications, the patient showed a rapid improvement with the introduction of six 90-minute EMDR sessions, as measured by the Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R) and Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Of particular interest was that the intrusion and hyperarousal symptoms disappeared in the early stage of the treatment; in contrast, the avoidance symptoms needed several sessions for management. Given the current controversies surrounding EMDR for the treatment for PTSD, more empirical evidence is needed to establish its efficacy. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Case Report Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Robbery Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

371. Carbone, D. J. (2008). Treatment of gay men for post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from social ostracism and ridicule: Cognitive behavior therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing approaches. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(2), 305-316. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9239-3.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This report describes the clinical treatment of a sample of 4 gay men suffering from PTSD attributed to their repeated experiences with peer ridicule and ostracism throughout childhood and adolescence, caused by their gender variant appearance and behavior. All of the men in the sample shared the following features: (1) a childhood history of ridicule and ostracism from both peers and adults focused on their gender variant presentation designed to elicit gender norm compliance; (2) a lack of social support networks to assist them in coping with the stress; (3) self-destructive coping responses that began in childhood and continued into adulthood in an attempt to lessen the experience of shame; and (4) symptoms of PTSD. A treatment model utilizing cognitive-behavioral therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing was discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Case Report CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive Therapy Gay Men Homosexuals Males Persecution Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

372. Solomon, R., & Rando, T. A. (2012). Treatment of grief and mourning through EMDR: Conceptual considerations and clinical guidelines. Revue Européenne De Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, 62(4), 231-239. doi:10.1016/j.erap.2012.09.002.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Introduction: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an empirically-supported psychotherapeutic approach for treating trauma, which is also applicable to a wide range of other experientially-based clinical complaints. It is particularly useful in treating grief and mourning. Literature findings: EMDR is guided by the Adaptive Information Processing Model (AIP), which conceptualizes the effects of traumatic experiences in terms of dysfunctional memory networks in a physiologically-based information processing system. Numerous empirical studies have demonstrated EMDR's efficacy. Discussion: The death of a loved one can be very distressing, with memories and experiences associated with the loss becoming dysfunctionally stored and preventing access to adaptive information, including positive memories of the deceased. EMDR can be utilized to integrate these distressing experiences and facilitate the assimilation and accommodation of the loss and movement through the mourning processes. Conclusion: Applying the eight phases of EMDR to grief and mourning can yield potent clinical results in the aftermath of loss.

Keywords: Clinical Guidelines Grief Mourning

Accuracy Verified: Yes

373. Swatzyna, R. (1997). The treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder utilizing biofeedback relaxation training with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy. University of Texas, Arlington, TX. AAT 1387189.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study evaluates a protocol incorporating Biofeedback Assisted Relaxation (BAR) training with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for the treatment of PTSD. Based on Everly & Benson's strategic metatherapeutic approach for PTSD, a tactical therapeutic protocol was developed with specific attention to both neurologic and psychologic arousal factors. A single-subject design (A-B-C) was utilized for the three PTSD experimental subjects. The A phase consisted of three baseline psychophysiological assessments; the B phase consisted of four BAR training sessions; and, the C phase consisted of four sessions of EMDR therapy. The study results indicate resolution of PTSD attained by all three subjects, and psychologic and neurologic desensitization accomplished. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: BFB Biofeedback Training Posttraumatic Stress Diosrder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

374. de Jongh, A., & ten Broeke, E. (2007). Treatment of specific phobias with EMDR: Conceptualization and strategies for the selection of appropriate memories. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(1), 46-56. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.46.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been shown to be a structured, noninvasive, time-limited, and evidence-based treatment for unprocessed memories and related conditions. This paper focuses on EMDR as a treatment for specific fears and phobias. For this purpose, the application of EMDR is conceptualized as the selection and the subsequent processing of a series of strategically important memories of earlier negative learning experiences concerning specific objects or situations. Firstly, the practical application and conceptualization of the treatment of phobias with EMDR is presented and compared with an exposure-based treatment approach. Next, specific attention is given to the assessment and selection of appropriate memories for processing. It is hypothesized that phobias with a nontraumatic background, or those in later stages of treatment after some reduction in anxiety has been achieved, would profit more from the application of a gradual in vivo exposure, whereas trauma-based specific phobias and those with high initial levels of anxiety would respond most favorably to EMDR. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive Therapy In Vivo Exposure Phobia Psychotherapeutic Processes Specific Phobia Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

375. Solomon, R. M. (2002). Treatment of violated assumptive worlds with EMDR. In J. Kauffman (Ed.), Loss of the assumptive world: A theory of traumatic loss (pp. 117-126). New York: Brunner-Routledge.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The author presents a description of the treatment methodology called eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), which facilitates the adaptive integration of traumatic information. EMDR is theoretically based upon the information-processing model called accelerated information processing. This chapter articulates the information-processing model of healing from traumatic loss. In traumatic loss there is an inability to integrate the traumatic information into one's assumptive world. Unprocessed traumatic information may result in intense feelings of vulnerability, helplessness, and low self-worth and efficacy. At the end of this chapter the author introduces the concept of expansion of basic world assumptions as a normative outcome of processing the traumatic situation. Expanded basic world assumptions involve a deeper awareness of vulnerability. [Adapted from Introduction]

Keywords: Bereavement Psychotherapeutic Processes Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

376. van der Kolk, B. A., Hopper, J., Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M., Hopper, E., & Simpson, W. (2003, October/November). Treatment outcome of fluoxetine vs. EMDR in PTSD. Symposium conducted (B. A. van der Kolk, Chair) at the 19th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Treatment Outcome Studies of PTSD: This symposium presents three large carefully controlled treatment outcome studies using four different treatment modalities (CBT, EMDR, psychopharmacology and Cognitive Processing) and presents data on comparative efficacy, treatment responsiveness and resistance, effects on comorbidity, quality of life, and biological changes that accompany symptom improvement.

Treatment outcome of fluoxetine vs. EMDR in PTSD: This NIMH funded study compared the efficacy of two widely different treatment approaches for treating patients with PTSD: fluoxetine, which acts directly on biological systems (N=30), and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) (N=30). There also was a pill placebo control group (N=30). We assessed subjects with a multi-modal biological and psychological assessment, in order to determine whether treatment efficacy is associated with changes: 1) social adjustment, 2) psychophysiological reactivity to personalized trauma scripts (heart rate and skin conductance), and 3) basal salivary cortisol. We also tracked the stability of symptom change for nine months following the cessation of active treatment. Preliminary results suggest that at the end of 8 weeks of treatment, there is a 30% improvement in the pill placebo condition, while both active treatments demonstrate additional symptom improvement, with EMDR being most effective for the treatment of acute PTSD, and Prozac for subjects with prolonged childhood histories of trauma. Clinically significant improvement in CAPS scores is accompanied by an increase in basal cortisol and improvement in social and occupational functioning. We will also present data on the differential rates of symptom change in the different PTSD symptom clusters between the two treatment groups during the nine months of follow- up after cessation of the acute treatment phase.

Keywords: Fluoxetine Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

377. Zillhart, P. (2007, Juin). Troubles du comportement alimentaire et EMDR [EMDR and eating behavioral disorders]. Présentation à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Défaut d’intériorsation des objets dans la théorie des relations objectales ou véritable pathologie de la consommation et du changement au carrefour des domains environnementaux et socio-culturels, les TCA constituent un probleme de santé sociale. Leur nature addictive est discutée.
Le problematique des TCA est rendue plus complexe par l’existence d’une lourde comorbidité dont les éléments pathologiques sont autant causes que conséquences. Notons que 40% des patients souffrant de TCA ont eu, à un moment de leur vie, un psychotraumatisme.
La thérapie EMDR permet une approche intégrative dans le traitement des TCA: un aspect cognitif indéniable, le processus associatif unduit par les stimulations alternées met souvent en lumuiere des matériaux reflétant des conflits intrapsychiques plus ou moins archaiques.
Le travail portant sur l’imagerie mentale ou les états dissociés du moi peut aussi etre associé dans les cas difficiles de patients souffrant de TCA Le présent atelier a pour but :
- D’éclairir les points clef des classifications nosographiques actuelles, notamment dans leur incidence thérapeutique, sans oublier les cas l’urgences.
- De présenter les aspects les plus récents du modèle bio-psychosocial des TCA, véritable clef de voute des interventions thérapeutiques, notommanent concernant la therapie EMDR. La therapie EMDR se veut indvidualisée selon l’histoire de vie de chaque patient.
La connaissance profounde de l’histoire de vie des patients avec leurs thématiques existentielles permet la construction de "clusters" multiples. Ceux-ci offrent un mode d’induction privilégié des processus associatifs de restructuration cognitive, émotionnelle, et corporelle proper à la thérapie EMDR.
- Des protocoles sont proposés selon cas et illustrés par quelques exemples et vignettes cliniques.
- De répondre à un maximum de questions durant l’atelier.

Failure intériorsation objects in the theory of object relations or true pathology of consumption and change at the junction of domains environmental and socio-cultural, the CAW is a social health problem. Their addictive nature is discussed. The problematic CAW is complicated by the existence of a significant comorbidity with pathological elements are all causes than consequences. Note that 40% of patients with ABI had, at some point in their life, a psychological trauma. EMDR allows an integrative approach in the treatment of TCA, a cognitive undeniable, the associative process unduit by alternating stimulation is often lumuiere materials reflecting intrapsychic conflicts more or less archaic. The work on mental imagery or dissociated ego states may also be involved in difficult cases of patients with ABI This workshop aims to: - To explain the key points nosographic current classifications, particularly in their therapeutic effect, without forgetting the emergency cases. - Present the most recent aspects of the biopsychosocial model CAW real keystone of therapeutic interventions notommanent on EMDR therapy. The EMDR therapy is meant indvidualisée by life history of each patient. Profound knowledge of the history of life of patients with their existential issues allows the construction of clusters multiple. They offer a privileged mode of induction of associative processes of cognitive restructuring, emotional, and physical Proper to EMDR. - Protocols are proposed under event and illustrated by some examples and clinical vignettes. - To answer many questions as possible during the workshop.

Keywords: Eating Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

378. Diegelmann, C., & Isermann, M. (2011, July). Trust: Activating positive emotions in patients facing cancer or death. Poster presented at the 2nd World Congress on Positive Psychology, Philadelphia PA..

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Trust interventions focus on strengthening resilience and prevent clients from being flooded by uncontrollable ideas. They include working with imagination, metaphors, symbols and artwork and cognitions. Bilateral stimulation (BLS), an element of EMDR therapy is used for: 1) resource installation and anchoring, 2)reducing distress, 3) creating new chains of associations, 4) finding new perspectives. Trust interventions aim to: 1) bring the brain back from fear made into a a state of balance, 2) draw attention to concrete [new] experiences, 3) discover and strengthen subjective and objective resources in everyday life, 4) identify and, if required, change evaluation processes and attitudes.

Keywords: Cancer Positive Emotions Trust

Accuracy Verified: Yes

379. Shapiro, R. (2005). The two-hand interweave. In R. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing (pp. 160-166). New York: W W Norton & Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The Two-Hand Interweave can be used to "front load" EMDR processing, as an interweave during processing, or on its own. In my experience, and the experience of my consultees and trainees, it helps about 95% of clients differentiate between murky feelings and choices. Clients like it. They often come in saying that they need to "two-hand" a decision. They report using the technique at home to make differentiations and choices. Borderline clients report "holding two feelings so that I could see that gray you're always talking about". [Text, p. 166] [Pilots]

Keywords: Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

380. Grant, M. (2001). Understanding and treating chronic pain as trauma, with EMDR. Author.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
It is generally accepted that pain, particularly chronic pain, involves psychological factors, whether as a reaction to pain (Fordyce 1975; Turk & Meichenbaum, 1989) or as a predisposing factor for pain (Engel, 1959, Goodwin & Attias, 1999). Different theoretical approaches emphasize the role of psychological factors differently. For example, Cognitive- behavioral approaches emphasize people’s reactions [to injury and pain] as a factor in causing and maintaining pain. One of the main theoretical constructs of CBT is secondary gain which is based on operant conditioning and posits that pain can be maintained by ‘rewards’ such as too much attention or sympathy. Psychodynamic approaches place more emphasis on pre-existing trauma and emotional states as a causal factor for chronic pain (Engel, 1959, Goodwin & Attias, 1999). One of the main psychodynamic theories of pain is .. which posits that pain is .. There is evidence to suggest that there is some truth to both approaches. However, the research regarding behavioral theories of chronic pain has often produced mixed results (..) and been found to have many problems (King..). However, there is reliable data to suggest that trauma and emotional processes associated with trauma are often associated with chronic pain.

Keywords: Chronic Pain Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

381. Friedhelm Lamprecht, F. & Steinmetz, A. (2007). Untersuchung von wirkmechanismen der EMDR- traumatherapie: Psychophysiologische veränderungen während therapiesitzungen [Investigation of mechanism of action of EMDR trauma therapy: Psycho-physiological changes during therapy sessions]. Medizinischen Hochschule, Hannover.

Language: German

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Keywords: Mechanism of Action Psychophysiological Changes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

382. Steinmetz, A. (2007). Untersuchung von wirkmechanismen der EMDR-traumatherapie psycho physiologische veränderungen während therapiesitzungen [Investigations of mechanisms of EMDR trauma therapy - Psychophysiological changes during therapy sessions]. Hanover, Germany: Medizinesche Hochschuler.

Language: German

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) ist eine prozessgeleitete psychotherapeutische Methode, die mit Erfolg u. a. für die Behandlung der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS) eingesetzt wird (Maxfield 2003). 1989 konnten in einer ersten kontrollierten Studie, in der das Verfahren noch "Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD)" betitelt wurde, positive Resultate in der Behandlung der PTBS erreicht werden (Shapiro 1989a, b).

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a process-guided psychotherapeutic method that is successfully used eg for the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Maxfield 2003). 1989 could in a first controlled study in which the procedure was still "Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD) titled," positive results in the treatment of PTSD can be achieved (Shapiro 1989a, b).

Keywords: Mechanism of Action

Accuracy Verified: Yes

383. Chemali, Z., & Meadows, M-E. (2004, October). The use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of psychogenic seizures. Epilepsy & Behavior, 5(5), 784-787. doi:10.1002/cpp.525.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
We present a case illustrating the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of psychogenic seizures. These seizures were events lasting many hours, necessitating frequent emergency room visits and an extensive medical work up. Given the patient's history, PTSD was diagnosed. EMDR is widely used as a treatment modality for PTSD, and the patient was referred for once-per-week treatment, with complete recovery after 18 months of therapy. The impact of her recovery on her quality of life was astonishing. This case supports the notion that EMDR can be an effective alternative treatment for psychogenic seizures, especially when the history reveals a traumatic event or abusive experiences. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Australians Clinical Case Study Cognitive Therapy Empirical Study Females Family Therapy Males Psychotherapeutic Processes Self Report Instruments Spouses Treatment Effectiveness Vietnam War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

384. Gross, L., & Ratner, H. (2002). The use of hypnosis and EMDR combined with energy therapies in the treatment of phobias and dissociative, posttraumatic stress, and eating disorders. In F. P. Gallo (Ed.), Energy psychology in psychotherapy: A comprehensive sourcebook (1st ed.) (pp. 219-231) New York: W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The treatment of dissociative disorders, PTSD, eating disorders, and phobias is frequently difficult and traumatic for the client. One author (LG) has been treating clients with a combination of hypnosis, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), thought field therapy, emotional freedom technique, visual kinesthetic dissociation, and other energy field therapies for the purpose of shortening the length of therapy and making it less painful. Clients occasionally feel violated when such energy therapies are used on their own. For those clients it is upsetting to have their symptoms taken away without having any sense of the process involved as it takes place. When this reaction occurs, EMDR and hypnosis can be extremely useful when used in combination with thought field therapy and other energy therapies.To decide which modalities to use for a particular client, a clinician can make use of muscle testing. My experience has been that, except for the simplest cases, none of the therapies alone (i.e., hypnosis, psychotherapy, EMDR, or variations of energy therapies) may be sufficient. The combination, however, is a powerful treatment modality that can accomplish excellent results in a very short time frame. [Text, p. 219]

Keywords: Adults Dissociative Disorders Eating Disorders Energy Psychotherapy Hypnotherapy Phobias Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD TFT Thought Field Therapy Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

385. Kitchiner, N. J. (2000, February). Using EMDR to treat post-traumatic stress disorder in a prison setting. British Journal of Community Nursing, 5(1), 26-31.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article describes the treatment of a young man who developed PTSD following the sudden unexpected miscarriage of his unborn child. He was diagnosed with this anxiety disorder while serving a term of imprisonment. He was treated with a controversial psychological treatment for PTSD, eye movement desensitisation reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, during one, 1-hour session. After this session, his progress was monitored by a further three follow-up appointments at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months, where the self-report questionnaires were repeated and compared with pre-treatment scores. These demonstrated improvement post-treatment and at a 3-month follow-up session. The discussion arising from the treatment will concentrate on EMDR as an effective treatment for PTSD, particularly within a prison setting. Data from recent research highlight the potential risks of PTSD within a community population and the implications for midwives and nurses who treat and care for traumatized patients are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Case Report Delayed Onset Males Miscarriage Nursing Posttrauamtic Stress Disorder Prison Inmates Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Survivors Young Adults Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

386. Knipe, J. (2006, June). Using EMDR with substance addictions and with behavior problems that have an addictive pattern. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Istanbul, Turkey.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Addictions Substance Abuse

Accuracy Verified: Yes

387. Solomon, R. M. (1999, June). Utilization of EMDR in the treatment of grief and mourning. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) understand and learn about the six processes of grief; 2) learn about the application of EMDR to grief; 3) learn about complications of grief recovery; and 4) learn how to utilize EMDR in resolving complications.

Keywords: Bereavement Complications of Grief Recovery Grief Mourning Psychotherapeutic Processes Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

388. Solomon, R. M. (2000, September). Utilization of EMDR in the treatment of grief and mourning. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) understand and learn about the six processes of grief; 2) learn about the application of EMDR to grief; 3) learn about complications to grief recovery; and 4) learn how to utilize EMDR in resolving complications.

Keywords: Bereavement Grief Mourning Psychotherapeutic Processes Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

389. Solomon, R. M., & Rando, T. (2008). Utilization of EMDR in the treatment of grief and mourning. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(2), 109-117. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.2.109.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
EMDR can be utilized within a comprehensive framework for the treatment of grief and mourning. EMDR can process the obstacles that can complicate the grief and mourning processes. This seems to facilitate the emergence of positive memories of the deceased, which aids the formation of an adaptive inner representation. The utilization of EMDR within six processes necessary for adaptive assimilation of the loss is described with case examples. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Bereavement Clinical Case Study Grief Mourning Psychotherapeutic Processes Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

390. Solomon, R. (2004, June). Utilization of EMDR with grief and mourning. In single trauma and grief. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Stockholm, Sweden .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is a treatment methodology that can be useful in the mourning process. Utilizing Theresa Rando’s framework, a protocol will be presented describing how EMDR can be applied through the mourning process. REMDR does not shorten the phases of assimilation and accommodation of the loss, but processes the factors that can complicate the mourning. EMDR can help the mourner deal with the following mourning processes: 1) Recognizing the loss 2) React to the separation 3) Recollect and re-experience the deceased and the relationship 4) Relinquish the old (external) attachments to the deceased and the old assumptive world 5) Readjust to move adaptively into the new world without forgetting the old 6) Reinvest. EMDR seems to facilitate the formation of an adaptive inner representation. We do not lose attachments to loved ones that die, they are transformed. We move from living in presence to living in absence. Memories of the deceased often emerge during EMDR treatment. It is the emergence of memories of the deceased that let us know and acknowledge the meaning of the relationship, the person’s role in our lives and identity. And enable us to carry the basic security of having loved and been loved into the future. We can go forward in a world without the deceased, because we have an adaptive inner representation to take with us.

Keywords: Grief Mourning Single Trauma Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

391. Solomon, R., & Rando, T. (2009, August). Utilization of EMDR with traumatic bereavement. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Atlanta, GA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Traumatic bereavement is the state of having suffered the loss of a loved one when grief over the death is overpowered by the traumatic stress brought about by its circumstances. EMDR can be integrated into treatment of traumatic bereavement to process the trauma that complicates the bereavement and enable the mourner to complete the necessary processes involved in assimilation/accommodation of the loss. This presentation will discuss grief and bereavement, the processes necessary for adaptive assimilation and accommodation of the loss, factors that can complicate bereavement, treatment guidelines, and how EMDR can be integrated into an overall treatment plan.

Keywords: Traumatic Bereavement

Accuracy Verified: Yes

392. Solomon, R., & Rando, T. A. (2008, November). Utilization of EMDR with traumatic bereavement. Presentation at the 24th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Traumatic bereavement is the state of having suffered the loss of a loved one when grief is overpowered by the traumatic stress brought about by its circumstances. Trauma can disable the ability to cope, impair functioning, and compromise the ability to adapt. Trauma also complicates the mourning by interfering with the processes the mourner has to go through for assimilation and accommodation of the loss. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), an integrative psychotherapeutic approach, is an effective treatment for trauma. The underlying theoretical model (Adaptive Information Processing Model) posits that trauma can lead to experiences becoming “frozen” in the brain in state specific form, unable to process. EMDR processing involves the forging of new associations, with adaptive information from other memory networks able to link in to the memory network holding the dysfunctionally-stored information. EMDR can be integrated into treatment of traumatic bereavement to process the trauma complicating the bereavement, and enable the mourner to complete the necessary processes involved in mourning the loss. This presentation will discuss grief and bereavement, the processes the mourner has to go through for adaptive assimilation and accommodation of the loss, and how EMDR can be integrated into an overall treatment plan.

Keywords: Traumatic Bereavement

Accuracy Verified: Yes

393. Lovell, C. (2005). Utilizing EMDR and DBT techniques in trauma and abuse recovery groups. In R. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing (pp. 263-282). New York: W W Norton & Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Marsha Linehan's dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a wonderfully effective treatment for people with borderline personality. It is a non-blaming, compassionate, therapeutic approach, based solidly on research data about what borderline personality disorder (BPD) is and how to treat it effectively. I have used the techniques of DBT for the past 9 years in trauma and abuse recovery groups for women. DBT provides a solid foundation for the group. EMDR, adjunct therapies, and other trauma related resources complete DBT by including the treatment of trauma within the group setting. The groups are successful in that the intensity of symptoms decreases and the group members report feeling increased competency regulating their emotions. [Adapted from Text, p. 263] [Pilots]

Keywords: Adults Borderline Personality Disorder Cognitive Therapy Comorbidity DBT Dialectical Behavior Therapy Females Group Psychotherapeutic Processes Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PTSD Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

394. Lovell, C., & Langford, K. (2003, September). Utilizing EMDR techniques in trauma and abuse recovery groups. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Group therapy is recognized by clinicians as an effective method for treating victims of trauma and abuse. The presenters of this interactive workshop began their work with groups seven years ago using the basic format of Marcia Linehan. They have completed twelve of these groups. Each year they evaluate the processes, adding theories and techniques to increase its effectiveness. The theories of Colin Ross, John Bradshaw, David Burns, and others combine to create a 32 week format, divided into four modules. EMDR techniques are used with, the group to increase the speed and effectiveness of symptom reduction. The uniqueness of this presentation centers around the fact that EMDR is used within the group setting to enhance a program that is already working well to facilitate lmproved life skills in trauma and abuse victims.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Trauma Recovery Groups

Accuracy Verified: Yes

395. Keenan, P., & Royle, L. (2007, Fall). Vicarious trauma and first responders: A case study utilizing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as the primary treatment modality. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 9(4), 291-298 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Traumatic events can occur and adversely affect people during their lifetime. Natural disasters such as the earthquake in Pakistan in 2005 or the Tsunami in Asia in 2004, terrorist atrocities around the world, or personal events such as physical or sexual assault, can result in psychological difficulties for those people directly affected by these events. The diagnostic term PTSD is generally used to explain the often-severe psychological sequelae that people may exhibit when directly affected by trauma. However, what of those people not directly involved in the trauma, but those who have borne witness to it, either by listening to the stories of survivors, or in the case of the helping professionals (such as police officers, nurses, doctors, psychotherapists, fire-fighters), actively working with survivors in psychological distress? This paper examines the potential psychological consequences for those in helping professions who are working with traumatized clients. This paper then focuses on a specific treatment intervention, EMDR, utilizing a case study by way of explanation. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Case Report Clinical Case Study Cognitive Schemas Depressive Disorders Helping Professionals Males Police Officers Police Personnel Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Stigma Treatment Effectiveness Vicarious Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

396. Russell, M. C. (2008). War-related medically unexplained symptoms, prevalence, and treatment: Utilizing EMDR within the armed services. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(3), 212-225. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.212.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The mental health impact of war is often underestimated by military, government, and media officials who focus primarily on well-known conditions like depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) while ignoring the complex toll of modern warfare. These effects are clearly evident in "war syndromes," many of which can be collectively understood as medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). The current study provides a brief historical review of combat-related MUS as well as an analysis of present evidence of a possible "Iraqi War Syndrome." An overview of past and current treatments for combat MUS is followed by a single case study treating an Iraqi war combat veteran with combat-related MUS with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Therapy resulted in significant improvement of the patient's 1-year psychophysical condition and comorbid PTSD. We provide a detailed account of those treatment sessions as well as a discussion of EMDR's potential to simultaneously treat a range of combat-related psychophysical conditions without requiring extensive homework or self-disclosure that some military patients may resist. The results are promising, but they require further research. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Iraq War Marine Personnel Medically Unexplained Symptoms Military Psychiatry Operation Iraqi Freedom Combat Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Somatic Symptoms Veterans War Syndromes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

397. Plassmann, R. (2009). Was wissen wir uber heilungsprozesse? [What do we know about healing processes?]. In R. Plassmann (Hg.), Im eigenen rhythmus, die EMDR-behandlung von essstörungen, bindungsstörungen, allergien, schmerz, angststörungen, tinnitus und süchten (pp. 11-31). Giessen, Germany: Psychosozial-Verlag.

Language: German

Format: Book Section

Abstract: Healing Processes

Keywords: Eating Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

398. Rosen, G. (1997, September). Welch's comments on Shapiro's walk in the woods and the origin of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 28(3), 247-249 doi:10.1016/S0005-7916(97)00013-X.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Welch's (Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27, 175-179, 1996) response to Rosen's (Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 121-122, 1995) limited study on the origin of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) does not resolve how best to interpret what Shapiro experienced during her reported walk in the woods. References cited by Welch actually argue against the conclusions he advances. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Cognitive Processes Comment Effects Etiology Professional Criticism Reply Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

399. Becker, L., Nugent, N., & Black-Tanski, D. (2000, September). What about eye movements in EMDR?. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will learn: 1) the research findings with respect to EMDR dismantling stuides; 2) the research findings with respect to the effects of eye movements on cognitive and emotional processes; 3) the components of the model that proposes that eye movements act as a distractor to the avoidance process in psychological trauma; and 4) the results of 2 studies designed to test the "distractor to the avoidance process" model.

Keywords: Eye Movements Distractor to the Avoidance Process Model Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

400. Lobenstine, F., & Shapiro, E. (2007). What is an effective self-soothing technique that I can teach my client to use at home when stressed?. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(2), 122-124. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.2.122.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A contribution to the "Clinical Q&A" column, in which master clinicians answer questions posed by readers who are requesting assistance with clinical challenges. The question to which the authors are replying is "What is an effective self-soothing technique that I can teach my client to use at home when stressed?" [Adapted from Text, p. 122][Pilots]

Keywords: Psychotherapeutic Processes Self-Help Techniques Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

401. Amendolia, RA., & Morier, J. (1998, July). When right is might: The power of visual metaphor in EMDR treatment of children and adults. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop will: 1) provide a theroretical assumptive base from which participants may derive a cognitive framework for understanding the interactive/synergistic treatment effects of two transformational therapeutic processes; 2) extend and deepen the participants' understanding of this synergistic transformational process through audiovisual and anecdotal case presentations of EMDR with Visual Metaphor treatment with children and adults; 3) further expand participants' clinical creativity and facility with innovative, safe and meaningful cognitive interweaves and elicitation of targets, effect and cognitions; and 4) introduce a pilot EMDR research protocol and preliminary data of treatment outcome with both children and adults based on the Narrative Constructionist theoretical and clinical moel presented.

Keywords: Affect Cognitions Cognitive Interweaves Narrative Constrictionism Research Protocol Visual Metaphor

Accuracy Verified: Yes

402. Amendolia, R., & Morier, J. (1998, July). When right is might: The power of visual metaphor in EMDR treatment of children and adults. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop will: 1)provide a theoretical assumptive base from which participants may derive a cognitive framework for understanding the interactive/synergistic treatment of two transformational therapeutic processes; 2) extend and deepen the particpants' understanding of this synergistic transformational process through audovisual and anecdotal case presentations of EMDR with Visual Metaphor treatment with children and adults; 3) further expand participants' clinical creativity and facility with innovative, safe and meaningful cognitive interweaves and elicitation of targets, affect and cognitions; and 4) introduce a pilot EMDR research protocol and preliminary data of treatment outcome with both children and adults based on the Narrative Constructionist theoretical and clinical model presented.

Keywords: Adults Children Metaphor

Accuracy Verified: Yes

403. Scaer, R. (1999, February). Whiplash, pain and PTSD: The gain in pain comes mainly from the brain. Presentation at the Winter Brain Meeting, Palm Springs, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The whiplash syndrome is a complex, poorly understood and controversial cluster of symptoms including spinal pain, cognitive dysfunction, neurologic symptoms and emotional complaints consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder. Perhaps its most perplexing feature is the fact that symptoms frequently are far out of proportion to the severity of the accident itself. The frequency of emotional symptoms has led many physicians to attribute symptoms of whiplash to somatization. The typical syndrome of whiplash includes chronic headaches, spinal and jaw pain, usually classified as myofascial pain. Neurologic symptoms include cognitive dysfunction, positional vertigo, balance disturbance, blurring of vision, photophobia and phonophobia, all of which are attributed to minor traumatic brain injury. Emotional complaints include driving phobias, irritability, hypervigilence, exaggerated startle, flashbacks, depression, nightmares and sleep disturbance. DSM IV compatible or subsyndromal forms of PTSD occur in up to 60% of patients. I began to question the traumatic basis for whiplash when I discovered that most of my patients with delayed recovery had remarkable past histories of trauma, especially child abuse. I discovered that early and rigorous use of somatically based trauma therapies, especially EMDR and Somatic Experiencing resulted in clearing not only of emotional symptoms, but also neurologic and pain-related complaints in many cases. I have concluded that the neurophysiological basis for traumatization includes not only kindled arousal, explicit and procedural memory circuits, but also automatic patterns of neuromuscular bracing, stored in procedural memory analogous to motor skill memory. Bracing patterns of involved muscles represent protective motor reflexes from the moment of injury. Linked to memory and arousal, this kindled circuit leads to perpetuation of regional myofascial pain. Dissociation plays a major role in perpetuation of this phenomenon, and accounts for many of the unusual neurologic symptoms of whiplash. This model conforms to current theories of PTSD as a model of kindling, but includes the somatic element that I believe is a universal part of the syndrome of traumatization. The pervasive neurohormonal effects of trauma account for the remarkable amount of somatic complaints in this syndrome, and may be the basis for many poorly understood chronic idiopathic disease processes. Incorporation of the neuromuscular system in the process of traumatization pleads for the study of somatically-based therapies for PTSD.

Keywords: Pain Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Whiplash

Accuracy Verified: Yes

404. Fine, C., & Berkowitz, A. (2001, January-April). The wreathing protocol: The imbrication of hypnosis and EMDR in the treatment of dissociative identity disorder and other dissociative responses. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 43(3-4), 275-290.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), a chronic childhood onset posttraumatic stress disorder, is currently recognized as a treatable condition. It is considered the paradigmatic dissociative condition and carries with it extreme posttraumatic symptomatology. Therapists skilled in the treatment of DID are typically fluent in the uses of hypnosis for stabilization, affect management, building a safe place, and grounding to name of few [sic]. EMDR, which has come to the forefront of clinical awareness in the last ten years, seems aptly suited for the treatment of trauma, but can be destabilizing. This paper proposes a protocol, called Wreathing Protocol, for the imbricated use of EMDR and hypnosis in the treatment of not only DID (though this will be the primary focus of the paper), but also Dissociative Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (DDNOS) and chronic PTSD. This protocol is useful to advanced clinicians skilled in both modalities independently. The sequential steps of the Wreathing Protocol will be described and illustrated by a clinical vignette on DID. The clinical implications of the use of the Wreathing Protocol will be discussed in DID as well as the chronic post traumatic spectrum. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Dissociative Identity Disorder Hypnotherapy PTSD Psychotherapeutic Processes Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

405. Gelinas, D. (2013, May). “Smoke and mirrors” procedures for managing dissociative impediments during EMDR processing phases. Plenary presented at the Western Massachusetts EMDRIA Regional Network 9th Annual Spring Conference, Amherst MA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
When clinicians understand how dissociation works and how to manage it, the considerable benefits of EMDR therapy can be provided to clients with complex posttraumatic disorders. This presentation is designed to help clinicians manage dissociative impediments to EMDR processing. It will address 1) the descriptive and structural approaches to understanding dissociation, 2) recognizing dissociative impediments (including the phobias of internal processes as defined in structural dissociation), 3) methods for reducing dissociative disruptions of processing, and 4) stepped procedures for managing them if they emerge. Videotape segments will illustrate clinical procedures.

Keywords: Dissociation Plenary

Accuracy Verified: Yes