Francine Shapiro Library - EMDR Bibliography Links
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1. Aurora, R. N., Zak, R. S., Auerbach, S. H., Casey, K. R., Chowdhuri, S., Karippot, A., Maganti, R. K., Ramar, K., Kristo, D. A., Bista, S. R., Lamm, C. I., & Morgenthaler, T. I. (2010, August). Best practice guide for the treatment of nightmare disorder in adults. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 6(4), 389-401.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Prazosin is recommended for treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)-associated nightmares. Level A. Image Rehearsal Therapy (IRT) is recommended for treatment of nightmare disorder. Level A. Systematic Desensitization and Progressive Deep Muscle Relaxation training are suggested for treatment of idiopathic nightmares. Level B. Venlafaxine is not suggested for treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares. Level B. Clonidine may be considered for treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares. Level C. The following medications may be considered for treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares, but the data are low grade and sparse: trazodone, atypical antipsychotic medications, topiramate, low dose cortisol, fluvoxamine, triazolam and nitrazepam, phenelzine, gabapentin, cyproheptadine, and tricyclic antidepressants. Nefazodone is not recommended as first line therapy for nightmare disorder because of the increased risk of hepatotoxicity. Level C. The following behavioral therapies may be considered for treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares based on low-grade evidence: Exposure, Relaxation, and Rescripting Therapy (ERRT); Sleep Dynamic Therapy; Hypnosis; Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR); and the Testimony Method. Level C. The following behavioral therapies may be considered for treatment of nightmare disorder based on low-grade evidence: Lucid Dreaming Therapy and Self-Exposure Therapy. Level C No recommendation is made regarding clonazepam and individual psychotherapy because of sparse data.
Keywords: Nightmares Posttruamatic Stress Disorder PSTD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
2. Loris, M., & Johnson, D. R. (2001, December). Case study: Client treatment preference and imaginal exposure in three cognitive behavioral PTSD treatment. Poster presented at the 17th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: This case discussion will examine the intervention of EMDR (Shapiro, 1989), Prolonged Exposure (Foa, Rothbaum, Riggs & Murdock, 1990), and the Counting Method (Ochberg, 1996) on three adult female patients with PTSD symptoms. A recent treatment outcome study of 40 female trauma victims (Johnson and Lubin, 2001 in press) comparing these three treatments finds that the efficacy of the three treatments is supported and that the element of imaginal exposure may be the critical therapeutic factor. The presentation of these three cases focuses on the issue of client’s treatment preference and client personality traits as factors which may interface with imaginal exposure in treatment efficacy.
Keywords: Counting Method Prolonged Exposure Poster
Accuracy Verified: Yes
3. Loris, M., & Johnson, D. R. (2001, December). Client treatment preference and imaginal exposure in three cognitive behavioral PTSD treatments. Presentation at the 17th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA .
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This case discussion will examine the intervention of EMDR (Shapiro, 1989),
Prolonged Exposure (Foa, Rothbaum, Riggs & Murdock, 1990), and the Counting
Method (Ochberg, 1996) on three adult female patients with PTSD symptoms. A recent
treatment outcome study of 40 female trauma victims (Johnson and Lubin, 2001 in
press) comparing these three treatments finds that the efficacy of the three treatments
is supported and that the element of imaginal exposure may be the critical therapeutic
factor. The presentation of these three cases focuses on the issue of client’s treatment
preference and client personality traits as factors which may interface with imaginal
exposure in treatment efficacy.
Keywords: Imaginal Exposure Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
4. Kristjánsdóttir, K., & Lee, C. W. (2011). A comparison of visual versus auditory concurrent tasks on reducing the distress and vividness of aversive autobiographical memories. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(2), 34-41. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.2.34.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This study investigated the benefits of eye movement similar to that used in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on reducing the vividness and emotionality of negative autobiographical memories. It was hypothesized, based on the working memory model, that any task that disrupts working memory would reduce the vividness and emotionality of distressing memories. In addition, it was predicted that the more visual a memory, the greater the reduction in vividness by a concurrent visual task over an auditory task (counting). Thirty-six nonclinical participants were asked to recall an unpleasant autobiographical memory while performing each of three dual-attention tasks: eye movement, listening to counting, or control (short exposure). Results showed that vividness and emotionality ratings of the memory decreased significantly after eye movement and counting, and that eye movement produced the greatest benefit. Furthermore, eye movement facilitated greater decrease in vividness irrespective of the modality of the memory. Although this is not consistent with the hypothesis from a working memory model of mode-specific effects, it is consistent with a central executive explanation. Implications for enhancing exposure treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are discussed.
Keywords: Autobiographical Memory Counting Method Eye Movement Vividness Working Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
5. Greenwald, R., McClintock, S. D., & Bailey, T. D. (2012, October). A controlled comparison of eye movement desensitization & reprocessing (EMDR) and progressive counting (PC). Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Arlington, VA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
EMDR is the most effctive (Ho & Lee, 2012) and efficient (Greenwald et al, 2012) of the established trauma treatments and it is well tolerated by clients. However, EMDR is complex, making dissemination challenging and expensive (Greenwald, 2066a). PC is simplet, more qickly learned, and had shown promise in case stuidies (Greenwald, 2008a, 2008b) and open trials (Greenwald & Schmidt, 2010). If PC is comprable to EMDR, then dissemination of top-tier trauma treatment can be more economical.
Keywords: Poster Progressive Counting
Accuracy Verified: Yes
6. Greenwald, R., McClintock, S. D., & Bailey, T. D. (In press). A controlled comparison of progressive counting and eye movement desensitization & reprocessing. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma.
Language: English
Format: Other
Abstract:
Ten therapists who were already trained and experienced in eye movement desensitization
& reprocessing (EMDR) received training in progressive counting (PC), a newer trauma
resolution method. Nineteen volunteers with single-incident trauma or loss were assigned to a
therapist and then randomized to treatment condition; 15 completed treatment to termination
criteria or until the fourth session. Participants in both conditions experienced significant
reductions in PTSD symptoms, memory-related distress, and presenting problems at one week
post-treatment, maintained at 12-week follow-up, with no significant differences in outcomes,
treatment efficiency, or dropout rate. The preliminary findings of this pilot study suggest that PC
is an efficient, well-tolerated, and effective trauma treatment that is relatively easy for therapists to
master.
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Exposure Loss Progressive Counting Trauma Treatment
Accuracy Verified: No
7. van den Hout, M. A., Engelhard, I. M., Smeets, M. A. M., Hornsveld, H., Hoogeveen, E., de Heer, E., Toffolo, M. B. J., & Rijkeboer, M. (2010, April). Counting during recall: Taxing of working memory and reduced vividness and emotionality of negative memories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(3), 303-311. doi:10.1002/acp.1677.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
While initially subject to debate, meta-analyses have shown that eye movement desensitization and
reprocessing (EMDR) is effective in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Earlier
studies showed that eye movements during retrieval of emotional memories reduce their vividness and emotionality, which may be due to both tasks competing for limited working memory (WM)resources. This study examined whether another secondary task that taxes WM has beneficial effects, and whether the stronger the taxing, the stronger the reductions in vividness/adversity. A reaction time (RT) paradigm showed that counting backwards requiresWMresources, and that more complex
counting is more demanding than simple counting. Relative to a retrieval-only condition, counting
during retrieval of emotional memories reduced vividness and emotionality during later recall of
these memories. However, the counting conditions did not differ in the magnitude of this reduction,
and did not show the predicted dose-response relationship. Implications for a working-memory
explanation of EMDR and for clinical practice are discussed. Copyright#2010 JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: Counting Reaction Time Paradigm Working Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
8. Johnson, D. R., & Lubin, H. (2006). The counting method: Applying the rule of parsimony to the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Traumatology, 12(1), 83-99. doi:10.1177/153476560601200106.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
A study is described comparing Prolonged Exposure, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, and the Counting Method with 51 multiply-traumatized women. Measures of PTSD were significantly reduced by all three methods, but differences among the methods were negligible. Because the Counting Method utilizes only imaginal exposure as a therapeutic element, support is given to the more parsimonious conclusion that imaginal exposure may be both the necessary and sufficient factor in therapeutic effect, countering a trend in the field toward more complex, multi-faceted treatment packages. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Counting Method Exposure Therapy Females Imaginal Exposure Multiple Traumatic Events Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Women
Accuracy Verified: Yes
9. Shapiro, F., & Mousnier-Lompré, F. (2005). Des yeux pour guérir: EMDR: La thérapie pour surmonter l’angoisse, le stress et les traumatisms [Eye to heal: EMDR: Therapy for overcoming anxiety, stress and trauma]. Paris: Seuil.
Language: French
Format: Book
Abstract:
Tout le monde connaît désormais la thérapie introduite en France par David Servan-Schreiber dans son livre Guérir. Cette nouvelle thérapie appelée EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing) consiste pour l'essentiel à refaire vivre au patient victime d'un événement traumatique la scène terrible qui est à l'origine
de sa souffrance, en lui faisant faire des mouvements oculaires provoquant une diminution progressive du stress. Les résultats sont incontestables, mais la raison des progrès enregistrés reste énigmatique. Peut-être s'agit-il d'une reconstruction ce la mémoire profonde du même ordre que celle qui se produit dans le sommeil
paradoxal (où le dormeur connaît des mouvements
oculaires analogues). Cette thérapie a été fondée par Francine Shapiro, du célèbre institut de Palo Alto. Ce livre fondateur raconte l'origine de sa découverte, donne des interprétations scientifiques possibles et surtout décrit de nombreux cas exemplaires où cette thérapie s'est révélée efficace.
Il est de ce fait très poignant. On y rencontre une femme ayant perdu son fils de huit ans dans un accident de train et accablée par l'image terrifiante du corps disloqué de l'enfant, des anciens combattants du Vietnam hantés par les images terribles de la guerre, des victimes de viol... Et surtout on y voit comment ces personnes,
emprisonnées dans leur souffrance, ont pu s'en affranchir et retrouver un équilibre psychologique.
Everyone now knows the therapy introduced in France by David Servan-Schreiber in his book Healing. This new therapy called EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitizer & Reprocessing) is essentially to re live the patient suffered a traumatic event the terrible scene which is at the origin
In his pain, making him make eye movements causing a gradual decrease of stress. The results are undeniable, but the reason of progress remains enigmatic. Perhaps it is a reconstruction of the deep memory similar to that which occurs in sleep
REM (where the sleeper knows movements
eye like). The therapy was founded by Francine Shapiro, the renowned institute Palo Alto. This seminal book describes the origin of his discovery, provides interpretations possible scientific and especially describes many exemplary cases where this therapy has proven effective.
It is therefore very poignant. We meet a woman who lost her eight year old son in a train accident and overwhelmed by the terrifying image of the broken body of the child, the Vietnam veterans haunted by the terrible images of war, victims of rape ... And especially we see how these people
trapped in their suffering, have overcome them and regain a psychological equilibrium.
Keywords: Anxiety, General Overview Stress Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
10. Hornsveld, H., & van den Hout, M. (2010, April). Een serie experimenten naar oogbewegingen en klikjes: Wat werkt beter? [A series of experiments on eye movements and clicks, what works better?]. Presentatie op de suxth congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederlands, Nijmegen, Nederlands.
Language: Dutch
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Er zijn verschillende theorieën over de werkingsmechanismen van EMDR. De belangrijkste theorieën zullen kort worden toegelicht en het wetenschappelijk bewijs ervoor samengevat.
Vervolgens zullen we een serie eigen experimenten presenteren: drie studies bij studenten en één studie bij PTSS- patiënten. In deze experimenten zullen oogbewegingen telkens worden vergeleken met andere taakjes of stimuli. Implicaties voor de theorievorming en voor de klinische praktijk zullen worden bediscussieerd tijdens de workshop aan de hand van stellingen.
Exp 1 laat zien dat de positieve bevindingen voor oogbewegingen (ten opzichte van een controle conditie) ook gevonden worden bij negatieve herinneringen aan een verlieservaring. Dit geeft een empirische basis voor de suggestie dat EMDR ook zinvol toegepast kan worden bij gecompliceerde rouw.
Exp 2 gaat over het werkgeheugen en een eventuele dosis respons relatie. Met andere woorden: geven taken die een grotere belasting voor het werkgeheugen vormen ook grotere SUD-dalingen?
Exp 3 Laat zien dat de werkgeheugenbelasting van oogbewegingen veel groter is dan van de bekende koptelefoon met klikjes. Vervolgens vergelijken we de werkzaamheid van oogbewegingen, klikjes, en een controle-conditie bij studenten die negatieve herinneringen ophalen.
Exp 4 is een klinische studie bij PTSS patiënten, waarbij we oogbewegingen, klikjes en controle (herinneringsbeeld zonder bilaterale stimulatie) met elkaar vergelijken. Verwacht wordt dat de eerste voorlopige data tijdens het congres beschikbaar zijn.
Hornsveld, H., Landwehr, F., Stein, W., Stomp, G., Smeets, M. &. van den Hout, M. (2010). Emotionality of loss-related memories is reduced after retrieval plus eye movements but not after retrieval plus music or retrieval only. Submitted.
Hout, M.A. van den, Engelhard, I.M., Rijkeboer, M., Koekebakker, J., Hornsveld, H. Toffolo, M., & Akse, N. (2010). Eye movements tax working memory, but binaural stimulation does not. Manuscript in preparation.
Hout, M.A. van den,, Engelhard, I., Smeets, M, Hornsveld, H., Hoogeveen, E., de Heer, E. & Rijkeboer, M. ( 2010). Counting during recall: taxing of working memory and reduced vividness and emotionality of negative memories. In press, Applied Cognitive Psychology.
There are several theories about the mechanisms of action of EMDR. The main theories will be briefly explained and summarized the scientific evidence before.
Then we will present a series of own experiments: studies in three students and a study in PTSD patients. In these experiments will be compared with each eye movement or other minor assignments stimuli. Implications for theory and for clinical practice will be discussed during the workshop by means of propositions.
Exp 1 shows that the positive findings for eye movements (compared to a control condition) also found associated with negative memories of a loss experience. This provides an empirical basis for the suggestion that EMDR is also useful can be used for complicated grief.
Exp 2 is about memory and a possible dose response relationship. In other words, tasks that give a greater burden on working memory are also larger SUD decreases?
Exp 3 Shows that the memory load of eye movements is much greater than the known Headphones clicks. Then we compare the efficacy of eye movements, clicks, and a control condition in which students negative memories.
Exp 4 A clinical study in PTSD patients, we eye movements, clicks and control (memory image without bilateral stimulation) compared. It is expected that the preliminary data available at the conference.
Horn Field, H., Landwehr, F., Stein, W., Stump, G., Smeets, M. &. van den Hout, M. (2010). Emotionality or loss-related pleadings Reduced after retrieval plus eye movements but not after retrieval or retrieval plus music only. Submitted.
Wood, M.A. van den, Engelhard, IM, Rijkeboer, M., Koekebakker, J., Horn Field, H. Toffolo, M., & Akse, N. (2010). Eye movements tax working memory, but Does Not binaural stimulation. Manuscript in preparation.
Wood, M.A. van den, Engelhard, I., Smeets, M, Horn Field, H., Hoogeveen, E., Mr. E. Farmer & Rich, M. (2010). Counting consistently recall: Taxing of working memory and Reduced vivid ness and emotionality or negative statements. In press, Applied Cognitive Psychology.
Keywords: Eye Movements Mechanism of Action
Accuracy Verified: Yes
11. Gonzalez, A., & Mosquera, D. (2012, June). EMDR and dissociation: The progressive approach. A. I. [Amazon.co.uk].
Language: English
Format: Book
Abstract:
After the first cautions for the use of EMDR in dissociative disorders, many proposals have been done to adapt EMDR procedures to this specific population. Interesting interventions have been done for the use of EMDR in the preparation phase, but in spite of these useful proposals, EMDR is still considered by many clinicians as an intervention that is limited for the treatment of traumatic memories. From this conceptualization, which we have called the all/nothing perspective, the use of EMDR is strongly limited. Many clinicians wait years for trauma reprocessing. As a consequence of this conceptualization, many EMDR therapists do not use EMDR with most of their dissociative clients, and just use it with highly functioning patients, sometimes after years of therapy with other approaches.
In this workshop we will describe (and exemplify with clinical cases and videos) different interventions with EMDR in dissociative clients, from the preparatory phase, in what we have called a Progressive Approach. The way in which specific EMDR procedures can contribute to enhance recovery in survivors will be explained. For doing this, concepts from the different approaches and scientific knowledge about severe traumatization will be integrated with the Adaptive Information Processing Model from EMDR. The idea is to propose a holistic model for EMDR therapy in Dissociative Disorders.
The interweaving between theoretical concepts and clinical procedures, theoretical developments and video examples, will allow the audience to assimilate information and translate it to their clinical practice. Therapist from approaches different from EMDR will understand what this therapy can offer to the treatment of severely traumatized people. EMDR therapists will learn new proposals of interventions at the different phases of the treatment. We will present different examples of interventions in severely traumatized patients: DID, DESNOS, BPD and Somatoform dissociation.
Keywords: Dissociation
Accuracy Verified: Yes
12. Gonzalez, A., Mosquera, D., & Seijo, N. (2011, November). EMDR in dissociative disorders: The progressive approach. Presentation at the 26th Annual International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation Conference, Montreal, QE .
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: Abstract: After the first cautions for the use of EMDR in dissociative disorders, many proposals have been done to adapt EMDR procedures to this specific population. Interesting interventions have been done for the use of EMDR in the preparation phase, but in spite of these useful proposals, EMDR is still considered by many clinicians as an intervention that is limited for the treatment of traumatic memories. From this conceptualization, which we have called the all/nothing perspective, the use of EMDR is strongly limited. Many clinicians wait years for trauma reprocessing. As a consequence of this conceptualization, many EMDR therapists do not use EMDR with most of their dissociative clients, and just use it with highly functioning patients, sometimes after years of therapy with other approaches. In this workshop we will describe (and exemplify with clinical cases and videos) different interventions with EMDR in dissociative clients, from the preparatory phase, in what we have called a Progressive Approach. The way in which specific EMDR procedures can contribute to enhance recovery in survivors will be explained. For doing this, concepts from the different approaches and scientific knowledge about severe traumatization will be integrated with the Adaptive Information Processing Model from EMDR. The idea is to propose a holistic model for EMDR therapy in Dissociative Disorders. The interweaving between theoretical concepts and clinical procedures, theoretical developments and video examples, will allow the audience to assimilate information and translate it to their clinical practice. Therapist from approaches different from EMDR will understand what this therapy can offer to the treatment of severely traumatized people. EMDR therapists will learn new proposals of interventions at the different phases of the treatment. We will present different examples of interventions in severely traumatized patients: DID, DESNOS, BPD and Somatoform dissociation.
Keywords: Dissociative Disorders
Accuracy Verified: Yes
13. Gonzalez, A. (2013, June). EMDR in dissociative disorders: The progressive approach. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Geneva, Switzerland.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
After the first cautions for the use of EMDR in dissociative disorders, many proposals have been done to adapt EMDR procedures to this specific population. Nevertheless EMDR is still considered by many clinicians as an intervention that is limited to the treatment of traumatic memories in highly functioning dissociative clients, after a long preparation phase. From this conceptualization the use of EMDR is strongly limited, and many trauma survivors cannot benefit of it.
In this workshop a comprehensive model for EMDR therapy in Dissociative Disorders (the Progressive Approach) will be proposed. From this extended framework, different interventions with EMDR in dissociative clients will be described, including procedures to prepare and stabilize these clients. The integration of these specific EMDR procedures into a group therapy for trauma survivors will be described. The interweaving between theoretical developments, clinical procedures and video examples will allow the audience to assimilate information and translate it to their clinical practice.
Learning objectives:
Propose a comprehensive model to approach dissociative clients from the EMDR perspective, connecting theoretical developments and clinical procedures;
Identify difficult situations in EMDR therapy of severely traumatized people and describe EMDR procedures for dissociative clients, all along the different phases of treatment;
Illustrate the “progressive approach” for the treatment of dissociative disorders with clinical examples and video fragments of individual and group sessions so EMDR therapists can understand when, where and how to apply these procedures in their clinical practice.
Keywords: Dissociative Disorders Progressive Approach
Accuracy Verified: Yes
14. Gonzalez, A., & & Mosquera, D. (2012). EMDR y disociación. El enfoque progresivo [EMDR and dissociation: The progressive approach]. Madrid, Spain: Ediciones Pleyades.
Language: Spanish
Format: Book
Abstract:
Durante las últimas dos décadas, el EMDR se ha convertido en una opción de primera línea para el tratamiento de trastornos de estrés postraumático asociados a la exposición de eventos traumáticos, como accidentes, catástrofes naturales o desastres creados por el hombre. Mientras tanto, los clínicos han visto que la aplicación de EMDR es útil en el tratamiento de pacientes que han sufrido episodios emocionalmente traumáticos, descritos por ellos como característicos de su familia de origen, su historia personal y sus relaciones de apego. Un gran número de investigaciones y publicaciones han examinado en profundidad la eficacia de EMDR en este campo de trabajo de la psicoterapia. Por lo tanto, el EMDR está siendo utilizando cada vez más por los clínicos, trabajando con personas que sufren de traumas crónicos vinculados a relaciones interpersonales traumáticas.
Es de sobra conocido que, en los primeros años de vida, las interacciones con los demás dan lugar a conexiones importantes en el cerebro, que progresivamente influyen en la sensación interna que tenemos de nosotros mismos y la capacidad de tener relaciones sanas con el mundo exterior. Las experiencias de relaciones con las figuras de apego durante la infancia temprana pueden ayudar a desarrollar la autorregulación emocional y contribuir a la formación de patrones cognitivos, conductuales y emocionales. La investigación sobre el apego ha demostrado que son estas relaciones las que influyen en el desarrollo de la capacidad de equilibrar las emociones, establecer intimidad interpersonal, así como de la capacidad de autorreflexión y mentalización. Además, es evidente que la comunicación interpersonal y emocional dentro de la familia de origen puede sentar las bases para el desarrollo de recursos, el sentirse valioso y la resiliencia cuando uno está bajo una fuerte tensión emocional, fomentando por tanto la salud mental.
During the past two decades, EMDR has become a first line option for the treatment of PTSD associated with exposure to traumatic events such as accidents, natural disasters or man-made disasters. Meanwhile, clinicians have found that the application of EMDR is useful in treating patients who have suffered emotionally traumatic events described by them as characteristic of their family of origin, personal history and their attachment relationships. A lot of research and publications have examined in depth the effectiveness of EMDR in this field of work of psychotherapy. Therefore, EMDR is being used increasingly by clinicians, working with people suffering from chronic trauma related to interpersonal trauma. It is well known that in the first years of life, interactions with others lead to important connections in the brain that progressively influence the internal sense of ourselves and the ability to have healthy relationships with the outside world . The experiences of relationships with attachment figures in early childhood may help develop emotional self-regulation and contribute to the formation of cognitive patterns, behavioral and emotional problems. The attachment research has shown that it is these relationships that influence the development of the ability to balance emotions, establish interpersonal intimacy and the capacity for self-reflection and awareness. It is also clear that interpersonal and emotional communication within the family of origin may lay the foundation for the development of resources, to feel valued and resilience when one is under emotional stress, thus promoting mental health.
Keywords: Dissociation
Accuracy Verified: Yes
15. deGraffenreid, D., & Page, R. (2009, April 18). The enhanced safe place: A practitioners guide to using multi sensory imaging to strengthen the safe place. Presentation at the Western Massachusetts EMDRIA Conference "EMDR and the Body," Amherst, MA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Enhanced Safe Place (ESP) builds comfort and trust early in treatment. EP is especially effective in community MH settings. ESP contains preparatory information, multi sensory imaging, progressive relaxation and simple hypnotherapy techniques. Participants will practice the three stages (preparation, beginning, debriefing) and 10 specific techniques to help create highly effective body-oriented ESP experiences.
Keywords: Enhanced Safe Place
Accuracy Verified: Yes
16. van Loey, C. & Assante, S. (2011). Hypnose, EMDR, EFT -les nouveaux chemins de la guérison : soigner le corps et le psychisme par les thérapies du mouvement et de la representation [Hypnosis, EMDR, EFT-new ways of healing: healing the body and psyche in therapy movement and representation]. Escalquens : Dangles édition, ; ISBN: 9782703309000 (br) 2703309007 (br) .
Language: French
Format: Book
Abstract:
Le traumatisme est un phénomène d’arrêt sur image qui nous empêche d’habiter notre propre existence. Le sujet ne peut se réaliser pleinement car il est sans arrêt confronté à une résurgence de son passé qui l’empêche de vivre l’instant présent.
Dès lors, les thérapies verbales, comme la psychanalyse restent impuissantes et ne permettent pas de produire l’impulsion nécessaire à la restitution d’un vécu authentique et plein de promesses à venir. Le sujet reste alors prisonnier de son passé, et par conséquent ne peut pas dépasser l’impact dévastateur produit par le traumatisme et cela quelque en soit l’intensité.
Avec pertinence, Corinne Van Loey défend l’idée que seules les thérapies de la représentation et du mouvement nous permettent de gommer ces instants où la sidération a fait place à l’action. Elle nous propose donc de renouer le fil du temps, de réactualiser les gestes laissés en suspens en permettant leurs achèvements nécessaires. Bref, de retrouver-enfin- cette complémentarité entre corps et esprit que le traumatisme avait fait éclater.
S’appuyant sur de nombreuses années de pratique, ainsi que sur les travaux les plus récents en sciences cognitives l’auteur aborde de manière détaillée et progressive tous les éléments constitutifs du traumatisme et du processus de guérison.
La lecture de cet ouvrage accessible à tous, apportera les éclairages nécessaires à la compréhension de ces nouveaux chemins de guérison que sont l’HYPNOSE, l’EMDR et l’EFT.
Trauma is a picture off phenomenon that prevents us from living our own lives. The subject can not be fully realized because it is constantly facing a resurgence of his past that prevents him from living in the moment.
Therefore, verbal therapies, such as psychoanalysis remain powerless and do not produce the necessary impetus for the restoration of an authentic and full of promise coming through. The subject is then a prisoner of his past, and therefore can not exceed the devastating impact caused by trauma and that in some of the intensity.
With relevance, Corinne Van Loey argues that only therapies representation and movement allow us to erase those moments when the stunning gave way to action. It therefore proposes to renew over time, update actions in abeyance for their completions necessary. In short, to find-last-complementarity between mind and body that the trauma had burst.
Based on many years of practice, as well as the most recent work in cognitive science the author discusses in detail all the progressive elements of trauma and healing process.
Reading this book accessible to all, provide the necessary clarifications to the understanding of these new ways of healing are Hypnosis, EMDR and EFT
Accuracy Verified: Yes
17. Tarquinio, C., Schmitt, A., Tarquinio, P., Rydberg, J.-A., & Spitz, E. (2012, April-June). Intérêt de la psychothérapie « eye movement desensitization reprocessing » dans le cadre de la prise en charge de femmes victimes de viols conjugaux [Benefits of "eye movement desensitization and reprocessing" psychotherapy in the treatment of female victims of intimate partner rape]. Sexologies, 21(2), 92-99. doi:10.1016/j.sexol.2011.05.001 .
Language: French
Format: Journal
Abstract:
L’objectif de cette étude est de mettre en évidence à partir du suivi de six femmes
victimes de viols par leur conjoint, les effets de la thérapie « eye movement desensitization
reprocessing », notamment en ce qui concerne la réduction des symptômes d’état de stress posttraumatique,
d’anxiété et de dépression. Toutes ces femmes ont, en outre, fait l’objet d’une
évaluation quantitative à partir d’échelles de mesure proposées avant la prise en charge ainsi
qu’à l’issue de chacune des séances. Les échelles utilisées sont l’Hospital Anxiety and Depression
scale, l’Impact Event Scale et un indicateur propre à la thérapie Eye Movement Desensitization
Reprocessing, le Subject Unit of Distress. Les victimes ont également participé à deux entretiens
plus qualitatifs avant et après la prise en charge, afin d’évaluer plus précisément la présence ou
non de symptômes d’état de stress post-traumatique sur la base des indications fournies par le
Manuel Diagnostic et Statistique des troubles mentaux (American Psychiatric Association [APA],
2004). Les résultats obtenus sont conformes à nos attentes et montrent une diminution significative
et progressive des scores aux différentes échelles au fur et à mesure des séances. Ainsi,
comme on le rencontre classiquement dans la littérature, une prise en charge par la thérapie
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing conduit les sujets à s’auto-évaluer comme étant
de moins en moins perturbés au fur et à mesure que la psychothérapie progresse. Nous avons également pu observer une réduction importante des scores aux différentes échelles à l’issue
des deux premières séances. Enfin, la prise en charge psychologique réalisée à partir de la
thérapie « eye movement desensitization reprocessing » a conduit à une diminution notable du
nombre de symptômes liés au diagnostic d’état de stress post-traumatique. Cette diminution
s’est révélée homogène pour les trois critères pris en compte (critère B, C et D du American
Psychiatric Association [APA], 2004).
The objective of this study is to demonstrate through monitoring of six women
raped by their spouses, the effects of therapy "Eye Movement Desensitization
reprocessing, "including with regard to reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress state,
anxiety and depression. All these women have also been a
quantitative assessment based on measurement scales proposed by the management and
at the end of each session. The scales used were the Hospital Anxiety and Depression
Scale, the Impact Event Scale and an indicator specific therapy Eye Movement Desensitization
Reprocessing, the Subject Unit of Distress. Victims have also participated in two interviews
more qualitative before and after treatment to assess more accurately the presence or
without symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder on the basis of information provided by the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association [APA],
2004). The results are consistent with our expectations and show a significant decrease
and progressive scores at different levels as and when the sessions. Thus,
as is typically found in the literature, supported by a therapy
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing leads individuals to assess themselves as
less disturbed as and as psychotherapy progresses. We also observed a significant reduction in scores on different scales at the end
the first two sessions. Finally, the psychological care made from the
therapy "eye movement Desensitization Reprocessing" led to a significant reduction in the
number of symptoms to diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. This decrease
has been consistent for the three criteria considered (criterion B, C and D of the American
Psychiatric Association [APA], 2004).
Keywords: Anxiety Depression Females Marital Rape Partner Rape Victims Women
Accuracy Verified: Yes
18. Chang, S. H. & Lee, Y. H. (2005, August). Interfering CLEM reduces vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories. Presentation at the 2005 American Psychological Association Annual Convention, Washington, DC C. (NSC 93-2413-H-002-002-).
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Research background: It was noted that when people recalled an
emotional event, there is a spontaneous eye movements during retrieval
of memory, known as conjugate lateral eye movements (CLEM). Eye
movements during mental imagery are not epiphenomenal but assist the
process of image generation (Hebb, 1968; Brandt & Stark, 1997). If
restricted to a fixed point, then the image of recall is impaired (Laeng &
Teodorescu 2002). These findings might shed light on why bilateral eye
movements during imagery could decrease vividness and emotionality of
recollections.
Objectives: Based on the above findings, this study examined possible
therapeutic mechanism of eye movements in Eye Movement
Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989, 1995, 2001),
of which eye movement was a crucial treatment component. Specifically,
the hypothesis that interfering CLEM via introducing bilateral eye
movements or a fixed position could reduce vividness and emotionality of
autobiographical memories was examined in the present study. Further,
whether there are different CLEMs (more rightward in positive and more
leftward in negative) during retrieval of positive and negative memories
was also investigated.
Method: Seventeen healthy volunteers recalled two positive and two
negative memories and rated their vividness and emotionality of the
recollections. Next, memories were recalled whilst the participant was
performing either bilateral eye movements (interference of CLEM) or
mere image condition (non-interference of CLEM). Then participants
were asked to recall the event again and to rate its vividness and
emotionality. Vividness and emotionality ratings were analyzed using a 2
(EM condition: bilateral eye movement vs. mere image) × 2 (valence of
memory: positive vs. negative) × 2 (time: before vs. after the intervention)
repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). During the first and
last recall of each memory CLEM were recorded by a digital camera. To
examine the effect of CLEM during recollections on emotionality and
vividness of autobiographical memories, eye movements in each recall
were counted into percentage time of eye gaze in three regions (leftward,
middle, rightward), instead of counting the first lateral eye movement as
used by the traditional method.
Results: Compared to mere image condition, recollections after bilateral
eye movements made subsequent recollections less vivid and less
emotive, while the opposite was true for mere image condition.
Regarding vividness, the 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA showed that there was a
significant condition × time interaction. None of the other interactions or
main effects reached significance. Simple main effect indicated that the
change in vividness was significant in the mere image condition, but not
in the eye movement condition. As to emotionality, the three way
ANOVA showed that there was also a significant condition × time
interaction. None of the other interactions or main effects reached
significance. Simple main effect indicated that the change in emotionality
was significant in the mere image condition, and in eye movement
condition. Concerning percentage of gaze direction (left, right) in positive
and negative memories, pair t test showed that there was a significant
right gaze difference between positive and negative memories, and
approached significant left gaze difference between positive and negative
memories. With regard to CLEM, negative memories showed less right
gazes and more left gazes than positive memories.
Conclusion:The bilateral eye movements made autobiographical
memories less vivid and less emotive than mere image condition, while
mere image increased the vividness and emotionality of autobiographical
memories. Further, there is different CLEM for negative and positive
memories. While the hypothesis that interference of CLEM reduced the
vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories was confirmed,
the role of eye movement in the EMDR was discussed and future research
possibilities are proposed.
Keywords: Autobiographical Memory CLEM Eye Movements Gaze Direction
Accuracy Verified: Yes
19. Lazzari, D. (2008, Novembre). L'EMDR in ottica PNEI (interazione corpo-mente) [EMDR in optical PNEI (interaction body-mind)]. Presentazione le Applicazioni Cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.
Language: Italian
Format: Conference
Abstract:
In questi anni l’EMDR si è affermata come trattamento di evidenza nel più classico e più grave dei disturbi direttamente legati allo stress, cioè il PTSD (Bisson & Andrew, 2007) e sono stati evidenziati i suoi effetti sul SNC. Nonostante questo ed il suo progressivo impiego in una ampia varietà di situazioni sono ancora poche le riflessioni sull’EMDR dal punto di vista dell’integrazione mente-corpo, in particolare utilizzando i dati offerti dal campo di ricerca della PNEI. Nel presente lavoro ci soffermeremo su alcuni di questi aspetti per evidenziare come l’EMDR rappresenta una delle terapie più rispondenti alle nuove evidenze scientifiche ed alle esigenze di una scienza integrata della salute.
Tre gli elementi salienti offerti dalla ricerca:
1. La vita ha plasmato nel percorso evolutivo strutture altamente integrate, descrivibili come sistemi complessi a rete in retroazione continua con il contesto. In particolare i sistemi nervoso, endocrino ed immunitario costituiscono nel network psicocorporeo un “super-sistema” di relazione e regolazione in grado di assicurare gli equilibri adattativi incorporando l’esperienza e gestendo la dinamica mantenimento-cambiamento (“regolazione allostatica”). Quindi l’organismo non è una macchina fatta di parti autonome tra loro assemblate, ma una realtà che parte dall’unità (zigote) e mantiene tale carattere unitario in tutte le sue articolazioni.
2. Lo stress non è qualcosa di per sé eccezionale e patologico, deve invece essere visto – all’opposto – come l’espressione di un insieme di processi (un sistema) che modulano la regolazione individuo-contesto a fini adattativi. In sostanza il sistema dello stress è sempre attivo e solo in situazioni di eccesso o di carenza (acute o croniche) produce effetti progressivamente dannosi per l’individuo. Le attività legate allo stress producono un “carico allostatico” (peso biologico, energetico) che – in relazione a fattori soggettivi ed esterni – può divenire “sovraccarico” innescando una catena di successive alterazioni nel funzionamento dell’organismo. Parallelamente vi è un “carico” ed un “sovraccarico psicologico” legati al primo da processi circolari.
3. Nel network corporeo e nel sistema dello stress, ovvero nei processi di regolazione generale interni e individuo-contesto, la mente svolge un ruolo cruciale di modulazione come dimensione nella quale i segnali (interni ed esterni) vengono trasformati in informazioni (assegnazione di significati) in base ai percorsi ed alle esigenze individuali di adattamento. La mente rappresenta così la più alta espressione dell’evoluzione della vita e delle sue strategie adattative e ciò spiega il suo ruolo rispetto al funzionamento complessivo dell’organismo. Le recenti acquisizioni delle neuroscienze hanno mostrato l’interdipendenza tra attività psichica, espressione genica e plasticità cerebrale che rende possibile il ruolo della mente.
Il sovraccarico allostatico e psicologico legati allo stress dipendono in gran parte dall’attività mentale e costituiscono il principale fattore di rischio per la salute nelle società occidentali, antecedenti accertati delle patologie più diffuse. Se guardiamo a quanto detto sinora nell’ottica dello sviluppo individuale (fase intrauterina, processi di attaccamento, eventi significativi successivi) possiamo avere una idea di come mente, corpo e contesto interagiscono nella strutturazione dell’individuo ed il ruolo condizionante e de-strutturante delle situazioni e degli eventi che provocano una alterazione da stress. Le ricerche sul rapporto tra stress e sviluppo psicobiologico, tra modalità di attaccamento, strutturazione dei circuiti cerebrali, o tra queste e salute, confermano tali assunti (Lazzari, 2007). Venendo più da vicino all’EMDR, gli studi sulla psicobiologica del PTSD stanno mostrando che siamo di fronte sostanzialmente ad una manifestazione (particolarmente complessa ed accentuata) degli effetti dello stress sul network psicocorporeo (Iribarren et al., 2005). La ricerca sul PTSD (e gli altri disturbi da stress del DSM) deve incrociare necessariamente i filoni di studio sopra richiamati ed utilizzare la cornice concettuale che ne scaturisce.
Gli effetti psicobiologici dello stress estremo e del trauma vanno inquadrati nell’ambito delle
interazioni mente-corpo e della regolazione allostatica (carico vs sovraccarico allostatico).
A nostro avviso, al di là degli specifici effetti sul SNC, l’EMDR si è mostrata efficace nel PTSD in relazione alla sua caratteristica generale di ricercare ed utilizzare come “target” non singoli aspetti di una esperienza, bensì l’esperienza nei suoi diversi aspetti: cognitivi, emotivi, fisiologici e relazionali.
Il lavoro dell’EMR va a recuperare una integrazione perduta e lavora su questa.
Si deve tenere presente infatti che, in via generale e preminente, lo stress compromette i livelli di integrazione, coerenza e flessibilità del sistema: lo stress cronico per processi progressivi di disregolazione, quello acuto per “rotture”, blocchi e sconnessioni. Pertanto l’elaborazione dell’informazione (e delle conseguenze) legata ad eventi e situazioni stressanti passa attraverso una re-integrazione di tutti gli aspetti psicobiologici correlati per giungere ad una ristrutturazione.
Il livello di “penetrazione” (efficacia) di un approccio terapeutico è molto legato alla sua omogeneità con la realtà su cui interviene,cioè al fatto di parlare lo stesso linguaggio.
E questo è un punto di forza notevole per l’EMDR.
I dati disponibili sono coerenti con quanto enunciato: l’EMDR modifica i parametri fisiologici riducendo ed annullando l’attivazione da stress, spostando la bilancia dall’inibizione simpatica all’attivazione parasimpatica (Sack et al. 2007) e risulta associata l’abbassamento dell’arousal fisiologico, cioè con pattern di attività regolari e trofiche (Sack et al. 2008), mostrando similarità con quanto accade durante il sonno REM (Elofsson et al., 2008).
L’EMDR incide altresì su disturbi fisici legati al sistema dello stress, come ad esempio hanno mostrato ricerche su patologie dermatologiche (Gupta, 2002).
In recent years, EMDR has established itself as the treatment of evidence in the most classical and most serious of disorders directly related to stress, that is, PTSD (Bisson & Andrew, 2007) and were highlighted its effects on the CNS. Despite this and its progressive use in a wide variety of situations are still few reflections from the perspective sull'EMDR mind-body integration, in particular using data provided by the search of PNEI. In this work we will focus on some of these issues to highlight how EMDR is one of the therapies are more responsive to new scientific evidence and the needs of an integrated science of health. Three main elements of research are: 1. Life has shaped the evolutionary highly integrated structures, we describe how systems
complex feedback network continues with the context. In particular, the nervous, endocrine immune network and provide psycho in a "super-system" of relationship and adjustment
able to ensure the balance incorporating adaptive expertise and managing the dynamic maintenance-change ( "regulation allostatica"). Then the body is a machine made of autonomous parts, assembled together, but a reality that leaves the unit (zygote) and maintains that unitary in all its joints. 2. Stress is not something in itself exceptional and pathological, but must be seen - in contrast -- as the expression of a set of processes (a system) that modulate the individual-regulation framework for adaptive. In essence, the system of stress is always on and only in situations of excess or deficiency (acute or chronic) effects progressively damaging to the individual. The Stress-related activity produces a "load allostatico" (weight biological energy) that --
relation to subjective factors and external - can become "overloaded" by triggering a chain of subsequent alterations in the functioning of the organism. In parallel there is a "load" and a
"Overload psychological" processes related to the first round. 3. In the network system and body of stress, or in the process of setting general internal and individual-context, the mind plays a crucial role as a dimension of modulation in which signals (internal and external) are transformed into information (assigning meanings) depending on the paths and individual needs of adaptation. The mind is so the highest expression of the evolution of life and its adaptive strategies, which explains its role in relation to the overall functioning of the organism. The recent acquisitions of
neuroscience have shown the interdependence of psychic activity, gene expression and plasticity brain that makes the role of the mind. Overload allostatico and psychological stress-related depend in large part by activism mental and constitute the main risk factor for health in Western societies, antecedents established disease spreading. If we look to the foregoing view of personal development (stage intrauterine attachment process, significant events later) we can have an idea of how mind, body and environment interact in the structuring the individual and the role conditioning and de-structuring of situations and events that cause an alteration by stress. Research on the relationship between stress and psychobiological development, including mode of attachment, structure of brain circuits, or between them and health, confirmation of these given (Lazzari, 2007). Coming closer all'EMDR, psychobiological studies of PTSD are showing that we are dealing essentially an event (especially complex and pronounced) the effects of stress on the network psycho (Iribarren et al., 2005). Research on PTSD (and other stress disorders DSM) must necessarily cross the strands study mentioned above and use the conceptual framework that arises. Psychobiological effects of extreme stress and trauma should be classified within mind-body interactions and regulation allostatica (load vs. overload allostatico). In our view, beyond the specific effects on the CNS, EMDR has been shown effective in PTSD in connection with his characteristic broad research and use as a "target" rather than individual aspects of an experience, but experience in its different aspects: cognitive, emotional, physiological and relational. Work dell'EMR goes to retrieve a lost and working on this integration. It should be remembered that, in general, and prominent, stress affects the levels of integration, consistency and flexibility of the system: chronic stress for progressive process of dysregulation, the acute "broken", blocks and disconnections. Therefore processing information (and consequences) related to events and stressful situations through a re-integration of all aspects related to psychobiological reach a restructuring. The level of "penetration" (effectiveness) of a therapeutic approach is very attached to his homogeneity with the reality on which it operates, namely the fact of speaking the same language. And this is a great asset for EMDR. The available data are consistent with the statement: EMDR change physiological parameters reducing and canceling the activation by stress, shifting the balance from the inhibition nice parasympathetic activation (Sack et al. 2007) and is associated with lowering dell'arousal physiological, ie regular patterns of activity and trophic (Sack et al. 2008), showing similarities with what happens during REM sleep (Elofsson et al., 2008).
EMDR also impacts on physical ailments related to the system of stress, such as have Show searches on dermatological (Gupta, 2002).
Keywords: Body-Mind Interaction PNEI
Accuracy Verified: Yes
20. Litt, B. K. (2006, September). The marriage of EMDR and ego state theory in couples therapy. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Great strides have been made in applying EMDR
to different populations with a variety of
diagnoses. Integrating this powerful treatment
into couples therapy is relatively new and very
promising. By augmenting EMDR with the
explanatory power and clinical inventiveness of
ego state theory, couples therapy can be brought to new levels of efficacy. Through didactic
presentation and case illustration, participants will
understand the relational nature of the Self,
psychobiological and psychodynamic mechanisms of attachment, the structure of the
relational self, and the challenges of individuation/differentiation. In addition, all participants will learn and be able to access the intergenerational pathogenesis of ego fragmentation, and will be
able to identify clinical manifestations of ego state
conflict in conjoint sessions, including the doublebind,
split loyalty, and reenactments. Participants
will be able to use this learning to diagnose the
interlock of negative cognitions in their client
couples, and implement strategies to contract for
individually-focused EMDR therapy. Participants
will be able to explain to clients the risks and
benefits of conjoint EMDR, and understand the
contraindications for conjoint EMDR. Participants will learn a model of EMDR
treatment planning that includes target selection
and salience, and will be able to utilize a
progressive sequence of techniques for facilitation
EMDR processing with dissociative clients who
are blocked, looping, or at risk of abreaction.
Keywords: Couples Therapy Ego State Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
21. Kim, D., Choi, J., Kim, S. H., Oh, D. H., Park, S.C., Lee, S. H. (2010, May). A pilot study of brief eye movement desensitization and reprossessing (EMDR) for treatment of acute phase schizophrenia. Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 17(2), 94-102.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Objectives: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing(EMDR) is a novel, time-limited psychotherapy originally developed for treatment of psychological trauma. The effectiveness of this therapy has been validated only for posttraumatic stress disorder; however, EMDR is often applied to other psychiatric illnesses, including other anxiety disorders and depression. This pilot study tested the efficacy of EMDR added to the routine treatment for individuals with acute stage schizophrenia. Methods: This study was conducted in the acute psychiatric care unit of a university-affiliated training hospital. Inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to either three sessions of EMDR, three sessions of progressive muscle relaxation(PMR) therapy, or only treatment as usual(TAU). All the participants received concurrent typical treatments(TAU), including psychotropic medication, individual supportive psychotherapy and group activities in the psychiatric ward. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale were administered by a clinical psychologist who was blinded to the patients' group assignment. Results: Forty-five patients enrolled and forty patients(89%) completed the post-treatment evaluation. There were no between-group differences in the withdrawal rates of patients during the treatment or at the three-month follow-up session. All three groups improved significantly across each of the symptomatic domains including schizophrenia, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. However, a repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences among the groups over time. Effect size for change in total PANSS scores was also similar across treatment conditions, but effect size for negative symptoms was large for EMDR(0.60 for EMDR, 0.39 for PMR and 0.21 for TAU only). Conclusion: These findings supported the use of EMDR in treating the acute stage of schizophrenia but the results failed to confirm the effectiveness of the treatment over the two control conditions in three sessions. Further studies with longer courses of treatment, more focused target dimensions of treatment, and a sample of outpatients are necessary.
Keywords: Schizophrenia
Accuracy Verified: Yes
22. Lehrer, P. M., Woolfolk, R. L., & Sime, W. E. (2007). Principles and practice of stress management. (3rd. ed.) New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Language: English
Format: Book
Abstract:
Recent years have seen significant advances in understanding psychosocial stress and its clinical management. Now in a thoroughly revised and expanded third edition, this comprehensive work reviews effective stress management techniques and their applications for treating psychological problems and enhancing physical health and performance. Bringing together recognized leaders in the field to present their respective approaches and demonstrate the nuts and bolts of intervention, the volume is structured for optimal use as a clinical reference and text. All chapters retained from the prior edition have been extensively rewritten, and many new chapters have been added. Part I examines conceptual foundations and describes basic mechanisms of stress and relaxation. Part II, the largest section, covers the full range of methods, including progressive relaxation, hypnosis, biofeedback, meditation, cognitive methods, and other therapies. Each tightly edited chapter: (1) Details the method's history, theoretical underpinnings, and evidence base; (2) Spells out assessment procedures and techniques; (3) Provides step-by-step implementation guidelines; (4) Considers common treatment obstacles and how to overcome them; (5) Discusses strategies for increasing patient motivation and adherence; and (6) Illustrates the method with an in-depth case example. New to the third edition are chapters on mindfulness meditation, neurofeedback, EMDR, breathing retraining, heart rate variability biofeedback, exercise therapy, and Qigong. Finally, Part III explores applications in mental health, behavioral medicine, and sport psychophysiology (another new topic in this edition), shedding light on which approaches are most suitable for particular problems. The concluding chapter reviews the clinical research literature and offers clear recommendations for improving outcomes. This timely, authoritative book is an indispensable resource for clinical and health psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, counselors, nurses, and other professionals interested in learning and using stress management techniques. It will serve as a text in graduate-level courses in stress management, behavioral medicine, social work in health care, and related areas. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Stress Management
Accuracy Verified: Yes
23. Greenwald, R., & Schmitt, T. A. (2010). Progressive counting: Multi-site group and individual treatment open trials. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2(3), 239–242. doi:10.1037/a0019361.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Progressive counting (PC), a variant of the counting method, is a recently developed trauma resolution
procedure that appears to be efficient and well tolerated by clients. This paper reports on the posttreatment,
1 week, and 1 month posttreatment outcomes of 232 participants in 6 countries who experienced
a brief Group PC treatment—average about 5 minutes of exposure—of a minor upsetting memory during
the course of their participation in trauma treatment workshops. Additional posttreatment and follow-up
data is reported on 128 of these participants who experienced a second (untimed) individual PC session
focused on a more significant upsetting memory. The positive and sustained benefit realized from such
a brief dose of PC indicates this treatment’s potential value in individual and possibly group treatment
of trauma and/or loss memories.
Keywords: Exposure Loss Progressive Counting Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
24. Greenwald, R. (2008, November). Resolving early memories reduces the distress of later related memories. Poster presented at 24th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Trauma therapists must make clinical judgments about which
upsetting memories to target in what order, taking into account the
particular client’s ability to tolerate a potentially challenging
trauma-focused session. This paper presents the results of a study
with 119 participants in 10 trauma workshops (either EMDR or
Progressive Counting, an exposure variant) in 4 countries.
Participants first provided a SUDS rating of an identified
distressing memory, then “floated back” and worked on an earlier
memory, and finally provided another SUDS rating on the initial
(not worked-on) identified memory. The final SUDS rating was
lower for almost every participant, often substantially so,
indicating that work on earlier related memories is likely to reduce
the distress associated with a later memory. Follow-up with a
subset of participants at 1 and 4 weeks post-treatment indicated
some deterioration but substantial maintenance of effect. When
the client’s affect tolerance is a potentially limiting factor in
proceeding with trauma work, the present findings support the
strategy of first working through earlier related memories.
Keywords: Early Memories Later Memories
Accuracy Verified: Yes
25. Greenwald, R. (2008, June). Resolving early memories reduces the level of distress associated with later memories. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
EMDR practitioners must make clinical judgments about which memories to target in what order, taking into
account the particular client’s ability to tolerate a potentially challenging trauma-focused session. This paper
presents the results of a study in which x participants in trauma training (both EMDR and Progressive Counting,
an exposure variant) first provided a SUDS rating on an identified distressing memory, then “floated back” and
worked on an earlier memory, and finally provided another SUDS rating on the initial (not worked-on) target. The
final SUDS rating was consistently lower, often substantially so, indicating that work on earlier related memories
is likely to reduce the distress associated with a later memory. When the client’s affect tolerance is a potentially
limiting factor in proceeding with EMDR, the present findings support the strategy of first working through earlier
related memories.
Keywords: Memories
Accuracy Verified: Yes
26. Figley, C., Dietrich, A., Maxfield, L., & Gentry, J. E. (1999, November). Review of neoteric trauma treatments and suggested practice guidelines. In C. Figley (Chair) Discussion, Clinical Theory. International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Miami, FL.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR),
Thought Field Therapy (TFT), Time-Limited Trauma Therapy (TLTT),
Traumatic Incident Reduction (TIR), and Visual/Kinesthetic
Dissociation (V/KD) are relatively new approaches in the treatment
of trauma-related disorders. These approaches have come
under intense scientific and professional scrutiny and criticism,
with proponents and critics offering diverse and intriguing arguments
in support of their respective points of view. This discussion
will focus on the current empirical and anecdotal evidence on
the efficacy of these five approaches, as well as various criticisms
that have been proferred in response to the empirical and clinical
literature on treatment efficacy and theory. EMDR will be highlighted,
given the growing empirical database on EMDR outcome
studies and the contention surrounding the treatment and its’ theory.
The evidence for and/or against the other four approaches will
also be presented, upon which we will raise for discussion issues
relating to methodological rigour, scientific reporting of clinical
data, and the interpretation of efficacy studies in general. The discussion
will occur within the context of philosophical discourse on
the ideal of integration of science and practice, and the feasibility
of attaining this ideal within the current scientific Zeitgeist.
INTERVENTION RESEARCH, CLINICAL CASE STUDY
Sandringham
Skills-Based Treatment
of Dissociation: A Case Study 238
Chair: ELHAI, Jon D., Nova Southeastern University
Discussant: GOLD, Stephen
A clinical case study of skills-based treatment of a 48-year-old,
female survivor of child sexual abuse (CSA) reporting severe dissociative
symptomatology is presented. Chief complaints were daily
amnestic episodes, depersonalization, panic attacks, agoraphobia,
and consequent long-term unemployment. In contrast to most
approaches to therapy for dissociative syndromes, it is argued that
treatment does not need to be primarily trauma-focused. Instead
treatment focused on targeting dissociation and anxiety by teaching
skills to be implemented by the client outside of session.
Functional behavioral analysis of particular recent incidents of dissociation
were conducted over several sessions. Imagery-based
relaxation and progressive muscle relaxation were used and monitored
to help the client learn additional methods of reducing distress.
Grounding techniques were implemented to counter the dissociative
tendency to lose experiential awareness of the here and
now. Cognitive interventions were utilized to challenge the erroneous
notions reported about dissociative experiences, such as the
panic she experienced when her dissociation had been revealed to
others. Last, in vivo systematic desensitization was used with a fear
hierarchy, ranging from the least to most fearful stimuli that precipitate
dissociation, where graduated exposure was followed by relaxation.
At termination the client reported elimination of panic
attacks, resumption of driving, and marked reduction in frequency
and duration of amnestic periods, with substantial additional gains
and progress in finding full-time employment reported at 8 month
follow-up. Treatment outcome is assessed based on psychological
test data obtained at intake, discharge, and 8 month follow-up, as
well as client anecdotal report.
Keywords: Neoteric Trauma Treatments Practice Guidelines
Accuracy Verified: Yes
27. Moskovitz, R. A. (2000, December). Saccadic eye movements as a guide to EMDR technique. EMDRIA Newsletter, 5(Special Edition), 14-15.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
The duration of each set of eye movement is one of several variables that must be managed during EMDR. As we begin to work with patients, we choose the direction and rate of speed of each set of movements as well as the total number of movements per set. The basic guideline calls for 24 bi-directional movements for the first set. While subsequent sets may also consist of 24 passes, the length of the sets may be adjusted up or down depending upon patient response or therapeutic goals. Processing intense emotions, for examples, may call for longer sets, while shorter sets may be sufficient to evoke sequences of cognitive associations. While some therapists prefer to adhere to a rigid protocol, counting out each set, may others determine the length of each set intuitively.
Keywords: Saccadic Eye Movements
Accuracy Verified: Yes
28. Shapiro, F. (1992, December). Stray thoughts: Frozen childhood, Bio-electrical valence. EMDR Network Newsletter, 2(2), 1-2.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
Clinical observations of EMDR treatment
sessions indicate that therapeutic
results are often achieved through
the progressive emergence of an adult
perspective, particularly when the client
was previously locked into the
emotional responses of a childhoodbased
trauma. Clearly, most childhood
experiences are infused with a
sense of powerlessness, lack of choice,
lack of control, and inadequacy. Even
the best of childhoods have moments
when the parents attempt to leave for
the evening and the child feels abandoned,
powerless, and uncared for.
Indeed, an entire generation of children
was raised by a book that dictated
feeding hours and parents were
encouraged to avoid reinforcing the
child's crying for food at other times.
Consequently, thousands of children
were left crying in the dark for food.
Regardless of the fact that language
was not yet encoded, arguably, this
situation set up certain emotional
nodes regarding "Self," "Suffering,"
and "Others." The EMDR model posits
that the wide variety of childhood
experiences are neurological touchstones
for many dysfunctions.
Keywords: Bio-electrical Valence Children Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
29. de Heer, E. W., & Hoogeveen, E. M. (2009). Taxing working memory during recall of distressing memories with a counting task and EMDR benefits. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Dit experiment is gebaseerd op de hypothese dat de omvang van de EMDR-effecten kritisch hangt af van de mate waarin het werkgeheugen (WM) is belast tijdens het ophalen. De deelnemers deden herinneren aan pijnlijke herinneringen tijdens het uitvoeren van een van de twee afleidende taken (terugtellend met stappen van 2 of 7), het ene meer, afhankelijk van WM dan de andere. Hoe meer WM was belast, de grotere verlagingen van de levendigheid en emotionaliteit werden verwacht. De uitkomsten werden vergeleken met een controle conditie. Terugtellend met stappen van 2 of 7, terwijl we een verontrustende autobiografisch geheugen in het achterhoofd, verlaagt de emotionaliteit van het geheugen dat met name in vergelijking met het tellen van helemaal geen. De verlaging van de 7's staat, echter niet significant afwijken van de verlaging van de eenvoudige (dwz 2's) staat. Kortingen voor levendigheid werden niet gevonden. Deze resultaten ondersteunen het werkgeheugen account. Er is echter meer onderzoek nodig om de dosis-respons relatie tussen WM-load en EMDR-effecten en tot een beter begrip van de elementaire onderdelen van EMDR te krijgen verklaren.
This experiment is based upon the hypothesis that the magnitude of the EMDR effects critically depends on the degree to which working memory (WM) is taxed during retrieval. Participants did recall distressing memories while performing one of two distracting tasks (counting backwards with steps of 2 or 7); the one more depending on WM than the other. The more WM was taxed, the larger reductions in vividness and emotionality were expected. The outcomes were compared to a control condition. Counting backwards with steps of 2 or 7, while holding a distressing autobiographical memory in mind, decreases the emotionality of that particular memory compared to no counting at all. The reduction in the 7’s condition, however, did not differ significantly from the reduction in the simple (i.e. 2’s) condition. Reductions for vividness were not found. These results do support the working memory account. However, more research is needed to explain the dose-response relation between WM-load and EMDR-effects and to get a better understanding of the elementary components in EMDR.
Keywords: Retrieval Working Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
30. Coste, L. (2007, Juin). Traitement EMDR d'une anorexie dan le cadre d'une thérapie globale et familiale [EMDR treatment of anorexia dangerous part of a comprehensive therapy and family]. Affiche présentée à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.
Language: French
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Voici le cadre du traitement d’une anorexie chez une adolescente, Annie, 13 ans. Le traitement a duré 10 mois.
Annie est née cinq ans après une demi-soeur, Joanna, 18 ans. Joana n’a pas même père. Le père d’Annie a accepté l’adoption.
Le père, d’Annie, la mère, Annie et Joana vivent sous le même toit. Annie entre difficilement dans l’adolecence, alors que Joana s’exhibe depuis quelques mois avec son compagnon dans la chambre contiguë de celle d’Annie. Les rapports sexuels particiliers sont utilises par Joana à la fois comme instrument de vengeiance envers sa demi-soeur, et encore pour attirer l’attention de des parents sa problématique liée à son arrive dans la famille.
Joana souhaite ainsi impliquer et irriter houte la famille pour résoudre un conflit interne.
Elle réussit à persécuter Annie qui entre dans une phase aiguë de régression avec le souhait de se fonder en sa mère, au point de devoir dormer à ses côtés. Annie développe progressive une depersonalization. Pour autant, Joans ne tente as de s’approprier sin beau-père: au contraite, elle le rejette d’autant plue qu’elle se rend très souvent sur les lieux de père-géniteur dont a elle retrouvé les traces.
Cette situation culpabilise a posteriori un beau-père qui estime avoir éléve sa belle-fille avec amour. Sa position de chef de famille est remise en cause. La situation culpabilise également la mère qui avait pourtant choisi de garder Joana plutôt que d’avorter. Joana gignote de jour en our le territoire de sa dem-soeur sans poor autant vouloir continuer à s’insérer dans cette famille.
Le traitement préconisé sera:
- dans un premier temps, d’enrayer rapidement la dénutrition d’Annie par traitement EMDR (cogntions autour de l’estime de soi) puis traitement d’une peur de mourir (cognitions liées à la sécurité/survie), suivi du choix de “réussiré (congitions liées à la possibilité de contrôle).
- de suivre en alternance les parents, Annie et Joana;
- dans un second temps, de suivre Annie et Joana;
- dans un troisième temps de traiter par EMDR quelques peurs chez Joana et abaisser son irritation en famille, puis preparer son depart.
- Séance après séance, Annie se réappropriera son corps grâce à un imagination et une activité onirique du veille mises au service de la guérison. Annie parviendra finalement à croire en la possibilité de “réussir” sa vie.
Here the treatment of anorexia in a teen, Annie, 13. The treatment lasted 10 months.
Annie was born five years after a half-sister, Joanna, 18. Joana has not even father. Annie's father accepted the adoption.
The father of Annie, mother, Annie and Joana live under the same roof. Annie easily into the adolecents, while Joana showing off for several months with his companion in the room next to that of Annie. Sex particiliers are used by Joana both as an instrument of vengeiance to his half-sister, and again to draw the attention of his parents' problems related to his arrival in the family.
Joana hopes to involve and irritate houte family to resolve an internal conflict.
She managed to persecute Annie enters a critical phase of regression with the desire to rely on his mother, to the point of having to sleep on his side. Annie develops a gradual depersonalization. However, no attempts have Joans sin to appropriate father-to Constrain, she rejects all Plue it goes very often on-site parent whose father she has found the traces.
This guilty post a stepfather who feels his pupil step-daughter with love. His position as head of family is challenged. The situation also blames the mother who nevertheless chose to keep rather than abort Joana. Joana gignote from day o the territory of its dem-sister without all the poor would continue to fit into this family.
The recommended treatment is:
- Initially, to stem the rapid wasting of Annie by EMDR treatment (cogntions around self-esteem) and subsequent treatment of a fear of dying (cognitions related to safety / survival), followed by the choice of "réussiré (congitions related to the possibility of control).
- Follow-linked parents, Annie and Joana;
- A second time, Annie and follow Joana;
- A third time to deal with some fears among EMDR Joana and lowering his irritation with the family, then prepare his departure.
- Session after session, Annie reclaim his body with an active imagination and dream of a day in the service of healing. Annie finally succeed to believe in the possibility of "successful" life.
Keywords: Anorexia Eating Disorders Family Poster
Accuracy Verified: Yes
31. Lilley, S. A., Andrade, J., Turpin, G., Sabin-Farrell, R., & Holmes, E. A. (2009, September). Visuospatial working memory interference with recollections of trauma. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48(3), 309–321. doi:10.1348/014466508X398943.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Objectives: Laboratory research using a working memory framework has shown
modality-specific reductions in image vividness and emotionality when concurrent tasks
are performed while maintaining the image in consciousness. We extended this
research to trauma images in a clinical population awaiting treatment for post-traumatic
stress symptoms.
Design: A within-subjects design was used, with each participant completing an
imagery task under three concurrent task conditions: side-to-side eye-movements,
counting, and exposure only (no concurrent task).
Methods: Eighteen participants selected three images each, the images being those
that were the most distressing from participants’ trauma memories and most likely to
intrude involuntarily. Participants gave baseline ratings of the vividness and emotionality
of each of their trauma images. Each image was assigned to a condition. Each condition
comprised 8 trials in which participants recollected the appropriate image for 8 s while
performing eye-movements, counting or no concurrent task, and then rated its
vividness and emotionality. Follow-up ratings were obtained by telephone 1 week later.
Results: The eye-movement task reduced vividness and emotionality of the trauma
images relative to the counting task and exposure only, but did so only during the
imagery period and not at follow-up. The images were predominantly visual.
Conclusions: Concurrent tasks matched to the modality of trauma images may
provide a useful treatment aid for temporarily dampening emotional responses to
recollections of trauma.
Keywords: Trauma Memory Visuospatial Working Memory Interference
Accuracy Verified: Yes
32. Greenwald, R., Smyth, N., & Maxfield, L. (2008, September). What makes trauma treatment work? Progressive counting research sheds light on EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Progressive Counting (PC) is a recently developed Exposure method that may prove to be as efficient as EMDR and as easy for clients to tolerate. PC is based on the Counting Method and has much in common with EMDR. Participants will learn about the research on PC, including research on mechanisms of effect. Participants will have a chance to try PC with one of their own minor upsetting memories. Then an expert panel will lead a discussion about similarities and differences between PC and EMDR, and possible mechanisms of effect across trauma treatments.
Keywords: Progressive Counting Research
Accuracy Verified: Yes