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1. Ellard, J. (1993, September). Eye movement desensitization. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 27(3), 535.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization is an interesting manoeuvre. While its mechanism remain obscure, the benefits in particular cases are beyond doubt. There is every reason to be skeptical about the technique and the results, and there are equally strong reasons not to not to turn one's back on a procedure which briefly and simply produces worthwhile improvement before one's eyes. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Hypnotism  Letter  Mesmer  

Accuracy Verified: Yes


2. Reimer, M., & Johannesson, K. B. (2007, August). Ingen större vetenskap bakom EMDR-behandling av unga (jämte) [and] Replik: EMDR strider inte mot beprövad erfarenhet av Kerstin Bergh Johannesson [No big scientific basis behind the EMDR treatment of young persons (plus) Reply: EMDR is not contrary to the best practices of Kerstin Bergh Johannesson]. Läkartidningen, 104(34), 2354, Discussion 2354-2355.

Language: Swedish

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Det är visst inte bara jag som kommer att tänka på Franz Mesmer när EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) hyllas som den nya terapin mot sviter efter psykiska trauman [1]. Historien om EMDR låter ju som en saga: Den unga psykologen Francine Shapiro upptäcker under en promenad i parken att när hon rör ögonen från sida till sida så minskas det obehag hon känner inför egna traumatiska minnen. Idag 20 år senare är hon direktör för sitt eget institut, och terapin som hon utvecklat anses av många som det självklara valet vid behandling av posttraumatiskt stressyndrom (PTSD).

It is given not only I will think of Franz Mesmer as EMDR (eye movement desensitization and Reprocessing) is hailed as the new therapy against sequelae psychological trauma [1]. History about EMDR sounds like a fairy tale: A young psychologist Francine Shapiro discovered during a walk in the park that when she moves her eyes from side to side to reduce the discomfort she feels about own traumatic memories. Today, 20 years later, she is director for his own institution, and therapy as she developed considered by many as the obvious choice for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Keywords: Adolescents  Children  Cognitive Therapy  Kerstin Bergh Johannesson  Letter  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Treatment Effectiveness  Young People  

Accuracy Verified: Yes


3. Haour, F., & Servan-Schreiber, D. (2009). Les bases neuroscientifiques de l’EMDR [Neuroscientific bases of EMDR]. In J. Cottraux (Ed.), TCC et Neurosciences (pp.187-202). Issy-les-Moulineaux: Elsevier Masson.

Language: French

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
France Haour et David Servan-Schreiber présentent avec clarté la désensibilisation par les mouvements oculaires et le retraitement de l’information (EMDR), ainsi que les études qui ont été effectuées par des méthodes neuroscientifiques pour tester ces processus. Plusieurs points restent néanmoins en suspens. Effectivement, l’EMDR est d’efficacité démontrée dans le stress post-traumatique, et les traumatismes plus légers, mais il n’y a pas de données dures pour le valider dans d’autres indications. De plus, son processus, comme il est souligné dans le chapitre, demeure controversé. Il ne faudrait pas oublier qu’un EMDR sans mouvements oculaires aboutit à de résultats identiques à ceux d’un EMDR avec mouvements oculaires, dans la méta-analyse de Davidson et Parker (2001), qui inclut 13 études comparant ces deux conditions. Cinq méta-analyses ne retrouvent pas de différence d’efficacité entre TCC et EMDR. Ces faits expérimentaux ont amené aussi bien l’Association psychiatrique américaine (2004) que le rapport INSERM (2004) à classer l’EMDR dans les TCC, dont il représente une variante technique, sans véritable discontinuité. Par ailleurs, l’analogie souvent faite entre EMDR et la phase REM (phase paradoxale du sommeil correspondant au rêve et à des mouvements oculaires rapides) n’est qu’une hypothèse et ne repose pas à ce jour sur des données scientifiques. Enfin, toutes les thérapies d’exposition utilisent des distracteurs (relaxation, images mentales de sécurité, pensées positives) pour faciliter l’accès aux émotions liées au traumatisme. L’hypnose, qui a montré son efficacité dans le stress post-traumatique lors d’une seule étude contrôlée (Brom, 1989), elle aussi, se sert de mouvements oculaires, pour capter l’attention. Ainsi faisait son ancêtre, Franz Anton Mesmer, comme le montre le rapport établi en 1784 par la commission royale sur le magnétisme animal (Darnton, 1995). Quoi qu’il en soit, l’EMDR propose un protocole utile, robuste et aisé à enseigner et à appliquer.

France Haour and David Servan-Schreiber present with clarity desensitization Eye Movement and reprocessing of information (EMDR) and studies that have been conducted by neuroscientists methods to test these processes. Several points are still open. Indeed, EMDR is proven efficacy in post-traumatic stress, and lighter injuries, but there is no hard data to validate in other indications. In addition, its process, as outlined in the chapter remains controversial. We should not forget that EMDR without eye movements leads to results identical to those of EMDR with eye movements in the meta-analysis of Davidson and Parker (2001), which includes 13 studies comparing these two conditions. Five meta-analyzes found no difference in efficacy between CBT and EMDR. These experimental facts led both the American Psychiatric Association (2004) report that the INSERM (2004) to classify EMDR in CBT, which is a variant technique, no real discontinuity. Moreover, the analogy often made between EMDR and REM sleep (REM sleep corresponding dreams and rapid eye movement) is only a hypothesis and not based so far on scientific data. Finally, all therapies exposure using distractors (relaxation, mental imagery security positive thoughts) to facilitate access to the emotions related to the trauma. Hypnosis, which has shown its effectiveness in post-traumatic stress in one controlled study (Brom, 1989), it also uses movements eye for attention. So was his ancestor, Franz Anton Mesmer, as shown in the report prepared in 1784 by the Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism (Darnton, 1995). Anyway, EMDR offers a useful protocol, robust and easy to teach and apply.

Keywords: Neuroscience  Neuroscientific Bases  

Accuracy Verified: Yes


4. McNally, R. J. (1999, November-December). On eye movements and animal magnetism: A reply to Greenwald's defense of EMDR. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(6), 617-620. doi:1http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(99)00020-1.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In his commentary on my article comparing Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) with animal magnetism therapy, Greenwald (this issue) expresses several criticisms. Unable to refute a single factual statement, he resorts to attacking my rhetorical style. The purpose of this reply is to rebut his critique. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Franz Anton  Mesmer  Professional Criticism Reply  Psychotherapy  Treatment Effectiveness  

Accuracy Verified: Yes