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1. Vogelmann-Sine, S., Popky, A. J., Lazrove, S., Sine, L., Speare, J., Wade, D., & Wade, T. (1995, June). Advanced clinical applications of EMDR to addictive behaviors. Symposium conducted at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop addresses the application of standard and modified EMDR treatment protocols to addictive and compulsive behaviors including substance abuse/dependence, overeating, smoking, love addiction. Individuals with addictive and compulsive behaviors frequently have suffered from childhood trauma and neglect resulting in developmental arrests, as well as a variety of maladaptive behaviors which are trauma-related and serve to minimize pain. The successful implementation of EMDR to addictive behaviors requires that EMDR be used as part of an overall treatment program carefully addressing the needs of individuals who have been traumatized and are exhibiting addictive behaviors. A thorough diagnostic work up is needed aimed at assessing comorbidity, dissociation, and a detailed trauma history covering childhood traumas and traumas suffered as adults including traumas that occur as a consequence of addictive behaviors. Careful client preparation is essential to assist individuals in coping adequately with the high levels of emotion experienced during EMDR Clients' readiness to stop compulsive/addictive behaviors needs to be carefully evaluated. A decision tree aimed at determining the appropriateness of EMDR to individuals diagnosed with addictive behaviors is presented which assists clinicians in minimizing the premature use of EMDR. EMDR is a client centered method, and thus, careful pacing is needed with this population to reprocess underlying traumatic issues. This frequently implies utilizing a modified EMDR treatment protocol with only partial resolutions of underlying traumatic material. Guidelines will be discussed to assist clinicians in selecting EMDR targets for optional results which relate to the stages of recovery. EMDR can be used at all stages of recovery to neutralize the negative impact of memories contributing to problematic behaviors, such as urges to use, ambivalence about treatment, fear of facing painfull feelings from the past. EMDR also has the power to install templates for future actions which assist individuals with skill deficits in more rapidly acquiring necessary skills for a successful recovery. Examples of cognitive interweaves are presented which take into consideration clients' readiness, as well as the need to accelerate the recovery process. EMDR has a unique role in the recovery of traumatized individuals with addictive and compulsive behaviors since the accelerated processing of negative experiences and the installation of positive adaptive cognitions assist clients in more rapidly overcoming barriers throughout the recovery process. It also challenges rigid approaches to recovery which frequently stress that trauma work should not be attempted before abstinence has been accomplished for a specified period of time. EMDR is especially valuable in processing core issues which center around shame and manifest in cognitions, such as "I am defective," "There is something wrong with me," "I am not good enough," "I am not quite right," "I don't belong," "I don't deserve to live." Case examples will be given as to how such core issues can be targeted to accelerate the recovery process. A.J. Popky has developed a specialized EMDR treatment protocol which targets levels of urges of addictive/compulsive behaviors directly and installs a positive internal state of feeling empowered without relying on compulsive and addictive behaviors. Case examples fiom clinical practice indicate that when levels of urges are targeted directly, underlying traumas frequently emerge without increasing clients' usage. The symposium addresses the application of this protocol to a range of addictive and compulsive behaviors. The Wades' integrative psychotherapy combines ego-state therapy and EMDR in a psychosocial developmental context. Their substance use disorders treatment program incorporates specialized applications of their integrative psychotherapy, which includes both individual and group therapy and employs hypnosis as well as EMDR Their presentation focuses on applications of the standard EMDR protocol in individual therapy, which is limited primarily to desensitization of dysphoric affect and reprocessing negative cognitions associated with grief and trauma. Their conceptual framework of substance use disorders proceeds from a goal of reducing the harm caused by substance use and a primary distinction between functional and autonomous use (rather than the DSM conceptualizations of "dependence" or "abuse") because this guides interventions. Initial treatment planning depends upon external constraints (e.g., lack of support for positive change, hostile environment), internal limitations (e.g., severity of substance use and its effects, neurocognitive deficits, inadequate "ego strength," lack of skills, disrupted psychosocial development, psychological trauma) and the nature of the substance use disorder (i.e., functional, autonomous, or both). Methods include education about substance use disorders and processes of change, group therapy to develop skills and obtain feedback and support, individual therapy to correct disrupted development and resolve traumatic stress reactions, and exercises to apply what is learned in real-life situations. The standard EMDR protocol is applied to disrupted development involving grief and to resolve psychological trauma that lead to substance use. Case vignettes in which such applications of the standard EMDR protocol were employed are presented in detail.

Keywords: Addictions  Substance Abuse  Symposium  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

2. Pinillos, I. (2012, June). Aplicaciones y protocolos especiales EMDR segun modelo structural funcional de los trastornos obsesivos compulsivos [Special applications and protocols EMDR according to functional structural model of the compulsive obsessive disorders]. Poster presented at the annual meeting of EMDR Europe, Madrid, Spain.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Keywords: Obsessive Compulsive Disorders  Poster  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

3. Callipo, N. (2007-2008). Applicazioni del pensiero controfattuale negli esiti post-traumatici [Applications of counterfactual thinking in post-traumatic events]. Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Applicazione del pensiero controfattuale negli esiti post-traumatici 1. Introduzione. Il pensiero controfattuale è un processo che esprime la capacità di riflettere e modificare gli scenari di situazioni da cui sarebbero potuti conseguire esiti differenti dalla realtà. Nella quotidianità è comune che un sentimento di rammarico – il regret - venga provato a seguito di una discrepanza tra i risultati attesi e la realtà. La ricerca e l’esperienza condivisa dicono che, rilevare le differenze tra ciò che avremmo voluto e ciò che abbiamo ottenuto, ci aiuta a pianificare azioni più efficaci nel futuro. Tuttavia, in condizioni di elevato stress, come quello provato dopo un evento indesiderato e traumatico, possono fare irruzione nella coscienza pensieri nella forma “Se solo non fossi stato così…”, oppure “Se solo non avessi fatto” o “Se avessi fatto qualcosa per evitare tutto ciò”; nel tentativo di annullare (undoing) idealmente le conseguenze dell’accaduto. Questi pensieri controfattuali possono sortire l’effetto di amplificare emozioni e sentimenti come il biasimo, la rabbia, la vergogna e il senso di colpa. L’attitudine alla generazione automatica, indiscriminata e non finalizzata all’azione, di domande e affermazioni ricorsive, può condensarsi in un particolare stile di pensiero – la ruminazione – che sottende sensazioni di disagio diffuse e invalidanti, come gli stati depressivi, ansiosi ed ossessivi. La prima parte di questo lavoro è occupato da una rassegna sulle ricerche che, inizialmente, pongono il pensiero controfattuale nel quadro delle più generali abilità di problem-solving; successivamente, la prospettiva funzionale, riesce a farne risaltare il versante adattivo, rilevante ai fini della regolazione degli stati affettivi e, più in generale, del mantenimento della salute mentale. Nella seconda parte viene discusso il ruolo del pensiero controfattuale, in relazione al suo versante disfunzionale , con particolare riguardo agli esiti post-traumatici. Nella terza parte vengono analizzati i modelli di elaborazione delle informazioni che riconoscono un ruolo al pensiero controfattuale nella regolazione dell’umore, citando alcuni paradigmi psicoterapeutici, tra cui l’Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), ideato da Francine Shapiro. Per verificare l’applicazione del pensiero controfattuale nel trattamento degli esiti post-traumatici sono stati riportati due esempi: uno tratto dalla letteratura sull’EMDR e un caso di disturbo ansioso-depressivo, in trattamento con psicoterapia a orientamento cognitivo.

Application of counterfactual thinking in a post-traumatic results. Introduction. The counterfactual thinking is a process that expresses the ability to reflect and change scenarios of situations that could have been large gains different from reality. In everyday life it is common that a feeling of regret - the regret - should be tried as a result of a discrepancy between expected results and reality. The research says that shared experience, point out the differences between what we wanted and what we have achieved, helps us to plan more effective actions in the future. However, under conditions of high stress, such as that experienced after a traumatic event and unwanted, they can break into the conscious thoughts in the form "If only I had not been so ..." or "If only I had not done" or "If I had done something to avoid anything "in an attempt to cancel (undoing) the ideal of what the consequences. These counterfactual thoughts may have the effect of amplifying emotions and feelings such as blame, anger, shame and guilt. The ability to generate automatic, indiscriminate and not action-oriented questions and statements recursive, it can condense into a particular style of thinking - rumination - that underlies feelings of discomfort common and disabling, such as depression, anxiety and obsessive . The first part of this work is occupied by a review of the research that initially pose the counterfactual thinking in the context of more general skills of problem-solving, since then the functional perspective, can bring out the side adaptive, relevant to the regulation of affective states and, more generally, of maintaining mental health. The second part discussed the role of counterfactual thinking, in relation to its dysfunctional side, especially with regard to post-traumatic results. In the third part analyzes the patterns of information processing that recognize a role in regulating mood counterfactual thinking, citing some psychotherapeutic paradigms, including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), developed by Francine Shapiro. To test the application of counterfactual thinking in the treatment of post-traumatic results were two examples: one taken from the literature on EMDR and a case of anxiety-depressive disorder, treatment with cognitive-oriented psychotherapy.

Keywords: Counterfactual Thinking  Informational Processing  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

4. Kirsch, A., & Seidler, G. H. (2004). Ausdruck und erleben von emotionen bei der posttraumatischen belastungsstörung: Erste ergebnisse einer studie mit gewaltopfern [Expression and experience of emotion in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: First result of a study with victims]. Zeitschrift für Psychotraumatologie und Psychologische Medizin, ZPPM 2(1), 45-60.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Emotionale Betäubung (EN) in PTSD ist ein Cluster von schwächenden Symptomen mit Problemen in der Erfahrung und dem Ausdruck von Emotionen. EN ist in drei separate diagnostischen Kriterien dargestellt: deutlich vermindertes Interesse an wichtigen Aktivitäten, Gefühle der Ablösung oder Entfremdung von anderen, und eingeschränkte Bandbreite des Affekts. Die funktionale Beziehung zwischen anderen Klassen von PTSD Symptome und EN ist nicht gut verstanden. In diesem Artikel werden verschiedene Studien diskutiert werden. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass Patienten mit psychischen Erkrankungen eine spezifische Wechselwirkung Muster implementieren, die in der Gesichts-affektiven Ausdruck und äußerte sich vor allem in Gesichts-affektiven Mikro-Verhalten. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Pilot-Studie war die Analyse von Gesichts-affektive Verhalten von Patienten mit PTSD im Vergleich zu gesunden Personen. Erste Ergebnisse der ersten EMDR-Sitzungen auf Video aufgezeichnet von Patienten und psychodynamischen Interviews von gesunden Personen (keine psychische / psychiatrische Störungen nach ICD-10) wurden mit dem codierten Emotional Facial Coding System Acting, ein Instrument zur Erfassung von mimischen mit emotionaler Bedeutung. Danach wurden diese Analysen mit Blickverhalten verbunden. PTSD Patienten zeigten eine Verringerung der gesamten Mimik und eine verminderte Häufigkeit von Gesichts wirkt im Vergleich zu gesunden Personen. Unter dem Blickverhalten in Betracht, wurde es offensichtlich, dass PTSD Patienten zeigten Anteil sank gegenseitigen Blick im Vergleich zu gesunden Personen. Außerdem war der Gesichtsausdruck affektiven Ausdruck von vier Patienten (Eltern, die durch den gewaltsamen Tod ihrer Kinder beraubt) erste und letzte EMDR-Sitzung verglichen. Eine leichte Erhöhung des Gesichts affektiven Ausdruck gefunden wurde. [Autor Summary)

Emotional numbing (EN) in PTSD is a cluster of debilitating symptoms involving problems in the experience and expression of emotion. EN is represented in three separate diagnostic criteria: markedly diminished interest in significant activities, feelings of detachment or estrangement from others, and restricted range of affect. The functional relationship between other classes of PTSD symptoms and EN is not well understood. In this article different studies will be discussed. It is assumed that patients with mental diseases implement a specific interaction pattern, that is expressed in the facial affective expression and particularly in facial-affective micro-behaviours. The aim of the presented pilot-study was the analysis of facial-affective behaviour of patients with PTSD in comparison to healthy persons. First results of videotaped first EMDR sessions of patients and psychodynamic interviews of healthy persons (absence of mental/psychiatric disorder according to ICD-10) were coded using the Emotional Facial Acting Coding System, an instrument for the registration of facial movements with emotional relevance. Afterwards these analyses were connected with gazing behaviour. PTSD patients showed a reduction of overall facial expressions and a reduced frequency of facial affects in comparison to healthy persons. Taking the gazing behaviour into consideration, it became obvious that PTSD patients showed decreased portion of mutual gaze compared to healthy persons. Furthermore, the facial affective expression of four patients' (parents bereaved by the violent deaths of their children) first and last EMDR session was compared. A slight increasing of facial affective expression was found. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Crime  Emotional Numbing  Interpersonal Interaction  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychotherapeutic Processes  PTSD  Survivors  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5. Mueller-Schwefe, R. (2010, June). Back into life - EMDR with primary withdrawal after trauma. In Experimental use of EMDR. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
“Where I am? I am somewhere between heaven and earth, but I don't know where exactly." "My therapist waited for my anger, but it just isn't there...nowhere” – “I can't imagine anything helpful when I feel bad, I just don't have the energy... it's all too much for me." – “I just want to give up...” Reaction to traumatic events can vary a lot. This is true even when a PTSD has been diagnosed. Contrary to the 'classical' hyper-arousal response to traumatic memories there is also a different pattern of response that is characterized by a lack of an increase in heart rate, and very different pattern of neural activations, despite having a severe case of acute and subsequent PTSD'[l] and may go along with (peri- and posttraumatic) dissociation, emotional numbness, exhaustion, withdrawal and depression. The above statements belong to people with this pattern of response who have experienced subsequent difficulties already in the stabilization phase of their trauma-therapy. First, I will present an understanding of this symptomatology, the hypothesis being a predominance of the dorsal vagal system (see: Polyvagal Theory [2] and activation of the early withdrawal reflex (or: fear-paralysis reflex). This goes along with particular cognitive and especially emotional and physical features. Second, I will present a way to work with this condition, taking into account that the completion of "interrupted action." In this case does not imply an outward (fight or fight response) but an inward orientation withdrawal). EMDR with an adjusted protocol and tactile bilateral stimulation provides the way to process and pull through this interrupted (or unsatisfied) organismic withdrawal and the fear mostly associated with this process. Returning from this deep and primary withdrawal from life brings back the energy and the patient turns back towards life; vagal predominance subsides and the stuck impulse to withdraw releases. 1. Ruth A. Lanius, James W. Hopper, Ravi 5. Menon, Individual Differences in a Husband and Wife Who Developed PTSD After a Motor Vehicle Accident: A Functional MRI Case Study. Am J Psychiatry 160:4. April 2003, p. 668. 2. Porges. S.W. (2001). The Polyvagal Theory: Phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 42, 123-146. Learning objectives: 1. Recognize dorsal vagal predominance and primary withdrawal after trauma, 2. Understand the different orientation of interrupted action/ trauma scheme, 3. Know how to help withdrawal-patients to stabilize and process with adjusted EMDR-protocol and tactile or auditory bilateral stimulation. New and unique: Identifying this withdrawal-type of traumatic reaction and scheme, understanding it with the help of Polyvagal Theory and development of EMDR- adjusted protocol and way to process this.

Keywords: Primary Withdrawal  Symposium  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

6. Oh, D. H., & Park, Y. C. (2010, July). Bilateral eye movement: Changes brain default network functions in EMDR treatment. Poster presented at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Introduction: The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of bilateral eye movement as one of the important therapeutic components through EEG analysis. We examined differences between pre-bilateral eye movement and post-bilateral eye movement of normal healthy volunteers in scalp recorded EEGs in two different ways. First, we used qEEG to examine differences in specific band frequencies after bilateral eye movement. Secondly, we utilized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) source imaging (Pascual-Marqui et al., 1994) to explore the underlying neural generators of changed EEG activity. Methods:32 college students participated in the study. EEG was recorded continuously during the experiment. All participants experienced 3 blocks: 1) pre-experiment, eye-closed EEG in resting state, 2) stimuli condition (either eye movement or fixation) and 3) post-experiment, eye-closed EEG in resting state. 32-channel, eyes-closed EEG (30 artifactfree s/subject) was analyzed (source localization using FFT approximation and LORETA). Results: We demonstrated different functional connectivity patterns of the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann area 23, 31) between bilateral eye movement and eye fixation phase. Conclusion: These results provided evidence to support that the bilateral eye movements in EMDR procedure gives rise to the changes of ‘brain default network’, accompanied by the alteration of regional brain electrical activity.

Keywords: Eye Movements  Poster  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

7. Nieuwenhuis, S., Elzinga, B. M., Ras, P., Berends, F., Duijs, P., Samara, Z., & Slagter, H. (2013, February). Bilateral saccadic eye movements and tactile stimulation, but not auditory stimulation, enhance memory retrieval. Brain & Cognition, 81(1), 52-56. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2012.10.003.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Recent research has shown superior memory retrieval when participants make a series of horizontal saccadic eye movements between the memory encoding phase and the retrieval phase compared to participants who do not move their eyes or move their eyes vertically. It has been hypothesized that the rapidly alternating activation of the two hemispheres that is associated with the series of left–right eye movements is critical in causing the enhanced retrieval. This hypothesis predicts a beneficial effect on retrieval of alternating left–right stimulation not only of the visuomotor system, but also of the somatosensory system, both of which have a strict contralateral organization. In contrast, this hypothesis does not predict an effect, or a weaker effect, on retrieval of alternating left–right stimulation of the auditory system, which has a much less lateralized organization. Consistent with these predictions, we replicated the horizontal saccade-induced retrieval enhancement (Experiment 1) and showed that a similar retrieval enhancement occurs after alternating left–right tactile stimulation (Experiment 2). Furthermore, retrieval was not enhanced after alternating left–right auditory stimulation compared to simultaneous bilateral auditory stimulation (Experiment 3). We discuss the possibility that alternating bilateral activation of the left and right hemispheres exerts its effects on memory by increasing the functional connectivity between the two hemispheres. We also discuss the findings in the context of clinical practice, in which bilateral eye movements (EMDR) and auditory stimulation are used in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. [Copyright &y& Elsevier].

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation  Memory Retrieval  Saccadic Eye Movements  Saccades  Tactile Stimulation  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

8. Pagani, M., Salmaso, D., Looi, J., & Hogberg, G. (2008, June). Brain functional and volumetric analyses post traumatic stress disorder treated by EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Neuro-imaging investigations in PTSD have reported findings for either functional or structural modifications. Only two studies have investigated the changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) following EMDR therapy and one single-patient study recently reported EMDR-related structural changes. The aim of this study was to analyse the structural and functional changes occurring in brain regions implicated in the patho-physiology of PTSD along with the impact on CBF and volumetric data after EMDR treatment. Thirty six train drivers having being exposed to traumatic experiences at work were assigned to different two groups: symptomatic (S, n=17) or nonsymptomatic (NS, n=19), according to PTSD diagnosis. SPECT, following administration of an individualised 35 trauma script, and MRI were performed and EMDR therapy was administered to S. According to EMDR outcome S were further subdivided in responders (R, n=11) and non-responders (NS, n=5). One patient was not treated. CBF and volumetric analyses were performed on temporal lobes, hippocampi and nuclei caudati. ANOVA showed a significantly higher CBF distribution in the left temporal lobe of S as compared to NS and the right nc.caudatus was significantly larger in S. The R group had larger hippocampi and nc.caudati as compared to NR and the size of hippocampi correctly identified 81% of R and NR. The increased left temporal lobe CBF distribution among symptomatic PTSD subjects may reflect the affective significance of higher effort in emotional episodic memory stimulation among symptomatic individuals. Hippocampi volume as measured before EMDR was shown to predict with high accuracy the therapy outcome.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PSTD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

9. Haour, F. (2009, June). Brain source imaging of the alpha rhythm in PTSD patients using the MEG technique. In K. Zaal (Chair), Research). Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In anxiety disorders, such as PTSD, brain imaging has demonstrated local modifications of functional activities using various techniques. In the present study the direct neuronal activities were measured in delta, theta and beta frequencies, using Magnetoencephalagraphy (MEG) which provides very fast temporal response. The technique is neither invasive nor stressful for the patients. Nineteen female volunteers with DSM-IV PTSD were included in the study. The protocol was a script-driven imagery provocation test, achieved with the patients sitting in the MEG apparatus. The scenarios, specific for ach patient, were composed of 4 active conditions: neutral image (N) traumatic memory (T), traumatic memory suppression (TS) and positive image (P) corresponding to 3 minutes where the patient had to imagine the corresponding sequence with eyes closed Measures of heat rate and subjective disturbance (SUD) were measured during the recoding. The MEG data were analysed in the source domain using a spatial filtering approach. Measurement of electrophysiological waves of various rhythms: delta: 1-4 Hetz (Hz), theta: 4.8-5.8 Hz, alpha: 8-12 Hz and beta: 12-25 Hz was obtained. Anatomical information was from MRI imaging. Signal of activation during trauma recall (T-N) were limited to the delta and theta waves and mainly found in the left hemisphere (visual, orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal and temporal gyrus (BA 8-9-10-11, 18-19, 22, 28) and in the right supra marginal gyrus (Wernicke BA 40). Signal of inhibition during trauma recall (T-N) were found mainly in the left hemisphere, in the delta, alpha and beta waves (visual, orbitofrontal, dorsolateral prefrontal and temporal gyrus (BA 8-9-10-11, 18-18, 22, 28), cingular cortex (BA 23-24, 31, 32), insula (BA 13) and Broca visual cortex (BA 18-19, 43-44). In conclusion trauma recall mainly induces a hypoactivation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and in the cingular cortices, structures linked to the experience and regulation of emotions.

Keywords: Alpha Rhythm  Brain Imaging  MEG Technique  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Research  Symposium  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

10. Haour, F. (2010, June). Brain source imaging using magnetoencephalography (MEG): Modifications in various rhythms during memory recall, in PTSD patients. In Research. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In anxiety disorders, such as PTSD, brain imaging has demonstrated local modifications of functional activities using various techniques. In the present study the direct neuronal activities were measured in delta, theta and beta frequencies, using Magnetoencephalagraphy (MEG) which provides very fast temporal response. The technique is neither invasive nor stressful for the patients. Nineteen female volunteers with DSM-IV PTSD were included in the study. The protocol was a script-driven imagery provocation test, achieved with the patients sitting in the MEG apparatus. The scenarios, specific for ach patient, were composed of 4 active conditions: neutral image (N) traumatic memory (T), traumatic memory suppression (TS) and positive image (P) corresponding to 3 minutes where the patient had to imagine the corresponding sequence with eyes closed Measures of heat rate and subjective disturbance (SUD) were measured during the recoding. The MEG data were analysed in the source domain using a spatial filtering approach. Measurement of electrophysiological waves of various rhythms: delta: 1-4 Hetz (Hz), theta: 4.8-5.8 Hz, alpha: 8-12 Hz and beta: 12-25 Hz was obtained. Anatomical information was from MRI imaging. Signal of activation during trauma recall (T-N) were limited to the delta and theta waves and mainly found in the left hemisphere (visual, orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal and temporal gyrus (BA 8-9-10-11, 18-19, 22, 28) and in the right supra marginal gyrus (Wernicke BA 40). Signal of inhibition during trauma recall (T-N) were found mainly in the left hemisphere, in the delta, alpha and beta waves (visual, orbitofrontal, dorsolateral prefrontal and temporal gyrus (BA 8-9-10-11, 18-18, 22, 28), cingular cortex (BA 23-24, 31, 32), insula (BA 13) and Broca visual cortex (BA 18-19, 43-44). In conclusion trauma recall mainly induces a hypoactivation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and in the cingular cortices, structures linked to the experience and regulation of emotions.

Keywords: Magnetoencephalography  MEG  Memory Recall  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Research  Rhythms  Symposium  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

11. Falaschi, R., & Tizzani, E. (2001, October). Changes in electroencephalographic quantitative analysis in patients treated with EMDR. In International CIANS Conference (CIANS: Collegium Internationale Activitatis Nervosae Superioris; International Association for Integrative Nervous Functions, Neurobiology of behaviour and Psychosomatics), (p 159) Palermo.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
EMDR’s basic working theory assumes that traumatic memories remain unprocessed because the innate information processing system is stuck by the psychophysiological effects of trauma. Traumatic events are stored in their original form, and the recall of traumatic memories causes a high level of disturbance.
Left-right rhythmic stimulations of EMDR seem to remove the block in the traumatic memories processing and help memories storing mechanism function at an adaptive level. In recent years, many scientific researches have focused on the opportunity to assess the functional connection between different brain areas through quantitative analysis of EEG.
According to the aim of this presentation, our attention was drawn to the correlation between slow bands (4- 7 Hz) and the activity in the sub-cortical areas involved in working memory and, also, high frequency ranges (> 36 Hz) and cortical activities during sensorial stimuli processing. There are a few quantitative EEG studies on patients with PTSD. The EEG analysis of subject with childhood abuse histories revealed less synchronization in the two hemispheres functioning compared to normal control subjects.
EEG quantitative analysis in abused children showed a higher intra-hemispheric left coherence and a lower intra-hemispheric right coherence in comparison with normal control subjects. According to these results, the aim of this presentation is to test if there are recordable changes in the intra and inter hemispheric synchronization between brain areas where information processing occurs (limbic system, prefrontal cortical area, and posterior cortical areas) in patients with PTSD after EMDR treatment.

Keywords: EEG  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

12. Oh, D., & Choi, J. (2004). Changes in the regional cerebral perfusion after EMDR:  A SPECT study of two cases. Journal of the Korean Society of Biological Psychiatry, 11(2), 173-180.

Language: Korean

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Over the last decade, EMDR(Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) has emerged as a promising new treatment for trauma and other anxiety-based disorders. However, neurobiological mechanism of EMDR has not been well understood. Authors report SPECT findings of two patients of PTSD before and after EMDR.Brain 99mTc-ECD-SPECT was performed before and after EMDR treatment. To evaluate the significance of changes in the regional cerebral perfusion, t-test was conducted on the resulting images using SPM99 . In addition, clinical scales(CAPS, CGI, STAI) were employed to asses the changes in the clinical symptoms of the patients. After EMDR treatment, each showed significant improvement in clinical symptoms. The cerebral perfusion increased in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and decreased in the temporal association cortex. The differences in the cerebral perfusion between patients after treatment and normal controls decreased. These changes appeared mainly in the limbic area the and the prefrontal cortex.These results suggest that EMDR may show the therapeutic effect through 1) improvement in the emotional control by increased activity in the prefrontal cortex, 2) inhibited hyperstimuli on amygdala by deactivation of the association cortex, 3) inhibition on past trauma related memory, and 4) keeping the functional balance between the limbic area and the prefrontal cortex. This case report needs further replication from studies with larger sample. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Brain Imagining  Adults  Females  Koreans  Motor Vehicle Accidents  Neurophysiology  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychiatric Inpatients  PTSD: Rape  SPECT  Survivors  Treatment Effectiveness  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

13. Oh, D. H., & Choi, J. (2007). Changes in the regional cerebral perfusion after eye movement desensitization and reprocessing:  A SPECT study of two cases. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(1), 24-30. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.24.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has emerged as a promising new treatment for trauma and other anxiety-based disorders. However, the neurobiological mechanism of EMDR has not been well understood. This study reports changes in the resting regional cerebral blood flow after successful EMDR treatment in 2 patients with PTSD. Brain 99mTc-ECD-SPECT (Technetium 99m-ethyl cysteinate dimmer-single photon emission computerized tomography) was performed before and after EMDR, and, in addition, a pre- and posttreatment comparison was made with 10 non-PTSD participants as a control group. After EMDR, cerebral perfusion increased in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and decreased in the temporal association cortex. The differences between participants and normal controls also decreased. Changes appeared mainly in the limbic area and the prefrontal cortex. These results are in line with current understanding of neurobiology of PTSD. EMDR treatment appears to reverse the functional imbalance between the limbic area and the prefrontal cortex. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults  Brain Imaging  Females  Koreans  Motor Traffic Accidents  Neuroimaging  Neurophysiology  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychiatric Inpatients  PTSD  Rape  RCBF  Regional Cerebral Blood Flow  Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography  Survivors  Treatment Effectiveness  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

14. Klaff, F. (2007). Children of divorce. In F. Shaprio, F. W. Kaslow, & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp. 284-305). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Much attention has been devoted to examining whether divorce negatively impacts children's psychological adjustment, or whether divorce is now so prevalent that it can be considered a normative transitional event (Kaslow, 1981). Divorce brings many structural and functional changes. These include the logistic and emotional complications of a nonresidential parent, financial disequilibrium, and two systems with differing rules and expectations. Additionally, there are new subsystem components, such as parental figures, step- and half-siblings, and extended families with a potentially motley cast of new characters and different environments impacting the system. What constitutes "family" for children of divorce is often quite different from what is traditionally viewed as the nuclear family. This chapter discusses divorce effects on childhood adjustment; family systems-based treatment of divorce; adaptive information processing model applied to divorce issues; and the therapy process--integrative family therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Two case examples are presented, followed by a concluding discussion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model  Adjustment  Children of Divorce  Divorce  Emotional Adjustment  Family  Family Systems  Family Systems Theory  Family Therapy  Integrative Family Therapy  Integrative Psychotherapy  Models  Therapy Process  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

15. Greenwald, R. (1995, June). Children-case presentations. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
One major limitation of EMDR is that it is an individual treatment modality. However, individual treatment of a child may be insuflicient, and broader interventions are often required. This is especially likely when environmental forces are unsupportive or in opposition to the healing process. This presentation will focus on the use of EMDR on several levels in child treatment, including individual treatment of traumatic memories, enhancing family support for healing, and addressing family obstacles to healing. Format will include lecture, vignettes, and a video case presentation of the EMDR treatment of a young girl who had been raped by a babysitter, along with the EMDR treatment of her older brother who bullied her. Assessment of child problems includes consideration of many factors. The focus here will be on the child's trauma history, and on the current family situation it pertains to treatment of the child's traumatic memories. Methods of assessment addressed here include interview of the child and the parent, observation of family interactions, and observation of the child's progress, both during and after EMDR treatment. A number of interventions are available to enhance or augment individual EMDR treatment of the child. Vignettes will be presented to illustrate the following interventions: referral to family therapy when successful EMDR highlighted the symptom's functional role; EMDR with a parent to reduce reactivity to the child; and prompting the parent(s) to produce statements and behaviors to be used later as content for installations. A challenging case will be presented in which a family, though motivated, demonstrated a number of behaviors which threatened to undermine the child's treatment. The family consisted of a single father in his late twenties, an eight year-old boy, and a seven-yearold girl. The presenting problem was the girl's ongoing post-traumatic symptoms, particularly nightmares and social withdrawal, some two years after having been raped by a babysitter. (the boy also had social and behavioral problems in school.) Unfortunately, the "lessons" of the girl's traumatic experience were frequently reinforced in the family context, through the brother's bullying of his younger sister, the father's complicity in the bullying, and the father's own tendency to be overly controlling and threatening. Treatment began with two family sessions and one with the father alone. The next three sessions were split to provide some individual time for each child as well as for the father. The seventh, final session included a family meeting and then some time for each individual. Work with the father was difficult and slow, as he was very defensive regarding his own possible contributions to his children's problems. Early interventions included delicate attempts to help the father understand the effect of his yelling and threatening - even though he was no longer in the habit of physically striking his children. Meanwhile, in part to enhance the therapeutic alliance, the primary focus was on direct treatment of the children. Some of this is shown on video. The girl was asked to draw a picture of her bad dream, and then to draw it "all better." She first drew a dark picture of a large man with fangs dripping blood. The next picture was of a nicer man on a sunny day. This activity was used as part of her introduction to the upcoming EMDR work. In the next session she agreed to do EMDR and completed processing in 25 minutes. The following session she indicated that the memory was no longer disturbing, and many of the symptoms had disappeared. She began to raise her next concern, by playing with a doll and a baby bottle, and complaining that she did not get to see her mother enough. Over the same three sessions the boy was also treated with EMDR for a number of relatively minor traumatic memories, including a car accident, the loss of two pets, and a vision of the devil. Despite apparently successfull processing, he was unable to conclude that he was a "good boy," due to evidence to the contrary: memories of his father's anger at him. Cognitive interweave was used to access a sense of inner goodness. The bullying behavior reportedly disappeared both at home and at school, and he also moved on, to express concerns about missing his mother. Treatment was interrupted due to a change in insurance coverage, so continued treatment and follow-up was not accomplished. This case illustrates some ways that EMDR can be enlisted to address aspects of the family context which may constitute obstacles to healing. The girl's brother was treated with EMDR to reduce his mistreatment of her; and the boy's sense of badness, largely gained by interaction with his father, was overcome by accessing internal resources in the absence of parental support. In conclusion, EMDR can play multiple roles in both the diagnosis and treatment of family obstacles to healing.

Keywords: Case Presentations  Children  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

16. Landin-Romero, R., Novo, P., Santed, A., Vicens, V., McKenna, P. J., Pomarol-Clotet, E., Salgado-Pineda, P., Shapiro, F., & Amann, B. (2012, June). Clinical remission and functional modulation of the default mode network in a subsyndromal, traumatized bipolar patient after EMDR psychotherapy. Poster presented at the annual meeting of EMDR Europe, Madrid, Spain .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: Purpose of the study: Some patients with bipolar disorder do not show complete remission between episodes, but continue to exhibit subsyndromal mood symptoms [1]. One factor related may be comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which has been found to be present in 16% to 39% of patients with bipolar disorder [2]. We describe the first case of an unstable bipolar II patient with history of various traumas that received Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) psychotherapy and also underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before and after the EMDR treatment to explore its effect on the brain’s neural networks.

Keywords: Bipolar Disorder  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

17. Pagani, M., Högberg, G., Fernandez, I., & Siracusano, A. (2013). Correlates of EMDR therapy in functional and structural neuroimaging: A critical summary of recent findings. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7(1), 29-38. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.7.1.29.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Neuroimaging investigations of the effects of psychotherapies treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), have reported findings consistent with modifications in cerebral blood flow (CBF; single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]), in neuronal volume and density (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), and more recently in brain electric signal (electroencephalography [EEG]). Additionally in the recent past, EMDR- related neurobiological changes were monitored by EEG during therapy itself and showed a shift of the maximal activation from emotional limbic to cortical cognitive brain regions. This was the first time in which neurobiological changes occurring during any psychotherapy session have been reported, making EMDR the first psychotherapy with a proven neurobiological effect. The purpose of this article was to review the results of functional and structural changes taking place at PTSD treatment and presented during the period of 1999–2012 by various research groups. The reported pathophysiological changes are presented by neuropsychological technique and implemented methodology and critically analyzed.

Keywords: EEG  Limbic System  MRI  Neurobiology  SPECT  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

18. Corrigan, P. (2002). The data is still the thing: A reply to Gaynor and Hayes. the Behavior Therapist, 25(7/8), 140.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Keywords: Acceptance & Commitment Therapy  Behavior Therapy  DBT  Dialectical Behavior Therapy  Functional Analytic Psychotherapy  Letter  Reply  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

19. Velozo, S. A. C. (2010, Noviembre). Desarrollo y procedimiento del método psicoterapéutico llamado E.M.D.R (Desensibilización y reprocesamiento por movimiento ocular) con pacientes que sufren trastorno por estrés postraumático [Procedure development and method of psychotherapy called EMDR (eye movement desentization and reprocessing) with patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder]. Universidad Bolivariana, Escuela de Psicologia, Santiago, Chile.

Language: Spanish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
El siguiente trabajo consta de una revision bibliografica sobre el modelo psicoterapeutico llamado E.M.D.R (Desensibilizacion y Reprocesamiento por Movimiento Ocular), utilizado en patalogias psiquicas que se originan por una vivencia traumatica, esta tecnica es vilidada cientificamente y enfatiza el Sistema de Procesaiento de Informacion intrinseco del cerebro y como son almacenadas las memorias. Se identifica el problema especifico que sera el foco del tratamiento. Mediante un protocol estructuado, la informacion que estaba atrapada y aislada en la neuro-red en la que habia sido almacenada en su forma originalmente perturbadora, es procesada y desensibilizada transformandose en algo util, functional y libre de conflict. Es un metodo psicopterapeutico innovador que accelera el tratamiento en un amplio rango de patalogias de origen psicologico, como le es el Trastorno por Estres Postraumatico. Parte por una breve resena historica del concepto de truma psiquico, descripcion del cuadro de sintomas del trastorno de ester postraumatico y una revision bibliografica sobre el modelo teorico en el que se inserta principios y procedimiento de la terapia EMDR. Por ello se presentan las fases del procedimiento, que son: 1. Historica clinica y plan de tratamiento, 2. Preparacion, 3 Evaluacion/D.I.C. E.S., 4. Desensibilizacion, 5. Instalacion de la creencia positive, 6. Chequeo corporal – Escaner corporal, 7. Cierre – Conclusion, and 8. Reevaluacion/Seguimiento. Finalmente se hara una docil comparacion con las terapias del modelo convencional en base a la triada do los sintomas del Trastorno por Estres Postraumatico, vale decir: rexpermentacion, evitacion e hiperactivacion.

The following work consists of a literature review on the psychotherapeutic model called EMDR (Desensitization and Reprocessing Eye Movement), used in psychic patalogias that are caused by a traumatic experience, this technique is scientifically and emphasizes vilidada System Information Procesaiento intrinsic brain and how memories are stored. It identifies the specific problem will be the focus of treatment. Using a structured protocol, information that was trapped and isolated in the neuro-network that had been stored as originally disturbing is processed and transformed into something useful desensitized, functional and free of conflict. It is an innovative method accelerates psicopterapeutico treatment in a wide range of psychological origin patalogias, as he is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Party by a brief history of the concept of psychic Truma, description of box ester disorder symptoms and posttraumatic literature review on the theoretical model that is inserted in the principles and procedure of EMDR therapy. So are procedural steps which are: 1. Historical clinical and treatment plan, 2. Preparation, 3 Evaluation / D.I.C. E.S., 4. Desensitization, 5. Installation of positive belief, 6. Check body - body scanner, 7. Close - Conclusion, and 8. Reassessment / Follow-up. Finally there will be a docile compared to the conventional therapies based on the triad do the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, namely: rexpermentacion, avoidance and hyperarousal.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

20. Samara, Z., Elzingal, B. M., Slagter, H. A., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2011, March). Do horizontal saccadic eye movements increase interhemispheric coherence? Investigation of a hypothesized neural mechanism underlying EMDR. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2(4), 1-9. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00004.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Series of horizontal saccadic eye movements (EMs) are known to improve episodic memory retrieval in healthy adults and to facilitate the processing of traumatic memories in eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Several authors have proposed that EMs achieve these effects by increasing the functional connectivity of the two brain hemispheres, but direct evidence for this proposal is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate whether memory enhancement following bilateral EMs is associated with increased interhemispheric coherence in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Fourteen healthy young adults were asked to freely recall lists of studied neutral and emotional words after a series of bilateral EMs and a control procedure. Baseline EEG activity was recorded before and after the EM and control procedures. Phase and amplitude coherence between bilaterally homologous brain areas were calculated for six frequency bands and electrode pairs across the entire scalp. Behavioral analyses showed that participants recalled more emotional (but not neutral) words following the EM procedure than following the control procedure. However, the EEG analyses indicated no evidence that the EMs altered participants’ interhemispheric coherence or that improvements in recall were correlated with such changes in coherence. These findings cast doubt on the interhemispheric interaction hypothesis, and therefore may have important implications for future research on the neurobiological mechanism underlying EMDR.

Keywords: Eye Movements  EMs  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

21. Jatzko, A., Ruf, M., & Schmitt, A. (2008, Mai). Durch EMDR normalisierte funktionelle verarbeitungsprozesse bei PTBS: Eine fMRT pilotstudie [EMDR normalized by functional processing in PTSD: An fMRI pilot study] . Poster präsentiert auf der 10. Jahrestagung der DeGPT Deutschsprachige Gesellschaft für Psychotraumatologie, Psychisches Trauma-korperliches Leiden, Basel, Schweiz.

Language: German

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Es existieren kaum Untersuchungen mittels funktioneller Bildgebung, die den Effekt psychotherapeutischer Verfahren und deren Auswirkungen auf das Gehirn eruieren. Eye-Movement-Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) ist ein anerkanntes Verfahren zur Behandlung der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung, jedoch wurde noch keine fMRT-Studie zu diesem Verfahren veröffentlicht. Diese fMRT-Studie soll erste Hinweise auf die Auswirkungen einer EMDR-Therapie auf die Informationsverarbeitung einer Patientin mit einer posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS) zeigen.

The fMRI study was at the ZI in a SIEMENS VISION 1.5 Tesla MR scanner with a 2D/EPI-Sequence (3.43 mm x 3:43 in plane Resolution, 24 layers, 4 mm per layer, 1 mm gap) and a Repetition time of 2.94 s made. It was her description of her of the accident at the moment of impact in a block design alternating with a baseline condition (only MRI noise) presented. Each 8x block was presented for 19.8 sec. After this there is a EMDRBehandlung (2h), where there were violent reactions of the patient. After a 20th Break was repeated the fMRI procedure. The Analysis was performed by BrainVoyager QX 1.9, with a t-test (fixed effect) with a threshold of q <0.5 (corrected) as was assumed significant.

Keywords: fMRI  Pilot Study  Poster  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

22. Smith, S. (2003, Spring). The effect of EMDR on the pathophysiology of PTSD. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 5(2), 85-91.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The process of understanding PTSD has been a long and difficult one. It is safe to say our understanding of this disorder is incomplete, and our exploration into its pathophysiology is fairly recent. As with any disorder of the brain, the complexities of PTSD are extensive and require integrating cognitive, functional, and chemical components. Given this complexity, it is no wonder that treating PTSD has also been a challenge. Treating a disorder whose components are not fully understood is similar to shooting in the dark. Some shots have hit their mark and some have missed. More than ten years after its conception, the question of whether Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a hit or a miss is still debated. If understanding the pathophysiology of PTSD is still recent, understanding the possible physiology behind EMDR is just beginning. This paper will define PTSD, explain some aspects of its physiology, and present some hypotheses as to why EMDR may be a successful treatment for PTSD. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Literature Review  Posttraumtic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Treatment Effectiveness  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

23. Khalfa, S. (2012, June). Effects of EMDR on cognition, psychophysiology and cerebral mechanisms in PTSD [Efectos del EMDR en cognición, psicofisiología y mecanismos cerebrales en TEPT]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Despite the emergence of many theories on biological EMDR mechanisms, research is still needed to understand the healing processes of EMDR. We conducted four experiments to explore the effects of EMDR on PTSD with 17 to 22 patients suffering from one unique trauma. The first experiment evidenced attentional bias in PTSD towards negative words that disappeared after successful EMDR Therapy. The second experiment has shown a less efficient control of emotion in PTSD as compared to healthy controls. This altered emotional suppressing measured through psychophysiological responses was restored after symptoms disappearance following EMDR. The third experiment also using psychophysiological measures confirmed the increased fear sensitization and delayed fear extinction in PTSD and again the restoration of a normal fear conditioning and extinction processes after EMDR. The last experiment explored the negative emotional cerebral mechanisms using functional magnetic resonance imagery in PTSD. Activities in prefrontal structures were modified in PTSD as compared to healthy controls. After the EMDR treatment accompanied by symptoms removal, the prefrontal responses were not different between PTSD patients and their controls. Theoretical issues of these results will be discussed in order to integrate cognitive, psychophysiological and cerebral mechanisms observations.

A pesar del emerger de muchas teorías sobre los mecanismos biológicos del EMDR, la investigación aún necesita entender el proceso de curación que se produce en EMDR. Hemos realizado 4 experimentos para explorar los efectos del EMDR en TEPT de 17 a 22 pacientes que sufrieron un único trauma. El primer experimento evidencia un sesgo atencional del TEPT ante las palabras negativas que desaparecen después de una terapia exitosa de EMDR. El Segundo experimento mostró una baja eficiencia del control de las emociones en los TEPT comparados con el control de individuos sanos. Esta alterada supresión emocional medida a través de respuestas psicofisiológicas fue restaurada después de una desaparición de los síntomas realizando EMDR. El tercer experimento también confirma mediante medidas psicofisiológicas el aumento de la sensación de miedo y un retraso en la extinción del mismo en el TEPT. De nuevo tras administrar una terapia EMDR se produjo una restauración a una condición normal de miedo y un proceso de extinción. El último experimento explica los mecanismos negativos emocionales cerebrales usando resonancia funcional magnética en TEPT. La actividad en las estructuras prefrontales fue modificada en el TEPT comparado con el control. Después del tratamiento de EMDR acompañado de una remisión de los síntomas, las respuestas prefrontales no fueron diferentes entre los pacientes con TEPT y los controles. Cuestiones teoréticas sobre estos resultados serán discutidas con el fin de integrar cognitivamente, psicofisiológicamente y observar los mecanismos cerebrales del EMDR.

Keywords: Cognition, Psychophysiology and Cerebral Mechanisms  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

24. Capezzani, L. (2012, June). EMDR and cancer patients: Effetcts on PTSD and their illness coping strategies [EMDR y pacientes con cáncer: Efectos sobre el TEPT y sus estrategias de afrontamiento de la enfermedad]. Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The nature of this study is both observational and clinical. On the one hand it’s aimed to see how the criteria of PTSD (DSM-­‐IV, 2000) are represented in traumatized cancer patients in between two different illness stages -­‐ medical treatments and medical follow-­‐up stages, -­‐ and to see witch coping strategies are used by these patients with PTSD in each stage. On the other hand it’s aimed to know: a) whether CBT integrated with EMDR produces different effects on PTSD in between the two illness stages and their specific coping strategies; b) whether CBT with EMDR and CBT without EMDR produce different effects on PTSD and on the coping strategies within the only medical follow-­‐up stage. All 31 subjects were recruited randomly, 10 for treatment stage, 11 for follow-­‐up stage, both receiving CBT and EMDR, and 10 for a follow-­‐up stage treaty with CBT and no EMDR. CAPS and COPE were used to assess PTSD and coping strategies respectively. Results show similar changes in between the two illness stages after CBT with EMDR, and different ones within the follow-­‐up stage depending on whether CBT with EMDR or without EMDR was used. This may suggest considering PTSD such a disorder that removes specific stage demands/threats of cancer illness, just described in literature, as well as the more functional coping for each of them. You may instead claim that only CBT with EMDR allows cancer patients to overcome the PTSD and consequently retrieve selective specificity in coping strategies for each stage.

La naturaleza de este estudio es tanto observacional como clínica. Por un lado, pretende ver como se representan los criterios del TEPT (DSM-­‐IV, 2000) en pacientes con cáncer traumatizados entre dos fases diferentes de la enfermedad – fases de tratamientos médicos y seguimientos médicos -­‐ , y ver qué estrategias de afrontamiento son usadas por estos pacientes con TEPT en cada una de estas fases. Por otro lado, pretende saber: a) si la TCC integrada con EMDR produce efectos diferentes sobre el TEPT entre las dos fases de la enfermedad y sus estrategias de afrontamiento específicas; b) si la TCC con EMDR y la TCC sin EMDR producen efectos diferentes sobre el TEPT y sobre las estrategias de afrontamiento tan sólo dentro de la fase de seguimiento. Cada uno de los 31 sujetos fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente, 10 para la fase de tratamiento, 11 para la fase de seguimiento, ambos grupos recibiendo TCC y EMDR, y 10 para la fase de seguimiento con TCC y sin EMDR. Se utilizaron CAPS y COPE para evaluar el TEPT y las estrategias de afrontamiento respectivamente. Los resultados muestran cambios similares entre las dos fases de la enfermedad después de la TCC con EMDR, y cambios diferentes en la fase de seguimiento en función de si se utilizaba la TCC con o sin EMDR. Esto puede sugerir que se ha de considerar al TEPT como un trastorno que quita específicas demandas/amenazas de cada una de las fases de la enfermedad del cáncer, tal y como se describe en la literatura, así como el afrontamiento más funcional para cada una de ellas. En vez de eso, se puede afirmar que tan sólo la TCC con EMDR permite a los clientes superar el TEPT y consecuentemente recuperar especificidad selectiva en estrategias de afrontamiento para cada fase.

Keywords: Cancer  Coping Strategies  Illness  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

25. van Rood, Y., & de Roos, C. (2012, June). EMDR and medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS): Case conceptualisation and treatment [EMDR y los síntomas somáticos inexplicables por la medicina (MUPS): Conceptualización del caso y tratamiento]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) are symptoms for which adequate examination did not reveal sufficiently explanatory structural or other specified pathology. This includes patients with somatoform disorders such as conversion disorder, hypochondriasis, and pain disorder. But also patients with functional syndromes such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and irritable bowel syndrome and patients with specific physical symptoms such as pain, nausea, itch for which no medical cause has been detected. Empirical evidence suggests that traumatic experiences can play a role in the aetiology of MUPS and somatoform disorders (Roelofs & Spinhoven, 2007). Furthermore, unprocessed traumatic memories can play a role in the maintenance of MUPS (de Roos & van Rood, in press). Indeed,the results of a systematic review suggest that EMDR might be an effective treatment for MUPS and somatoform disorders, particularly when the somatic complaints are trauma related (van Rood & de Roos, 2009). Clinicians need to establish if the specific complaint of their patient is trauma related, whether the unprocessed trauma memory maintains the somatic symptom, and if so in what way. In this presentation the different ways are discussed in which trauma memories can be related to MUPS and how this may maintain the complaint; i.e. hinder recovery. The presentation will be illustrated with video fragments of the EMDR process in several patients with diverse somatic complaints.

Los síntomas somáticos médicamente inexplicables (MUPS), son síntomas para los cuales un adecuado examen no muestra una explicación estructural suficiente ni otra patología específica. Esto incluye pacientes con trastornos somatomorfos como el trastorno de conversión, hipocondría y trastorno por dolor. Pero también los pacientes con síndromes funcionales como la fibromialgia, síndrome de fatiga crónica, síndrome del colon irritable y pacientes con síntomas físicos específicos como dolor, náuseas, picores sin causa médica, fueron detectados. La evidencia empírica sugiere que las experiencias traumáticas pueden jugar un papel en la etiología del MUPS y los trastornos somatomorfos (Roelofs & Spinhoven, 2007). Es más, los recuerdos traumáticos sin procesar pueden jugar un papel en el mantenimiento del MUPS (de Roos & van Rood, in press). De hecho, los resultados de revisiones sistemáticas sugieren que el EMDR puede ser un tratamiento efectivo para MUPS y los trastornos somatomorfos, de manera específica cuando las quejas somáticas de los pacientes están relacionadas con un trauma. Los clínicos necesitan establecer si existen quejas específicas de sus pacientes relacionadas con el trauma o no. Si el trauma sin procesar mantiene los síntomas somáticos o no. En esta presentación diferentes caminos serán discutidos, en donde el trauma puede estar relacionado con el MUPS y cómo éste puede mantener la queja. La presentación será acompañada de fragmentos de vídeo para el procesamiento de EMDR en numerosos pacientes con diversas quejas somáticas.

Keywords: Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms  MUPS  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

26. Cole, M. (2010, July). EMDR and metacognitive therapy: Same destination, different language. Poster presented at the 38th Annual Conference of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies, Manchester, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The information processing model has been described in many different ways and is potentially the underlying process that describes the psychotherapy change process, regardless of orientation. In this poster I will briefly compare Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing and Meta-Cognitive Therapy in light of this information processing model and conclude that although they may use different language to describe their theories, a unifying information processing model describes both paradigms. Human beings are meaning making machines (Robbins, 2009). We give meaning to the world, the deeds we do and the interactions we have, as well as the more fundamental senses we experience (Frankl, 2004). Information arises either from external stimulus or internal process’s and this information goes through our filters where we delete, distort and generalise this information based on the rules created in our information processing unit (Fig 1). This information processing mechanism gives meaning to this filtered information and generates a response, this response interacts with this information and the cycle then repeats in a self regulatory manner. This process is repeated for everything we do; we are and continues until we die. Mental health issues arise when this self regulatory system fails to make a useful functional meaning of the information. Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) was developed by Francine Shapiro (1989) for the treatment of trauma memories and associated emotions, changing the meaning the person gives to their experiences. Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) was developed by Wells and Matthews (1984) as a way of defining the processes that underpin a range of psychological disorders. One of the features of psychological disorders such as anxiety or depression is that thinking becomes difficult to control and biased in particular ways that lead to a worsening and maintenance of emotional suffering. Many clients report that they feel that they have ‘lost control’ over their thoughts and behaviours. Another important feature is that the persons thinking and attention becomes fixed in patterns of brooding and dwelling on the self and threatening information. Both EMDR and MCT describe an information management/processing system that organises and carries out various tasks such as how to open a door, how to get dressed, how to be anxious, how to respond to a trauma memory Both therapies appear to change this system / process to something that is much more adaptive for the client, as if they change the master information management control programme that runs this system, in the same way a conductor influences the orchestra and the music they produce. Both models describe the same process, although they utilise different language to describe this change process. Perhaps a change of focus for the development of pychotherapy towards more process change models rather than content change interventions.

Keywords: Metacognitive Therapy  Poster  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

27. Phillips, M. (2001, June). EMDR and the body. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This course presents a five-step model for body focused psychotherapy. Specific methods for incorporating EMDR into each phase are included. The existing EMDR somatic protocol is expanded to facilitate skill development in the areas of body awareness, sensory discrimination, symbolization, body learnings, and integration of more functional somatic patterns. Topics include uses of EMDR to create the body safe place, develop the body felt sense, reduce pain and increase comfort, reprocess aspects of trauma, and explore somatic developmental issues.

Keywords: Body Awareness  Body Felt Sense  Body-Focused Psychotherapy  Body Learnings  Body Safe Place  Sensory Discrimination  Symbolization  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

28. Salomoni, S. R. (2012, Novembro). EMDR e terapia familiar: Um caso de fibromialgia [EMDR and family therapy: A case of fibromyalgia]. In EMDR e fibromialgia. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Terapia Familiar Sistêmica, de forma integrada. Objetivo: Demonstrar como a associação das duas abordagens permite alterar o foco do individual para o familiar e do familiar para o individual, resultando em superação de traumas e integração individual, com relações mais saudáveis. Método: O EMDR foi utilizado para reprocessar traumas, a partir de queixas da cliente. Segundo Bruck, “o trauma é uma experiência que explode a capacidade de suportar um revés, traz perda de sentido, desorganização corporal e paralisação da consciência corporal; pode deixar marcas que influenciam a criatividade e a motivação para a vida”. Assim, mesmo uma pessoa com boa estrutura de personalidade, resiliente e com família funcional, não está imune ao trauma.O outro pilar teórico norteador do trabalho é a Terapia Familiar, uma vez que os modelos de transação experimentados na família de origem constituem-se matrizes de aprendizagem para as transações sociais futuras. Para Souza, a família é um microcosmo, um universo em miniatura, representativo do mundo lá fora e do lá dentro de cada um de nós. Considera-se também a rede social pessoal, definida por Sluzki como a soma das relações que o indivíduo percebe serem significativas para si. Desta maneira, busca-se a dinâmica na família, que pode facilitar ou dificultar o trabalho com o indivíduo. Com o EMDR lidamos com traumas recentes e antigos e com crenças limitantes, e a partir daí são mobilizados recursos positivos inacessíveis até então, devido ao bloqueio de traumas. Esses recursos individuais já mais acessíveis são então integrados na vida familiar e social. Resultados: Apresento o caso de uma moça de 28 anos com diagnóstico médico de fibromialgia, universitária, que tinha abandonado os estudos e estágio, com fortes dores e muito tempo na cama, que após 15 sessões de psicoterapia, incluindo as sessões familiares, voltou às suas atividades normais.

Systemic Family Therapy, seamlessly. Objective: To demonstrate how the combination of the two approaches allows you to change the focus from the individual to the family and the family for the individual, resulting in overcoming traumas and individual integration with healthier relationships. Method: The EMDR was used to reprocess trauma, from customer complaints. According to Bruck, "trauma is an experience that explodes the ability to support a setback, brings loss of meaning, and paralysis of body clutter body awareness, can leave marks that influence creativity and motivation for life." Thus, even a person with good personality structure, resilient and functional family, is not immune to trauma.O another pillar guiding theoretical work is Family Therapy, once the transaction models experienced in the family of origin constitute matrices of social learning for future transactions. For Souza, the family is a microcosm, a miniature universe, representative of the outside world and the inside of each of us. It is also considered a social network, defined by Sluzki as the sum of the relations that the individual perceives itself to be significant. In this way, search the dynamics in the family, which can facilitate or hinder the work with the individual. With EMDR deal with recent and old traumas and limiting beliefs, and from there are positive resources mobilized hitherto inaccessible, due to blockage of trauma. These individual features are now more accessible then integrated into family and social life. Results: I present the case of a girl of 28 years with a medical diagnosis of fibromyalgia, university, who had abandoned his studies and internship, with severe pain and a lot of time in bed, that after 15 sessions of psychotherapy, including family sessions, returned to their normal activities.

Keywords: Family Therapy  Fibromyalgia  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

29. Garcia, F. (2011, Julio). EMDR en el tratamiento del dolor crónico [EMDR treatment and chronic pain]. En Aplicación de EMDR en el tratamiento de distintos trastornos (Francisca García Guerrero, Coordinadora). Simposio realizado en el IX Congreso Nacional de Psicología Clínica, San Sebastián, España.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
El modelo de intervención psicoterapéutica EMDR integra elementos de distintas escuelas de psicoterapia, haciendo de este acercamiento una herramienta eficaz aplicable a una enorme variedad de patologías y accesible a terapeutas de distintas orientaciones dentro de una serie de protocolos estandarizados (Van der Kolk, B., 1997). Es el caso del dolor crónico, donde EMDR ha desarrollado un protocolo específico para el tratamiento del mismo. La comprensión científica del dolor va evolucionando rápidamente. Antes se pensaba que su presencia implicaba únicamente la existencia de un daño físico, sin embargo, actualmente la ciencia nos ha llevado a descubrir la importancia que tienen las consecuencias de la vivencia del dolor. Porque el dolor genera importantes reacciones emocionales que pueden potenciar el sufrimiento que lleva asociado (García, J.A. 2009). Desde el modelo de procesamiento de la información, el dolor puede concebirse como una señal de que hay algo que no va bien, independientemente de la multifactorialidad de su etiología. Sin embargo, el dolor puede continuar a veces más de lo que puede ser funcional. En este sentido, el dolor a largo plazo puede conducir a cambios en el sistema nervioso, que pueden cronificar el dolor o intensificarlo. Según el modelo de procesamiento adaptativo de la información desde el que trabaja EMDR, el dolor se mantiene porque "se trabó" en el sistema nervioso, se dio un bloqueo de la información en la red de memoria somática. El EMDR se presenta como una herramienta eficaz para tratar el dolor, de manera que es un medio de estimular el sistema nervioso para ayudarle a la persona cambiar las respuestas al dolor. En esta comunicación se presenta la conceptualización y tratamiento del dolor crónico desde esta perspectiva a través de la presentación de un caso.

The EMDR intervention model integrates various elements schools of psychotherapy, making this an effective approach applicable to a huge variety of pathologies and accessible to therapists of different orientations within a set of standardized protocols (Van der Kolk, B., 1997). This is the case chronic pain, where EMDR has developed a specific protocol for the treatment of same. Scientific understanding of pain is evolving rapidly. before you thought his presence meant only the existence of a physical injury, without But now science has led us to discover the importance of consequences of the experience of pain. Because pain reactions generates significant can enhance emotional suffering associated with it (Garcia, JA 2009). From the model of information processing, the pain can be conceived as a sign that something is wrong, regardless of the multifactorial in its etiology. However, the pain can sometimes continue more than which may be functional. In this regard, the long-term pain can lead to changes in the nervous system, which can become chronic pain or intensify. According to the model of adaptive processing of information from which EMDR works, the pain maintains that "locked" in the nervous system, there was an information blockade in somatic memory network. The EMDR is presented as an effective tool for treating pain, so that is a means to stimulate the nervous system to help the person changing responses to pain. This communication presents the conceptualization and treatment of pain chronic from this perspective through the presentation of a case.

Keywords: Chronic Pain  Symposium  Treatment  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

30. Kim, D. (2010, July). EMDR for the treatment of schizophrenia. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Despite standard treatment with antipsychotic medication, many individuals with schizophrenia continue to suffer from significant residual symptoms and functional disabilities. Thus, psychosocial treatment for this difficult-to-treat disorder is warranted. Given the high prevalence of trauma in this population, role of life events, and stressful treatment-related adversities, EMDR is suggested to have an important place in the treatment and management of schizophrenia. This presentation will first provide the background of using EMDR for this population, then, procedural considerations. Finally, two case reports and results of a randomized clinical trial done with acute phase schizophrenia will be demonstrated.

Keywords: Schizophrenia  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

31. Marich, J. N. (2009). EMDR in the addiction continuing care process: Case study of a cross-addicted female's treatment and recovery. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(2), 98-106. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.2.98.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
There have been suggestions in the literature since 1994 that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) may serve as an effective adjunct to the addiction treatment process; however, follow-up research in this area has been limited. This case study of a cross-addicted female includes a case review illustrating how EMDR was used in the continuing care process and a semistructured phenomenological interview conducted at 6-month follow-up. Prior to this course of treatment, the participant was treated 12 times with traditional approaches but was unable to achieve more than 4 months of sobriety at any given time. Following EMDR, the participant reported 18 months of sobriety and important changes in functional life domains. The phenomenological interview revealed six critical themes about the addiction and recovery process that can offer insight to clinicians treating co-occurring addiction and trauma.

Keywords: Addiction  Cross-Addiction  Phenomenology  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Relapse Prevention  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

32. Landin-Romero, R., Novo, P., Vicens, V., McKenna, P. J., Santed, A., Pomarol-Clotet, E., Salgado-Pineda, P., Shapiro. F., & Amann, B. L. (2013, March). EMDR therapy modulates the default mode network in a subsyndromal, traumatized bipolar patient. Neuropsychobiology, 67(3), 181-184. doi:10.1159/000346654.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Some functional imaging abnormalities found in bipolar disorder are state related, whereas others persist into euthymia. It is uncertain to what extent these latter changes may reflect continuing subsyndromal affective fluctuations and whether those can be modulated by therapeutic interventions. Method: We report functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings during performance of the n-back working memory task in a bipolar patient who showed a marked improvement in subsyndromal affective symptoms after receiving eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in the context of a clinical trial. Results: The patient's clinical improvement was accompanied by marked changes in functional imaging, as compared to 30 healthy subjects. fMRI changes were noted particularly in deactivation, with failure of deactivation in the medial frontal cortex partially normalizing after treatment. Conclusions: This case supports the potential therapeutic overall benefit of EMDR in traumatized bipolar patients and suggests a possible neurobiological mechanism of action: normalization of default mode network dysfunction. Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Keywords: Bipolar Disorder  Subsyndromal Affective Symptoms  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

33. Landin-Romero, R., Novo, P., Vicens, V., McKenna, P. J., Santed, A., Pomarol-Clotet, E., Salgado-Pineda, P., Shapiro. F., & Amann, B. L. (2013, March). EMDR therapy modulates the default mode network in a subsyndromal, traumatized bipolar patient. Neuropsychobiology, 67(3), 181-184. doi:10.1159/000346654.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Some functional imaging abnormalities found in bipolar disorder are state related, whereas others persist into euthymia. It is uncertain to what extent these latter changes may reflect continuing subsyndromal affective fluctuations and whether those can be modulated by therapeutic interventions. Method: We report functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings during performance of the n-back working memory task in a bipolar patient who showed a marked improvement in subsyndromal affective symptoms after receiving eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in the context of a clinical trial. Results: The patient's clinical improvement was accompanied by marked changes in functional imaging, as compared to 30 healthy subjects. fMRI changes were noted particularly in deactivation, with failure of deactivation in the medial frontal cortex partially normalizing after treatment. Conclusions: This case supports the potential therapeutic overall benefit of EMDR in traumatized bipolar patients and suggests a possible neurobiological mechanism of action: normalization of default mode network dysfunction. Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Keywords: Bipolar Disorder  Subsyndromal Affective Symptoms  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

34. Landin-Romero, R., Novo, P., Vicens, V., McKenna, P. J., Santed, A., Pomarol-Clotet, E., Salgado-Pineda, P., Shapiro. F., & Amann, B. L. (2013, March). EMDR therapy modulates the default mode network in a subsyndromal, traumatized bipolar patient. Neuropsychobiology, 67(3), 181-184. doi:10.1159/000346654.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Some functional imaging abnormalities found in bipolar disorder are state related, whereas others persist into euthymia. It is uncertain to what extent these latter changes may reflect continuing subsyndromal affective fluctuations and whether those can be modulated by therapeutic interventions. Method: We report functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings during performance of the n-back working memory task in a bipolar patient who showed a marked improvement in subsyndromal affective symptoms after receiving eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in the context of a clinical trial. Results: The patient's clinical improvement was accompanied by marked changes in functional imaging, as compared to 30 healthy subjects. fMRI changes were noted particularly in deactivation, with failure of deactivation in the medial frontal cortex partially normalizing after treatment. Conclusions: This case supports the potential therapeutic overall benefit of EMDR in traumatized bipolar patients and suggests a possible neurobiological mechanism of action: normalization of default mode network dysfunction. Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Keywords: Bipolar Disorder  Subsyndromal Affective Symptoms  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

35. Corrigan, F. M. (2005, June). Emoting mindfullness drives reprocessing:  Clinical and functional MRI observations. In Research issues. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
It is proposed that enhanced mindfulness of emotions is a key factor in successful reprocessing of traumatic memories with EMDR. Clinical experience of utilising this focus will be presented. An attempt to study the hypothesis using functional magnetic resonance imaging will be described.

Keywords: MRI  Research  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

36. Thompson, M. M., Pasto, L., & McCreary, D. R. (2002, July). Empirical assessment of Lanius, et al.s’ “functional MRI of EMDR in peacekeepers,’ a review of the EMDR literature and an annotated bibiliography. Defence R&D Canada – Toronto, Technical Memorandum, DRDC Toronto.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
This report reviews a research proposal, the major objective of which is to assess the relation between PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) and limbic, paralimbic, and prefrontal brain function as assessed with functional MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), and to determine whether an Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) intervention causes those structures to return to a normal mode of functioning. The proposed study secondarily explores the effectiveness of EMDR in reducing PTSD symptomatology. While the first and second objectives of the study may have scientific merit, the mandates of other funding agencies would appear to be more appropriate for investigations of basic neuroscience processes associated with brain functioning in PTSD (e.g., NSERC or CIHR). Importantly, a critical review of the EMDR research reveals that a great deal of controversy surrounds the effectiveness of this therapy. EMDR has not been shown to be more effective than presently validated PTSD exposure-based therapies, and the eye movement component of EMDR appears to provide no therapeutic benefit. Finally, there is a lack of clarity around specific items listed in the proposed budget. Given these concerns it is not recommended that this proposal be funded at this time.

Keywords: Bibliographies  Canada  Desensitizing' Magnetic Resonance Imaging  Eye Movements  Mental DIsorders  MRI  Medical Research  Order Disorder Transofrmations  Signs and Symptoms  Stress (Physiology)  Traumatic Shock  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

37. du Bois, M. G., & de Kroon, M. (2008, August). Enlarging skills and self-efficacy as an important outcome of EMDR with individuals with ID: Presenting a video case. Poster presented at the 13th World Congress of the International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities, Cape Town, South Africa .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing’s basic principles, procedures and protocols direct the clinician in assisting clients to transmute negative experiences into adaptive learning experiences. EMDR is also recognised as giving resources with a positive picture to assist processing the traumatic experiences. The so-called Resource Development and Installation (RDI) is a specific strategy to strengthen the client by mobilising and strengthening positive cognitions associated with positive experiences in the past. By activating positive functional memory networks and relating the positive picture with the present, the client will be able to practise these in situations where they feel problematic. A client with ID is able to transfer a positive picture to the present. On the basis of these data, presented in a video case, we will give examples of our practise as clinicians in the mental health care of individuals with ID.

Keywords: ID  Intellectual Disabilities  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

38. Fernandez, I., & Faretta, E. (2007, February). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Clinical Case Studies, 6(1), 44-63. doi: 10.1177/1534650105277220.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article describes a comprehensive treatment of a case of panic disorder with agoraphobia. A thorough history taking revealed that experiential contributors had a pivotal role in the development of the condition. Therefore, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was used to address early traumatic events as well as the present stimuli that caused disturbance and had maintained symptomatology for the past 12 years. Although the client's symptoms were resolved after 15 sessions, EMDR was also effective in addressing future behaviors and resolving anticipatory anxiety. During EMDR processing, the client demonstrated emotional and cognitive changes consistent with trauma resolution, insight, and personal growth. The client gradually enacted functional new behaviors spontaneously as treatment unfolded. The therapeutic process and the targets are described in detail. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults  Agoraphobia  Case Report  Clinical Case StudyFemales  Italians  Panic Disorder  Phobia  Psychotherapeutic Processes  Stressors  Survivors  Trauma  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

39. Shapiro, F., Vogelmann-Sine, S., & Sine, L. F. (1994, October-December). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Treating trauma and substance abuse. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 26(4), 379-391.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a new psychological methodology that has been applied to a wide range of psychological disorders. Clinical reports over the past three years indicate that it is an important addition to the treatment of substance abuse. EMDR offers a structured, client-centered model that integrates key elements of intrapsychic, behavioral, cognitive, body-oriented, and interactional approaches. Treatment effects are quite rapid and, during an individual session, the therapist may witness accelerated processing of information involving a shift of cognitive structures (including the assimilation of positive beliefs) along with the desensitization of attendent traumata. The application of EMDR apparently stimulates an inherent physiological processing system that allows dysfunctional information to be adaptively resolved, resulting in increased insight and more functional behavior. The judicious use of EMDR includes a comprehensive client history and extensive preparation, allowing the client to deal with the high levels of disturbance often engendered by the treatment itself. After the inauguration of a sufficient therapeutic alliance, adequately addressing potential issues of secondary gain, and appropriate client stabilization, EMDR may be used to ameliorate the effects of earlier memories that contribute to the dysfunction, potential relapse triggers, and physical cravings. In addition, EMDR is used to incorporate new coping skills and assist in learning more adaptive behaviors. Other potential targets for reprocessing include treatment noncompliance, ambivalence about abstinence, and present crises. Finally, EMDR should be used on this clinical population only by a trained clinician who is educated and experienced with this problem area. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults  Drug Abuse  Psychotherapeutic Processes  Stressors  Survivors  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

40. Spates, C. R., & Burnette, M. M. (1995, March). Eye movement desensitization: Three unusual cases. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26(1), 51-55. DOI:10.1016/0005-7916(95)00001-G.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Three complex cases are presented to document further the broad applicability of eye movement desensitization (EMD) for PTSD. In the first subject this disorder was combined with panic attacks; in the second, sexual dysfunction was an additional consequence of childhood sexual abuse; and in the third the causative situation directly resulted in profound impairment of occupational and social function. In all three cases treatment produced rapid resolution of symptoms and functional recovery. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Adults  Case Report  Child Abuse  Females  Incest  Males  Multiple Traumatic Events  Panic Disorder  Police Personnel  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Sexual Dysfunctions  Survivors  Treatment Effectiveness  Wounds  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

41. Imbroinise, F. (2008, June). The function of the EMDR approach as an anamnestic and therapeutic tool in paediatrics - psychosocial unit. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
652 children were treated during 2007 in our Paediatrics - psychosocial unit. The EMDR approach was a means to do the history taking and anamnesis and it was used as well as an intervention methodology for all pathologies and disturbances. Our clients received EMDR as inpatients in our war or as outpatients referred by the community paediatric services. Our therapeutical programme includes a detailed anamnesis done together with both parents or with caregivers if the child is very small or with the child himself if he’s able to provide the information. History taking with the EMDR approach is an unique opportunity for the family to focus on family life and its dynamics, and to analyse their unbalanced relational and affective patterns, which they are not always aware of. Subsequently a therapeutical programme is outlined where EMDR is presented as a treatment method to face and resolve the presenting complaints. This therapeutical approach facilitates the symptomatology resolution and is useful to develop a more aware vision of their own family dynamics. Another beneficial effect is to promote a greater psychophysical wellbeing for the client, providing a new meaning to the somatic disorder and helping the family to understand and manage their child’s problems in a more functional way. This poster describes all phases of the intervention and the disorders treated in our unit with EMDR. [There are three PDF files.]

Keywords: Anamnesis  Children  Pediatrics  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

42. Ohtani, T., & Matsuo, K. (2006). Functional abnormality of the prefrontal cortex in posttraumatic stress disorder: Psychophysiology and treatment studies assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy. In N. Kato; M. Kawata, & Pitman, R. K (Eds.), PTSD: Brain mechanisms and clinical implications (pp. 235-245). Tokyo: Springer-Verlag.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
A growing number of functional neuroimaging studies on PTSD have described the abnormal response of amygdala and prefrontal cortex to traumatic stimuli. Abnormal activation of some parts of the prefrontal cortex might possibly be involved in the pathophysiology of PTSD. [Adapted from Text, pp. 235-236]TOPICS TREATED: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS); NIRS studies in PTSD; Neuroimaging studies of treatment in PTSD (Selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor [SSRI] and Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing [EMDR].([Adapted from Text, pp. 235-236] [Pilots]

Keywords: Brain Imaging  Neuroanatomy  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

43. Pagani, M. (2013, June). Functional and structural neuroimaging and EEG monitoring related to EMDR and CBT treatments for PTSD. Presentation at the 13th annual conference for the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS), Bologna, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In the recent past several neuroimaging studies aimed at evaluating the neural correlates of PTSD-related psychotherapies revealing their neurobiological effects on brain function. Functional studies by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and electroencephalography (EEG) detected changes in cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation patterns, identifying the brain areas implicated in the various components of emotional processing and/or affected by the disorder. Investigations by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have also revealed PTSD-related structural changes. The first part of the workshop will review the neuroimaging methodologies and findings in PTSD treatment-related research with an extensive review of previous literature on the neurobiological effects of the various psychotherapies. The second part will deal with the description and implementation in research and clinic of neuropsychological testing with brief comments and discussion about their use in recent studies published by our group. In the third part the EEG monitoring of a complete set of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapies in 30 patients suffering of major trauma as compared to 20 healthy controls will be presented. These findings will also be compared to the neurobiological effects of trauma-focussed Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in a second group of psychologically traumatized clients. The results are the first report ever on the neurobiological changes occurring before, during and after PTSD-related psychotherapies shedding light on the neuronal processes underlying their clinical efficacy. The description and the discussion about the contents of the workshop will provide the audience (1) the necessary information to understand the methodological principles behind neuroimaging techniques (SPECT, EEG and MRI) and their possible applications in research and clinic; (2) the up-dated critical knowledge of the published papers in the field of PTSD-related psychotherapies functional and anatomical studies; (3) the basic research principles and examples to be motivated to start, take part and/or collaborate to functional studies in order to better understand the neural basis of psychotherapeutic techniques. The presented material will represent the state-of-the-art of the current neuroscience PTSD-related research and of the neuroimaging methodologies available at the moment.

Accuracy Verified: Yes

44. Langwig, K. E. (2008, December). A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy on post-traumatic stress disorder car accident patients: A pilot study. Union College, Schenectady, N.Y.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is a novel therapy that has been effective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Few studies have explored the neurological underpinnings of EMDR effectiveness. Utilizing a symptom provocation study design, this study assessed non-PTSD car accident patients. These pilot participants were scanned for comparison to PTSD patients and to explore the task design effectiveness for the future study of PTSD patients. One pilot participant exhibited activation in the left precuneus, and left medial temporal gyrus, and also in the left medial frontal gyrus. In PTSD patients the medial prefrontal cortex is often hypoactive, and inversely correlated with a hyperactive amygdala. The robust activation of medial frontal gyrus in the pilot subject with a corresponding inactivation of the amygdala indicates the participant's normal processing of the car accident trauma tic memories, and that task design and study parameters are being effectively implemented.

Keywords: Automobile Accidents  Car Accidents  fMRI  Pilot Study  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

45. Choi, J., Kim, D., Kim, S-H., Lee, J-H., & Park, D-W. (2004, September). Functional MRI findings of EMDR for PTSD: A case series using script-driven imagery procedure. Poster presented at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Montreal, Quebec CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: MRI Findings  PSTD  Script-Driven Imagery Procedure  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

46. York, C., & Leeds, A. (2001, June). Gate theory:  An accelerated information processing model for developing functional state change. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A "Gate Theory: will be proposed to synthesize concepts of Attachment Theory, Affect Theory; Discrete Behavioral States, and Short-Term Anxiety-Regulating Psychotherapy, and to help clinicians using EMDR to identify blocks in emotional states and behavioral goals. A protocol be will presented to assist therapists and clients to identify blocks and to develop functional transitions in affect states with the aim of helping clients to achieve behavioral goals and greater emotional well-being. Case examples and videos will be used to demonstrate the protocol and to facilitate the understanding of "targeted material" and strategies to enhance processing information.

Keywords: Gate Theory  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

47. Gaynor, S. T. (2002). Getting ahead of the data: Not all threats are equal. the Behavior Therapist, 25(7/8), 137-139.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
I have different replies to the two responses to my recent paper (Corrigan, 2001). Thanks to Gaynor (2002) for providing single-subject evidence about Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP). My goal was not to dismiss FAP or any of the other therapies as ineffective. Rather, I wanted to encourage researchers to look at the data, much as Gaynor has done here. It also seems that Gaynor and I agree that “going beyond the data in promoting and disseminating new treatments” should be a matter of concern to behavior therapists. We seem to part company in considering when specific therapies fall in this error. Gaynor seems to view behavior therapy more liberally, suggesting the dissemination of FAP before its empirical findings are obtained serves the purpose of promoting discussion and research. I have a more conservative view. Therapies and data are co-synchronous; one should not precede the other

Keywords: Acceptance & Commitment Therapy  Behavior Therapy  Dialectical Behavior Therapy  Functional Analytic Psychotherapy  Letter  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

48. Corrigan, P. (2001, October). Getting ahead of the data: A threat to some behavior therapies. the Behavior Therapist, 24(9), 189-193.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Replies to the comments by H. Lipke (see record 2002-12440-004) concerning the article by G. J. Devilly (see record 2001-18447-002) which discussed distraction during exposure. The author presents evidence that he feels will help an audience reach their own conclusions regarding misrepresentations in his paper. The evidence involves a brief discussion of effect sizes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Acceptance & Commitment Therapy  Behavior Therapy  DBT  Dialectical Behavior Therapy  Functional Analytic Psychotherapy  Letter  Reply  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

49. Lallerstedt, C. (2010). Hypnos som komplement till EMDR i behandling av posttraumatiskt stressyndrom [Hypnosis as an adjunct to EMDR in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder]. Orebro, Sweden: Mementum Nr 50, Rapportserie från Psykiatriskt forskningscentrum.

Language: Swedish

Format: Book

Abstract:
Posttraumatiskt stressyndrom (PTSD) innebär en ångestproblematik och en svårighet att hantera affekter och stress på ett funktionellt sätt. Traumatiska minnen väcker starka känsloreaktioner som kan vara översvallande och upplevas som förgörande för individen. Vissa individer kan ha svårighet att hantera affekter pga. irrationella tankar och föreställningar som stör förmågan att hantera stress, eller så har patienten aldrig utvecklat förmågan att hantera intensiva affekter och som hindrar en bearbetning. I den här studien vill jag visa hur hypnos och EMDR i kombination skulle kunna hjälpa klienter att hantera dessa reaktioner där hypnos kan ha en stabiliserande effekt och EMDR en mer bearbetande effekt. Studien har en kvalitativ undersökningsdesign och är upplagd som en fallstudie av tre patienter som genomgick en psykoterapeutisk traumaterapi. Datainsamlingen gjordes genom deltagande observation och efter varje avslutad session gjordes minnesanteckningar som sedan systematiserades och analyserades. Behandlingsutfallet utvärderades med hjälp av Impact Event Scale som visade en påtaglig minskning av traumasymtom. En slutsats av denna studie är att det finns många fördelar med att använda hypnotiska tekniker för att skapa stabilitet i det terapeutiska rummet vid behandling av posttraumatisk stress med EMDR.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety problems, and difficulty manage emotions and stress in a functional way. Traumatic memories arouses strong emotions which can be exuberant and experienced as devastating to the individual. Some individuals may have difficulty dealing with emotions due. irrational thoughts and beliefs that interferes with the ability to handle stress, or so the patient has never developed the ability to manage intense emotions that prevent a machine. In this study, I show how hypnosis and EMDR in combination could help clients to manage these reactions where hypnosis can have a stabilizing effect and EMDR more processing power. The study has a qualitative research design is conceived as a case study of three patients underwent a psychotherapeutic trauma therapy. The data was collected by participating observation and after completion of each session were made notes which are then systematized and analyzed. Treatment outcome was evaluated using the Impact Event Scale showed a significant reduction in trauma symptoms. One conclusion of this study is to there are many advantages to using hypnotic techniques to create stability in the therapeutic consideration in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder with EMDR.

Keywords: Hypnosis  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

50. Lallerstedt, C. (2010). Hypnos som komplement till EMDR i behandling av posttraumatiskt stressyndrom: En deskriptiv studie, del 1 [Hypnosis as an adjunct to EMDR in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A descriptive study, part 1] . HypnosNytt, 3, 5-17.

Language: Swedish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Posttraumatiskt stressyndrom (PTSD) innebär en ångestproblematik och en svårighet att hantera affekter och stress på ett funktionellt sätt. Traumatiska minnen väcker starka känsloreaktioner som kan vara översvallande och upplevas som förgörande för individen. Vissa individer kan ha svårighet att hantera affekter pga. irrationella tankar och föreställningar som stör förmågan att hantera stress, eller så har patienten aldrig utvecklat förmågan att hantera intensiva affekter och som hindrar en bearbetning. I den här studien vill jag visa hur hypnos och EMDR i kombination skulle kunna hjälpa klienter att hantera dessa reaktioner där hypnos kan ha en stabiliserande effekt och EMDR en mer bearbetande effekt. Studien har en kvalitativ undersökningsdesign och är upplagd som en fallstudie av tre patienter som genomgick en psykoterapeutisk traumaterapi. Datainsamlingen gjordes genom deltagande observation och efter varje avslutad session gjordes minnesanteckningar som sedan systematiserades och analyserades. Behandlingsutfallet utvärderades med hjälp av Impact Event Scale som visade en påtaglig minskning av traumasymtom. En slutsats av denna studie är att det finns många fördelar med att använda hypnotiska tekniker för att skapa stabilitet i det terapeutiska rummet vid behandling av posttraumatisk stress med EMDR.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety problems, and difficulty manage emotions and stress in a functional way. Traumatic memories arouses strong emotions which can be exuberant and experienced as devastating to the individual. Some individuals may have difficulty dealing with emotions due. irrational thoughts and beliefs that interferes with the ability to handle stress, or so the patient has never developed the ability to manage intense emotions that prevent a machine. In this study, I show how hypnosis and EMDR in combination could help clients to manage these reactions where hypnosis can have a stabilizing effect and EMDR more processing power. The study has a qualitative research design is conceived as a case study of three patients underwent a psychotherapeutic trauma therapy. The data was collected by participating observation and after completion of each session were made notes which are then systematized and analyzed. Treatment outcome was evaluated using the Impact Event Scale showed a significant reduction in trauma symptoms. One conclusion of this study is to there are many advantages to using hypnotic techniques to create stability in the therapeutic consideration in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder with EMDR.

Keywords: Hypnosis  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

51. Bender, S. S., Lange, G., Steffener, J., Bergmann, U., Grand, D., Liu, W-C., & Bly, F. M. (2002, June). Imaging violence: Posttraumatic stress disorder, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and functional resonance imaging. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: FRI  Functional Resonance Imaging  Imaging Violence  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

52. Flumeri, F., Salmaso, D., & Pagani, M. (2008, 26-28 Settembre). Impatto dell'EMDR sulle fuzioni e sulla neurobiologia cerebrali [Impact on EMDR and neurobiological brain functions]. In T. Farma (Chair), Simposio, Il modello psicotraumatologico: Un ponte tra indicatori neurobiologici e Psicoterapia. VII Congresso SPR Italia, Modena.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Introduzione:negli ultimi anni il numero di studi condotti nell’ambito dei disturbi causati da eventi traumatici ha subito una forte accelerazione rilevando l’esistenza di alterazioni fisiologiche e morfologiche in specifiche aree cerebrali associate sia alla risposta emotiva al trauma che alla insorgenza dei sintomi della sindrome da stress post-traumatico (PTSD). L’impiego delle tecniche di neuroimmagine ha consentito di fare luce sui correlati neurali della psicoterapia, rivelando i suoi effetti neurobiologici sulla funzione cerebrale. Nell’ambito dei diversi approcci psicoterapeutici, l’EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy) è emerso come promettente risorsa per il trattamento del trauma e di altri disturbi d’ansia, sebbene ancora non sia stata completamente chiarita la sua modalità di azione sui circuiti neurali. Molte ricerche sono state effettuate per valutare l’efficacia dell’EMDR, ma solo un numero esiguo di esse ha indagato il substrato neurobiologico di questa psicoterapia. Le metodiche di neuroimmagini utilizzate finora per studi sull’EMDR sono la Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) e la Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). La prima raccoglie dati sull’attivita’ cellulare cerebrale mentre la seconda riporta dati anatomici strutturali. Gli studi funzionali condotti con SPECT consentono di identificare le variazioni del metabolismo e del flusso ematico cerebrale, suggerendo un ruolo specifico per ciascuna area cerebrale coinvolta nel complesso meccanismo che sottende il processamento delle emozioni; la MRI consente invece di rilevare la presenza di variazioni morfologiche e volumetriche di specifiche strutture cerebrali. Negli ultimi anni, studi SPECT e MRI, volti ad esaminare gli effetti dell’EMDR sulla fisiopatologia cerebrale in pazienti affetti da disturbi d’ansia, hanno riscontrato sostanziali variazioni del flusso ematico ed alterazioni strutturali di alcune regioni cerebrali in seguito a terapia. L’efficacia dell’EMDR nel trattamento del PTSD è stata confermata da uno studio SPECT su sei soggetti ( Lansing et al.) (1) che ha evidenziato dopo terapia una diminuzione del flusso ematico nel lobo occipitale bilateralmente e nel lobo parietale sinistro e un aumento di flusso nel giro frontale inferiore sinistro. Sempre utilizzando la SPECT Oh e Choi (2) hanno riportato una significativa modificazione del flusso cerebrale in seguito ad EMDR, prevalentemente riscontrabile nell’area limbica e nella corteccia prefrontale. Un recente studio con utilizzo di MRI (3) ha inoltre messo in evidenza un aumento di volume dell’ippocampo in seguito a trattamento con EMDR, aumento invece non riportato in un lavoro di Lindauer et al. su 9 soggetti con PTSD, nonostante il successo clinico della psicoterapia eclettica eseguita (4). Obiettivi: il nostro gruppo ha studiato gli effetti a breve e lungo termine dell’EMDR (5, 6) dimostrando la sua efficacia nel trattamento di soggetti traumatizzati sul lavoro, e una stabilità del miglioramento clinico ottenuto in risposta alla terapia, ancora presente a distanza di tre anni. Nell’ambito dello stesso progetto sono state anche studiate le variazioni del flusso ematico cerebrale e della volumetria di alcune strutture cerebrali in relazione alla terapia con EMDR. Un primo studio SPECT ha analizzato la variazione della distribuzione di flusso in 11 soggetti guariti clinicamente da PTSD in seguito a EMDR messi a confronto con 5 soggetti nei quali la terapia non ha avuto effetto (7). Risultati: è stato evidenziato nei soggetti con remissione sintomatologica significative differenze di flusso in 4 aree corticali, alla disfunzione delle quali sono ascrivibili alcuni sintomi presenti in corso di PTSD. Diminuzioni di flusso post-terapia sono state registrate nell’ippocampo, nella corteccia parieto-occipitale e nella corteccia visiva primaria. L’ippocampo e’ sede della memoria a breve termine; la corteccia parieto-occipitale processa il riconoscimento di volti, dei corpi e delle parole; la corteccia visiva primaria custodisce la memoria visiva degli eventi. La mancata inibizione e/o l’iperattivita’ di queste regioni nel PTSD sono responsabili della rivisitazione patologica dell’evento traumatico e della presenza di flashback ed immagini allucinatorie. Inoltre la corteccia frontale dorsolaterale ha dimostrato un aumento di flusso nei soggetti che hanno risposto positivamente alla terapia. Questa regione chiave oltre ad essere deputata ad inibire la risposta patologica a stimoli che ricordano l’evento traumatico e’ essenziale per i processi di attenzione e di autostima, diminuiti in corso di PTSD e recuperati in seguito alla remissione della malattia. In ulteriori studi che combinano indagini funzionali e strutturali utilizzando SPECT e MRI abbiamo messo in evidenza il valore predittivo delle dimensioni dell’ippocampo riguardo all’efficacia della terapia con EMDR (Pagani et al. sottomesso). Conclusioni: gli effetti della terapia con EMDR sono risultati, unitamente ad un consistente miglioramento della sintomatologia e ad una riduzione della iperreattività a stimoli di carattere emotivo, in una normalizzazione funzionale di alcune aree specifiche e in un aumento del volume ippocampale probabilmente ascrivibile a neo-neurogenesi. Questi risultati sono in linea con la pregressa letteratura e con le attuali conoscenze sul PTSD e suggeriscono basi neurobiologiche dell’effetto terapeutico dell’EMDR confermandone l’impatto funzionale su strutture cerebrali coinvolte in patologie ansiogene. Bibliografia: 1. Lansing et al. (2005). J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci;17(4):526-532. 2. Ho DH and Choi J. (2007). J EMDR Pract Res;1(1):24-30. 3. Bossini et al. (2007). J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci; 19(4):475-476. 4. Lindauer et al. (2005). Psychol Med ; 35 :1-11. 5. Hogberg et al. (2007). Nord J Psych; 61(1):54-61. 6. Hogberg et al. (2008). Psych Res; doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.10.019. 7. Pagani et al. (2007). Nuc Med Comm; 28(10):757-65. [Pagani abstract]

Introduction In recent years the number of studies in disorders caused by traumatic events has been greatly accelerated by detecting the existence of morphological and physiological changes in specific brain areas associated with both the emotional response to trauma to the onset of symptoms Post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD). The use of neuroimaging techniques has allowed to shed light on the neural correlates of psychotherapy, revealing the neurobiological effects on brain function. Under the different psychotherapeutic approaches, EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy) has emerged as a promising resource for the treatment of trauma and other anxiety disorders, although still not been fully elucidated its mode of action on neural circuits. Many studies have been carried out to assess the effectiveness EMDR, but only a small number of them have investigated the neurobiological substrate of this psychotherapy. The methods used so far for neuroimaging studies on EMDR are Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The first collects data on 'brain cells while the second contains structural anatomical data. The functional studies performed with SPECT to identify changes in metabolism and cerebral blood flow, suggesting a specific role for each brain area involved in the complex mechanism underlying the processing of emotions, instead of MRI allows detection of morphological changes and volume of specific brain structures. In recent years, MRI and SPECT studies, aimed to examine the effects of EMDR on brain pathophysiology in patients with anxiety disorders, have found substantial variations in blood flow and structural alterations of some brain regions after treatment. The effectiveness of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD was confirmed by a SPECT study in six subjects (Lansing et al.) (1) showed that after treatment reduced blood flow in the occipital lobe bilaterally and in left parietal lobe and a increase of flow in left inferior frontal gyrus. Always using SPECT Oh and Choi (2) reported a significant change of cerebral blood flow after EMDR, mainly found in limbic and prefrontal cortex. A recent study using MRI (3) has also highlighted an increase in volume of the hippocampus after treatment with EMDR, but no increase in reported work of Lindauer et al. on 9 subjects with PTSD, despite the clinical success of eclectic psychotherapy performed (4). Objectives: Our group has studied the effects of short and long term EMDR (5, 6) demonstrating its effectiveness in treating traumatized individuals at work, and stability of clinical improvement obtained in response to therapy, yet this distance three years. Within the same project were also studied changes in cerebral blood flow and volume of certain brain structures in relation to treatment with EMDR. A first SPECT study analyzed the change in flow distribution in 11 subjects clinically recovered from PTSD after EMDR compared with 5 subjects in whom treatment had no effect (7). Results: It was shown in patients with symptomatic remission, significant differences in flow in 4 cortical areas, which are attributable to dysfunction of some symptoms of PTSD being present. Flow decreases post-treatment were recorded in the hippocampus, cortex parietal-occipital and primary visual cortex. The hippocampus and 'seat of short-term memory, the parietal-occipital cortex processes the recognition of faces, bodies and words, the primary visual cortex preserves the visual memory of events. The lack of inhibition and / or 'hyperactivity' of PTSD in these regions are responsible for the pathological review of the traumatic event and the presence of flashbacks and hallucinatory images. Moreover, the dorsolateral frontal cortex showed an increase in flow in subjects who responded positively to therapy. This key region in addition to being appointed to inhibit the pathological response to stimuli that recall the traumatic event and 'essential for the processes of attention and self-esteem, decreased in the course of PTSD and recovered following the remission of the disease. In further studies that combine functional and structural investigations using SPECT and MRI have shown the predictive value of the size of the hippocampus on the effectiveness of EMDR therapy (Pagani et al. Submitted). Conclusion: the effects of EMDR therapy were coupled with a significant improvement in symptoms and a reduction of hyperreactivity to stimuli, emotional, functional in a normalization of some specific areas and an increase in hippocampal volume probably due to neo- neurogenesis. These results are consistent with previous literature and with current knowledge about PTSD and suggest a neurobiological basis of therapeutic EMDR confirming the functional impact on brain structures involved in anxiety-disorders. Bibliography: 1. Lansing et al. (2005). J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci, 17 (4) :526-532. 2. I DH and J. Choi (2007). J EMDR pract Res, 1 (1) :24-30. 3. Bossini et al. (2007). J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci, 19 (4) :475-476. 4. Lindauer et al. (2005). Psychol Med, 35 :1-11. 5. Högberg et al. (2007). Nord J Psych, 61 (1) :54-61. 6. Högberg et al. (2008). Psych Res, doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.10.019. 7. Pagani et al. (2007). NUC Med Comm, 28 (10) :757-65. [Pagani abstract]

Keywords: Brain Functions  Neurobiology  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

53. Frustaci, A., Pozzi, G., Aurigemma, C., La Rosa, C., Lanza, G., Fernandez, I., & Ruggeri, G. (2006, Febbraio). Indicatori di cambiamento in pazienti con disturbi da eventi stressanti: Impiego della heart rate variability [Indicators of change in patients with disorders of stressful events: Use of heart rate variability]. Poster presentato al XI Congresso SOPSI (Società Italiana di Psicopatologia), Roma, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Introduzione: i pazienti traumatizzati presentano alterazioni sintomatiche quali intrusività, evitamento ed aumentato arousal, che ostacolerebbe la possibilità di elaborazione/integrazione delle tracce mnesiche, oltre ad esprimersi a livello periferico. Tecniche specifiche di trattamento sembrano promuovere l’elaborazione/integrazione delle memorie traumatiche, tra cui la Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Nella ricerca valutativa è quindi necessario affiancare alle scale psicologiche un appropriato indicatore biologico di attivazione neurovegetativa. La variabilità della frequenza cardiaca (Heart Rate Variability – HRV) esprime l’integrità funzionale del sistema neurovegetativo in risposta allo stress e può essere misurata nei domini di tempo o di frequenza. Lo studio della HRV è stato applicato in psichiatria ai disturbi d’ansia (panico, DOC, PTSD) e dell’umore (depressione unipolare) in ricerche trasversali (confronto con controlli sani) e longitudinali di trattamento farmacologico (triciclici, SSRIs) ma in pochi casi a trattamenti psicoterapici. Gli AA. valutano l’impiego della HRV come indicatore biologico nel trattamento psicoterapeutico di pazienti con Disturbo dell’adattamento erdurante da oltre un mese dopo l’esposizione ad eventi vitali stressanti (EVS). Metodi: sono stati reclutati 6 soggetti (M/F = 1/5, età 40,5 ± 11,0) esposti ad EVS ed avviati a ciclo di trattamento psicoterapico breve (4-6 sedute a cadenza settimanale) di tipo specifico (EMDR) o generico (colloqui supportivi). Costituivano criteri di esclusione: età < 18 o > 65 anni; comorbilità psichiatrica, neurologica e cardiologica; uso di farmaci interferenti. Le valutazioni psicopatologiche sono state eseguite al reclutamento (TBASE: colloquio anamnestico, MINI, Brief COPE), a inizio e fine ciclo di trattamento (TINI, TFINE: IES, SCL-90-R), a uno e tre mesi di follow-up (T30, T90: IES, SCL-90-R, Brief COPE). Le registrazioni Holter sono state effettuate ad ogni intervallo valutativo coprendo: 60 min. attività libera, 10 min. tilt-test, 3-5 min. ascolto dell’evento traumatico, 30-45 min. seduta psicoterapica. Sono stati impiegati test statistici non parametrici per l’analisi delle correlazioni (Spearman) e delle differenze (Wilcoxon). Risultati preliminari: vengono valutate le correlazioni a TINI e le variazioni T90 vs. TINI. Sono significative le seguenti correlazioni: ansia fobica SCL e SDNN (dev. standard intervalli R-R) [r = + 0,9; p = ,037]; collera-ostilità SCL e SDNN [r = -0,95; p =.014]; depressione SCL e r-MSSD (radice media somma quadrati diff. R-R) [r = + 0,9; p = ,037]; sint. intrusivi IES e LF (basse frequenze) [r = -0,9; p = ,037]. Sono risultate statisticamente significative le seguenti variazioni: IES totale [Z = -1,99; p = ,046], sintomi intrusivi IES [Z = -2,21; p = ,027], sintomi di evitamento IES [Z = -1,99; p = ,046], ideazione paranoide SCL [Z = -2,21; p = ,027]; R-R, LF e LF/HF (rapporto basse/alte frequenze) durante ascolto evento [Z = -2,02; p = ,043]. Discussione: a livello basale gli indicatori HRV di distress vegetativo correlano positivamente con collera-ostilità e sintomi intrusivi, negativamente con ansia e depressione. Anche dopo tre mesi dalla fine del trattamento gli interventi psicoterapeutici tendono a ridurre i punteggi sintomatici, e migliorano il bilancio simpato-vagale durante il riascolto dell’evento traumatico.

Introduction: trauma patients have symptomatic changes such as intrusiveness, avoidance and increased arousal, which hampers the development / integration of memory traces, as well as speak at the peripheral level. Specific techniques of treatment seem to promote the formulation and integration of traumatic memories, including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). In evaluation research is therefore necessary to combine psychological scales appropriate indicator organic autonomic activation. The heart rate variability (Heart Rate Variability - HRV) expresses functional integrity of the autonomic nervous system in response stress and can be measured in time or frequency domains. The study of HRV has been applied in psychiatric disorders anxiety (panic, DOC, PTSD) and mood (unipolar depression) in cross-disciplinary (compared with healthy controls) and longitudinal drug treatment (tricyclic SSRIs), but in a few cases in psychotherapeutic treatment. The AA. evaluate the use of HRV as a biological indicator in the psychotherapeutic treatment of patients with adjustment disorder erdurante more than a month after exposure to stressful life events (EVS). Methods: 6 subjects were recruited (M / F = 1 / 5, age 40.5 ± 11.0) exposed to EVS and initiated treatment cycle psychotherapeutic short (4-6 sessions weekly) type specific (EMDR) or generic (hearing supported). Exclusion criteria were: age <18 or> 65 years, psychiatric comorbidity, neurological and cardiological, use of drugs interfering. Psychopathological assessments were performed at recruitment (TBASE: anamnestic interview, MINI, Brief COPE) at the beginning and end of treatment cycle (TINI, TFINE: IES, SCL-90-R) in a three-month follow-up (T30, T90: IES, SCL-90-R, Brief COPE). Holter recordings were made at each interval evaluation covering: 60 min. free activity, 10 min. tilt-test, 3-5 min. listening to the traumatic event, 30-45 minutes. psychotherapy session. Were used nonparametric statistical tests for analysis correlations (Spearman) and differences (Wilcoxon). Preliminary results: the correlations are evaluated and changes TINI vs. T90. TINI. Significant correlations are the following: SCL phobic anxiety and SDNN (standard dev. RR intervals) [r = + 0.9, p =, 037]; anger-hostility SCL SDNN [r = -0.95, p =. 014]; SCL depression r-mssd (root mean square sum diff. RR) [r = + 0.9, p =, 037]; sint. IES intrusive and LF (low frequency) [r = -0.9, P =, 037]. Were statistically significant, the following changes: IES total [Z = -1.99, p =, 046], IES intrusive symptoms [Z = -2.21, p =, 027], symptoms of avoidance IES [Z = -1.99, p =, 046] , SCL paranoid [Z = -2.21, p =, 027], RR, LF and LF / HF ratio (low / high frequencies) while listening event [Z = -2.02, p =, 043]. Discussion: At baseline HRV indicators of distress correlated positively with growing anger-hostility, and intrusive symptoms, negatively with anxiety and depression. Even after three months of the end of psychotherapeutic treatment interventions aimed at reducing symptom scores and enhance sympathetic vagal balance during the playback of the traumatic event.

Keywords: Heart Rate Variability  Poster  Stress Disorders  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

54. Scagliotti, J. (2011). Interoceptive exposure therapy for combat veterans: A group treatment approach. University of Hartford, Hartford, CT.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This paper explores the application of interoceptive exposure (IE) therapy to treat the arousal and avoidant symptoms in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The historical background of PTSD and the functional impact of the disorder in veterans from Vietnam and Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom are discussed in the first chapter. Literature on romantic and family relationship impairment, employment challenges, decreased physical health and overall quality of life, and increased mental health issues in veterans of combat are presented. Following the introductory chapter is a brief description of the history of treatment for combat trauma and a detailed review of the most common treatments for PTSD in their application to the veteran population. Research on psychophysiological approaches to treatment, pharmacotherapy, and EMDR is discussed. The extensive literature on cognitive behavioral treatment approaches for combat trauma is reviewed. As noted, exposure therapy appears to be the treatment approach with the most scientific support. A relatively new form of exposure therapy known as IE, as well as the small but promising body of research on the potential to augment conventional long-term exposure therapy with IE, are also addressed here. A new treatment protocol proposed here is built upon the foundation of empirical support for cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD. It is intended to incorporate trauma-informed best practices and exposure therapy tenets through the implementation of group based IE for individuals with combat-related PTSD. Outlines of the following two sections will provide detailed descriptions of the group design and the specific treatment modules, the first of which addresses therapeutic rationale and group composition, and the second lists the specific twelve treatment modules.

Keywords: Combat Veterans  Interoceptive Exposure Therapy  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

55. Pagani, M. (2010, June). Introduction to neuroimaging in EMDR research. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In the recent years the number of neuroimaging studies evaluating neural correlates of psychotherapy has steadily increased revealing its clear neurobiological effects on brain function across a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Functional studies by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) detect changes in cerebral blood flow and metabolism patterns, identifying the brain areas processing the various components of emotional processing and/or affected by the disorders. investigations by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have also revealed psychiatry disease-related structural changes. The first part of the workshop (20 minutes) will describe the neuroimaging methodologies implemented in EMDR research and their possible clinical implementations will be discussed. In the second part (10 minutes) neuroimaging studies on the neurobiological effect of EMDR will be reviewed (1-5). The third part of the workshop (30 minutes) will deal with the last findings in EMDR research and will focus on a recent studies published by our group on the Journal of Psychiatry Research about the predictive value of MRI on the outcome of EMDR therapy (6).Moreover a collaborator of our group will describe and present the preliminary findings of an ongoing experiment aiming to identify the neurophysiological mechanisms active during EMDR therapy. The description and the discussion about the contents of the workshop will provide the audience 1 the necessary information to understand the methodological principles behind the neuroimaging techniques (PET and SPECT) and their possible applications in research and clinic; 2, the critical knowledge of the limited number of published papers in the field of EMDR-related functional and anatomical studies (1-6); 3. the basic research principles and examples to be motivated to begin, take part and/or collaborate to EMDR research in order to shed light on the neural basis of this fascinating psychotherapeutic technique. The presented material will represent the state-of-the-art of the current neuroscience EMDR-related research and of the neuroimaging methodologies available at the moment. in case more contributions will be included in this workshop the proposed presentation time schedule might change. References: Lansing et al. (2005). J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci; l7(4):526-532. Propper et al. (2007). J Nerv Met Dis; 195:785-788. Ho DH and Choi J. (2007). J EMDR Pract Res; l(l):24-30. Pagani et al. (2007). Nuc Med Comm: 28(10):757-65. Bossini et al (2007). J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci; 19(4):475-476. Nardo et al. (2010). J Psychiatry Res; D0110.1016/jjpsychires.2009.10.014

Keywords: Neuroimaging  Research  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

56. Meijer, S. (2010, April). Is de meest gebruikte negatieve cognitie “Ik ben machteloos” [The most common negative cognition "I am powerless functional or dysfunctional?]. In Heikele kwesties en voortschrijdend inzicht [Delicate issues and progressive insight]. Plenaire gepresenteerd aan de vierde congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Nijmegen, The Nederlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Keywords: Negative Cognition  Plenary  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

57. Capezzani, L. (2010, Novembre). La psicotraumatologia oncologica,Fondamenti, clinica, ricerca, strumenti di intervendo (EMDR), processi di umanizzazione e trasversalità delle aree di supporto alla persona [The psychotraumatology cancer,Foundations, clinical, research, tools intervening (EMDR), and transverse processes of humanization of the areas of support to the person]. Presentazione al "Convegno La psicotraumatologia Oncologica, Roma, Italia .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Recentemente presso l’IRE-ISG di Roma è stata fondata l’Area di Supporto alla Persona la cui mission è tentare di rispondere alle più attuali linee strategiche dei processi di umanizzazione che vogliono riconoscere e soddisfare i bisogni dei pazienti oncologici secondo la definizione che essi medesimi ne danno. A tale scopo l’area si articola in 5 sottoaree, quella dell’Accoglienza e della Preospedalizzazione, quella di Prossimità, quella Clinica, quella della Formazione al personale sanitario e quella della Emergenza Urgenza e della Psicotraumatologia Oncologica. Rispetto alle altre quattro aree quella dell’Emergenza Urgenza e della Psicotraumatologia Oncologica rappresenta l’elemento di novità proponendosi sia come servizio sia come modello di intervento complementare a quello psicooncologico già preesistente. Obbiettivo di questa relazione è: a. presentare i fondamenti teoretici e clinici che sostengono l’area, b. presentare le linee di ricerca che ne mostrano la portata euristica e terapeutica in ambito psicooncologico, c. indicare gli organi funzionali dell’area, articolata in un servizio di emrgenza/urgenza 24/24h che interviene sulla crisi ed in un servizio terapeutico orientato prevalentemente ai disturbi post-traumatici da stress acuti e cronici correlati all’evoluzione della malattia oncologica e ai suoi processi di guarigione, d. presentare gli strumenti terapeutici di cui si avvale, in particolare intervento psicoterapico con EMDR, e le tecniche sensorimotorie e. mostrare la trasversalità funzionale dell’area dell’Emergenza Urgenza e della Psicotraumatologia Oncologica rispetto alla altre quattro sottoaree secondo quei medesimi processi di umanizzazione che mettono la “persona prima di tutto”.

Recently at the IRE-ISG of Rome was founded areas with additional support to the Person whose mission is groped to respond to the most current strategic processes of humanization who want to recognize and meet the needs of cancer patients according to the definition that they they give themselves. For this purpose, the area is divided into 5 sub-areas, and that of welcoming Preospedalizzazione, that of Proximity, the Clinic, that of training the medical staff and that of Urgency and Emergency Psychotraumatology Oncology. Compared to the other four areas that Urgency and Emergency Psychotraumatology Oncology is the new element is presenting itself as a service and as a model of intervention complementary to the already existing psicooncologico. The objective of this report is: a. present the theoretical foundations and supporting the clinical area, b. present the research lines that show the flow heuristic and therapeutic in scope psicooncologico, c. indicate the functional organs of the area, divided into a service Hazard warning / urgent 24/24h who spoke on the crisis and in a therapeutic service oriented mainly to the symptoms of post-traumatic stress related to the evolution of acute and chronic oncologic disease and its healing processes, d. present the therapeutic tools that it uses, in particular psychotherapeutic intervention with EMDR, sensorimotor and techniques and. show the cross-functional area Urgency and Emergency Psychotraumatology Oncology compared to the other four sub-areas according to those same processes of humanization that put the "person first of all."

Keywords: Psychotraumatology Cancer  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

58. Imbroinise, F. (2008, Novembre). L’EMDR come mezzo di anamnesi e mezzo terapeutico nel servizio socio-psicologico nel reparto di pediatria di un ospedale [EMDR as a means of medical history and therapeutic tool in the service of socio-psychological in the pediatric ward of a hospital]. Poster presentato alApplicazioni Cliniche dell'EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Nel corso dell'anno 2007 sono affluiti al servizio socio-psicologico 652 bambini. Il metodo EMDR è stato utilizzato come mezzo per tracciare il vissuto del paziente, nonché come metodologia di intervento per tutte le patologie ed i disturbi che i pazienti portavano. Sono stati trattati con l’EMDR sia i pazienti interni al reparto e sia quelli esterni inviati dai medici pediatri presenti sul territorio. Il nostro protocollo prevede un’anamnesi dettagliata fatta insieme ad entrambi i genitori o tutori se il bambino è molto piccolo o con il bambino/ragazzo stesso se egli è capace di fornire le informazioni desiderate. Ciò si effettua poiché si i è convinti che il tracciato del vissuto con il metodo EMDR è una opportunità unica per la famiglia in quanto dà la possibilità di analizzare la vita familiare e le sue dinamiche nei minimi particolari e di prendere in considerazione i suoi modelli relazionali e affettivi dei quali non si è sempre coscienti. Successivamente se si considera utile o necessario , si stila un programma terapeutico in cui l’EMDR viene presentato come metodo di trattamento per affrontare e risolvere le condizioni patologiche o di disagio che si presentano. Questo approccio terapeutico si ritiene utile in quanto facilita la risoluzione sintomatologica e sviluppa una più consapevole visione delle dinamiche della propria famiglia. Un ulteriore effetto è quello di promuovere un maggiore benessere psicosociale per il paziente, fornendo un nuovo significato ai disordini somatici, ed aiutare la famiglia a comprendere e gestire in una maniera più funzionale i problemi del proprio figlio. Questo poster descrive tutte le fasi dell’intervento ed le patologie trattate nella nostro servizio con l’ utilizzo del metodo EMDR.

During the year 2007 has been injected into the socio-psychological service 652 children. The EMDR method has been used as a means to track the experiences of the patient, as well as methods of intervention for all diseases and disorders that patients wore. Were treated with EMDR both inpatients and those outside the department and sent by pediatricians in the area. Our protocol provides a detailed history taken together with both parents or guardians if the child is very small or the baby / child himself if he is able to provide the desired information. This is done because it is convinced that the path of living with the EMDR method is a unique opportunity for the family because it gives the possibility to analyze the family and its dynamics in detail and consider its relationship models affective and which has not always conscious. Then if we consider useful or necessary, draw up a treatment program in which EMDR is presented as a method of treatment to address and resolve the pathological condition or discomfort that occur. This therapeutic approach is considered useful because it facilitates the resolution of symptoms and develop a more informed view of the dynamics of their family. Another effect is to promote greater psychosocial well-being for the patient, giving new meaning to somatic disorders, and help the family understand and manage in a more functional problems of their child. This poster describes all phases of the disease and treated in our service 's use of the EMDR method.

Keywords: Children  Pediatric Ward  Poster  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

59. Greenwald, R. (2001, June). Motivational interviewing for offenders. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a structured counseling approach designed to elicit motivation for change. Innovative component interventions involve the EMDR-based "Future Movies" intervention - to help the offender identify and invest in personal goals - and Functional Behavioral Analysis - to help the offender understand the relationship and the trauma history to the problem behaviors. Workshop participants will learn how to use Future Movies and Functional Behavioral Analysis within the MI approach, to mobilize offenders to engage in treatment activities, including EMDR, to interrupt and defuse the offense cycle. This approach is applicable to adolescents and adults with a variety of problem behaviors.

Keywords: Functional Behavioral Analysis  Future Movies  Motivational Interviewing  Offenders  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

60. Pagani, M. (2010, Novembre). Neurobiologia e nuovi concetti fisiopatologici dell’EMDR [Neurobiology and new concepts pathophysiological EMDR]. Presentazione al "Convegno La psicotraumatologia Oncologica, Roma, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
La sindrome da stress post-traumatico (PTSD) causa nel cervello cambiamenti sia anatomici sia funzionali in specifiche aree cerebrali associate alla risposta emotiva al trauma ed alla relativa insorgenza dei sintomi. Studi di immagini funzionali (tomografia ad emissione di fotone singolo, SPECT, e a emissione di positroni, PET) e strutturali (risonanza magnetica, RM) hanno evidenziato significative variazioni neuropatologiche in pazienti con PTSD durante la rivisitazione del trauma. L’impiego di queste tecniche ha consentito di fare luce sui correlati neurali della psicoterapia, rivelando i suoi effetti neurobiologici sulle funzioni cerebrali. Nell’ambito dei diversi approcci psicoterapeutici, l’EMDR (Desensibilizzazione e rielaborazione attraverso i movimenti oculari) è emerso come promettente risorsa per il trattamento del trauma e di altri disturbi d’ansia, sebbene ancora non sia stata completamente chiarita la sua modalità di azione sui circuiti neurali. Tuttavia solo un numero esiguo di studi ha indagato il substrato neurobiologico di questa psicoterapia. Verranno discussi studi che il nostro gruppo ha recentemente pubblicato su riviste internazionali e che hanno dimostrato con la SPECT come l’EMDR normalizzi il flusso ematico cerebrale nelle aree limbiche implicate nel PTSD (1) e con la RM come nei pazienti che non rispondono a terapia molte di queste aree presentino una diminuzione rilevante della densità della sostanza grigia (2). Verranno inoltre presentati i risultati preliminari del primo studio che monitora completamente con EEG una seduta EMDR e dimostra le attivazioni che i cicli di desensibilizzazione per se provocano a livello corticale e subcorticale sia durante la prima seduta che durante l’ultima quando il soggetto ha elaborato il trauma. 1. Nardo D et al. J Psychiat Res 2010; 44:477-485 2. Pagani M et al. Nucl Med Commun 2007; 28: 757-765

The syndrome of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) causes changes in the brain is anatomical and functional in specific brain areas associated with emotional response to trauma and the related onset of symptoms. Studies of the functional (single photon emission computed tomography, SPECT, and emission tomography, PET) and structural (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) have shown significant neuropathological changes in patients with PTSD during revisiting the trauma. The use of these techniques has allowed to shed light on the neural correlates of psychotherapy, revealing the neurobiological effects on brain function. Under the different psychotherapeutic approaches, EMDR (Desensitization and reprocessing through eye movements) has emerged as a promising resource for the treatment of trauma and other anxiety disorders, although still not been fully elucidated its mode of action neural circuits. However, only a small number of studies have investigated the neurobiological substrate of this psychotherapy. They will discuss studies that our group has recently published in international journals and who have demonstrated with SPECT as EMDR normalize cerebral blood flow in the limbic areas implicated in PTSD (1) and with MRI as in patients who do not respond to therapy many of these areas present a significant decrease in the density of gray matter (2). We will also present the preliminary results of the first study that monitors completely with EEG and demonstrates an EMDR session activations and cycles of desensitization if they cause in the cortex and subcortical both during the first session that during the last when the subject has developed the trauma. 1. D Nardo et al. J Psychiat Res 2010; 44:477-485 2. Pagani M et al. Nucl Med Commun 2007; 28: 757-765

Keywords: Neurobiology  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

61. Pagani, M., Flumeri, F., Salmaso, D., Nardo, D., Sanchez-Crespo, A., Danielsson, A. M., Brolin, F., Jacobsson, H., Larsson, S. A., & Hogberg, G. (2008, October). Neurobiological changes in post traumatic stress disorder following treatment with eye movement desensitisation reprocessing. Presentation at the European Association of Nuclear Medicine Congress, Munich, Germany, European Journal of Nuclear Medical and Molecular Imaging, 35(Supp 2).

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Background: Only few studies have reported functional or structural modifications in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients following pharmacological treatment or psychotherapy. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a novel eclectic psychotherapy utilising, among other techniques, relaxation and safe place exercises, cognitive restructuring, future projections, and imaginal exposure of the trauma combined with sensory stimulation. The aim of the study was to analyse the differences in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) distribution and in brain volumetry before and after EMDR therapy. Subjects and Methods: Fifteen subjects with chronic PTSD following occupational health hazards were treated with five sessions of EMDR. They were assessed with psychometric scales and diagnostic interviews before and directly after treatment. SPECT, during administration of an individualised trauma script, was performed using 99mTc-HMPAO. After EMDR, the subjects were subdivided into responders (R, n=10) and non-responders (NS, n=5), based on the absence or presence, respectively, of full PTSD diagnosis. SPECT and volumetric data (MRI) analyses were carried out by Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM2). SPECT and MRI data were covaried by age and by time elapsed from trauma to SPECT. SPECT data were further covaried by the amount of grey matter normalised by the total intracranial volume. Results: Immediate significant post-treatment changes towards normality in all scales measuring psychological status were found in responders. As compared to NR, R showed a significantly decreased tracer uptake in parieto-occipital (Brodmann Area, BA, 37, fusiform gyrus) and in primary visual cortex (BA17) and in the hippocampus (p<0.001). The opposite comparison highlighted an increased tracer uptake in left frontal cortex (BA 44; p<0.05). Structural grey matter modifications were found in visual, posterior cingulate and parieto-temporal cortex, paralleling the functional changes. Conclusion: The positive EMDR outcome corresponded to increased 99mTc-HMPAO uptake in the left dorsolateral frontal cortex, processing attention and self confidence and exerting an inhibitory effect on the amygdala whose firing is supposed to be responsible for PTSD. After successful treatment significant decreases were found in primary visual cortex, processing images of traumatic memories and flashbacks; in fusiform gyrus, processing the memories of faces, bodies and words and in the hippocampi, involved in episodic and autobiographical memories. Volumetric changes paralleled the ones in tracer uptake in all regions Taken as a whole these findings suggest that the positive clinical outcome following EMDR therapy causes functional and structural neurobiological changes towards normality.

Keywords: Brain Volumetry  Neurobiological Changes  Posttraumtic Stress Disorder  PTSD  rCBF  Regional Cerebral Blood Flow  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

62. Pagani, M., Salmaso, D., Flumeri, F., & Hogberg, G. (2008, June). The neurobiological substrates of PTSD and EMDR therapy. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In the recent years, the number of studies using neuro-imaging to evaluate neural correlates of psychotherapy has steadily increased revealing its clear neurobiological effects on brain function across a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Functional studies by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) can now reliably detect changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism patterns, suggesting a specific role for each of the brain areas in various components of emotional processing. Investigations by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have also revealed psychiatry disease-related structural changes. Some regions have been reported to be associated with emotional response to trauma, and with symptom formation in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Several studies have provided evidence for the efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR) in the treatment of PTSD. However a very limited number of studies have investigated the neurobiological substrate of such therapy in clinical practice. SPECT and MRI studies, performed to examine the effects of EMDR on brain patho-physiology have provided some preliminary evidence that changes in brain CBF and structure patterns may follow effective treatment. In general in PTSD and in anxiety disorders functional deactivations parallel symptoms relief and decreased hyperreactivity to emotional and memory disturbances. Functional neuro-imaging is a promising tool for the investigation of the physiological impact of psychotherapy in anxiety related disorders and may thus pave the road for a better detection of its effects in psychiatric treatment. The scientific literature reporting PTSD/EMRD related neuro-imaging studies will be extensively reviewed.

Keywords: Neurobiology  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

63. Pagani, M. (2011, June). Neuroimaging and novel neurobiological findings in EMDR research [Neuroimaging und neuartige neurobiologische erkenntnisse in der EMDR forschung]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In the recent years the number of neuroimaging studies evaluating neural correlates of psychotherapy has steadily increased revealing its clear neurobiological effects on brain function across a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Functional studies by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) detect changes in cerebral blood flow and metabolism patterns, identifying the brain areas processing the various components of emotional processing and/or affected by the disorders. Investigations by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have also revealed psychiatry disease-related structural changes. The first part of the workshop (20 minutes) will describe the neuroimaging methodologies and findings in PTSD/EMDR research with and extensive review of previous literature on the neurobiological effects of EMDR. The second part of the workshop (20 minutes) will deal with the description and implementation in research and clinic of neuropsychological testing with brief comments and discussion about their use in the recent experiments performed by our group. In the third part the EEG monitoring of a complete set of EMDR therapies in 10 patients suffering of major trauma will be presented. The relative results are the first report ever on the neurobiological changes occurring before, during and after EMDR therapy sheding light on the neuronal processes underlying its clinical efficacy. Learning objectives: The description and the discussion about the contents of the workshop will provide the audience (1) the necessary information to understand the methodological principles behind the neuroimaging techniques (PET, SPECT and MRI) and their possible applications in research and clinic; (2) the critical knowledge of the limited number of published papers in the field of EMDR-related functional and anatomical studies; (3) the basic research principles and examples to be motivated to begin, take part and/or collaborate to EMDR research in order to better understand the neural basis of this fascinating psychotherapeutic technique.

Keywords: Neurobiology  Neuroimaging  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

64. Hull, A. M. (2002). Neuroimaging findings in post-traumatic stress disorder:  Systematic review. doi:10.1192/bjp.181.2.102. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181(2), 102-110.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background Findings from neuroimaging studies complement our understanding of the wide-ranging neurobiological changes in trauma survivors who develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Aims To determine whether neuroimaging studies had identified structural and functional changes specific to PTSD. Method A review of all functional and structural neuroimaging studies of subjects with PTSD was carried out. Studies were identified using general medical and specific traumatic stress databases and paper searches of current contents and other secondary sources. Results The most replicated structural finding is hippocampal volume reduction, which may limit the proper evaluation and categorisation of experience. Replicated localised functional changes include increased activation of the amygdala after symptom provocation (which may reflect its role in emotional memory) and decreased activity of Broca's area at the same time (which may explain the difficulty patients have in labelling their experiences). Conclusions Evidence from neuroimaging studies has suggested areas of the brain that may be damaged by psychological trauma. The clinical implications of these neuroimaging findings need to be investigated further because they challenge traditional therapeutic approaches.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

65. Hayes, S. C. (2002, September). On being visited by the vita police: A reply to Corrigan (2001). the Behavior Therapist, 25(7/8), 134-137.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Keywords: Acceptance & Commitment Therapy  Behavior Therapy  Dialectical Behavior Therapy  Functional Analytic Psychotherapy  Letter  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

66. Laugharne, R. (2012. January). P-1265 - A role for EMDR (eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing) in the treatment of trauma in patients suffering from a psychosis. European Psychiatry, 27(Supplement 1), 1-1. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(12)75432-9.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Patients with a functional psychosis are more likely to have a history of trauma, symptoms of PTSD and may have been traumatised by their psychotic symptoms. We present an anonymised case series of patients (who have given consent) suffering from a functional psychotic illness who had a significant history of trauma with symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). After receiving eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), each patient showed an improvement in their PTSD symptoms and reported an improvement in the quality of their lives. As a history of trauma and PTSD symptoms are more frequent in patients with a psychosis, and trauma may be an aetiological component of psychosis, EMDR treatment needs to be researched and explored as a treatment opportunity in this patient group. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Keywords: Psychosis  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

67. Marich, J. N. (2007, September). Perceptions of EMDR in the clinical setting: Case study of a northeastern Ohio agency. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association Annual Conference, Dallas, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
All 16 clinicians identified that the primary aims of EMDR are to help people live a more adaptive life, and to bring disturbing material to a more functional resolution. The majority of the clinicians were able to identify what EMDR stands for, that EMDR is not a form of hypnosis, that EMDR is not an unrecognized, fringe therapy, and that small-t traumas can carry just as much clinical significance as Large-T traumas. The majority of clinicians indicated that EMDR had been presented to them in a positive light; the others indicated a neutral presentation or offered no opinion. None of the clinicians indicated a negative presentation of EMDR in any prior forum. The majority had heard about EMDR from a co-worker or in a continuing education workshop. Four clinicians (all under age 35) indicated that EMDR was addressed in graduate school.

Keywords: Case Study  Ohio Agency  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

68. Park, S.-C. (2011, February). Plasma levels of neurotrophic factors predict responses to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Hanyang University, Graduate School, Seoul, Korea.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Complex PTSD is a proposed diagnosis that describes psychological sequelae of survivors with prolonged, repeated, and interpersonal trauma, including childhood physical abuse, incest, and other forms of family violence (Herman, 1992). The diagnostic criteria for complex PTSD are composed of the functional alterations in six areas: (1) regulation of affect and impulses; (2) attention or consciousness; (3) self-perception; (4) relations with others; (5) somatization; and (6) system of meaning (Pelcovitz et al., 1997). Recently, a morphometric study showed that patients with childhood abuse-related complex PTSD had more extensive involvements of neural substrates (reduced anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal volumes) than those with classical PTSD (Thomaes et al., 2009). Changes in the neural substrates of patients with complex PTSD may reflect the relationship, established in critical developmental phases, between traumatic experiences and neurobiological factors. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an integrative and comprehensive psychotherapy that contains various effective elements of psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and body-centered therapies (Shapiro and Maxfield, 2002). It was originally developed to resolve symptoms of psychic trauma, and has been shown to be highly effective in reducing the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Bradely et al., 2005; van der Kolk et al., 2007). It has been also proposed as a rapid and effective application for treating the core symptoms of complex PTSD (Korn and Leeds, 2002; Kim and Choi, 2004; Kim, 2003). Thus, the investigation of the effects of treatment of complex PTSD by EMDR may reveal aspects of neurobehavioral plasticity dependent on neurotrophic factors.

Keywords: Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Complex PTSD  C-PTSD  Neurotrophic Factors  Plasma Levels  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

69. Friedman, M. J. (2006, April). Posttraumatic stress disorder among military returnees from Afghanistan and Iraq. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 586-593. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.586 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Although most military personnel returning from recent deployments will readjust successfully to life in the United States, a significant minority will exhibit PTSD or some other psychiatric disorder. Practitioners should routinely inquire about war-zone trauma and associated symptoms when conducting psychiatric assessments. Treatment should be initiated as soon as possible, not only to ameliorate PTSD symptoms but also to forestall the later development of comorbid psychiatric and/or medical disorders and to prevent interpersonal or vocational functional impairment. If evidence-based practices are utilized, complete remission can be achieved in 30%–50% of cases of PTSD, and partial improvement can be expected with most patients. We can all look forward to future breakthroughs that will improve our capacity to help people with PTSD. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Military  Trauma  War  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

70. Rothbaum, B. (2008, November). Predictors of treatment response for EMDR and prolonged exposure. Symposium/panel conducted at the 24th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Recent developments in PTSD treatment outcome research: Although cognitive behavior therapy is the treatment of choice for PTSD, there is a need to develop more effective treatments and to determine factors that influence treatment response. This symposium presents four studies that address treatment outcome research. The initial paper provides an overview of treatment predictors from two trials of cognitive processing therapy. The second paper reviews the differential responses to treatment of survivors of terrorist attacks and motor vehicle accidents. The third paper reviews predictors of outcome following EMDR and Prolonged Exposure. The fourth paper overviews a series of studies that have used structural and functional fMRI to identify the neural factors that predict response to CBT and also the impact of CBT on neural functioning.

Predictors of treatment response for EMDR and prolonged exposure: Predictors for response to treatment in a controlled study aimed to evaluate the relative efficacy of Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) compared to a no-treatment wait-list control (WAIT) in the treatment of PTSD in adult female rape victims were examined. In this study, 74 participants with PTSD were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions to achieve 20 completers per group. Independent Assessors blind to the treatment condition administered standard measures of PTSD and related symptoms. Improvement in PTSD, depression, dissociation, and state anxiety was significantly greater in both PE and EMDR group than the WAIT group. PE and EMDR did not differ significantly for change from baseline to either post-treatment or 6-month follow up measurement for any quantitative scale. EMDR subjects with 2 or more comorbid diagnoses, however, improved significantly less than all other active treatment subjects. At post-treatment and 6- months, 95% and 94% of PE subjects and 75% and 74% EMDR subjects no longer met DSM-IV PTSD criteria, respectively. At the 6-month follow-up assessment, 78% of those who received PE and 35% of those who received EMDR met criteria for good end state functioning (p=.017).

Keywords: Panel  Prolonged Exposure  Symposium  Treatment Response Predictors  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

71. Pearson, H. J. (2009). Present and accounted for: Sensory stimulation and parietal neuroplasticity. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(1), 39-49. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.1.39.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
There are commonalities between neurologic syndromes arising from lesions of the parietal cortex and psychiatric syndromes secondary to psychological trauma. Additionally some posttraumatic syndromes may reflect functional disruption of parietal areas. Directional or bilateral alternating peripheral sensory stimulation appear to assist in the amelioration of a wide range of clinical conditions, including the neglect syndrome and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. It is posited that the stimulation may exert its effect through activation of parietal higher-order functions. The activation may result in an integration of sensory information and an updating of the current representation of person and space, which incorporates an awareness of current body reality, sense of self, and world view. It is hypothesized that the EMDR procedure is ideally constructed to facilitate parietal activation through multimodal sensory stimulation, attention and episodic memory retrieval and focus on internal and external body, space, and self. Further investigations and an integration of data between disciplines are suggested, in order to expand our range of effective treatments.

Keywords: Neglect  Parietal Lobe  Plasticity  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

72. Easterling, M. (2002, June). A protocol for building emotional resilience within a troubled world. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The participant will be able to 1) develop the imaginational context of and employ this stabilizing protocol, useful in clients with insecure attachments, strategically ordered to elicit and allow desensitization of the inhibitory and adaptive affects within the basic EMDR protocol to allow completion typically within a fifty minute session; 2) teach to clients necessary integrated aspects of short term anxiety regulating psychotherapy and Heartmath methods, including how innate affects can act to guide adaptive behavior within a functional and dysfunctional system and how commonly used defenses and inhibitory affects impede adaptive behavior. Case examples and videos demonstrate the protocol.

Keywords: Emotional Resilience Protocol  Heartmath  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

73. Montefiore, D., Mallet, L., Lévy, R., Allilaire, J-F., Pélissolo, A. (2007, Juin). Pseudo-démence conversive et état de stress post-traumatique [Pseudo-dementia conversion and post-traumatic stress disorder]. L'Encéphale, 33(3), 352-355. doi:10.1016/S0013-7006(07)92050-3.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Les états de stress post-traumatique (ESPT) sont souvent associés à d’autres troubles psychiatriques, mais la comorbidité avec les troubles somatoformes est peu étudiée. Le cas décrit dans cet article concerne un patient souffrant d’un ESPT déclenché par une agression sexuelle vécue à l’âge de 8 ans. Le déroulement de son histoire est néanmoins très particulier puisque l’agression a eu lieu plus de trente ans avant l’apparition des troubles. Pendant la plus grande partie de sa vie, entre 13 et 43 ans, le patient avait complètement occulté l’événement traumatique. Puis, pour des raisons inconnues, il développa un syndrome conversif pseudo-neurologique mimant un état démentiel inquiétant, qui persista plus d’un an. La disparition des symptômes neurologiques et la remémoration du traumatisme furent brutales, après que le patient ait vu, au cinéma, un film relatant l’histoire d’un homme victime d’une agression sexuelle. Apparurent alors les symptômes typiques d’un ESPT, puis d’un état dépressif sévère compliqué d’une tentative de suicide par pendaison. Les liens entre ESPT et conversion devraient faire l’objet d’études plus approfondies, d’un point de vueépidémiologique, clinique et de neuro-anatomie fonctionnelle.

The posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are often associated with other psychiatric disorders, but comorbidity with somatoform disorders is poorly studied. The case described in this article concerns a patient suffering from PTSD triggered by a sexual assault experienced at the age of 8 years. The course of its history is still very special because the assault occurred more than thirty years before the onset of disorders. During most of his life, between 13 and 43 years, the patient had completely obscured the traumatic event. Then, for reasons unknown, he developed a neurological syndrome conversive pseudo-dementia mimicking a state concern, which lasted over a year. The disappearance of neurological symptoms and recall of trauma were brutal, after the patient has seen the film, a film which tells the story of a male victim of sexual assault. Appeared while the typical symptoms of PTSD, then a severe depression complicated by attempted suicide by hanging. The relationship between PTSD and conversion should be further studied, a point vueépidémiologique, clinical and neuro-functional anatomy.

Keywords: Amnesia  Conversion  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Sexual Abuse  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

74. Corrigan, F. M. (2004). Psychotherapy as assisted homeostasis: Activation of emotional processing mediated by the anterior cingulate cortex. Medical Hypotheses, 63(6), 968-973.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Although psychotherapy is successful in altering emotional distress, the biological mechanism by which it achieves this has not been the subject of intensive neurobiological investigation. Mindful processing of emotion has been proposed to be a key factor in prevention of relapse in depressive illness and here that hypothesis is developed and extended to include other conditions in which emotion processing may be obstructed or dysregulated. Cognitive therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, psycho-dynamic psychotherapy, and dialectical behaviour therapy, each in a different way and with a distinct emphasis, encourage awareness of emotions and their associated cognitions and biographies, and their varying success may depend on the degree to which they achieve activation of internal healing processes. In eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), the selected target is formatted for endogenous processing which is facilitated and accelerated by eye movements or alternating bilateral auditory or tactile stimulation. The ability to sustain focussed attention on the affect and its visceral, cognitive, and biographical components is postulated to activate a homeostatic process of distress resolution, seen most clearly in treatment of PTSD with EMDR, in which resolution of distress can be intense and rapid while therapist input is non-directive, although supportive, empathic, and non-judgemental. Once the therapist has helped to frame the questions, the patient's brain will find the answers needed for the resolution of the distress and all the components of the traumatic event, whether visceral, cognitive, affective, or interpersonal. The anterior cingulate cortex, especially the dorsal and rostral components, is suggested to be the key neurobiological substrate for the efficacious psychotherapeutic relief of distress, and relevant functional neuroimaging studies are summarised. One limitation of some previous imaging studies of emotion is that they have tended to use mild stimuli to discrete emotions. An alternative approach would be to image the brain during reprocessing of an unpleasant event which has profoundly affected the person so that the associated intense emotions could be clearly labelled and correlated with changes in regional brain functioning. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Cognitive Processes  Cognitive Therapy  Neurobiology  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

75. Koichi, T., Matuso, K., Toshiyuki, O., Tadashi, K., Akira, I., & Nobumasa, K. [綱島浩一、松尾幸治、大溪俊幸、加藤忠史、岩波明、加藤進昌] (2003). Research on cerebral hemodynamics of frontal lobe in PTSD using NIRS. Annual Report of the Research on Nervous and Mental Disorders, 186.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
For 34 victims of Tokyo subway sarin attack, the frontal lobe function was investigated during eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR). And, cerebral hemodynamics in frontal lobe was examined using near infrared spectral analysis (NIRS) for 10 healthy subjects and 2 patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). As the result, frontal lobe functional depression of frontal lobe was indicated in PTSD patients. It was indicated that the lowering of the cathexis was concerned in frontal lobe functional depression in PTSD patients. In patients with PTSD, according to the advance of EMDRt, the activation of the frontal lobe was decreased, and it was indicated that this pattern would be similar to that of healthy subject.

Keywords: Cerebral Hemodynamics of Frontal Lobe  NIRS  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

Accuracy Verified: No

76. Pagani, M. (2011, June). Research on EMDR mechanism of action and brain research - Functional changes and EEG monitoring during EMDR therapy. Presentation at the 12th European Conference on Traumtic Stress (ECOTS), Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Brain  EEG Montioring  Functional Changes  Mechanism of Action  Research  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

77. Figley, C., Dietrich, A., Maxfield, L., & Gentry, J. E. (1999, November). Review of neoteric trauma treatments and suggested practice guidelines. In C. Figley (Chair) Discussion, Clinical Theory. International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Miami, FL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Thought Field Therapy (TFT), Time-Limited Trauma Therapy (TLTT), Traumatic Incident Reduction (TIR), and Visual/Kinesthetic Dissociation (V/KD) are relatively new approaches in the treatment of trauma-related disorders. These approaches have come under intense scientific and professional scrutiny and criticism, with proponents and critics offering diverse and intriguing arguments in support of their respective points of view. This discussion will focus on the current empirical and anecdotal evidence on the efficacy of these five approaches, as well as various criticisms that have been proferred in response to the empirical and clinical literature on treatment efficacy and theory. EMDR will be highlighted, given the growing empirical database on EMDR outcome studies and the contention surrounding the treatment and its’ theory. The evidence for and/or against the other four approaches will also be presented, upon which we will raise for discussion issues relating to methodological rigour, scientific reporting of clinical data, and the interpretation of efficacy studies in general. The discussion will occur within the context of philosophical discourse on the ideal of integration of science and practice, and the feasibility of attaining this ideal within the current scientific Zeitgeist. INTERVENTION RESEARCH, CLINICAL CASE STUDY Sandringham Skills-Based Treatment of Dissociation: A Case Study 238 Chair: ELHAI, Jon D., Nova Southeastern University Discussant: GOLD, Stephen A clinical case study of skills-based treatment of a 48-year-old, female survivor of child sexual abuse (CSA) reporting severe dissociative symptomatology is presented. Chief complaints were daily amnestic episodes, depersonalization, panic attacks, agoraphobia, and consequent long-term unemployment. In contrast to most approaches to therapy for dissociative syndromes, it is argued that treatment does not need to be primarily trauma-focused. Instead treatment focused on targeting dissociation and anxiety by teaching skills to be implemented by the client outside of session. Functional behavioral analysis of particular recent incidents of dissociation were conducted over several sessions. Imagery-based relaxation and progressive muscle relaxation were used and monitored to help the client learn additional methods of reducing distress. Grounding techniques were implemented to counter the dissociative tendency to lose experiential awareness of the here and now. Cognitive interventions were utilized to challenge the erroneous notions reported about dissociative experiences, such as the panic she experienced when her dissociation had been revealed to others. Last, in vivo systematic desensitization was used with a fear hierarchy, ranging from the least to most fearful stimuli that precipitate dissociation, where graduated exposure was followed by relaxation. At termination the client reported elimination of panic attacks, resumption of driving, and marked reduction in frequency and duration of amnestic periods, with substantial additional gains and progress in finding full-time employment reported at 8 month follow-up. Treatment outcome is assessed based on psychological test data obtained at intake, discharge, and 8 month follow-up, as well as client anecdotal report.

Keywords: Neoteric Trauma Treatments  Practice Guidelines  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

78. Chivers-Wilson, K. A. (2006). Sexual assault and posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of the biological, psychological and sociological factors and treatments. McGill Journal of Medicine, 9(2), 111-118.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Sexual assault occurs with alarming frequency in Canada. The prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in assault survivors is drastically higher than the national prevalence of the disorder, which is a strong indication that the current therapies for sexualassault- related PTSD are in need of improvement. Increasing knowledge and understanding of the pathologies associated with rape trauma in biological, psychological and sociological domains will help to develop more effective treatments for survivors. A dysregulation of the Hypothalamic- Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis is observed in survivors of sexual assault and this may be a fundamental cause of the structural and functional abnormalities contributing to PTSD symptoms. Pharmacotherapies are available to treat PTSD; however, they are often inadequate or unwanted by the survivor. Psychological health is compromised following interpersonal trauma and many psychological therapies are available, but with varying efficacy. A person's cognitions have a dramatic effect on the onset, severity, and progress of PTSD following sexual assault. Sociological impacts of assault influence the development of PTSD through victim-blaming attitudes and the perpetuation of rape myths. Perceived positive regard and early social support is shown to be important to successful recovery. Education is vital in rape prevention and to foster a supportive environment for survivors. The biological, psychological and sociological impacts and treatments should not remain mutually exclusive. A better appreciation of the biopsychosocial repercussions of sexual assault will aid in developing a more holistic and individualized therapy to help alleviate the physical and emotional pain following the trauma of rape.

Keywords: Pharmacotherapy  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Rape  Sexual Assault  Trauma  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

79. Richardson, P., Williams, S. R., Hepenstall, S., Gregory, L., McKie, S., & Corrigan, F. (2009). A single-case fMRI study: EMDR treatment of a patient with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(1), 10-23. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.1.10.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study assessed the effects of a session of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with auditory alternating bilateral stimulation (ABS) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of brain activations. A case study was conducted with a female participant who was suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder following a severe assault. The fMRI scan began with safe-place imagery, for purposes of comparison, and then attention to the trauma memory without ABS. After this, ABS was provided as she began using EMDR procedures to process the traumatic memory. At postsession, the traumatic memory showed robust and significant changes on self-report measures. The initiation of the EMDR protocol with provision of ABS was associated with a marked change in brain activation within the prefrontal cortex demonstrating a ventromedial shift. The authors argue that the structure of the EMDR protocol encourages such a ventromedial activation, which is then intensified by ABS to overcome the block to information processing that has been preventing natural healing from occurring spontaneously.

Keywords: fMRI  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Single Case  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

80. Troost, P. W. (2011, April). Sociale informatieverwerking en behandeling bij kinderen met een verstandelijk beperking [Social information processing and treatment of children with a mental restriction]. Symposia op het 39ste Voorjaarscongres Nederlandse Vereniging voor Psychiatrie, Amsterdam.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
De psychiatrische morbiditeit bij kinderen met een verstandelijke beperking (VB) is hoog. Daarbij spelen tekorten in de sociale informatieverwerking (SI) een belangrijke rol. Bestaande diagnostische instrumenten als intelligentietesten geven daarover onvolledige informatie. Tegen deze achtergrond wordt de Sociale Informatie Verwerkings Test (SIVT) ontwikkeld om op gestandaardiseerde wijze tekorten in de sociale informatievewerking te kunnen bepalen. Kennis van de specifieke beperkingen bij kinderen met een verstandelijke beperking maakt het mogelijk voor normaal intelligente kinderen ontwikkelde evidence-based behandelingen als eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) en Functional Family Therapy (FFT) aan te passen voor kinderen met een verstandelijke beperking. Veel van de gezinnen kampen met multipele problemen en worden vanuit een poliklinische setting onvoldoende bereikt. Om deze reden is een outreachende vorm van hulpverlening ontwikkeld waarbij zorg wordt geboden op school. Leerdoel: De deelnemer heeft weet van: 1. de ontwikkeling van de SIVT voor kinderen met een verstandelijke beperking; 2. hoe kennis over specifieke beperkingen bij kinderen met een verstandelijke beperking te gebruiken bij de aanpassing van bestaande evidence-based behandelvormen als emdr en FFT; 3. het inzetten van methodieken van verplaatste zorg als ‘de zorgklas’.

The psychiatric morbidity in children with intellectual disabilities (VB) is high. While deficits in play social information (SI), a major role. Existing diagnostic tools such as Intelligence tests provide about incomplete information. Against this background, the Social Information Processing Test (SIPT) developed standardized manner to shortages in the informative social force to be determined. Knowledge of the specific limitations in children with an intellectual disability makes it possible for normally intelligent children developed evidence-based treatments such as eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Functional Family Therapy (FFT) to adapt for children with intellectual disabilities. Many of families facing multiple problems and from an outpatient setting insufficiently reached. For this reason, an outreach form of development assistance where care is provided at school. Objective: The participant knows: 1. the development of children with SIPT learning disabilities; 2. how knowledge about limitations in children with intellectual restriction to use in adjusting existing evidence-based treatment modalities as EMDR and FFT; 3. the use of methodologies to transfer care as' care class.

Keywords: Children  FFT  Functional Family Therapy  Mental Disabilities  Social Information Processing  Symposium  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

81. Shapiro, F. (1991, December). Stray thoughts. EMDR Network Newsletter, 1(2), 1-3.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
As I have mentioned in the workshops, I feel that there is an experiential base to most existing pathologies. One of the beauties of EMDR is the ability to metabolize quickly the dysfunctional residue of the past and shift the material into something useful and fruitful. In the Intermediate Training (now the Level I1 Training), I cover ways of rapidly accessing this painful information so that it can be more easily assimilated into a functional superstructure. (In the following material, I am assuming the reader has taken the Level I1 Training.)

Keywords: General  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

82. Pagani, M. (2008, Novembre). Sub-strato neurobiologico della sindrome da stress post-traumatico e relativo impatto funzionale e strutturale della terapia con EMDR [Neurobiological substrate of post-traumatic stress syndrome and impact on functional and structural therapy with EMDR]. Presentazione le Applicazioni Cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Recenti studi hanno dimostrato come la sindrome da stress post-traumatico (PTSD) possa causare nel cervello cambiamenti sia strutturali che funzionali. Studi di imaging funzionale tramite tomografia ad emissione di fotone singolo (SPECT) e ad emissione di positrone (PET) hanno evidenziato significative variazioni del flusso cerebrale in pazienti con PTSD durante la rivisitazione del trauma. A questo proposito sono stati riportati aumenti e diminuzioni di flusso nell’ippocampo, nell’amigdala, nella corteccia prefrontale mediale, nel cingolo anteriore e posteriore e nella corteccia temporale. Il modello prevalente collega i sintomi del PTSD ad una mancata inibizione dell’ amigdala, iperattivata dalla sensazione di incombente minaccia, da parte della corteccia prefrontale. E’ stato anche proposto che i cambiamenti strutturali dell’ippocampo e del cingolo anteriore rivelati dalla risonanza magnetica strutturale (RM) siano causati dalla risposta neuronale allo stress. L’obiettivo delle nostre ricerche e’ stato quello di analizzare la risposta funzionale e le variazioni strutturali in due gruppi di soggetti esposti a trauma occupazionale che hanno sviluppato (S=sintomatici, n=20) o no (NS=non sintomatici, n=27) il PTSD. Una parte dei S (n=16) è stata trattata con EMDR. La diagnosi di PTSD prima e dopo la terapia è stata basata sia sui criteri del DSM-IV sia su vari test neuropsicologici mirati. La SPECT (n=47) e la RM (n=33) sono state eseguite da 3 mesi a sei anni dal trauma e la prima è stata ripetuta dopo EMDR. I sintomi sono stati provocati da uno script individualizzato che ha riportato alla memoria il trauma e durante il quale è stato iniettato il tracciante di flusso cerebrale. Le analisi eseguite hanno mostrato differenze significative tra S e NS nella risposta del flusso cerebrale allo script. Nei 33 soggetti in cui sono state eseguite sia la SPECT che la RM sono state trovate differenze significative sia funzionali che strutturali nella corteccia temporo-parietale sinistra e nell’ippocampo, regioni nelle quali gli score dei test neuropsicologici correlano significativamente con il flusso cerebrale. Nei soggetti con remissione sintomatologica dopo EMDR (R; n=11) sono state trovate rispetto ai soggetti che non hanno risposto alla terapia (NR; n=5) significative differenze di flusso in 4 aree corticali che processano funzioni deteriorate in corso di PTSD. Diminuzioni di flusso dopo la terapia sono state registrate nei R rispetto ai NR nell’ippocampo, nel giro fusiforme (corteccia parieto-occipitale) e nella corteccia visiva primaria. L’ippocampo è sede della memoria episodica ed autobiografica; il giro fusiforme processa il riconoscimento di volti, dei corpi e delle parole; la corteccia visiva primaria custodisce la memoria visiva degli eventi. La mancata inibizione e/o l’iperattività di queste regioni nel PTSD sono responsabili della rivisitazione patologica figurata e somatica dell’evento traumatico e della presenza di flashback ed immagini allucinatorie. Viceversa la corteccia frontale dorsolaterale ha mostrato un aumento di flusso nei R. Questa regione oltre ad essere deputata ad inibire nel sistema limbico la risposta patologica a stimoli che ricordano l’evento traumatico è essenziale per i processi di attenzione e del “senso di sé”, diminuiti in corso di PTSD e recuperati in seguito alla remissione della malattia. In questi soggetti la RM ha inoltre messo in evidenza il valore predittivo delle dimensioni dell’ippocampo rispetto all’efficacia della terapia con EMDR. I nostri risultati confermano il coinvolgimento della corteccia temporo-parieto-occipitale nel PTSD e sottolineano il valore delle neuroimmagini sia nello svelare gli effetti neurobiologici dell’EMDR che determinare il valore delle indagini strutturali nel predirne l’efficacia.

Recent studies have shown that the post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) may result in both structural and functional brain changes. Imaging studies using functional Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) shown significant changes in cerebral blood flow in patients with PTSD during revisiting the trauma. In this regard have been reported increases and decreases in flow hippocampus, amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate and posterior and temporal cortex. The dominant model linking the symptoms of PTSD to a no inhibition of 'amygdala hyperactivity disorder by the sense of impending threat by the prefrontal cortex. E 'was also proposed that the structural changes of the hippocampus and anterior cingulate revealed by structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are caused by the response neuronal stress. The aim of our research and 'was to analyze the response functional and structural variations in two groups of subjects exposed to occupational trauma that have developed (S = symptomatic, n = 20) or not (NS = non-symptomatic, n = 27) PTSD. Part of S (n = 16) was treated with EMDR. The diagnosis of PTSD before and after the therapy was based on both DSM-IV has on several neuropsychological tests targeting. SPECT (n = 47) and MRI (n = 33) are were performed from 3 months to six years from the trauma and the first was repeated after EMDR. Symptoms were caused by a script individual who reported to the memory of the trauma and during which were injected with a tracer of cerebral blood flow. The analysis performed showed significant differences between S and NS in the response of flow brain to the script. In the 33 subjects in which they were performed both SPECT and MRI were found significant differences in both functional and structural temporo-parietal cortex left hippocampus, regions in which the scores of neuropsychological tests correlate significantly with the flow in the brain. In subjects with symptomatic remission after EMDR (R; n = 11) were found compared with subjects who did not respond to therapy (NR, n = 5) significant differences in flow in 4 cortical areas that process functions deteriorated in the course of PTSD. Decreases in flow after treatment were recorded in R than NR hippocampus, within fusiform (parieto-occipital cortex) and in the primary visual cortex. The hippocampus is the seat of episodic memory and autobiographical, and the processes around the fusiform recognition of faces, bodies and words, the primary visual cortex preserves the memory visual events. The non-inhibition and / or 'hyperactivity of these regions in PTSD are responsible for pathological figured revisiting the traumatic event and physical and presence of flashbacks and hallucinatory images. Contrast, the dorsolateral frontal cortex has showed an increase of flow in R. This region in addition to being deputies to inhibit the system limbic response to pathological stimuli that recall the traumatic event is essential for processes of attention and the "sense of self, decreased in the course of PTSD and recovered following remission. In these subjects, MRI has also highlighted the predictive value the size of the hippocampus compared the efficacy of EMDR therapy. Our results confirm the involvement of the temporo-parietal-occipital cortex in PTSD and emphasize the value of neuroimaging in revealing both the neurobiological effects of EMDR that determine the value of the structural surveys in predicting effectiveness.

Keywords: Neurobiology  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

83. Fernandez, B. R. (2010, December). Through the eyes of a child: A symbolic, narrative journey through complex childhood trauma. Pacifica Graduate Institute, Carpinteria, CA . 1490015.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This research examines how symbolic expression in the form of written autobiographical stories, dream images, and original art can heal the survivor of complex childhood trauma. Chronic neglect, witnessing and/or experiencing physical and sexual abuse, systematic humiliation, or other terrorizing experiences can lead to psychic fragmentation, disruptions in memory, and other adaptations that can cause lifelong suffering and functional impairment. These trauma sequelae concern psychotherapists and other professionals who treat survivors. Included is a discussion of attachment theory, brain development, memory, and other psychological experiences endured by childhood trauma survivors. Presented is the author's artistic, phenomenological, and hermeneutic engagement with healing such trauma through depth psychology, psychotherapy, and symbolic artistic representations including memoir. There is a focus on the importance of rebuilding self through the piecing together of coherent autobiographical narrative. It includes coverage of stages of recovery and various treatment approaches including EMDR, art therapy, and Jungian dreamwork.

Keywords: Art  Autobiographical Stories  Dream Images  Narration  Symbolic Expression  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

84. Zantvoord, J. (2012, November). Trauma focused psychotherapies from a neurodevelopmental perspective: fMRI and physiological pilot outcome data from a RCT conducted in the Netherlands with children suffering from PTSD. Symposium conducted at the 28th annual meeting of the ISTSS, Los Angeles, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Neurobiological treatment outcome studies in adults with PTSD have shown that successful treatment is associated with changes in activity of frontal brain areas and the amygdala, brain areas which are involved in fear conditioning and extinction. Frontal brain regions undergo considerable maturation during childhood and adolescence and only reach anatomical and functional maturity well within the third decade of life. In this light, results obtained in neurobiological studies in adults can’t be readily translated to children and adolescents. Neurobiological treatment outcome studies in children with PTSD are thus required, yet are almost nonexistent to date. Neurobiological treatment outcome studies addressing the mechanism involved in treatment response or non response can contribute to improve treatment strategies for non responders especially for treatment non responders and in time help clinicians to tailor treatment for individuals with PTSD. In this part of the symposium we will present treatment outcome data of our neurobiological pilot study conducted in children with PTSD in the Netherlands. Children aged 8 to 18 with PTSD were randomly assigned to receive either 8 sessions of manualized Trauma Focus cognitive behavioral therapy or EMDR. fMRI data of a working memory task with emotional distracters and physiological data obtained during script driven imagery will be presented. Treatment outcome results will be placed in a neurodevelopmental framework.

Keywords: Children, fMRI  Netherlands  Neurodevelopment  Pilot  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD  Random Control Trial  RCT  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

85. Unfried, N. (2003). Trauma und entwicklung: Physiologische und biologische veränderungen nach frühen kindlichen traumata und deren behandlungsmöglichkeit [Trauma and development: Physiologic and biologic variations after early infant traumatisations and attendance of them]. Zeitschrift für Psychotraumatologie und Psychologische Medizin (ZPPM), 1(3), 59-71.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Behandlung psychotraumatischer belastungsstörungen mit EMDR
Die Entwicklung des Kindes ist heutzutage als Prozess zu verstehen. Ein Kind ist dementsprechend zu jedem Zeitpunkt seiner Entwicklung "reif", einschließlich seines intrauterinen Lebens, d.h. es verfügt über die für die jeweilige Zeit notwenige Ausstattung. Von Beginn an erfolgt dieses mehr oder weniger störanfällige Geschehen mit anderen im aktiven intra- und interagierenden informativen, energetischen und stofflichen Austausch. An diesem Entwicklungsprozess nimmt der gesamte Körper, jede Zelle, einschließlich des Gehirns als Organ der sensomotorischen und psychophysischen Verarbeitung teil. Die Stressreaktion und Stress auf bewältigbarem Niveau hilft dem Kind kritische Phasen zu überstehen (Hüther, 1999). Jedoch führt nicht bewältigbarer Stress zu tiefgreifenden Veränderungen funktionell bis strukturell, wenn der Organismus keine neue Lösungsmöglichkeit findet. Mehrere Autoren belegen, dass traumatische Erlebnisse Veränderungen im limbischen System und Cortex zeigen können (Hüther, 1999; van den Kolk, 1998; Roth, 1998). Bei unkontrolliertem Stress (frühzeitig) kommt es zur Daueraktivierung der Amygdala und über die Amygdala zur Aktivierung mehrerer Systeme, unter anderem auch der Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennieren- Achse mit einem Ausschütten von Stresshormonen. Diese Daueraktivierung löst körperlich die Notfallreaktion im Sinne einer Schockreaktion aus, gleichzeitig führt sie zur Störung der Einspeicherung von Informationen in den Hippocampus. Die imaginativ-methodische Herangehensweise scheint für frühtraumatisierte Kinder und Jugendliche eine Möglichkeit zu sein, die dissoziierten Anteile der traumatischen Szene abzurufen und somit einen Weg zur Integration zu finden. Die therapeutische Beziehung ermöglicht das Wiedererleben der Schmerzen, der Angst, aber auch die Beendigung der traumatischen Situation. Es konnte gezeigt werden, wie die triggerabhängigen Projektionen bei den Kindern endeten und Veränderungen der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung nachweisbar waren. Der Erfahrungsbericht stellt ein vorläufiges Ergebnis dar.

Psychosocial treatment of traumatic stress disorders with EMDR
Children’s development is now understood as a process. Balance and imbalance are said to alternate with one another, and impaired functioning is to be seen as an inducement for further development. Even the early organism has the opportunity of finding a new level of organisation. Right from the beginning, this process, which is susceptible to disruption to a greater or lesser extent, takes place with others in an intra- and interactive exchange of energy and material. This developmental process involves the entire body, every cell, including the brain as the organ of sensomotoric and psychophysical processing. The stress reaction and stress at a manageable level help the child to survive critical periods (Hüther, 1999). However, stress that is not manageable leads to far-reaching changes, in both functional and structural terms, unless the organism finds new solutions. There are sensitive stages during prenatal development that give the brain a high degree of adaptability; however, they also make the embryo, foetus and young infant receptive for disruptive or even hostile influences can lead to changes in the limbic system and the cortex (Hüther 1999; van den Kolk 1998; Roth, 1998). In the event of (early) uncontrolled stress, the amygdala becomes permanently activated, and via the amygdala, several systems are also activated, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, by the secretion of stress hormones. This permanent activation triggers a physical emergency reaction in the sense of a shock reaction and at the same time leads to a disruption of the storage of information in the hippocampus. The imaginative approach to be a way for children and adolescents with early traumas to recall the dissociated parts of the traumatic scene and hence to find a way of integrating them. The therapeutic relationship allows the pain and fear to be reenacted, but also enables the traumatic situation to be brought to a close. It was able to be shown how the trigger-dependent projections stopped in the children, and changes in personality development were able to be observed. The report presents preliminary results.

Keywords: Attachment  Chidlren  Biologic Variations  Psysiologic Variations  Trauma  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

86. Diseth, T. H., & Christie, H. J. (2005, September). Trauma-related dissociative (conversion) disorders in children and adolescents – An overview of assessment tools and treatment principles. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 59(4), 278-292. doi:10.1080/08039480500213683.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A high proportion of patients in child and adolescent psychiatry with significant dissociative symptomatology after early childhood traumatization may go undiagnosed, be wrongly diagnosed and/or inappropriately treated. The diagnostics and treatment of dissociative disorders have been limited by lack of comprehensive, reliable and valid instruments and the ongoing polarization and fierce controversy regarding treatment. However, recent neurobiological findings of neurochemical, functional and structural cerebral consequences of early stressful childhood experiences point out a need for active, early and effective identification and treatment interventions. We present an update on assessment tools available in the Nordic countries, and an overview of different appropriate therapeutic intervention models for children and adolescents. A systematic overview of studies of dissociation in children and adolescent published over the last decade disclosed a total of 1019 references. The 465 papers describing aspects of assessment tools and/or treatment were studied in detail. Reliable and valid screening questionnaires and diagnostic interviews for children and adolescents now allow for effective early identification of dissociative disorders. A combination of individual psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy and family therapy are often required to handle dissociative disorders in children and adolescents. Cognitive-behavioural therapy, hypnotherapy, Eye-Movement Desensitization-Reprocessing (EMDR), psychodynamic therapy and an integrated approach are the main described psychotherapeutic approaches, but treatment of dissociation in children and adolescent does not require allegiance to any one particular treatment model. However, achievement of physical safety by providing a safe environment is a primary goal that supersedes any other therapeutic work. Assessments tools are now available, and appropriate therapeutic intervention models may hopefully contribute to reduce the risk of wrong diagnoses and inappropriate treatment of dissociative symptomatology in children and adolescents. However, controlled clinical trials of the various interventions and longitudinal outcome studies are needed.

Keywords: Adolescents  Children  Conversion Disorders  Empirical Study  Quantitative Study  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

87. Schubbe, O. (2006). Traumatherapie mit EMDR: Ein handbuch für die ausbildung [Trauma therapy with EMDR: A manual for the training]. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Language: German

Format: Book

Abstract:
"Traumatherapie mit EMDR" ist ein Trainingsmanual für Psychotherapeuten, die sich für eine Ausbildung in dieser Traumaverarbeitungsmethode interessieren oder sie in ihrer therapeutischen Arbeit bereits anwenden. EMDR steht für Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, deutsch: Desensibilisierung und Neubearbeitung mit Augenbewegungen. Es ist eine Technik therapeutischer Traumaverarbeitung und gleichzeitig eine innere Haltung und fast ein kleines Wunder. Die Methode folgt einer klaren Zielorientierung, um dysfunktionale Lernerfahrungen in funktionale verwandeln zu helfen. Ausgegangen wird davon, dass Menschen ein natürlicher Antrieb zu Wachstum und Integration von Erfahrung innewohnt. Der angeleitete EMDR-Prozess unterstützt die genaue Beobachtung und das differenzierte Erleben bewusstseinsfähiger innerer Prozesse und ein nachvollziehendes Verstehen und Akzeptieren von Zusammenhängen. Oft berichten die Klienten von spontanen inneren Einsichten, die sich mit den traumatischen Erinnerungen verbinden und anschließend zu neuen Gefühlen, Gedanken und Handlungen befähigen. Nach einer Einführung zur allgemeinen Psychotraumatologie und zum theoretischen Hintergrund werden empirische Erfahrungen m it EMDR berichtet. Der Schwerpunkt des Buches liegt auf der Erläuterung der praktischen Durchführung von EMDR. Dabei werden therapeutische Schwierigkeiten differenziert aufgegriffen, angemessene Umgangsweisen damit dargestellt, professionelles Affektmanagement und ressourcenorientiertes Arbeiten vorgestellt.

"Trauma Therapy with EMDR is a training manual for psychotherapists who are interested in training in this trauma processing method or apply them in their therapeutic work already. EMDR stands for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, German: desensitization and revised edition with eye movements. It is a technique of therapeutic trauma processing, while an inner attitude, and almost a small miracle. The method follows a clear goal orientation, to help transform learning experiences into functional dysfunctional. The starting point is the fact that inherent in a natural human impulse to growth and integration of experience. The guided EMDR process supports the close monitoring and the differentiated experience of becoming conscious of inner processes and understand understanding and accepting connections. Often, clients report of spontaneous internal insights that are combined with the traumatic memories and then to new feelings, thoughts and actions qualify. After a general introduction to psychological trauma and the theoretical background, empirical experience w ith EMDR are reported. The focus of the book is on explaining the practical application of EMDR. These therapeutic difficulties are addressed differentiated, appropriate ways of dealing presented thus presented professional resource-management and emotional work.

Keywords: Trauma  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

88. Marcus, S. (2007, June). Treating headaches with EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Headaches are the most common pain-related complaint and the seventh leading ailment seen in medical practice. Yearly, over 35% of the population is affected by tension-type headaches. Migraine headaches are a common condition with one-year prevalence rates around 15%. Prevalence rates generally peak in the third and fourth decades but for many migraines become a chronic condition requiring a lifetime of treatment.
Migraine sufferers are frequently disabled during their acute attacks. A 2001 study found that 90% of migraineurs reported functional impairment. 53% required bed rest and nearly 30% missed 1 day of work or school within a 3-month period. Migraine in the USA results in 112 million bedridden days per year. The cost of the migraine to the total American work force is estimated at $13 billion per year in missed work days and lost productivity. Direct medical costs (i.e., MD office visits, prescription medication claims, and hospitalizations) for migraine care average $1 billion annually. Clouse & Osterhaus (1994) found that migraineurs generate twice the medical claims and two times the pharmacy claims in HMO’s when compared to patients without migraines.
Considering the sheet number of individuals afflicted with migraine and tension headaches, the societal impact with increased medical costs, lost work days, and reduced productivity represent a major public health concern.
The pharmacologic therapies have long been the most common and widely used method of treating headaches. Unfortunately, pharmacologic treatments are ineffective or inadequate for a sizeable number of patients. One third of patients participating in clinical trials with oral triptans fail to respond. Moreover, fewer than half become pain-free, which is the primary efficacy measure recommended by the International Headache Society. Reasons for considering an EMDR treatment for migraine and tension headaches are patient preferences for non-pharmacologic interventions, pregnancy, planned pregnancy or nursing, deficient stress coping skills, medication rebound, patient overuse of medications, medical contraindications, and poor medication tolerance.
In view of the state of the art of current headache treatment an EMDR approach that can eliminate severe headache pain in less time than an oral medication (20 to 30 min) and within 5 to 10 sessions may reduce frequency, duration and intensity of future headaches could result in a decrease in medication utilization, physician visits and overall medical costs, with an improvement in patient satisfaction. This would be a welcome addition to current headache treatments.
This workshop will employ lecture, demonstration and actual practice of an integrated EMDR approach. The purpose of this teaching strategy is to prepare you for clinical practice. Objectives include understanding headache etiology, headache trigger identification, threshold theory, training in the EMDR protocol used in Dr. Marcus’s migraine research, discussion of protocol utilization in clinical practice, informed consent, transference issues, and discussion of the role of provider when deploying this approach. This workshop is for advanced EMDR practitioners but previous experience in headache treatment is not required.

Keywords: Headaches  Health Problems  Illness  Pain  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

89. Nijdam, M., Pol, M. V. D., Dekens, R., Olff, M., & Denys, D. (2013). Treatment of sexual trauma dissolves contamination fear. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3(0). doi:10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.19157.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: In patients with co-morbid obsessive−compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), repetitive behavior patterns, rituals, and compulsions may ward off anxiety and often function as a coping strategy to control reminders of traumatic events. Therefore, addressing the traumatic event may be crucial for successful treatment of these symptoms.
Objective: In this case report, we describe a patient with comorbid OCD and PTSD who underwent pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.
Methods: Case Report. A 49-year-old Dutch man was treated for severe PTSD and moderately severe OCD resulting from anal rape in his youth by an unknown adult man.
Results: The patient was treated with paroxetine (60 mg), followed by nine psychotherapy sessions in which eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) techniques were applied. During psychotherapy, remission of the PTSD symptoms preceded remission of the OCD symptoms. Conclusions: This study supports the idea of a functional connection between PTSD and OCD. Successfully processing the trauma results in diminished anxiety associated with trauma reminders and subsequently decreases the need for obsessive−compulsive symptoms.

Keywords: Combined Treatment  Comorbidity  Obsessive Compulsive Disorder  OCD  Pharmacological Treatment  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Psychotherapy  PTSD  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

90. Klaus, P. (2005, June). The use of EMDR in medical and somatic problems. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Clients facing medical or somatic conditions may present for psychotherapy with fears about the illness, anxiety about treatment, trepidation about the medical system. and concern about their ability to heal. Many clients suffer from chronic conditions, which undermine their lives, leaving them feeling less functional than desired. Some conditions may be the result of somatization due to childhood trauma, chronic stress, long-term interpersonal problems, or maladaptive patterns established early in life. Therapy includes several levels of investigation. including current and past symptom and psychosocial history. Clinicians will learn about a multilayered approach for assessment and developing targets for EMDR processing.

Keywords: Medical Problems  Somatic Problems  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

91. Klaus, P. H. (1995, June). The use of EMDR in medical and somatic problems. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Patients facing medical problems present for psychotherapy with a variety of concerns which include: distress or fears about the illness or condition itself (i.e., cancer, need for surgery, etc.); anxiety about various aspects of the treatment they need to undergo; and some have trepidation about interaction with medical personnel. At the same time, patients may also be concerned about the strength or weakness of their bodies to heal. In addition, many patients suffer from chronic conditions which occur in either acute or chronic episodes and undermine their lives, leaving them feeling debilitated and less functional than desired (i.e., asthma, migraine, functional bowel distress, PMS). Some aspects of illness may be the result of somatization due to childhood trauma, secondary gain, unconscious need to mask strong negative affect; Dissociative disorders or conversion reactions; as well as acute or chronic stress. History-taking includes, 1) a description of the condition, 2) the patient's perceptions or beliefs about the illness, 3) the patient's experience with the medical system, 4) the patient's medical and personal goals. Personal history should include, 1) current life issues and past stressors, 2) significant life events, as well as the patient's pattern of coping. EMDR in association with other psychotherapeutic techniques such as hypnosis is useful in the following ways; A) to desensitize negative or traumatic events associated with medical treatments; B) to uncover as appropriate, stress-related or psychological factors which may either exacerbate or be causal to the condition; C) to more quickly gain access to underlying factors which may block healing; D) to activate the patient's own potential to heal; E) to enable the patient to project oneself with hope into the future. Specific cases using EMDR along with other psychotherapeutic techniques will be presented.

Keywords: Medical Problems  Somatic Problems  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

92. Klaus, P. (2007, June). The use of EMDR in medical and somatic problems. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Clients facing medical problems or experiencing somatic conditions may present for psychotherapy with a variety of concerns which include: distress or fears about the illness or condition itself (e.g., cancer, anxiety about various aspects of the treatment they need to undergo, surgery, etc., and some trepidation and genitive experiences from their interaction with the medical system or medical personnel, causing secondary trauma, Clients may also be concerned about the strength or weakness of their own bodies to heal immune system, mind/body potential). Many clients suffer from chronic conditions, which occur in either acute or chronic episodes and undermine their lives, leaving them feeling debilitated and less functional than desired (i.e., asthsma, migraine, bowel problems, ulcerative colitis, Cohn’s disease, PMS, insomnia). Some aspects of illness may be the result of somatization due to childhood trauma, secondary gain (a defense against strong feelings), unconscious need to mask strong negative affect; dissociative disorders of co aversion reactions; as well as acute or chronic stress. Some chronic symptoms may be due to long-term interpersonal problems. Clients may be suffering from maladaptive patterns established during infancy or childhood creating pervasive dysfunction in one’s sense of self, one’s relationships, or in one’s life function. Psychosomatic conditions may result.
History taking includes several levels of investigation, including current and past psychosocial and symptom history, looking for premorbid or comorbid conditions, and helping clients uncover related trauma as well as unrecognized strengths. Since a number of somatic and medical problems often have their origins in more obscure beginnings, this method helps reveal a deeper and more comprehensive history taking and decision-making process to help the clinician choose the level of complexity to use in the face of a client’s physical or emotional distress. This process may enable the clinician to help the client more quickly gain access to underlying factors which may block healing. Along with a clearer picture of the condition, integrating a variety of healing mechanisms with EMDR provides an individualized approach to activate the client’s own potential to heal.

Keywords: Health Problems  Medical Problems  Somatic Problems  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

93. Klaus, P. (2008, June). The use of EMDR in somatic & medical problems: Special emphasis on early life interventions. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Clients facing medical problems or experiencing somatic conditions present for psychotherapy with a variety of concerns which include: distress or fears about the illness or condition itself i.e., cancer, anxiety about various aspects of the treatment they need to undergo, surgery, etc., and some have trepidation and negative experiences from their interaction with the medical system or medical personnel, causing secondary trauma. Clients may also be concerned about the strength or weakness of their own bodies to heal (immune system, mind/body potential). Many clients suffer from chronic conditions, which occur in either acute or chronic episodes and undermine their lives, leaving them feeling debilitated and less functional than desired (i.e., asthma, migraine, bowel problems, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, PMS, insomnia). Some aspects of illness may be the result of somatisation due to childhood trauma, secondary gain (a defence against strong feelings), unconscious need to mask strong negative affect; dissociative disorders or conversion reactions; as well as acute or chronic stress. Some chronic symptoms may be due to long-term interpersonal problems. Clients may be suffering from maladaptive patterns established during infancy or childhood creating pervasive dysfunction in one’s sense of self, one’s relationships, or in one’s life function. Psychosomatic conditions my result. History taking includes several levels of investigation, including current and past psychosocial and symptom history, looking for pre-morbid or co-morbid conditions, and helping clients uncover related traumas as well as unrecognized strengths. Clinicians will learn a special multi-layered approach for assessment and developing targets for EMDR processing.

Keywords: Early Life Interventions  Medical Problems  Somatic Problems  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

94. Donneau, D., Barry, S., Heteau, C., Hamrioui, M., Journniac, K., Ferric, O., Heron, A., & Paris, P. (2012, Decembre). Utilisation de l'outil EMDR pour améliorer la prise en charge des psycho-traumatismes dans un service d'urgence psychiatrique [Using EMDR tool to improve the management of psychological trauma in a psychiatric emergency service ]. Poster présenté au 40ème Congrès annuel de l'Association Française de Thérapie comportementale cognitive de et), Paris, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Problématique : L’outil thérapeutique EMDR est recommandé par l’HAS dans la prise en charge du psycho-traumatisme. Mais comment le mettre en place en pratique dans nos unités d’urgence psychiatrique ? Méthode : La structuration suit les 8 phases du protocole validé, dont la « préparation » où l’on détermine l’indication et les cibles à traiter , une phase « ressources » indispensable dans les traumatismes complexes et en cas de risque de déstabilisation. Enfin, la phase de « désensibilisation des cognitions inadaptées et « d’installation » des cognitions plus adaptées amenant à une restructuration cognitive. Résultats : 83 patients (sex ratio=0.76) ont mobilisé 330 interventions, soit 3.9 interventions/patient en moyenne. Ces PEC ont conduit à 6% de séances complètes de désensibilisation à l’impact de souvenir traumatique, 10% de séances incomplètes de désensibilisation, 13% d’arrêts précoces en raison d’une déstabilisation persistante ce qui est la Contre-Indication fonctionnelle principale . Dans le cas des traumatismes récents, l’efficience de l’EMDR a été confirmée avec un nombre moyen de 3 séances de 90 min par patient, permettant d’obtenir une désensibilisation complète. Dans les cas de traumatismes complexes, le nombre de séances de préparation est plus important (>5 séances) car ils nécessitent une recherche de ressources. Discussion : L’EMDR est un outil utilisable aux urgences psychiatriques qui peut être très efficace dans le cas de traumatismes récents et simples. Le protocole est structurant et permet ainsi une bonne implication des patients et des intervenants. Mais cela nécessite une formation exigeante et couteuse. L’organisation est plus difficile dans le cas des traumatismes complexes, anciens, avec comorbidités psychiatriques. L’espacement des séances de 10j est difficile à respecter en pratique hospitalière, elles sont chronophages et fatigantes, aussi bien pour le soigné que le soignant. Projet : à la suite de cette observation, démontrer en 2013 que cette approche pourrait réduire la durée d’hospitalisation et la fréquence des récidives dans les cas de troubles de la personnalité souvent associés à des traumatismes anciens en permettant en quelque sorte d’activer une restructuration cognitive.

Problem: The EMDR therapeutic tool is recommended by the HAS in the management of psychological trauma. But how to set up in practice in our emergency psychiatric units? Method: The structure follows the eight phases of the validated protocol, the "preparation" where we determine the indication and the target process, a phase "resources" essential in complex trauma and in case of risk of destabilization. Finally, the phase of "desensitization inadequate cognitions and" installation "cognitions leading to a more appropriate cognitive restructuring. Results: 83 patients (sex ratio = 0.76) mobilized 330 interventions, or 3.9 interventions / patient on average. These PEC led to 6% of full sessions of desensitization to the impact of traumatic memories, 10% incomplete desensitization sessions, 13% of stops early due to a persistent destabilization which is the main functional Counter Indication . In the case of recent trauma, EMDR efficiency was confirmed with an average of 3 sessions of 90 minutes per patient to obtain a complete desensitization. In cases of complex trauma, the number of preparation sessions is larger (> 5 sessions) because they require research resources. Discussion: EMDR is a useful tool for psychiatric emergencies that can be very effective in the case of recent trauma and simple. The protocol allows structuring and good involvement of patients and stakeholders. But it requires a demanding and costly. The organization is more difficult in the case of complex trauma, elders with psychiatric comorbidities. The spacing of sessions 10j is difficult to achieve in hospital practice, they are time consuming and tiring for both the cared caregiver. Project as a result of this observation, in 2013 demonstrate that this approach could reduce the duration of hospitalization and the frequency of relapses in cases of personality disorders often associated with trauma Oldest to somehow activate a cognitive restructuring.

Keywords: Emergency Service  Trauma  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

95. Nutting, R. W. (1996, June). Working with couples:  The use of EMDR in relationship counseling. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Assocation, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
It is well recognised that child abuse can result in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in a developing child. One of the outcomes of trauma is the development of irrational, self-denigrating cognitions or beliefs which helps that child survive and protects (that child) from further damage. However, these cognitions can become the overriding beliefs driving behaviour well into adulthood, this providing the basis for much adult behaviour, including behaviour in relationships. Some individuals find relationships traumatic and have difficulty coping with them. If their experience of childhood relationships was traumatic, then entering into any relationship can trigger emotions associated with the earlier trauma. In working with couples over a long period of time it has been found that it is the negative self-referencing cognitions held by one or both (usually both) partners that are responsible for much of the disagreement and dysfunction occurring with the relationship. At first it is the positive interaction between the two belief systems that unites the couple, but it is this same interaction that later becomes negative and eventually causes conflict typically one to two years following marriage. Once the negative cognitions have been identified, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been shown to be successful in being able to resolve the original traumas and to transform negative cognitions into more positive self-referencing cognitions as well as assist in the assimilation of more positive beliefs within each individual, thus producing changed behaviours and a resolution of some major relationship issues. EMDR can be used to empower individuals in a relationship to create the major shifts necessary to enable them to increase the possibility of a more functional relationship.

Keywords: Couples Therapy  

Accuracy Verified: Yes