Francine Shapiro Library ~ EMDR Bibliography

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1. [Chang Sue-Hwang, & Lin C.-P.]. （2004年9月）. 從快速眼動到EM在EMDR的：跳視眼球運動和變化的語義關係的強度 [From REM to EM in EMDR: Saccadic eye movements and change of strength of semantic associations]. 在提交的文件第43次年度會議在台灣心理學會，研討會焦慮症：心理素質，調解員和治療問題。政大大學，台北，台灣，9月26日。（國科會92 -2815- C型002 -072- H）的 [Presentation at the 43rd Annual Conferences on Taiwan Psychological Association, Symposium on Anxiety Disorders: Diatheses, Mediators and Therapeutic Implications. Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan, September 26. (NSC 92-2815-C-002-072-H)].

Language: Chinese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
研讨会焦虑症：糖尿病，调解员和治疗的影响;（国科会92 - 2825 -架C - 002 - 072 - H）的研究背景及目的：本研究从快速眼动睡眠的眼动脱敏和再加工（EMDR）治疗的可能机制依赖内存后处理模型（夏皮罗，1995年; Stickgold，2002年）的建议，通过睡眠诱导活化的弱协会在REM国家和新兴市场在联想记忆改变运作为REM睡眠融入一般语义记忆创伤的情节记忆。该协会的新兴市场对语义变化的影响后，跳视眼球运动是双边审查了本研究。方法：22名大学生被招募参加者。通过语义启动的任务，一个2（眼球运动情况：水平跳视眼球运动主场迎战没有眼球运动）× 2（语义关联的强度：强主场迎战弱）因子之间的题目设计进行审查的EM在变化的影响强度为否定词的语义联想。为负的刺激弱协会primeability改变反对强者来，根据不同的电磁环境进行了比较。结果：2 × 2方差分析结果表明了显着的主要电磁效应和电磁×语义联想实力显着交互作用，显示弱吸大大超过了强大的电磁吸后，而恰恰相反后非统。结论：研究结果呼应快速眼动睡眠相关记忆加工模式，认为在EMDR电磁可能反映了联想记忆系统通过激活不同的语义相关的词负语义节点协会不同强度的转变。对心理治疗的可能性和未来研究的结果所造成的影响进行了讨论。

Symposium on Anxiety Disorders: Diabetes, Mediators and Therapeutic Implications; (NSC 92-2825-C-002-072-H) Research background & aims: This study examined possible therapeutic mechanisms of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) from REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model (Shapiro, 1995; Stickgold, 2002) that proposed that sleep induced change in associative memory via activation of weak association during REM state and EMs functioned as REM sleep to integrate the episodic memory of trauma into general semantic memory. The effect of EM on change of semantic associations after saccadic bilateral eye movements was examined in the present study. Methods: Twenty two college students were recruited as participants. Via semantic priming task, a 2 (eye movement condition: horizontal saccadic eye movements vs. no eye movements) × 2 (strength of semantic association: strong vs. weak) between subject factorial design was performed to examine the effect of EM on change of strength of semantic association for negative words. Change of primeability of weak associations for negative stimuli as opposed to that of strong ones under different EM conditions was compared. Results: The 2 × 2 ANOVA showed a significant main effect for EM and a significant interaction effect of EM × strength of semantic association, indicating that weak priming significantly exceeded strong priming after EM, while the opposite was true after non-EM. Conclusions: The results echoed REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, suggesting that EM in EMDR might reflect a shift in associative memory systems by activating different strength of associations of negative semantic nodes for different semantically related words. The implications of the results for psychotherapy and future research possibilities are discussed.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Postttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD REM REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Saccadic Eye Movement Semantic Association Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

2. 大河原美以 [Mii Ogawara] (2010年1月). 感情制御の発達不全とその回復--嘔吐経験がトラウマとなった小学生事例の治療経過から (第1土曜特集原始感覚と情動--生体防御系としての情動機構とその破綻) [Under developed affect regulation and therapeutic process: Case reports of the children who were traumatized by the experiences of vomiting]. 医学のあゆみ 232(1), 33-37 [History of Medicine, 232(1), 33-37].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Keywords: Elementary School Emotional Regulation Vomiting

Accuracy Verified: Yes

3. 李元華 [Li Yuan-Hua]. (2008). 眼動在眼動減敏訊息再處理法中的療效機制探討：干擾自然眼動對回憶的影響 [The therapeutic mechanism of eye movements in EMDR: The effect of interrupting spontaneous eye movements during recollections]. 國立台灣大學心理學研究所，台灣 [National Taiwan University Graduate Institute of Psychology, Taiwan].

Language: Chinese

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
李元華眼動在眼動減敏訊息再處理法中的療效機制探討：干擾自然眼動對回憶的影響臺灣大學
本研究探討雙側眼動在眼動減敏訊息再處理法(Eye movement Desensitization and reprocessing; EMDR)中的所扮演的角色，過去研究認為雙側眼動可以降低回憶時的影像鮮明度與情緒強度。本研究除了擬再次驗證此一論點外，同時也提出進一步的假設：雙側眼動干擾了個體在回憶創傷經驗時的自然眼動，進而降低其在回憶時的影像畫面清晰度以及情緒強度。參與者為132名的修習普通心理學的台大學生。本研究操弄三種不同的眼動方式來探討不同的眼動干擾對正、負向自傳式回憶的影像鮮明程度、情緒強度以及心跳速率的影響，並且也記錄了參與者在回憶時自然眼動的方向性，即CLEMs (Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements)。本研究所操弄的眼動變項為眼動組、凝視組以及自然回憶組，眼動組又可分為水平眼動以及垂直眼動二操弄組、凝視組又可分為左凝視與右凝視二操弄組。結果顯示CLEMs的方向性在正負向回憶中是一致的，整體來說偏右向次數大於左向，此並不符合情緒側化理論或情緒右腦理論。另外，相較於非眼動組，眼動組對鮮明度與情緒強度的下降程度最大，凝視組次之，自然回憶組則有上升趨勢。在眼動組中水平或垂直眼動的操弄在鮮明度與情緒強度上並無差異，而凝視組中的右凝視操弄組對影像鮮明度以及情緒強度的下降程度較左凝視操弄組大，此結果並不支持水平雙側眼動的特別療效，也不支持情緒側化理論，而較可能支持情緒右腦理論。在負向回憶時的心跳速率指標方面，眼動組並無上升趨勢，但非眼動組則有上升趨勢出現。研究結果支持眼動干擾了個體在回憶創傷經驗時的自然眼動，進而降低其在回憶時的影像畫面清晰度以及情緒強度。本研究最後對各眼動理論做了討論以提出整合性的觀點。

This study examines the role of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Previous studies have pointed that eye movements could decrease the vividness and emotionality during imagery. Besides replicating previous studies, this study proposes a hypothesis: bilateral eye movements interrupt the patients’ spontaneous eye movements during traumatic recollections and decrease the vividness and emotionality of imagery. Participants are 132 NTU undergraduate students enrolled in the general psychology course. This study manipulates three conditions of eye movements in order to realize the effect of different interruptions to vividness, emotionality and heart rate during positive and negative autobiographic recollections. It also records the directions of spontaneous eye movements during recall, namely CLEMs (Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements). The three conditions of the experiment are eye movement, gaze and mere imagery conditions. The eye movement condition is divided into horizontal and vertical movement groups and the gaze condition is divided into left and right gaze groups. Results show that the directions of CLEMs in positive and negative recollections are coherent, however the numbers of rightward gazes are more than leftward gazes. The valence-specific laterality hypothesis and the right hemisphere hypothesis of emotion both are not supported by the findings of CLEMs. In addition, the strongest interruption of vividness and emotionality is eye movement condition, followed by the gaze condition, while increasing in mere imagery condition. Vividness and emotionality are not significantly different between the horizontal and the vertical eye movement groups in the eye movement condition, however, the interruption of vividness and emotionality in the right gaze group is stronger than the left gaze group. According to these findings, the special effect of horizontal eye movements is not supported, neither is valence-specific laterality hypothesis. However, The right hemisphere hypothesis may be supported. In negative recollections, the heart rate does not have any trend in the eye movement condition, but increasing in gaze condition and nearly increasing in mere imagery condition. In summary, the results support the hypothesis: bilateral eye movements interrupt the patients’ spontaneous eye movements during traumatic recollections and decrease the vividness and emotionality of imagery. Lastly, the study discusses the theories of eye movements in EMDR, and proposes an integrated perspective.[Author abstract]

Keywords: Autobiographic Memory Eye Movement Valence-Specific Hypothesis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

4. 李元華 [Li YuanHua] (2008). 眼動在眼動減敏訊息再處理法中的療效機制探討：干擾自然眼動對回憶的影響 [The Therapeutic Mechanism of Eye Movements in EMDR: The effect of interrupting spontaneous eye movements during recollections]. 國立台灣大學，台灣 [National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of PsychologyTaiwan].

Language: Chinese

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
本研究探討的作用眼球運動在眼動脫敏和再加工（EMDR的）。以往的研究指出，眼球運動能降低生動性和情感中的圖像。除了複製以前的研究，本研究提出一個假設：雙側眼球運動中斷了病人的自發性眼球運動創傷的回憶中，減少了生動性和情感性的意象。參加者為 132台大本科生參加了普通心理學課程。本研究操縱三個條件眼球運動，以實現不同的效果中斷生動，情緒和心率在正面和負面的自傳回憶。它也記錄眼球運動方向的自發召回期間，即克萊姆斯（共軛側眼動）。這三個條件的實驗是眼球運動，僅僅是圖像的目光和條件。眼動條件分為水平和垂直運動的團體和凝視條件分為左，右的目光群體。結果表明，該方向的克萊姆斯在正面和負面的回憶是一致的，但數字的右向左凝視超過凝視。價的具體偏側假說和右半球假說的情感都是不支持的調查結果克萊姆斯。此外，最強的中斷生動，情感的是眼睛的運行狀況，其次是凝視條件，而僅僅是提高圖像的條件。生動性和情緒之間沒有顯著不同的水平和垂直眼球運動團體在眼球運動狀況，但是，中斷的生動性和情緒在右凝視組強於左側凝視小組。根據這些發現，特效水平眼球運動不支持，也不是價的具體偏側假說。然而，右半球假說可能得到支持。在負的回憶，心率沒有任何的趨勢，在眼球運動的條件，但越來越多的目光幾乎增加條件和單純的意象條件。總之，結果支持這一假設：雙側眼球運動中斷了病人的自發性眼球運動創傷的回憶中，減少了生動性和情感性的意象。最後，本研究探討的理論眼球運動在EMDR的，並提出一個綜合觀點。

This study examines the role of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Previous studies have pointed that eye movements could decrease the vividness and emotionality during imagery. Besides replicating previous studies, this study proposes a hypothesis: bilateral eye movements interrupt the patients’ spontaneous eye movements during traumatic recollections and decrease the vividness and emotionality of imagery. Participants are 132 NTU undergraduate students enrolled in the general psychology course. This study manipulates three conditions of eye movements in order to realize the effect of different interruptions to vividness, emotionality and heart rate during positive and negative autobiographic recollections. It also records the directions of spontaneous eye movements during recall, namely CLEMs (Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements). The three conditions of the experiment are eye movement, gaze and mere imagery conditions. The eye movement condition is divided into horizontal and vertical movement groups and the gaze condition is divided into left and right gaze groups. Results show that the directions of CLEMs in positive and negative recollections are coherent, however the numbers of rightward gazes are more than leftward gazes. The valence-specific laterality hypothesis and the right hemisphere hypothesis of emotion both are not supported by the findings of CLEMs. In addition, the strongest interruption of vividness and emotionality is eye movement condition, followed by the gaze condition, while increasing in mere imagery condition. Vividness and emotionality are not significantly different between the horizontal and the vertical eye movement groups in the eye movement condition, however, the interruption of vividness and emotionality in the right gaze group is stronger than the left gaze group. According to these findings, the special effect of horizontal eye movements is not supported, neither is valence-specific laterality hypothesis. However, The right hemisphere hypothesis may be supported. In negative recollections, the heart rate does not have any trend in the eye movement condition, but increasing in gaze condition and nearly increasing in mere imagery condition. In summary, the results support the hypothesis: bilateral eye movements interrupt the patients’ spontaneous eye movements during traumatic recollections and decrease the vividness and emotionality of imagery. Lastly, the study discusses the theories of eye movements in EMDR, and proposes an integrated perspective.

Keywords: Autobiographic Memory Valence-Specific Hypothesis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5. 李元華, 張素凰 [Li Yuan-Hua, & Chang Sue Hwang] (2008). 眼動在眼動減敏訊息再處理法中的療效機制探討：干擾自然 [The therapeutic mechanism of eye movements in EMDR: the effect of interrupting spontaneous eye movements during recollections]. 臺灣大學:心理學研究所 [Taiwan: Institute of Psychology].

Language: Chinese

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
本研究探討雙側眼動在眼動減敏訊息再處理法(Eye movement Desensitization and reprocessing; EMDR)中的所扮演的角色，過去研究認為雙側眼動可以降低回憶時的影像鮮明度與情緒強度。本研究除了擬再次驗證此一論點外，同時也提出進一步的假設：雙側眼動干擾了個體在回憶創傷經驗時的自然眼動，進而降低其在回憶時的影像畫面清晰度以及情緒強度。參與者為132 名的修習普通心理學的台大學生。本研究操弄三種不同的眼動方式來探討不同的眼動干擾對正、負向自傳式回憶的影像鮮明程度、情緒強度以及心跳速率的影響，並且也記錄了參與者在回憶時自然眼動的方向性，即CLEMs (Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements)。本研究所操弄的眼動變項為眼動組、凝視組以及自然回憶組，眼動組又可分為水平眼動以及垂直眼動二操弄組、凝視組又可分為左凝視與右凝視二操弄組。結果顯示CLEMs 的方向性在正負向回憶中是一致的，整體來說偏右向次數大於左向，此並不符合情緒側化理論或情緒右腦理論。另外，相較於非眼動組，眼動組對鮮明度與情緒強度的下降程度最大，凝視組次之，自然回憶組則有上升趨勢。在眼動組中水平或垂直眼動的操弄在鮮明度與情緒強度上並無差異，而凝視組中的右凝視操弄組對影像鮮明度以及情緒強度的下降程度較左凝視操弄組大，此結果並不支持水平雙側眼動的特別療效，也不支持情緒側化理論，而較可能支持情緒右腦理論。在負向回憶時的心跳速率指標方面，眼動組並無上升趨勢，但非眼動組則有上升趨勢出現。研究結果支持眼動干擾了個體在回憶創傷經驗時的自然眼動，進而降低其在回憶時的影像畫面清晰度以及情緒強度。本研究最後對各眼動理論做了討論以提出整合性的觀點。

This study examines the role of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Previous studies have pointed that eye movements could decrease the vividness and emotionality during imagery. Besides replicating previous studies, this study proposes a hypothesis: bilateral eye movements interrupt the patients’ spontaneous eye movements during traumatic recollections and decrease the vividness and emotionality of imagery. Participants are 132 NTU undergraduate students enrolled in the general psychology course. This study manipulates three conditions of eye movements in order to realize the effect of different interruptions to vividness, emotionality and heart rate during positive and negative autobiographic recollections. It also records the directions of spontaneous eye movements during recall, namely CLEMs (Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements). The three conditions of the experiment are eye movement, gaze and mere imagery conditions. The eye movement condition is divided into horizontal and vertical movement groups and the gaze condition is divided into left and right gaze groups. Results show that the directions of CLEMs in positive and negative recollections are coherent, however the numbers of rightward gazes are more than leftward gazes. The valence-specific laterality hypothesis and the right hemisphere hypothesis of emotion both are not supported by the findings of CLEMs. In addition, the strongest interruption of vividness and emotionality is eye movement condition, followed by the gaze condition, while increasing in mere imagery condition. Vividness and emotionality are not significantly different between the horizontal and the vertical eye movement groups in the eye movement condition, however, the interruption of vividness and emotionality in the right gaze group is stronger than the left gaze group. According to these findings, the special effect of horizontal eye movements is not supported, neither is valence-specific laterality hypothesis. However, The right hemisphere hypothesis may be supported. In negative recollections, the heart rate does not have any trend in the eye movement condition, but increasing in gaze condition and nearly increasing in mere imagery condition. In summary, the results support the hypothesis: bilateral eye movements interrupt the patients’ spontaneous eye movements during traumatic recollections and decrease the vividness and emotionality of imagery. Lastly, the study discusses the theories of eye movements in EMDR, and proposes an integrated perspective.This study examines the role of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Previous studies have pointed that eye movements could decrease the vividness and emotionality during imagery. Besides replicating previous studies, this study proposes a hypothesis: bilateral eye movements interrupt the patients’ spontaneous eye movements during traumatic recollections and decrease the vividness and emotionality of imagery. Participants are 132 NTU undergraduate students enrolled in the general psychology course. This study manipulates three conditions of eye movements in order to realize the effect of different interruptions to vividness, emotionality and heart rate during positive and negative autobiographic recollections. It also records the directions of spontaneous eye movements during recall, namely CLEMs (Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements). The three conditions of the experiment are eye movement, gaze and mere imagery conditions. The eye movement condition is divided into horizontal and vertical movement groups and the gaze condition is divided into left and right gaze groups. Results show that the directions of CLEMs in positive and negative recollections are coherent, however the numbers of rightward gazes are more than leftward gazes. The valence-specific laterality hypothesis and the right hemisphere hypothesis of emotion both are not supported by the findings of CLEMs. In addition, the strongest interruption of vividness and emotionality is eye movement condition, followed by the gaze condition, while increasing in mere imagery condition. Vividness and emotionality are not significantly different between the horizontal and the vertical eye movement groups in the eye movement condition, however, the interruption of vividness and emotionality in the right gaze group is stronger than the left gaze group. According to these findings, the special effect of horizontal eye movements is not supported, neither is valence-specific laterality hypothesis. However, The right hemisphere hypothesis may be supported. In negative recollections, the heart rate does not have any trend in the eye movement condition, but increasing in gaze condition and nearly increasing in mere imagery condition. In summary, the results support the hypothesis: bilateral eye movements interrupt the patients’ spontaneous eye movements during traumatic recollections and decrease the vividness and emotionality of imagery. Lastly, the study discusses the theories of eye movements in EMDR, and proposes an integrated perspective.

Keywords: autobiographic Memory Eye Movements Valence-Specific Hypothesis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

6. 陳致豪 [Chen Chih-Hao]. (2004). 眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效 [The efficacy of eye movement and positive cognition components of EMDR in the treatment of cockroach phobia]. 國立台灣大學心理學研究所 [National Taiwan University Graduate Institute of Psychology].

Language: Chinese

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
陳致豪眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效
眼動減敏訊息再處理法（Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing; EMDR）是Shapiro（1989a, 1989b）所發展的一套治療方法，最早被用來治療創傷後壓力疾患（post traumatic stress disorder; PTSD，後來也被認為對其他心理疾患具有療效。雖然Shapiro認為眼動程序可以加速訊息處理並降低個案的焦慮與困擾，不同治療變項的療效仍待由控制性研究法進一步釐清。本研究以部分減除（dismantling）的方式，運用實驗法來探討「眼動」與「正向認知」對懼蟑症治療效果的影響。藉2（有眼動、無眼動）× 2（正向認知、減敏延長）受試者間設計，探討單一治療次對懼蟑症者的治療效果。受試者為自大樣本篩選出的40名懼怕蟑螂的大學女生。研究結果顯示治療程序的主要效果顯著，四組的療效相當。在治療階段中，受試者主觀害怕程度、對負向認知之相信程度皆呈顯著的線性下降；對正向認知之相信程度則僅眼動組呈顯著線性上升。雖然生理指標（心跳速率）在前測時顯著較基線時高，而在後測時回復至接近基線水準，但就微觀歷程分析，治療階段中各組之心跳速率變化為，在第一階段內逐漸上升，階段間休息時心跳速率略為降低，在第二階段開始又逐漸上升。本研究結果亦顯示，就微觀的治療歷程（micro process）而言，在正向認知的治療情境中，僅眼動組的受試者對正向認知之相信程度逐漸提高。在治療效果上，雖曝露法（exposure）本身便具有療效；但眼動能夠進一步促進受試者第二階段中正向認知的相信程度（可能藉由促進訊息處理）。就巨觀的療效指標而言，雖然單一治療次在各組皆有顯著的療效，但是正向認知對療效的影響無組別差異，該療效指標可能需要較多的治療次始能反映出來。本研究亦就研究結果所顯示的意義與未來的研究方向提出討論

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989a, 1989b) was initially used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and later has been thought to be effective in treating other psychological disorders also. Shapiro suggested that eye movement procedure could accelerate information processing and further reduced the client’s anxiety and disturbance. However, psychotherapy evaluation regarding crucial therapeutic parameters awaits elucidation. This dismantling study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of eye movement and positive cognition on phobias. Specifically, via a 2×2 between subject design, with “eye movement/non eye movement” and “treatment process” being two independent variables, a total of 40 female university students with fear of cockroaches were screened and recruited from introductory psychology class to explore the treatment effect of those two components. The results showed that, according to macro therapeutic indices, the effect of therapy was significant, and was not significantly different among groups. As to micro treatment process, while the participants’ SUDs decreased linearly, and so did the negative cognition VOCs, the positive cognition VOCs increased linearly only for the eye movement condition. In addition, while for macro index, the physical index, heart rate, was significantly higher at pre-test than at baseline and returned to baseline at post-test, the process measures indicated that heart rate increased during the first treatment stage, returned during rest period, and increased again during the second treatment stage. According to the micro process, the results also suggested that when presented with positive cognition participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions increased only for the eye movement condition. As to the therapeutic effects, although exposure by itself might be effective, eye movement could further promote participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions at the second treatment stage, probably by facilitating information processing. Nonetheless, regarding macro therapeutic index, there were equal therapeutic effects across groups within one-session therapy, and the superiority of positive cognition installation remained obscure, which implied that to become obvious more sessions might be called for. The implications of the present results and further research possibilities are postulated.

Keywords: Cockroach Phobia Eye Movement Phobia Positive Cognition Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

7. 陳致豪張素凰 [Chen Zhi-Hao, & Chang Sue-Hwang]. (2004年9月). 眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效國立台灣 [The efficacy of eye movement and positive cognition components of EMDR in the treatment of cockroach phobias]. 紙發表於第43屆年會台灣心理學會會議上，研討會焦慮症：心理素質，調解員和治療問題。政治大學，台北，台灣 [Presentation at the 43rd Annual Conferences on Taiwan Psychological Association, Symposium on Anxiety Disorders: Diatheses, Mediators and Therapeutic Implications. Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan].

Language: Chinese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
眼動減敏訊息再處理法（Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing; EMDR）是Shapiro（1989a, 1989b）所發展的一套治療方法，最早被用來治療創傷後壓力疾患（post traumatic stress disorder; PTSD，後來也被認為對其他心理疾患具有療效。雖然Shapiro 認為眼動程序可以加速訊息處理並降低個案的焦慮與困擾，不同治療變項的療效仍待由控制性研究法進一步釐清。本研究以部分減除（dismantling）的方式，運用實驗法來探討「眼動」與「正向認知」對懼蟑症治療效果的影響。藉2（有眼動、無眼動）× 2（正向認知、減敏延長）受試者間設計，探討單一治療次對懼蟑症者的治療效果。受試者為自大樣本篩選出的40 名懼怕蟑螂的大學女生。研究結果顯示治療程序的主要效果顯著，四組的療效相當。在治療階段中，受試者主觀害怕程度、對負向認知之相信程度皆呈顯著的線性下降；對正向認知之相信程度則僅眼動組呈顯著線性上升。雖然生理指標（心跳速率）在前測時顯著較基線時高，而在後測時回復至接近基線水準，但就微觀歷程分析，治療階段中各組之心跳速率變化為，在第一階段內逐漸上升，階段間休息時心跳速率略為降低，在第二階段開始又逐漸上升。本研究結果亦顯示，就微觀的治療歷程（micro process）而言，在正向認知的治療情境中，僅眼動組的受試者對正向認知之相信程度逐漸提高。在治療效果上，雖曝露法（exposure）本身便具有療效；但眼動能夠進一步促進受試者第二階段中正向認知的相信程度（可能藉由促進訊息處理）。就巨觀的療效指標而言，雖然單一治療次在各組皆有顯著的療效，但是正向認知對療效的影響無組別差異，該療效指標可能需要較多的治療次始能反映出來。本研究亦就研究結果所顯示的意義與未來的研究方向提出討論。

[Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989a, 1989b) was initially used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and later has been thought to be effective in treating other psychological disorders also. Shapiro suggested that eye movement procedure could accelerate information processing and further reduced the client’s anxiety and disturbance. However, psychotherapy evaluation regarding crucial therapeutic parameters awaits elucidation. This dismantling study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of eye movement and positive cognition on phobias. Specifically, via a 2×2 between subject design, with “eye movement/non eye movement” and “treatment process” being two independent variables, a total of 40 female university students with fear of cockroaches were screened and recruited from introductory psychology class to explore the treatment effect of those two components. The results showed that, according to macro therapeutic indices, the effect of therapy was significant, and was not significantly different among groups. As to micro treatment process, while the participants’ SUDs decreased linearly, and so did the negative cognition VOCs, the positive cognition VOCs increased linearly only for the eye movement condition. In addition, while for macro index, the physical index, heart rate, was significantly higher at pre-test than at baseline and returned to baseline at post-test, the process measures indicated that heart rate increased during the first treatment stage, returned during rest period, and increased again during the second treatment stage. According to the micro process, the results also suggested that when presented with positive cognition participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions increased only for the eye movement condition. As to the therapeutic effects, although exposure by itself might be effective, eye movement could further promote participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions at the second treatment stage, probably by facilitating information processing. Nonetheless, regarding macro therapeutic index, there were equal therapeutic effects across groups within one-session therapy, and the superiority of positive cognition installation remained obscure, which implied that to become obvious more sessions might be called for. The implications of the present results and further research possibilities are postulated.]

Keywords: Cockroach Phobia Eye Movement Phobia Positive Cognition Psychotherapy Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

8. 芳賀彰子, 久保千春 [Haga Akiko, and Kubo Chiharu]. (2003年5月). 解決志向アプローチ(SFA)とEMDRが有効であったチック症を伴う学校不適応の1例 [Solution-oriented approach (SFA) and EMDR case of disease associated with school maladjustment was effective tick]. 心身医学、43の日本誌（5）、29 [Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 43(5), 297].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Keywords: SFA Solution-Oriented Approach School Maladjustment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

9. Tarrier, N., Liversidge, T., & Gregg, L. (2006, November). The acceptability and preference for the psychological treatment for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(11), 1643-1656. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.11.012.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The acceptability and preference of psychological treatments is important in understanding patient treatment seeking, choice, engagement and attrition and possibly treatment response in health care. The acceptability of, and preference for, 14 different types of psychological treatment for PTSD were investigated in a student population through invitation to participate in a web-based survey. Respondents were asked to rate each treatment on 10 scales and to rank the treatments in order of preference. Respondents were also asked whether they would seek treatment themselves, recommend treatment to friends and family, feel stigmatised by suffering from PTSD, had any prior knowledge of the treatments and if this had been positive or negative, and whether they had a history of psychological problems or treatment. A total of 330 respondents completed the survey. A past or current history of psychological problems and treatment was surprisingly high. Almost all respondents indicated that they would seek or recommend treatment in spite of high levels of stigmatisation. Factor analysis of the 10 scales indicated two factors: Endorsement and Discomfort. Rank ordering on preference and Endorsement scores was highly consistent. The highly preferred and endorsed treatments involved cognitive therapy, exposure, or psycho-education in spite of high levels of discomfort anticipated with exposure. Treatments involving new technologies, EMDR, and psychodynamic psychotherapy received the lowest Endorsement and preference. There was a modest influence of prior knowledge of a treatment. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy Cognitive Therapy Exposure Therapy College Students Computer Assisted Psychotherapy Empirical Study Family Therapy Group Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Preference Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Psychological Treatment Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Quantitative Study Relaxation Therapy Treatment Acceptability Virtual Reality Exposure Web-Based Survey

Accuracy Verified: Yes

10. Barreda-Hanson, C. (2012, Septiember). Adaptación del EMDR y terapia breve centrada en el cliente para cambiar percepciones negativas y traumaticas [EMDR adaption of brief client-centered therapy to change negative and traumatic perceptions]. Presentación en la 70 Conferencia Anual del International Council of Psychologist(ICP), Sevilla, España.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
El estrés subsiguiente después de un traumatismo, representa un trastorno disfuncional – tanto interno como externo – que se manifiesta en alteraciones en el reconocimiento cognitivo y en los comportamientos, llevando además asociados síntomas somáticos, afloramiento de problemas inconscientes y ansiedades. Pues una de las características del estrés post-traumático, es precisamente la pérdida de equilibrio entre el mundo interno y externo de quien lo sufre. Por eso, ante la complejidad de las respuestas post-traumáticas, éstas se pueden catalogar en gran medida dentro de las perturbaciones psicopatológicas. El estrés psicológico surge por una situación estresante “real”, externa, tangible y la reacción ante esta difícil experiencia, evoca un conjunto bastante universal y coherente de síntomas y respuestas que provocan reacciones primitivas relacionadas con temores inconscientes ante las amenazas a la vida, que hacen aflorar incipientemente fantasías e impulsos abrumadores. Los resultados son los pensamientos disfuncionales que conducen a las respuestas y a los comportamientos desadaptativos. Objetivos: el taller está diseñado para proporcionar a estudiantes y profesionales de la Psicología – que trabajan o desean trabajar en esta área del trauma y el cambio de comportamientos -, la habilidad para utilizar eficaz y rápidamente intervenciones breves, que puedan poner en practicar incluso en casa. En el taller se estudiará la forma inicial de evaluar, tanto al trauma como a la clientela. Se trabajará la historia del trauma y se profundizará en sus consecuencias y en cómo diseñar las intervenciones breves para hacerles frente. También se centrará en averiguar qué cambios quieren los y las clientes a través de relatos y visualizaciones, utilizando una adaptación de las terapias EMDR y la Solución Enfocada tanto a crear el cambio deseado, como a mantenerlo. En consecuencia el taller es de particular interés para quienes trabajan con personas que han sufrido cualquier tipo de trauma, o quienes perciben acontecimientos de la vida, experiencias, etc. que les afectan de forma negativa en su día a día. También es útil para las personas que sufren de TOC, sobre todo trastornos del pensamiento. Los aspectos más útiles de las dos técnicas que se han adaptado junto con otras innovaciones de la autora, guardan relación con la creación de un ambiente seguro, no-traumático, que actúa rápidamente y que además, se puede realizar en casa sin peligro de consecuencias negativas. Objetivos específicos: 1. Ser capaz de describir e identificar las manifestaciones del trauma. 2. Aprender y describir dos técnicas terapéuticas breves en el tratamiento del trauma 3. Definir una técnica breve terapéutica que puede ser utilizada para fomentar el cambio 4. Destacar el rol del o de la terapeuta durante el tratamiento de los traumatismos 5. Ser capaz de describir, diseñar y establecer metas de la terapia y promover cambios mediante el uso de técnicas de terapia breve. Métodos: la Desensibilización y Reprocesamiento por Movimientos Oculares (EMDR), es un método complejo e integrador de la psicoterapia individual, mediante el que se guía al cliente utilizando un procedimiento para acceder a sus experiencias y resolver sus problemas conductuales y emocionales. El EMDR utiliza elementos de múltiples orientaciones psicoterapéuticas tanto psicodinámicas, como cognitivo- conductuales, enfoques centrados en el cliente, gestalt y bioenergéticos. La premisa subyacente de EMDR es que las experiencias de pánico y ansiedad se procesan de forma diferente por el cerebro que las experiencias habituales. La teoría subyacente es que durante el estrés, la memoria grava en una parte del cerebro responsable de las emociones de modulación (la amígdala) y se cierra temporalmente otra parte del cerebro (el hipocampo), responsable de procesamiento de la memoria normal. La experiencia traumática queda atrapada en el exterior y potencialmente no forma parte del procesamiento normal del cerebro, y el EMDR permite a la persona acceder a la experiencia y transformarla en memoria declarativa en el hipocampo. Con el método EMDR, el hipocampo se puede abrir a las emociones evocadas por la experiencia para que el/la cliente pueda soportarlas mientras se realiza el tratamiento. La distracción y la atención a la estimulación bilateral, desempeñan un importante papel que ayuda al cliente a experimentar las emociones como tolerables. Aunque cómo la distracción bilateral en concreto, facilita el procesamiento de las experiencias dolorosas, sea algo que todavía no se termina de entender. Por otra parte, las Intervenciones Breves de Terapias enfocadas al Cliente se centran en las excepciones del problema, pensando que a continuación se desarrollará un cambio natural en el comportamiento. Es una especie de visión orientada no en las formas tradicionales, sino hacia el futuro, sin profundizar demasiado en la “patología” sino más bien centrándose en lo que el sistema puede hacer para adaptarse a ella, puesto que ambos pueden decidir si esa “patología” es un problema o no lo es. Las Intervenciones de Terapia Breve enfocadas al Cliente se utilizan para resolver una variedad de problemas de comportamientos y actitudes, mediante el uso de los propios recursos de los y las clientes y las observaciones de las estrategias que utilizan para alcanzar los resultados deseados, en sus situaciones vitales habituales. Se trata de una buena técnica para establecer y mantener un contexto de cambio en el que los pequeños, pero útiles cambios, se anticipan y se buscan. En definitiva, la combinación de ambas técnicas con algunas variaciones desarrolladas por la Dra. Barreda-Hanson, han demostrado ser una herramienta poderosa para mejorar la respuesta al tratamiento en un período de tiempo más corto, teniendo también la ventaja de permitir practicar los ejercicios en casa. Aplicaciones: la aplicación habitual del EMDR ha sido el tratamiento de trastornos emocionales relacionados con eventos muy perturbadores o traumáticos. Pero también se usa para trabajar síntomas preocupantes como la ansiedad, la depresión, la culpa y la ira. E igualmente, se puede utilizar para mejorar recursos emocionales tales como la confianza y la autoestima. Procedimientos: - El taller se impartirá en español y el alumnado recibirá amplios folletos complementarios. - Se realizará en una única jornada, en sesión de mañana para teoría y de tarde para prácticas, trabajando cada modelo por separado. - Se espera que quienes asistan lleven una cuestión-problema sobre la que trabajar utilizando las diversas técnicas, pues aunque se utilizarán múltiples ej. de casos reales, se alentará a quienes participen a traer sus propias experiencias e ideas para debatir y trabajar sobre ellas.

The subsequent stress after trauma represents a dysfunctional disorder - internal and external - that is manifested in alterations in cognitive recognition and behavior, besides being associated somatic symptoms outcrop unconscious problems and anxieties. As one of the characteristics of post-traumatic stress, is the loss of balance between internal and external world of the sufferer. Therefore, given the complexity of post-traumatic responses, they can be categorized largely into psychopathological disturbances. Psychological stress arises from a stressful situation "real" external, tangible and reaction to this difficult experience, quite evokes a universal and consistent set of symptoms that cause reactions and responses primitive unconscious fears related to threats to life, which bring out fantasies and impulses incipiently overwhelming. The results are the thoughts that lead to dysfunctional responses and maladaptive behaviors. Objectives: The workshop is designed to provide students and psychology professionals - who work or want to work in this area of trauma and behavior change - the ability to quickly and efficiently use brief interventions, which may put in practice even in house. The workshop will explore how to evaluate initial both trauma as to clients. It will work history of trauma and its consequences will deepen and how design brief interventions to address them. It will also focus on finding out what changes customers want and through stories and views, using an adaptation of EMDR therapy and Solution Focused both to create the desired change, and to keep it. Thus the workshop is of particular interest to those working with people who have suffered any kind of trauma, or who perceive life events, experiences, etc.. that negatively affect them in their day to day. Also useful for persons suffering from OCD, especially disorders of thought. The most useful of the two techniques that have adapted along with other innovations of the author, are related to the creation of a safe, non-traumatic, acting quickly and also can be done at home without fear of consequences negative. Specific objectives: 1. Be able to describe and identify the manifestations of trauma. 2. Learn and describe two brief therapeutic techniques in the treatment of trauma 3. Define a short therapeutic technique that can be used to promote change 4. Outline the role of the therapist or during treatment of injuries 5. Be able to describe, design and establish goals of therapy and promote change through the use of brief therapy techniques. Methods: Desensitization and Reprocessing Eye Movement (EMDR), is a complex and inclusive method of individual psychotherapy, which is guided by the client using a procedure to access their experiences and address their behavioral and emotional problems. The EMDR uses multiple elements of both psychodynamic psychotherapeutic approaches as cognitive-behavioral, client-centered approaches, gestalt and bioenergy. The underlying premise of EMDR is that experiences panic and anxiety are processed differently by the brain than normal experiences. The underlying theory is that during stress, gravel memory part of the brain responsible for emotions modulation (amygdala) and temporarily closes another part of the brain (hippocampus), responsible for normal memory processing. The trapped traumatic experience abroad and potentially not part of the normal brain processing, and EMDR allows people access to the experience and transform it into declarative memory in the hippocampus. With EMDR, the hippocampus can be opened to the emotions evoked by the experience that he / the client is able to bear while performing the treatment. Distraction and attention to bilateral stimulation, play an important role to help the client to experience emotions as tolerable. Although bilateral distraction how specifically facilitates the processing of painful experiences, is something that is not yet fully understood. Moreover, brief interventions focused Customer Therapies focus on the exceptions of the problem, thinking that then will develop a natural change in behavior. It is a kind of non-oriented view on traditional forms, but to the future, without going too deeply into the "pathology" but rather focus on what the system can do to adapt to it, since both can decide whether this "pathology "is a problem or not. Brief therapy interventions focused Customer are used to solve a variety of problem behaviors and attitudes, using their own resources and comments from customers and the strategies used to achieve the desired results in their situations normal life. This is a good technique to establish and maintain a context of change in that small but useful changes, anticipate and seek. In short, the combination of both techniques with some variations developed by Dr. Barreda Hanson, have proved a powerful tool for improving the response to therapy in a shorter period of time, having also the advantage of allowing in practice exercises house. Applications: the routine application of EMDR has been the treatment of emotional disorders associated with very disturbing or traumatic events. But also used to work worrying symptoms such as anxiety, depression, guilt and anger. And also, can be used to enhance emotional resources such as confidence and self-esteem. Procedures: - The workshop will be taught in Spanish and students will receive extensive additional brochures. - Will be held in a single day, in morning session and afternoon theory to practice, working each model separately. - Who are expected to attend with a question-problem on which to work using various techniques, for example, although multiple use. real cases, those involved are encouraged to bring their own experiences and ideas to discuss and work on them.

Keywords: Brief Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

11. Follette, W. C., & Beitz, K. (2003, July). Adding a more rigorous scientific agenda to the empirically supported treatment movement. Behavior Modification, 27(3), 369-386. doi:10.1177/0145445503027003006.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
As the empirically supported treatment (EST) effort has expanded, there are efforts to make the study of ESTs a more integral part of training programs. In its present form, the EST list provides a poor model of how to evaluate treatment and scientific issues related to our field. This article offers several suggestions regarding how to establish a more relevant scientific agenda for the committee’swork if the study of ESTs is to usefully influence training programs. Recommendations are made to encourage programs and the CSP to study mechanisms of change, important contextual variables for therapy delivery, the distinction between statistical significance and clinical meaningfulness, dissemination, cost-effectiveness, and iatrogenic effects. It is argued that any program that created a curriculum educating students to thoughtfully address these issues when evaluating therapies would be producing sound clinical scientists regardless of the quality of the EST list itself.

Keywords: Critique Training Committee on Science and Practice CSP Empirically Supported Treatments EST

Accuracy Verified: Yes

12. Adler-Tapia, R., & Settle, C. (2008, September). Advanced applications of EMDR in child psychotherapy. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation is for therapists who have learned the basic EMDR protocol and are interested in expanding their skills in using EMDR in individual treatment with children. The presentation is focused on teaching therapists to use EMDR with specific childhood diagnoses or presenting problems, including children who are gifted and children who present with symptoms consistent with ADHD, dissociation, anxiety, attachment disorders, and sexual reactivity. Therapists will also learn how to use EMDR with regulatory issues in children including sleep issues and toilet training, as well as with behavioral issues, such as school phobias within AIP Theory.

Keywords: Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

13. Swedish Council on Technology Assessment (2001, April). Alert: EMDR - Psychotherapy in posttraumatic stress syndrome in young people - early assessment briefs. Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU).

Language: English

Format: Publication

Abstract:
Findings by SBU Alert, Version: 1,
METHOD AND TARGET GROUP: EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a new psychotherapeutic method aimed at processing memories of traumatic events, thereby ameliorating the psychological consequences of these memories. EMDR involves elements from several different psychological approaches. It is uncertain which of the treatment elements are effective. Clients with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are the main target group for EMDR treatment. Although both children and adults have been treated with EMDR, this document is aimed particularly at children and adolescents.
PATIENTS BENEFITS, RISKS AND SIDE EFFECTS: Published studies of EMDR mainly cover adults with PTSD. There are two randomized and controlled studies, one of which has yet to be published, of EMDR treatment in 47 children and adolescents. One of the studies suggests that EMDR yields a better treatment outcome in the short term compared to the control treatment (active listening). In the second study, no significant difference was found between EMDR treatment in combination with standard treatment and standard treatment alone as regards reduction in avoidance and invading thoughts. However, the PTSD symptom of behavioral disorders declined significantly in the EMDR group. Furthermore, numerous case studies suggest that EMDR has a positive treatment effect in children and adolescents with PTSD. No harmful effects have been reported.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS: There are no economic assessments of EMDR. Limited data suggest that fewer treatments are needed to achieve the desired outcome with EMDR compared to other psychotherapeutic methods. This suggests that EMDR is a potentially cost-effective method in relation to the alternatives, under the assumption that the effects of treatment are permanent.
CURRENT SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE: There is moderate* scientific evidence to show the benefits of EMDR treatment in children and adolescents. There is no* documentation concerning the cost-effectiveness or effects beyond 6 months. Since the scientific documentation is limited, the effects of EMDR treatment in both the short and long term should be compared in studies with other treatment alternatives, including standard treatment. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of the method should be studied under Swedish conditions. *This assessment by SBU Alert uses a 4-point scale to grade the quality and evidence of the scientific documentation. The grades indicate: (1) good, (2) moderate, (3) poor, or (4) no scientific evidence on the subject. This summary is based on a report prepared at SBU in collaboration with Kerstin Bergh Johannesson, Lic. Psychol., Akademiska Hospital, Uppsala and has been reviewed by Prof. Mats Fredriksson, Uppsala University, Uppsala.
REFERENCES: 1.) Cahill SP, Carrigan MH, Frueh BC. Does EMDR work? And if so, why? A critical review of controlled outcome and dismantling research. J Anxiety Disord 1999;13(1-2):5-33. 2.) Chemtob CM, Nakashima J, Hamada R, Carlson J. Brief treatment for elementary school children with disaster-related PTSD: a field study. J Clin Psychol, in press. 3.) Chemtob et al. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. In: Foa EB, Keane TM, Friedman MJ, eds. Effective treatments for PTSD. New York: Guilford, 2000. 4.) Devilly GJ, Spence SH. The relative efficacy and treatment distress of EMDR and a cognitive-behavior trauma treatment protocol in the amelioration of posttraumatic stress disorders. J Anxiety Disord 1999;13(1-2):131-57. 5.) Lovett J. Small Wonders: Healing childhood trauma with EMDR. New York: Free Press, 1999. 6.) Macklin ML, Metzger LJ, Lasko NB, Berry NJ, Orr SP, Pitman RK. Five-year follow-up study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for combat-related post traumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2000;41(1),24-27. 7.) Puffer MK, Greenwald R, Elrod DE. A treatment outcome study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with traumatized children and adolescents. Presented at the annual conference of the EMDR International Association, Denver, June 1996. 8.) Renfrey G, Spates CR. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A partial dismantling procedure. J Behav Ther Experiment Psychiatr 1994;25:231-239. 9.) Scheck MM, Schaeffer JA, Gilette CS. Brief psychological intervention with traumatized young women: The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. J Trauma Stress 1998;11:25-44. 10.) Shapiro F. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols and procedures. New York: Guilford Press, 1995. 11.) Stallard P, Velleman R, Baldwin S. Prospective study of post-traumatic stress disorder in children involved in road traffic accidents. BMJ 1998;317:1619-1623. 12.) Soberman GB, Greenwald R, Rule DL. A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for boys with conduct problems. J Aggression Maltreatment Trauma, in press. 13.) Tinker RH, Wilson SA. Through the Eyes of a Child: EMDR with children. New York: Norton & Co, 1999. 14.) van der Kolk B. Biological response to psychic trauma. In: Wilson JP, Raphael B, eds. International Handbook of Traumatic Stress Syndromes. New York: Plenum Press, 1993:25-33. 15.) van der Kolk B, Burbridge J, Susuki J. The psychobiology of traumatic memory; clinical implications of neuroimagery studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1997;821:99-113. 16.) van Etten M, Taylor S. Comparative efficacy of treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother 1998;5:126-144. 17.) Wilson SA, Becker LA, Tinker RH. Fifteen-month follow-up of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological trauma. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997;65(6):1047-1056. 18.) Wilson SA, Tinker RH, Hoff.
Alert is a joint effort by the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU), the Medical Products Agency, the National Board of Health and Welfare, and the Federation of Swedish County Councils. The complete report is available in Swedish only.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Practice Guidelines PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

14. Formenti, L. (2008, Novembre). Alleanza terapeutica nel trattamento di bambini vittime di disastri collettivi [Therapeutic alliance in the treatment of child victims of mass disasters]. Presentazione Le applicazioni cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Nel lavoro verrà trattata la centralità dell’alleanza terapeutica in un intervento sul trauma effettuato su bambini vittime di disastri collettivi. L’autore illustrerà come tale alleanza risulta essere propedeutica al trattamento con EMDR e quanto sia fondamentale, per una piene riuscita della terapia, la creazione di un’alleanza allargata, che raggiunga anche i genitori e più in generale tutte le figure di accudimento che ruotano attorno ai bambini. Offrire supporto psicologico e EMDR ai genitori, infatti, accresce l’efficacia del trattamento nei bambini in quanto: • L’accordo con i genitori sulle attività terapeutiche che verranno svolte e sugli obiettivi di tale intervento, facilita il lavoro del terapeuta nella fase di preparazione del bambino. • La psicoeducazione fatta al genitore permette a quest’ultimo di aiutare il proprio bambino nello sviluppo di risorse aggiuntive per il contenimento emotivo, utili sia in fase di preparazione che durante la vera e propria elaborazione del trauma. • Il benessere del genitore porta ad una risoluzione più rapida della sintomatologia del bambino, spesso determinata o aggravata proprio dall’intuizione del bambino circa il disagio del genitore e dal suo tentativo di porvi rimedio. Tutto ciò verrà esposto con l’ausilio di due casi clinici di bambini trattati a seguito dell’incidente avvenuto in data 8 maggio 2007 a Stroppiana (VC) nel quale un pullman contenente tutti i bambini della scuola elementare si è ribaltato. 39 bambini sono sopravvissuti, 2 hanno perso la vita.

The work will be treated the centrality of the therapeutic alliance in a speech carried on trauma on child victims of collective disaster. The author illustrates how this alliance appears to be preparatory treatment with EMDR and the fundamental for a full success of therapy, the creation of an enlarged alliance, which also reaches parents and more generally all caregivers that revolve around children. Offer psychological support and EMDR to Parents, in fact, increases the effectiveness of treatment in children because: • The agreement with parents about therapeutic activities to be carried out and the objectives of such intervention, the therapist facilitates the work in preparing the child • The parent psychoeducation made to allow him to help your child development of additional resources for emotional content, useful both during preparation and during the actual processing of the trauma • The welfare of the parent leads to a more rapid resolution of symptoms of child, often determining or increasing the child's own intuition about the inconvenience the parent and its attempt to remedy. This will be explained with the help of two clinical cases of children treated after incident occurred on 8 May 2007 Stroppiana (VC) in which a bus containing all primary school children was overturned. 39 children survivors, 2 have died.

Keywords: Children Mass Disaster Therapeutic Alliance

Accuracy Verified: Yes

15. Yule, W. (2002). Alleviating the effects of war and displacement on children. Traumatology, 8(3), 160-180. doi:10.1177/153476560200800304.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The mental health of children is severely compromised by war and consequent displacement. Nations have a duty under various UN agreements to alleviate the effects of war on children’s mental health. This paper argues that fostering mental health in communities starts with re-establishing safety, basic health needs, education and recreation. School and other community leaders need education in recognising stress reactions and in providing basic first aid. Large-scale programmes need to be developed and validated for delivery following wars and disasters. Once such validated programme is described. Small group and individual work is also needed. As long as wars and disasters happen, so the international mental health community needs to prepare positively to meet the predictable, but usually unexpected needs.

Keywords: Displaced Children Large Scale Intervention Refugee Children Traumatic Events Traumatization UNICEF War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

16. de Roos, C., & Went, M. (2011, April). Als woorden tekort schieten: EMDR bij preverbaal trauma [When words fail: EMDR for pre-verbal trauma]. Presentatie op de 5e jaarlijkse conferentie van EMDR Vereniging, Nijmegen, Nederland.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Infants (0-4 jarigen) kunnen allerlei traumatische gebeurtenissen meemaken zoals intrusieve medische handelingen, een ongeluk, seksueel misbruik en andere vormen van mishandeling. Daarnaast zijn er negatieve ervaringen die niet duidelijk identificeerbaar zijn zoals chronische oorpijn- of buikpijn. Ook deze ervaringen beinvloeden de ouder-kind interactie/ hechtingsrelatie en hebben daarmee hun weerslag op het vermogen tot emotieregulatie en het gedrag. Herinneringen aan deze gebeurtenissen zijn preverbaal en dus niet op bewust nivo toegankelijk. Daardoor worden zij gemakkelijk over het hoofd gezien als mede-oorzaak of instandhoudende factor van emotionele of gedragsproblematiek in de basisschoolleeftijd. Na aanmelding bij de Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg wordt behandeling daarom vaak gericht op de aanpak van de huidige gedragsproblematiek (symptoombestrijding). Onze ervaring is dat EMDR hier een goede aanvulling biedt. Deze methode richt zich immers op de ‘onderlaag’ van de problematiek door negatieve ervaringen die hieraan gerelateerd zijn te verwerken. Daarna kan een inhaalslag gemaakt worden met betrekking tot de emotieregulatie waardoor zowel gedrag als de ouder-kind interactie verbeteren. Aan de hand van casuïstiek van infants en schoolkinderen wordt de indicatiestelling en toepassing getoond van het EMDR protocol bij de behandeling van kinderen die in de eerste 4 levensjaren getraumatiseerd zijn. In de presentatie wordt geillustreerd hoe de ‘verhalenmethode’ geintegreerd kan worden in een breder behandelaanbod. Werkvorm In de presentatie worden theorie en praktijk gecombineerd. Videobeelden ondersteunen het verhaal.

Infants (0-4 years), all kinds of traumatic experience as intrusive medical procedures, accidents, sexual abuse and other forms ofof abuse . There are also negative experiences that are not clearly identifiable as chronic ear pain or abdominal pain. These experiences affect the parent-infant interaction / attachment relationship and thus have their impact on the capacity for emotion regulation and behavior. Memories of these events are preverbal and not accessible on a conscious level. Thus they are easily overlooked as a cause or co-maintaining factor of emotional or behavioral problems in primary school. After reporting to the Mental Health Treatment is therefore often aimed at addressing the current behavioral problems (symptoms). Our experience here is that EMDR provides a good addition. This method is focused on the 'layer' of the problem by negative experiences related to this process. Then caught up with regard to both behavior and emotion regulation allowing the parent-child interactions improve. Through case studies of infants and schoolchildren being shown the indication and application of the EMDR protocol in the treatment of children who are traumatized life on April 1. The presentation illustrated how the 'stories'method can be incorporated into a broader range of treatment. Form In the presentation combines theory and practice. Video images support the story.

Keywords: Infants Children Pre-Verbal Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

17. Becker, C. B., Darius, E., & Schaumberg, K. (2007, December). An analog study of patient preferences for exposure versus alternative treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(12), 2861-2873. DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2007.05.006 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Although several efficacious treatments for PTSD exist, these treatments are currently underutilized in clinical practice. To address this issue, research must better identify barriers to dissemination of these treatments. This study investigated patient preferences for PTSD treatment given a wide range of treatment options in an analog sample. 160 individuals, with varying degrees of trauma history, were asked to imagine themselves undergoing a trauma, developing PTSD, and seeking treatment. Participants evaluated 7 different treatment descriptions, which depicted treatment options that they might encounter in a clinical setting. Participants rated their most and least preferred treatments along with their personal reactions to and the perceived credibility of each treatment. Participants also completed a critical thinking skills questionnaire. Participants predominantly chose exposure or another variant of cognitive-behavioral therapy as their most preferred therapy, and those who chose exclusively empirically supported treatments evidenced higher critical thinking skills. The present study contributes to a growing literature indicating that patients may be more interested in these therapies than indicated by utilization rates. The problem of underutilization of empirically supported treatments for PTSD in clinical practice may be due to therapist factors. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Cognitive Processes Cognitive Therapy College Students Evidence Based Treatment Exposure Empirically Supported Treatment Patient Preference Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Stressors Survivors TFT Thought Field Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

18. Miller, E. (1992, December). Anorexia, body image, and self-acceptance. EMDR Network Newsletter, 2(2), 2.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
From the ages of 6 to 13, Melody, who was a gymnast, practiced 6 to 8 hours per day and was thin, lean, and wiry. She cut back on her athletics to focus on schoolwork, but by her senior year in high school had begun a dietary regimen to try to regain her 13 year-old body. This was a goal that seemed healthy in her mind, had been promoted as healthy by her exercise-addicted family, and was the image she saw paid homage to in the media.

Keywords: Acceptance Anorexia Body Image

Accuracy Verified: Yes

19. Mestanza, R. (2007). Aplicación de terapia cognitivo conductual individual, grupal y EMDR, en adolescentes de 11 a 13 anos con altos nivelesde ansiedad del 8º ano de educación básica de la red educativia Helena Cortes Bedoya, en la ciudad de Quito, ano lectivo 2006-2007 [Application of individual and group cognitive behavioral EMDR therapy to 11 to 13 year old adolescents with high levels of anxiety in the 8th year of the Helena Cortes Bedoya educational network, City of Quito School Year 2006-2007]. Universidad Central Del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Psicologicas, Instituto Superior de Postgrado, Quito, Ecuador.

Language: Spanish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo general, verificar si la Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual individual, grupal y EMDR disminuyen la ansiedad en adolescentes de 11 a 13 años del 8º año de Educación Básica de la Red Educativa Helena Cortes Bedoya, Sector Carapungo de la ciudad de Quito, en el año lectivo 2006-2007. Se tomó como referencia que la Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual , es el conjunto de técnicas terapéuticas que han resultado del empleo sistemático del método experimental en la Psicología y demás disciplinas afines, empleados con el propósito de modificar pensamientos y conductas desadaptativas . En tanto que EMDR consiste en la Desensibilización y Reprocesamiento por medio del Movimiento Ocular u otras estimulaciones bi-hemisféricas especialmente para trabajar sobre recuerdos traumáticos. La investigación a realizarse fue de tipo explicativo con diseño cuasi- experimental con un grupo de sujetos estimado del 30 al 50 % del total de la población de adolescentes evaluados con el test ISRA-J. Con ISRAJ (Inventario de Situaciones y Respuestas de Ansiedad – Jóvenes ) se evaluó a 70 estudiantes de 8º Año de Educación Básica obteniendo 14 con alto nivel de ansiedad, a los cuales se les invitó a participar en el taller “ Jóvenes en Aprendizaje” durante 12 sesiones. Al grupo se realizó la evaluación pre y post tratamiento, para verificar si la Terapia Cognitivo Conductual individual y en grupo + EMDR, son efectivos para bajar niveles de ansiedad y considerando el género saber que grupo fue beneficiado en mayor medida. Verificada su efectividad, el programa anteriormente señalado, se aplicará para bajar niveles de ansiedad a todos los adolescentes que luego de ser evaluados con el test ISRAJ obtenga un puntaje directo de 51 a 75, con indicación de tratamiento necesario y de 76 a 100 con necesidad de terapia urgente.

The present research aimed generally verify whether cognitive behavioral therapy individual, group and EMDR decrease anxiety in adolescents 11 to 13 years of Grade 8 Basic Education Educational Network Helena Cortes Bedoya, Sector Carapungo of Quito, in the academic year 2006-2007. The reference used was that cognitive behavioral therapy, is the set of therapeutic techniques that have resulted from the systematic use of the experimental method in psychology and other disciplines, employees with the aim of changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors. While EMDR is Desensitization and Reprocessing Eye Movement or other bi-hemispheric stimulation specifically to work on traumatic memories. The research was carried out explanatory type quasi-experimental design with a group of subjects estimated 30 to 50% of the total population of adolescents assessed with the ISRA-J test. With ISRAJ (Inventory of Situations and Responses of Anxiety - Young) was assessed 70 students from Year 8 Basic Education getting 14 with high anxiety, to which were invited to participate in the workshop "Young People in Learning" for 12 sessions. The group evaluation was performed before and after treatment, to verify if the individual and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy + EMDR group, are effective in lowering anxiety levels and considering the genre know that group was benefited most. Verified its effectiveness, the program noted above will apply to lower levels of anxiety to all adolescents be evaluated after the test will score ISRAJ live 51 to 75, indicating the necessary treatment and from 76 to 100 with need Urgent therapy.

Keywords: Adolescents Helena Cortes Bedoya Educational Network Group Behavioral Therapy Quito

Accuracy Verified: Yes

20. Dunton, R. (1992, July). Application of EMDR in the learning process. Presentation at the Fourth World Congress on Behaviour Therapy, Queensland, Australia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Individuals who have experienced learning blocks, feeling of underachievement, and patterns of failure in school and/or the work place often manifest low self-esteem, frustration, anxiety, and hopelessness, causing them to become overly sensitive to criticism, distracted by thoughts of anger, to exhibit acting out behaviour and to alienate peers. This in turn causes a continuation of learning deficits. Since EMDE can be used to desensitise reactions to past events and present stimili, as well as install positive self-assessments, it has proved very useful in the treatment of children and adults with learning problems.

Keywords: Education Learning Process

Accuracy Verified: Yes

21. De Sensi Fontera, A. (2008, Novembre). Applicazione dell’EMDR i soggetto di 9 anni affetto da ADHD [Applying EMDR the subject of 9 years with ADHD]. Poster presentato al Applicazioni Cliniche dell'EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
L’EMDR è stato applicato in un caso di una ragazza d’anni nove, Iris, affetta da ADHD (DSM – IV F90. 0). L’EMDR è stato integrato in un percorso di psicoterapia classica e con interventi sull’interazione dei sistemi Famiglia, Sanità, Scuola. L’EMDR è stato rivolto anche alle figure parentali per elaborare alcuni degli eventi traumatici che avevano contribuito allo sviluppo del disturbo nella bambina e, in particolare, per la madre sulla diagnosi. Il ruolo dell’EMDR è stato significativo nella risoluzione dei sintomi e ha contribuito all’efficacia dell’intervento complessivo. E’ stato particolarmente efficace per la risoluzione della “coazione a ripetere” e per l’integrazione intrapsichica della personalità d’Iris.

EMDR has been applied in a case of a girl of nine years, Iris, who suffers from ADHD (DSM -- IV F90. 0). EMDR has been integrated into a course of psychotherapy and classical interventions interaction of the family system, Health, School. EMDR has been addressed also to the figures parental to process some of the traumatic events that had contributed to the development of disorder in children and, in particular, for the mother on the diagnosis. The role of EMDR was significant in the resolution of symptoms and has contributed to the effectiveness of the intervention overall. It 'been particularly effective for the resolution of the "repetition compulsion" and Integration Intrapsychic personality of Iris.

Keywords: ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

22. Greenwald, R. (1994, Winter). Applying eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) to the treatment of traumatized children: Five case studies. Anxiety Disorders Practice Journal, 1(2), 83-97.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a recently developed psychotherapy method that appears to increase efficiency in treating traumatized psychological disturbance. Applications to child treatment were explored in five case studies of children suffering from post-traumatic symptoms several months after Hurricane Andrew. Subjects were treated with one or two EMDR sessions, until Subjective Units of Disturbance (SUDS) went to 0. Follow-up parent interviews at one and four weeks post-treatment found all subjects returning to pre-trauma levels of functioning, with additional improvement in some cases. Further study is recommended. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Americans Females Hurricane Andrew (1992) Hurricanes Males School Age Children Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

23. Dunton, R. (1993, March). Applying the EMDR method to children and adolescents with school related behavior and learning issues. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Sunnyvale, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
"I know that girl--it's Pat," said Sophie to the Moon Rabbit. She's always sour-faced , always quarreling. Nobody likes her." "But here (on the moon) you see her as she really is, underneath her shyness and loneliness. You see her as she would be if she were treated like a princess. That's what everyone deserves, you know," said the Moon Rabbit. (Excerpt from The Princess and the hloon, Daisaku Ikeda-1991, Knopf, NY.)

Keywords: Children Learning Difficulties

Accuracy Verified: Yes

24. Carter, A. (2007, June). Assessment and treatment of complex PTSD and dissociative disorders in childhood and adolescence, the role and use of EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Damage occurs to a child’s self in the context of relationship when raised in an environment of abuse and neglect. This damage to self is manifested through disruptions in development. A child or adolescent will be unable to perform tasks a non-traumatized child or adolescent has not difficulty mastering. These tasks may be physical, emotional, intellectual, sexual, social, or spiritual. When these disruptions become manifest in the environment with which the child or adolescent is interacting, home, school, or community, conflict arises. The conflict is both internal with self and external in relationship, behavioral, and biological. This is generally when a child or adolescent is brought into therapy for intervention Caregivers are not always aware of the impact traumatic events have on a child’s life or may not want to deal with the impact and the long term implications. The therapeutic relationship is a context outside of the system where the child was traumatized that provide the potential environment and relationship which can facilitate healing for the child, adolescent, and possible, the system in which they live.
Children and adolescents with a complex PTSD will often employ the use of dissociation as a way to cope with overwhelming events or chronically dysfunctional lifestyles. The degree and way in which the child dissociates to self regulate internal systems will determine behavioural and neurological trajectories in their life such as, how the child will cope, rupture of developmental task attainment, and it will determine what type of attachment process the child experiences. Also determined are: impulse control, sleep regulation, meta cognitive functioning, neurobiological processes and the integrative processes of self. When there is no therapeutic intervention, the self which emerges as a result of these processes is a “traumatic self” organization, that is a self structural in response to traumatic experience determined to avoid the repetition of the traumatic experience “at all costs.” The biological body that emerges is the traumatized body organized for avoidance in the forms of fighting, fleeing, or freezing and submitting.
The assessment phase of therapy will map for the therapist and client where the internal dysregulation occur, what are the maladaptive response which have been developed, and what the negative beliefs are which all contribute to the construction of the “traumatic self." There are a variety of assessment tools specifically designed for this purpose.
Once the map is established, a plan can be developed to use with children and adolescents and family for therapy and for EMDR. There are a variety of models which have been developed to use with children and adolescents to process bad memories, negative cognitions and to strengthen internal resources. EMDR can also be used to facilitate state change, strengthen self regulatory capacities, and promote integrative processes of authentic self, facilitating healing throughout self, body, and relational systems.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD Dissociative Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

25. van den Hout, M., Muris, P., Salemink, E., & Kindt, M. (2001). Autobiographical memories become less vivid and emotional after eye movements. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40(2), 121-130. doi:10.1348/014466501163535.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: To test (1) whether eye movements during retrieval of emotional memories are followed by less vividness and less emotionality of future recollections, (2) whether this effect, if present, is stronger than the effects of a control activity (finger tapping), (3) whether the alleged effects of tapping and eye movements are stronger than a no-movement, control condition (mere imagery), (4) whether reductions in vividness and emotionality after eye movements (and finger tapping) are specific to negative memories or also occur in the case of positive memories. Method: 60 healthy volunteers recalled either positive or negative memories and scored the vividness and emotionality of the recollections. Next, memories were recalled whilst the participant was performing rapid eye movements, finger tapping, or not performing a dual task. Then participants were asked to recall the event again and to rate its vividness and emotionality. Results: Compared to finger tapping and the no-dual-task condition, recollections after eye movements made future recollections less vivid. After eye movements, but not after the other interventions, negative memories became less negative, and positive memories became less positive. Conclusion: The findings show that eye movements not only reduce vividness and emotionality of memories during the eye moving, but also affect future recollections, during which no eye movements are made. Some theoretical explanations are discussed. As to clinical implications, it is suggested that if there is a role for eye-movement-based treatments, it is very limited. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents Cognitive Processes College Students Dutch Exposure Therapy Memory Impairment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Young Adults

Accuracy Verified: Yes

26. Kaplan, S., Wolper, B., Knipe, J., Gierasch, M., & Preston, J. (2006, September). Becoming an EMDRIA approved trainer. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The members of this panel will speak about their unique experiences in becoming Trainers of basic EMDR and their approaches to teaching basic EMDR to particular populations in particular settings: EMDR-HAP training, independent training, Medical University and University Graduate School settings, and the challenges and rewards of training. The panel will address the process and requirements for becoming an EMDRIA Approved Trainer and will describe the networking, sharing of resources, and support that are available for new, as well as for all, EMDRIA Approved Trainers.

Keywords: Approved Trainer

Accuracy Verified: Yes

27. Diehle, J., Beer, R., Boer, F., & Lindauer, R. J. L. (2011, April). Behandeleffecten van traumagerichte cognitieve gedragstherapie en eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) [Treatment effects of trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR)]. Symposia op het 39ste Voorjaarscongres Nederlandse Vereniging voor Psychiatrie, Amsterdam.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Achtergrond: Dagelijks raken veel kinderen betrokken bij ongelukken, brand, (seksueel) geweld, pesten, of andere ingrijpende gebeurtenissen. Het meemaken van dergelijke gebeurtenissen kan leiden tot een posttraumatische stressstoornis (PTSS). ptss gaat gepaard met hoge comorbiditeit, slechtere schoolprestaties en heeft een negatieve invloed op het lichamelijk herstel van kinderen (Winston 2003). In internationale richtlijnen wordt traumagerichte cognitieve gedragstherapie (TG-CGT) voor de behandeling bij kinderen aanbevolen en eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) is beoordeeld als veelbelovend (nice 2005). Onderzoeksresultaten naar de effecten van deze behandelingen bij kinderen zijn nog steeds schaars (Stallard 2006). Doel: Binnen een pilotonderzoek worden de behandeleffecten van TG-CGT en EMDR bij kinderen vastgesteld. Methoden: Op een poliklinische afdeling zijn gegevens verzameld van 20 kinderen tussen de 8 en 18 jaar met posttraumatische stressklachten en van hun ouders. Van deze kinderen hebben 10 een behandeling met TG-CGT ondergaan en 10 een behandeling met emdr. Bij kinderen en ouders zijn zowel voor als na de behandeling behandeling de klachten in kaart gebracht met behulp van een diagnostisch interview en verschillende vragenlijsten. Voor het stellen van de diagnose ptss en comorbide diagnosen is het Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for dsm-iv-Child Version (adis-c) afgenomen. Tevens werden de Children’s Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13), de Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version (RCADS) en de Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) afgenomen om angstklachten en gedragsproblemen te meten. Resultaten: Traumaklachten zijn zowel in de EMDR-groep alsook in de TF-CBTgroep afgenomen. Gedetailleerdere resultaten worden tijdens het congres besproken. Conclusie Zowel TG-CGT als emdr blijkt effectief te zijn bij het verhelpen van ptssklachten bij kinderen.

Background: Daily affects many children involved in accidents, fires, (sexual) violence, bullying, or other major events. The experience of such events can lead to a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is associated with high comorbidity, poorer school performance and has a negative impact on the physical recovery of children (Winston 2003). International guidelines is trauma-focused Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-TG) recommended for the treatment of children and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been rated as promising (Nice 2005). Research the effects of these treatments children are still scarce (Stallard 2006). Purpose: In a pilot investigation the treatment effects of TG-CBT and EMDR in children established. Methods: In an outpatient department Data were collected from 20 children between 8 and 18 years with post traumatic stress symptoms and their parents. Of these children have a treatment with 10 undergoing TG-CBT 10 and treatment with EMDR. In children and parents before and after treatment treatment complaints mapped using a diagnostic interview and several questionnaires. For the diagnosis of PTSD comorbid diagnoses and the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV-Child Version (ADIS-C) decreased. Also, the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13), the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version (RCADS) Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and (SDQ) were administered to measure anxiety and behavioral problems. Results: Trauma Complaints are both in the EMDR group and the TF-CBT-groep decreased. More detailed results be discussed during the congress. Conclusion: Both TG-CBT and EMDR appear to be resolving the ptssklachten in children.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

28. Giti, S. M. (2011, May). Beyond social phobia: A review of the background, manifestations and varied therapeutic approaches for performance anxiety. Alliant International University, Los Angeles, California. 3503418.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Performance anxiety is ubiquitous in our present culture and is considered one of the most prevalent forms of anxiety. The famous actor and comedian Jerry Seinfeld once joked, “ At a funeral, most people would rather be in the casket than giving the eulogy!” While nearly eighty percent of people experience some form of anxiety when they are the center of attention, individuals who experience performance anxiety are severely distressed and debilitated by their anxiety (Plaut, 1990). In most cases, performance anxiety threatens to restrain an individual’s profession, goals, education, relationships or daily life activities. While the phenomenon of acute anxiety is commonly labeled as stage fright in the world of the performing arts, in psychological literature it is rarely specified or considered a diagnosable mental health disorder. It is often clustered with specific phobias or social phobia. Indeed, performance anxiety is not an experience solely limited to actors, musicians, singers and dancers. It affects athletes, politicians, writers, students, professionals, leaders, and individuals in all walks of life. For this reason, it is essential that clinicians become educated in the etiology, symptoms, manifestations and therapeutic approaches of performance anxiety.

Keywords: Socia Phobia Performance Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

29. Oh, D. H., & Park, Y. C. (2010, July). Bilateral eye movement: Changes brain default network functions in EMDR treatment. Poster presented at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Introduction: The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of bilateral eye movement as one of the important therapeutic components through EEG analysis. We examined differences between pre-bilateral eye movement and post-bilateral eye movement of normal healthy volunteers in scalp recorded EEGs in two different ways. First, we used qEEG to examine differences in specific band frequencies after bilateral eye movement. Secondly, we utilized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) source imaging (Pascual-Marqui et al., 1994) to explore the underlying neural generators of changed EEG activity. Methods:32 college students participated in the study. EEG was recorded continuously during the experiment. All participants experienced 3 blocks: 1) pre-experiment, eye-closed EEG in resting state, 2) stimuli condition (either eye movement or fixation) and 3) post-experiment, eye-closed EEG in resting state. 32-channel, eyes-closed EEG (30 artifactfree s/subject) was analyzed (source localization using FFT approximation and LORETA). Results: We demonstrated different functional connectivity patterns of the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann area 23, 31) between bilateral eye movement and eye fixation phase. Conclusion: These results provided evidence to support that the bilateral eye movements in EMDR procedure gives rise to the changes of ‘brain default network’, accompanied by the alteration of regional brain electrical activity.

Keywords: Eye Movements Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

30. Watson, C., Davis, R., & Heimonen, T. (2010, September/October). Bridging the gap between clinical practice and research with EMDR. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Minneapolis, MN.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a trauma treatment with origins date back to 1987 by its founder Francine Shapiro. EMDR is based on an information-processing model and is being used to treat traumatic symptoms. Clinicians in many types of clinical settings worldwide employ EMDR for a board range of treatment issues including grief, depression, anxiety, physical and sexual abuse. Although there is evidence that EMDR is effective in treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, more research needs to be done in clinical practice settings to contribute to the much needed research base about effective of EMDR with other issues.
Therapists working with trauma are often dealing with high caseloads and administrative requirements of the agencies that they work with. The clinicians involved in this research have observed that there have been some encouraging developments in their community which have served to build bridges for clinicians to increase their confidence in the world of research. In 2007, an intiative called Research Skills Development Program offering mentoring in research skills development was offered in association with Lakehead University and Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Ontario, Canada.
Completion of this 1-year program proved to be the first step in make the transition from clinician to researcher. From there, partnerships were formed within the agency and community. With the support of our agency, researchers were able to gain access to testing and computer software that made data collection and data anaylsis possible with least disruption to our clinical services.
The clinicians were encouraged by previous results from our first study in 2007 (n=6) to continue systematic data collection with more clients (n=6). Approval for this recent study was received by the Ethics Committee of St. Joseph's Care Group.

Keywords: Poster Practice Research Research Skills Development Program

Accuracy Verified: No

31. Rossello-Mir, J., Revert-Vidal, X., Obrador, P., & Cardell, E. (2007, June). Brief EMDR protocol versus bilateral stimulation in the treatment of spider phobia. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR, that includes bilateral stimulation, causes the desensitization and reprocessing of traumatic memories, thus reducing anxiety, distress, fear, and other symptoms related with several anxiety disorders. Previous results show it is effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD, panic disorder, public speaking anxiety, etc. Relying on some previous results we think that a brief EMDR protocol could be applied to relieve symptoms of specific phobias.
To investigate this issue, we study the efficacy of a new brief EMDR protocol in the treatment of spider phobia. Furthermore, our design tries to clarify the controversy about which components of the EMDR procedure are relevant for patient’s improvement. More specifically, we compare the effectiveness of our brief procedures with that of simple bilateral stimulation that is, without eye movements, which necessity to obtain therapeutic outcome has been questioned.
We randomly assign twenty volunteers, female university students with spider phobia to one of three groups. We applied the brief EMDR protocol to the first one and bilateral stimulation to the second one, being the third group the control one. To assess the effectiveness of both treatments, in addition to apply traditional questionnaires, we designed a specific emotional Stroop task in order to make use of this tool to evaluate, before and after each treatment, the selective attentional biases, that seem to play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. We discuss the differences found in our results in reference to the controversy aforementioned and how they can help to understand the EMDR mechanism of action.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Brief EMDR Spider Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

32. Chemtob, C., Nakashima, J., & Carlson, J. (2002, January). Brief treatment for elementary school children with disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A field study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 99-112. doi:10.1002/jclp.1131.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Effective psychological intervention is needed to help children recover from disaster-related PTSD. This controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of a brief intervention for disaster-related PTSD. At one-year follow-up of a prior intervention for disaster-related symptoms, some previously treated children were still suffering significant trauma symptoms. Using a randomized lagged-groups design, we provided three sessions of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment to 32 of these children who met clinical criteria for PTSD. The Children's Reaction Inventory (CRI) was the primary measure of the treatment's effect on PTSD symptoms. Associated symptoms were measured using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Treatment resulted in substantial reductions in both groups' CRI scores and in significant, though more modest, reductions in RCMAS and CDI scores. Gains were maintained at six-month follow-up. Health visits to the school nurse were significantly reduced following treatment. Psychosocial intervention appears useful for children suffering disaster-related PTSD. Conducting controlled studies of children's treatment in the postdisaster environment appears feasible. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Americans Brief Psychotherapy Child Treatment Disasters Elementary School Students Empirical Study Follow-up Study Health Care Utilization Hurricanes Hurricane Iniki Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT School Age Children Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Victim Service

Accuracy Verified: Yes

33. Lopacka, J., & Phoeun, B. (2010, July). Building on experience: Post-typhoon trauma EMDR work in Cambodia utilising the lessons learned from Thailand's post-tsuname programme. Symposium (Carolyn L. Neunuebel, Chair) conducted at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
On September 26th 2009 Typhoon Ketsana wrought devastation on parts of the Philippines, Vietnam and Cambodia. Mindful of the hard lessons learned running a tsunami trauma programme in Thailand in 2005/06 Jane Lopacka, an EMDR therapist and training facilitator and director of Phnom Penh Counselling Centre, led and supervised a team of Cambodian MA in Clinical Psychology students who were trained in Part 1 EMDR to provide EMDR treatment to Ketsana victims. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the scope, assessment methods, treatment programme, constraints, financial issues, and challenges of the programme whilst utilising the lessons learned from Thailand’s Tsunami EMDR trauma programme. The results regarding the efficacy of EMDR in a Cambodian context will be examined using pre and post treatment data. The results include a comparison of 4 months post-treatment evaluation compared to an assessment of an equivalent random number of Ketsana victims from the same and neighbouring villages who did not receive treatment (to be completed in June 2010 as the farming season dictates). This paper will also demonstrate the utilisation of the lessons learned from Thailand’s Tsunami EMDR programme in a typhoon trauma treatment programme in Cambodia. Also, this being the students’ first exposure to trauma work using EMDR, this paper will record the experiences of the students involved. By way of conclusion this paper will identify further lessons learned in Cambodia along with recommendations regarding future feasible and manageable post-trauma work with limited resources and a small budget in a Southeast context.

Keywords: Cambodia Thailand Tsunami Typhoon

Accuracy Verified: Yes

34. Zaghrout-Hodali, M., Alissa, F., & Dodgson, P. (2008). Building resilience and dismantling fear: EMDR group protocol with children in an area of ongoing trauma. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(2), 106-113. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.2.106.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A number of studies indicate that EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) may be efficacious in treatment of children and young people with symptoms of posttraumatic stress. However, reports are limited in the use of the EMDR psychotherapy approach in situations of ongoing violence and trauma. This case study describes work with 7 children in an area of ongoing violence who were subject to repeat traumas during the course of an EMDR psychotherapy intervention, using a group protocol. Results indicate that the EMDR approach can be effective in a group setting, and in an acute situation, both in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic and peritraumatic stress and in "inoculation" or building resilience in a setting of ongoing conflict and trauma. Given the need for such applications, further research is recommended regarding EMDR's ability to increase personal resources in such settings. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder Cognitive Processes Conflict Intifada Group Psychotherapy Multiple Traumatic Events Palestinians Psychotherapeutic Processes Recent Events Resilience Group Therapy Survivors School Age Children Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

35. Mendoza-Weitman, L. (1992, May). Case study. EMDR Network Newsletter, 2(1), 11-12.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
A ten year-old Hispanic boy was referred by his mother for outpatient psychotherapy. The mother described her son as having been depressed since the father abandoned the family over five years ago. The depression was now worsening, although the mother could not identify any new stressors. The boy was described as having little or no interest in pleasurable activities, doing poorly academically, experiencing significant weight loss, panicking each morning about leaving home for school, complaining of stomachaches every morning, and having sad affect. Additionally, the mother was distressed that the boy had an intense phobia of eating in public and refused to do so. He complained of "picturing vomit" each time he tried to eat. The boy's stated goal of treatment was "to stop thinking about throwing up." He also asked for help " to not feel sick every morning, even though I'm not really sick."

Keywords: Case Study Throwing Up Vomiting

Accuracy Verified: Yes

36. van Ommeren-Van der Meer, T. B. (2009). Casus 16 – Er gaan stukjes van de nare foto af: Het bijzondere verwerkingsproces van een 9-jarige jongen met PDD-NOS [Case 16 – Pieces of the negative picture disappear: The special processing of a 9-year old boy with PDD-NAO]. In H. K. Hornsveld & S. Berendsen (Eds.), Casusboek EMDR, 25 voorbeelden uit de praktijk (1st Ed.), (pp. 243-250). Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum. doi:10.1007/978-90-313-7358-1_24.

Language: Dutch

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Tobias wordt door zijn moeder aangemeld bij de GGZ, afdeling Jeugd, omdat hij zowel thuis als op school (buitengewoon onderwijs gespecialiseerd in autistische kinderen) steeds vaker blokkeert. Dan krijgt hij zelfs de meest eenvoudige vaardigheden, zoals zijn veters strikken, niet meer voor elkaar.

Tobias by his mother reported to the Mental Health, Department of Youth, because he is at home and at school (special education specializing in autistic children) are increasingly blocking. Then he gets even the simplest skills, like tying shoelaces are no longer together.

Keywords: PDD-NAO

Accuracy Verified: Yes

37. Zwarts, D. (2009). Casus 4 – ‘Ik ben stom!’: Een 9-jarig meisje wordt depressiever naarmate het schooljaar vordert [Case 4 - "I am stupid!": A 9-year-old girl is getting more depressed as the school year progresses] . In H. K. Hornsveld & S. Berendsen (Eds.), Casusboek EMDR, 25 voorbeelden uit de praktijk (1st Ed.), (pp. 89-100). Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum. doi:10.1007/978-90-313-7358-1_9.

Language: Dutch

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Noa is negen jaar en wanneer ze aangemeld wordt is ze net begonnen aan groep 6. Haar ouders beschrijven haar als een bovengemiddeld intelligent, sociaal en lief meisje. Noa wordt eigenlijk al sinds drie jaar, naarmate het schooljaar vordert, toenemend somber, waarna ze in de zomervakantie steeds weer opknapt. Haar ouders noemen als voornaamste klacht dat Noa zich eenzaam voelt, terwijl ze toch genoeg vriendinnen heeft. Als er even iets moeilijk verloopt in het sociale contact, kan ze daarin blijven hangen. Verder klaagt Noa over concentratieproblemen op school, terwijl haar juf geen zorgen heeft over haar werk.

Noa has been nine years and when registered, she just started to group 6. Her parents describe her as an above average intelligence, social and sweet girl. Noa is actually already been three years, as the school year progresses, increasingly bleak, and in the summer they always improves. Her parents called the principal complaint that Noa feels lonely, but she still has plenty of girlfriends. When there is something causing several problems in social contact, she can hang it. Noa further complains about concentration problems at school, her teacher has no worries about her work.

Keywords: Children Depression

Accuracy Verified: Yes

38. Greenwald, R. (1999, June). Child and adolescent special interest group. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This special interest group is devoted to fostering the development and availablity of EMDR for children and adolescents. Possible SIG sponsored activities may include: information clearinghouse; development of practice and training standards; protocols for speical populations; education of professional, school, medical, and lay communities; peer support for research and writing; and advocacy for underserved child/adolescent populations. At this meeting we will discuss and begin to plan the first activities to be sponsored by this group.

Keywords: Adolescents Children SIG

Accuracy Verified: Yes

39. Greenwald, R. (1995, June). Children-case presentations. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
One major limitation of EMDR is that it is an individual treatment modality. However, individual treatment of a child may be insuflicient, and broader interventions are often required. This is especially likely when environmental forces are unsupportive or in opposition to the healing process. This presentation will focus on the use of EMDR on several levels in child treatment, including individual treatment of traumatic memories, enhancing family support for healing, and addressing family obstacles to healing. Format will include lecture, vignettes, and a video case presentation of the EMDR treatment of a young girl who had been raped by a babysitter, along with the EMDR treatment of her older brother who bullied her. Assessment of child problems includes consideration of many factors. The focus here will be on the child's trauma history, and on the current family situation it pertains to treatment of the child's traumatic memories. Methods of assessment addressed here include interview of the child and the parent, observation of family interactions, and observation of the child's progress, both during and after EMDR treatment. A number of interventions are available to enhance or augment individual EMDR treatment of the child. Vignettes will be presented to illustrate the following interventions: referral to family therapy when successful EMDR highlighted the symptom's functional role; EMDR with a parent to reduce reactivity to the child; and prompting the parent(s) to produce statements and behaviors to be used later as content for installations. A challenging case will be presented in which a family, though motivated, demonstrated a number of behaviors which threatened to undermine the child's treatment. The family consisted of a single father in his late twenties, an eight year-old boy, and a seven-yearold girl. The presenting problem was the girl's ongoing post-traumatic symptoms, particularly nightmares and social withdrawal, some two years after having been raped by a babysitter. (the boy also had social and behavioral problems in school.) Unfortunately, the "lessons" of the girl's traumatic experience were frequently reinforced in the family context, through the brother's bullying of his younger sister, the father's complicity in the bullying, and the father's own tendency to be overly controlling and threatening. Treatment began with two family sessions and one with the father alone. The next three sessions were split to provide some individual time for each child as well as for the father. The seventh, final session included a family meeting and then some time for each individual. Work with the father was difficult and slow, as he was very defensive regarding his own possible contributions to his children's problems. Early interventions included delicate attempts to help the father understand the effect of his yelling and threatening - even though he was no longer in the habit of physically striking his children. Meanwhile, in part to enhance the therapeutic alliance, the primary focus was on direct treatment of the children. Some of this is shown on video. The girl was asked to draw a picture of her bad dream, and then to draw it "all better." She first drew a dark picture of a large man with fangs dripping blood. The next picture was of a nicer man on a sunny day. This activity was used as part of her introduction to the upcoming EMDR work. In the next session she agreed to do EMDR and completed processing in 25 minutes. The following session she indicated that the memory was no longer disturbing, and many of the symptoms had disappeared. She began to raise her next concern, by playing with a doll and a baby bottle, and complaining that she did not get to see her mother enough. Over the same three sessions the boy was also treated with EMDR for a number of relatively minor traumatic memories, including a car accident, the loss of two pets, and a vision of the devil. Despite apparently successfull processing, he was unable to conclude that he was a "good boy," due to evidence to the contrary: memories of his father's anger at him. Cognitive interweave was used to access a sense of inner goodness. The bullying behavior reportedly disappeared both at home and at school, and he also moved on, to express concerns about missing his mother. Treatment was interrupted due to a change in insurance coverage, so continued treatment and follow-up was not accomplished. This case illustrates some ways that EMDR can be enlisted to address aspects of the family context which may constitute obstacles to healing. The girl's brother was treated with EMDR to reduce his mistreatment of her; and the boy's sense of badness, largely gained by interaction with his father, was overcome by accessing internal resources in the absence of parental support. In conclusion, EMDR can play multiple roles in both the diagnosis and treatment of family obstacles to healing.

Keywords: Case Presentations Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

40. Wizansky, B. (2007). A clinical vignette: Resource connection in EMDR work with children. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(1), 57-61. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.57 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A vignette is a brief case report that makes a contribution to the literature, but which has used only EMDR's standard protocol measures. This vignette describes a procedure for drawing on and strengthening a child's resources in all phases of EMDR treatment. The procedure facilitates the connection to more authentic and meaningful inner resources that come directly from the child's world, thus strengthening the positive memory networks so that these are available for the child to access when processing his/her traumatic material. Three separate cases are described to illustrate the application. [Author Introduction]

Keywords: Israelis Psychotherapeutic Processes School Age Children Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

41. Grandison, P. (2007). A combined approach: Using EMDR within a framework of solution focused brief therapy. Educational and Child Psychology, 24(1), 56-64.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This paper reports on a qualitative, exploratory study that creatively combined two therapeutic approaches: eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) and solution focused brief therapy. It was expected that the use of techniques drawn from solution focused brief therapy could help children to facilitate and enhance the use of techniques within EMDR. In particular, techniques focusing on current and future positive resource installation were utilised. Five primary school children age 9 to 11 years were identified by class teachers and parents as presenting as shy, anxious and lacking self-confidence. The group intervention took place in school over six sessions. Within the group setting, the children targeted their own individual area that they wished to improve. Data were collected during and after each session and post-intervention. Increases in children’s self confidence and an improvement in targeted areas were reported by children, parents and teachers. Children found the intervention helpful and were able to identify particular aspects of solution focused brief therapy and EMDR that were useful.

Keywords: Anxiety Brief Psychotherapy Children's Techniques Educational Psychology Empirical Study Group Intervention Group Psychotherapy Primary School Children Problem Solving Psychotherapeutic Techniques Qualitative Study Self-Confidence Shyness Solution Focused Brief Therapy Timidity

Accuracy Verified: Yes

42. Jaberghaderi, N., Greenwald, R., Rubin, A., Zand, S. O., & Dolatabadim, S. (2004, September-October). A comparison of CBT and EMDR for sexually abused Iranian girls. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11(5), 358-368. doi:10.1002/cpp.395.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
14 randomly assigned Iranian girls ages 12-13 years who had been sexually abused received up to 12 sessions of CBT or EMDR treatment. Assessment of post-traumatic stress symptoms and problem behaviours was completed at pre-treatment and 2 weeks post-treatment. Both treatments showed large effect sizes on the post-traumatic symptom outcomes, and a medium effect size on the behaviour outcome, all statistically significant. A non-significant trend on self-reported post-traumatic stress symptoms favoured EMDR over CBT. Treatment efficiency was calculated by dividing change scores by number of sessions; EMDR was significantly more efficient, with large effect sizes on each outcome. Limitations include small N, single therapist for each treatment condition, no independent verification of treatment fidelity, and no long-term follow-up. These findings suggest that both CBT and EMDR can help girls to recover from the effects of sexual abuse, and that structured trauma treatments can be applied to children in Iran. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Brief Psychotherapy CBT Child Abuse Cogntiive Behavorial Therapy Cognitive Therapy Elementary School Students Empirical Study Females Incest Iranians Manual-Based Treatments Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Preadolescents PTSD Quantitative Study Rape Random Clinical Trial RCT Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

43. Cook-Vienot, R., & Taylor, R. J. (2012). Comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and biofeedback/stress inoculation training in treating test anxiety. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(2), 62-72. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.6.2.62 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and Biofeedback/Stress Inoculation Training (B/SIT) treatment and no treatment (NT) were compared in reducing test anxiety. Thirty college students with high test anxiety were randomly assigned to each condition. Pre-post assessments were conducted using the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Rational Behavior Inventory (RBI), and Autonomic Perception Questionnaire (APQ). Treatment therapists were licensed professionals with at least 2 years experience in their respective modality. Statistical analysis using a two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures found significant interactions between time (pre-post) and treatment conditions for all measures except the RBI. Post hoc Newman–Keuls analyses were conducted on the change scores, indicating that both EMDR and B/SIT significantly reduced test anxiety. EMDR generally outperformed B/SIT.

Keywords: Biofeedback Stress Inoculation Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

44. Waayer, M., & Feijtel, M. (2006, November). Context en timing bij EMDR behandelingen met adolescenten [Context and timing of EMDR treatment with adolescents]. Workshop gepresenteerd aan de tweede congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Arnhem, The Netherlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Pubers en adolescenten, leeftijd tussen 12 en 18 jaar kennen intensieve, snel wisselende ontwikkelingsfasen waarbij het veel afstemming van de therapeut vraagt hoe hij of zij contact kan aangaan met de jongere en zijn ouders. Deze jongeren komen slechts zelden met een eigen hulpvraag bij de GGZ. Meestal trekken de ouders aan de bel, soms school, soms een andere hulpverlener. Om met adolescenten te kunnen werken is het essentieel dat we aansluiting zoeken en vinden bij de jongere zelf en hoe die zijn probleem ervaart, ook al kan deze probleemdefinitie lijnrecht tegenover de aanmeldingsreden staan. Als er een hulpvraag is gevonden die erkent kan worden door de jonger zelf en door zijn ouders/opvoeders heeft de behandeling meer bodem om te kunnen starten. Een indicatie voor EMDR-behandeling vraagt altijd om goede voorlichting en uitleg. Bij jongeren speelt vervolgens mee dat de identiteitsontwikkeling en de daarmee gepaard gaande onzekerheidsgevoelens er vaak aan bijdraagt dat EMDR als een “ vreemde gang van zaken” wordt beschouwd. De therapeut moet genoeg vertrouwen in zichzelf en de therapie hebben om de jongere ook het vertrouwen te geven om in proces te durven gaan. Soms gaat dit in golfbewegingen. Het effect van de behandeling kan om dezelfde reden ontkend worden door de jongere zelf ( er zijn dingen veranderd maar dat kan natuurlijk nooit komen door dat rare gedoe, dat komt vast door die nieuwe verkering die nu zo gelukkig maakt) en belangrijk is dan om ook de context van de jongere erbij te betrekken. Ouders, brusjes of/en vrienden en school kunnen belangrijke informatiebronnen zijn om een goede inschatting te maken over het eventuele effect van de behandeling. Timing wanneer een EMDR-behandeling kan starten zal rekening moeten houden met schoolvakanties, proefwerken, PTA’s, (examen)feesten…omdat het belangrijk is om niet teveel risico te nemen op verbreking van het verwerkingsproces.

Teenagers and adolescents, aged between 12 and 18 years have intense, rapidly varying stages of development where it is much matching the therapist asks how he or she can enter into contact with juveniles and their parents. These young people are rare with an own demand for care in mental health. Usually the parents pull the bell, school sometimes, sometimes another helper. To be able to work with adolescents is essential that we seek and find connections with the young people themselves and what they are experiencing problems, even though this problem definition are diametrically opposed to notification reason. If there is a demand for care is found to be acknowledge by the younger self and his parents / guardians, the more soil treatment to start. One indication of EMDR therapy always requires good information and explanation. Among young people is then that the identity development and the associated uncertainty feelings that often contributes EMDR as a "foreign affairs" is seen. The therapist must have enough confidence in himself and the therapy to the young people the confidence to dare to go to trial. Sometimes this in waves. The effect of the treatment can be denied for the same reason the young people themselves (there are some things changed but that can obviously never get through the crazy stuff that is established by the new traffic that is so happy) and also important is to the context of the younger involvement. Parents, siblings and / or friends and school information important to a good estimate on the possible effect of the treatment. Timing when an EMDR treatment will have to start with school, papers, PTA's, (exam) parties ... because it's important not to take too much risk of breaking the process.

Keywords: Adolescents Juveniles

Accuracy Verified: Yes

45. Fernandez, I. (2010, June). The contribution of EMDR with children survivors of mass trauma. Keynote presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This paper describes the application of EMDR as an early trauma-focused treatment with children involved in mass disasters (natural disasters, accidents and intentionally provoked incidents).
EMDR treatment was part of a comprehensive treatment of the population and was the elective treatment for children of those elementary schools, which were most exposed to the traumatic events. In most cases, 3 cycles of EMDR treatment were organized at one month, three months and one year after the critical event. Individual sessions were used for the school children due to the serious exposure to trauma and grief including: threat to life, loss of friends and siblings.
Psychological support and EMDR treatment was provided to parents and school personnel, and this aspect has been considered fundamental in enhancing treatment results in children during the last interventions.
Results of questionnaires and clinical interviews to assess posttraumatic symptomatology before and after treatment will be shown along with follow up data. Treatment groups show a significant improvement after EMDR treatment. Results and statistical data regarding EMDR treatment with heavily traumatized children will be presented.
The author will discuss clinical aspects of using EMDR with children following recent traumas of great magnitude. Analysis and evaluation of children's reactions and needs have highlighted significant epidemiological aspects.
The posttraumatic stress reactions of this group in developmental age will be discussed. EMDR treatment for parents and other adults involved in the disaster has proven critical when dealing with children's symptomatology. Guidelines and indications for structured interventions with all parties involved (parents, school personnel, community) from our field studies will be presented.

Keywords: Children Keynote Mass Trauma Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

46. Carrigan, M., & Levis, D. (1999, January-April). The contributions of eye movements to the efficiacy of brief exposure treatment for reducing fear of public speaking. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 101-118. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00042-5.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The present study was designed to isolate the effects of the eye-movement component of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) procedure in the treatment of fear of public speaking. Seventy-one undergraduate psychology students who responded in a fearful manner on the Fear Survey Schedule II and on a standardized, self-report measure of public speaking anxiety (Personal Report of Confidence as a Speaker; PRCS) were randomly assigned to one of four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The two independent variables assessed were treatment condition (imagery plus eye movements vs. imagery alone) and type of imagery (fear-relevant vs. relaxing). Dependent variables assessed were self-reported and physiological anxiety during exposure and behavioral indices of anxiety while giving a speech. Although process measures indicated exposure to fear-relevant imagery increased anxiety during the procedure, no significant differences among groups were found on any of the outcome measures, except that participants who received eye movements were less likely to give a speech posttreatment than participants who did not receive eye movements. Addition of the eye movements to the experimental procedure did not result in enhancement of fear reduction. It was concluded, consistent with the results of past research, that previously reported positive effects of the EMDR procedure may be largely due to exposure to conditioned stimuli (ScienceDirect).

Keywords: Americans College Students Empirical Study Experimental Stressors Females Phobia Psychophysiology Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

47. Bauman, W., & Melnyk, W. (1994, Mar). A controlled comparison of eye movements and finger tapping in the treatment of test anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 29-33. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90060-4.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
15 pairs of introductory statistics students, matched on initial test anxiety, were randomly assigned to eye movement desensitization (EMD) or control (finger tapping) conditions to test whether EMD effectively treats test anxiety and, if so, whether eye movement is the critical factor. Both groups had significant decreases in subjective units of disturbance during treatment, suggesting that another source of attenuation of elicited anxiety may be as effective as eye movement in reducing anxiety. There was a significant decrease in Test Anxiety Inventory Emotionality Scale scores from pretest to follow up for both groups, but mixed results on the Worry Scale and total anxiety scores. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Anxiety Disorders College Students EMD Life Experiences Survivor Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

48. Hillman, J. L. (2002). Crisis intervention and trauma, New approaches to evidence-based practice. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract: R
ecent findings from an American Psychological Association task force suggest that one in four therapists will experience patient suicide, and that one in eight will feel threatened by patient violence during their career. Experts from this task force have also noted that clinicians receive virtually no formal training or coursework in crisis intervention. Despite the increasing need for professional services among members of the general population, current practitioners have few texts available that provide step-by-step, detailed information about how to engage in crisis intervention, and how to integrate recent, empirical research findings into theory and practice. This volume helps bridge this critical gap by providing a theoretically advanced, yet practical guide to crisis intervention. Particular attention is given to the role of violence within our culture, patient suicide, school and workplace violence, long-term sequelae of trauma, clinical assessment and risk management, professional boundaries and burn-out, domestic violence, and the neurophysiology of trauma, as well as the needs of typically underserved patient populations including minority group members, older adults, gays and lesbians, and children. The text also features critical reviews of controversial topics, including EMDR, critical incident stress debriefing, recovered memories, dissociative identity disorder, and alternative medicine. [Springer]

Keywords: Crisis Intervention Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

49. Greenwald, R. (1999, Fall). A crisis response approach for suicidal teens. EMDRIA Newsletter, Child and Adolescent Issue, Special Edition, 4(4), 23-25.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Child & adolescent issue: A closer look
In my current position as a clinical psychologist based on a high school campus, I often have occasion to meet with adolescents who are suicidal, some having recently made suicidal gestures. Despite the complexity and variety of presenting issues, there is a set of more or less standardized steps to follow to ensure safety as well as appropriate follow-up.

Keywords: Children Suicide Teens

Accuracy Verified: Yes

50. Greenwald, R. (1999, June). A crisis response approach for suicidal teens. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In my current position as a clinical psychologist based on a hlgh school campus, I often have occasion to meet with adolescents who are suicidal, some having recently made suicidal gestures. Despite the complexity and variety of presenting issues, there is a set of more or less standardized steps to follow to ensure safety as well as appropriate follow-up. In this paper I present a case to illustrate how I have integrated EMDR. This approach to teen suicidality uses several elements of the motivation - anger - trauma therapy (MATT) approach for teens with conduct disorder, which has been described in detail elsewhere (Greenwald 1998, 1999, in press). In addition to the standard crisis interventions - letting the client talk out the problem, contracting for safety, implementing supports and restrictions as needed, and arranging follow-up - I have been using EMDR in various ways to enhance present safety as well as subsequent resiliency. For example: the Choices Have Consequences intervention (cited above, described below) helps the client to realize that self-harm leads to a poor outcome despite its initial appeal; the standard use of EMDR can help to reduce vulnerability to the type of stressor which led to the current crisis; and the Future Movies intervention (also cited above and described below) helps to create a more hopeful long-term perspective while enhancing coping skills.

Keywords: Adolescents Poster Suicide Teens

Accuracy Verified: Yes

51. Ligeon, S. N. (2011). De invloed van oogbewegingen en klikjes op de naarheid en levendigheid van negatieve herinneringen [The influence of eye movements and clicks into the nature and vibrancy of negative memories]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a widely applied therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this therapy patients make eye movements while recalling traumatic memories. It is suggested that EMDR taxes working memory and this reduces ratings of the vividness and emotionality of traumatic memories. Although this has been studied extensively for the effectiveness of eye movements, research on bilateral beeps is scarce. Whit a sample of 42 students we compared the effectiveness of eye movements and bilateral beeps. Results indicate that eye movements are more effective in reducing vividness and emotionality of negative memories. Indirectly testing a mechanism proposed by the Working Memory Theory, we found that participants with a larger working memory focused their attention more on the memory as compared to students with a smaller working memory. In sum we conclude that bilateral beeps are inferior to eye movements in the reduction of vividness and emotionality of memories

Keywords: Intrusive Memory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Startle Reflex Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

52. Hoogwerf, L. J. (2011, Februari). De werkingsmechanismen van EMDR: het effect van associeren op het desensitiseren van negatieve herinneringen [The mechanisms of action of EMDR: The effect of associating the desensitisation of negative memories]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is een effectieve behandeling voor posttraumatische stress stoornis (PTSS). Het maken van oogbewegingen tijdens het terugdenken aan een negatieve herinnering is in vele voorgaande onderzoeken effectief gebleken in het verminderen van de naarheid en levendigheid van deze herinneringen. Een ander belangrijk onderdeel van deze behandeling, associëren, is echter nog niet goed onderzocht. Een mixed design is toegepast met 40 participanten, studenten, die ieder twee nare herinneringen ophaalden. 20 participanten hebben oogbewegingen gemaakt, waarbij tijdens één herinnering niet werd geassocieerd en tijdens de andere herinnering wel. De andere 20 participanten hebben geen oogbewegingen gemaakt (fixatie op een wit papier) ook met en zonder associëren. Er is geen effect gevonden van oogbewegingen, maar wel een effect van associaties. Bij participanten die gestimuleerd werden om associaties te maken, daalden de naarheid en levendigheid van de negatieve herinnering meer dan bij participanten die hiertoe niet gestimuleerd werden. Ook de aard van verschillende typen associaties is onderzocht. Uit de hiervoor berekende correlaties komt naar voren dat de naarheid en levendigheid van de negatieve herinnering minder afnemen wanneer men inde fixatieconditie van een afstand naar de gebeurtenis kijkt. In de oogbewegingenconditie neemt de naarheid juist meer af wanneer men van een afstand naar de gebeurtenis kijkt. De bevindingen ondersteunen het gebruik van associaties in de praktijk waarbij het van een afstand naar de gebeurtenis kijken het meest effectief lijkt.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Making eye movements during recall to a negative memory in many previous studies have proven effective in reducing the dreariness and vividness of these memories. Another important part of this treatment, associate, has not yet been well studied. A mixed design was used with 40 participants, students, each fetched two bad memories. 20 participants have eye movements made during a memory which was not associated with and during the other memory is. The other 20 participants have made no eye movement (fixation on a white paper) with or without associate. There is no effect of eye movements, but an effect of associations. For participants who were encouraged to make associations, decreased to nature and vibrancy of the more negative memories than participants who were not encouraged to do so. The nature of different types of associations was examined. From the above calculated correlations show that the dreariness and vibrancy of the negative memories less gas when classification fixation condition from a distance watching the event. the oogbewegingenconditie more precisely, the dreariness away from a distance when looking at the event. The findings support the use of associations in which the practice of distance to the event looking like the most effective

Keywords: Mechanisms of Action

Accuracy Verified: Yes

53. Rana, M. (2010, July). Dealing with psychotrauma in war against terror: East meets West through EMDR. Symposium (Samin Karim, Chair) conducted at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The ‘War on Terror’ on the borders of Pakistan and Afghanistan has committed almost two hundred thousand troops on either side with more than five million civilians directly affected by terrorist acts, bombings, blasts, drone attacks, and air strife. Children, women, and men of all ages report to health facilities in hundreds with psycho trauma ranging from acute stress reactions, posttraumatic stress disorders, dissociation, depression, anxiety and Medically Unexplained Symptoms (MUS). The health professionals with hardly any training in handling of psycho trauma are clueless about how to deal with these cases. A handful of mental health professionals trained by EMDR UK and EMDR Europe experts, through a humanitarian assistance programme are the only trained human resource currently available to deal with these massive numbers of survivors. A strategic placement of this grossly limited number of trained EMDR human resource ( four females, six males), in the war zone has helped scores of soldiers to return to the battlefield, hundreds of children to return to their schools, dozens of families to return to normality and many adults to return to work. The elementary yet devoted and dedicated EMDR services in the war torn regions of Swat, Wazirastan, Kohat and tertiary care services at Rawalpindi are a result of a timely collaboration between EMDR trainers from West providing training in EMDR to psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses and social workers of Pakistan; indeed a fine example of ‘Building Bridges between East & West through EMDR’.

Keywords: Psychotrauma Symposium: Terror War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

54. Shapiro, F. (2009). Desensibilizacion y reprocesamiento por medio de movimiento ocular (EMDR) [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)]. Pax Mexico L.C.C.S.A.

Language: Spanish

Format: Book

Abstract:
En tan solo unos cuantos años, el modo EMDR se ha convertido en el tratamiento más elaborado para el desorden de estrés postraumático (entre otras perturbaciones). El método EMDR es un tratamiento legítimo y poderoso. Modelo integral y eficiente en el tratamiento de experiencias perturbadoras, el método EMDR incorpora diversos aspectos de terapias sistémicas, psicodinámicas, experienciales, conductuales y corporales. Consiste en ocho fases que comprenden el uso de movimientos oculares y otras formas de estimulación izquierda-derecha. Es eficaz para tratar el desorden de estrés postraumático y reprocesar pensamientos y recuerdos perturbadores o problemas psicológicos de sobrevivientes de traumas, de abuso sexual, de crímenes, de combate bélico, así como de fobias y desórdenes causados por experiencias vivenciales y proporciona en poco tiempo efectos clínicos profundos y estables. Con descripciones y transcripciones detalladas, la autora guía al clínico por cada etapa del tratamiento terapéutico, desde la selección de los clientes hasta la aplicación del método y su integración dentro de un plan integral de tratamiento clínico. Escrito de manera accesible, este libro es una guía invaluable tanto para los clínicos experimentados en el tratamiento EMDR como para las personas que acaban de conocer el método, y para los estudiantes avanzados de psicología clínica y psicoterapia.

In just a few years, modeEMDR has become more elaborate treatment for PTSD (among other disturbances) clutter. The methodEMDR is a legitimate and powerful treatment. Comprehensive and efficient model in the treatment of disturbing experiences, the methodEMDR incorporates aspects of systemic therapies, psychodynamic, experienciales, behavioural and body. Consists of eight phases comprising the use of eye movements and other forms of left-right stimulation. It is effective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder and re-processing thoughts and disturbing memories or psychological problems of survivors of trauma, sexual abuse, of crimes, war combat, as well as phobias and disorders caused by vivenciales experiences and provides deep and stable clinical effects in a short time. With descriptions and detailed transcripts, the author guides the clinical through every stage of therapeutic, treatment from clients to the implementation of the method and their integration within a comprehensive clinical treatment plan selection. Written in an accessible manner, this book is an invaluable guide for clinicians in the treatmentEMDR as for people just know the method and for advanced students of clinical psychology and psychotherapy.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: No

55. [Yoshinori Fukui]. (2009, May). Discussion on the use of the dissociative experiences scale (DES): Frequency of dissociative experinces among adolescents. EMDR研究1（1）、12月23日 [Japanese Journal of EMDR Research and Practice, 1(1), 12-23].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This research aims to look at the frequency of dissociative experiences among adolescent population, and collect basic data. Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) was administered to 816 university students. The results on each item were analyzed and they were very similar to those of previous studies. I-T correlation and G-P analyses results indicate that discriminate power for each item is at best when cut-off of 25 or less is applied. Since the data was not distributed normally, test for median was performed and the same result was obtained. On top of that, to secure the normal distribution of the data, square root transformation was undertaken before the two analyses were performed. The results suggest that on G-P analysis, in order to increase discriminate power, the cut-off needs to be less than 16. However, when false negative and positive were taken into consideration, it was off from practical use. And when compared with other researches, it became apparent that depending on the context of measurers used with DES, there is a possibility of subjecrs being biased. Also it was suggested that items on DES are useful in screening DID but they are not measuring the overall spectrum of dissociative disorder.

Keywords: Adolescence DES Dissociative Experience Dissociative Experiences Scale

Accuracy Verified: Yes

56. Ferrol, S., & Salas, C. (2009, Junio). Diseño de intervenciones con EMDR en el ámbito escolar [EMDR design interventions in schools]. Presentación en X Congreso Internacional de Estres Traumatico, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Keywords: Design Interventions School

Accuracy Verified: Yes

57. Nelson, K. L. (2000, May 10). Don't panic: Anxiety disorders understandable, treatable. Knoxville, TN: The Knoxville News-Sentinel, Final, Health and Science, B1.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
What helped Ben is a controversial and still scientifically unproven therapy called EMDR, for eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. EMDR has been used with survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing and the Columbine High School shooting.

Keywords: General Knoxville Overview

Accuracy Verified: No

58. Hornsveld, H., & van den Hout, M. (2010, April). Een serie experimenten naar oogbewegingen en klikjes: Wat werkt beter? [A series of experiments on eye movements and clicks, what works better?]. Presentatie op de suxth congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederlands, Nijmegen, Nederlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Er zijn verschillende theorieën over de werkingsmechanismen van EMDR. De belangrijkste theorieën zullen kort worden toegelicht en het wetenschappelijk bewijs ervoor samengevat. Vervolgens zullen we een serie eigen experimenten presenteren: drie studies bij studenten en één studie bij PTSS- patiënten. In deze experimenten zullen oogbewegingen telkens worden vergeleken met andere taakjes of stimuli. Implicaties voor de theorievorming en voor de klinische praktijk zullen worden bediscussieerd tijdens de workshop aan de hand van stellingen. Exp 1 laat zien dat de positieve bevindingen voor oogbewegingen (ten opzichte van een controle conditie) ook gevonden worden bij negatieve herinneringen aan een verlieservaring. Dit geeft een empirische basis voor de suggestie dat EMDR ook zinvol toegepast kan worden bij gecompliceerde rouw. Exp 2 gaat over het werkgeheugen en een eventuele dosis respons relatie. Met andere woorden: geven taken die een grotere belasting voor het werkgeheugen vormen ook grotere SUD-dalingen? Exp 3 Laat zien dat de werkgeheugenbelasting van oogbewegingen veel groter is dan van de bekende koptelefoon met klikjes. Vervolgens vergelijken we de werkzaamheid van oogbewegingen, klikjes, en een controle-conditie bij studenten die negatieve herinneringen ophalen. Exp 4 is een klinische studie bij PTSS patiënten, waarbij we oogbewegingen, klikjes en controle (herinneringsbeeld zonder bilaterale stimulatie) met elkaar vergelijken. Verwacht wordt dat de eerste voorlopige data tijdens het congres beschikbaar zijn.
Hornsveld, H., Landwehr, F., Stein, W., Stomp, G., Smeets, M. &. van den Hout, M. (2010). Emotionality of loss-related memories is reduced after retrieval plus eye movements but not after retrieval plus music or retrieval only. Submitted.
Hout, M.A. van den, Engelhard, I.M., Rijkeboer, M., Koekebakker, J., Hornsveld, H. Toffolo, M., & Akse, N. (2010). Eye movements tax working memory, but binaural stimulation does not. Manuscript in preparation.
Hout, M.A. van den,, Engelhard, I., Smeets, M, Hornsveld, H., Hoogeveen, E., de Heer, E. & Rijkeboer, M. ( 2010). Counting during recall: taxing of working memory and reduced vividness and emotionality of negative memories. In press, Applied Cognitive Psychology.

There are several theories about the mechanisms of action of EMDR. The main theories will be briefly explained and summarized the scientific evidence before. Then we will present a series of own experiments: studies in three students and a study in PTSD patients. In these experiments will be compared with each eye movement or other minor assignments stimuli. Implications for theory and for clinical practice will be discussed during the workshop by means of propositions. Exp 1 shows that the positive findings for eye movements (compared to a control condition) also found associated with negative memories of a loss experience. This provides an empirical basis for the suggestion that EMDR is also useful can be used for complicated grief. Exp 2 is about memory and a possible dose response relationship. In other words, tasks that give a greater burden on working memory are also larger SUD decreases? Exp 3 Shows that the memory load of eye movements is much greater than the known Headphones clicks. Then we compare the efficacy of eye movements, clicks, and a control condition in which students negative memories. Exp 4 A clinical study in PTSD patients, we eye movements, clicks and control (memory image without bilateral stimulation) compared. It is expected that the preliminary data available at the conference.
Horn Field, H., Landwehr, F., Stein, W., Stump, G., Smeets, M. &. van den Hout, M. (2010). Emotionality or loss-related pleadings Reduced after retrieval plus eye movements but not after retrieval or retrieval plus music only. Submitted.
Wood, M.A. van den, Engelhard, IM, Rijkeboer, M., Koekebakker, J., Horn Field, H. Toffolo, M., & Akse, N. (2010). Eye movements tax working memory, but Does Not binaural stimulation. Manuscript in preparation.
Wood, M.A. van den, Engelhard, I., Smeets, M, Horn Field, H., Hoogeveen, E., Mr. E. Farmer & Rich, M. (2010). Counting consistently recall: Taxing of working memory and Reduced vivid ness and emotionality or negative statements. In press, Applied Cognitive Psychology.

Keywords: Eye Movements Mechanism of Action

Accuracy Verified: Yes

59. Meneses, J. A. (2007). Efectividad del EMDR, en la reducción de la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes academicos, en las alumnas de los sextos cursos del instituto tecnológico “Eloy Alfaro”, de la ciudad de esmeraldas, durante el ano 2.006 [Effectiveness of EMDR in reducing extreme anxiety to academic examinations in the students of the sixth technical institute courses "Eloy Alfaro" emerald city, during the year 2006]. Universidad Central Del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Psicologicas, Instituto Superior de Postgrado, Quito, Ecuador.

Language: Spanish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
El EMDR, es un método psicoterapéutico, efectivo para reducir la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes académicos, a niveles normales, en un 88.8%, de los casos, en 9.25 sesiones de tratamiento, como promedio, con un nivel de confianza del 95 y 99%, en las alumnas de los sextos cursos, del Instituto Tecnológico “Eloy Alfaro, de la ciudad de Esmeraldas, durante el año 2.006. OBJETIVOS DE APRENDIZAJE: 1. Demostrar que EMDR, es efectivo también para reducir la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes académicos. 2. Informar que EMDR, reduce además a niveles normales los sistemas de respuestas de ansiedad cognitiva, fisiológica, y motora y la ansiedad a la evaluación. 3. Concienciar que EMDR, provoca también cambios cognitivos, emocionales y conductuales, como por ejemplo, el aumento de la autoestima y de la autoeficacia. 4. Comunicar que, luego del estudio de seguimiento, se estableció que EMDR, es efectivo en la reducción de la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes, en forma estable, es decir sin que se produzcan recaídas o sustitución de síntomas

In this study, which is kind of explanation, then use the hypothetical-deductive method with a quasi-experimental design with experimental and control group, formed at random, with pre and post treatment, with statistical processing of data, with the Student t test, and ANOVA before and after treatment, and once tested the hypothesis, it was established that: EMDR is a psychotherapeutic method, effective in reducing extreme anxiety to academic tests to normal levels in 88.8% of the cases, treatment sessions 9.25, on average, with a confidence level of 95 and 99 % of pupils in the sixth course, the "Eloy Alfaro" Technological Institute in Esmeraldas City Ecuador during the year 2006. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1. Show that EMDR is also effective to reduce extreme anxiety to academic exams. 2. Report that EMDR also reduces systems to normal levels of anxiety responses cognitive, physiological, and motor and anxiety evaluation. 3. Awareness that EMDR also causes cognitive, emotional and behavioral, for example, increased self-esteem and self-efficacy. 4. Report that, after the follow-up study established that EMDR is effective in reducing extreme anxiety tests in stable form, ie without the occurrence of relapse or symptom substitution.

Keywords: Anxiety Eloy Alfaro Students

Accuracy Verified: Yes

60. Meneses, J. A. (2007, Novembro). Efectividad del EMDR, en la reducción de la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes académicos, en las alumnas de los sextos cursos del instituto tecnológico “Eloy Alfaro”, de la ciudad de Esmeraldas, Ecuador, durante el año 2.006 [Effectiveness of EMDR in reducing extreme anxiety, academic tests, students in the sixth high school courses technological "Eloy Alfaro" City Esmeraldas, Ecuador, during the year 2006]. Apresentação no I Congresso Ibero-Americano de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objetivos de aprendizaje: • Demostrar que EMDR es efectivo también para reducir la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes académicos. • Informar que EMDR reduce además a niveles normales los sistemas de respuestas de ansiedad cognitiva, fisiológica, y motora y la ansiedad a la evaluación. • Concienciar que EMDR provoca también cambios cognitivos, emocionales y conductuales, como por ejemplo: el aumento de la autoestima y de la autoeficacia. • Comunicar que luego del estudio de seguimiento, se estableció que EMDR, es efectivo en la reducción de la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes, en forma estable, es decir, sin que se produzcan recaídas o sustitución de síntomas.

Learning Objectives: • Demonstrate that EMDR is effective also for reduce extreme anxiety tests academics. • Inform that EMDR also reduces levels normal response systems cognitive anxiety, physiological, and motor and evaluation anxiety. • Raise awareness that EMDR also results cognitive, emotional and behavioral such as: increased self-esteem and self-efficacy. • Communicate that after the follow-up study established that EMDR is effective in reducing the extreme anxiety examinations, in a stable, ie without relapses occur or replacement of symptoms.

Keywords: Ecuador Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

61. Propper, R. E., Pierce, J., Geisler, M. W., Christman, S. D., & Bellorado, N. (2007, September). Effect of bilateral eye movements on frontal interhemispheric gamma EEG coherence: Implications for EMDR therapy. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 195(9), 785-788. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e318142cf73.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The use of bilateral eye movements (EMs) is an important component of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for PTSD. The neural mechanisms underlying EMDR remain unclear. However, prior behavioral work looking at the effects of bilateral EMs on the retrieval of episodic memories suggests that the EMs enhance interhemispheric interaction. The present study examined the effects of the EMs used in EMDR on interhemispheric electroencephalogram coherence. Relative to noneye-movement controls, engaging in bilateral EMs led to decreased interhemispheric gamma electroencephalogram coherence. Implications for future work on EMDR and episodic memory are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Brain Imaging Bilateral Eye Movements College Students Empirical Study Neurophysiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

62. Graham, L. B., & Robinson, E. M. (2007, Spring). Effect of EMDR on anxiety and swim times. Journal of Swimming Research, 17, 1-9.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study investigated the effect of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on swimmers who had experienced a traumatic swimming event. Measures of performance, anxiety, and self-perception in (N = 65) competitive college and high school swimmers were collected Swimmers were randomly assigned to one of three conditions; EMDR, imagery or no treatment. All participants took the State-Trait Anxiety Scale and performed a 100 yd freestyle swim pretreatment and posttreatment. The EMDR and imagery group had two additional anxiety measures: [heart rate and Subjective Units of Distress, (SUDS)] and one cognition scale the Validity of Cognition Scale. These two groups had three sessions of either EMDR or imagery. Trait anxiety scores did not differ among groups as expected but the EMDR group's state anxiety decreased compared to the no treatment group p = .002. Heart rate and SUDS decreased as a consequence of group, with EMDR showing a drop in rate p < .001. Swim times were not different for all the groups, but EMDR improved compared to the no treatment p = .043. The EMDR group endorsed greater coping beliefs than the imagery group p < .01. EMDR may provide coaches with an alternative to imagery to help the athlete who has a "mental block" (negative thoughts indicating inability to cope with the swimming event) secondary to a traumatic sport

Keywords: Anxiety Swimming

Accuracy Verified: Yes

63. Ichii Masaya (2003, September). Effect of RDI for ameliorating depression in college students. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: College Students Depression RDI Resource Development Installation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

64. Dexter, B. A. (2006, September). Effective therapy with military and their families. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Many more families are now affected dramatically by military service and combat. War is a disturbing experience for the service member and the family. Yet military culture is something that mental health providers do not receive training on in graduate school. Military medical systems tend to lead military families to expect certain services and knowledge when they seek help from a therapist. If military families are able to utilize military medical facilities they expect they providers to be experts on military culture. It is not neccssary however, for therapists to have served in the military in order to provide high quality service to military individuals and their families. The military community is an entire culture with many honorable customs and traditions. To fail to learn about military culture when working with military families would be tantamount to telling a client that ethnic minority issues were not worthy of therapeutic consideration. It is more critical now for mental health providers to learn about military culture because many Activated Reservists, National Guard and their families will need to receive mental health services outside of the structured military mental health setting. There is no one "central source" for military information needed by a clinician in order to provide the most effective therapy. In this workshop we will include up-todate handouts and referral sources for therapists serving military families. We will also identify how to use military culture knowledge to build rapport and to set up effective targets for EMDR processing.

Keywords: Families Military

Accuracy Verified: Yes

65. Ueda, E., Yamanishi, K., & Fukui, Y. (2010, July). The effective way of controlling of habitual scratching on atopic dermatitis patients with social stress by using EMDR. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This study aims to cure refractory atopic dermatitis (AD) patients, by using EMDR, who severely suffer from habitual scratching that may derive from their unbearable social stress. The prevalence of AD is 13.2% in 3 year-old children and 8.2% among 1st grade university students in Japan, according to a Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare study, 2000 to 2002. The patients with AD have been increasing in the past 20 years. Among these patients, 20% have more than moderate severity, and within this group, some of the patients have chronic and refractory conditions with some psychosomatic factors. So far a great deal of effort has been made to care those patients, however, there are still quite some patients who are distressed with their difficult state of condition. We then focus on treatment of controlling habitual scratching of AD patients that may generally derive from personal friction or social stress. We obtained fairly significant results with EMDR on which these patients came to be able to control themselves, reduce their scratching, and also enhance their self-efficacy. These results suggested that EMDR were useful for controlling the habitual scratching from stress of traumatic memory such as child abuse, bullying of tragedy and effective for refractory AD patients.

Keywords: Atopic Dermatitis Habitual Stress Scratching

Accuracy Verified: Yes

66. Hampel, J. C. (1997, November). The effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on self-reported test anxiety in college students. Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI. AAT 9732881.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Test anxiety is a common problem among students in western culture due to the importance of academic achievement and the consequences for failure. Many consider test anxiety to be primarily an issue of poor study habits and test readiness. However, some students who appear to possess excellent study habits also appear to experience severe anxiety during tests. A recent meta-analysis of test anxiety research substantiated these claims, finding that test anxiety appeared to be an emotionally-based as opposed to a cognitively-based problem. Despite these findings, the etiologies for test anxiety remain unknown. Similar to nearly all DSM-IV diagnostic categories, test anxiety is a syndrome with no known pathognomonic sign(s) which singularly diagnose the condition. Hence, treatments for test anxiety, as for nearly all other DSM-IV mental disorders are symptomatic as opposed to strategic. Unfortunately, there are few symptomatic treatments for test anxiety that are both efficient and effective.Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), which was developed for the symptomatic treatment of PTSD, was chosen to treat the symptoms of test anxiety for the following essential reasons: (a) the reported efficacy of EMDR with PTSD; (b) the similarities between test anxiety and PTSD that include intrusive thoughts, inability to concentrate, behavioral avoidance, and emotional symptomatology; and (c) the need for a brief, effective symptomatic treatment for test anxiety. Using a waiting control group against which to compare the treatment group and subsequently replicate treatment effects, the results found that EMDR was highly effective for the symptomatic reduction of self-reported test anxiety as measured by all test anxiety scales. Moreover, these results also suggest that measures of study habits and attitudes are also sensitive to enhancement as a result of treatment with EMD/R. Although the current results did not suggest specific mechanism(s) by which EMDR was effective, the pattern of highly effective results across widely different types of test anxiety presentations suggests the actions of an active placebo treatment. It is suggested that future research contrast EMD/R with known active placebo protocols. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(5-B), Nov 1997, pp. 2676.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders College Students Empirical Study Life Experiences Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

67. Lee, C. W., & Drummond P. D. (2008, June). Effects of eye movement versus therapist instructions on the processing of distressing memories. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(5), 801-808. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.08.007.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The effectiveness of components of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was tested by randomly assigning 48 participants to either an eye movement or an eye stationary condition and to one of two types of therapist instructions (reliving or distancing). Participants were university students (mean age 23) who were asked to recall a personal distressing memory with measures of distress and vividness taken before and after treatment, and at follow-up. There was no significant effect of therapist's instruction on the outcome measures. There was a significant reduction in distress for eye movement at post-treatment and at follow-up but overall no significant reduction in vividness. Post hoc analysis revealed a significant reduction in vividness only for the eye movement and distancing instruction condition. The results were consistent with other evidence that the mechanism of change in EMDR is not the same as traditional exposure.

Keywords: Empirical Study Eye Movement Follow-Up Study Quantitative Study Randomized Comparison

Accuracy Verified: Yes

68. Enright, M. B. (1995, August). The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of test anxiety. University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO. AAT 9617465.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study explores the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of test anxiety. Thirty-five college students who scored above the 50th percentile on test anxiety were randomly assigned to either a treatment or wait-list control group. Subjects received two 1 hour sessions of EMDR. After posttesting, the control group also received EMDR treatment. The treatment group had a significant reduction in Test Anxiety Inventory total score, emotionality scale score, worry scale score, and state anxiety as compared to the control group. After treatment, the control group matched the experimental group for significant reductions on all dependent measures. The subject group as a whole had significant reductions in subjective units of distress during treatment as well as a significant increase in the validity of positive self-statements. Reductions in anxiety measures were maintained at one month follow-up. The differential effect of EMDR on subjects based on gender and pretreatment level of trait anxiety was also examined. Subjects with high trait anxiety had a greater reduction in total test anxiety, emotionality, and worry on posttesting as compared to subjects with lower trait anxiety. Males and females were found to respond equally to the treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 57(2-B), Aug 1996, pp. 1436

Keywords: Anxiety Management College Students Empirical Study Test Anxiety Treatment of Test Anxiety Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

69. Lytle, R. A., Hazlett-Stevens, H., & Borkovec, T. D. (2002). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization in the treatment of cognitive intrusions related to a past stressful event. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16(3), 273-288. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00099-3.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Much of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) efficacy research has been widely criticized, limiting scientific understanding of its therapeutic components. The present investigation of Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD) effectiveness included undergraduate students reporting current intrusive cognitions concerning a traumatic event. Forty-five participants received a single treatment session of either: (a) EMD, as described by Shapiro [J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 20 (1989b) 211], (b) an identical procedure which employed eye fixation on a stationary target, or (c) non-directive counseling. Standardized self-report, subjective rating, Daily Diary, and intrusive thought sampling measures were collected before and after treatment. Results indicated that participants in the eye fixation group reported marginally (p<.052) fewer cognitive intrusions than the non-directive group 1 week following treatment. No significant differences between the EMD and non-directive conditions or between the EMD and eye fixation conditions on this measure were found. During the treatment session, both desensitization groups were superior to the non-directive group in reducing reported vividness of the mental image of the original event. However, the non-directive group improved to the level of the two other groups by the following week. Rapid saccadic eye movements were therefore unrelated to immediate treatment effects for this sub-clinical sample, and non-directive treatment largely yielded eventual outcomes equivalent to the two desensitization conditions (Pilots).

Keywords: Biologic Markers College Students Intrusive Thoughts Negative Therapeutic Reaction Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Witnesses

Accuracy Verified: Yes

70. Sellers, J. L. (1997, October). Efficacy of the eye movement desensitization procedure as compared to accelerated massed desensitization in the treatment of test anxiety. California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA. ATT 9729659.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) procedure had been widely promoted as an effective anxiety reducing treatment, yet the methodology of many studies has not been adequate to clearly investigate the procedure (Lohr, Kleinknecht, Conley, Dal Cerro, Schmidt, & Sonntag, 1992) and comparison treatments have been inappropriately applied (Lohr, Kleinknecht, Tolin & Barrett, 1995). This study compared EMDR and Accelerated Massed Desensitization (AMD), which has been empirically supported as a short term intervention in the treatment of test anxiety. All participants were screened for participation and 38 were determined test anxious, according to the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI; Spielberger, 1980). No subjects were involved in any form of relaxation training or taking any medications to reduce anxiety at the time of their participation. All participants were recruited from college and university classes in the Orange and San Bernardino counties and were paid $10 for their participation. Six therapists and the primary investigator conducted therapy sessions for both treatments. All therapists completed the EMDR training, completed relevant reading materials for the AMD procedure, and followed protocols for both procedures throughout the therapy sessions. Participants were randomly assigned to either the EMDR or AMD treatment condition and a therapist. Participants completed the state portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger, 1983) and the Subjective Units of Distress scale (SUD; Wolpe, 1982) measures at pre and post treatment and at pre and post in-class exam. Participants received two sessions of treatment for each of the conditions. This study hypothesized that the EMDR treatment would significantly reduce anxiety as measured by the STAI and the SUD as compared to the AMD treatment. This study also hypothesized that EMDR would significantly reduce anxiety in both treatment and in vivo settings. Supplementary hypotheses predicted that the AMD treatment would reduce anxiety in both the treatment and in vivo settings. Results indicated that students in the AMD condition experienced more anxiety reduction than students in the EMDR condition. However, both treatments were effective in reducing anxiety in both the treatment and in vivo setting, as measured by the STAI and SUD scales. These results suggest that both treatments may be effective for reducing anxiety. However, the AMD treatment led to greater reductions in anxiety, as compared to the EMDR treatment. It is suggested that further research of the EMDR procedure include suitable comparison groups in order to assess its effectiveness and allow clinicians to choose appropriate treatments based on empirical support. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(4-B), Oct 1997, pp. 2139.

Keywords: College or University Students Identified As Test Anxious Efficacy of Eye Movement vs Accelerated Massed Desensitization for Treating Test Anxiety Psychotherapeutic Techniques Sellers Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

71. Shapiro, F., & Sherwel, C. (2004). EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing): Desensibilizacion y reprocesamiento por medio de moimiento ocular [EMDR (Eye Movement desensitization and reprocessing): Desensitization and reprocessing of eye movement]. México: Pax México.

Language: Spanish

Format: Book

Abstract:
En tan solo unos cuantos años, el modo EMDR se ha convertido en el tratamiento más elaborado para el desorden de estrés postraumático (entre otras perturbaciones). El método EMDR es un tratamiento legítimo y poderoso. Modelo integral y eficiente en el tratamiento de experiencias perturbadoras, el método EMDR incorpora diversos aspectos de terapias sistémicas, psicodinámicas, experienciales, conductuales y corporales. Consiste en ocho fases que comprenden el uso de movimientos oculares y otras formas de estimulación izquierda-derecha. Es eficaz para tratar el desorden de estrés postraumático y reprocesar pensamientos y recuerdos perturbadores o problemas psicológicos de sobrevivientes de traumas, de abuso sexual, de crímenes, de combate bélico, así como de fobias y desórdenes causados por experiencias vivenciales y proporciona en poco tiempo efectos clínicos profundos y estables. Con descripciones y transcripciones detalladas, la autora guía al clínico por cada etapa del tratamiento terapéutico, desde la selección de los clientes hasta la aplicación del método y su integración dentro de un plan integral de tratamiento clínico. Escrito de manera accesible, este libro es una guía invaluable tanto para los clínicos experimentados en el tratamiento EMDR como para las personas que acaban de conocer el método, y para los estudiantes avanzados de psicología clínica y psicoterapia.

In just a few years, how EMDR has become more elaborate treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (in other disturbances). EMDR is a legitimate and powerful treatment. Comprehensive and efficient model in the treatment of disturbing experiences, EMDR incorporates various aspects of systemic therapies, psychodynamic, experiential, behavioral and physical. It consists of eight phases that include the use of eye movements and other forms of left-right stimulation. Is effective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder and reprocess disturbing thoughts and memories or psychological problems of survivors of trauma, sexual abuse, crimes of war fighting, as well as phobias and disorders caused by life experiences and provides in a short time effects clinical deep and stable. With detailed descriptions and transcripts, the author guides the clinician through every stage of therapeutic treatment, from selection of clients to the application of the method and its integration into a comprehensive clinical treatment. Written in an accessible, this book is an invaluable guide both for experienced clinicians in the EMDR treatment to people who just know the method, and for advanced students of clinical psychology and psychotherapy.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

72. Chandarasiri, P. (2008, June). EMDR and play therapy in traumatised children. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Young children who are not yet fully developed mentally can not differentiate the past traumatic memory from the present reality and in metabolising disturbing trauma memories. Children usually mix their past experience and the present through play to help them connect the pieces of experience into a narrative that is understandable for them. Every piece of trauma in the past is integrated into their life and may adversely influence their personality formation. Trauma work with children through play and EMDR techniques can be helpful in preventing such distortion, especially among disable children. EMDR method was applied to a 10 years old boy with learning disability. He was separated from his family and stayed at the residential home. He had his past experience of witnessing domestic violence since early infancy. The injuries sustained by his mother had caused great concern for him. He also experienced sexual abuse by another boy which was reflected in sex play with his peers. He had attention problem, aggressive behaviours together with difficulty in regulating his moods. Because of his limitation, he preferred to communicate his emotions through action and play rather than verbally. His preoccupation was expressed through figures fighting that typically resulted in death. During the play session, the therapist would intermittently take a pause with him and the bilateral tapping was applied corresponding with the event in play, for example checking through the worst event, the negative event, the positive event, the strength, the changes taking place in their mind and the play. Most of his play started with the fighting and ended with the good figures won. The installation was applied at the end. His behaviours were monitored at the residential home and at the school. It was found later that he could control his anger better and he was able to tell the caretakers showing that he was aware of his feelings and his behaviours. The conclusion can be drawn that the use of bilateral stimulation during play therapy has facilitated changes in his behaviours, affects, and communication.

Keywords: Children Play Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

73. Greenwald, R. (2002). EMDR and trauma-focused treatment for conduct problems. In J. Morris-Smith (Ed.), EMDR: Clinical applications with children, Occasional paper No. 19 (pp. 15-21) London: The Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Trauma is proposed as a key to understanding the development and persistence of conduct problems, in conjunction with other contributing factors. Preliminary research on child/adolescent trauma treatment indicates that such treatment can successfully reduce post-traumatic symptoms as well as conduct problem symptoms. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has shown particular promise. However, it can be difficult to secure treatment compliance for trauma-focused work with this challenging population. A more comprehensive treatment approach is suggested which addresses trauma-related issues of motivation, safety, and self-efficacy as a foundation form which to introduce EMDR. Reductions in post-traumatic stress, related symptoms, and problem behaviours along with improved school performance, indicate the value of further study of this type of treatment approach.

Keywords: Children Conduct Disorders Occasional Paper

Accuracy Verified: Yes

74. Fernandez, I. (2007). EMDR as a treatment of post-traumatic reactions: A field study on child victims of an earthquake. Educational and Child Psychology, 24(1), 65-72.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This field study explores the effectiveness of EMDR (eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing) for the post-traumatic reactions of child victims in the post-emergency context of an earthquake that occurred in 2002 in Molise, a region of Central Italy. EMDR was chosen as the treatment for the children of the San Giuliano Primary School in Molise. Twenty-two of the children who experienced the traumatic event, being suddenly buried under the debris of their collapsed school and in contact with the bodies of their dead classmates for hours, received three cycles of EMDR treatment over one year, with a total average of 6.5 sessions of EMDR each. The results show that EMDR contributed to the reduction or remission of PTSD symptoms and facilitated the processing of the traumatic experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Child Victims Elementary Schools Emotional Trauma Field Study Natural Disasters Post-Emergency Context Molise Earthquake Post-Traumatic Reactions PTSD PTSD Symptoms Remission Traumatic Experiences

Accuracy Verified: Yes

75. Fernandez, I. (2008, June). EMDR as an elective treatment with children survivors of mass disasters. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This paper describes the application of EMDR as an early trauma-focused treatment with children involved in mass disasters (natural disasters, accidents and intentionally provoked). EMDR treatment was part of a comprehensive treatment with the population and was the elective treatment for the children of elementary schools which were the most exposed to the traumatic events. In most cases, 3 cycles of EMDR treatment were organized at one month, three months and a year from the critical event. Individual sessions were used for the school children due to the serious exposure to trauma and grief including: threat to life, loss of friends and sibling. Psychological support and EMDR treatment were provided to parents and school personnel and this aspect has been considered in the last interventions fundamental to enhance treatment results in children. Results of questionnaires and clinical interviews to assess post-traumatic symptomatology before and after treatment will be shown, along with follow up data. Treatment group show a significant improvement after EMDR treatment. Statistical analysis of results will be discussed. The author will highlight clinical aspects of using EMDR with children following recent trauma of great magnitude. The post-traumatic stress reactions of this group in developmental age will be discussed. EMDR treatment for parents and other adults involved in the disaster has proved to be critical when dealing with children’s symptomatology. Guidelines and indications for structured interventions coming from our field studies will be presented.

Keywords: Children Elective Treatment Mass Disasters Recent Events Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

76. Schlattmann, N. (2006). EMDR en de allerkleinsten: Een gevalsbeschrijving [EMDR and the very young: A case study]. Kinder en Jeugdpsychotherapie, 33(3), 25-38.

Language: German

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Voor de behandeling van de posttraumatische stress stoornis (PTSS) bestaan er twee behandelmethoden waarvan de werkzaamheid voldoende is aangetoond: gedragstherapie (imaginaire exposure) en Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) (de Jongh en ten Broeke, 2003). EMDR is in Amerika door Shapiro ontdekt en ontwikkeld. In de 90’er jaren is deze behandelmethode in Nederland geïntroduceerd. Oorspronkelijk is het een vorm van psychotherapie voor volwassenen. In Amerika zijn onder anderen Lovett, Tinker en Wilson begonnen om EMDR ook bij kinderen toe te passen. Het eerste onderzoek naar de behandeling van kinderen met EMDR is in 1996 gepubliceerd door Chemtob (Lovett, 1999). Inmiddels zijn er in Nederland verschillende artikelen geschreven over de toepassing van EMDR bij kinderen (de Roos en Beer, 2003; Beer en de Roos, 2004). EMDR kan goed bij schoolgaande kinderen gebruikt worden. Er wordt dan gewerkt met het kinderprotocol. Adolescenten, pubers en lagere schoolkinderen worden nu vaak met EMDR behandeld als er sprake is van PTSS. De toepassing bij peuters is minder bekend. Hoe jonger het kind des te sneller therapeuten geneigd zijn om niet met het kind zelf te werken. Dikwijls wordt dan volstaan met ouderbegeleiding. Ouders krijgen adviezen hoe zij hun kind kunnen helpen bij de verwerking van het trauma. Naast de ouderbegeleiding krijgt het kind zelf vaak helemaal geen behandeling, terwijl behandeling van het kind wel datgene is waar ouders om vragen. Het kind behandelen werkt directer en waarschijnlijk ook efficiënter en effectiever. Bij kinderen onder de vier jaar zijn een heleboel elementen uit het EMDR protocol niet uitvoerbaar. Toch is het heel goed mogelijk om EMDR ook bij de allerkleinsten te gebruiken, namelijk door middel van de “storytelling” techniek van Lovett (1999). De hulp en inzet van ouders is daarbij een vereiste. In dit artikel wordt deze techniek beschreven aan de hand van een gevalsbeschrijving van een jongetje van drie jaar, Tommy. Het artikel begint met een uiteenzetting van de voorgeschiedenis van de casus. Daarna wordt aangegeven welke elementen van het EMDR protocol aangepast moeten worden bij peuters en wordt de “storytelling” techniek, oftewel de verhalenmethode, beschreven. Dan volgt een weergave van het verhaal dat de ouders van Tommy met behulp van de therapeut voor hem schreven. Vervolgens wordt de behandeling van Tommy beschreven. Het artikel eindigt met een conclusie.

For the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), there two treatments for which efficacy has been adequately demonstrated: behavioral therapy (imaginal exposure) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) (de Jongh and Ten Broeke, 2003). EMDR in America discovered and developed by Shapiro. In the 90's, this treatment method introduced in the Netherlands. It was originally a form of psychotherapy for adults. In America, among others Lovett, Tinker and Wilson began to EMDR in children applying. The first research on the treatment of children with EMDR in 1996 published by Chemtob (Lovett, 1999). There are now several articles on the Netherlands use of EMDR in children (de Roos and Beer, 2003, Bear and Rose, 2004). EMDR may well be used in school children. It is then worked with the children's protocol. Adolescents, adolescents and lower school children are now often treated with EMDR when there is PTSD. The application in toddlers is less known. The younger the child the faster therapists tend not to child to work. Often parent guidance are sufficient. Parents get advice on how they can help their child in the processing of the trauma. Besides the parent guidance, the child itself is often no treatment, while treatment of the child does what is true for parents questions. The child works deal more directly and probably more efficient and effective. In children under four years are a lot of elements from the EMDR protocol is not feasible. Yet it is quite possible to EMDR also in toddlers to use, namely through the storytelling technique of Lovett (1999). The help and commitment of parents is a prerequisite. This article describes the technique using a case report of a boy of three years, Tommy. The article begins with an account of the history of the case. Then identifying the elements of the EMDR protocol adapted to are young children and the storytelling technique, or the stories method described. Then follows a representation of the story that Tommy's parents by the therapist wrote for him. Then the treatment of Tommy described. The article ends with a conclusion.

Keywords: Case Study Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

77. Sales, S. H. D. (2011). EMDR en de effectiviteit van tappen versus tappen en klikjes, Een onderzoek naar de efficiëntie van EMDR met betrekking tot de werkgeheugenhypothese [EMDR effectiveness in tapping vs. taps and clicks, a study of the effectiveness of EMDR in relation to the working hypothesis]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Recente onderzoeken naar Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) doen een rol van het werkgeheugen vermoeden. Met betrekking tot het effect van de bilaterale stimulatie bij EMDR-therapie, is echter nog weinig onderzoek gedaan naar het effect van tappen op het terug dringen van emotionele lading en levendigheid bij negatieve herinneringen. In het huidige onderzoek zijn deze twee aspecten onderzocht. Gebruik is gemaakt van drie condities respectievelijk (1) controle; (2) tappen en (3) tappen+klikjes. Verwacht werd dat een effect zou bestaan voor de conditie 2 en 3. Ook werk verwacht dat dit effect voor conditie 3 sterker zou zijn dan voor conditie 2. Aan het onderzoek hebben 36 vrijwillige gezonde studenten van de Universiteit Utrecht deel genomen, (24 vrouwen en 12 mannen). Gebleken is een effect in conditie 2 op zowel emotionele lading als levendigheid. Dit effect was sterker voor conditie 3. Exploratief is gekeken naar het effect voor geslacht, gebleken is dat er geen verschil is tussen mannen en vrouw met betrekking tot de effectiviteit van tappen, tappen+klikjes als bilaterale stimulatie bij EMDR therapie. Uit dit onderzoek is een effect voor de bilaterale stimulatie in de vorm van tappen en de stimulatie in de vorm van tappen+klikjes gebleken. Dit doet een rol van belasting van het werkgeheugen vermoeden. Echter kunnen hieraan geen definitieve conclusies worden verbonden, meer onderzoek is nodig naar de werkgeheugen en EMDR-therapie.

Recent studies of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) doing a role of working memory suspicion. With regard to the effect of bilateral stimulation in EMDR therapy is still little research on the effect of tapping on reducing emotional and vibrancy to negative memories. In the present study, these two aspects. Use is made of three conditions are (1) control, (2) tapping and (3) tapping + clicks. It was expected that the effect would exist for the condition 2 and 3. Work also expects that this effect for condition 3 would be stronger than for condition 2. In the study, 36 healthy volunteer students from Utrecht University participated (24 women and 12 men). It has been an effect of condition 2 on both emotional and liveliness. This effect was stronger for condition 3. Explorative looked at the effect of gender, it appears that there is no difference between men and women with regard to the effectiveness of tapping, tapping + clicks as bilateral stimulation in EMDR therapy. This study is an effect of bilateral stimulation in the form of tapping and stimulation in the form of tapping + clicks proved. This does a role of working memory load suspicion. However, can not derive any definitive conclusions be drawn, more research is needed into the memory and EMDR therapy.DanishEnglishSwedishAlpha Recent studies of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) doing a role of working memory suspicion. With regard to the effect of bilateral stimulation in EMDR therapy is still little research on the effect of tapping on reducing emotional and vibrancy to negative memories. In the present study, these two aspects. Use is made of three conditions are (1) control, (2) tapping and (3) tapping + clicks. It was expected that the effect would exist for the condition 2 and 3. Work also expects that this effect for condition 3 would be stronger than for condition 2. In the study, 36 healthy volunteer students from Utrecht University participated (24 women and 12 men). It has been an effect of condition 2 on both emotional and liveliness. This effect was stronger for condition 3. Explorative looked at the effect of gender, it appears that there is no difference between men and women with regard to the effectiveness of tapping, tapping + clicks as bilateral stimulation in EMDR therapy. This study is an effect of bilateral stimulation in the form of tapping and stimulation in the form of tapping + clicks proved. This does a role of working memory load suspicion. However, can not derive any definitive conclusions be drawn, more research is needed into the memory and EMDR therapy.

Keywords: Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

78. Hoeven, S. B. (2010, Juli ). EMDR en de werkgeheugentheorie: Treden er spiegelbeeldige effecten op bij oogbewegingen en imaginatie? [EMDR and the working memory theory: Are there mirror-image effects of eye movements and imagination?]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
De werking van „Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing‟ (EMDR) is lange tijd onbekend gebleven, maar inmiddels zijn meerdere theorieën beschikbaar om de effecten te verklaren. De werkgeheugentheorie lijkt momenteel de theorie met de meeste wetenschappelijke ondersteuning. Het doel van het huidige onderzoek was het kritisch toetsen van de werkgeheugentheorie door het werkgeheugen te belasten met oogbewegingen tijdens het ophalen van een herinnering of maximale belasting door imaginatie en hyperconcentratie op de herinnering. Verwacht werd dat 1) oogbewegingen tijdens ophalen de herinneringen minder emotioneel, helder, compleet en waarheidsgetrouw maakt, terwijl 2) imaginatie van de herinnering resulteert in spiegelbeeldige effecten. In totaal participeerden 52 studenten verdeeld over twee experimenten, waarbij zij oogbewegingen en imaginatie aangeboden kregen tijdens het ophalen van een herinnering. Zowel oogbewegingen als imaginatie belastten het werkgeheugen in een reactietijdentaak. Imaginatie leidde tot meer complete en waarheidsgetrouwe herinneringen, terwijl voor oogbewegingen geen significante resultaten werden gevonden. Deze opmerkelijke resultaten zouden verklaard kunnen worden door de aard van de gebruikte herinneringen en de lage power van het onderzoek. De werkgeheugentheorie blijft de theorie met de meeste wetenschappelijke ondersteuning.

It has been long unknown what the mechanisms are behind Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing‟ (EMDR), meanwhile there are several theories available to explain its effects. The workingmemory (WM) account seems to be a theory with most scientific support. The effort of the present study was to critically test the WM account by taxing WM with eye movements during recall or by maximum taxation with imagination of and concentration on the memory. Hypotheses were 1) eye movements during recall reduces the emotionality, vividness, completeness and veracity of the memory, while 2) imagination increases emotionality, vividness, completeness and veracity of the memory. In total participated 52 students divided in two experiments, in a within-subjects design. Both eye movements and imagination taxed WM in a reaction time task. Imagination increased the completeness and veracity of the memories, while there were no significant results in the eye movements condition. These remarkable results could be explained by the nature of the memories that were used in the experiments and low statistical power of the experiments. The WM account remains a theory with most scientific support.

Keywords: Imagination Mirror-Image Effects

Accuracy Verified: Yes

79. Greenwald, R., Soberman, G., Shelton, D., & Fisher, B. (2000, September). EMDR for conduct problems. Presentation at the International Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will be able to: 1) identify several significant contributing factors in the development and persistence of conduct problems; 2) describe several clinical applications of EMDR which are pertinent to the clinical issues presented by the conduct problem population; 3) discuss the findings of the study in which brief EMDR treatment was added to standard care for boys with conduct problems; 4) discuss the findings of the study in which the MASTR protocol was used with middle and high school students - also the preliminary findings of the MASTR study with incarcerated juveniles; and 5) discuss the findings of the study which "enhanced" EMDR was used with domestic violence offenders.

Keywords: Brief EMDR Treatment Conduct problems Domestic Violence Offenders Enhanced EMDR Incarcerated Juveniles MASTR Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

80. Jarero, I., Artigas, L., Montero, M., & Lopez-Lena, L. (2008). The EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: Application with child victims of a mass disaster. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(2), 97-105. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.2.97.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The EMDR Integrative Group Treatment protocol (EMDR-IGTP) has been used in different parts of the world since 1998 with both adults and children after natural or man-made disasters. This protocol combines the eight standard EMDR treatment phases with a group therapy model, thus providing more extensive reach than the individual application of EMDR. In this study the EMDR-IGTP was used with 16 bereaved children after a human provoked disaster in the Mexican State of Coahuila in 2006. Results showed a significant decrease in scores on the Child's Reaction to Traumatic Events Scale that was maintained at 3-month follow-up. Although controlled research is needed to establish the efficacy of this intervention, preliminary results suggest that EMDR-IGTP may be an effective means of providing treatment to large groups of people impacted by large-scale critical incidents (e.g., human-provoked disasters, terrorism, natural disasters. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Children Death of Parent Explosions Females Group Psychotherapy Group Treatment Human-Provoked Disaster Industrial Accidents Latin American Males Mexicans Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Survivors School Age Children Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

81. Callahan, R. J. (1995). EMDR is proven, Reply to James Herbert, Ph.D.: Letters. Monitor on Psychology, 26(10), 2.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
These letters to the editor discuss the following topics: help for psychology students with emotional problems, Medicaid privatization and opportunities for psychologists, eye-movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR), help for new immigrants, outcome measures for managed mental health care, APA's public education campaign, the Hare system of voting in the APA presidential election, psychology and law, internships and managed care, creativity in the home, and prescription privileges.

Keywords: Letter

Accuracy Verified: Yes

82. Purandare, M., Bhagwagar, H., & Tank, P. (2010, July). EMDR on children affected by the earthquake. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Efficacy of EMDR on Children Affected by Earthquake: The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of EMDR as an intervention technique for trauma victims. A sample of 50 students, studying in 10th grade, age ranging from 14 to 16 years were selected. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) was administered to measure the intensity of trauma experienced. A pre-post test research design was used in the study. The results were in the predicted direction. EMDR was found to be effective in reducing avoidance, intrusion and hyper arousal as well as overall impact of trauma. “Group EMDR With Earthquake Survivors” The current study is an attempt to understand the impact of a specific traumatic events and its expression in children i.e. the earthquake that occurred in Gujarat, Western India in January 2001. This study was a part of the therapy work conducted with the survivors of the earthquake by the group of 40 practitioners from Mumbai and was over 4 months. The paper will present the following aspects: 1. The symptoms seen among the children depicting PTSD as per DSM IV criteria. Signs of Hyper-arousal, Avoidance and Intrusion were clearly seen especially in children 2. The process used. This was a modified version of the standard 8 phase protocol appropriate for use with group work. Butterfly hugs were used as BLS. Stages of EMDR for this group: 3. Observations and a few unique experiences These include blocking of trauma image, difficulty in safe place visualizing, difficulty in distancing and using creative techniques for soothing and relaxation. 4. Impact of the EMDR intervention with this group More than 16000 children from about 30 schools were seen. based on observations and reports by teachers during the follow up showed reduction in anxiety, reports of life resembling pre-earthquake, improved attention and concentration, better sleeping patterns and lowering of somatic complaints. Impact and expression of trauma in children exposed to the earthquake: The current study is an attempt to understand the impact of a specific traumatic event and its expression in children i.e. the earthquake that occurred in Gujarat, western India in January 2001. The Butterfly hug technique for bilateral stimulation was used following 8 steps of EMDR. Drawings of children were used as their expressions during different phases of EMDR. Drawings during “ Assessment phase” depicted feelings of insecurity, a sense of vacuum and emptiness, low energy levels, a desire for contact and help, feelings of guilt, poor body image, hypersensitivity was noticed almost universally and even during therapy. Drawings, following the processing and installation phases indicated the facial expression changed to a smile. Tears which were present in almost all drawings were not noted Positive cognitions were reflected in terms of the growth and freshness e.g. the newly growing grass. In spite of the various symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder, no gross disintegration of personality had been noted.

Keywords: Children Earthquake

Accuracy Verified: Yes

83. Montes-Berges, B., Aranda, M., Castillo-Mayén, M. del R. (2011). EMDR Para el tratamiento de estrés postraumático en casos de violencia de género [EMDR for treatment of PTSD in cases of domestic violence]. Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Introducción: La violencia de género es uno de los problemas sociales más graves de nuestra sociedad tanto por su prevalencia (en el pasado año 2010 fueron asesinadas 74 mujeres, y se estima que alrededor del 11.1% de las mujeres andaluzas son maltratadas), como por las consecuencias psicológicas que conlleva en las víctimas. Objetivos: En el Gabinete de Psicología de la Universidad de Jaén, atendemos a las mujeres (alumnas, PAS o PDI o familiares de éstos) que han sido o aún son víctimas de violencia de género, con el objetivo prioritario de que superen las situaciones traumáticas y que estén preparadas emocional y cognitivamente para llevar una vida plena con el desarrollo máximo de sus capacidades. Durante la evaluación, entre otras escalas, las usuarias contestan al cuestionario sobre Síndrome de Estrés Postraumático (Echeburúa, Corral, Amor, Zubizarreta y Sarasúa, 1997), pues los episodios de violencia psicológica, sexual y física extrema que la mayoría de ellas viven, ocasionan en el 100% de los casos este síndrome de manera crónica y acusada. Metodología: Para tratar este síndrome se acomete el entrenamiento en técnicas de respiración y relajación y posteriormente el tratamiento con EMDR. Esta técnica consiste en el procesamiento de los sucesos que quedaron bloqueados por el miedo sentido en el momento en que ocurrieron, mediante la movilización de los ojos de manera simultánea a la escucha del episodio, tratando nuevamente de revivirlo. Aplicamos esta técnica con 5 pacientes. Resultados: En todos los casos las usuarias superaban la situación en 4 o 5 sesiones de 5 minutos cada una, de manera que posteriormente, informaron de que la situación ya no les producía tristeza ni dolor, y que la habían aceptado. Discusión: Estos resultados sugieren que esta técnica es eficaz y rápida en la intervención de sucesos traumáticos de violencia de género, por lo que resulta altamente recomendable para estos casos.

Introduction: Gender violence is one of the most serious social problems our society because of its prevalence (in the past year 2010 were killed 74 women, and it is estimated that about 11.1% of women are battered Andalusian), as for the psychological consequences on the victims involved. Objectives: In the Cabinet of Psychology, University of Jaén, we look at women (students, PAS or PDI or their relatives) who have been or still are victims of domestic violence, with priority objective of exceeding trauma and who are prepared emotionally and cognitively to lead a full life with the maximum development of their capabilities. During the assessment, including scales, users answer the questionnaire on PTSD (Echeburúa, Corral, Love, Zubizarreta and Sarasua, 1997), because episodes of psychological, physical and sexual extreme than most living, result in 100% of cases this syndrome chronically and charged. Methodology: To treat this syndrome is undertaken the training in breathing and relaxation techniques and subsequent treatment with EMDR. This technique consists in processing events that were blocked sense of fear at the time they occurred, by mobilizing the eyes simultaneously listening to the episode, trying to revive him again. We apply this technique in 5 patients. Results: In all cases the user exceeded the 4 or 5 position in 5-minute sessions each, so that subsequently reported that the situation no longer produce sadness or pain, and that the had accepted. Discussion: These results suggest that this technique is effective and fast intervention in the traumatic events of violence, so it is highly recommended for these cases.

Keywords: Domestic Violence Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

84. Tormey, M. E. (2003, May). EMDR treatment of children and adolescents with school refusal in the outpatient setting: The role of trauma resolution, imaginal exposure and in vivo desensitization and reprocessing resulting in student reintegration to the classroom. In EMDR with children and adolescents. Symposium conducted at the annual mmeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Rome, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
School refusal behavior is defined as a child-motivated refusal to attend school, or difficulties remaining in school for the entire day. As a heterogeneous condition, it can encompass aspects of phobic-type responses or separation anxiety disorder. This condition interferes with the child’s development as it impacts upon academic performance, family and peer relationships in the short-term realm. Long-term effects may include fewer employment and educational opportunities, as well as the development of psychiatric sequelae. This presentation will describe the use of EMDR as a comprehensive treatment for the child or adolescent with school refusal. Case presentations will describe assessment of the problem, with treatment of targets in the individual child or as part of a family systems intervention. Highlights will be placed on the rapid resolution of school refusal behaviors through the processing of traumatic incidents, versus those conditions requiring a more extended and extensive treatment program. The creative implementation of in vivo EMDR will be described in the successful classroom reintegration of two students [Author abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents Children Imaginal Exposure, In Vivo Desentization, Outpatient Setting School Refusal Student Reintegration Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

85. Konuk, A. (2010, June). EMDR treatment of chronic daily headache and migraine. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Chronic headache is a prevalent clinical problem which affects negatively the majority of the population. The most common type of headache is migraine and tension headache. These can decrease the functioning and the quality of life of people who suffer from headaches in different contexts as work, family, school and social life. In addition, a lot of psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety are seen or occur in people who have headaches. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) on Chronic Daily Headache and Migraine. Within this framework there are three goals, one of which is to measure the efficiency of EMDR treatment on chronic headache population. The second one is to develop an EMDR Headache Protocol so that the treatment is standardized and will be used, revised and updated by researchers and clinicians in the future. The third one IS to find an answer to the question: How long does it take to treat a headache? That is, to determine the minimum and maximum sessions necessary for the treatment. Method: The study is carried out at Gaziosmanpa,sa Hospital Neurology Department in Istanbul with 11 Turkish patients who had suffered from chronic daily headache and migraine. The sample of this study consisted of 9 women and 2 males. Results: The results demonstrated that the frequency, the intensity and the duration of headaches were reduced by using EMDR Also it was shown that the number of emergency visits and the amount of painkillers used were decreased. The study will be explained in more detail and the results will be discussed during the presentation. Our learning objectives are: 1. to gain theoretical information about the rationale of using EMDR in treatment of chronic headache and migraine 2. to gain empirical information about the efficacy of this treatment and 3. to discuss the EMDR Headache Protocol as well as the number of sessions necessary for the treatment. In previous studies, EMDR has been found to be efficient in the treatment of chronic pain. Nevertheless, there was a gap in the literature regarding the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of chronic daily headache and migraine. The novelties that are provided by this current study are 1. It may be an alternative treatment for chronic headache and migraine in the future 2. although the research question needs further investigation, it is the first empirical study which examines the effectiveness of this treatment.

Keywords: Headache Medical Issues Migraine Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

86. Bethiaume, B. (2001, May). EMDR treatment with two school-based referrals. Poster presented at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, London, UK .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
School referral for behaviour is many times a last resort for teachers and administrators at a loss to deal with a student's distress. This post illustrates two such cases and the effective use of EMDR to clear underlying trauma at the core of the observable behaviour. It raises the issue of age of trauma with critical developmental tasks of children and implications for treatment. The first is a single trauma at age 11 and treated at age 13. The second occurred at age 3 and treatment occurred at age 7. L. is a 13 year old girl whose family had moved three times in the past 3 years and at her new school, she became extremely distressed in the morning to the point of not being able to stay in class. The underlying trauma took place 2 years ago, and did not manifest itself behaviourally until the current move. Using EMDR, resolution was achieved in a short period of time. C. is a 7 year old girl referred because her fears were preventing her from normal activities of her grade level. The sound of fire alarm bells were particularly distressful. The family recently moved from another country and reported no prior history of this type of behaviour. Interweaving EMDR in the treatment process was effective in treating past traumas, some of which appeared to have no verbal memory and culminated in her current distress. Parental understanding and involvement in using EMDR was crucial to the treatment.

Keywords: Children Poster School Referrals

Accuracy Verified: Yes

87. van Haaften, H., Muris, P., & Mayer, B. (1996, July-August). EMDR versus exposure-in-vivo bij kinderen met een spinfobie [EMDR versus exposure in vivo in children with a spider phobia]. De Psycholoog, 7, 280-285.

Language: Dutch

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Uitgevoerd een cross-over studie van de werkzaamheid van EMDR en in vivo exposure bij de behandeling van spinangst bij kinderen en adolescenten. Human Ss: 22 Nederlandse school-kinderen en adolescenten (leeftijd van 10-14 jaar) (spinangst). Ss werden getest, en hun galvanische huid reactie werd gemeten. Tests die worden gebruikt: De korte vorm van de Spider Phobia Questionnaire for Children (M. Kindt et al., 1996), de Self Assessment oefenpop (RL Hodes et al., 1985) en de gedragsmatige Vermijden Test. Behandelingen: alle SS werden behandeld met 1 sessie van in vivo blootstelling en 1 sessie van EMDR. (Engels abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, alle rechten voorbehouden)

Conducted a cross-over study of the efficacy of EMDR and in vivo exposure in the treatment of spider phobia in children and adolescents. Human Ss: 22 Dutch school-age children and adolescents (aged 10-14 yrs) (spider phobia). Ss were tested, and their galvanic skin response was measured. Tests used: The short form of the Spider Phobia Questionnaire for Children (M. Kindt et al, 1996), the Self Assessment Manikin (R. L. Hodes et al, 1985) and the Behavioral Avoidance Test. Treatments: All Ss were treated with 1 session of in vivo exposure and 1 session of EMDR. (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Children Empirical Study Exposure In Vivo Spider Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

88. Hornsveld, H. (2008, Maart). EMDR werkt! Maar hoe? [EMDR works! But how?]. Presentatie op de derde conferentie van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Ede, Nederland.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Het leidt geen enkele twijfel dat EMDR een effectieve behandelvorm is. EMDR is opgenomen in de guidelines van de International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) waarbij zowel EMDR als Imaginaire Exposure (IE) als ‘treatment of choice’ bij de behandeling van PTSS gelden. Ook in de Nederlandse GGZ-richtlijnen (Trimbos Instituut, 2003) worden EMDR en imaginaire exposure (IE) genoemd als superieure behandelvormen voor PTSS. Rechtstreekse vergelijking van CGt en EMDR leverde echter wisselende resultaten op. Over het geheel genomen kan worden gesteld dat wat betreft effectiviteit er geen duidelijk verschil is vastgesteld tussen CGt en EMDR. Dit is opvallend, omdat de procedures en de veronderstelde werkingsmechanismen bij IE en EMDR duidelijk verschillen. Bij IE wordt reliving essentieel geacht en bij EMDR distancing. Hier is echter nog nauwelijks expliciet onderzoek naar gedaan; het meeste onderzoek heeft zich tot nu toe gericht op de effectiviteit van EMDR en op de rol van de BLS. In deze presentatie zullen drie eigen experimenten worden besproken die worden uitgevoerd met masterstudenten van de Universiteit Utrecht naar het effect van reliving versus distancing. Het onderzoek bouwt voort op het werk van de Chris Lee en zijn collega’s. (Lee et al 2006) In het onderzoek worden 3 experimenten uitgevoerd, waarbij de variabele distancing en reliving worden gevarieerd. Verondersteld wordt (vanuit de EMDR visie) dat responses tijdens de desensitisatiefase, die getuigen van distancing leiden tot meer verbetering dan responses die getuigen van reliving. Een tweede onderzoeksvraag die wij beogen te beantwoorden is of dit verschil groter is voor narigheid uit het domein “zelfwaardering” dan voor narigheid uit het “domein controle en machteloosheid”. Een derde onderzoeksvraag betreft de vraag of een verhoogde parasympatische (arousal onderdrukkende) activiteit (een reeds aangetoond effect van BLS) samengaat met veranderingen in SUD-niveau en levendigheid van de herinneringen. De workshop is bedoeld voor therapeuten die geïnteresseerd zijn in de achtergronden van EMDR. Op zo eenvoudig mogelijke wijze zal een overzicht worden gegeven van de “state of the art” met betrekking tot de veronderstelde werkingsmechanismen. Dit zal worden geïllustreerd met bovengenoemd onderzoek en videomateriaal. Aan het eind van de workshop zal de therapeut zijn cliënten en collega’s iets meer kunnen zeggen dan “ dat EMDR de verwerking stimuleert door de linker en de hersenhelften beter te laten samenwerken, waardoor gevoel en verstand beter met elkaar verbonden raken.”

There is no doubt that EMDR is an effective form of treatment. EMDR is included in the guidelines of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) where both EMDR and imaginal exposure (IE) as treatment of choice in the treatment of PTSD are. Also in the Dutch mental health care directives (Trimbos Institute, 2003) are EMDR and imaginal exposure (IE) identified as superior forms of treatment for PTSD. Direct comparison of CBT and EMDR yielded mixed results, however. Overall it can be stated that in terms of effectiveness there is no clear difference observed between CBT and EMDR. This is striking because the procedures and mechanisms assumed by IE and EMDR markedly different. When IE is reliving considered essential to EMDR and distancing. There is still little research has been done explicitly, most research has hitherto focused on the effectiveness of EMDR and the role of the BLS. This presentation will discuss three own experiments conducted with master students of the University of Utrecht to the effect of relieving versus distance. The research builds on the work of Chris Lee and his colleagues. (Lee et al 2006) In the study, three experiments, with variable distancing and reliving be varied. It is assumed (from the EMDR vision) that responses during desensitisatiefase, evidence of distancing lead to more improvement than responses that show reliving. A second research question we seek to answer is whether this difference is in trouble from the domain "esteem" than for trouble from the "domain control and powerlessness". A third research question concerns whether an increased parasympathetic (arousal suppressive) activity (an effect already demonstrated BLS) is associated with changes in SUD level and vividness of the memories. The workshop is designed for therapists interested in the backgrounds of EMDR. In the simplest possible manner, an overview of the state of the art "regarding the supposed mechanisms of action. This will be illustrated with the above study and video material. At the end of the workshop, the therapist will have clients and colleagues can say little more than "that EMDR stimulates the processing by the left and the brain work better together, making sense and intellect more interrelated."

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

89. [Kondo Chikako]. (2009, May). EMDR with a violent child at school: Collaborative treatment for an abused child who witnessed her mother's suicide. EMDR研究1（1）、34から43 [Japanese Journal of EMDR Research and Practice, 1(1), 34-43].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The junior high school girl in this case witnessed her mother's suicide at the age of four. She has been acting violently since she entered elementary school. One yearbefore the author met her, a consultation office for children intervened due to physical abuse by her father. Flashbacks and dissociation caused wrist cutting and panic. After a few EMDR sessions, wrist cutting, panic and PTSD symptoms disappeared. As she gained affect regulation skills, she gradually improved her interpersonal relationship and began to trust others. The consultation aclivities by a school counselor, namely the offering of psycho-educational information to the school, supporting teachers and improving teacher's psychological understandings about her, was also important in addition to individual treatment. The author discussed about the treatment of school children survivors who rarely visit mental or medical institutions.

Keywords: Child Abuse Collaboration at School Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

90. Hensel, T. (2009). EMDR with children and adolescents after single-incident trauma: An intervention study. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(1), 2-9. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.1.2.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study used a naturalistic design to investigate the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with children and adolescents who were exposed to single-incident trauma. Participants were 36 children and adolescents ranging in age from 1 year 9 months to 18 years 1 month who were referred consecutively to the author's private practice. Assessments were conducted at intake, post-waitlist/pretreatment, and at follow up. EMDR treatment resulted in significant improvement (Cohen's d = 1.87). Follow-ups after 6 months revealed stable, further slight improvement. It was shown that children younger than 4 years of age can be treated using EMDR and that the group of preschool children had the same benefit from the treatment as the school-age children.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Trauma Treatment Outcome

Accuracy Verified: Yes

91. Green, M. (2003, May). EMDR with children and adolescents – Getting started: EMDR and psychotherapy in a special school for children with emotional and behavioural difficulties. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Rome, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Adolescents Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

92. Hornsveld, H. & van den Hout, M. A. (2010, June). EMDR working mechanisms research. In Research. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
It has repeatedly been shown that eye movements during retrieval of negative memories reduce their emotionality. In this presentation we will present a series of analogue studies (with undergraduate students) which further investigates the role of eye movements and other dual tasks.
Study 1 shows that the positive findings for eye movements could be replicated in subjects with negative memories of experiences of loss. This provides an empirical basis for the suggestion that EMDR can be used in the treatment of complicated grief.
Study 2 examined whether another secondary task that taxes working memory has beneficial effects, and whether the stronger the taxing, the stronger the reductions in vividness adversity.
Study 3 shows that eye movements do tax working memory but right-left auditory stimulation does not.
Study 4 compared eye movements (EM), auditory bilateral stimulation (ABS) and no stimulation. Results show EM do better (i.e, larger decreases in emotionality) than ABS and ABS do better than no stimulation.
Study 5 is a replication of study 4 in PTSS patients. EM will be compared to ABS and no stimulation. Data are expected to be available in June 2010.
Objective: Implications for a working-memory explanation of EMDR and for clinical practice will be discussed.

Keywords: Mechanism of Action Research Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

93. Shapiro, F. (2008). EMDR: Desensibilización y reprocesamiento por medio de movimiento ocular [EMDR: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing]. Santa Cruz Atoyac: Pax Mex Editorial.

Language: Spanish

Format: Book

Abstract:
En tan solo unos cuantos años, el modo EMDR se ha convertido en el tratamiento más elaborado para el desorden de estrés postraumático (entre otras perturbaciones). El método EMDR es un tratamiento legítimo y poderoso. Modelo integral y eficiente en el tratamiento de experiencias perturbadoras, el método EMDR incorpora diversos aspectos de terapias sistémicas, psicodinámicas, experienciales, conductuales y corporales. Consiste en ocho fases que comprenden el uso de movimientos oculares y otras formas de estimulación izquierda-derecha. Es eficaz para tratar el desorden de estrés postraumático y reprocesar pensamientos y recuerdos perturbadores o problemas psicológicos de sobrevivientes de traumas, de abuso sexual, de crímenes, de combate bélico, así como de fobias y desórdenes causados por experiencias vivenciales y proporciona en poco tiempo efectos clínicos profundos y estables. Con descripciones y transcripciones detalladas, la autora guía al clínico por cada etapa del tratamiento terapéutico, desde la selección de los clientes hasta la aplicación del método y su integración dentro de un plan integral de tratamiento clínico. Escrito de manera accesible, este libro es una guía invaluable tanto para los clínicos experimentados en el tratamiento EMDR como para las personas que acaban de conocer el método, y para los estudiantes avanzados de psicología clínica y psicoterapia.

In just a few years, mode EMDR has become more elaborate treatment for PTSD (among other disturbances) clutter. The methodEMDR is a legitimate and powerful treatment. Comprehensive and efficient model in the treatment of disturbing experiences, the methodEMDR incorporates aspects of systemic therapies, psychodynamic, experienciales, behavioural and body. Consists of eight phases comprising the use of eye movements and other forms of left-right stimulation. It is effective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder and re-processing thoughts and disturbing memories or psychological problems of survivors of trauma, sexual abuse, of crimes, war combat, as well as phobias and disorders caused by vivenciales experiences and provides deep and stable clinical effects in a short time. With descriptions and detailed transcripts, the author guides the clinical through every stage of therapeutic, treatment from clients to the implementation of the method and their integration within a comprehensive clinical treatment plan selection. Written in an accessible manner, this book is an invaluable guide for clinicians in the treatmentEMDR as for people just know the method and for advanced students of clinical psychology and psychotherapy.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

94. Hornsveld, H. K., Landwehr, F., Stein. W., Stomp, M. P. H., Smeets, M. A. M., & van den Hout. M. A. (2010). Emotionality of loss-related memories is reduced after recall plus eye movements but not after recall plus music or recall only. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(4), 106-112. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.3.106.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Numerous studies have shown that eye movements during recall of negative memories reduce their emotionality. We investigated whether these findings can be extended specifically to negative memories of loss. Sixty undergraduate students participated and recalled a negative autobiographical memory of loss and performed—in counterbalanced order—three types of tasks: recall-plus-eye-movements, recall-only, and recall-plus-relaxing-music. Recall-plus-music was added to investigate whether reductions in emotionality are associated with relaxation. Levels of emotionality, relaxation, and concentration were assessed before and after each stimulus condition. Participants reported a greater decline in emotionality and concentration after eye movements in comparison to recall-only and recall-with-music. It is concluded that eye movements are effective when negative memories pertain to loss and grief, suggesting possibilities for treatment intervention in individuals suffering from complicated grief.

Keywords: Eye Movements Grief Loss Mechanism of Action Relaxation Working Memory Grief

Accuracy Verified: Yes

95. Wagner, F. W. (2007, Februar). Erfolgsgeschichte EMDR, von den ersten experimenten in den USA bis zur wissenschaftlichen Anerkennung in Deutschland [History of the success of EMDR, from the first experiments in the USA to the scientific acceptance in Germany]. Trauma und Gewalt, 1(1), 73-75.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
EMDR oder genauer gesagt Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing< ist eine kontrover diskutierte Therapiemethode, die ENDR der 80er Jahre von der amerikanischen Psychologin Francine Shapiro entwickelt wurde und sich gut in die Psychotherapien verschiedener Schulenintegrieren lasst.

EMDR, or more precisely Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing is a controversial treatment method that was developed ENDRE the 80 years by the American psychologist Francine Shapiro and led well into the school integration of different psychotherapies.

Keywords: Historical Account

Accuracy Verified: Yes

96. Hornsveld, H. K., Houtveen, J. H., Vroomen, M., Kapteijn, I., Aalbers, D., & van den Hout, M. A. (2011). Evaluating the effect of eye movements on positive memories such as those used in resource development and installation. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(4), 146-155. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.4.146.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Resource development and installation (RDI) is an eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)-related procedure developed to strengthen positive associations in positive and resourceful memories (Korn & Leeds, 2002). This study tested the assumption that bilateral stimulation (horizontal eye movements [EM]) in RDI “appears to lead to spontaneous, rapid increases in affective intensity . . . and to rich, emotionally vivid associations” (Korn & Leeds, p. 1469). This study also tested whether eye movement effects could be better accounted for by working memory or by interhemispheric interaction theory. Fifty-three undergraduate students each recalled three memories of pride, perseverance, and self-confidence. They provided pretest and posttest ratings of each memory for vividness, pleasantness, and experienced strength of the positive quality, before and after performing three simultaneous tasks during recall: horizontal EM, vertical EM, and recall only. Results were fully in line with working memory predictions, with significant decreases for all variables following both eye movement tasks. There was no support for the interhemispheric hypothesis. It is concluded that the effectiveness of bilateral stimulation in RDI is questionable. Clinical implications are discussed.

Keywords: Eye Movements RDI Resource Development and Installation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

97. Hornsveld, H. K., Houtveen, J. H., Vroomen, M., Kapteijn, I., Aalbers, D., & van den Hout, M. A. (2013). Evaluation de l’effet des mouvements oculaires sur les souvenirs positifs tels que ceux utilisés dans le développement et installation des ressources [Evaluation of the effect of eye movements on the positive memories such as those used in the development and installation of resources]. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(1), E1-E11. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.7.1.E1.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Le Développement et installation de ressources (DIR) est une procédure EMDR (désensibilisation et retraitement par les mouvements oculaires) développée afin de renforcer les associations positives dans les souvenirs positifs qui sont pleins de ressources (Korn & Leeds, 2002). Cette étude a testé la supposition selon laquelle les stimulations bilatérales (mouvements oculaires [MO] horizontaux) dans le DIR paraissent “conduire à des augmentations spontanées et rapides de l’intensité affective... et à des associations riches et émotionnellement vives” (Korn & Leeds, p. 1469). Cette étude a également testé si les effets des mouvements oculaires pouvaient être mieux expliqués par la théorie de la mémoire du travail ou par celle de l’interaction hémisphérique. Cinquante-trois étudiants du premier cycle se sont chacun rappelé trois souvenirs de fierté, de persévérance et de confiance en soi. Ils ont apporté des évaluations prétest et posttest de chaque souvenir en termes de clarté, d’agrément et de la force éprouvée de la qualité positive, avant et après avoir réalisé trois tâches simultanées au cours du rappel : des MO horizontaux, des MO verticaux et le rappel seul. Les résultats étaient pleinement concordants avec les prédictions de la mémoire de travail, avec des diminutions significatives pour toutes les variables après les deux tâches de mouvements oculaires. Il n’y avait pas de soutien en faveur de l’hypothèse interhémisphérique. Il est conclu que l’efficacité des stimulations bilatérales dans le DIR est discutable. Les implications cliniques sont envisagées.

English Spanish Arabic Development and installation of Resources (DIR) is a procedure EMDR (desensitization and reprocessing Eye Movement) developed to enhance the positive associations in positive memories that are full of resources (Korn & Leeds, 2002). This study tested the assumption that the bilateral stimulation (eye movements [MO] horizontal) appear in the DIR "Lead to rapid increases spontaneous and emotional intensity ... and associations emotionally rich and strong "(Korn & Leeds, p. 1469). This study also tested whether the effects of eye movements could be better explained by the theory of working memory or the interaction hemispherical. Fifty-three undergraduate students each recalled three were memories of pride, perseverance and self-confidence. They provided pretest and posttest assessments each memory in terms of clarity, pleasure and strength tested positive quality, before and after performing three simultaneous tasks during recall: MO of horizontal and vertical of MO recall alone. The results were fully consistent with the predictions of the working memory with significant decreases for all variables following both eye movement tasks. There was no support for the hypothesis interhemispheric. It is concluded that the effectiveness of bilateral stimulation in the DIR is questionable. The clinical implications are considered.

Keywords: Development and Installation of Resources DIR Eye Movements Interhemispheric Interaction Memory Work

Accuracy Verified: Yes

98. Tareen, M. S. (2010, July). The evaluation of an Urdu version of Impact of events scale - revised (UIES-R). Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Background: The study arose from an EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Programme training set up in response to the 2005 earthquake in Northern Pakistan. Part of this project set out to evaluate an Urdu version of IES-R. We wanted to evaluate the work done by newly trained EMDR Practitioners and there was paucity of measurement tools in Urdu language. We decided to translate IES-R and evaluate it. It will give us reliable scale to measure progress against treatment. The present study aims to present this Urdu version of the IES-R as a psychometrically sound instrument for both research and clinical use in its Urdu translation. Methods:Translation was completed in four stages. Two stages involved translation and two involved back translation. Recruitment for the evaluation took place at a Medical School in Abbotabad, and involved (N=118) participants. The inclusion criteria were that subjects must be fluent in both Urdu and English. Results: The results of Urdu and English versions of IES_R and GHQ were compared for Linguistic Equivalence, conceptual equivalence, and scale equivalence. All these measures showed no statistically significant differences. In conclusion the Urdu version of the IES-Revised can be used for clinical populations in Pakistan with evidence of good reliability and satisfactory validity. In developing EMDR research in Pakistan the utilisation of the U-IES-R will be an extremely useful addition.

Keywords: Impact of Events Scale - Revised UIES Urdi Version

Accuracy Verified: Yes

99. Oswalt, R., Anderson, M., Hagstrom, K., & Berkowitz, B. (1993, August). Evaluation of the one-session eye-movement desensitization reprocessing procedure for eliminating traumatic memories. Psychological Reports, 73(1), 99-104. doi:10.2466/pr0.1993.73.1.99 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye-movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new therapy technique originally reported to eliminate traumatic memories (rape, catastrophes) in one session. Early published research has tended to support the technique. However, there is controversy and at least one unpublished recent study by Rothbaum who reported only about one-half of her cases had successful outcomes. The present study was conducted as a preliminary evaluation in 1990. Our results were judged to be unsuccessful in five of eight cases and successful in three cases. Further, the cases with the most pathology improved the least. The techniques, cases, and outcomes are presented to provide additional data on this new and controversial therapeutic technique. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Americans College Students Empirical Study Intrusive Thoughts Psychiatric Inpatients Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

100. Brown, P. (2011, March). An exploration of the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) techniques within a solution focused brief therapy (SFBT) framework with children experiencing personal and school related problems. Presentation at the 9th annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland, Bristol.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This study was set in a mainstream primary school in Scotland where a group of children had been identified by their class teachers and parents as presenting as quiet, shy, withdrawn and/or anxious. The researcher was an educational psychologist in the local authority where the study took place. 5 primary aged children at stages P5, P6 and P7 (aged 9 to 11 years) of the Scottish Primary education system were involved in a group process which took place in their school, consisting of 6 sessions over the course of 2 months. The intervention combined elements from Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT). This was a strength based approach which aimed to focus on positive strengths and increase resilience. The individual nature of the therapy required a flexible model. A qualitative research methodology was used. The general aim of this research was to investigate this combined therapeutic process within an applied psychology perspective. The research set out to study the experiences of a group of children during and after they participated in the process. A further aim of the research was to explore the process from my own perspective as the therapist and facilitator. Data was collected during and after each session and post intervention data was collected from children, parents and teachers. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyse the data. Findings indicated that the children found the intervention helpful and they were able to identify particular aspects of SFBT and EMDR which they had found useful.

Keywords: Children School-Related Problems SFBT Solution Focused Brief Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

101. Ventouratou, D. (2012, July). Eye movement desensitiation & reprocessing therapy(EMDR). Presentation at the First Panhellenic Psychotherapy Colloquium, Massalis, Greece.

Language: Greek

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The workshops were conducted as sessions of the First PanHellenic Psychotherapy Colloquium which presented the current practice of psychotherapy in Greece. Leading practitioners of various approaches to the practice of psychotherapy gave an overview of their school of thought and relevant scientific findings, and speakers presented their perspectives on the ways in which psychologists work today to achieve one overarching goal: the improvement of a person’s quality of life. The event also served the purpose of informing the general public about the options they have when choosing psychotherapeutic services.

Keywords: General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

102. Reyes, M. A. (1999, October). The eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) program: intervention for children with posttraumatic stress disorder. Carlos Albizu University, Miami, FL. AAT 9925128.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This dissertation examines research pertaining to the diagnosis and characteristics of childhood Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), natural disasters, and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) theory and technique in children. In addition, the effectiveness of EMDR theory and technique related to childhood PTSD is reviewed. The purpose of this study is to develop a program within a school setting suitable for children diagnosed with PTSD as a result of having witnessed, confronted, or experienced a natural disaster. The program is referred to as the EMDR Program or the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Program. An attempt was made to be like no other programs related to children and natural disasters researched. The program's goal is to design a program that investigates the effectiveness of EMDR theory and technique related to children who have developed PTSD as a result of being exposed to a hurricane, tornado, flood, earthquake, or fire. The objectives of this program include creating a safe environment in order to help children reprocess their traumatic experiences within a short period of time utilizing EMDR with age appropriate alterations as suggested by Shapiro (1995) and Greenwald (1997). The philosophy of this program is based on an Accelerated Information Processing Model. The EMDR program established an admission criteria and a means of monitoring the progress of each child. An evaluation and budget were also proposed as a guide, were this design be implemented. Overall, it was believed that by utilizing EMDR with age appropriate alterations, the EMDR program would help children overcome their PTSD symptoms related to their traumatic experiences involving natural disasters within a short period of time. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 60(4-B), Oct 1999, pp. 1869.

Keywords: Children Natural Disasters Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

103. van Es, A. K. & Schoen, J. M. (2008, Juni). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Effect van instructies op de verwerking van nare herinneringen [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Effect of instructions on the processing of unpleasant memories]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Op basis van eerder onderzoek door Lee en Drummond (2007), heeft dit onderzoek onderzocht de invloed van de aard van de therapeut instructies (herbeleven en afstand) op de verwerking van pijnlijke herinneringen. Bovendien, dit onderzoek onderzocht of het type van het trauma ook de manier waarop het geheugen wordt verwerkt invloeden. Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd door en onder studenten. Een gedetailleerd protocol - gebaseerd op de originele Eye Movement Desensibilisatie and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989)-protocol werd gebruikt. De deelnemers (13 mannen en 23 vrouwen, gemiddelde leeftijd 22,4 jaar) werden gevraagd om een pijnlijke herinnering roepen, waarna de inhoud van het geheugen was gedesensibiliseerd herbeleven door een van beide of afstand instructies. De resultaten tonen geen verschil in effectiviteit tussen afstand en herbeleven voorwaarden. Verder werden geen verschillen gevonden tussen de condities onmacht en schuld / schaamte. Mede op basis van de gebruikte maatregelen kan worden geconcludeerd dat de manipulatie van de voorwaarden is mislukt. Voor toekomstig onderzoek wordt aanbevolen dat het protocol worden uitgebreid en de voorwaarden van het type van het trauma worden aangepast. Verder is het aangeraden om een controle conditie toe te voegen aan het onderzoek, om te bepalen of de bilaterale stimuli doeltreffend zijn en of ze invloed op de effectiviteit van de therapeut instructies.

Based on previous research by Lee and Drummond (2007), this research has examined the influence of the type of therapist instructions (reliving and distancing) on the processing of distressing memories. Furthermore, this research examined whether the type of the trauma also influences the way the memory is being processed. The research has been conducted by and among university students. A detailed protocol – based on the original Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989) protocol –was used. Participants (13 males and 23 females, mean age 22.4 year) were asked to recall a distressing memory, after which the content of the memory was desensitized by either reliving or distancing instructions. Results show no difference in effectiveness between reliving and distancing conditions. Furthermore, no differences were found between the conditions powerlessness and guilt/shame. Partly based on the used measures it can be concluded that the manipulation of the conditions failed. For future research it is recommended that the protocol be expanded and the conditions of the type of trauma be adjusted. Furthermore it is recommended to add a control condition to the research, in order to determine whether bilateral stimuli are effective and whether they influence the effectiveness of therapist instructions.

Keywords: Distancing Reliving Vividness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

104. Fraire, M. (2004). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Using EMDR to improved reading skills among bilingual learning disabled students. National-Louis University, Chicago, IL. doi:oclc/55621052 .

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Keywords: Bilingual Children With Disabilities Education Reading

Accuracy Verified: Yes

105. Caspers, S. L. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Using EMDR with learning disabled students to improve reading skills. National-Louis University, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Keywords: Children With Disabilities Education Reading

Accuracy Verified: Yes

106. Deen, M. L., & Droogendijk, J. S. (2008, Juli). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Effect van therapeutinstructies op psychologische en fysiologische maten [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Effect of therapist instructions on psychological and physiological measures]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Op basis van eerder onderzoek door Lee en Drummond (2007) heeft dit onderzoek onderzocht de invloed van de aard van de therapeut instructies (herbeleven en afstand) op de verwerking van pijnlijke herinneringen. De hypothese was dat afstand instructies, instructies ten opzichte van herbeleven, zou leiden tot een sterkere daling van subjectieve angst en nowness van het evenement. Bovendien was de verwachting dat de levendigheid van het evenement zou afnemen tijdens de sessie, ongeacht de instructies. In elke onder de sympathische en parasympathische activiteit van het zenuwstelsel wordt gemeten. Het was verondersteld dat de sympathische activiteit zou een sterkere daling in de afstand conditie moet beschikken in vergelijking met de toestand herbeleven. Een sterkere stijging werd verwacht voor de parasympathische activiteit in de afstand staat, in vergelijking met de toestand herbeleven. Bovendien, aan het begin van de zitting van de sympathische activiteit hoger zou zijn in het herbeleven conditie dan in de afstand voorwaarde dat, in tegenstelling tot de parasympathische activiteit. Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd door en onder universitaire studenten. Een gedetailleerd protocol - gebaseerd op de originele Eye Movement en Desensibilisatie Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989) protocol - werd gebruikt. De deelnemers (12 mannen en 24 vrouwen, gemiddelde leeftijd 22,4 jaar) werden gevraagd om een pijnlijke herinnering roepen, waarna de inhoud van de geheugen was gedesensibiliseerd door een herbeleving of afstand instructies. De resultaten tonen geen verschil in doeltreffendheid (Suds, Nowness-Scale en levendigheid) tussen afstand en herbeleven voorwaarden. Er was ook geen significant verschil gevonden in het sympathische (PEP) en parasympathische (HR-en RMSSD) activiteit. Mede op basis van de gebruikte maatregelen kan worden geconcludeerd dat de manipulatie van de voorwaarden is mislukt. Voor toekomstig onderzoek wordt aanbevolen dat het protocol worden uitgebreid en het toevoegen van een controle conditie aan het onderzoek. [Auteur abstracte]

Based on previous research by Lee and Drummond (2007) this research has examined the influence of the type of therapist instructions (reliving and distancing) on the processing of distressing memories. It was hypothesized that distancing instructions, compared to reliving instructions, would cause a stronger decrease in subjective distress and nowness of the event. Furthermore it was expected that the vividness of the event would decrease during the session, regardless of the instructions. In every subject the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity of the nervous system is measured. It was supposed that the sympathetic activity would have a stronger decrease in the distancing condition compared to the reliving condition. A stronger increase was expected for the parasympathetic activity in the distancing condition, in comparison with the reliving condition. Moreover, at the beginning of the session the sympathetic activity would be higher in the reliving condition than in the distancing condition, in contrast to the parasympathetic activity. The research has been conducted by and among university students. A detailed protocol – based on the original Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989) protocol – was used. Participants (12 males and 24 females, mean age 22.4 year) were asked to recall a distressing memory, after which the content of the memory was desensitized by either reliving or distancing instructions. Results show no difference in effectiveness (SUDS, Nowness-Scale and Vividness) between reliving and distancing conditions. There was also no significant difference found in the sympathetic (PEP) and parasympathetic (HR and RMSSD) activity. Partly based on the used measures it can be concluded that the manipulation of the conditions failed. For future research it is recommended that the protocol be expanded and to add a control condition to the research. [Author abstract]

Keywords: Physiological Measures Psychological Measures Therapist's Instructions

Accuracy Verified: Yes

107. Gosselin, P. W. (1994). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of test anxiety: A study of the effects of eye movement and expectancy on the procedure's results. University of Massachusetts Amherst. AAT 9420630.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, abbreviated EMDR, is a recently discovered technique acclaimed as a major breakthrough for the reduction of anxiety. Numerous anecdotal studies have been presented showing the efficacy of EMDR. There are currently no published studies investigating use of EMDR specifically for test anxiety. The purpose of this study was to use the EMDR technique to study its efficacy for test anxiety. This study also examined whether or not high and low expectancy conditions significantly affected scores on post-session anxiety ratings. In addition, the procedure was used with and without eye movement to see whether or not eye movement was a critical factor in eliciting positive change in anxiety ratings. A single session of approximately one hour was conducted individually with 41 subjects, college students reporting test anxiety. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of four conditions reflecting varying combinations of eye movement and expectancy conditions. A 2 x 2 analysis of variance was conducted for expectancy and eye movement factors on two dependent measures. These measures were Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDs) and the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI). Results of the study show a significantly greater amount of reduction in the SUDs using the eye movement supporting the hypothesis that eye movement is critical to the efficacy of EMDR. No other statistically significant main effects or interactions were found with measuring the SUDs or TAI. However, it should be noted that all groups showed substantial reductions in post-treatment TAI scores. The expectancy conditions presented to subjects also had no measureably significant effects. There was anecdotal support of the power of the eye movement but no significant behavioral changes other than the reduction in SUDs. It was concluded that EMDR is worthy of further study with larger samples of the test anxious population. Further study may want to use EMDR in conjunction with other techniques and for more than one session.

Keywords: Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

108. Gosselin, P., & Matthews, W. (1995, December). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of test anxiety: A study of the effects of expectancy and eye movement. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26(4), 331-337. doi;10.1016/0005-7916(95)00038-0.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a recently invented technique acclaimed as a major breakthrough for a range of anxiety-related symptoms. To determine the importance of the eye movement and expectancy variables, we conducted a one-hour session with 41 undergraduate subjects (11 males and 30 females) with test anxiety. A 2 (eye movement vs no eye movement) x 2 (high expectancy vs low expectancy) analysis of variance was performed on 3 dependent measures: (1) Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDs); (2) Validity of Cognition Scale (VOC); and (3) the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI). The data indicate that all subjects, regardless of treatment condition, showed a significant decrease in anxiety on the TAI. Subjects in the eye-movement condition reported feeling less anxious (SUDs) than those in the no-eye-movement condition. We found no significant main effect or interactions for any of the dependent measures for expectancy. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Adults Americans College Students Experimental Stressors Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

109. Foley, T. (1996). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment of communication anxiety: A closer look. Western Michigan University. AAT 9640073.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to replicate the results of previous research with respect to EMD/R (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) and of this researcher's investigation of EMD/R treatment of public-speaking anxiety (Foley & Spates, 1995). The present study, however, included components to permit more extensive analysis of the elements of treatment that contribute to therapeutic effectiveness. The study investigated the contribution of assessment speeches to treatment effectiveness by using a two factor design in which one factor featured a condition of pre-treatment/post-treatment speeches vs. a condition of post-treatment speeches only. The other factor featured two treatment conditions, permitting consideration of the contribution of the imaginal exposure component of EMD/R to treatment effectiveness. One treatment condition received EMD/R while the other condition received an alternative treatment that differed from EMD/R only in that there were no instructions to visualize the traumatic event during the eye movement component. Subjects were 32 college students who suffered from communication anxiety and had experienced a specific traumatic event related to a communication situation. The research was carried out in a two factor repeated measures design consisting of four treatment groups: EMD/R-speech condition, EMD/R-no speech condition, Alternative treatment-speech condition, Alternative treatment-no speech condition. Results showed a significant decrease from pre to post-treatment for all groups on several measures. There were no significant differences between groups; however, the results on one measure (CAI) suggests that if power were increased, the groups would differ significantly with respect to the pre-treatment behavioral assessment factor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 57(7-B), Jan 1997, pp. 4705.

Keywords: Assessment Speeches College Students With Communication Anxiety Effectiveness Evaluation Empirical Study Oral Communication Speech Anxiety Treatment Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

110. Shapiro, F. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols, and procedures, 1st Ed. New York: Guilford Press.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
This book reviews research and development; discusses theoretical constructs and possible underlying mechanisms; and presents protocols and procedures for treatment of adults and children with a range of complaints. Among the many clinical populations for whom the material is this volume is applicable are victims of sexual abuse, violence, combat, grief, and phobias.To assist the learning process, detailed descriptions and transcripts guide the clinician through every stage of therapeutic treatment, ranging from the safety issues necessary for appropriate client selection through the administration of EMDR and its integration within a comprehensive treatment plan. Only licensed mental health professionals, or those under direct supervision of licensed clinicians, should use the procedures and protocols in this book. The book has been written with four kinds of readers in mind: academicians, researchers, clinicians, and clinical graduate students. [Adapted from Text]

Keywords: Abuse Adults Assessment Child Abuse Children DID Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Symptoms Incest Methodology Neurophysiology Patient Selection Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Spouse Survivors Veterans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

111. Shapiro, F. (2001). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols, and procedures, 2nd Ed. New York: Guilford Press.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
This book reviews research and development; discusses theoretical constructs and possible underlying mechanisms; and presents protocols and procedures for treatment of adults and children with a range of complaints. Among the many clinical populations for whom the material is this volume is applicable are victims of sexual abuse, violence, combat, grief, and phobias. To assist the learning process, detailed descriptions and transcripts guide the clinician through every stage of therapeutic treatment, ranging from the safety issues necessary for appropriate client selection through the administration of EMDR and its integration within a comprehensive treatment plan. Only licensed mental health professionals, or those under direct supervision of licensed clinicians, should use the procedures and protocols in this book. The book has been written with four kinds of readers in mind: academicians, researchers, clinicians, and clinical graduate students. [Adapted from Text of 1st Edition]

Keywords: Adults Assessment Child Abuse Children Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Symptoms Incest Methodology Neurophysiology Patient Selection Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Spouse Abuse Survivors Veterans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

112. Eckley, T. L. (2002, August). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Efficacy with residential latency-age children. Alliant International University, Fresno, CA. AAT 3042989.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This archival study examined the efficacy of EMDR with residential latency-age children. Participants in the study were the records of 5 children who completed a 10-week EMDR treatment protocol, and 4 children who were in a control group. Treatment included art therapy, play therapy, drama therapy, and talk therapy. EMDR was included as a component of the overall treatment for the experimental group. Pre- and post-measures were assessed using the Behavior Assessment Scale for Children (BASC) and the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC). Three versions of the BASC were used in this study: the Parent Rating Scale (PRS), the Teacher Rating Scale (TRS), and the Self Report of Personality (SRP).Paired-sample t tests demonstrated significant differences on the BASC-SRP and the TSCC for the experimental group at pre- and post-measures. For the BASC-SRP, the children in the experimental group endorsed significantly fewer items for Atypicality, Locus of Control, Social Stress, and Anxiety at the conclusion of the study as compared to initial results. For the experimental group, three of the six scales on the TSCC were significantly lower at the end of the study than at the beginning of the study. The children endorsed significantly fewer symptoms of PTSD, Depression, and Dissociation at the end of treatment as compared to the beginning of treatment. Because of the numerous limitations of this study, generalizability is inevitably limited. However, the outcome of this research indicates that EMDR can be effective to reduce overall symptomology of severely traumatized children. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 63(2-B), Aug 2002, pp. 1021.

Keywords: Depressive Disorders Dissociative Symptoms Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD School Age Children Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

113. Erwin, T. M. (2001). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A critical analysis. Columbus, OH: Ohio University.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Since Shapiro's introduction of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in 1989, it has been a highly controversial therapeutic technique. Critical reviews of Shapiro's initial study have highlighted many methodological shortcomings in her work. And early empirical research that followed Shapiro's original study has been criticized for using small samples, using limited or nonrepresentative samples, or issues of treatment integrity. Research on EMDR has dramatically increased in both quantity and methodological rigor since the mid-1990s. Moreover, since its first appearance in the literature, EMDR has undergone a number of modifications. This article reviews key research conducted on EMDR since 1995 (using university students and war veterans), highlights issues of concern raised by researchers, and discusses the implications of these findings for the clinical counselor.

Keywords: Counseling Techniques Counseling Theories Criticism Evaluation Methods Eye Movements Research Problems Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

114. Foley, T., & Spates, C. (1995, December). Eye movement desensitization of public-speaking anxiety: A partial dismantling study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26(4), 321-329. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(95)00048-8.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
40 college students suffering from public speaking anxiety and having experienced a specific traumatic speech-related event were exposed to either a standard EMD protocol with eye movements; a moving audio stimulus in place of the eye movements; a protocol with eyes resting on the hands in place of the eye movement, or a no-treatment control condition. The results revealed that EMD is comparable in limited effectiveness to the other procedures and that the eye movements are not a crucial component of the treatment with this population. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Anxiety Disorders College Students Life Experiences Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

115. Kuiken, D., Bears, M., Miall, D., & Smith, L. (2001/2002). Eye movement desensitization reprocessing facilitates attentional orienting. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 21(1), 3-20. doi:10.2190/L8JX-PGLC-B72R-KD7X .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is a controversial treatment for PTSD that requires clients to make rapid eye movements while revisualizing a traumatic event. Although seemingly effective, the process by which EMDR exerts its effects is poorly understod. We propose that EMDR's eye movements facilitate the orienting response, i.e., the attentional adjustment to unexpected stimuli. Since the orienting response has been implicated in spontaneous transformations of dream content during REM sleep, we reasoned that, similarly, activation of the orienting response during EMDR may facilitate content transformations in traumatic memories. To examine this hypothesis, 25 undergraduates completed 20 seconds of eye movements or 20 seconds of visual fixation before each of two tasks: (1) a covert visual attention task, in which a cue indicated the likely position of a subsequent target, and (2) a sentence rating task, in which sentences with either metaphoric or non-metaphoric endings were rated for strikingness. Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated that the eye movement manipulation facilitated attentional adjustments to targets presented in invalidly cued locations and increased the extent to which metaphoric sentence endings were found striking. Together these results suggest that the eye movements in EMDR induce attentional and semantic flexibility, thereby facilitating transformations in the client's narrative representation of the traumatic event. The implications of these findings for theories of dream formation and metaphor comprehension are also considered. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults College Students Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

116. Pellicer, X. (1993). Eye movement desensitization treatment of a child's nightmares: A case report. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 24(1), 73-75. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(93)90011-K.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A new therapeutic method (eye movement desensitization), described in 1989 by Shapiro, was applied to the treatment of recurrent nightmares in a 10-year-old girl. The technique, in a single session, resulted in the complete remission of the nightmares. There was no relapse during a 6 month follow-up. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Case Report Females Nightmare Disorder School Age Children Spaniards Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

117. Kapoula, Z., Misset, P., Poncet, S., Bruneau, S., & Bucci, M. P. (2007, June). Eye movement patterns during the Rorschach test: Implications for EMDR. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
It is hypothesized that eye movements used in EMDR practice influence both memory and emotional state, some laboratory studies provide evidence for such influence (Christman et al, 2003, Neurobiology; Barrowcliff et al., J. Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 2004). From a neurophysiological point of view, it is also interesting to examine to what extent some eye movement parameters may be modulated by memory and emotions. For instance, it is well established that memory driven saccades in simplified laboratory tests, present different characteristics (longer preparation time, lower accuracy, lower velocity) than visually guided movement. During EMDR the eye movements (mostly pursuit) are elicited externally by the therapist, yet at the same time the patient is in touch mentally with the traumatic image and related negative emotions. The physiology of such movements might be different and this could be explored with specific studies. Another important issue is to what extent movements of the eyes are helpful in coding and retrieving visual images. Accordingly to scanpath theory, eye movements are cognitively driven by sensory and motor representation; repetitive eye movements to the same area of an image are attributed to checking if the image corresponds to what the observer imagines (Noton & Stack, 1971; Brandt & Stark, 1997). Future laboratory research could bring together such theories and EMDR psychotherapy, e.g., by examining spontaneous eye movements related to negative image.
In this conference, we will present preliminary data from a laboratory study on eye movement patterns during the Roschach test. Eight healthy students conducted the experiment. Seated in front of a computer screen, subjects were equipped with a binocular video eye tracker (Chronos) sampling eye position images from each eye every 4 msec. Instantaneous eye position data were stored on a computer and analyzed afterwards with laboratory software. Each are of the Roschach test was presented for 30 sec., after which, the experimenter (a psychologist) recorded the response given by the subject.
Analysis of eye movement patterns were examined in relation to subjective verbal reports.
Results: The first question asked was to what extent the eye movement pattern reflected the imaged projected by the subject or by the visual properties of the Rorschach image itself. To gain some insight, we concentrated on the cards for which our subjected gave no standard responses, thus very different from one subject to the other (e.g., card IX). Eye movement exploration (the surface of the image explored, its patiaol composition e.g. the resprctive proportion of horizontal versus vertical movements) was correlated with the verbal report and the specific mental imagery (larger surface, multiple focusing points when several personages or objects were imaged). This provides evident for top-down influence; the eyes are exploring the projective interpretative image; repetitive movements back and forth to same points which help in turn consolidate this mental imagery.
Psychological analysis of eye movements (saccades and fixation) was also made. Saccades are found to be as fast as when looking reflexively to single visual targets; during fixations, however, between saccades, the eyes were more instable, particularly the visual uses were crossing at different depths from one fixation to another. Further ongoing analysis will correlate fixation duration and depth instability to spatial and emotional content of the subjective report.

Keywords: Eye Movements Mechanism of Action Neurobiology Poster Rorschach Test

Accuracy Verified: Yes

118. Gomory, T. (2001, January ). A fallibilistic response to Thyer’s theory of theory-free empirical research in social work practice. Journal of Social Work Education, 37(1), 26-50.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The author responses to the professor B.A. Thyer's theory of theory-free empirical research in social work practice. Thyer provides a number of examples in the present article, several apparently by his doctoral students. It is not quite clear what he means when he offers them in the spirit of these contemporary qualitative times as anecdotal examples of this distortion of the research process, except to suggest that these case examples are just personal reflections and are not therefore to be taken seriously. That would be most unempirical and to no point. It seems at least to this reviewer that a set of theoretical conjectures formalized in a treatment package was being tested, perhaps something to the effect that the provision of education about the consequence of compliance or noncompliance together with case management support and reminders will significantly improve maternal compliance. Thyer apparently doesn't recognize this as theory testing or using theory, but he would need to spell out specifically why, for example, case management is a theory-free intervention.[Author's abstract]

Keywords: Theory-Free Empirical Research Thyer

Accuracy Verified: Yes

119. Affonso, S. D. S. (2012, Novembro). Família vítima de sequestro em cativeiro: Intervenção com EMDR e protocolo grupal integrativo como prevenção do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático [Family kidnap victim in captivity: Intervention with EMDR protocol and group integrative prevention of disorder like post-traumatic stress]. In EMDR em traumas. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Introdução: Caso de sequestro familiar onde pai e dois filhos pequenos ficaram em cativeiro por 19 horas. Mãe teve que acompanhar os outros assaltantes durante toda a ação criminosa sob ameaça de morte. Objetivo: Reestruturação da dinâmica familiar pós-trauma de sequestro por meio da aplicação do EMDR, Grupal (PGI) e sistêmico familiar como recurso teórico e prático da resolução do trauma. Justificativa: Aplicação do EMDR como instrumento eficaz e mediador em situações de sequestro familiar, minimizando suas consequências. Empoderar a família para uma reorganização segura reincorporando as atividades do cotidiano e as biopsicossociais. Os componentes desta família foram vítimas de violência urbana com abusos emocionais físicos e ameaças de morte constantes. Metodologia: Foram realizado sete atendimentos. O primeiro com o Protocolo Grupal Integrativo (Suds e Voc - projeção do futuro com 03 membros da família) e o restante com o EMDR individual (CN-CP-Voc-E-S-Suds) e Sistêmico Familiar. Período de julho a novembro de 2011 em consultório particular na região de São Paulo. Conclusão: ao término dos atendimentos foi possível observar a capacidade de reorganização da dinâmica familiar com a resolução dos traumas por meio da aplicação do EMDR. Possibilitando o retorno gradativo dos filhos às atividades diárias e escolares, com o término dos pesadelos e comportamentos fisiológicos decorrentes do trauma sofrido, confirmando, assim, a potencialidade que o EMDR individual, grupal fortalecem e recuperam a reestruturação familiar pós-trauma em sequestro.

Introduction: Case of kidnapping family where father and two small children were in captivity for 19 hours. Mother had to follow the other robbers throughout the criminal action under threat of death. Objective: Restructuring family dynamics posttraumatic sequestration through the application of EMDR Group (PGI) and systemic family as a resource of theoretical and practical resolution of trauma. Rationale: Application of EMDR as an effective tool and mediator in situations of family abduction, minimizing their consequences. Empower the family to secure a reorganization reincorporating everyday activities and biopsychosocial. The components of this family were victims of urban violence with physical and emotional abuse constant death threats. Methods: We conducted seven sessions. The first Protocol to the Integrative Group (Suds and Voc - projection of the future with 03 family members) and the rest with the individual EMDR (CN-CP-You-ES-Suds) and Systemic Family. From July to November 2011 in private practice in the region of São Paulo. Conclusion: At the end of the visits was possible to observe the ability of reorganization of family dynamics with the resolution of trauma through the application of EMDR. Allowing the gradual return of the children to their daily activities and school, with the end of nightmares and physiological behaviors resulting from trauma, thereby confirming the potential that the EMDR individual, group and strengthen the family restructuring recover post-trauma in kidnapping.

Keywords: Family Restructuring Trauma Victims

Accuracy Verified: Yes

120. Kaslow, F. W. (2007). Family systems theories and therapeutic applications: A contextual overview. In F. Shaprio, F. W. Kaslow, & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp. 35-75). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The purpose of this chapter is to provide a kaleidoscopic overview of the field of family therapy/psychology within which the ensuing chapters can be better understood. To accomplish this massive task within the space limits set, the same format has been followed in the summarization of each of the main theoretical schools. Common key dimensions found in almost all theories are highlighted. The dimensions covered are a synopsis of the theory's basic structure and goals, the techniques and process of each school of therapy, its perceived treatment applicability, and process and/or outcome research on the methodology. Wherever possible, chapters in the book are alluded to in which the author selectively integrates a particular theoretical perspective and treatment approach with his or her Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) clinical work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Family Systems Theory Family Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

121. Taylor, R. J. (2002, September). Family unification with reactive attachment disorder: A brief treatment. Contemporary Family Therapy, 24(3), 475-481. doi:10.1023/A:1019867317042.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This is a case study of a family with a child (age eight) with reactive attachment disorder and the subsequent individual and family therapy. Treatment of choice for the child was Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and supportive educational counseling for the parents and family. Qualitative evaluation of the process demonstrated that the parents observed an instant change in the child's attitude. The child reported that she felt better about family, school, and truthfulness, and stated about the therapy: It opened a window for me. A 12-month evaluation demonstrated continued positive effects.

Keywords: Anxiety Attachment Disorder Children Educational Counseling Family Family Therapy Family Unification Individual Psychotherapy Parent Child Relations RAD Reactive Attachment Disorder Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

122. Taylor, R. J. (2003, September). Family unifications with reactive attachment disorder: Children – A brief treatment approach. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation will discuss the symptomology of reactive attachment disorder in children and the effects on the family. In addition, the presentation will focus on the treatment mileau of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and how it may be used in the treatment of reactive attachment disorder in children. The discussion also will include a case study of a family with a child age 8 with reactive attachment disorder and the subsequent individual and family therapy. Treatment of choice was EMDR for the child and supportive therapy for the parents. Qualitative evaluation of the process demonstrated that the parents observed an instant changing in the child's attitude. The child reported that she felt better about herself, family, school, and truthfulness. Her statement about the therapy: "It opened a windown for me." In relation to outcomes, a 12 and 24-month evaulation demonstrated continued positive effects. The importance of working with the family in understanding the dynamics of reactive attachement disorder and how improvement occurs will be discussed. Objectives of the session will be to give clinical information to practitioners about children with reactive attachment disorder, how this disorder affects the family, and possible therapeutic intervention techniques to open a diaglogue that will lead to understanding children who are in treatment.

Keywords: Attachment Disorders Educational Counseling Family Therapy Family Unification Individual Psychotherapy Parent Child Relations RAD Reactive Attachment Disorder Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

123. Ardino, V. (2010, June). Forensic aspects of trauma. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
On successful completion of the workshop, students will be able to:
1) Describe standardised assessment of trauma and post-traumatic reactions (PTSD, complex PTSD, and dissociation) and their implications for practitioners in criminal justice and social care. 2) Describe the assessment and treatment of PTSD in offender populations 3) Describe PTSD malingering in court and implications for criminal responsibility

Keywords: Forensics

Accuracy Verified: Yes

124. van der Kolk, B. A. (2010, July). Frontiers of trauma treatment. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

125. Brayne, M. (2011, March). Giving evidence in court on behalf of an EMDR client. Symposium conducted at the 9th annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland, Bristol .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
What’s it like to give court evidence in the UK on behalf of an EMDR client? And what can EMDR unleash in a survivor of child sexual abuse now become war reporter? In 2007, Mark Brayne became one of the very few EMDR therapists internationally to have taken the witness stand for a client, involving sexual abuse charges against a former priest at a prominent Catholic school in the UK. Mark’s client “G”, a former war correspondent, had always known he was abused as a child. But it was in EMDR, more than 20 years later, that he recalled the detail. Four years after the trial, “G” has now given permission for his story to be told. This workshop will a space to explore some of the legal challenges of working with EMDR, and also EMDR’s table-turning and at times colourfully cartoon-like impact on the narrative of dysfunctional memory networks.

Keywords: Court Evidence

Accuracy Verified: Yes

126. Shani, Z. (2006, July). Group EMDR with school children following a traumatic event. Invited presentation at EMDR-Israel HAP Conference, Neytany, Israel.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Children Group Therapy School Incident Trauma

Accuracy Verified: No

127. Connor, P. K. (2005). Guideline-based programs in the treatment of complex PTSD. Deakin University, Victoria, Australia.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The term “post-traumatic stress disorder” (PTSD) is a relatively new diagnostic label, being formally recognized in 1980 in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual for Psychiatric Illness – Third Edition (DSM-III) of the American Psychiatric Association (APA, 1980). Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (CP) is a more recently discussed, and newly-classified, phenomenon, initially discussed in the early 1990s (Herman, 1992a). Thus, as research into effective treatments for CP is sparse, the treatment of CP is the topic of this study, in which a guideline-based treatment program developed by the researcher for the treatment of CP is implemented and evaluated. Ten individuals participated in this study, undertaking individualized, guideline-based treatment programs spanning a period of six months. In providing background information relevant to this study, an explanation is provided regarding the nature of CP, and the reasons for its consideration as a separate phenomenon to PTSD. The adequacy of the PTSD formulation in enabling effective assessment and treatment of CP is also explored, with endorsement of previous researchers’ conclusions that the CP construct is more useful than the PTSD construct for assessing and treating survivors of long-term and multiple forms of abuse. The PTSD classification is restrictive, and not necessarily appropriate for certain forms of trauma (such as prolonged trauma, or multiple forms of trauma), as such trauma experiences may lead to specific effects that lay outside those formerly associated with PTSD. Such effects include alterations in affect regulation, consciousness, self-perception, interpersonal relationships, and in systems of meaning. Following discussion regarding the PTSD/CP classification, an examination of treatment methods currently used in the treatment of PTSD, and a review of treatment outcome studies, takes place. The adequacy of primary treatment methods in treating CP symptoms is then examined, with the conclusion that a range of treatment methods could potentially be useful in the treatment of CP symptoms. Individuals with a diagnosis of CP may benefit from the adoption of an eclectic approach, drawing on different treatment options for different symptoms, and constantly evaluating client progress and re-evaluating interventions. This review of treatment approaches is followed by details of an initial study undertaken to obtain feedback from individuals who had suffered long-term/multiple trauma and who had received treatment. Participants in this initial study were asked open-ended questions regarding the treatment approach they had experienced, the most useful aspect of the treatment, the least useful aspect, and other strategies/treatment approaches that may have been useful – but which were not used. The feedback obtained from these individuals was used to inform the development of treatment guidelines for use in the main study, as were recommendations made by Chu (1998). The predominant focus of the treatment guidelines was “ego strengthening”, a term coined by Chu (1998) to describe the “initial (sometimes lengthy) period of developing fundamental skills in maintaining supportive relationships, developing self-care strategies, coping with symptomatology, improving functioning, and establishing a positive self identity” (p.75). Using a case study approach, data are then presented relating to each of the ten individuals involved in the treatment program: details of his/her trauma experience(s)and the impact of the trauma (as perceived by each individual); details of each individual’s treatment program (as planned, and as implemented); post-treatment evaluation of the positive and negative aspects of the treatment program (from the therapist’s perspective); and details of the symptoms reported by the individual post-treatment, via psychometric assessment and also during interview. Analysis and discussion of the data relating to the ten participants in the study are the focal point of this study. The evaluation of the effectiveness of each individual’s treatment has been based predominantly on qualitative data, obtained from an analysis of language (discourse analysis) used by participants to describe their symptoms pre- and post-treatment. Both blatant and subtle changes in the language used by participants to describe themselves, their behaviour, and their relationships pre- and post-treatment have provided an insight into the possible changes that occurred as a result of the treatment program. The language used by participants has been a rich source of data, one that has enabled the researcher to obtain information that could not be obtained using psychometric assessment methods. Most of the participants in this study portrayed notable changes in many of the CP symptoms, including being more stable and having improved capacity to explore their early abuse. Although no direct cause-effect relationship between the participants’ treatment program and the improvements described can be established from this study, the participants’ perception that the program assisted them with their symptoms, and reported many aspects of “ego strengthening”, is of major importance. Such self-perception of strength and empowerment is important if an individual is going to be able to deal with past trauma experiences. In fact, abreactive work may have a greater chance of succeeding if those who have experienced long-term or multiple trauma are feeling more empowered, and more stable, as were the participants in this study (post-intervention). In concluding this study, recommendations have been made in regard to the use of guideline-based treatment programs in the responsible treatment of CP. Strengths and limitations of this study have also been highlighted, and recommendations have been made regarding possibilities for future research related to CP treatment. On the whole, this study has supported strongly other research that highlights the importance of focusing on “ego strengthening” in assisting those who have suffered long-term/multiple trauma experiences. Thus, a guideline-based program focusing on assisting sufferers of long-term trauma with some, or all, of the symptoms of CP, is recommended as an important first stage of any treatment of individuals who have experienced long-term/multiple trauma, allowing them to develop the emotional and psychological strength required to deal with past traumatic events. Clinicians who are treating patients whose history depicts long-term or multiple trauma experiences (either from their childhood, or at some stage in their adult life) need, therefore, to be mindful of assessing individuals for symptoms of CP – so that they can treat these symptoms prior to engaging in any work associated directly with the past traumatic experiences. [Author abstract]
D.H.Sc.(Psych.) thesis, School of Psychology.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

128. Staff. (1996, November). Hawaiian schools offer EMDR to students traumatized by hurricane. Brown University Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter, 12(11), 5.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Reports on the Hawaiian school's giving of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment (EMDR) to students traumatized by hurricane. Reasons for the recommendation of EMDR treatment; Statistic of students suffering from hurricane-related distress in Hawaii; Students' transformation after the treatment.[Academic Search Premier]

Keywords: Hawaii Hurricane Recent Events Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

129. Forgash, C. A., & Copeley, M. (2008). Healing the heart of trauma and dissociation with EMDR and ego state therapy. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
"This book pioneers the integration of EMDR with ego state techniques and opens new and exciting vistas for the practitioners of each." --From the foreword by John G. Watkins, PhD, founder of ego state therapy "This is a book about polypsychism and trauma. It offers a number of creative syntheses of EMDR with several models of polypsychism. It also surveys and includes many other models of contemporary trauma theory and treatment techniques. The reader will appreciate its enrichment with case examples and very generous bibliographic material. If you are a therapist who works with patients who have been traumatized, you will want this book in your library." --Claire Frederick, MD, Distinguished Consulting Faculty, Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center "Training in EMDR seems to have spread rapidly among therapists in recent years. In the process, awareness is growing that basic EMDR training may not be adequate to prepare clinicians to effectively treat the many cases of complex trauma and dissociation that are likely to be encountered in general practice. By integrating it with ego state therapy, this book may just serve as a crucial turning point in the development of EMDR by providing a model for productively applying it to the treatment of this important and sizeable clinical population." --Steven N. Gold, PhD, President Elect, APA Division of Trauma The powerful benefits of EMDR in treating PTSD have been solidly validated. In this groundbreaking new work nine master clinicians show how complex PTSD involving dissociation and other challenging diagnoses can be treated safely and effectively. They stress the careful preparation of clients for EMDR and the inclusion of ego state therapy to target the dissociated ego states that arise in response to severe and prolonged trauma. [Springer]

Keywords: Dissociation Ego State Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

130. Adler-Tapia, R., & Settle, C. (2009). Healing the origins of trauma: An introduction to EMDR in psychotherapy with children and adolescents. In A. Rubin & D. W. Springer (Eds.) Treatment of traumatized adults and children - Clinician's guide to evidence-based practice series (pp. 349-418). New York, NY: Wiley.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
What if the brain had a similar mechanism for healing psychological injuries as the body does, just like a finger can heal a cut? Imagine tapping into that healing process in the brain and helping a child who witnessed her brother accidentally killed by a school bus, who then developed a school phobia, be able to return to school and eliminate her depression. What if you could help a foster child with a history of severe and chronic abuse, reduce his disruptive symptoms within a 9-month period so that he could stabilize and be adopted? Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) can be used in psychotherapy to help children heal from stressful experiences of both traumatic and developmental origins. And, while EMDR is not a magic wand, it is remarkable in its efficiency in reducing or eliminating significant mental health symptoms and healing the origins of trauma. This chapter is written for clinicians who have had little or no exposure to the EMDR treatment methodology or for those who may have wondered what it is and how it works. The goal of this chapter is to summarize the use of EMDR with children with case presentations woven through the steps of the EMDR protocol. As a potential paradigm shift for child and adolescent therapists who have been trained in child development and play therapy, this chapter will not only explain why EMDR with children and adolescents makes sense, but why EMDR is the treatment of choice for many children presenting with symptoms of trauma. The experienced child therapist will also learn how child development, play therapy, and other child-focused therapies can be integrated to overall case conceptualization with the eight phases of the EMDR protocol. Initially, this chapter provides a brief description of EMDR. While Chapter 5 covered EMDR with adult clients, this chapter will focus on translating the EMDR protocol into child language from a developmentally grounded perspective for use with child clients. Given that focus, this chapter will minimize coverage of generic EMDR content that was already covered in Chapter 5. However, some overlap is inescapable. For example, like Chapter 5, this chapter will address the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) theory that underlies the eight phases of the EMDR treatment protocol. This chapter also includes a brief theoretical overview of trauma and the impact on neurodevelopment as it guides psychotherapy. With a detailed explanation of the description, purpose, and concepts of each phase of the EMDR protocol, this chapter describes the clinical implications and procedural considerations for effectively using EMDR with children through each phase of the protocol. The chapter concludes with information for clinicians to learn how to get basic training in EMDR and advanced training in using EMDR with children. Integrated throughout this chapter are practical applications for successfully using EMDR in psychotherapy with children in order to heal the origins of trauma. With this introduction to EMDR, the reader should note that throughout this chapter, the terms client and child are often interchanged, and any reference to a child includes children and adolescents unless otherwise noted. Finally, the terms parent and caregiver refer to the child's primary caregiver. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adolescents Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

131. van Beek, F. (2011). Het werkingsmechanisme van EMDR en het effect van associëren op negatieve herinneringen [The mechanism of action of EMDR and the effect of associating to negative memories]. .

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement and Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is een effectieve behandeling voor PTSS. Twee belangrijke onderdelen van deze behandeling zijn het maken van oogbewegingen en associaties tijdens het ophalen van een negatieve herinnering. Uit eerder onderzoek blijkt dat het maken van oogbewegingen de naarheid en de levendigheid van een stilstaand beeld van een negatieve herinnering vermindert. De rol van het stimuleren van associëren tijdens de behandeling is niet eerder onderzocht, terwijl dit wellicht ook tot een afname van de naarheid en levendigheid kan leiden. Therapeuten merken op dat niet enkel de naarheid en levendigheid van het beeld verandert. Andere aspecten lijken ook te veranderen, zoals de scherpte van het beeld, de mate waarin het beeld dichtbij lijkt te staan, het aantal details van het beeld en de mate waarin iemand het gevoel heeft teruggebracht te worden naar het moment dat de gebeurtenis plaatsvond. Aan dit onderzoek, met een gemengd binnen en tussen proefpersonen design, hebben 40 studenten deelgenomen. Elke deelnemer haalde twee negatieve herinneringen op. 20 deelnemers maakten oogbewegingen. Deze groep werd tijdens het ophalen van één herinnering wel gestimuleerd om associaties te maken, en bij de andere herinnering niet. De andere 20 deelnemers werden geen oogbewegingen aangeboden, zij fixeerden hun blik op een wit vel papier. Ook bij deze groep werd tijdens het ophalen van één herinnering wel geassocieerd, en bij de andere herinnering niet. Het effect van oogbewegingen is in dit onderzoek niet teruggevonden. Wel is er een effect van associëren gevonden. Het maken van associaties tijdens het herinneren van negatieve herinneringen vermindert de naarheid en levendigheid van die herinneringen. Verder blijkt uit dit onderzoek dat het beeld van een negatieve herinnering minder scherp wordt, en dat de mate waarin iemand het gevoel heeft teruggebracht te worden naar het moment dat de gebeurtenis plaatsvond vermindert. Deze veranderingen kunnen echter niet verklaard worden door het gebruik van associaties of oogbewegingen. De bevindingen van het onderzoek tonen een belangrijk effect aan van het associëren tijdens de behandeling EMDR.

And Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for PTSD. Two important components of this treatment are making eye movements and associations during retrieval of a negative memory. Previous research shows that making eye movements to the nature and the vibrancy of a still image of a negative memory reduces. The role of stimulating associate during treatment has not been previously investigated, while this might also lead to a decrease in lead and liveliness. Therapists noted that not only the dreariness and vividness of the image changes. Other aspects also seem to change like the sharpness of the image, the extent to which the image appears to be close, the amount of detail of the image and the degree to which one feels to be reduced to the time the event occurred. In this study, with a mixed within and between subjects design, 40 students have participated. Each participant took two negative memories. 20 participants made eye movements. This group was while retrieving a memory is encouraged to make associations, and other non reminder. The other 20 participants were offered no eye movements, they fixated their gaze on a white sheet of paper. Also in this group, while retrieving a memory is associated, and not in the other memory. The effect of eye movements in this study found. However, there is an effect of associating found. Making associations during recall of negative memories reduce the dreariness and vividness of these memories. It also appears from this study that the image of a negative memory less sharp, and the degree to which one feels to be reduced to the time the event occurred decreases. These changes, however, can not be explained by the use of associations or eye movements. The findings of the study show a significant effect of associating during EMDR treatment.

Keywords: Mechanisms of Action Negative Memories

Accuracy Verified: Yes

132. Pieper, G. (2005, November). Hilfen für opfer von katastrophen und gezielter gewalt ein konzept zur psychotraumatologischen versorgung. Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Wirtschafts- und Verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Albert -Ludwigs-Universität zu Freiburg im Breisgau [Assistance for victims of targeted violence and disasters: A framework for psycho-trauma clinician supply].

Language: German

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Die vorliegende Arbeit zur psychotraumatologischen Versorgung von Katastrophenopfern ist aus der praktischen therapeutischen Arbeit des Autors mit Traumatisierten und Felderfahrungen im Bereich von Großschadensbetreuungen der vergangenen 17 Jahre entstanden. Leitprinzip war dabei, einer kritisch wissenschaftlichen Analyse zu unterziehen, was in der Praxis oft aus Sach- und Zeitzwängen heraus ohne tiefere Reflektion getan wird und die eigene Arbeit mit den Ergebnissen internationaler Forschungsberichte zu vergleichen. Darüber hinaus ist es das Ziel, basierend auf den eigenen Felderfahrungen und den wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen Hinweise für die Praxis zu geben, um die psychologische Betreuung von Katastrophenopfern zu verbessern.

The present work for psychotraumalogical care of disaster victims is the result of practical therapeutic work with traumatized by the author and field experience in major loss of support over the past 17 years. Guiding principle was about to undergo a critical scientific analysis, which in practice is often done out of time and material constraints out without deeper reflection and to compare their work with the results of international research reports. In addition, it is the goal, based on their own to give field experience and scientific knowledge for practical information to improve the psychological care of disaster victims.

Keywords: Catastrophe After Care Disaster Disaster Response Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychological First Aid PTSD SBK School Violence Seven-Step Treatment Program

Accuracy Verified: Yes

133. May, R. (2005). How do we know what works?. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 19(3), 69-73. doi:10.1300/J035v19n03_07.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This commentary raises questions about how we assess therapeutic techniques. In particular, it critiques a recent paper promoting EMDR for use with college students.

Keywords: Brief Therapy College Students Comment Evaluation Letter Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Techniques PTSD Outcomes Research Reply Theory Technique

Accuracy Verified: Yes

134. 有村達之, 山本宙, 早川洋, 久保千春 [Tatsuyuki Arimura, Hiroshi Yamamoto, Hiroshi Hayakawa, & Chiharu Kubo]. （1999年5月）. IIE-8 腹痛を伴う学校不適応にEMDRと自律訓練法を用いて改善した二例(小児・思春期) [IIE-8 Two improved cases using EMDR and autogenic training for school maladjustment patients associated with abdominal pain during childhood and adolescence]. 心身医学：日本誌、39（追補Ⅱ）、141 [Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 39(Supplement II), 141].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Keywords: Abdominal Pain Adolescents Autogenic Training Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

135. Yang, Y. (2005, June). An integrated grief-focused intervention after the death of a chief teacher. In Psychotrauma and EMDR in China and Slovakia, Part 1. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
During the SARS outbreak in 2003, a chief middle school teacher in Beijing unfortunately died of the disease. After her death, her students and colleagues fell into a state of emotional and behavioral disturbance. We describe in this paper a grief-focused intervention program offered by the community-based youth hotline crisis intervention group and the school counselor. In particular, the paper focuses on describing in detail a group based intervention program for the affected students, including its administrative structure, therapeutic objectives and interventions, and group process. The intervention protocol was designed by combining cognitive behavior and social therapy with some adapted skills of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). It was found that stabilization and installation were strongly significant in helping the students to recover from this traumatic event by focusing on positive resources. We argue that in the Chinese cultural context, it is most important to build such an integrated crisis intervention scheme to cope with such an event.

Keywords: China Grief Psychotrauma Slovakia Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

136. Chang, S. H. & Lee, Y. H. (2006, September). Interference of spontaneous eye movements during recollections changes the vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories?: A crucial test of possible EMDR mechanisms. Presentation at the 36th annual congress of the EABCT (European Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies), Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This study examined possible therapeutic mechanism of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Several studies have reported that bilateral eye movements during imagery could decrease vividness and emotionality of recollections. This study proposed a hypothesis, that was, the reduction of recall was due to the interference of spontaneous eye movements including conjugate lateral eye movements (CLEMs). 110 undergraduate students (47 men, 63 women) recalled two positive and two negative memories (the CLEMs of these memories were recorded by a digital camera at the same time) and rated their vividness and emotionality of the recollections. Next, participants recalled the memories while they were engaging in five between-group conditions (bilateral eye movements, left gaze, right gaze, central gaze, and mere imagery condition). Then participants recalled the event again and rated its vividness and emotionality. The results showed that the bilateral eye movements made autobiographical memories less vivid and less emotive, while mere image increased the vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories (ps < .05). Importantly, there was only one significant Valence × Time interaction effect (p < .05) in the left gaze condition. It showed that right hemisphere involved more negative emotions than positive, whereas left hemisphere involved no differences between negative and positive emotions. With regard to CLEMs, there were no different lateral eye movements between negative and positive memories. The study supported the idea that bilateral eye movements during imagery could decrease vividness and emotionality of recollections, and that interfering spontaneous eye movements changed vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories. The role of eye movements in the EMDR was discussed.

Keywords: Autobiographical Memory CLEM Eye Movements Gaze Direction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

137. Affonso, S. D. S. (2012, Novembro). Intervenção do EMDR em uma situação de luto traumático infantil: Vivência de uma criança de seis anos no adoecimento e morte de sua irmã de dois anos vítima de leucemia [EMDR intervention in a situation of childhood traumatic grief: Experiences of a child of six years in the illness and death of her sister two years of leukemia victim]. In EMDR na infância. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Em uma família com estrutura complexa: a mãe vive há 14 anos durante o dia com o companheiro que é casado com outra mulher (com quem passa as noites) e teve dois filhos desse relacionamento. Importante ressaltar que a mãe vivia nas ruas e teve uma nova chance ao ser acolhida por uma madrinha. A menina, de dois anos, adoeceu e faleceu vítima de leucemia. O menino, de seis anos, passou a apresentar comportamento agressivo na escola, dificuldade de aprendizagem, dispersão e insônia. A madrinha foi quem procurou o EMDR por telefone. Com seis sessões, intercalando atendimentos à mãe e à criança, com uso de EBs auditivos para a mãe e EBs visuais para o segundo, desenhos para ambos, relato de sonhos, e na última sessão com mãe e filho, com o uso de um ritual de despedida com a linha do tempo. Nesta última, contaram sobre as melhoras do menino em dormir e em seu aproveitamento escolar. Aproveitaram para dizer que os sonhos continuavam encaminhados e estavam finalmente começando a dar certo.

In a family with complex structure: the mother lives 14 years ago during the day with a partner who is married to another woman (who spends his nights) and had two children from that relationship. Importantly, the mother lived on the streets and had another chance to be accepted by a sponsor. The girl, two years old, fell ill and died of leukemia. The boy, six years old, began to show aggressive behavior in school, learning difficulties, insomnia and dispersion. The godmother was the one who tried EMDR by phone. With six sessions, alternating visits to the mother and child, using EBs hearing for the mother and for the second visual EBs, drawings for both reporting of dreams, and last sessions with mother and child, with the use of a ritual farewell to the timeline. In the latter, told the boy about the improvements in sleep and in their school. Took the opportunity to say that dreams were still underway and finally starting to go right.

Keywords: Childhood Trauma Family Grief Process

Accuracy Verified: Yes

138. O'Connor, M. (2003, March). Intervening early: The use of EMDR with children and families affected by trauma. Presentation at the 1st annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland Association, London, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: In recent years, parents, teachers, and other professionals have specifically requested help from Educational Psychologists in supporting children affected by trauma. Educational Psychologists are ideally placed to intervene quickly and effectively to provide appropriate and timely treatment for individual children and families. Children referred include those with specific fears, enuresis, tantrums, and school refusal. Case material illustrating the use of EMDR with infants, young children, and adolescents will be presented.

Keywords: Children Early Interventions

Accuracy Verified: Yes

139. Fernandez, I. (2008, Novembre). Interventi precoci con EMDR: Applicazione nei disturbi post-traumatici acuti con vittime di disastri collettivi [Early intervention with EMDR: Application in mass post-traumatic stress/acute disaster victims. Plenaria presentato le applicazioni cliniche di EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Questa relazione descrive l’applicazione dell’EMDR come trattamento precoce focalizzato sul trauma rivolto a bambini coinvolti in diastri collettivi (disastri naturali, incidenti e provocato in modo intenzionale dalla mano dell’uomo). Il trattamento con EMDR in tutti questi casi è stato parte di un intervento con questa popolazione ed è stato il trattamento di elezione di bambini in età scolastica che erano stati i più esposti a eventi traumatici. In molti di questi casi, 3 cicli di sedute di EMDR sono stati organizzati ad un mese, a tre mesi e ad un anno dall’evento critico. I bambini hanno avuto delle sedute individuali nella maggior parte dei casi dato che avevano avuto una grave traumatizzazione, unite al lutto, dove avevano vissuto una minaccia alla propria vita e la perdita di amici e fratelli. Il supporto psicologico e il trattamento EMDR sono stati forniti anche ai genitori, al personale scolastico e questo aspetto è stato di fondamentale importanza negli ultimi interventi per rafforzare e mantenere i risultati nei bambini. I risultati di questionari e delle interviste cliniche per valutare la sintomatologia post-traumatica prima e dopo il trattamento verranno descritti durante la presentazione insieme ai dati del follow-up. Il gruppo trattato dimostra un miglioramento significativo dopo il trattamento con EMDR. L’analisi statistica dei risultati sarà descritta in modo approfondito. Durante la relazione verranno sottolineati gli aspetti clinici dell’applicazione dell’EMDR con i bambini dopo un trauma recente particolarmente grave. Le reazioni post-traumatiche di questo gruppo in età evolutiva sono state valutate, misurate e hanno dato delle informazioni rilevanti per questo campo di applicazione. Il trattamento EMDR con i genitori e con altri adulti coinvolti nel disastro e che era a contatto con i bambini si è rivelato un intervento chiave per quanto riguarda la sintomatologia dei bambini. A conclusione verranno presentate delle linee guida e delle indicazioni per la strutturazione di interventi sulla base di questi studi sul campo.

This report describes the application of EMDR as early treatment focused on trauma facing children involved in mass disasters (natural disasters, accidents and pollution in intentionally by man). Treatment with EMDR in all these cases was part of an intervention with this population and was the treatment of choice for school-age children who were most exposed to events traumatic. In many of these cases, 3 cycles of EMDR sessions were held one month, three months and one year after the event critical. The children have had some individual sessions in most cases because they had severe trauma, united in mourning, where they had lived a threat to his life and the loss of friends and brothers. Psychological support and treatment EMDR was provided to parents, staff school and this aspect was of paramount importance in recent efforts to reinforce and keep the results in children. The results of questionnaires and clinical interviews to assess the symptoms post trauma before and after treatment will be described during the presentation along with the data of follow-up. The treated group demonstrated significant improvement after treatment with EMDR. The statistical analysis of results will be described in detail. The report will be highlighted during the clinical application of EMDR with children after a recent trauma particularly serious. Post-traumatic reactions of this growing age group were assessed, measured and have information relevant to this scope. EMDR treatment with parents and other adults involved in disaster and who was in contact with children has proved a key intervention regarding symptoms of children. A conclusion will discuss the guidelines and indications for the structuring of interventions based on these field studies.

Keywords: Early Intervention Mass Disasters Plenary Recent Events

Accuracy Verified: Yes

140. Regourd-Laizeau, M., Martin-Krumm, C., & Tarquinio, C. (2012, March). Interventions dans le domaine du sport: Le protocole d’optimisme [Interventions in the field of sports: Protocol of optimism]. Pratiques psychologiques, 18(2), 189-204. doi:10.1016/j.prps.2012.02.001.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
L’optimisme peut être envisagé selon plusieurs approches. Il est possible d’envisager une approche directe comme, par exemple, la proposition de Carver et Scheier, 1982 et le concept d’optimisme dispositionnel. Il est également possible d’envisager une approche indirecte comme celle d’Abramson et al., 1978 et le concept de style explicatif optimiste. Quelle que soit l’option retenue, l’optimisme est associé principalement à des effets bénéfiques, et ce quels que soient les contextes : la santé, le monde du travail et de l’école, ou la performance sportive par exemple. En conséquence, mettre au point des techniques destinées à augmenter le niveau d’optimisme est devenu crucial dans différents domaines. Cet article a pour objectif de présenter brièvement certaines de ces techniques et de développer plus précisément l’apport de l’eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) au développement d’un style explicatif optimiste dans le domaine du sport. Les limites, mais aussi les pistes prometteuses seront précisées.

Summary: Optimism can be seen in several approaches. It is possible to consider a direct approach, for example, the proposal of Carver and Scheier, 1982 and the concept of dispositional optimism. It is also possible to consider an indirect approach like that of Abramson et al., 1978 and the concept of optimistic explanatory style. Whatever option is chosen, the optimism is mainly associated with beneficial effects, and whatever contexts: health, the world of work and school, or athletic performance for example. As a result, developing techniques to increase the level of optimism has become crucial in various fields. This article aims to briefly present some of these techniques and develop more precisely the contribution of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) to develop an optimistic explanatory style in the field of sport. Limits, but also promising directions will be specified.

Keywords: Intervention Sports

Accuracy Verified: Yes

141. Oglesby, C. A. (1999, September). An investigation of the effect of eye movement desensitization reprocessing on states of consciousness, anxiety, self-perception, and coach-perceived performance ratings of selected varsity collegiate athletes. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA. AAT 9921186.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
PTSD experts have recently pointed out that while traumatic events have been the core of cultural tales for centuries, it is highly unlikely today that any individual will avoid the direct experience of a traumatic event during a lifetime. The present study was an initial exploration of the effectiveness of an approach, designed for clinical issues of trauma, in sport; a nonclinical, field study environment marked by consistent high pressure to perform with excellence. The hypotheses of the study called for examination of pre and post treatment scores of control, EMDR, and placebo group subjects on five dependent variables: States of Consciousness During Movement Activity Inventory (SCMAI); State-trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI); Coach-Perceived Performance Rating (CPPR); Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS); and Validity of Cognition Scale (VoC).Collegiate varsity athletes (N = 48) from the sports of field hockey, gymnastics, lacrosse, track and field, and volleyball were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. The control group completed the SCMAI and STAI with 3 to 4 weeks intervening. The placebo group completed the inventories and a week later met with a sport psychology consultant (researcher) for focus on the identified "worst moment in sport." The SUDS and VoC scores were collected during the session. After another week, the inventories were completed for the last time. The pattern for the eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) group was identical to the placebo group except the session followed a basic protocol for EMDR. The focus of the session was, again, the subjects, worst moment in sport. The results revealed no statistically significant pre to post changes in treatment group scores in regard to the SCMAI, STAI, and coach-perceived performance. Results significant p < .02 were found on the SUDS and VoC as the EMDR group reported more favorable gains that did the placebo group. Additionally, descriptive statistics, and qualitative protocol examples, were utilized to illustrate trends of potential individual benefit from the EMDR procedure. This research represented the first study of a potential line of research examining the efficacy of EMDR with athletes and, perhaps, with performers in various peak performance settings. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 60(3-B), Sep 1999, pp. 1292.

Keywords: Athletes College Students Effects Empirical Study Stressors Survivors Treatment Effects

Accuracy Verified: Yes

142. Lytle, R. A. (1993). An investigation of the efficacy of eye-movement desensitization in the treatment of cognitive intrusions related to memories of a past stressful event. Pennsylvania State University. AAT 9334778.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
A novel clinical technique, referred to as "eye-movement desensitization," has recently been reported to rapidly achieve significant reductions in the frequency and intensity of the two primary symptoms of PTSD; cognitive intrusions and the behavioral and emotional avoidance of trauma related fear cues. The current study was intended to provide an experimentally controlled replication of this procedure. The 45 students with the highest scores on a self-report questionnaire were selected for participation in the study and randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions. These conditions included "eye-movement desensitization," "eye-fixation desensitization," and a non-directive control condition.Sessions One and Three consisted of pretest and posttest assessment respectively, administered by questionnaire and behavioral measures of cognitive intrusions relating to the reported trauma. Session Two, consisted of immediate pretest and posttest assessment of information regarding subjective discomfort, perceived validity of adaptive cognitions, and vividness of images related to the reported trauma. The results of this experiment indicated that treatment-related pretest to posttest change was limited to (a) a relative reduction in cognitive intrusions for the eye-fixation group compared to the other treatment conditions, and (b) initial superiority of both desensitization techniques in immediately reducing subject distress, vividness of the initial image (and for eye-fixation, improved validity of an adaptive cognition) in comparison to the non-directive condition. The latter condition, however, then achieved equivalent gains by one-week follow-up. It was concluded that: (a) the relative efficacy of the eye-movement desensitization technique, was not supported in this non-clinical population, (b) to the degree that the outcomes resulting from the two desensitization conditions were at variance from those of the more traditional non-directive technique, those differences appear to have been predominantly transient in character, and (c) the induction of saccadic eye-movements did not demonstrably function as an active component of treatment within this experimental context. It was additionally concluded that further research will be required to satisfactorily resolve the discrepant findings of experimentation and case reports regarding the efficacy of this technique. Specific suggestions for further research were presented. [Truncated Author Abstract] [Pilots]

Keywords: Biologic Markers College Students Intrusive Thoughts Negative Therapeutic Reaction Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Witnesses

Accuracy Verified: Yes

143. Lustig, S., Smrz, A., Sladen, P., Sellers, T. D., & Hellman, S. (2000, January-February). It takes a village: Caring for a traumatized art student. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 7(5), 290-298. doi:10.3109/hrp.7.5.290.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
One of the fascinating developments in mental health care in the last decade has been the appearance of specific psychotherapies for various psychiatric illnesses. Perhaps the best known of these is dialetical behavior therapy (DBT), pioneered by Linehan and colleagues for borderline personality disorder and consisting of rigorous group and individual cognitive-behavioral therapy within an empathetic and validating psychotherapy setting. Another is eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), described by Shapiro and coworkers as a treatment for PTSD and other anxiety disorders.The following case study involves a patient in a team-treatment setting who benefitted significantly from the use of DBT and EMDR, as well as a complex psychopharmacology regimen, after receiving an extensive battery of psychological tests. The clinicians who were involved with the patient will discuss the aspects of her care for which they were responsible. We do not endeavor to isolate which modality was the "right" one; rather, we are looking at the manner in which each potentiated the others. [Introduction] [Pilots]

Keywords: Borderline Personality Disorder Case Report Child Abuse Cognitive Therapy College Students Drug Therapy European Americans Females Incest Individual Psychotherapy Partial Hospitalization Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Rape Survivors Young Adults

Accuracy Verified: Yes

144. Tutarel-Kıslak, S. (2004). Kaygi duyarligini azaltmada göz hareketieriyle duyarsizlastirma ve yeniden isleme (EMDR) tedavisi [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) approach in the treatment of anxiety sensitivity]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 19(53), 65-67.

Language: Turkish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Göz Hareketleriyle Duyarsızlaştırma ve Yeniden İşleme (EMDR) ve kontrollü araştırma destek olmak amacıyla Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu (TSSB) ilk tedavilerden biridir artık giderek diğer psikolojik bozukluklar kadar uzatıldı. Bu çalışmada anksiyete duyarlılığı tedavisinde kas gevşetme ve EMDR işlemlerin etkilerini karşılaştırmak için planlandı. Ondokuz lisans öğrencileri dört alt ölçekleri ile standartlaştırılmış, özbildirim ölçmek oldu Anksiyete Duyarlılığı Profile (ASP) cevap verdi. Onlar rastgele iki gruba (; kas gevşeme ve EMDR tedavisi koşul); atanmış oldukları ve beş gün önce, ASP ölçek doldurulan ve girişim (müdahale süresi; öncesi ve sonrası müdahale ve takip) dört ay sonra. Sonuçlar, EMDR tedavisi alt puanı solunum semptomları korkusu önemli bir düşüş gösterdi üretilen bu düşüşün ardından devam etmek için ortaya dört aylık takip. Kardiyak semptomların yanı sıra korku içinde çok sonra EMDR durumda azalmış dört aylık takip. bulgular EMDR kim bir travma ilgili etyolojisi bir kaygı duyarlılığı olanlar için kas gevşeme daha etkili tedavi ve ayrıca bazı durumlarda deneyim kaygı duyarlılığı edilebilir olduğu görüşünü desteklemektedir. literatür ile elde edilen bulguların tutarlılığı tartışılmıştır. (PsycINFO Veritabanı Record (c) 2008 APA, tüm hakları saklıdır) (dergi soyut)

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is one of the first treatments of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) to be supported in controlled research, and it is now increasingly extended to other psychological disorders. The present study was designed to compare the effects of muscle relaxation and EMDR procedures in the treatment of anxiety sensitivity. Nineteen undergraduate students responded on the Anxiety Sensitivity Profile (asp) which was a standardized, self-report measure with four subscales. They were randomly assigned to two groups (treatment condition; muscle relaxation and EMDR); and they were filled out the ASP scale before, five days, and four months after the intervention (intervention time; pre and post intervention and follow up). Results showed that EMDR treatment produced a significant decline in fear of respiratory symptoms subscale score, and this decline appeared to continue after a four month follow-up. In addition fear of the cardiac symptoms too decreased in EMDR condition after a four month follow-up. The findings support the notion that EMDR can be a more effective treatment than the muscle relaxation for those who have an anxiety sensitivity with a trauma related etiology and also who experience anxiety sensitivity in certain circumstances. Consistency of the findings with the literature was discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)(from the journal abstract)

Keywords: Anxiety Sensitivity Empirical Study Etiology Follow-up Study Psychological Disorders Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

145. Bacon, J. (2001, June). Kids with severe learning disabilities: Coping, acceptance, and EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop is directed at working with school age children (6-12) who are diagnosed as developmentally delayed, ADD-ADHD, or with Aspergers or Tourettes Disorders. Included will be case conceptualization, treatment-building, and skill building.

Keywords: ADD ADHD Aspergers Attention Deficit Disorder Attention Deficit Hyperacitivity Disorder Children Developmentally Delayed Learning Disabilities, Tourettes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

146. Lovett, J. M. (2000). Kleine wunder [Small wonders]. Paderborn: Junfermann.

Language: German

Format: Book

Abstract:
Traumatische Erlebnisse, wie sie bei Kindern häufig vorkommen, können die normale gesunde Entwicklung der Betreffenden, ihre Selbstachtung und das Zusammenleben ihrer Familien stark belasten. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) ist ein umfassender therapeutischer Ansatz, der Patienten in kurzer Zeit hilft, belastende Gedanken und Emotionen, die durch traumatische Erlebnisse entstanden sind, aufzulösen. Traumatisch wirken im allgemein akzeptierten Sinne Mißbrauchs- oder Mißhandlungserlebnisse, Naturkatastrophen und Gewalttätigkeit, doch können Kinder auch viel harmlosere Vorgänge als sehr bedrohlich erfahren. Ein Unfall auf dem Spielplatz, der Verlust eines sehr nahestehenden Menschen oder Probleme in der Schule schockieren ein Kind oft viel stärker als einen Erwachsenen. Außerdem können solche Vorfälle bewirken, daß sich ein Kind hilflos und machtlos fühlt, ängstlich wird und belastende Verhaltensprobleme entwickelt. Das Buch Kleine Wunder befaßt sich auf sehr ansprechende und eingehende Weise mit den Möglichkeiten therapeutischer EMDR-Arbeit mit Kindern. Das Buch wendet sich an Eltern, die sich Sorgen darum machen, wie ihre Kinder ein gewisses grundlegendes Vertrauen entwickeln können, außerdem an Erwachsene, die sich damit beschäftigen wollen, wie die Geschehnisse in ihrer Kindheit ihr Selbstbild geprägt haben, und an Therapeuten, die mehr über EMDR sowie auch darüber erfahren wollen, wie diese Methode auf die besonderen Bedürfnisse traumatisierter Kinder abgestimmt werden kann.

Traumatic experiences, such as occur frequently in children, can pollute the normal healthy development of the individuals themselves, their self-esteem and the coexistence of their families strong. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a comprehensive therapeutic approach that patients in a short time helps to resolve stressful thoughts and emotions that are caused by traumatic experiences. Traumatic effect in the generally accepted meaning abuse or maltreatment experiences, natural disasters and violence, but children can also learn much more harmless activities as very threatening. An accident on the playground, the loss of a very loved one or problems at school to shock a child often much stronger than an adult. Furthermore, such incidents have the effect that a child feels helpless and powerless, anxious and is developed incriminating behavior problems. Small wonder the book deals in a very appealing and detailed way with the possibilities of therapeutic EMDR work with children. This book is for parents who are worried about how their children can develop some basic trust, also for adults who want to deal with how the events have shaped her childhood her self-image, and therapists, the more about EMDR, and also about to learn how this method can be adapted to the special needs of traumatized children.

Keywords: Children Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

147. Samec, J. R., & Ekstrom, B.-M. M. (2006, April). Korttids gruppterapi anpassad att möta utvecklingsspecifika behov hos traumatiserade flyktingungdomar [Short term group therapy for traumatized refugee children]. Matrix: Nordisk Tidsskrift for Psykoterapi, 23(1), 73-88.

Language: Swedish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Getraumatiseerde vluchtelingen en allochtone jongeren hebben specifieke ontwikkelingsbehoeften. Om te voldoen aan de ontwikkelingsbehoeften in behandeling, om methoden te wijzigen op korte termijn groepstherapie voor getraumatiseerde kinderen van vluchtelingen, zoals beschreven door Angel-Poblete (1995) worden gepresenteerd. De methoden zijn oefeningen die de vijf zintuigen te stimuleren, om de interventies omgaan met 'acting out', en een ontspanningsoefening ontwikkeld op basis van Eye Movement Desensibilisatie and Reprocessing (EMDR) - die allemaal worden beoefend in het kader van een nauwe samenwerking met ouders en school personeel. Deze presentatie is gebaseerd op het werk met dertien groepen van deelnemers (N = 98) van beide geslachten en uit verschillende landen, 16-20 jaar oud (mediane leeftijd van 17 jaar oud). De theoretische basis, planning, uitvoering en de resultaten worden beschreven. Evaluaties met de deelnemers en school personeel, alsmede de reacties van de ouders, geven positieve therapeutische resultaten. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, alle rechten voorbehouden)

Traumatized refugee and immigrant adolescents have specific developmental needs. To meet those developmental needs in treatment, methods to modify the short term group therapy for traumatized refugee children as described by Angel-Poblete (1995) are presented. The methods are exercises that stimulate the five senses, interventions to deal with acting out, and a relaxation exercise developed from Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) - all of which are practiced within the framework of close cooperation with parents and school personnel. This presentation is based on the work with thirteen groups of participants (N = 98) of both sexes and from different countries, 16-20 years old (median age of 17 years old). The theoretical basis, planning, execution, and results are described. Evaluations with the participants and school personnel, as well as the reactions of the parents, indicate positive therapeutic results. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adolescent Development Childhood Development Empirical Study Group Psychotherapy Immigration Quantitative Study Refugees Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

148. Bardot, E. (2009). L 'EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing). In A. Deneux, F.-X. Poudat, & T. Servillat (Eds.) Les psychothérapies: Approche plurielle (pp. 375-386) Paris: Masson.

Language: French

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Les pratiques psychothérapiques se sont multipliées au cours des dernières décennies. On dénombre actuellement dans le monde près de 400 types de psychothérapies. Cette diversité peut entretenir un flou croissant autour de ces approches avec un risque d'amalgame ou de repli sur telle ou telle référence exclusive. Afin d'éviter ce risque et d'orienter les étudiants et les thérapeutes, ce livre propose de présenter les principaux courants psychothérapiques : psychanalytique, cognitivo-comportemental, systémique et stratégique. Le lecteur sera sensibilisé pour chacun des courants à leur histoire, aux enjeux théoriques et psychopathologiques, à la spécificité de la clinique, à la question des indications. Des portraits de personnalités marquantes scandent la présentation de chaque courant, apportant un éclairage biographique. L'ambition est de saisir la pluralité des champs mais également leurs complémentarités car au-delà des spécificités théoriques et techniques, on identifie un certain nombre d'invariants et de facteurs communs au processus psychothérapique. Cet ouvrage espère ainsi contribuer à un mouvement de décloisonnement et de partage des richesses et ressorts des grands courants, dans un esprit d'exigence et de respect mutuel. Des thérapeutes d'horizons et de références différents seront ainsi sensibilisés à la diversité de ces courants et pourront mieux poser les indications d'autres approches que la leur.

Psychotherapeutic practices have proliferated in recent decades. There are currently around the world nearly 400 types of psychotherapy. This diversity can sustain a growing uncertainty around these approaches with a likelihood of confusion or retreat on any particular exclusive reference. To avoid this risk and to guide students and therapists, this book proposes to present the mainstream psychotherapy: psychoanalytic, cognitive-behavioral, systemic and strategic. The reader will be sensitized to each of their common history, theoretical issues and psychopathology, the specificity of the clinic, when asked for directions. Portraits of personalities punctuate the presentation of each course, providing lighting biography. The ambition is to capture the diversity of their fields but also complementary because beyond the specific theoretical and technical, it identifies a number of invariants and common factors in the psychotherapeutic process. This book hopes to contribute to a movement of deregulation and wealth sharing and springs from the mainstream, in a spirit of care and mutual respect. Therapists backgrounds and different references are well aware of the diversity of these streams and can better ask directions other than their own approaches.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

149. Servan-Schreiber, D. (2002). La psychothérapie par l’EMDR et la nouvelle médecine humaniste [Psychotherapy by EMDR and the new medical humanist]. Présentation de la thérapie EMDR par David Servan-Schreiber, MD, PhD(1), Revue Américaine Alternatives Therapies in Health Medecine.

Language: French

Format: Other

Abstract:
(1) David Servan-Schreiber est Professeur de Psychiatrie Clinique à l’École de Médecine de l’Université de Pittsburgh aux Etats-Unis et Chargé de cours à la Faculté de Médecine de Lyon I. Cet article est tiré en partie d'une traduction d'un article paru en 2002 dans la revue américaine Alternative Therapies in Health Medicine, 8:100-103. Nous remercions Pauline Guillerd, psychologue et praticienne EMDR, pour la traduction de l'anglais.

(1) David Servan-Schreiber is Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, School of Medicine of the University of Pittsburgh in the United States and Lecturer at the Faculty of Medicine of Lyon I. This article is partly based on a translation of an article published in 2002 in the journal Alternative Therapies in Health Medicine, 8:100-103. We thank Pauline Guillerd Psychologist and EMDR practitioner, for the translation of English.

Keywords: Medical Humanist

Accuracy Verified: Yes

150. Silver, S. M., & Rogers, S. (2002). Light in the heart of darkness: EMDR and the treatment of war and terrorism survivors (1st ed.). New York: Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
Notes that the effects of war and terrorism can be long-lasting and discreet, emerging years later in different forms of psychological and physical strain in the body. In this work, the authors uncover how developments in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) can be successfully applied to the treatment of war and terrorism trauma. They address issues confronted by all clinicians attempting to respond to this particular type of trauma--the psychological aftermath of man's inhumanity to man. The authors focus on the application of EMDR to clients' traumatic experiences, covering a wide range of traumatic settings and survivors from school violence to "near-war" experiences, refugees, combat soldiers, children, and emergency service workers. They provide a review of the research on the use of EMDR, specific case studies to demonstrate their results as well as general suggestions for integrating EMDR into the therapeutic process. It is stated that this book can be used as a general reference for all practitioners looking to broaden their understanding and care of trauma patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Psychotherapeutic Processes Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Terrorism Veterans War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

151. Bevan, K. (2009, November 4). Local therapist hopes to make EMDR a household term in Berkshire County. The Advocate.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
When Lenox psychotherapist Valerie Sheehan recently spoke to a group of Berkshire County school adjustment counselors about EMDR, a therapy technique originally developed to treat trauma-related disturbances and now used to treat a wide range of psychological disorders, her passion on the topic was hard to conceal.

Keywords: General Overview Valerie Sheehan

Accuracy Verified: Yes

152. Sikes, C., & Sikes, V. (2003). A look at EMDR: Technique, research, and use with college students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 18(1), 65-76. doi:10.1300/J035v18n01_06.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), often resulting in dramatic symptom relief in clients, has become an increasingly popular treatment for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and a variety of other diagnoses and symptoms. EMDR may prove more effective and timely than other methods in treating college students for a number of common presenting concerns, particularly within the framework of the brief therapy model. The following article will provide an overview of the process of and theory behind EMDR treatment, and the current research on its outcomes. The use of EMDR in treating college students will then be considered. [Haworth Press]

Keywords: Brief Therapy College Students Literature Outcomes Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Research Review Technique Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

153. Meignant, M. (2012, April). Love and punishment (EMDR healing educational violence)/Amour et châtiments (Comment l’EMDR peut soulager la violence éducative ordinaire). Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Documentary Film in French with English subtitles- discussion following in French and English.
Film en français, sous-titres en anglais, suivi d’une discussion en français et anglais.
More and more people are concerned about one of the most radical sources of damage inflicted upon mankind; something which affects many children throughout the world, i.e., the emotional and cognitive damage to children caused by violence in their everyday , e.g. spankings, shouts and humiliation. The abolition of violence in a child’s daily education is one of the most important humanitarian steps for mankind, as it is a most effective way of fighting the perpetuation of violence in war and terrorism. Also, of importance is the treatment of children who have been the victims of violence in their everyday education. Presented in this film is a psychotherapeutic session, using the EMDR, on Mario Viana who struggled with spelling at school, and was consequently punished. Every spelling mistake was punished by a slap of a rod! Yves Duteil sings «The rights of every child»
Learning objective: 1. How to use EMDR to relieve the suffering caused by violence in every day education.

Keywords: Educational Violence Video

Accuracy Verified: Yes

154. Neunuebel, C. L. (2010, July). Making EMDR user friendly for Asians. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Making EMDR User Friendly For Asians: 1. Training Asians in EMDR • Issues of confidentiality • Fears of being judged by colleagues • School systems in Asia being shame based • Shame in speaking about personal issues • Poor knowledge of own emotions • Issues of fate and karma • Need for Asian facilitators to be assertive with authority figures • Hesitancy of Asian trainees to ask questions • Western facilitators receive more compliance but need for Asian facilitators • Need for translated material to be in colloquial language • Need for Asian vignettes. 2. Practicing EMDR by Asian practitioners and for Asian clients: • Problems with extremes – SUD’s and VOC, • Clients struggle with emphasis on individual not family, • Loss of face for practitioner to use manual, • Most Asian clients have poor imaginative or visualization skills, • Physical sensations are more available than emotions, • Lack of anger at abusive family members and authority figures, • Issues of ghosts and superstitions. 3. Supervision of Asian EMD, • Provide supervisees of own mistakes, • Providing supervision in countries where there are no consultants or facilitators, • Can provide Western supervisors-but best might be co-leading supervision with a local practitioner. My material for this presentation has been developed over 13 years of using EMDR with Asian clients and from 10 years of providing facilitation and supervision for EMDR trainees. Also my many years in Asia, speaking the languages and having been partly raised by Chinese nannies, have given me an understanding of Asian values, family organization and taboos. I would like this workshop to provide a springboard for discussions with the attendees in collecting other ides for making EMDR Asian friendly.

Keywords: Asians Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

155. Dunn, T. M., Schwartz, M., Hatfield, R. W., & Wiegele, M. (1996, September). Measuring effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in non-clinical anxiety: A multi-subject, yoked-control design. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27(3), 231-239. doi:10.1016/S0005-7916(96)00034-1.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
28 subjects from a university's subject pool were paired on sex, age, severity, and type of stressful or traumatic incident. 1 subject in each pair was selected to receive EMDR; the experimental partner spent the same amount of time receiving a visual (non-movement) placebo. Subjective units of discomfort (SUD) scores and physiological measurements were taken prior to and following treatment. Analysis of physiological measurements and self-reported levels of stress were performed within and between each group. While the EMDR group showed significant reductions of stress, EMDR was no better than a placebo. This suggests EMDR's specific intervention involving eye movement may not be a necessary component of the treatment protocol. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Americans Arousal College Students Effects Empirical Study Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Young Adults

Accuracy Verified: Yes

156. Chang, S. H. (2005). Mechanism of EM in EMDR: Change strength of semantic associations. Presentation at the American Psychological Association Annual Convention, Washington, DC.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Research background & objectives: Based on REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, this study examined possible therapeutic mechanisms of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989, 1995, 2001). Stickgold (2002) proposed that sleep induced change in associative memory via activation of weak association during REM state and EMs functioned as REM sleep to integrate the episodic memory of trauma into general semantic memory. Specifically, the effect of EM in relation to order of relatedness of associations on change of strength of semantic associations for negative words after saccadic bilateral eye movements was examined in the present study. Methods: Sixty-four college students were recruited as participants. Via semantic priming task, a 2 (eye movement condition: horizontal saccadic eye movements vs. no eye movements) × 3 (strength of semantic association: strong priming vs. weak priming vs. unrelated priming) × 2 (block order of presentation: related prime first vs. unrelated prime first) mixed factorial design was performed, with strength of semantic association serving as within Ss factor and the other two variables serving as between Ss factors. The primes consisted of negative word stimuli. Each trials consisted of an 8 seconds saccadic horizontal eye movement manipulation (200 ms per movement in EM condition), followed by 500-msec fixation point and then prime displayed for 32msec, which was followed immediately by the target. The participant was instructed to read the target as soon as possible and the reaction time was recorded by the compuer. While absolute primeability index for strong (or weak) association was calculated as (RT related – RT unrelated) for strong primes or weak primes, respectively, relative primeability index was calculated as (RT related – RT unrelated)/RT unrelated. The dependent variables were correct (%), error (%), and primeability index for each of strong prime and weak prime. Change of primeability of weak associations for negative stimuli as opposed to that of strong ones under different EM conditions and different block order was compared. Results: For absolute primeability index, the 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order) × 2 (strength of priming) ANOVA showed that only the interaction effect of EM × strength of semantic association was approaching significance, indicating that weak priming significantly exceeded strong priming after EM (F (1, 56) = 18.01, p < .001; partial ω 2= .210), while the opposite was true after non-EM (F (1, 56) = 25.86, p < .0001; partial ω 2 = .280). Further, for weak prime, the priming effect was stronger after EM than after non-EM (F (1, 56) = 74.62, p < .0001; partial ω 2 = .535). For relative primeability index, it also revealed that only the interaction effect of EM × strength of semantic association was significant (F (1, 56) = 6.09, p < .02; partial ω 2 = .074), and tests of simple main effects showed similar patterns as those of absolute primeability index. Conclusions: 8s EMs was associated with change of strength of semantic associations. While EM didn’t weaken the primeability for the strong association, EM did enhance the primeability for weak associations. Further, weak priming significantly exceeded strong priming after EM, while the opposite was true after non-EM. The results echoed REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, suggesting that EM in EMDR might reflect a shift in associative memory systems by activating different strength of associations of negative semantic nodes for different semantically related words. Given that order of relatedness didn’t play a role and previous research showed that EM resulted in decreased vividness and emotionality and generated greater amount of associations for negative stimuli as well, the implications of the present results from theoretical and psychotherapy point of views and future research possibilities are discussed.

Keywords: EMDR REM REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Saccadic Eye movement Semantic Association

Accuracy Verified: Yes

157. Dieffenbach, R. (2001). Medikamentöse behandlung und EMDR [Drug therapy and EMDR]. Institut fur Traumatherapie.

Language: German

Format: Other

Abstract:
Arzneimittel und Psychotherapie Medikamentengabe und psychotherapeutische Prozesse treffen sich an der Schnittstelle sehr unterschiedlicher Paradigmen. So ergeben die meisten Forschungen der unterschiedlichen psychotherapeutischen Prozesse, solange sie schulenübergreifend sind, dass die methodische Ausrichtung für den Erfolg einer psychotherapeutischen Behandlung relativ unerheblich ist. Lambert et al. (1986) sowie Miller et al. (1997) haben in Literaturübersichten über Therapieerfolgsforschung darauf hingewiesen, dass die erfolgsbeeinflussenden Faktoren für die Änderung in einer Therapie sich nur zu 15% auf Technik- und Modellfaktoren zurückführen lassen, mit gleicher Häufigkeit werden Plazebofaktoren aufgeführt, sehr viel wichtiger werden die Beziehungsfaktoren mit 30% und am wichtigsten werden die (außertherapeutischen) Klientenfaktoren mit 40% eingestuft.

Drug medication and psychotherapy and psychotherapeutic processes meet at the intersection of very different paradigms. So devoted, most research of different psychotherapeutic processes, as long as they are across the school that the methodological approach for the success of a psychotherapeutic treatment relatively insignificant. Lambert et al. (1986) and Miller et al. (1997), in literature reports on successful therapy research pointed out that the erfolgsbeeinflussenden factors allow for the change in therapy is attributed only to 15% on technique and model factors, with the same frequency can be placebo factors listed, much more important are the relationship factors with 30% and most importantly the (außertherapeutischen) client factors are classified with 40%.

Keywords: Drug Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

158. Usita, A. L. (2012, April). Mental health providers' perspectives on youth trauma services: Usual care and evidence-based practices. University of Hawaii at Hilo. 1511570.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract: Evidence-based practices (EBPs) are a means to improve the quality of care within children's mental health. Currently, little is known about independent practitioners' use of EBPs in treating children who have experienced traumatic events. Qualitative methodology was used to examine clinician's practice patterns, perceptions and knowledge regarding EBPs in treatment of children with trauma histories. Twenty-one interviews were conducted, representing clinicians within the public school, private practice, and third party provider agency settings. Open coding analysis was used to examine relevant themes surrounding youth trauma care. Clinicians identified often utilizing a variety of cognitive, art, play and humanistic therapies. Of note regarding treatment practices, clinicians discussed limited use of Exposure. There was also expressed interest in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing [EMDR] and tapping. Though use of EBPs (or components of EBPs) is one of many approaches within therapists' "toolbox" of interventions to choose from various concerns were voiced regarding EBPs. Interviews indicate that limited use of specific treatments including EBPs may be due to limited training and understanding. Clinicians displayed apprehension in using any one specific treatment practice for all clients with trauma related issues, and were cautious when discussing the term "evidence-based" specifically. Generally, positive attitudes towards EBPs as aiding in accountability and for informing practices have been stated, along with concern over managed care, use of EBPs as guidelines and applicability to varied diverse cultural populations.

Keywords: EBP Evidence-based practices

Accuracy Verified: Yes

159. Andonucci, H. (2004). The modifications of the EMDR protocol for sexually abused children. Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay. AAT 3133439.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
There is an increasing interest in using the procedures of EMDR with sexually abused children because of its effectiveness in treating PTSD and trauma in adults and children. Within the literature clinicians have reported modifications of the standard adult protocol originally developed by Shapiro in order to facilitate the therapy with children. To date, no study has investigated the actual modifications clinicians use when treating sexually abused children. A study was designed to elicit information about the actual use of such modifications from appropriately trained clinicians who work with sexually abused children 12 years and younger. A questionnaire was developed to obtain demographic information from therapists about their background and experience with abused children. An EMDR protocol modification survey was also created to elicit information about whether and how clinicians alter the standard EMDR protocol for use with abused children. Eight completed surveys were returned and the results of data analysis showed that clinicians do indeed modify the protocol as described and discussed. In particular, the results indicated the importance of modifications in the EMDR procedure for children and suggested important changes in the questionnaire that could be used for future data collection. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 65(5-B), 2004, pp. 2611.

Keywords: Child Abuse Empirical Study Psychotherapeutic Processes Qualitative Study Rape School Age Children Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

160. Greenwald, R. (2002). Motivation-adaptive skills-trauma resolution (MASTR) therapy for adolescents with conduct problems: An open trial. In R. Greenwald (Ed.), Trauma and juvenile delinquency: Theory, research, and interventions, (pp. 237-261). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Maltreatment and Trauma Press/The Haworth Press.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Published simultaneously as Journal of Agression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 6(10, (#11) 2002.

Keywords: Adolescents Americans Clinical Trial Cognitive Therapy Depressive Disorders Disruptive Behavior Disorders High School Students Individual Psychotherapy Junior High School Students Preadolescents School Based Treatment Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

161. Greenwald, R. (2002). Motivation-adaptive skills-trauma resolution (MASTR) therapy for adolescents with conduct problems: An open trial. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 6(1), 237-261. doi:10.1300/J146v06n01_12.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Trauma is proposed as a key to understanding the development and persistence of adolescent conduct problems, in conjunction with other contributing factors. A trauma-focused individual therapy approach is presented as one example of how this population might be more effectively treated. This approach features motivational interviewing, self-control training (cognitive-behavioral therapy), and trauma resolution (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing). This paper reports on an open trial of six adolescents with school and conduct problems who received school-based Motivation-Adaptive Skills-Trauma Resolution (MASTR) treatment. Reductions in post-traumatic stress, related symptoms, and problem behaviors, along with improved school performance, indicate the value of further study of this treatment approach. [Author Summary]

Accuracy Verified: Yes

162. Foreman, J. (1998, September 14, Corr 16). New therapy for trauma is doubted. Boston, MA: The Boston Globe, Science and Technology, C1.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
But since that day 11 years ago Shapiro has been ferociously studying -- and promoting -- EMDR. When she first began her studies, she was enrolled in a now-defunct, never-accredited school, the Professional School of Psychological Studies in San Diego. She eventually earned a PhD in psychology there and in 1989 published a study showing EMDR seemed to help people with post-traumatic stress disorder, which is characterized by nightmares, flashbacks and anxiety.

Keywords: Boston General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

163. Eisele, N. (2012, Novembro). O conceito de resiliência aplicado a situações extremas: Como o EMDR pode ajudar? [The concept of resilience applied to extreme situations: How EMDR can help?]. In EMDR em traumas. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Resiliência é um conceito que se utiliza para explicar fenômenos psicossociais referidos a indivíduos e grupos que superam ou transcendem situações adversas. O EMDR estimula o sistema de informações disfuncionais. Assim, acelera o processamento de informações traumáticas e possibilita que se manifestem emoções e insights apropriados e saudáveis, ou seja: resilientes. Pretendo compartilhar minha experiência em dois casos distintos: com desabrigados das catástrofes naturais em Nova Friburgo, que ocorreu em janeiro de 2011, e com funcionários da Escola Municipal Tasso da Silveira/RJ, onde um atirador matou 11 crianças. Apresento o EMDR como pedra angular de uma psicoterapia que pode ajudar a identificar aspectos resilientes, que permitam a integração dos elementos cognitivos, emocionais e traumáticos, favorecendo o enfrentamento das perdas, rupturas e situações de extrema tensão, características das pessoas que vivenciam situações de grandes choques emocionais e enorme sofrimento. O EMDR, nesses casos, tem se mostrado de grande ajuda para que o indivíduo encontre o elo de ligação entre a vida “até ontem” e a vida “de amanhã”, resignificando o momento atual, fortalecendo a possibilidade de alteração dos rumos de sua vida e prevenindo os TEPTs.

Resilience is a concept that is used to explain psychosocial phenomena referred to individuals and groups that transcend or overcome adverse situations. EMDR stimulates the information system dysfunctional. Thus, speeds processing of traumatic information and makes it possible to express emotions and insights appropriate and healthy, ie: resilient. I intend to share my experience in two different cases: with homeless natural disasters in New Freiburg, which occurred in January 2011, and with officials of the Municipal School Tasso da Silveira / RJ, where a gunman killed 11 children. I offer EMDR as a cornerstone of a psychotherapy that can help identify aspects resilient, allowing the integration of cognitive, emotional and traumatic, favoring coping with loss, breakage and situations of extreme stress, characteristics of people experiencing situations of great emotional shock and immense suffering. EMDR in such cases has proved of great help for the individual to find the link between life "until yesterday" and life "tomorrow", redefining the present time, strengthening the possibility of changing the course of his life and preventing TEPTs.

Keywords: Resiliency

Accuracy Verified: Yes

164. Becker-Fritz, T., Klinker, M., & Tepper, L. (2008, September). Open forum for professors, college educators and clinicians - Identifying curriculum content on trauma and EMDR, plus create a template for college courses to impact knowledge and treatment options for graduates. Open forum presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
At the last EMDRIA Conference, one of the major concerns identified during the membership meeting was the need to get knowledge about EMDR out to college and university settings. This begins with students who are planning on pursuing a career in the health or mental health field. Courses of study do not adequately present material to students regarding trauma and treatment options. Thus, students leave their educational settings lacking knowledge about what EMDR is. This workshop is focused on both undergraduate and graduate educators who work in colleges and universities in the health care and mental health curriculum. Because students lack knowledge about trauma treatment, it could be years before they discover EMDR in their professional life. A panel discussion will provide the following learning objectives: Identify content areas to include when defining trauma; Define EMDR and summarize how it is used as a treatment option for trauma; Identify the challenges and possible solutions within colleges and university settings to include content on trauma and EMDR; and Create a template for content to include in a current course and strategies to market it to colleges in the health and mental health curriculum. The audience will be invited to give their input into the suggested content and challenged to make recommendations regarding how to best publicize the need for this curriculum and ways to achieve including it in more college course curriculum. The end result will be a suggested template that can be posted on the EMDRIA web site to assist educators and clinicians in advocating for its inclusion in their local colleges and university settings.

Keywords: Open Forum Training

Accuracy Verified: Yes

165. Hekmat, H., Groth, S., & Rogers, D. (1994, June). Pain ameliorating effect of eye movement desensitization. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(2), 121-129. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90004-3.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Explored the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) without music vs eye movement desensitization with music (EMDM) in the management of acute pain induced by hand exposures to ice water. 30 Ss were randomly assigned to EMDR, EMDM, or control. The EMDR Ss focused on negative experiences associated with exposure to ice water, generated positive self-talk, and diverted their attention away from pain by focusing on a rapidly moving light on a monitor. The EMDM group received eye movement desensitization coupled with preferred music. Measures of hypnotic susceptibility, mood states, pain, and treatment credibility were obtained. Repeated measures univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the data. Both procedures alleviated participants' pain to a similar degree and significantly more than the control. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Acute Pain College Students Empirical Study Pain Music

Accuracy Verified: Yes

166. Foster, S., Lendl, J., & Parrett, B. (1995, June). Peak performance in the work place. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In his book, Anxietv Disorders and Phobias, Aaron Beck, MD, wrote cogently about the so-called "evaluation anxieties." He employed the metaphor of the tightrope walker to describe the constant worry about a possible "fall from grace" experienced by the person troubled by concern about performing well in a variety of life situations. Beck divided these situations into three categories: social situations; school and work settings; and what he called "transactions with the outside world," meaning instances of shopping and traveling. The focus of this three-hour presentation is evaluation or performance anxiety (as it is more often termed) in the workplace and applications of EMDR to removing blocks to optimal functioning at work. The theoretical contribution of Beck and his colleagues will shape the presenters' information about why performance anxiety develops and who is likely to be vulnerable to it. The rationale for this extension of the EMDR model will be grounded in the theoretical framework of cognitive therapy. The two presenters bring their considerable experience with EMDR (five+ years) and expertise in peak performance consulting to participants in this session. From their background, they will derive the presentation's emphasis on EMDR applications that are immediately useful to the participants. To begin, the presenters will provide the aforementioned theoretical understanding of "evaluation anxiety" and its manifestation as performance anxiety in the workplace. Approximately the first quarter of the presentation will be spent in didactic material that describes specifically how performance anxiety interferes with optimal functioning at work across a variety of occupations. Drs. Foster and Lendl will elaborate on two situations in which performance anxiety is especially likely to occur in work-related situations: 1) during periods of rapid change; and 2) during the performance review process. Having established this basis of understanding, the presenters will move on to describe the most commonly observed psychological blocks that impede optimal performance in work settings: 1) external conflicts brought into work; 2) feeling like an 'impostor' in one's position at work, 3) perfectionism as a barrier to performance; 4) past failures that operate as anticipatory anxieties (for example, a client's worry that a past mistake or setback might recur in the future); 5) discrimination on the basis of gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, education or age. Using actual transcripts and videotaped excerpts of their sessions, the presenters will demonstrate how their EMDR interventions may be applied. The presenters will show participants how to assess their own current and prospective clients for the psychological blocks that are interfering with work performance. Efficient ways to elicit negative and positive cognition for these work-related issues will be precisely described. The expected course of the EMDR processing will be illustrated using the presenters' cases which include a perfectionistic dentist, a high level executive after a layoff, a female manager desiring a promotion who is grappling with a chauvinistic boss, and performing artists struggling with stage fright and other barriers to their optimal performance. The presenters will then share with participants the ways in which they assist their clients in reaching and maintaining balance in their life- and work styles, in what the presenters call "Using EMDR to meet daily challenges with optimal response." Specific strategies for integrating EMDR into broader-based interventions will be described for assisting clients in: 1) increasing self-trust; 2) learning to capably manage crises; 3) increasing focus and attention at work; and 4) setting priorities and using time effectively. Lastly, Drs. Foster and Lend will demonstrate additional EMDR applications for assisting clients in attaining and maintaining what the presenters call "Optimal Well-Being." Citing case material, the presenters will show participants the means by which EMDR can be employed to speed recovery from illness and to decrease the rehabilitation time needed following an injury. Participants will be given the opportunity to rehears several of the applications described and to receive feedback fiom the instructors. Reference: Beck, A.T. (1985). Anxiety Disorders and Phobias, Basic Books, New York.

Keywords: Peak Performance Performance Enhancement

Accuracy Verified: Yes

167. Marich, J. N. (2007, September). Perceptions of EMDR in the clinical setting: Case study of a northeastern Ohio agency. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association Annual Conference, Dallas, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
All 16 clinicians identified that the primary aims of EMDR are to help people live a more adaptive life, and to bring disturbing material to a more functional resolution. The majority of the clinicians were able to identify what EMDR stands for, that EMDR is not a form of hypnosis, that EMDR is not an unrecognized, fringe therapy, and that small-t traumas can carry just as much clinical significance as Large-T traumas. The majority of clinicians indicated that EMDR had been presented to them in a positive light; the others indicated a neutral presentation or offered no opinion. None of the clinicians indicated a negative presentation of EMDR in any prior forum. The majority had heard about EMDR from a co-worker or in a continuing education workshop. Four clinicians (all under age 35) indicated that EMDR was addressed in graduate school.

Keywords: Case Study Ohio Agency

Accuracy Verified: Yes

168. Kreyer, A. K., & Egon, S. (2008, June). Physiological effects of eye movements of different speeds and eye fixation during engagement in negative autobiographical memories: Experimental research regarding EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: The aim of the study was to explore the working mechanism of the bilateral stimulation component in EMDR in relation to current hypotheses. Physiological hypotheses (of orienting response and relaxation response) were tested in an analogous experimental setting. Moreover, the clinical advice to use different stimulation speeds for different phases of EMDR was examined at the autonomic level, exploring two different speeds of eye movements. In a within-subject design 42 female students performed 7 short sets each of rapid eye movements (1 Hz), slow eye movements (0.3 Hz) and eye fixation while engaging in negative autobiographical memories. Order of the tasks was counterbalanced. Electrooculogramm (EOG), electrocardiogramm, electrodermal activity and distal pulswave were recorded continuously. Skin conductance level (SCL), heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (RMSSD) and pulse wave transit time (PWTT) were calculated. Performance of the eye movement tasks were controlled through EOG. All three conditions showed a clear-cut de-arousal at stimulation onset, which was 30 indicated by a decrease in HR and SCL and an increase in RMSSD and PWTT. That means, fast and slow eye movements as well as eye fixation initiated a moderate, but clear relaxation response with increased parasympathetic and reduced sympathetic activity. These results suggest that the speed of eye movements do not influence autonomic functions. Furthermore, the results of this study do not support most of the current hypotheses regarding the working mechanism of the bilateral stimulation in EMDR. Alternative explanations are discussed

Keywords: Autobiographical Memories Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

169. Kohnke, C. (2000). Pilotstudie zur evaluation der EMDR - Therapie mittels psychometrischer verfahren und EKP [A pilot study to evaluate the EMDR therapy using psychometric methods and EKP Medical School Thesis]. Hanover, Germany: Medizinesche Hochschuler.

Language: German

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Keywords: Psychometric Methods

Accuracy Verified: Yes

170. Ellis, T. L. (1999). Play therapy versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A comparative study examining the treatment effects with school-age children, Homan Elementary School, Fresno, California. California State University, Fresno. AAT 1401332.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study investigated the differences between play therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) when applied to children. Eleven participants from Homan Elementary School, Fresno, California, participated in this study. The treatment consisted of four combinations of varied administrations of play therapy and EMDR. Dependent variables included the self-reporting instruments of the Trauma Reaction Indicators Child Questionnaire (TRICQ), the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS), the Validity of Cognition Scale (VOC), and the Global Feelings Self-Report Scale. Qualitative data included observed changes in behaviors on the educational risk assessment. No clinical significance was demonstrated on the self-report instruments; however, statistical significance was found on the qualitative data using the chi-square goodness-of-fit test on the posteducational risk assessment. Positive changes were reported in the qualitative analysis on the educational risk assessment.

Keywords: Counseling in Elementary Education Play Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

171. Strom, I., & Christie, H. (2001, May). Possible EMDR targets when working with children diagnosed with OCD: A case history. Poster presented at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, London, UK .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This poster will describe a girl who is 13 years of age and how she is living with mother and stepfather, her symptoms and her obsessive thought and actions. The poster will give information about a girl who is a very lively and charming person and who is strongly motivated to get help. There will be information about how the girl's life is strongly influenced by obsessions both thoughts and actions and her symptoms. For example, she feels frequently she must ask whether it will be a fire, if there is any risk for her being contaminated, or if she will get different diseases like AIDS, or even getting pregnant. How the girl thinks she can hurt other persons and that she will get hurt herself. For example the girl has to check and dry off the toilet several times before, leaving, she also thinks she must wash her hands several times a day. She could seldom stay or play with her friends. Further the poster will describe how she enjoys school and feels sorry for having to do all the constant asking and the different rituals - how she understands that it is stupid to go on doing what she does - and that she can not help it. The poster will give examples of targets, how and when the EMDR is used in the treatment. Information on the poster about the treatment, and the experience and effect of the EMDR interventions. This information from the therapeutic process will be separately provided and presented from the girl, the mother and the therapist.

Keywords: Children Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

172. Staff. (1999, November 2). Post-traumatic stress disorder study casts doubt on popular treatment. Brisbane, AUS: UQ News Online, University of Queensland Online.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
World-first research at the University of Queensland has proved the efficacy of a popular, internationally-marketed psychological treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is relatively poor. The PhD study by Dr Grant Devilly of the School of Psychology has shown that eye movements, the central feature of Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment, offers no long-term benefit to PTSD sufferers. It is the first study to compare a Trauma Treatment Protocol (TTP) and EMDR over time. The results have appeared in the Journal of Anxiety Disorders.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

173. Brock, S. E. (2007, August). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Effective school mental health response. Chicago Public Schools,and University of Illinois at Chicago, Student Center West.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Interventions for PTSD �� EMDR Pros �� More efficient (less total treatment time) �� Reduces trauma related symptoms �� Comparable to other Cognitive Behavioral Therapies �� Suggested to be more effective than Prolonged Exposure [Excerpt]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Schools

Accuracy Verified: Yes

174. Stevens, P. (2000, July). Practicing within our competence: New techniques create new dilemmas. Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 8(3), 278-280.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article focuses on the ethical and legal aspects of family therapy students' use of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) with clients. Furthermore, the article discusses the ethical necessity for clinicians and supervisors to practice within the limits of their competency. EMDR is a particularly excellent example because of the unknown mechanisms at work to create change in clients. Therefore, there is no common language or knowledge base that supports the use and supervision of EMDR in the same way that practicing or supervising a variety of "traditional talk" counseling techniques might be appropriate without specialized training. The majority of supervisors of students and practicing clinicians were trained in variety of theoretical orientations. The training experience is most certainly one in which the training facility and the supervisors want to encourage learning new and helpful techniques for facilitating change with the clients. It is incumbent on the facility to require the appropriate level of training and experience before students venture into new techniques.; (AN 3350110)(Ebsco)

Keywords: Legal Processes Professional Ethics Professional Specialization Professional Supervision Psychotherapeutic Techniques Therapist Trainees

Accuracy Verified: Yes

175. Robredo, J., & Gordillo, M. (2010, Abril). Protocolo de tratamiento breve para menores expuestos a situaciones de violencia de género familiar [Brief treatment protocol for children exposed to domestic violence situations familiar]. In Pautas de Intervención con menores infractores y situaciones de violencia de género. Simposio realizado en el Congreso Internacional sobre Avances en Tratamientos Psicológicos, Granada, Spain .

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
El Instituto de Psicotrauma de Alicante y los Servicios Sociales del Ayuntamiento de San Juan, aplican desde 2008 un protocolo de intervención breve para menores expuestos a violencia de género, basado en las técnicas de desensibilización y reprocesamiento a través del movimiento de los ojos, EMDR© (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). Los resultados obtenidos con 28 menores de 4 a 12 años indican una desaparición de los cuadros clínicos de estrés postraumático y depresión, la remisión de los problemas de conducta concomitantes (desobediencia, agresividad) y una mejora del vínculo afectivo con la madre. El protocolo de intervención consta de 4 fases: evaluación, tratamiento, prevención de recaídas y seguimiento. La evaluación se realiza en 2 sesiones, una con la madre y otra con su hij@. Consta de sendas entrevistas clínicas y la administración de la Escala de Ansiedad Manifiesta en Niños (CMAS-R), la Escala de Gravedad de Síntomas del Estrés Postraumático y el Test del Dibujo de la Familia (niñ@s menores de 6 años). El tratamiento consiste en la aplicación de técnicas de EMDR a lo largo de 7 sesiones trabajando con los recuerdos traumáticos del menor asociados a la violencia vivida en la familia. Las 2 últimas sesiones se hacen junto con la madre, trabajando escenas específicamente relacionadas con la figura del maltratador. La prevención de recaídas se realiza en 1 sesión con la madre y el/la niñ@, y se trabajan, también con EMDR, situaciones probables de su futuro, como pueden ser encuentros con el padre. Al mes de seguimiento se volvieron a realizar las entrevistas y a pasar los tests de evaluación. El 100% de los menores atendidos experimentaron la remisión de sus síntomas de estrés postraumático y en el 80% de los casos desaparecieron sus problemas de conducta en el entorno familiar y escolar.

Psychotrauma Institute of Alicante and the Social Services of the City San Juan, applied since 2008, a brief intervention protocol for children exposed to domestic violence, based on the techniques desensitization and reprocessing through movement of the eyes, © EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). The results obtained with 28 kids from 4 to 12 years indicate a disappearance of the clinical symptoms of PTSD and depression, remission of concomitant behavior problems (disobedience, aggression) and improved bonding with the mother. The intervention protocol consists of four phases: assessment, treatment, relapse prevention and monitoring. The evaluation is done in two sessions, with each other with their mother and hij @. It consists of individual interviews clinical and management Manifest Anxiety Scale in Children (CMAS-R), the Symptom Severity Scale and Posttraumatic Stress Drawing Test Family (children under 6 s). treatment involves the application of techniques EMDR 7 along working sessions with the minor traumatic memories associated with violence experienced domestically. The last 2 sessions are done with the mother, scenes work specifically related to the figure of the perpetrator. Relapse prevention is done in one session with the mother and / the Nin @, and worked also with EMDR, probable future situations, such as meetings with the father. One month after they became to conduct interviews and assessment tests pass. 100% treated children experienced a remission of their symptoms of stress posttraumatic and in 80% of cases their problems disappeared behavior in the family and school environment.

Keywords: Children Domestic Violence

Accuracy Verified: Yes

176. Jarero, I., Artigas, L., & Hartung, J. G. (2005, March). Protocolo grupal e integrativo con EMDR: Intervención post-catástrofe para niños y adultos [EMDR integrative group treatment: A postdisaster trauma intervention for children and adults]. Revista de Psicotrauma para Iberoamérica, 4(1), 22-29 .

Language: Spanish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
El Reprocesamiento y Desensibilización a través del Movimiento Ocular (EMDR) por sus siglas en inglés, es reconocido como un tratamiento efectivo y eficiente para tratar asuntos relacionados con trauma. Este artículo describe la aplicación de una intervención grupal con EMDR para niños y adultos traumatizados por desastres naturales en varios países de Latinoamérica. Para ejemplificar la aplicación del modelo, se describe un estudio de campo medido formalmente y nueve proyectos piloto. Los prometedores resultados de esta intervención grupal sugieren que el EMDR es un medio efectivo para dar tratamiento a grandes grupos de personas afectadas por eventos traumáticos en gran escala (desastres naturales, terrorismo). Es necesaria más investigación controlada sobre este tema.

EMDR has been accepted as an effective and efficient approach in the treatment of trauma related issues. A model is described for using an EMDR group intervention for children and adults traumatized by natural disasters in several Latin American countries. To exemplify the application of the model, one formally measured field study and nine pilot projects are described. The promising outcomes of this intervention suggest that EMDR is an effective means for providing treatment to large groups of survivors affected by large scale traumatic events (natural disasters, terrorism, etc.). Anyway, more controlled research about this issue is needed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents Adults Argentines Colombians Natural Disasters Group Psychotherapy Mexicans Nicaraguans Salvadorans School Age Children Survivors Trauma Venezuelans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

177. Monticelli, M. L. (2008, Novembre). Psicoterapia cognitivo costruttivista e EMDR integrati: verso un’evoluzione mente-corpo consapevole e collettiva [Cognitive constructivist EMDR integrated into development mind-body awareness and collective]. Poster presentato al Applicazioni Cliniche dell'EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
I limiti mentali autoimposti acquisiti da copioni familiari reiterati in età evolutiva e da modelli operativi interiori acquisiti dalle autorità societarie attraverso mezzi di comunicazione di massa e regole educativo-lavorative, inducono percentuali sempre più rilevanti della popolazione europea alla vulnerabilità psicopatologica. L’esordio delle sintomatologie psichiche e somatiche di varia entità, avviene già in fasi precoci, nella primissima infanzia e spesso già nelle fasi prenatali, e il limite di età tende percentualmente a essere sempre più sensibile fin dal primo mese di vita. In età scolare si manifestano situazioni comportamentali quali il cosiddetto “bullismo” e fenomeni con campionature rilevanti di sindromi ipercinetiche con deficit attentivo e disturbi del-l’apprendimento. In adolescenza il contesto si complica e gli attacchi di panico, le sindromi depressive e i disturbi alimentari psicogeni dilagano, fino all’esordio di disturbi post-traumatici da stress che si incrementano in seguito alle difficili scelte di orientamento universitario o lavorativo. La vulnerabilità dell’età adulta si manifesta con disturbi somatoformi di diversa natura, disturbi psicocardiologici, sindromi ansioso-depressive, attacchi di panico, disturbi di coppia e relazionali, per citare i più frequenti e limitandomi solo ad accennare l’esistenza della molteplicità di disturbi iatrogeni. In tali soggetti, la consapevolezza di essere indotti in stati di shock che incrementano molteplici disturbi somatoformi e psicopatologici è praticamente assente. Essi, come pazienti, si rivolgono agli specialisti in ambito sanitario con la convinzione, spesso indotta da propagande dei mass-media, che tutto sia solo genetico, e vada "curato" con farmaci per lunghi periodi se non per tutta la vita. Anche da parte degli operatori sanitari vi sono ampie aree di inadeguatezza metodologica: ad esempio, la gravidanza viene gestita come fosse una malattia, riducendo la donna partoriente a una paziente alla quale troppo facilmente si “consiglia” il parto cesareo (statisticamente tra i più frequenti in Italia!) come metodo “veloce e sicuro” di parto, togliendo la competenza materna dell’imprinting alla nascita del bambino con le conseguenze psicologiche che ne derivano per la relazione madre-bambino e per la crescita serena di quest’ultimo, e, sempre a titolo esemplificativo, ignorano quasi del tutto gli aspetti di psicocardiologia, e il loro intervento si riduce a esami medici invasivi e a somministrazione di farmaci. Eppure, la psicoterapia cognitiva costruttivista, e specificamente modelli teorici e tecniche strategiche specialistiche note come EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), l’utilizzo di biofeedback, l’innovativo training emotivo-cognitivo-comportamentale da me ideato nelle due versioni per la psicoterapia e per i gruppi in formazione che incrementa il riconoscimento emotivo e l’implementazione di immagini mentali idonee a modificare cognizioni e comportamenti irrazionali, quando eticamente e competentemente applicati, fanno molto per questi pazienti, sia in quanto si incrementa sensibilmente il livello della loro consapevolezza e della loro capacità di farsi protagonisti nel-l'evoluzione positiva della loro “guarigione”, sia in quanto si può intervenire in modo mirato con sperimentati protocolli per la risoluzione dello stato di trauma psichico in tempi ragionevolmente rapidi e con risultati attendibili e verificabili. Passando dalla dimensione individuale a quella collettiva, ossia alla psicopatologia collettiva cagionata dall’esposizione (anche solo mediatica) ad eventi catastrofici o angoscianti (magari associati a senso di impotenza, insicurezza, precarietà) o a diversi tipi di stress e vulnerabilità, possiamo aggiungere che, analogamente, mediante un lavoro su sistemi di neuroni specchio e sull'attivazione di nuove connessioni di reti neurali con un modello operativo non invasivo, si potrebbe migliorare la condizione di intere popolazioni rispetto a disturbi che, oggettivamente, sono in continua diffusione. Sarebbe opportuno iniziare una sensibilizzazione collettiva partendo dalla formazione per livelli differenziati degli operatori educativi e sanitari, per poi estenderla alla popolazione suddividendola per fasce di età e per territori di appartenenza; purtroppo la consapevolezza non è tra le aspettative primarie di committenti rivolti solo al profitto economico. In un contesto storico-culturale dove l’etica, le relazioni umane, la cooperazione sembrano utopiche fiabe, questa è la sfida di essere una perturbatrice emotivamente orientata ad amplificare la consapevolezza attraverso un nuovo modello psicoterapeutico e formativo integrato, al quale sto lavorando da alcuni anni con risultati incoraggianti e che sarà mia premura esporre dettagliatamente durante il Congresso EMDR 2008.

The self-imposed mental limitations acquired from family scripts repeated age and developmental models inner acquired by the company operating through means of mass communication and educational and working rules, induce percentage increasing as the population of Europe vulnerability to psychopathology. The onset of symptoms of various psychological and somatic entity, is already in the early stages, in early childhood and often known during prenatal and age limit percentage tends to be more sensitive since the first month of life. Age school behavioral situations occur where the so-called "bullying" and phenomena samples relevant syndromes of attention-deficit and hyperactive disorder - learning. In adolescence the context is complicated and panic attacks, the syndromes psychogenic depression and eating disorders are rampant, until onset of post-traumatic disorders stress which increases as a result of difficult choices of university or business orientation. The vulnerability of adulthood is manifested by different types of somatoform disorders, disorders psycho, anxious-depressive syndrome, panic attacks, disorders of torque and relational to cite the most frequent is limited only to mention the existence of multiplicity of disorders iatrogenic. In these subjects, conscious of being led into a state of shock that increase multiple somatoform disorders and psychopathology is virtually absent. They, like patients, addressed to specialists in the health field with the belief, often driven by propaganda media, that everything is just genetic, and must be "cured" with drugs for long periods if not for life. Including by health workers there are large areas of inadequacy methodological: for example, pregnancy is managed as if it were a disease, reducing the woman in labor to a patient which too easily "advise" Caesarean (statistically the most frequent in Italy!) as a method of "fast and safe childbirth, removing the competence of imprinting the birth mother of the child with the psychological consequences that entailed for the mother-child and to the peaceful growth of the latter, and, also example, know little about the aspects of psycho, and their intervention reduces to invasive medical examinations and medication. Yet, cognitive psychotherapy constructivist theoretical models and specific strategic and technical specialists known as EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing), the use of biofeedback, the innovative emotional-cognitive-behavioral training which I designed in two versions for psychotherapy and groups in training that increases the emotional recognition and implementation of mental images likely to change, knowledge and irrational behavior, when ethically and competently applied, do a lot for these patients, both because it increases significantly the level of their awareness and their ability to get players in - the positive development of their "healing", both as it can intervene in a targeted manner with tested protocols for the resolution of the state of psychic trauma in the reasonably rapid and reliable and verifiable results. Moving from individual dimension to that collective, that is caused by exposure to psychopathology group (even the media) to distressing or catastrophic event (perhaps associated with the sense of powerlessness, insecurity, instability) or different types of stress and vulnerability, we can add that, similarly, through a work on systems of mirror neurons and activation of new connections of neural networks with a model operating non-invasive, it could improve the condition of entire populations than disorders that, objectively, are in constant circulation. It would be appropriate to start a collective awareness levels, starting from training differential operators' education and health, then extend it to the population divides by age and territories belonging unfortunately the awareness is not between the expectations primary principals addressed only in profit or loss. In a historical-cultural context where ethics, human relations, cooperation seem utopian fairy tales, this is the challenge of being an emotionally disturbing oriented to amplify the awareness through a new model of psychotherapy and integrated training, which I working for several years with encouraging results and that will spell out my readiness EMDR 2008 during the Congress.

Keywords: Mind-Body Awareness Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

178. Stallard, P. (2006, November). Psychological interventions for post-traumatic reactions in children and young people: A review of randomised controlled trials. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(7), 895-911. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.09.005.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Children exposed to a wide range of traumatic events suffer significant post-traumatic reactions. Randomised controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of interventions with traumatised children are described, the limitations of the current literature base identified, and issues regarding the applicability of these findings and interventions to everyday clinical practice discussed. Methodological issues, variations in interventions, parental involvement, theoretical underpinning, and outcomes will be discussed and implications for future studies highlighted. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents CBT Children Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive Therapy Literature Review Methodology Parents Posttraumatic Reactions Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Preschool Age Children Psychotherapy PTSD Random Control Trials RCT School Age Children Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

179. Adler-Nevo, G., & Manassis, K. (2005, September). Psychosocial treatment of pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder: The neglected field of single-incident trauma. Depression and Anxiety, 22(4), 177-189. doi:10.1002/da.20123.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Despite the prevalence of childhood trauma, studies regarding psychotherapy for children suffering from PTSD are scarce, especially regarding the treatment for pediatric PTSD following single-incident trauma. Treatment practices for this population rely mainly on the paradigms of therapy for adult PTSD and pediatric PTSD following sexual abuse. This review outlines the studies published in the last 10 years pertaining to the treatment of pediatric PTSD following single-incident trauma. This is done in the context of available literature on the paradigms mentioned above. Of 742 articles dealing with treatment of pediatric trauma, 10 were found relevant to the treatment of pediatric PTSD following single-incident trauma. The modalities of treatment most frequently reported in this context were cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and play therapy. As a whole, CBT studies were methodologically more rigorous, used manualized, reproducible treatment, and were group, school-based therapies. EMDR treatments were usually short and individual. Most studies showed statistically significant improvement but were still methodologically lacking. We conclude that research on the subject of treatment for pediatric PTSD following single-incident trauma constitutes a neglected part of the study of pediatric PTSD. This stands in contrast to the obvious prevalence of this type of trauma. We encourage future research that will address issues such as clarifying the role of pharmacotherapy, comparing different modes of treatment, dismantling treatment "packages", researching developmentally sensitive treatments, conducting long-term follow-up, and comparing different PTSD populations. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents Case Studies Cognitive Therapy Literature Review Pediatric Play Therapy Psychotherapy Review School Age Children PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

180. Oglesby, C. (1999, September). Report of a study of EMDR with college athletes. Symposium conducted at the Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology, Banff, Alberta Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Athletes College Students Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

181. Martin, N. (2001, July). Research in brief: Eye remember it well: Eye movements affect the vividness of your emotional memories. The Psychologist, 14(7), 376.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Can eye movement reduce trauma? eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) has shown that people retrieving traumatic events while making 10–20 lateral eye movements, experienced less trauma than did those who simply reported the traumatic event without eye movement (see article on EMDR on p. 361). Students who either looked at a computer screen, tapped their fingers or followed a symbol across a computer screen with their eyes also reported significantly less vivid imagery of autobiographical events in the eye movement condition; images we re most vivid in the control condition. The results suggest that visuospatial working memory is disrupted by eye movement, reducing the vividness of the recollection. However, EMDR suggests that future recollections of the event should also be less vivid.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

182. Smyth, N. J. (2002, June). Research networking meeting. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This is an open meeting to: 1) facilitate networking among EMDR Researchers; and 2) generate ideas on how EMDRlA might best be able to support the needs of the EMDR research community. All EMDR researchers and those interested in doing EMDR research in the future (eg., students, clinicians, aspiring to do research, academics training future EMDR researchers) are encouraged to attend.

Keywords: EMDR Research Network

Accuracy Verified: Yes

183. Kirk, R. (2004, May 1). Residential school trauma: As time runs out for the Aboriginal Healing Fund, new treatments show promising results. The need for healing is still huge, but will the resources be available to ease the suffering and resultant social costs?. Regina, SK Canada: Briarpatch.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
I conducted my doctoral dissertation on my use of EMDR with 56 individuals, finding it working more quickly and effectively than other interventions. The EMDR process asks the individual not only to focus on the trauma, but also on their bodily reactions and the beliefs that they hold about what happened. People do not necessarily report to the therapist an in-detail recounting of the historic event, but often gain new insights about themselves and their situations that had not occurred to them in any previous self-reflection. Positive-emission topography (PET) scans on the brains of people recalling their traumas and those undergoing EMDR show different parts of the brain lighting up, and post-treatment, the areas of the brain that are activated are more balanced in both hemispheres than before.

Keywords: General Overview Regina, SK Canada

Accuracy Verified: Yes

184. Sikes, C., & Sikes, V. (2005). A response to May’s commentary on ‘A look at EMDR: Technique, research and use with college students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 19(3), 75-79. doi:10.1300/J035v19n03_08.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The present article is a response to R. May's commentary (see record 2005-03961-005) on our original article: "A Look at EMDR: Technique, Research and Use with College Students" (see record 2003-10645-005). May points out the controversial nature of the research on EMDR, and we agree. We continue to hold, however, that EMDR is a promising treatment for use in college counseling centers with short-term therapy models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Brief Therapy College Students Comment Letter Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Techniques PTSD Outcomes Reply Research Technique Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

185. Bogdanovic, V. (2008, Novembre). Rileggere la scuola del dissociazionismo (da Janet, Ferenzi, Jung fino a Kalsched) - le radici e oltre [Reread the dissociation school(from Janet, Ferenzi, Jung to Kalsched) - The roots and beyond]. Poster presentato al Applicazioni Cliniche dell'EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia .

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
L’autore segue le tracce a partire dalla filosofia “associazionistica” fino la scuola “dissociazionistica” a partire da Janet, Binet, Charcot. Viene messa a fuoco la teoria della mente freudiana, intesa come prima teoria, teoria del trauma, vista nell’ottica della “corrente” dissociazonistica come anche successivo allontanamento con la seconda topica. Si prosegue con altri autori della corrente psicoanalitica, come Sandor Ferenczi, il qui il pensiero venne riscoperto recentemente (Bonomi e Borgogno). L’attualità del lavoro di Ferenczi, è riconoscibile nel suo sottolineare l’importanza del trauma per lo sviluppo della psicopatologia e l’importanza della relazione terapeutica con la rivalutazione critica della tecnica psicoanalitica seguita dai suoi originali contributi. La modalità “tecnica” risolutiva di Ferenczi nella forma della “neo-catarsi”, come viene nominata, si avvicina alle terapie attualmente accreditate per il trattamento dei vissuti traumatici, una delle quali è appunto l’EMDR. Anche K.G. Jung riconosce l’importanza di riportare la questione, per tanti anni nell’ombra, dell’attenzione scientifica - la validità di teoria traumatica delle nevrosi. Molti concetti di Psicologia Analitica di Jung si avvicinano ai concetti di psicotraumatologia moderna “dell’ambiente traumatico”, del “trauma cumulativo” nascosto dentro la memoria implicita (van der Kolk, van der Hart) e lo porta a fare riflessioni sulla revisione del metodo terapeutico dell’abreazione. L’immaginazione attiva, la tecnica terapeutica creata da Jung, in alcuni passi procedurali sembra vicina alla modalità del lavoro terapeutico svolto con l’EMDR. Viene rivisitato l’effervescente pensiero di Donald Kalsched, uno degli attuali autori junghiani di maggiore spessore e originalità, il quale amplifica le posizioni storiche di Jung sul trauma, insieme ad altre correnti del pensiero e della ricerca, soprattutto quelli delle “relazioni oggettuali” e della “psicologia del sé”.

The author follows the trail from the philosophy of "associational" until the school of "Dissociation" from Janet, Binet, Charcot. Focus is the theory of mind Freud, understood as the first theory, trauma theory, viewed from the standpoint of the "current" dissociation as well as subsequent removal with the second topic. Continue with other authors of the current psychoanalytic as Sandor Ferenczi, the thinking here was rediscovered recently (Bonomi and Burgundy). The actuality of the work of Ferenczi, is recognizable in its emphasis of the importance of trauma for the development of psychopathology and the importance of therapeutic relationship with the critical re-evaluation of psychoanalytic technique followed by its original contributions. Mode "technical" termination of Ferenczi in the form of "neo-catharsis" as it is named, was approached therapies currently approved for the treatment of experienced traumatic, one of which is precisely EMDR. KG Jung also recognizes the importance of bringing the question for many years in the shadows, scientific attention - the validity of the theory traumatic neuroses. Many concepts of Analytical Psychology of Jung's approach to the concepts of psychotraumatology modern "environmental traumatic", the "cumulative trauma" hidden inside implicit memory (van der Kolk, van der Hart) and takes him to make reflections on the revision of therapeutic method dell'abreazione. Active imagination, therapeutic technique created by Jung, some steps of the procedure seems close to the mode of therapeutic work done with EMDR. Is revisited the effervescent Kalsched thought of Donald, one of the Jungian authors of the current greater depth and originality, which amplifies the historical positions of Jung on trauma, together to other currents of thought and research, especially those of "object relations" and "Psychology of self."

Keywords: Dissociation Janet Jung Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

186. Chang, S. H. (2007, September). Role of EM and stimulus valence presentation order in the return of fear: Possible implications for the therapeutic mechanism. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association Conference, Dallas, Texas. (NSC 93-2413-H-002-002-).

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Research background & aims: This study examined possible therapeutic mechanisms of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989, 1995, 2001) in terms of exposure and information processing model. While exposure model contended process of extinction and response habituation, Stickgold (2002) proposed that sleep induced change in associative memory via activation of weak association during REM state and EM functioned as REM sleep to integrate the episodic memory of trauma into general semantic memory. In this study, the effect of EM compared to that of Exposure-Only (non-EM) on process measures of SUDs, ratings of cockroach phobia across sessions, along with outcome measures were examined. Specifically, the degree of return of fear and response habituation was explored. Methods: Thirty-six college students with cockroach phobias were recruited as participants and invited after informed consent for 4 1-week interval treatment sessions and a 1 month follow-up session. The instruments for outcome measures included Cockroach Phobia Questionnaire, fear ratings of cockroach slides, FSS, STAI-S, BDI, short form of SCL-90, the Revised Thought-Action Fusion Questionnaire, White Bear Suppression Inventory, and cognitive tasks for measuring strength of associations. The SUDs, credibility and therapeutic relationship rating, and physiological measures such as HR, HRV, EOG, served as process measures. Due to space limitations, the results of cognitive task and physiological measures were reported elsewhere. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: EM condition (EM vs. Non-EM exposure only) × block order of cockroach theme presentation (negative cognition first vs. positive cognition first). A 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time: pre-assessment and post-assessment for each of the 4 sessions plus 1 month follow-up assessment) mixed factorial design was performed, with time serving as within Ss factor and the other two variables serving as between Ss factors. There were 20 trials in each therapeutic session. The duration of each trial was 30s for both the EM and Exposure-Only conditions. Results: After preliminary analyses for group differences on pretreatment variables, credibility-relationship ratings, and outcome variables were explored, the 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time) ANOVA on SUDs showed that the main effects of time and EM were both significant (p < .001 and p < .034). Subsequently, two 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time) ANOVAs were performed for EM condition and Exposure-Only condition, respectively. The results showed that for EM condition, only time effect was significant (p < .006); while for Exposure-Only condition, there were a significant time effect (p < .001) and an approaching significant valence presentation order effect (p < .065), with the SUDs being higher in negative cognition presented first condition compared to positive cognition presented first condition; whereas the effect was not significant for the EM condition. Using trend analyses and inspection of time effect showed that significant within session SUDs reduction for Exposure-Only conditions. Notwithstanding, the pairwise comparisons for the 9 time points indicated salient phenomena of return of fear among several of the 5 sessions for this condition when comparing the pre-assessment of each session with post-assessment of its previous session. Whereas for EM condition the return of fear between sessions was small and the trend analysis showed a reduction with linear trend. Conclusions & Discussion: Compared to Exposure-Only, EM resulted in less degree of sufferings while participants encountering negative theme which in turn might facilitate further processing of negative memory. In addition, EM might add something beyond the mechanism of pure exposure. The less return of fear indicating that information processing in addition to response inhibition might take place between sessions. The results echoed Shapiro’s Adaptive Information Processing model and Stickgold’s REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, suggesting that EM in EMDR might reflect a shift in associative memory systems by activating different strength of associations of negative semantic nodes for different semantically related words. Given that previous research showed that EM decreased emotionality and also generate greater amount of associations for negative stimuli, the implications of the present results from theoretical and therapeutic point of views and future research possibilities are discussed.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Saccadic Eye Movement Semantic Association

Accuracy Verified: Yes

187. Chang, S. H. (2009). Role of EM and stimulus valence presentation order in the return of fear: Possible implications for the therapeutic mechanism. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Saccadic Eye Movement Sematic Association

Accuracy Verified: Yes

188. Chang, S. H., & Chen, K. P. (2009). Saccadic eye movement and change of semantic associations: Possible therapeutic mechanisms of EMDR. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
In light of a putative model proposed by Stickgold and to mimic clinical trial of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), this study examined possible therapeutic mechanism and effect of eye movements (EM) on change of semantic associations and to explore if the effect would be influenced by valence of stimuli and order of presentation. Seventy-five college students were recruited as participants. The results showed that the effect of 8s saccadic bilateral eye movement in terms of change of semantic associations was associated with valence of words and their presentation order, which echoed Stickgold’s model, Shapiro’s clinical procedure, and also advanced the evidence regarding the mechanism of EM from the framework of working memory model. The present study further highlights the importance of taking into consideration these three treatment variables simultaneously when doing EM. The implications of the findings from both the theoretical and clinical viewpoints are discussed.

Keywords: Imagery Vividness Negative Emotiveness Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Saccadic Eye Movement Semantic Association Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

189. Chang, S. H. & Chen, K. P. (2004, July). Saccadic eye movement and change of semantic associations: Possible therapeutic mechanisms of EMDR. Presentation at the Hawaii International Conference on Social Sciences, Honolulu, Hawaii, In 2004 HICSS (Hawaii International Conference on Social Science) Conference Proceedings (pp. 569-574).

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Imagery Vividness Negative Emotiveness Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Saccadic Eye Movement Semantic Association Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

190. Ehntholt, K. A., Smith, P. A., & Yule, W. (2005, April). School-based cognitive-behavioural therapy group intervention for refugee children who have experienced war-related trauma. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10(2), 235-250. doi:10.1177/1359104505051214.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study evaluated the effectiveness of a school-based group intervention designed for children who have experienced trauma. Twenty-six children (aged 11–15 years) who were refugees or asylum-seekers from war-affected countries participated. The manual-based intervention consisted of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) techniques and was implemented within secondary schools. The treatment group (n = 15) received six sessions of group CBT over a 6-week period, while the control group (n = 11) were placed on a waiting list for 6 weeks and then invited to enter treatment. Children in the CBT group showed statistically significant, but clinically modest improvements following the intervention, with decreases in overall severity of post-traumatic stress symptoms. Significant improvements were also found in overall behavioural difficulties and emotional symptoms. Children in the waiting list control group did not show any improvements over the same period. However, follow-up data, which were only available for a small subset of eight children, suggest that gains in the CBT group were not maintained at 2-month follow-up.

Keywords: Children Group CBT Group Cognitive Behaviorial Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Refugees School

Accuracy Verified: Yes

191. Fernandez, I., Gallinari, E., & Lorenzetti, A. (2004, Spring-Summer). A school-based EMDR intervention for children who witnessed the Pirelli Building airplane crash in Milan, Italy. Journal of Brief Therapy, 2(2), 129-136.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article describes a group intervention using a variant of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing called the butterfly hug. The treatment was provided to 236 children in an elementary school in Milan, Italy, after a small plane crashed into the Pirelli building, a skyscraper adjacent to the school, causing severe damage, fire, and loss of life. After this incident most of the children developed symptoms of PTSD, disrupting school function. A team of three psychologists, working with school teachers, provided this 90-minute intervention to each school class. The treatment reduced reported symptoms of distress during the treatment process, and appeared to result in changed patterns of observable behavior, which were maintained at 4-month follow-up. Given the dearth of research on post-disaster treatment and the limitations of this naturalistic evaluation, future rigorous study is suggested. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Air Traffic Accidents Brief Psychotherapy Elementary School Students Italians Non-Randomized Study Pirelli Tower Airplane Crash (Milan, 2002) Recent Events School Age Children School Based Treatment Treatment Effectiveness Witnesses

Accuracy Verified: Yes

192. Simonson, E. L. (2009). School-based intervention programs for symptoms of traumatic stress. Universitetet i Stavenger, Stavenger, Norway.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This thesis attempts to provide an up-to-date overview of school-based intervention programs for symptoms of traumatic stress. The objectives were: 1) to identify school-based intervention programs for preventing or reducing symptoms of traumatic stress, 2) to examine the effectiveness of the intervention programs, and 3) to identify the accordance of the intervention programs with three current theories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The three main academic databases used to locate the studies for this thesis were ERIC, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE. Inclusionary/exclusionary criteria included: 1) use of a control group, 2) use of randomized/quasi-experimental design, 3) school setting, 4) participant exposure to a traumatic event, 5) targeted at the prevention/ reduction of symptoms of traumatic stress, 6) use of standardized instruments, and 7) not targeted Type II trauma. Using these criteria, 19 studies conducted in 11 different countries were selected. Unfortunately, school-based studies conducted in Norway were not located. The selected studies dealt with various types of trauma exposure such as natural disasters, community violence, and war. Fourteen of the studies used cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) methods as the main treatment approach. Other treatment approaches used included Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), mind-body techniques (e.g., guided imagery, relaxation techniques, and meditation), play therapy, art therapy, and drama. The findings of this thesis suggest that intervention provided within the school setting can be effective in helping children and adolescents following a variety of traumatic events. The majority of the studies had good results in relation to reducing symptoms of PTSD. Of the 19 studies, 14 had effect sizes in the medium to large range. Most of the intervention programs were found to be in accordance with the treatment recommendations of the three theories presented; however, none appeared to be explicitly based on the theories.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD School Intervention Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

193. Lilienfeld, S. (2012). Science and pseudoscience in clinical psychology. New York: Guilford Publications .

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
This book offers a rigorous examination of a variety of therapeutic, assessment, and diagnostic techniques in clinical psychology, focusing on practices that are popular and influential but lack a solid grounding in empirical research. Featuring chapters from leading clinical researchers, the text helps professionals and students evaluate the merits of novel and controversial techniques and differentiate between those that can stand up to scientific scrutiny and those that cannot. Reviewed are widely used therapies for alcoholism, infantile autism, and ADHD; the use of EMDR in the treatment of.

Keywords: Pseudoscience Skeptics

Accuracy Verified: Yes

194. Johnson, K. A., Cameron, M., & Greenwald, R. (2002, June). A single session intervention for violent teens suspended from school. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Adolescents Poster Violence

Accuracy Verified: Yes

195. Maxfield, L., & Melnyk, W. (2000, April). Single session treatment of test anxiety with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). International Journal of Stress Management, 7(2), 87-101. doi:10.1023/A:1009580101287.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
One session of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) appeared to be an effective treatment for test anxiety, reducing reported physiological distress, worry, and fears of negative evaluation. The research design included two components: a comparison study, comparing Immediate Treatment and Wait List groups, and a replication study comparing the treatment response of Immediate and Delayed (Treated Wait List) groups. 17 test anxious university students were randomly assigned to one session of EMDR or Wait List. At post-test, the Immediate group demonstrated significant improvement, compared to the Wait List group, on the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) and Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Treatment effects were maintained at follow-up. The Wait List group received treatment after post-measures were taken. Treatment of the Delayed group replicated effects. Improvement was reflected by large treatment effect sizes and a decrease in percentile ranking on the TAI from the 90th to the 50th percentile (Pilots).

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Brief Psychotherapy College Students Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Test Anxiety Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome

Accuracy Verified: Yes

196. Fernandez, I. (2010, March). Small victims of big disasters: Post-traumatic stress reactions and EMDR efficacy. Keynote presented at the 8th EMDR Association UK & Ireland Annual Conference & AGM, Dublin, Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The presentation describes post-traumatic stress reactions in children victims of mass disasters and the application of EMDR as an early trauma-focused treatment with them. Different kind of disasters (natural disasters, accidents and intentionally provoked) in the last years have involved specific populations of children in Italy and results from epidemiological studies and clinical interventions will be analyzed during the presentation. EMDR treatment was part of a comprehensive treatment with the population and was the elective treatment for the children of elementary schools which were the most exposed to the traumatic events. In most cases, 3 cycles of EMDR treatment were organized at one month, three months and a year from the critical events. Individual sessions were used for the school children due to the serious exposure to trauma and grief including: threat to life, loss of friends and sibling. Psychological support and EMDR treatment were provided to parents and school personnel and this aspect has been considered in the last interventions fundamental to enhance treatment results in children. Results of questionnaires and clinical interviews to assess post-traumatic symptomatology before and after treatment will be shown, along with follow up data. Treatment group show a significant improvement after EMDR treatment. Statistical analysis of results will be discussed. The author will highlight clinical aspects of using EMDR with children following recent trauma of great magnitude. Guidelines and indications for structured interventions coming from our field studies will be presented.

Keywords: Children Efficacy Keynote Mass Disaster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

197. Troost, P. W. (2011, April). Sociale informatieverwerking en behandeling bij kinderen met een verstandelijk beperking [Social information processing and treatment of children with a mental restriction]. Symposia op het 39ste Voorjaarscongres Nederlandse Vereniging voor Psychiatrie, Amsterdam.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
De psychiatrische morbiditeit bij kinderen met een verstandelijke beperking (VB) is hoog. Daarbij spelen tekorten in de sociale informatieverwerking (SI) een belangrijke rol. Bestaande diagnostische instrumenten als intelligentietesten geven daarover onvolledige informatie. Tegen deze achtergrond wordt de Sociale Informatie Verwerkings Test (SIVT) ontwikkeld om op gestandaardiseerde wijze tekorten in de sociale informatievewerking te kunnen bepalen. Kennis van de specifieke beperkingen bij kinderen met een verstandelijke beperking maakt het mogelijk voor normaal intelligente kinderen ontwikkelde evidence-based behandelingen als eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) en Functional Family Therapy (FFT) aan te passen voor kinderen met een verstandelijke beperking. Veel van de gezinnen kampen met multipele problemen en worden vanuit een poliklinische setting onvoldoende bereikt. Om deze reden is een outreachende vorm van hulpverlening ontwikkeld waarbij zorg wordt geboden op school. Leerdoel: De deelnemer heeft weet van: 1. de ontwikkeling van de SIVT voor kinderen met een verstandelijke beperking; 2. hoe kennis over specifieke beperkingen bij kinderen met een verstandelijke beperking te gebruiken bij de aanpassing van bestaande evidence-based behandelvormen als emdr en FFT; 3. het inzetten van methodieken van verplaatste zorg als ‘de zorgklas’.

The psychiatric morbidity in children with intellectual disabilities (VB) is high. While deficits in play social information (SI), a major role. Existing diagnostic tools such as Intelligence tests provide about incomplete information. Against this background, the Social Information Processing Test (SIPT) developed standardized manner to shortages in the informative social force to be determined. Knowledge of the specific limitations in children with an intellectual disability makes it possible for normally intelligent children developed evidence-based treatments such as eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Functional Family Therapy (FFT) to adapt for children with intellectual disabilities. Many of families facing multiple problems and from an outpatient setting insufficiently reached. For this reason, an outreach form of development assistance where care is provided at school. Objective: The participant knows: 1. the development of children with SIPT learning disabilities; 2. how knowledge about limitations in children with intellectual restriction to use in adjusting existing evidence-based treatment modalities as EMDR and FFT; 3. the use of methodologies to transfer care as' care class.

Keywords: Children FFT Functional Family Therapy Mental Disabilities Social Information Processing Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

198. Settle, C. (2008, June). Speciality topics on using EMDR with children. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop focuses on specialty topics for children under ten including the advanced application of EMDR with other clinical, behavioural, regulatory, medical, and educational issues with recommendations for procedural considerations and additional treatment modalities used in conjunction with the EMDR protocol. Information will be provided through handouts, case presentations, and videos on how EMDR can be used to assist the child in lessening, managing, or eliminating symptomatology in these following areas: 1. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)—information will be presented on targeting social and academic challenges that can reduce anxiety and improve focus and self-control), 2. Sensory Integration Dysfunction (SID)—identifying and reprocessing sensory difficulties will be taught to help the child achieve reduction in hypersensitivity, 3. Tics—targeting the child’s anxiety can result in the reduction of tics, 4. Trichotillomania—a specific procedure will be presented to assist in decreasing or eliminating the incidence of hair-pulling, 5. School refusal behaviour—case conceptualization will be explored to assist in targeting behaviour and improve school attendance, 6. Gifted and talented—techniques for reprocessing emotional and sensory targets will be demonstrated to assist the child in bridging their intellectual, emotional, and social challenges, 7. Regulatory issues—skills for combining EMDR with behavioural and educational techniques will be discussed to help the child reduce or eliminate eating, sleeping, or urinary/bowel difficulties, 8. Traumatic brain injury—targeting the 22 precipitating event and the ongoing medical traumas utilized with a parent narrative protocol can reduce the child’s anxiety and improve functioning.

Keywords: Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

199. Neuner, F. (2008, Juli). Stabilisierung vor konfrontation in der traumatherapie -- Grundregel oder mythos? [Stabilization before confrontation in trauma treatment -- Elementary rule or myth?]. Verhaltenstherapie, 18(2), 109-118. doi:10.1159/000134006.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Psychotherapie der PTBS ist oft in die Phasen der Stabilisierung und Konfrontation unterteilt. In der Stabilisierungsphase lernt der Patient, Strategien zur Regulierung und Kontrolle beeinflussen Symptome. Danach kann die Erinnerungen an das traumatische Ereignis offen gelegt und verarbeitet werden in der Konfrontation Phase. Deutsch Behandlungsrichtlinien und etwas Text Pfund postulieren, dass eine Phase der Stabilisierung bedingungslos vor der Konfrontation mit dem Trauma Erinnerungen erforderlich stattfinden kann. Im Gegensatz zu dieser Aussage, Evidenz aus randomisierten, kontrollierten Studien zeigt, dass die sogenannten Trauma-Ansätze konzentrieren (Varianten der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie, Exposition Therapie und EMDR) die erfolgreichsten Methoden für die Behandlung von PTBS sind. Als Konsequenz empfehlen mehreren internationalen Verbänden und Instituten diese Verfahren als Therapie der ersten Wahl. Alle Trauma-konzentrierte Ansätze umfassen irgendeine Art von Konfrontation mit nur rudimentären Stabilisierung oder ohne Stabilisierung bei allen. Darüber hinaus gibt es keine Hinweise, dass die Exposition Verfahren gefährlicher als Stabilisierung oder dass sie weniger gut toleriert und akzeptiert werden. Ebenso gibt es keinen Beweis, dass die Stabilisierung ist notwendig für Patienten mit komplexen Trauma-bedingten Erkrankungen wie bei erwachsenen Patienten mit einer Vorgeschichte von sexuellem Missbrauch. Entgegen der gängigen Lehre, eine Phase der Stabilisierung ist nicht notwendig, Trauma Behandlung und die Möglichkeit der negativen Auswirkungen der Stabilisierung kann nicht ausgeschlossen werden. [Abstract Autor]

Psychotherapy of PTSD is often divided into the phases of stabilization and confrontation. In the stabilization phase, the patient learns strategies to regulate affect and control symptoms. Thereafter, the memories of the traumatic event can be disclosed and processed in the confrontation phase. German treatment guidelines and some text books postulate that a phase of stabilization is unconditionally required before the confrontation with trauma memories can take place. In contrast to this statement, evidence from randomized controlled trials shows that the so-called trauma-focused approaches (variants of cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy, and EMDR) are the most successful methods for the treatment of PTSD. As a consequence, several international associations and institutes recommend these procedures as the treatment of first choice. All trauma-focused approaches include some type of confrontation with only rudimentary stabilization or with no stabilization at all. In addition, there is no evidence that exposure procedures are more dangerous than stabilization, or that they are less well tolerated and accepted. Likewise, there is no evidence that stabilization is necessary for patients with complex trauma-related disorders such as adult patients with a history of childhood sexual abuse. Contrary to the common doctrine, a stabilization phase is not necessary for trauma treatment and the possibility of negative effects of stabilization cannot be ruled out. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Confrontation Exposure Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stabilization Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

200. Hann, G. R. (2001, Fall). Students: For your eyes only!. Psychotherapy Bulletin, 36(4) .

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
This article discusses a once-in-a-lifetime meeting of living legends in psychology and psychotherapy held on February 22-24, 2002. Included will be Drs. James F.T. Bugental, Albert Ellis, Alvin R. Mahler and Rachel Hare-Mustin. In addition to the "living legends," students will have the chance to hear from and talk with another esteemed cohort of "cutting edge" therapists and psychologists: Drs. Norman Ables (Geriatric Psychotherapy and Assessment), James Bray (Psychotherapy in Primary Care Settings), Gary DeNelsky (Tobacco Addiction), Hanna Levinson (Time-limited Dynamic Psychotherapy for Personality Disorders), Don David Lusterman (Divorce Mediation), Francine Shapiro (EMDR), and Jeffery Younggren (Risk Management).

Keywords: Albert Ellis Alvin R. Mahler Don Lusterman Francine Shapiro Gary DeNelsky Hanna Levinson James Bray James F.T. Bugental Norman Ables Psychology Psychotherapy Rachel Hare-Mustin

Accuracy Verified: Yes

201. Devilly, G. J. (2001, January). The successful treatment of PTSD through overt cognitive behavioral therapy in non-responders to EMDR. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 29(1), 57-70. doi:10.1017/S1352465801001072.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This research investigated the efficacy of an operantly cognitive-behavioural trauma treatment protocol (TTP) in two cases that had previously been treated unsuccessfully with EMDR. In line with previous research, both participants improved following TTP, to the extent where one of the participants was asymptomatic at post-treatment and 3 month follow-up. These cases also demonstrate the ability of a cognitive-behavioural intervention to successfully treat childhood sexual abuse victims later in life. (Cambridge Journals)

Keywords: Battery Case Report CBT Child Clinical Case Study College Students Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Therapy Death of Child Empirical Study Females Follow-up Study Homicide Incest Middle Aged Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial Young Adults

Accuracy Verified: Yes

202. Newman, K. (2006, November). Synthesis of previous research on eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Psychology 203,Mary Baldwin College, Staunton,VA..

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
In 1987, Professional School of Psychological Studies graduate student Francine Shapiro was on a walk in the park when she personally observed that randomized eye movements seemed to make disturbing thoughts less upsetting (Colwell, 2000). From this initial experience Shapiro created the therapy known as Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD), integrating rhythmic eye movements with “other treatment elements” (EMDR 2004). Shapiro investigated this phenomenon further in a controlled study on twenty-three subjects with traumatic memories and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. In the study, the subjects were first asked to rate their feelings of discomfort regarding a particular traumatic memory using the Subjective Units of Disturbance (SUDs) scale which uses a 0 – 10 rating system to express emotional distress. Subjects were also asked to think of a Positive Self-Statement (PSS) they would like to attach to the memory, erasing a negative one. The subjects then evaluated their confidence in the truth of the PSS on a scale from 1 - 7, where one was completely false, and seven were completely true. On average, before treatment the subjects reported a SUDs score of seven and expressed the validity of the PSS as four. After a single EMD session, subjects on average evaluated the memory as less than one on the SUDs scale, and the positive self-thought was receiving ratings above six. These results remained consistent three months later (Lipke & Botkin, 1992), leading Shapiro claim in her dissertation that “a single session of the procedure was sufficient to desensitize subjects” (EMDR, 2004). The publication of Shapiro’s dissertation came nine years after the American Psychiatric Association added Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder to the DSM-III in 1980 (Friedman, 2006), and EMD quickly became a popular PTSD treatment.

Keywords: Literature Review Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

203. Lovett, J. M. (1999, June). Taming the “worries:” Combining EMDR with play therapy, narrative and art work. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will learn to: 1) select patient who could benefit from this method; 2) treat school-aged children with diffuse worries; 3) use narrative therapy techniques to externalize "The Worries," and to desensitize targets with EMDR; and 4) introduce EMDR into play and sand tray sessions.

Keywords: Art Children Narrative Play Therapy Sand Tray Therapy Worry

Accuracy Verified: Yes

204. de Heer, E. W., & Hoogeveen, E. M. (2009). Taxing working memory during recall of distressing memories with a counting task and EMDR benefits. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Dit experiment is gebaseerd op de hypothese dat de omvang van de EMDR-effecten kritisch hangt af van de mate waarin het werkgeheugen (WM) is belast tijdens het ophalen. De deelnemers deden herinneren aan pijnlijke herinneringen tijdens het uitvoeren van een van de twee afleidende taken (terugtellend met stappen van 2 of 7), het ene meer, afhankelijk van WM dan de andere. Hoe meer WM was belast, de grotere verlagingen van de levendigheid en emotionaliteit werden verwacht. De uitkomsten werden vergeleken met een controle conditie. Terugtellend met stappen van 2 of 7, terwijl we een verontrustende autobiografisch geheugen in het achterhoofd, verlaagt de emotionaliteit van het geheugen dat met name in vergelijking met het tellen van helemaal geen. De verlaging van de 7's staat, echter niet significant afwijken van de verlaging van de eenvoudige (dwz 2's) staat. Kortingen voor levendigheid werden niet gevonden. Deze resultaten ondersteunen het werkgeheugen account. Er is echter meer onderzoek nodig om de dosis-respons relatie tussen WM-load en EMDR-effecten en tot een beter begrip van de elementaire onderdelen van EMDR te krijgen verklaren.

This experiment is based upon the hypothesis that the magnitude of the EMDR effects critically depends on the degree to which working memory (WM) is taxed during retrieval. Participants did recall distressing memories while performing one of two distracting tasks (counting backwards with steps of 2 or 7); the one more depending on WM than the other. The more WM was taxed, the larger reductions in vividness and emotionality were expected. The outcomes were compared to a control condition. Counting backwards with steps of 2 or 7, while holding a distressing autobiographical memory in mind, decreases the emotionality of that particular memory compared to no counting at all. The reduction in the 7’s condition, however, did not differ significantly from the reduction in the simple (i.e. 2’s) condition. Reductions for vividness were not found. These results do support the working memory account. However, more research is needed to explain the dose-response relation between WM-load and EMDR-effects and to get a better understanding of the elementary components in EMDR.

Keywords: Retrieval Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

205. Parnell, L. A., & Rouanzoin, C. C. (1996, June). Teaching EMDR in graduate school programs. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Graduate School Teaching

Accuracy Verified: Yes

206. Rouanzoin, C. C., Parnell, C., Covi, W., & Miller, R. (1997, July). Teaching EMDR in graduate school programs and agency sites. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Francisco, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Graduate School Teaching

Accuracy Verified: Yes

207. Rouanzoin, C. C., & Parnell, L. A. (1998, July). Teaching EMDR in graduate school settings. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) have some ideas about how to structure a graduate school/agency/internship course on EMDR; 2) learn some of the pros and cons of teaching EMDR in these settings; and 3) learn some teaching tools that can be applied to the instruction of EMDR in these settings.

Keywords: Teaching Training

Accuracy Verified: Yes

208. Rouanzoin, C. C., & Kaplan, S. (2001, June). Teaching EMDR in graduate school settings and agency sites. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
As EMDR continues to grow, more and more training institutions are including it in their curriculum. The teaching of EMDR at a university, agency, or internship site brings advantages and disdvantages. These will be discussed, along with different models of instruction in EMDR in these settings. This workshop is designed for those participants who have taught EMDR in such settings or are planning to offer such a course in the future.

Keywords: Education Graduate School Teaching

Accuracy Verified: Yes

209. Rouanzoin, C. C., Kaplan, S., Lombana, J., & Barker, S. (2000, September). Teaching EMDR in graduate school settings and agency sites. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) gain some ideas about how to structure a graduate school/agency/internship course on EMDR; 2) learn some of the pros and cons of teaching EMDR in these settings; and 3) learn some teaching tools that can be applied to the instruction of EMDR in these settings.

Keywords: Graduate School Teaching

Accuracy Verified: Yes

210. Rouanzoin, C. C., & Parnell, L. A. (1999, June). Teaching EMDR in graduate schools and agency sites. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) have some ideas about how to structure a graduate school/agency/internship course on EMDR; 2) learn some of the pros and cons of teaching EMDR in these settings; and 3) learn some teaching points that can be applied to the instruction of EMDR in these settings.

Keywords: Education Graduate School Teaching

Accuracy Verified: Yes

211. Strauss, P. (2009, Winter). Theraplay & EMDR: Integrating trauma work and child's play. Theraplay Institute, Efrat, Israel.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
As holistic medicine is finding its place in conventional health centers, there is a parallel movement toward integrative psychotherapy within the world of mental health. In the 1970's clinicians who drew from more than one school of thought were considered avant-garde and called themselves "eclectic." Today many graduate schools in mental health offer courses in "integrative" psychotherapy and experienced practitioners in mental health are continually seeking to broaden their expertise. My own efforts in this regard have led me to seek advanced training in two currently separate schools of psychotherapy – in attachment based Theraplay® and in a trauma oriented EMDR, or Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. My experience suggests that there is a natural pairing of these two therapeutic approaches, particularly when treating traumatized children. This article summarizes the ideas that prompted an enthusiastically received Theraplay workshop for the EMDR-Israel child-trauma therapists in July 2008.

Keywords: Children Play Therapy Theraplay

Accuracy Verified: Yes

212. Rosenthal, H. 2006. Therapy's best: Practical advice and gems of wisdom from twenty accomplished counselors and therapists. Binghamton, NY, London: Haworth Reference.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
Insightful interviews with a Who’s Who of the world’s foremost therapists Therapy’s Best is a lively and entertaining collection of one-on-one interviews with some of the top therapists and counselors in the world. Educator and psychotherapist Dr. Howard G. Rosenthal talks with twenty of therapy’s legends, including Albert Ellis, arguably the greatest clinical psychologist and therapist of our time; assertiveness training pioneer Robert Alberti; experiential psychotherapist Al Mahrer; and William Glasser, the father of reality therapy and choice theory. Each interview reveals insights into the therapists’ personal lives, their observations on counseling, and the helping profession in general, and their thoughts on what really works when dealing with clients in need. The interviews found in Therapy’s Best uncover treatment strategies that are often missing from traditional textbooks, journal articles, courses, and seminars related to assertiveness training, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), marriage and family counseling, transactional analysis, psychoanalysis, suicide prevention, voice therapy, experiential psychotherapy, and Emotion Focused Therapy (EFT). Conversations with the “best and brightest” (including two recipients of the American Psychological Association’s Division of Psychotherapy’s “Living Legends” award) reveal why these therapists are such effective helpers, what makes their theories so popular, and most important, what makes them tick. This unique book lets you “rub elbows” with these consummate professionals and learn more about their theories, ideas, and experiences. Therapy’s Best includes interviews with: Dr. Albert Ellis—creator of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) and APA Division of Psychotherapy “Living Legend” Dr. Edwin Schneidman—the foremost expert on suicide prevention, suicidology, and thanatology Richard Nelson Bolles—author of What Color Is Your Parachute? Dr. Dorothy and Dr. Ray Bevcar—husband and wife therapists who write textbooks on marriage counseling Dr. Al Mahrer—father of experiential psychotherapy and APA Division of Psychotherapy “Living Legend” Les Greenberg—father of Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) Muriel James—co-author of Born to Win and many more! Therapy’s Best is a must read for professionals who practice counseling and psychotherapy, students preparing to do likewise, and anyone else with an interest in therapy—and the people with provide it

Keywords: Francine Shapiro Interview Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

213. Weinberg, R. M., & Dye, J. (2002, June). Tina doesn’t talk at school – Utilizing EMDR to treat a child with selective mutism. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Selective mutism is a relatively rare disorder in which individuals who have the ability to speak and comprehend spoken language are unable to speak in specific social situations. This condition is typically resistant to intervention, becoming more intractable the longer it persists. Tina Doesn’t Talk At School: Utilizing EMDR Within a Multi-Modal Intervention to Treat a Child with Selective Mutism describes a qualitative research study of a 4th grade student who went almost 5 years of no talking at school despite multiple intervention attempts. Surprisingly rapid results ensued shortly after initializing the EMDR technique, and the goal of speech in the school environment was fully attained.

Keywords: Children Selective Mutism

Accuracy Verified: Yes

214. Robredo, J. (2011, Julio). Tratamiento intensivo para madres victimas de violencia de genero. La reconstruccion del apego [Intensive treatment for mothers victims of gender violence. The reconstruction of attachment]. Presentación en la IX Congreso Nacional de Psicología Clínica, San Sebastian, Spain.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
El Instituto de Psicotrauma de Alicante en colaboración con los Servicios Sociales de diversos Ayuntamientos de la Comunidad Valenciana aplican desde 2009 un protocolo de intervención para madres víctimas de violencia de género, basado en las técnicas de desensibilización y reprocesamiento a través del movimiento de los ojos, EMDR© (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), teorías del apego ( John Bowlby) y teoría de la disociación estructural de la personalidad (Ono Van der Hart) Los resultados observados en una muestra de 15 madres y sus hijos de 4 a 16 años indican una desaparición de los cuadros clínicos de estrés postraumático y depresión, la remisión de los problemas de conducta concomitantes (desobediencia, agresividad) y una mejora del vínculo afectivo con la madre. El protocolo de intervención consta de 5 fases: evaluación, psicoeducación, tratamiento, prevención de recaídas y seguimiento La evaluación consta de sendas entrevistas clínicas y la administración de la Escala de Ansiedad Manifiesta en Niños (CMAS‐R), la Escala de Gravedad de Síntomas del Estrés Postraumático, el Test del Dibujo de la Familia (niñ@s menores de 6 años) y el cuestionario para la evaluación de adoptantes (CUIDA). El tratamiento consiste en la instalación de recursos con la madre y reprocesamiento con EMDR a lo largo de 20 sesiones trabajando con los recuerdos traumáticos de la madre y el menor asociados a la violencia vivida en la familia. El reprocesamiento del niño se hace junto a la madre. El formato de tratamiento es intensivo con 5 sesiones de terapia semanal durante 4 semanas. El 100% de los menores y las mujeres atendidas experimentaron la remisión de sus síntomas de ansiedad y en el 80% de los casos desaparecieron sus problemas de conducta en el entorno familiar y escolar. Además se observó que el tipo de apego había cambiado al final de tratamiento.

The Institute of Alicante Psychotrauma in collaboration with Social Services various municipalities of Valencia since 2009 implemented a protocol intervention for mothers victims of domestic violence, based on techniques desensitization and reprocessing through eye movement, EMDR © (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), attachment theory (Bowlby) and theory structural dissociation of the personality (Van der Hart Ono). The results of a sample of 15 mothers and their children aged 4 to 16 years indicate a disappearance of clinical PTSD and depression, remission of comorbid conduct problems (disobedience, aggression) and a improvement bond with the mother. The intervention protocol consists of 5 phases: assessment, psychoeducation, treatment, relapse prevention and monitoring The assessment consists of separate clinical interviews and administration of the Scale in Children's Manifest Anxiety (CMAS-R), the Symptom Severity Scale Stress Posttraumatic Drawing Test Family (children 's children under 6 years) and questionnaire for the assessment of adopters (CARE). Treatment involves the installation of resources with the mother and EMDR reprocessing over 20 sessions working with the memories traumatic mother and child associated with violence experienced domestically. The reprocessing of the child is with the mother. The format is intensive treatment with 5 sessions of weekly therapy for 4 weeks. 100% of children and women treated experienced remission of their anxiety symptoms and 80% of cases behavioral problems disappeared in the family and school. We observed that the attachment classification was changed to end of treatment.

Keywords: Attachment Gender Violence

Accuracy Verified: Yes

215. Johnson, K. (1998). Trauma in the lives of children: crisis and stress management techniques for counselors, teachers, and other professionals. (2nd U.S. ed.) Claremont, CA: Hunter House.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
This is an invaluable source for educating professionals and families about helping children regain security in times of trauma. Using a solutions-based interdisciplinary approach, this illustrated book explains how children react to specific types of trauma and how to work with a traumatized child. The nationwide movement toward School Crisis Response Teams, the DSM-IV's new category for post-traumatic stress, and the use of EMDR for treatment is covered.

Keywords: Children Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stress

Accuracy Verified: Yes

216. Tapanya, S. (2008, June). Trauma therapy for bullying victims in Thai schools. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The knowledge on the treatment of psychological trauma in Thailand is still in its rudimentary stage despite the fact that the country has been known for its highly trained medical personnel who are capable of providing sophisticated medical treatment such as plastic surgery, high quality dental care, and sex-change operation. And although the problem of violence has been well recognized, especially relating to child abuse and domestic violence, a more subtle form of violence such as bullying in school has been largely ignored. The author aims to present the summary from his survey of bullying incidence from over 3,000 students in all regions of Thailand. The problem appears to be wide-spread and resulted in fear and anxiety about going to school. During the past few years a number of bullying survivors have come forward to receive treatment for their traumatic memories that continue to trouble them. The presentation will outline treatment strategies for this client population and cite several case studies which may show how EMDR can be applied in a way that is unique to Thai culture.

Keywords: Bullying Poster Thailand Trauma Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

217. Zandvoort, J. (2013, April). Traumagerichte psychotherapie bij kinderen en jongeren: een gerandomiseerde vergelijking (RCT) tussen EMDR en Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy bij kinderen en jongeren met posttraumatische stress klachten [Trauma-focused psychotherapy for children and adolescents: a randomized comparison (RCT) between EMDR and Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress symptoms]. In Onderzoek track 1 and 2. Presentatie op Het congres EMDR Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Nijmegen, Nederland.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Trauma en posttraumatische stress klachten komen ook bij kinderen en jongeren (hierna kinderen) frequent voor. Trauma gerelateerde symptomen bij deze leeftijdsgroepen kunnen leiden tot verminderde schoolprestaties, problemen in het sociale functioneren en een verstoring van (hersen) ontwikkeling. In de afgelopen decennia zijn er talloze onderzoeken uitgevoerd naar de behandeling van trauma klachten bij kinderen. Trauma gerichte cognitieve gedragstherapie (TF-CBT) en EMDR zijn het meest onderzocht. In het merendeel van de kinderen dat wordt behandeld met één van de therapieën verminderen de traumaklachten aanzienlijk of verdwijnen de klachten in het geheel, echter bij een deel van de kinderen persisteren klachten ook na behandeling. Studies waarin TF-CBT en EMDR direct met elkaar worden vergeleken zijn zeer schaars. Dit terwijl de resultaten van dergelijke vergelijkende studies op de lange termijn een belangrijke bijdrage kunnen leveren aan het vooraf bepalen welke behandeling bij welk kind de meeste kans van slagen heeft. In de afgelopen twee jaar zijn kinderen tussen de 8 en 18 jaar, die met een (partiële) posttraumatische stressstoornis werden gediagnosticeerd bij het trauma centrum van de Bascule, gevraagd om deel te nemen aan een vergelijkende behandelstudie (INTACT studie). Onderzoeksdeelnemers werden at random toegewezen aan ofwel 8 geprotocolleerde TF-CBT sessies ofwel 8 geprotocolleerde EMDR sessies. In totaal werden 48 kinderen gerandomiseerd. Uitgebreide traumadiagnostiek vond plaats voor behandeling, 1 week na behandeling, 6 maanden na behandeling en 1 jaar na behandeling. In de huidige voordracht zullen de behandelresultaten worden gepresenteerd. De presentatie zal zich toespitsen op behandeleffecten op postraumatische stress symptomen gemeten door middel van de CAPS-CA. Er zal verder worden stilgestaan bij het potentiële belang van de onderzoeksresultaten voor de klinische praktijk en vooruitgekeken worden op toekomstig (neurobiologisch) vervolgonderzoek.

Trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms also occur in children and adolescents (hereafter children) frequently. Trauma-related symptoms in these populations may lead to decreased school performance, problems in social functioning and disruption (brain) development. In recent decades there have been numerous studies on the treatment of trauma symptoms in children. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) and EMDR are the most studied. In the majority of children being treated with any of the therapies significantly reduce trauma symptoms or the symptoms disappear altogether, however, some of the children symptoms persist even after treatment. Studies in which TF-CBT and EMDR directly be compared are very scarce. This while the results of such comparative studies on the long term a significant contribution to the pre-treatment to determine which child the best chance of success. During the past two years, children between 8 and 18 years, with a (partial) post-traumatic stress disorder were diagnosed in the trauma center of the Bascule, asked to participate in a comparative treatment study (INTACT study). Research participants were randomly assigned to either 8 protocolled TF-CBT sessions or 8 protocolled EMDR sessions. A total of 48 children were randomized. Extensive trauma diagnosis occurred before treatment, 1 week after treatment, 6 months after treatment and 1 year after treatment. In the current proposal, the treatment results are presented. The presentation will focus on treatment effects on post-traumatic stress symptoms measured by the CAPS-CA. There will also be given to the potential importance of the findings for clinical practice and are looking ahead to future (neurobiological) follow-up study.

Keywords: Adolescents Chidren Posttraumatic Stress Disoreder PTSD Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

218. Kavakcı, Ö., Yildirim, O., & Swan, N. (2010). Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve sınav kaygısı için EMDR: Olgu sunumu [EMDR for post traumatic stress disorder and test anxiety: A case report]. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13(1), 42-47.

Language: Turkish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu (TSSB) gelişmesine yol açan etkenlerden biri de trafik kazalarıdır ve Türkiye'de oldukça yaygındır. Göz hareketleri ile duyarsızlaştırma ve yeniden işleme (EMDR) son yıllarda özellikle travma sonrası stres bozukluğunda (TSSB) etkili olduğu gösterilmiş bir yaklaşımdır. Sınav kaygısı; öğrenciler için sıklıkla akademik alanda performans düşüklüğü ve psikolojik problemlerle birlikte olan önemli bir sorundur. Sınav kaygısı olanlar; değerlendirileceği zaman gerilim, endişe ve santral sinir sisteminin aşırı uyarılmasını içeren istenmeyen bir durum yaşarlar. Endişe içeren tekrarlayıcı düşünceler, kendini eleştiren felaketleştirici düşünceler, fizyolojik uyarılmışlık ve belirgin duygusal sıkıntı sınav kaygısına eşlik eder. Sınavlarla ilgili olumsuz deneyimler sınav kaygısının oluşmasına neden olabilmektedir. Sınav kaygısının tedavisi için çeşitli psikoterapi yöntemlerinin yararlı olduğu bildirilmiştir. Sınav kaygısı tedavisinde EMDR denediğini bildiren az sayıda yayın vardır. Bu çalışmada trafik kazası sonrası TSSB gelişen ve EMDR uygulanması sonucunda iyileşen 17 yaşında bir olgu sunulmuştur. TSSB belirtilerinin düzelmesinin ardından üniversite giriş sınavı ile ilgili yoğun korku ve kaygı bildiren hastada, bu kaygının önceki olumsuz sınav yaşantıları ile ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiş, bu yaşantılarına yönelik EMDR tedavisi sonunda sınav kaygısı belirtilerinde belirgin düzelme görülmüştür.

Prevalence of traffic accidents is very high in Turkey and traffic accidents are one of the underlying reasons of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a new therapeutic method which is effective for PTSD. Test anxiety is a significant problem for students which leads to a decline in academic performance and cause severe psychological problems. People with test anxiety experience undesirable symptoms like tension, worry and overstimulation of the central nervous system when they are under evaluation. Recurrent worried, self-critical and catastrophic thoughts and physiologic arousal accompany test anxiety. Negative experiences about examinations can lead to test anxiety. Various psychoterapeutic approaches have been reported that are beneficial in the treatment of test anxiety. Few publications have reported trial of EMDR in the treatment of test anxiety. We describe a 17 year-old girl who had PTSD following a traffic accident and who was treated by EMDR. After treatment of PTSD, the girl reported intense fear and anxiety about the university entrance examination. This anxiety was associated with negative experiences about previous examinations. EMDR treatment focused on these negative experiences and significant improvement was obtained.

Keywords: Case Report Posttraumatic Stress Disorer PTSD Test Anxiety Traffic Accidents

Accuracy Verified: Yes

219. Kavakci, O., Yildirim, O., & Kugu, N. (2010). Travma sonrasý stres bozukluðu ve sýnav kaygýsý için EMDR: Olgu sunumu [EMDR for postraumatic stress disorder and test anxiety: A case report]. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi[Journal of Clinical Psychology], 13(1), 42-47.

Language: Turkish

Format: Journal

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

220. Marcus, S. (2007, June). Treating headaches with EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Headaches are the most common pain-related complaint and the seventh leading ailment seen in medical practice. Yearly, over 35% of the population is affected by tension-type headaches. Migraine headaches are a common condition with one-year prevalence rates around 15%. Prevalence rates generally peak in the third and fourth decades but for many migraines become a chronic condition requiring a lifetime of treatment.
Migraine sufferers are frequently disabled during their acute attacks. A 2001 study found that 90% of migraineurs reported functional impairment. 53% required bed rest and nearly 30% missed 1 day of work or school within a 3-month period. Migraine in the USA results in 112 million bedridden days per year. The cost of the migraine to the total American work force is estimated at $13 billion per year in missed work days and lost productivity. Direct medical costs (i.e., MD office visits, prescription medication claims, and hospitalizations) for migraine care average $1 billion annually. Clouse & Osterhaus (1994) found that migraineurs generate twice the medical claims and two times the pharmacy claims in HMO’s when compared to patients without migraines.
Considering the sheet number of individuals afflicted with migraine and tension headaches, the societal impact with increased medical costs, lost work days, and reduced productivity represent a major public health concern.
The pharmacologic therapies have long been the most common and widely used method of treating headaches. Unfortunately, pharmacologic treatments are ineffective or inadequate for a sizeable number of patients. One third of patients participating in clinical trials with oral triptans fail to respond. Moreover, fewer than half become pain-free, which is the primary efficacy measure recommended by the International Headache Society. Reasons for considering an EMDR treatment for migraine and tension headaches are patient preferences for non-pharmacologic interventions, pregnancy, planned pregnancy or nursing, deficient stress coping skills, medication rebound, patient overuse of medications, medical contraindications, and poor medication tolerance.
In view of the state of the art of current headache treatment an EMDR approach that can eliminate severe headache pain in less time than an oral medication (20 to 30 min) and within 5 to 10 sessions may reduce frequency, duration and intensity of future headaches could result in a decrease in medication utilization, physician visits and overall medical costs, with an improvement in patient satisfaction. This would be a welcome addition to current headache treatments.
This workshop will employ lecture, demonstration and actual practice of an integrated EMDR approach. The purpose of this teaching strategy is to prepare you for clinical practice. Objectives include understanding headache etiology, headache trigger identification, threshold theory, training in the EMDR protocol used in Dr. Marcus’s migraine research, discussion of protocol utilization in clinical practice, informed consent, transference issues, and discussion of the role of provider when deploying this approach. This workshop is for advanced EMDR practitioners but previous experience in headache treatment is not required.

Keywords: Headaches Health Problems Illness Pain

Accuracy Verified: Yes

221. Tormey, M. E. (2003, November). Treatment of adolescents with school refusal: The process of trauma resolution, through the integration of EMDR and ego-state therapy. Presentation at the International Society for the Study of Dissociation Fall Conference, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Adolescents Ego State Therapy School Refusal Trauma Resolution

Accuracy Verified: Yes

222. Ford, J. D. (2009). Treatment of children and adolescents with traumatic stress disorders. In J. D. Ford's (Ed.) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Scientific And Professional Dimensions (pp. 223-250). New York: Academia Press.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Excerpt: Practice guidelines for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) were first developed by an expert panel convened more than a decade ago by Cohen and the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Work Group on Quality Issues (1998). Since the release of that seminal set of practice guidelines, substantial additional validation has been provided in scientific studies of the most robustly evidence-based treatment model, trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT; Cohen et al., 2006, 2008). Other approaches to the treatment of children and adolescents with PTSD have been sufficiently clinically or scientifically tested to be included as actually or potentially evidence-based (Saxe et al., 2007b; Vickerman and Margolin, 2007) in the recent second edition of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) Practice Guidelines, Effective Treatments for PTSD (Foa et al., 2008). These include eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR; Spates et al., 2008), school-based cognitive behavior therapies (Jaycox et al., 2008), psychodynamic therapies (Lieberman et al., 2008), creative arts therapies (Goodman et al., 2008) and psychopharmacotherapy (treatment with therapeutic medications; Donnelly, 2008). Family systems therapies were included in the ISTSS Practice Guidelines only for adults, but promising approaches for family therapy with children with PTSD have been developed (Ford and Saltzman, 2009).

Chapter Outline • Evidence-Based and Empirically-Informed Psychotherapy Models for Children with PTSD • Trauma focused-cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT) • Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Spates et al., 2008) • Cognitive behavior therapy in schools (Jaycox et al., 2008) • Psychodynamic therapies (Lieberman et al., 2008) • Creative arts therapies (Goodman et al., 2008) • Family systems therapies (Ford and Saltzman, 2009) • Affective and interpersonal regulation therapies (Ford and Cloitre, 2009) • Psychopharmacotherapy (Connor and Fraleigh, 2008; Donnelly, 2008) • Integrative psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy models • Real World Challenges in Treating Children with PTSD • Conclusion

Keywords: Adolescents Children Traumatic Stress Disorders

Accuracy Verified: No

223. Klaff, F. R. (1995, June). Treatment of children's fears with EMDR. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Through case material, the usefullness of EMDR is illustrated for the treatment of children's fears and phobias. The issue of integrating EMDR treatment with more traditional treatment is also addressed, especially with more complex contextual problems. Three case histories are presented with emphasis on the most complicated case. Family therapy treatment espouses the notion that psychopathology in the child results from dysfunctional family functioning, and as such the entire family system has to be treated. This concept is broadened with the use of EMDR. The first case illustrates a single trauma event in which a 6 year old boy was bitten by a rottweiler. Presenting symptoms were nightmares, fear of sleeping alone, poor school performance, persistent thoughts and fear of dogs. The first session of EMDR was successful in eliminating most of these fears. A second EMDR session focusing on a nightmare was also successful. Two follow up sessions with the family dealt with other parenting issues and the possibility of attention deficit disorder. The targeted problem was eliminated via EMDR. The second case demonstrates a successful one session treatment of an otherwise healthy 6 year old girl who had fears of the dark and had slept in her parent's bed for years. In the third case, a complex symptomatology is presented of a nine year old girl (Lily) with a severe, life threatening heart condition for which she has undergone 4 delicate aortal surgeries since age 2 and is on a medication maintenance regimen. Future surgery is anticipated during adolescence. Family history is significant for mother's struggle to overcome alcohol addiction, depression and past abuse. The family has financial pressures. Family system analysis reveals over involvement between mother and daughter, peripheral father and sibling rivalry (daughter 11). Family treatment involved boundary and limit setting, hierarchical restructuring and family communication skills. The illness as an organizing factor in the family system was repeatedly addressed. Interspersed with this treatment approach were EMDR sessions for daughters and mother. Lily had fears of separation fiom mother, fears of dying, choking, becoming ill, swimming, going to bed, and fears of the devil (as learned in their fundamentalist religion) as well as several other fears. EMDR sessions targeted these fears, and sometimes several fears were intertwined, such as fear of sleeping, the devil coming into her room and taking her away to die. Cognitive interweave was used when she appeared stuck. Through the EMDR treatments, Lily was able to deeply examine her fears, based on the real life uncertainties she faced. Her progress demonstrated a particularly poignant attempt to make sense of the meaning of life and cope with the threat of death.

Keywords: Children Fears

Accuracy Verified: Yes

224. Oras, R., de Ezpeleta, S. C., & Ahmad, A. (2004, June). Treatment of traumatized refugee children with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in a psychodynamic context. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 58(3), 199-203. doi:10.1080/08039480410006232.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study examines the effects of a psychodynamic approach of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in treatment of traumatized refugee children. Among a child psychiatric outpatient refugee team, 13 children with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), were treated by EMDR incorporated in a traditional psychodynamic therapeutic approach. The Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Scale for Children (PTSS-C) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) were administered before and after the treatment, to measure the effects. After treatment, a significant improvement was noticed in the functioning level and all PTSS-C scales, mostly in re-experiencing and least in the avoidance symptoms. The improvement in the functioning level was significantly correlated with the reduction of the PTSD-non-related and the depression, but not with that of the PTSD-related symptoms. Used in a psychodynamic context, EMDR is suggested to be effective treatment for traumatized refugee children. Our findings support the hypothesis of child-specific criteria for PTSD.

Keywords: Children Comorbidity Depressive Disorders Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Refugees School Age Children Adolescents Stressors Survivors Trauma Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

225. Brisch, K. H. (2005, June). Treatment with EMDR of a boy with generalized tic disorder. In EMDR and children. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The treatment with EMDR of a boy with generalized tic disorder is demonstrated with video material. This boy who had heart surgery at age 4 developed a generalized acute tic disorder at age 11 after an episode of reanimation as a result of an instrument error that occurred during ECG monitoring. This incident was not known to the parents, and neither the boy nor the hospital staff reported on this. Within a few weeks the boy was completely disabled not able to walk and to speak properly anymore. He could neither attend school nor participate in leisure amenities with his friends. After comprehensive diagnostic procedures and unsuccessful treatment with different types of medication, the tic disorder was diagnosed as symptomatology of an acute PTSD after traumatic experience of reanimation with fear of near death.
After EMDR treatment the boy had a complete recovery and could participate in school and leisure-time activities without any tic symptoms. The recovery proved to be stable over the follow-up period of one year.

Keywords: Children Symposium Tic Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

226. Dexter, B. A. (2007, June). Two children. EMDRIA Newsletter, 12(2), 13.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
This morning two fathers saw their children off to school. Two sons, part of a new generation free of the oppression of the past. Free to learn in a new school in a new time. Two fathers taking a chance that their sons would be educated in a new way with new opportunities they never had. So filled with hope.

Keywords: Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

227. Mosquera, D. (2013, June). Understanding and treating narcissistic personality disorder with EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Geneva, Switzerland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Narcissistic Personality Disorder is associated with selfish behaviors and lack of empathy towards others. Patients with this diagnosis show a self-centered profile and a (sometimes only apparent) lack of concern about the suffering that they can cause in other people but this is only part of the picture.
The DSM-IV description of narcissistic personality disorder focuses on the “overt” qualities of narcissism (grandiosity, exploitation, arrogance, interpersonal problems and rage) while omitting the less obvious and more subtle “covert” characteristics (tendency to be shame sensitive, introverted, vulnerable, inhibited and anxiety-prone). All of these aspects may be present in both abusers and victims, in either overt or subtle presentations. In this presentation we will show how to conceptualize and treat different profiles characterized by self-centeredness, selfish attitudes and a lack of empathy from the EMDR perspective.
To conceptualize EMDR therapy in these cases it is important to understand the developmental pathways from early experiences to present problems. Narcissism features can be final outcomes of a neglecting environment, chronic abuse or other adverse experiences. In some cases it can even be related to excessive appraisal. A variety of attachment disturbances with primary caregivers can lead to lack of empathy and self-centeredness. Being able to identify (and reprocess) the etiological experiences at the roots of the symptoms is crucial for an adequate case conceptualization.
All these aspects and the complexity of therapeutic relationship in narcissistic personalities will be reviewed in this presentation linking theory and case examples. Video cases will be shown to illustrate case conceptualization and treatment methods.
Learning objectives: Narcissism is in many cases a trauma-based disorder. Students will be able to understand Narcissism from a trauma perspective; as a presentation of early complex traumatization. Special interest will be placed on relevant aspects for the history taking and how present symptoms can be linked to traumatic events (triggers). Relational difficulties and defenses are key aspects in the treatment of personality disorders and their management will be one of the objectives of this workshop. Treatment and conceptualization of these complex cases will be explained with the necessary adaptations of the EMDR procedures for narcissism.
Description of how workshop would achieve the learning outcomes: The theory will be illustrated through case examples. Videos of interviews and clinical sessions will be showed, maintaining an interactive dialogue with the audience, where theoretical concepts will be exemplified and discussed with the participants.

Keywords: Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

228. National Center for PTSD. (2011, February). Understanding PTSD treatment. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Veteran's Affairs.

Language: English

Format: Publication

Abstract:
Do you or a loved one have PTSD? There is no need to suffer. Treatment works. If you have PTSD - posttraumatic stress disorder - you don't have to suffer. There are good treatments that can help. This booklet describes therapies and medications that are proven to help people with PTSD. You'll hear from experts about what treatment is like, and how it can help you. Don't let PTSD get in the way of your enjoyment of life, hurt your relationships, or cause problems for you at work or school. PTSD treatment works.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

229. Chambless, D.L., Sanderson, W.C., Shoham, V., Bennett Johnson, S., Pope, K.S., Crits-Christoph, P., Baker, M., Johnson, B., Woody, S.R., Sue, S., Beutler, L., Williams, D.A., & McCurry, S. (1996). An update on empirically validated therapies. The Clinical Psychologist, 49, 5-18.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In 1995 the Division 12 Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures published its report in this journal. A major focus of that report was increasing training in psychological interventions that have been supported in empirical research by making clinical psychologists and students more aware of these treatments and facilitating training opportunities. To provide the basis for a survey on the degree to which clinical programs and internships were currently providing training in empirically supported therapies, the task force constructed a list of examples of treatments meeting criteria for efficacy as established by the task force. Based on feedback that members of the profession found this list of interventions to be very useful in training and clinical work, while also recognizing its very incomplete basis, the Division 12 board charged the succeeding task force (Task Force on Psychological Interventions), appointed in succession by Presidents Martin Seligman and Gerald Koocher, with adding to this preliminary list on an annual basis. This is one purpose of the current report. In addition, we raise several issues about the use and limitations of empirically supported treatments as currently identified. In keeping with the practice established by the first task force, the members of the group who constructed the present report are diverse in theoretical orientation and work in a variety of settings -- psychology departments, medical schools, and private practice.

Accuracy Verified: Yes

230. Barker, R., & Barker, S. B. (2007). The use of EMDR in reducing presentation anxiety: A case study. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(2), 100-108. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.2.100.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Effective presentation skills are vital for success in most organizations. Preparing students for their careers, college educators often require that students demonstrate effective presentation skills. While traditional approaches to managing presentation anxiety help some students, EMDR may offer an effective intervention for those with serious presentation anxiety. This case study involves a student with presentation anxiety referred for EMDR from an organizational communication class. The subject delivered videotaped presentations and completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) prior to and after completing three EMDR sessions. The subject’s pre–post STAI scores reduced from the 98th to the 55th percentile. Blind expert ratings of the videotaped presentations indicated pronounced performance improvement. At 12-month follow-up, the subject was successfully employed in a management position, making effective presentations without intense anxiety.

Keywords: Performance Enhancement Presentation Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

231. Werk, K. & Rueth, T. W. (1996, June). Use of EMDR to enhance learning with adults who have learning disabilities: Effects of EMDR with adult literacy students. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Learning Disabilities

Accuracy Verified: Yes

232. Smith, J. C. (2008). The use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as a means of exploration into and intervention with the impostor phenomenon in cinical psychology graduate students. Argosy University, Chicago IL.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Keywords: Graduate Students Imposter Phenomenon

Accuracy Verified: Yes

233. Bermudez, J. S. (2002, January). The use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) within a multi-modal treatment program for child victims of extrafamilial sexual abuse. Carlos Albizu University, Miami, FL. AAT 3057608.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Sexual abuse has created multiple short and long term problems for many individuals in society today. It often occurs in childhood and the scars that are left can be permanent. Statistically, it occurs with far greater frequency than should be tolerated. However, it is frequently unreported and can be difficult to detect in a child that experiences this form of trauma. There is a significant need to help these children that have been victims of this crime. Extrafamilial sexual abuse in particular appears to occur with greater frequency than intrafamilial sexual abuse. Studies show that it has lasting effects on children. Two of the most common and consistent symptoms seen with these children are PTSD and sexualized behavior. Other symptoms that have been found with these children include: depression, anxiety, fear, and difficulty managing anger.Although there have been many program designs implemented for child sexual abuse victims, most do not properly assess the level of improvement through objective measures that show that the treatment was responsible for the observed change and not some other variable. Many different forms of treatment have been used to treat sexual abuse victims, such as different forms of traditional individual therapies, family therapy, group therapy, drama therapy, and art therapy. One innovative psychotherapeutic technique that has been used recently with these types of clients and those who have experienced other types of traumatic events is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). EMDR is a relatively new form of treatment developed in 1987 by Francine Shapiro. There have been controlled research studies that have shown the efficacy of this technique. Although there are some researchers who are skeptical of the use of this technique and challenge its effectiveness, studies have nonetheless shown that it is an effective form of brief therapy with long-term effects. This proposed treatment program would be developed for children, aged 6-12 years, who have been victims of extrafamilial sexual abuse. It is designed to be short term, lasting 4 months, and EMDR will be utilized as the primary psychotherapeutic tool to assist the children in reprocessing their traumatic experience. Mental health services that would be provided include individual therapy consisting primarily of EMDR, group therapy for the child and the parents or caretakers provided separately, and family therapy that would include the parents, child, and siblings if deemed necessary. The children admitted to the program would meet criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD. They would also be given psychological measures in order to establish a baseline in terms of current symptoms such as depression and anxiety. The same measures would be administered again at the completion of treatment allowing for the measurement of any improvements. It is expected that children who complete the program would show a significant reduction or elimination of PTSD symptoms. This can be done more effectively by treating the family as a unit in dealing with such a traumatic experience. It is believed that this form of treatment would provide a valuable service to the community and further our understanding regarding the efficacy of EMDR. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 63(6-B), Jan 2002, pp. 3000.

Keywords: Brief Psychotherapy Child Abuse Empirical Study Family Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape School Age Children Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

234. Reis, P., & Tu, A. (2012, November). Using elements of EMDR in a school setting to help children deal with the impact trauma and negative experiences. Presentation at the OASW School Social Work 25th Annual Symposium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR Techniques - Self-control techniques are used in the preparation phase of EMDR therapy, increasing access to positive memory networks. This is essential for keeping client within the emotional window of tolerance during processing. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Children School Trauma

Accuracy Verified: No

235. Friday, S. (2005, September). Using EMDR as an intervention for symptom severity in ADD. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Seattle, WA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This study investigated the intervention effects of EMDR on the trauma and behavior symptom severity of ten children, ages 8 to 11, diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). ADD is a common childhood disorder with increasing prevalence rates that raise questions concerning overdiagnosis, misdiagnoses, and possible inadequate assessment of primary, comorbid, and diffential diagnoses. ADD and trauma have comorbid symptoms that often inhibit an accurate diagnosis. Accurate assessments for ADD and trauma-related attention problems have important behavioral implications for diagnostic intervention and treatment planning. The purpose of this research was to investigate if a three-phased treatment intervention, including EMDR, would show a reduction in the trauma and behavior symptom severity in children with ADD and trauma symptoms.

Keywords: Attention Deficit Disorder ADD Comorbidity Disruptive Behavior Disorders Elementary School Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD School Age Children Stressors Students Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

236. Friday, S. (2004, September). Using EMDR as an intervention for symptom severity in attention deficit disorder. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montréal, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This study investigated the intervention effects of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) on the trauma and behavior symptom severity of ten children, ages 8 to 11, diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). ADD is a common childhood disorder with increasing prevalence rates that raise questions concerning over diagnoses, misdiagnoses, and possible inadequate assessment, of primary, comorbid and differential diagnoses. Accurate assessments for ADD and trauma related attention problems have important implications for diagnostic intervention and treatment planning. The purpose of this research was to investigate if a three-phased treatment intervention, including EMDR, would show a reduction in the trauma and behavior symptom severity in children with ADD and trauma symptoms.

Keywords: Comorbidity Disruptive Behavior Disorders Elementary School Students Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD School Age Children Stressors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

237. Weinberg, R., & Caspers, S. (1998, July). Using EMDR with learning disabled students to improve reading. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) learn results of research project using EMDR; 2) learn to explore the use of EMDR in an educational setting; and 3) learn to report on EMDR intervention with learning disabled students.

Keywords: Learning Disabilities Reading Students

Accuracy Verified: Yes

238. Weinberg, R., & Caspers, S. (1997, July). Using EMDR with learning disabled students to improve reading. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Francisco, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Learning Disabilities Reading Students

Accuracy Verified: Yes

239. Friday, S. (2003). Using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as an intervention for trauma and behavior symptom severity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Capella University, Minneapolis, MN. AAT 3093820.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study investigated the intervention effects of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) on the trauma and behavior symptom severity of 10 children, ages 8 to 11, diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a common childhood disorder with increasing prevalence rates that raise questions concerning overdiagnoses, misdiagnoses, and possible inadequate assessment of primary, comorbid, and differential diagnoses. Accurate assessments for ADHD and trauma-related attentional problems have important implications for diagnostic intervention and treatment planning. The purpose of this research was to investigate if a three-phased treatment intervention including EMDR, a therapy method proven effective in the reduction of PTSD, would show a reduction in the trauma and behavior symptom severity in children with ADHD and trauma symptoms. Evaluation of the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of ADHD was examined using a multiple-component case study and a repeated measure design for evidence of trauma. Two of the three treatment phases were randomly adjusted from one to three sessions in length, with the intervention method, EMDR, remaining constant for a total of three sessions. Outcome measures were the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS), the Behavioral Assessment of Children Scales (BASC), (teacher and parent forms), and repeated assessments of trauma using the Lifetime Incidence of Traumatic Events Scales (LITE-P&S, parent and student forms), the Child and Parent Reports of Post-Traumatic Symptoms Scales (PROPS & CROPS), and the Problem Rating Scales (PRS). The results from quantitative analysis suggested that the intervention method incorporating EMDR affected a decrease in Externalizing and Internalizing behavior symptom severity and trauma symptom severity in the ADHD children that were studied. Qualitative data suggested that trauma and behavioral symptom severity decreased as a result of the intervention method incorporating EMDR. The results underscore the need for further research to distinguish between the symptom presentation of ADHD and comorbid trauma and behavioral symptoms. A continuous refining of the method of diagnosis and determination of the comorbid disorders is warranted. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 64(6-B), 2003, pp. 2901

Keywords: Comorbidity Disruptive Behavior Disorders Elementary School Students Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Empirical Study Quantitative Study School Age Children Stressors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

240. Thyer, B. A. (2001, January). What is the role of theory in research on social work practice?. Journal of Social Work Education, 37(1), 9-25 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In 1967, when I was 14 years old, Scott Briar (1967) labeled the state of affairs with respect to research on social casework as a "crisis," in part because our field lacked evidence of the effectiveness of social work services. In the mid-1970s, shortly after I graduated from high school, Joel Fischer (1973a, 1973b, 1976) published articles and a book effectively documenting Briar's assertion that the field lacked a strong evidentiary basis for service.

Keywords: Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

241. Greene, M. (2004, February). The wild bunch: EMDR and angry boys. Presentation at the 2nd annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland Association, Birmingham, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Severe behavioural problems in children (and adults) are always inextricably linked with problems of affect regulation, the most problematic of which is out of control expression of angry feelings. Such behaviour is often seen as organically based, ADHD or ODD (i personally refer ADD: Absent Dad Disorder), and pharmacological treatments are often suggested, yet early or more recent trauma is frequently a factor and EMDR has a potentially important role to play in helping these children, through enabling old truama to be processed and helping them manage their behaviour on a day to day basis without resorting to the self medicating aspects of violence. I describe work in two school settings, an EBD Primary School and a Catholic Secondary School, using EMDR with pupils whose angry impulses have been causing serious probolems in their lives, sometimes meaning they risk permanent exclusion from school.

Keywords: Affect Regulation Anger School-Setting Students

Accuracy Verified: Yes

242. Dutton, P. (2004). Will someone tell me the truth about EMDR?. Presentation at the British Psychological Society Scottish Branch Annual Conference, Pitlochry, Scotland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
There is considerable controversy about Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) and publications, even the esteemed 'The Psychologist’ have shed very little light on EMDR or the political and professional jealousies surrounding it. Rather than debate the technicalities of the studies purporting to indicate effectiveness of EMDR, this paper will illustrate with practical examples how one obtains miserable failures and spectacular successes in everyday clinical practice. It will contrast this by describing international work with survivors of tragedies and disasters including the Dunblane shooting, the Turkish Earthquakes in 1999 and the devastation of a community after the demolition of a school in San Giuliano di Puglia, Italy, during an earthquake. It will ask why we measure disaster in terms of deaths, not survivors, noting reports from 9-11 and asking what we might do for Beslan and the Russian survivors and future disasters.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

243. Meusers, M. (2005, June). Work with a pupil collective involved in a traffic accident with the help of EMDR. In EMDR and children. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
On Tuesday. November llth 2004 in Gevelsberg, Germany a traffic accident happened with a truck and a school bus. A number of children were slightly injured. 17 pupils of a basic school were involved. A part of them were in need of acute ambulatory medical care in a hospital. In addition were some siblings, attending higher schools likewise casualties of the accident. At request of the "Opferschutzbeauftragten" and the school the Psychiatry for children and youngsters, Herdecke, Germany as hospital in responsibility at Monday, November 29th were asked to treat this incident with this 17 pupils of the school. Three co-worker8 of the Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie Herdecke, a policeman, the "Opferschutzbeauftragte" [commissioner for victim protection], a person from the bus company, the principal of the school and the 17 pupils were present. The methods were presented, involving EMDR in the collective. Installation of a safe location. Treatment of the actual accident event in the group as well as strategies for stabilisation of the pupils was represented in detail. Especially the persons present were entered into the legal, organisational and practical topics of the problem. Later a re-inquiry took place in the families, the result will be also presented at congress. On the occasion of this event a concept of proceeding in acute trauma was developed together with the "Opfenchutzbeauftrogten" of our region of providing. This will be presented as well, if finished until then, at congress.

Keywords: Children Symposium Traffic Accident

Accuracy Verified: Yes

244. Grinbaum, A., & Levy, M. (2007, June). Working with child care in public service. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Work in child care in a pubic service, brings us to accept all people who come to us whatever their origin (Mediterranean, Black Africa, Asia), their social class (from the most impoverished to the upper class), or any kind of difficulty (from school and socio-educational problems to autism or serious psychosis). We are psychologists, psychoanalysts ad family therapist with more than 25 years of experience. Through our work, we learned listening, patience, neutrality, and interpretation. While sometimes our experience brought us to invent means to come in contact with them, the EMDR method gave us another mode of relation with the child which is at the same time more flexible and closer to them. Since our training in 2004, we noticed a change in our practice ad in the attitude of our colleagues and fellow workers toward us. We would like to describe in this talk the feeling of freedom we felt to work with such a rigid protocol; to work differently with problems like drugs or sexual abuse as well as difficulties in early childhood to work in turn with the parent and the children, to work with the whole family while treating one of their members in from of them. We want to present some clinical examples and share with you the enthusiasm that this new therapy arouses in us after so many years of practice.

Keywords: Children Child Care Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

245. Paganini, D., Cimarosti, E., Rossi, I., & Antonini, V. (2012, Novembre). “EMDR livello 1” soddisfazione e ricadute applicative, Eye Moviment Desensitization and reprocessing, ["EMDR level 1" satisfaction and application outcomes, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing]. Presentazione al Psicoterapia Scuola Mara Selvini Palazzoli, Salice Terme Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Questione: Qual'è il meccanismo dell'EMDR grazieal quale si registra una riduzione dei sintomi dei traumi? Conclusioni: Totale soddisfazione da parte dei partecipanti sia per la rilevanza degli argomenti trattati che per laqualità formativa del corso. Tuttii partecipanti hanno valutato coinvolgente l’esercitazione pratica sia nel ruolo di paziente che in quello di terapeuta, valutando l’efficacia nell’elaborazione del target scelto. La quasi totalità dei partecipanti che hanno applicato la tecnica con i propri pazienti l’ha valutata efficace. Interessante riproporre ilcorso agli allievi. Tutti si sono detti concordi nel ritenere il corso nonsufficiente per una autonoma utilizzazione della tecnica. Prevedere all’interno della scuola un referente supervisor e emomenti diverifica sull’utilizzo della tecnica.

Question: What is the mechanism through which EMDR records a reduction in trauma symptoms? Conclusions: Total satisfaction from the participants and the relevance of the topics covered and the quality of the training course. All the participants evaluated engaging hands-on practice is in the role of patient and in the therapist, and the effectiveness in the development of the chosen target. Almost all of the participants who applied the technique to their patients has evaluated effectively. Interesting to repeat the course the students. They were all agree the course nonsufficiente for an autonomous use of the technique. Provide a contact person within the school supervisor and emomenti diverifica use of technology.

Keywords: Outcomes

Accuracy Verified: Yes