Francine Shapiro Library - EMDR Bibliography Links
Choose any combination of the search options below. If you do not wish to include an option in your search, leave the box blank, or select "Any."
Your Results - you searched for the keyword Dream 31 Results
1. Gentry, R. H. (1996, February 24). Back and forth on EMDR. Science News, 149(8), 115.
Language: English
Format: Magazine
Abstract:
The first thing to come to mind when reading the article on eye movement desensitization
and reprogramming ("EMDR: Promise and Dissent," SN: 10/21/95, p. 270) is the similarity
between it and REM sleep, when the mind writes its own scenario in a random dream. If EMDR
shows any promise, it may be greatest in sleep research.
Keywords: REM Sleep
Accuracy Verified: Yes
2. Smith, G. (2000, May 2). Blinking great idea. Glasgow, Scotland: Sunday Mail, Features, 1/11 seven days.
Language: English
Format: Newspaper
Abstract:
As we dream, our eyes flicker from side to side - Rapid Eye Movement sleep known as REM - and it may be that the flickering induced by EMDR stimulates the brain into spring- cleaning the negative images that have been deliberately brought to mind.
Keywords: General Glasgow, Scotland Overview
Accuracy Verified: Yes
3. Greenwald, R. (1995, June). Children-case presentations. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
One major limitation of EMDR is that it is an individual treatment modality. However, individual treatment of a child may be
insuflicient, and broader interventions are often required. This is especially likely when environmental forces are unsupportive or in
opposition to the healing process. This presentation will focus on the use of EMDR on several levels in child treatment, including
individual treatment of traumatic memories, enhancing family support for healing, and addressing family obstacles to healing.
Format will include lecture, vignettes, and a video case presentation of the EMDR treatment of a young girl who had been raped by
a babysitter, along with the EMDR treatment of her older brother who bullied her.
Assessment of child problems includes consideration of many factors. The focus here will be on the child's trauma history, and on
the current family situation it pertains to treatment of the child's traumatic memories. Methods of assessment addressed here include
interview of the child and the parent, observation of family interactions, and observation of the child's progress, both during and after
EMDR treatment.
A number of interventions are available to enhance or augment individual EMDR treatment of the child. Vignettes will be
presented to illustrate the following interventions: referral to family therapy when successful EMDR highlighted the symptom's
functional role; EMDR with a parent to reduce reactivity to the child; and prompting the parent(s) to produce statements and
behaviors to be used later as content for installations.
A challenging case will be presented in which a family, though motivated, demonstrated a number of behaviors which threatened to
undermine the child's treatment. The family consisted of a single father in his late twenties, an eight year-old boy, and a seven-yearold
girl. The presenting problem was the girl's ongoing post-traumatic symptoms, particularly nightmares and social withdrawal,
some two years after having been raped by a babysitter. (the boy also had social and behavioral problems in school.) Unfortunately,
the "lessons" of the girl's traumatic experience were frequently reinforced in the family context, through the brother's bullying of his
younger sister, the father's complicity in the bullying, and the father's own tendency to be overly controlling and threatening.
Treatment began with two family sessions and one with the father alone. The next three sessions were split to provide some
individual time for each child as well as for the father. The seventh, final session included a family meeting and then some time for
each individual. Work with the father was difficult and slow, as he was very defensive regarding his own possible contributions to
his children's problems. Early interventions included delicate attempts to help the father understand the effect of his yelling and
threatening - even though he was no longer in the habit of physically striking his children. Meanwhile, in part to enhance the
therapeutic alliance, the primary focus was on direct treatment of the children. Some of this is shown on video.
The girl was asked to draw a picture of her bad dream, and then to draw it "all better." She first drew a dark picture of a large man
with fangs dripping blood. The next picture was of a nicer man on a sunny day. This activity was used as part of her introduction to
the upcoming EMDR work. In the next session she agreed to do EMDR and completed processing in 25 minutes. The following
session she indicated that the memory was no longer disturbing, and many of the symptoms had disappeared. She began to raise her
next concern, by playing with a doll and a baby bottle, and complaining that she did not get to see her mother enough.
Over the same three sessions the boy was also treated with EMDR for a number of relatively minor traumatic memories, including a
car accident, the loss of two pets, and a vision of the devil. Despite apparently successfull processing, he was unable to conclude that
he was a "good boy," due to evidence to the contrary: memories of his father's anger at him. Cognitive interweave was used to
access a sense of inner goodness. The bullying behavior reportedly disappeared both at home and at school, and he also moved on,
to express concerns about missing his mother.
Treatment was interrupted due to a change in insurance coverage, so continued treatment and follow-up was not accomplished. This
case illustrates some ways that EMDR can be enlisted to address aspects of the family context which may constitute obstacles to
healing. The girl's brother was treated with EMDR to reduce his mistreatment of her; and the boy's sense of badness, largely gained
by interaction with his father, was overcome by accessing internal resources in the absence of parental support. In conclusion,
EMDR can play multiple roles in both the diagnosis and treatment of family obstacles to healing.
Keywords: Case Presentations Children
Accuracy Verified: Yes
4. Kuiken, D., Miall, D., Bears, M., & Smith L. (1998). Defamiliarization in dreaming and reading: Eye movements and attentional engagement. Presentation at the VIth Biannual IGEL Conference, Utrecht.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
The fictional world imaginatively constituted during literary reading is sometimes compared with
the imaginal world created during dreaming. At the core of both reading and dreaming may be the
type of attentional adjustment that occurs when departures from expected events emerge in
experience. During dreaming, markers of this attentional adjustment – and of the related
transformations of dream content – are the eye movements characteristic of REM sleep. Recent
research suggests that eye movements induced during wakefulness similarly prompt dreamlike
transformations of imaginal activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that, during reading, induced eye
movements would facilitate defamiliarization in response to the deviations from literal meanings
found in metaphoric expressions. To test this hypothesis, twenty-five undergraduates completed 20
seconds of eye movements or 20 seconds of visual fixation before each of two tasks: (a) a covert visual
attention task (Posner & Cohen, 1984), in which a cue indicated the likely position of a subsequent
target, and (b) a sentence rating task, in which sentences with either metaphoric or non-metaphoric
endings were rated for strikingness. Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated that the eye movement
manipulation facilitated attentional adjustments to targets presented in invalidly cued locations and
increased the extent to which metaphoric sentence endings were found striking. These results suggest
that induced eye movements facilitate attentional reorientation toward the novel meanings found in
metaphoric expressions, providing evidence that dreaming and reading involve a similarly
“defamiliarizing” attentional adjustment.
Accuracy Verified: Yes
5. Darker-Smith, S. (2012, October). Dissociative disorders and EMDR: Depersonalisation, derealisation and dissociation. Presentation at the at the 4th Autumn EMDR Workshop Conference, Sheffield, UK.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Within the field of dissociative disorders, EMDR clinicians are advised that there should be significant stabilisation in the preparation phase of the standard protocol. Indeed, where a client has been experiencing depersonalisation and / or derealisation for a significant period of time, there can be elements of heightened risk, such as suicidal intent caused by living in this ‘half-life’ or ‘dream-state’. For these clients, using a float-back technique to introduce body sensation as a mechanism of grounding can be, and is, highly effective in terms of stabilisation. This can enable a swifter progression to a place of stability in order to target the cause of dissociation, where it has been triggered by a natural, protective psychological avoidance to a traumatic event as well as reduce risk of suicide in clients who are experiencing significant distress at being ‘trapped’ in this ‘alternate reality’.
Keywords: Derealization Depersonalization Dissociation
Accuracy Verified: Yes
6. Tibaldi, M. (2004, June). EMDR and analytical psychology: Imaginal use of eye movements in Jungian analysis. In psychodynamics and EMDR (B. Lilieblad, Chair). Symposium conducted at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, Stockholm, Sweden .
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Among Jungian typical methodologies, one of the most interested is active imagination indeed. Carl Gustav Jung's active imagination method is a process of "lucid dream," that takes shape from observing an internal emotionally meaningful aspect - mood, image, event. When the client focuses his/her attention on these charged elements, a chain of autonomous images will be activated. The arising of such unconscious images lead consciousness to a new situation: emotional content comes into contact with the rational, can be confronted and integrated, transforming the whole personality.
Epistemologically speaking, it is interesting to point out the affinity between Jungian conscious-unconscious integration process, pursued by active imagination, and the right and left brain connecting process, gained by EMDR.
My Jungian analytical practice, on the one hand, and my EMDR therapeutic experience, on the other, gave me the opportunity to confront both Garl Gustav Jung's and Francine Shapiro's methods and paradigms, giving birth to an EMDR imaginal use, a synergic therapeutic process with interesting outcomes.
The aim of my paper is to present this form of EMDR, stressing the advantages of such integration. The paper will be accompanied by a sequence of psychic images from a client's EMDR treatment; thanks to the imaginal use of eye movements, the client got in touch with some of the unknown emotional horizons, recognized the dissociative defences that prevented him from connections his emotional and rational brain and improved his psychic well being.
Keywords: Analyitical Psychology Case Study Imagery Imaginal Jungian Analysis Mind-Body Observation Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
7. McNeal, S. A. (2001, July). EMDR and dream interpretation. Presentation at the International Association for the Study of Dreams, Santa Cruz, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This paper describes a method of dream interpretation useful in psychotherapy.The therapist can use the treatment method EMDR (eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing) for processing dream images. The associations elicited in this manner provide a wealth of significant material for psychotherapy as well as resulting in meaningful dream interpretation.
Learning Objectives:
1) To present a new method of dream interpretation
2) To describe the protocol so that others could use it
3) To indicate how this method can enhance therapeutic results
Evaluation questions:
1) How does this use of EMDR differ from the standard use of EMDR with dream imagery?
2) Summarize briefly how EMDR is used for dream interpretation?
3) What are the advantages and disadvantages of this method of dream interpretation?
EMDR and Dream Interpretation
When utilizing EMDR to resolve a trauma, one of the four target areas in the standard EMDR protocol is the nightmare image. During reprocessing, the nightmare image often changes to reveal the real life experiences that are part of the traumatic material. If processing is complete, the nightmare image will not reoccur.
Theoretically, the periods of REM sleep when dreaming occurs are thought to be natural survival mechanisms whereby experiences from the day are synthesized and stored in memory. It has been speculated that nightmares are the mind's attempts to metabolize trapped information. Because trauma can also produce interrupted and dysfunctional REM sleep, nightmares may reoccur indefinitely without resolution taking place. EMDR has been shown to effectively process nightmare images so that reoccurring nightmares cease.
Less has been reported in the EMDR literature regarding dream images that are not nightmarish and do not reoccur. It is usually assumed that if the dreaming process is natural and healthy without nightmares or interrupted sleep, then it is not to be tampered with and is not a focus of treatment. However, EMDR can be very helpful in processing information from dreams, even when the dream images may not appear to be relevant. Case material will be presented to demonstrate how EMDR can be useful in processing dream images during the normal course of treatment as well as contributing to the resolution of specific traumas.
Keywords: Dreams
Accuracy Verified: Yes
8. Gambuzza, C. A. (2010, June). EMDR in complex trauma of perinatal disorder and abuse. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany .
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This paper reports a case of PN-PTSD (Perinatal Disorder),
this being a disorder that is not frequently diagnoses and
not classified in DSM-IV, where a technical variation of floatback,
i. e., floatback-floatforward on timeline successfully overcame the posttraumatic amnesia, optimized access to the dissociated parts
of the Self, and integrated the Internal Family System with EMDR
and Ego State Therapy.
The sixteen year old patient, S, sniffed heron and practised self mutilation.
After two years' therapy the family secret was revealed in a
dream and led us towards the abuse. I adopted the theoretical
reference models on dissociation reported by M. Steinberg, B. A.
van der Kolk, 0. van der Hart, and C. McFarlane's operative
EMDR model and Ego State Therapy.
The aim of the therapy was to rebuild integrity of the Self and to
foster individualization- separation processes. The main goal was
create a sense of loyalty during therapy that would allow S to be
able to control in transitions in her dissociated mental states. Negotiation
between the ego states were created so that S could face
the states of terror and anxiety and gradually become integrated.
Alter had different names and distinctively different preferences
and personality traits, at times those alter took complete executive
control of the body and of the self. Initially the alter has
names outside the Self, then during the course of therapy their
names began with '5'. The dissociated alters have become targets
far EMDR.
The story of S, revolves round two traumas: PN-PTSD and
abuse.
Perinatal trauma and uterine perception of her mother's depressive
emotional states triggered difficulties in the child latching on
to the mother's breast, and the lack of mirroring and affective
syntonization caused the failure of internalization processes that
lead to identity.
5 was aware of the trauma of abandonment, but not of the trauma
of abuse that she defined as 'a deep impenetrable hole'. In order
to address the life-threatening trauma. S used an invasive ego-dystonic
coping mechanism: dissociation of the object and the Self.
By placing the abuse in an alter, S could still feel attached to her
family members that abused her, actively or passively using silence.
While the DES scale did not provide significant dissociation
results, the SCID-LIST furnished high values.
The self-mutilation practised by S may represent her hate of her
body that did not rebel to the abuse it was subjected to, or, as she
said it may represent "a way to punish herself for the guilt
of existing or to inflict upon herself physical pain to conceal the
anxiety of death".
EMDR was a challenge; it reached the preverbal states of the
arena of the primary process, it bound with emotions and led her
to symbolization, t resolved the traumatic matter that was frozen
In the neural networks and determined Self- integration. The Ego
States Therapy was a useful tool.
Keywords: Perinatal Disorder
Accuracy Verified: Yes
9. Hensel, T. (2007). EMDR mit kindern und jugendlichen: Ein handbuch [EMDR with children and adolescents: A handbook]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Language: German
Format: Book
Abstract:
Das Buch fasst in strukturierter und praxisnaher Weise das aktuelle Wissen über die Anwendung von EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen zusammen. Nach 15 Jahren klinischer Praxis und Forschung hat sich diese Methode als evidenz-basiertes und hoch effektives Verfahren für die Behandlung von Traumfolgestörungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter etabliert.
The book summarizes in a structured and practical manner the current knowledge on the use of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) in children and adolescents. After 15 years of clinical practice and research has shown that this method as an evidence-based and highly effective procedure for the treatment of a dream sequence disorder in childhood and adolescence established.
Keywords: Adolescents Children
Accuracy Verified: Yes
10. Wylie, M. S., & Butler, K. (1994, November-December). The EMDR rollercoaster. Family Therapy Networker, 18(6), 10-26.
Language: English
Format: Magazine
Abstract:
In the past 12 months, psychologist Francine Shapiro has lived out the dream of every therapeutic innovator. Since last November, when the Networker featured her once-obscure discovery, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), on its cover, the promising but little-understood new trauma therapy has become almost as famous as Prozac.[Author]
Accuracy Verified: Yes
11. Boore, J. (1993, May/June). EMDR – A new procedure. The California Therapist, Professional Exchange, 40 -42.
Language: English
Format: Magazine
Abstract:
Drama and dream interpretation have been a part of psychotherapy since its beginnings. Now a new psycho-therapeutic procedure utilizes not the dreams but eye movements similar to those accompanying dreams. This new procedure is
called Eye Movement Desensitization and
Reprocessing (EMDR).
Accuracy Verified: Yes
12. Dillon, D. E. (1997). The enigma of EMDR. Christian Counseling Today, 5(1), 40-43.
Language: English
Format: Magazine
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) took me by surprise in the fall
of 1994, when a person we'll call Ann told me how she had recovered from Post-
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms in one two-hour session. While in a foreign
country, she had seen several violent acts that she could not forget. For two years after
returning to the States, Ann had tried to escape the flashbacks and frightening dream.
Accuracy Verified: Yes
13. Dillon, D. E. (1997, December). The enigma of EMDR. EMDRIA Newsletter, 2(6), 12-13, 16.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) took me by surprise in the fall of 1994, when a person we'll call Ann told me how she had recovered from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms in one two-hour session. While in a foreign country, she had seen several violent acts that she could not forget. For two years after returning to the States, Ann had tried to escape the flashbacks and frightening dream. [Excerpt]
Accuracy Verified: Yes
14. Rose, L. (2012). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: An exploration from science to soul. Pacifica Graduate Institute, Carpinteria, CA. 1507791.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a treatment for trauma that has been approached primarily from cognitive-behavioral and neurobiological perspectives. This thesis explores the notion that much of EMDR's effect in the way of transformation and healing trauma is due to its ability to provoke imagination. The possibility of EMDR's connection with the imaginal faculty of the psyche is investigated with an emphasis on the qualities of EMDR that are grounded in depth psychology principles. Trauma and the importance of imagination in the healing process are discussed from the approach of the analytical and archetypal schools of psychology in addition to current bioscience perspectives. The research methodology used is alchemical hermeneutics, which facilitates the mining of unconscious material through transference dialogues. The thesis demonstrates that EMDR, when practiced within the context of depth psychology, is one avenue for activating significant, transformative imagery and accessing the unconscious to facilitate healing.
Keywords: Archetype Biological Sciences Dream
Accuracy Verified: Yes
15. Kuiken, D., Bears, M., Miall, D., & Smith, L. (2001/2002). Eye movement desensitization reprocessing facilitates attentional orienting. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 21(1), 3-20. doi:10.2190/L8JX-PGLC-B72R-KD7X .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is a controversial treatment for PTSD that requires clients to make rapid eye movements while revisualizing a traumatic event. Although seemingly effective, the process by which EMDR exerts its effects is poorly understod. We propose that EMDR's eye movements facilitate the orienting response, i.e., the attentional adjustment to unexpected stimuli. Since the orienting response has been implicated in spontaneous transformations of dream content during REM sleep, we reasoned that, similarly, activation of the orienting response during EMDR may facilitate content transformations in traumatic memories. To examine this hypothesis, 25 undergraduates completed 20 seconds of eye movements or 20 seconds of visual fixation before each of two tasks: (1) a covert visual attention task, in which a cue indicated the likely position of a subsequent target, and (2) a sentence rating task, in which sentences with either metaphoric or non-metaphoric endings were rated for strikingness. Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated that the eye movement manipulation facilitated attentional adjustments to targets presented in invalidly cued locations and increased the extent to which metaphoric sentence endings were found striking. Together these results suggest that the eye movements in EMDR induce attentional and semantic flexibility, thereby facilitating transformations in the client's narrative representation of the traumatic event. The implications of these findings for theories of dream formation and metaphor comprehension are also considered. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults College Students Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
16. Lamers, M. (2011, Maart). Het belan van vergeten; Waarom het vermogen om te vergeten essentieel is om herinneringen levend te houden [The importance of forgetting: Why the ability to forget is essential to memories alive]. Ode Magazine, 39-42.
Language: Dutch
Format: Magazine
Abstract:
Het is u vast wel eens overkomen.
Een goede vriend haalt
warme herinneringen op over
die ene zomerdag, gezellig samen
op het terras, waarop u besloot toch
maar voor dat veel te dure droomhuis te
gaan. Prachtig, alleen: u weet er niets meer
van. Maar die keer dat u zo’n ruzie had
toen de ander die eetafspraak was vergeten,
is nooit uit uw hoofd verwenen.
Hoe komt het toch dat het geheugen ons zo vaak in de steek laat bij het naar boven
halen van herinneringen van bijzondere
momenten en blijft het ons lastigvallen met
dingen die we het liefst waren vergeten?
En waarom laat het geheugen ons steeds
meer in de steek als we ouder worden?
You may probably have happened.
A good friend gets
warm memories of
that one summer day, socializing
on the terrace, where you decided yet
but much too expensive dream home
go. Beautiful, just, you know nothing
of. But that time you had a quarrel
when another dinner appointment that had been forgotten, is never out of your head weathered ones. How is it that the memory we so often let you down when up out of memories of special
moments and we continue to pester
things we like to have forgotten?
And why does our memory always
more in the lurch as we age?
Keywords: Forgetting
Accuracy Verified: Yes
17. Alexander, J. (April, 2013). Inside EMDR: A neurological perspective. The Neuropsychotherapist eMagazine. Retrieved from http://drjamespsychologist-com.webs.com/neurological-basis-of-emdr 4/8/2013.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
While there is still some scepticism raised about the efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR) within psychology (e.g Lilienfield & Arkowitz 2008), it is clear that this therapeutic approach has more than adequately fulfilled the requirements of an evidence based therapy. Most psychological and psychiatric associations around the world endorse EMDR as an evidence based approach to the treatment of psychological trauma and PTSD. This status was recently acknowledged by the World Health Organisation, which recommended this therapy as a first line treatment option for psychological trauma based on the evidence which has amassed testifying to its efficacy. Despite the advances in neuroscience which fMRI research has afforded in the last decade or so, little remains known of the neurological mechanisms of change associated with any psychotherapeutic approach. EMDR is no different, in that the precise mechanisms of change can only be speculated upon. Harvard neuroscientist Robert Stickgold (2002) provides a comprehensive example of these speculations. (He suggests that EMDR achieves its results by way of replicating the naturally occurring dream-based consolidation process via the eye movements which are common to both REM sleep and EMDR). However, little comment is currently available about EMDR in relation to recent findings concerning memory reconsolidation.
Keywords: Neuropsychotherapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
18. Grand, D. (1995, June). Integrating EMDR into the psychodynamic treatment process. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
The discovery of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) has led to a structured treatment model conceptualized
in cognitive constructs (the three pronged approach). Based on the diagnostic and treatment situation, this may or may not, be easily
integrated into a psychodynamic (insight oriented) treatment approach. However, I have empirically found a dramatic, acceleration
and deepening of the psychodynamic treatment process with patients when flexibly utilizing EMDR in session. This presentation
will explore the different applications of EMDR incorporating Freudian, ego psychological, separation/individuation and self
psychological theories with practice wisdom derived from extensive case material. Attention will be given to the associative
process, screen memories, dream work, resistance, transference, countertransference and character analysis. The structural (id, ego
and superego) and topographical (unconscious, preconscious and conscious) models of the mind as well as the listening process will
be examined as they inform the use of EMDR. Particular focus will be devoted to how the cognitive interweave can be expanded
conceptually to incorporate the techniques of interpretation and mirroring. The anxieties, resistances and allegiance issues evoked in
the psychodynamically trained therapist, as they attempt to integrate EMDR into their practices will also be addressed.
Keywords: Psychodynamic
Accuracy Verified: Yes
19. Larsen, W. (1992, December). Monitoring therapeutic change via dream content. EMDR Network Newsletter, 2(2), 20.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
Many of my clients are combat veterans
who have been experiencing their various PTSD symptomatology for 20 years or longer. Because of the extremely subjective nature of their experiences,
and the fact that gains in reprocessing do not necessarily transfer
into immediate behavioral changes, I have sought ways to document my clients' progress as treatment continues.
Keywords: Dreams Combat Veterans Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
20. Amendolia, R. D. (1998). A narrative constructivist perspective of treatment of posttraumatic stress disorders with Ericksonian hypnosis and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Trauma Response, 13-14.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
In a trauma survivor, physiological responses are exacerbated when the affect-laden memories stored in associative networks are triggered by environmental sensory inputs or cues and activate the autonomic nervous system. Recovery from trauma involves not only amelioration of physiological and dissociative symptoms, but also the cognitive rebuilding of a viable assumptive world view which integrates the realms of vulnerability, meaning and self-esteem. This world view is contextualized in cultural idioms and values.
From an Ericksonian perspective, persons are usually attempting to problem-solve, even in a dissociative date. A symptom such as an intrusive recollection or recurrent dream of a traumatic event is therefore construed as a request for help in problem-solving. Hypnosis is a structured dissociation which facilitates cognitive flexibility; that is, the broadening of choices of the client' s belief system, rather than direct work on changing affect or behaviors. The goal of Ericksonian hypnosis is to recontextualize the traumatic memory, the affect of fear, and the physiological hyperarousal cued by the traumatic memory. This occurs within a broader context of pride, mastery and courage, and within a context inclusive of other memories and affects, which are positive for the client.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), similarly has as its goal the facilitation of a transfer of traumatic data from the cortical right hemisphere to the left hemisphere. EMDR also utilizes the attainment of a state of heightened awareness, or collaborative structured dissociation, in order to facilitate the orientation of the traumatized client's conscious mind toward "revisiting" traumatic memories.
Both interventions can facilitate the self-narrative reconstruction process of trauma survivors by simultaneously modulating the person's hyperarousal while attending to the culturally significant metaphors which form the building blocks of a person' s world of meanings.
[AAETS]
Keywords: Eriksonian Hypnosis Narrative Constructionist
Accuracy Verified: Yes
21. Bergmann, U. (2012). Neurobiological foundations for EMDR practice. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
Language: English
Format: Book
Abstract:
This volume introduces the most current research about the neural underpinnings of consciousness and EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) in regard to attachment traumatic stress and dissociation. It is the first book to comprehensively integrate new findings in information processing, consciousness, traumatic disorders of information processing, chronic trauma and autoimmune compromises, and EMDR's underlying mechanisms of action.
The text examines online/wakeful information processing, including sensation, perception, somatosensory integration, cognition, memory, language and motricity, and off-line/sleep information processing, such as slow wave sleep and cognitive memorial processing, as well as REM/dream sleep and its function in emotional memory processing. The volume also addresses disorders of consciousness, including coma, anesthesia, and other neurological disorders, particularly disorders of Type 1 PTSD, complex PTSD/dissociative disorders, and personality disorders. It delves into chronic trauma and autoimmune function, especially in regard to diseases of unknown origin, and examines them from the perspective of autoimmune compromises resulting from the unusual neuroendocrine profile of PTSD sufferers. The final section integrates all material to illustrate the ability of EMDR's bilateral neural stimulation to impact, mediate, and change the functioning of neural circuitry, thereby facilitating repair in the linking and binding of neural networks.
Keywords: Neurobiology
Accuracy Verified: Yes
22. Wilson, D. (1999, June). An orienting response model for EMDR: Research, clinical applications, and new instrumentation. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Participants will learn about: 1) the Orienting Response (OR) interpretation of EMDR phenomena, the relationship of the OR to sleep and dream research, affect theory, and information processing; 2) research into the effects of variations of stimuli in EMDR applications with respect to modality (audio, visual, tactile), speed, complexiity, and content on measures of autonomic functioning, relaxation, information processing, and memory; 3) the implications of this research for clinical applications of EMDR; and 4) new instrumentation for implementing new treatment approaches.
Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Dream Research Modality Orienting Response Sleep
Accuracy Verified: Yes
23. Ross, R. J., Ball, W. A., Dinges, D. F., Kribbs, N. B., Morrison, A. R., Silver, S. M., & Mulvaney, F. D. (1994, February). Rapid eye movement sleep disturbance in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 35(3), 195–202, doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)91152-5.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The subjective sleep disturbance in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including the repetitive, stereotypical anxiety dream, suggests dysfunctional rapid eye movement (REM) sleep mechanisms. The polysomnograms of a group of physically healthy combat veterans with current PTSD were compared with those of an age-appropriate normal control group. Tonic and phasic REM sleep measures in the PTSD subjects were elevated on the second night of recorded sleep. Increased phasic REM sleep activity persisted in the PTSD group on the subsequent night. During the study, an anxiety dream occurred in a PTSD subject in REM sleep. The results are consistent with the view that a dysregulation of the REM sleep control system, particularly phasic event generation, may be involved in the pathogenesis of PTSD. The finding of a specific disturbance of sleep unique to PTSD may have significant implications for the design of effective treatments for PTSD.
Keywords: Eye Movement Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Sleep Disturbance
Accuracy Verified: Yes
24. Matthews, T. (1992, Winter). REM correlated with emotional intensity not scanning in dreams. EMDR Network Newsletter, 2(3), 8-9.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
Recent sleep research seems to be consistent with EMDR findings. The standard interpretation of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) during sleep is that they represent the dreamer’s visuals canning with the physical movement represented on his or her dream. Recent exploratory research by Hong et al. presented to the Association of Professional Sleep Societies did not find REM correlated with dream “movement” scores. Rather, REM correlated with measures of emotional intensity experienced during the dream and scored as dream themes: anger, verbal aggression, social attack, and surprise. “This finding seems consistent with our experience during EMDR.
Keywords: Rapid Eye Movement REM
Accuracy Verified: Yes
25. Gambuzza, C. A. (2010, June). Supervision, EMDR and ego state therapy. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany .
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to illustrate a self-reparation
model within the framework of a supervision conducted my me.
a therapy plan was defined for my colleague whose patent’s
traumatic experience brought to light her own unresolved traumatic
material.
This innovative approach is not limited to the parallel therapy involving
both patient and therapist, but is an intervention model.
a syncletic approach integrating the standard EMDR protocol and
other contributions: the attachment theory. Freud's and Bion's
'dream-work', A, van der Kolk's and 0,van der Hart's dissociative
disorders treatment, Forgash's and Knipe's Ego States Therapy, A.
Shore's affection regulation and self-repair therapy, Eigen's vision
of damaged bonds.
Maternal abandonment was the common traumatic event. The
patient's mother abandoned him at birth in hospital, where
he remained for a year before being institutionalized and then
adopted. My colleague was abandoned by her mother when she
was one year old. The transition from supervision to EMDR was
facilitated by the vast dream material produced by my colleague;
her dreams represented targets for EMDR.
According to Eigen, dream-work addresses the damage inflicted
on the self, thus the traumas experienced, and plays a major role
in digesting the impact of events and in metabolizing emotions:
through the dreams we try to make the indigestible digestible.
Dream-work constantly reveals states of the self: dreams evolve
within damaged bonds and express the psyche's attempts to undo
the damage or to get the best from it.
EMDR shares the same objectives and tools same as dreams.
At an operational level, EMDR made it possible to analyze the
dream material and to integrate the dissociated dream material
related to the traumatic, catastrophic abandonment induced
damage. The Ego States Therapy allowed my colleague to talk
with her dissociated Ego States, to negotiate with the States a
higher behavioural model, and to free her Ego States held hostage
by others.
At the end of this journey, a dream expresses Ego States integration.
Work on the future using EMDR is concluded with these
thoughts "I want to thank you because the supervision, albeit
not therapy, was an important experience that opened up a new
space for me: the space of perspective. The beam of light crossing
the two sheaves in the dream gives a meaning to the supervision,
supervision has created a third dimension in me: the dream within
the dream. It is the vehicle, the skill to perceive this dialogue
space, intersubjective and intrasubjective, where things change.
It alleviates the feeling of being impotent. The dialectical position
enables me to speak. I am very grateful for that."
My colleague's dreams were incorporated in a dream network
and indicate the phases of EMDR induced mental digestion. My
colleague has rebuilt herself in a supervision scenario.
This study demonstrates the effectiveness of EMDR in hitherto
unthought-of areas, i.e., within the framework of supervision.
Keywords: Ego State Therapy Supervision
Accuracy Verified: Yes
26. Fernandez, B. R. (2010, December). Through the eyes of a child: A symbolic, narrative journey through complex childhood trauma. Pacifica Graduate Institute, Carpinteria, CA . 1490015.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This research examines how symbolic expression in the form of written autobiographical stories, dream images, and original art can heal the survivor of complex childhood trauma. Chronic neglect, witnessing and/or experiencing physical and sexual abuse, systematic humiliation, or other terrorizing experiences can lead to psychic fragmentation, disruptions in memory, and other adaptations that can cause lifelong suffering and functional impairment. These trauma sequelae concern psychotherapists and other professionals who treat survivors. Included is a discussion of attachment theory, brain development, memory, and other psychological experiences endured by childhood trauma survivors. Presented is the author's artistic, phenomenological, and hermeneutic engagement with healing such trauma through depth psychology, psychotherapy, and symbolic artistic representations including memoir. There is a focus on the importance of rebuilding self through the piecing together of coherent autobiographical narrative. It includes coverage of stages of recovery and various treatment approaches including EMDR, art therapy, and Jungian dreamwork.
Keywords: Art Autobiographical Stories Dream Images Narration Symbolic Expression
Accuracy Verified: Yes
27. Coste, L. (2007, Juin). Traitement EMDR d'une anorexie dan le cadre d'une thérapie globale et familiale [EMDR treatment of anorexia dangerous part of a comprehensive therapy and family]. Affiche présentée à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.
Language: French
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Voici le cadre du traitement d’une anorexie chez une adolescente, Annie, 13 ans. Le traitement a duré 10 mois.
Annie est née cinq ans après une demi-soeur, Joanna, 18 ans. Joana n’a pas même père. Le père d’Annie a accepté l’adoption.
Le père, d’Annie, la mère, Annie et Joana vivent sous le même toit. Annie entre difficilement dans l’adolecence, alors que Joana s’exhibe depuis quelques mois avec son compagnon dans la chambre contiguë de celle d’Annie. Les rapports sexuels particiliers sont utilises par Joana à la fois comme instrument de vengeiance envers sa demi-soeur, et encore pour attirer l’attention de des parents sa problématique liée à son arrive dans la famille.
Joana souhaite ainsi impliquer et irriter houte la famille pour résoudre un conflit interne.
Elle réussit à persécuter Annie qui entre dans une phase aiguë de régression avec le souhait de se fonder en sa mère, au point de devoir dormer à ses côtés. Annie développe progressive une depersonalization. Pour autant, Joans ne tente as de s’approprier sin beau-père: au contraite, elle le rejette d’autant plue qu’elle se rend très souvent sur les lieux de père-géniteur dont a elle retrouvé les traces.
Cette situation culpabilise a posteriori un beau-père qui estime avoir éléve sa belle-fille avec amour. Sa position de chef de famille est remise en cause. La situation culpabilise également la mère qui avait pourtant choisi de garder Joana plutôt que d’avorter. Joana gignote de jour en our le territoire de sa dem-soeur sans poor autant vouloir continuer à s’insérer dans cette famille.
Le traitement préconisé sera:
- dans un premier temps, d’enrayer rapidement la dénutrition d’Annie par traitement EMDR (cogntions autour de l’estime de soi) puis traitement d’une peur de mourir (cognitions liées à la sécurité/survie), suivi du choix de “réussiré (congitions liées à la possibilité de contrôle).
- de suivre en alternance les parents, Annie et Joana;
- dans un second temps, de suivre Annie et Joana;
- dans un troisième temps de traiter par EMDR quelques peurs chez Joana et abaisser son irritation en famille, puis preparer son depart.
- Séance après séance, Annie se réappropriera son corps grâce à un imagination et une activité onirique du veille mises au service de la guérison. Annie parviendra finalement à croire en la possibilité de “réussir” sa vie.
Here the treatment of anorexia in a teen, Annie, 13. The treatment lasted 10 months.
Annie was born five years after a half-sister, Joanna, 18. Joana has not even father. Annie's father accepted the adoption.
The father of Annie, mother, Annie and Joana live under the same roof. Annie easily into the adolecents, while Joana showing off for several months with his companion in the room next to that of Annie. Sex particiliers are used by Joana both as an instrument of vengeiance to his half-sister, and again to draw the attention of his parents' problems related to his arrival in the family.
Joana hopes to involve and irritate houte family to resolve an internal conflict.
She managed to persecute Annie enters a critical phase of regression with the desire to rely on his mother, to the point of having to sleep on his side. Annie develops a gradual depersonalization. However, no attempts have Joans sin to appropriate father-to Constrain, she rejects all Plue it goes very often on-site parent whose father she has found the traces.
This guilty post a stepfather who feels his pupil step-daughter with love. His position as head of family is challenged. The situation also blames the mother who nevertheless chose to keep rather than abort Joana. Joana gignote from day o the territory of its dem-sister without all the poor would continue to fit into this family.
The recommended treatment is:
- Initially, to stem the rapid wasting of Annie by EMDR treatment (cogntions around self-esteem) and subsequent treatment of a fear of dying (cognitions related to safety / survival), followed by the choice of "réussiré (congitions related to the possibility of control).
- Follow-linked parents, Annie and Joana;
- A second time, Annie and follow Joana;
- A third time to deal with some fears among EMDR Joana and lowering his irritation with the family, then prepare his departure.
- Session after session, Annie reclaim his body with an active imagination and dream of a day in the service of healing. Annie finally succeed to believe in the possibility of "successful" life.
Keywords: Anorexia Eating Disorders Family Poster
Accuracy Verified: Yes
28. Ferrie, R. (2009, August). Treating disordered sleep with EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Atlanta, GA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Evidence will be presented for the hypothesis that a third state of brain activity, neither waking nor sleeping, is accessed during REM sleep, as well as during the eye movement portion of EMDR. Sleep research has shown that disordered sleep is a prominent feature of PTSD, yet EMDR therapists seldom document this disorder. The Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index is a useful instrument for this purpose and will be demonstrated. How best to facilitate a positive outcome in therapy by changing the story line of nightmares and intrusions will be illustrated. Participants are encouraged to bring dream scripts to the discussion.
Keywords: Sleep Disorders
Accuracy Verified: Yes
29. Ferrie, R. (2012, April). The use of dreams in ego state and EMDR therapies for trauma and dissociation. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Canada, Montreal, Canada.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Today, the dreaming mind is understood to improve learning, organize novel solutions to problems from waking consciousness and, thus, creatively support survival. This function, of finding new creative solutions, is also observed in the desensitization phase four of the EMDR protocol and is a key component in Ego State Therapy (EST). Dreams appear to select targets from the client’s history, that are causing problems in current time. In addition, dreams may respond to interventions made during a therapeutic session, as if the dreaming mind were in a dialogue with the client and the therapist. This type of dream leads to a more creative dialogue in subsequent therapy. Repetitive nightmares are the dreaming signature of PTSD, and these too respond well to EMDR and rehearsed changes in imagery, including that of ego states and can result in improved sleep quality. Dreams can offer a resource figure in blocked therapy; demonstrate the validity of ego states and of ego state relationships. This presentation focuses on the use of dreams, in combination with EMDR, as well as EST, for clients suffering from post traumatic syndromes. A review of the literature will be given but primarily case studies and video material from actual sessions will shared.
Learning objectives:
1. Understand the neuroscience that underlies the present state ofknowledge of the dreaming mind/brain
2. Develop skill in using the language of the dreaming mind to improve interweaves and interventions in the course of therapy
3. Develop skills in carrying nightmares forward using EMDR and thus improving sleep quality
4. Formulate a script that explains to clients why dreams and the imagination are useful in therapy.
5. Participate in a practicum on the use of dreams.
Keywords: Dissociation Dreams Ego State Therapy Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
30. Parnell, L. (1995, June). The use of imaginal and cognitive interweaves with sexual abuse survivors. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This hour and a half presentation addresses the use of cognitive and imaginal interweaves in the treatment of adult survivors of
sexual abuse. The overall course of treatment with EMDR is briefly outlined including a variety of interweave interventions for use
in the beginning, middle and end of EMDR sessions.
In working with sexual abuse survivors with EMDR it is important to understand the issues commonly encountered in their
treatment. These include issues of safety, trust, responsibility, choice/control, interpersonal relationships, body awareness and
image, sexuality and self esteem. A sexual abuse assessment can be taken which includes information on the perpetrator(s), severity
and frequency of abuse, type of abuse, age of onset of abuse, duration of abuse, disclosure and family response.
Sexual abuse survivors present themselves in treatment in different ways. Some clients come to treatment remembering abuse and
want to clear it with EMDR. Other clients come to treatment with no clear memories of incidents but have a "feeling" something
happened to them and have symptoms of abuse. There are clients who have no clear memories but something has triggered
flashbacks and nightmares of sexual abuse. Finally, there are clients who have no memory of abuse and come to therapy for another
reason but uncover what they believe to be sexual abuse memories with EMDR.
There are three phases of treatment in sexual abuse cases. In the beginning phase, a history is taken and there is the establishment
of a trusting relationship. The client is prepared for EMDR. In the middle phase, there is the reprocessing and working through of
traumatic memories and transference work. In the end phase of treatment there is integration of the information which has been
uncovered and preparation for life outside of therapy.
Interweaves can be utilized in the beginning, middle and end of EMDR sessions.
In the beginning of individual EMDR sessions there is a check-in with clients to see how they have been doing during the week.
What has come up for them in their dreams or daily life since the last session? Next there is the selection and development of targets
for EMDR (body sensation, memory, flashback, symptom, dream, feeling, vague sense, negative cognition or drawing).
A safe place is then established where the client can go at the beginning, middle or end of the session as needed. Along with the
safe place an inner advisor or other inner resources can be contacted and developed for use in sessions. A connection with the
client's inner child is important which can be done through the use of guided imagery, photographs and/or artwork.
Instructions on how EMDR will be used are given with attention paid to issues of safety and control (they are in control, they can
stop at any time, they can return to the safe place, they know the signal for stop). Negative and positive cognitions are established
along with the EMDR protocol.
In the middle of individual EMDR sessions there are commonly problems with looping or being "stuck." This seems to occur
frequently with sexual abuse survivors because of the intensity of the trauma and because the child self is often frozen in time
lacking access to the adult self's information. Ways to work with this include looking for the blocking beliefs (i.e., The perpetrator
can hurt me), look for blocking images, and talking to the child part (what does he/she need?).
Imaginal and cognitive interweaves can be used in a variety of different ways in the middle of EMDR sessions. Some of these
include: imagining the adult self helping the child self in the traumatic scene, bringing in inner and outer resources for help (i.e., a
powdl imaginary being, a strong loving fiend, the therapist, etc.), and reality check interweave where is the perpetrator now?, can
helshe hurt you now?) It is also important to educate the child part that his or her feelings are normal, sexual feelings are normal etc.
It can be helpful to ask the adult self to talk to the child self explaining things to the child. Another useful interweave is to have the
adult self hold the perpetrator and allow the child to beat him or her up or have the adult self beat up the perpetrator allowing anger
to be expressed safely. Asking clients if they would like to return to the safe place for a break can also be helpful if they are feeling
too overwhelmed.
There are a number of ways to end or close incomplete EMDR sessions. Often it will not be possible to completely clear a traumatic
memory in a session or the memory worked on is completed but connected to a whole network of other traumatic events. For these
cases there are a number of interweaves that can be used. Clients can be requested to have the adult self comfort the child self in the .
safe place. The client can imagine putting the scary unfinished disturbance that has been uncovered in a file folder, box, safe, leave
it in the therapist's office, etc. The client can return to the safe place where the child and adult selves can play together. The adult
can comfort the child or do whatever is needed to create safety and containment. Clients can imagine their child self being held by
protector figures repeating cognitions related to safety, responsibility and choice. They can also be asked what they learned from the
session, installing their response with eye movements.
It is helpful to give homework to clients such as journaling, artwork, walks in nature, meditation, stress reduction, group work,
exercise, nutritious diet, and restriction of drugs and alcohol. Loving Kindness or Metta Meditation is another very helpful tool for
teaching self soothihg to adult survivors of sexual abuse.
Keywords: Cognitive Interweave Imaginal Interweave Sexual Abuse Survivors
Accuracy Verified: Yes
31. Zahorsky, R. (1995, June). Using dream work and EMDR with survivors of sexual abuse. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Dreamwork is a highly effective tool in working with survivors who are in the active stages of working through their abuse. As they
begin to focus on painful memories, whether they are repressed or not, often post traumatic stress symptoms are activated. Often
there is much traumatic material emerging in dreams. Sometimes the dreams are symbolic ways of highlighting the emotional
issues, and sometimes the dreams contain material that is an additional piece of the memory being worked on. Over time, in
conjunction with EMDR, it can be clarified what the information is really about. The symbolism that emerges is often very powerful
and healing for the survivor, in and of itself, as it is truly their own creation and perhaps brilliant solution to the dilemmas at hand.
Recently, I have been working with a specific method of doing dreamwork, called dream interviewing, developed by Dr. Gayle
Delaney. This method is extremely client centered, allowing the client to come up with personalized descriptions of elements of the
dream, bridge it to issues in their current life, and make sense of what the dream means for them, rather than have the therapist make
interpretations. This is similar to what we do in EMDR following the client's process and allowing the meaning to emerge for
them.
I have been working with different ways of combining this dreamwork with EMDR. Sometimes a very interesting series of work
happens when EMDR is used to follow a dream; either using the dream as the target, or following a dreamwork session where
certain issues have been clarified. Sometimes there is such a powerful metaphorical image that is created, it may take several
EMDR sessions in which EMDR becomes the dream and takes off on its own direction. I have also had much success in helping to
uncover material by starting with a dream element that seems to convey some historical information. I will clarify the clinical
cautions to be aware of when working with possible memories.
In this presentation I will give some didactic material about PTSD dreams and dreams related to sexual abuse, some examples of
how dreams can track the stages of healing of the survivor, an overview of doing dream interview work, and case examples of
combining EMDR and dreamwork.
Keywords: Dreams Dream Work Sexual Abuse Survivors
Accuracy Verified: Yes