Francine Shapiro Library - EMDR Bibliography Links
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1. Bolsover, N. (2006, June). Attachment style as a predictor of response to EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Istanbul, Turkey.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Therapeutic alliance, attachment and EMDR
Therapeutic alliance and attachment theory
“Care-giver responses associated with secure attachment
include responsiveness, sensitivity, consistency, reliability,
attunement, the capacity to absorb protest and ‘mindmindedness’,
the ability to see the distressed child as an
autonomous and sentient being with feelings and projects of
his or her own.” (Holmes, 2001)
Therapeutic alliance and EMDR. [Excerpt]
Keywords: Attachment Style
Accuracy Verified: Yes
2. Darker-Smith, S. (2007, June). Body memory - A single case study of recovered memories through treatment of EMDR. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This case is presented with the client’s full knowledge and consent. Personal details have been changed to protect the client’s identity.
This case involved an adult male client with an over-riding sense of low self esteem and self-sabotaging behaviours, including binge eating disorder, gambling and drinking.
The client had no clear target memories relating to any of his behaviours or beliefs about himself – but reported a deep-seated sense of self-disgust – with no clear idea of where this feeling originated from or the thought behind it.
With nothing else to work with, we focused on the target body sensation of self-disgust, orientating in the heart area. Upon this point, the client reported having a circumcision operation as a child of around 7 or 8 years of age. Although this did not initially appear relevant, the client was asked to stay with the body sensation in the groin area, upon which the client reported “seeing” the surgeon’s face with a look of disgust on it. The surgeon removed the client’s foreskin and threw it in a plastic basin, looking at the client with a look of utter disgust, which the client interpreted and internalised as “You disgust me.”
Following on this unusual revelation, with the client’s involvement, collaborative evidence was sought on the memory. The surgical procedure was confirmed to be true by the client’s mother, although it was also confirmed by medical staff and the client’s mother that the client has remained under anaesthetic throughout the entire procedure. This may explain the lack of initial memory and why the memory was only accessible through body sensation.
Upon further inquiry, the client stated: “I didn’t see the surgeon with my eyes – I saw his disgust in my heart.”
The client’s mother further confirmed that the surgeon had indeed been disgusted and possibly expressed his disgust – however, not at the client, but rather at the previous inferior surgical attempt at a circumcision which had been botched during the client’s infancy, hence the client’s need for the second operation. The client somehow had “felt” the surgeon’s disgust – but being of such a young age, interpreted it as being disgust at his boy, rather than the previous operation.
What is interesting to note is that the client made a full recovery with a normal attribution of self-esteem and a complete absence of self-sabotaging behaviours with two treatment sessions, following his initial body memory. At 6-month follow up there continues to be no return of any previous self-sabotaging behaviours (e.g., drinking, gambling, binge eating) and the client expresses a healthy self-esteem.
Keywords: Body Memory Case Study Recovered Memory Poster
Accuracy Verified: Yes
3. Korkmazlar-Oral, U., Altuncu, Y., & Dogan, E. (2006, June). Cultural sensitivity and influencing factors of cognitions in EMDR applications. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR Europe, Istanbul, Turkey.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Keywords: Cultural Sensitivity
Accuracy Verified: Yes
4. Molero-Zafra, M., & Pérez-Marín, M. (2010, Abril). El EMRD aplicado al trastorno de duelo patológico. Presentación de un caso [EMDR applied to pathological grief disorder. Case report]. In EMDR: Un abordaje integral de la personalidad traumatizada (Francisca García Guerrero, Coordinadora). Simposio realizado en el Congreso Internacional sobre Avances en Tratamientos Psicológicos, Granada, Espagna.
Language: Spanish
Format: Conference
Abstract:
La pérdida de un ser querido es un evento de gran impacto emocional
que afectando a todo el sistema familiar, puede ser muy diferente en el modo
en que cada uno de sus miembros perciba, interprete, afronte y se adapte
a la nueva situación tras la pérdida y las demandas por ella creadas. Es
frecuente que una pérdida no elaborada de forma adecuada dé paso a problemas
emocionales e incluso trastornos psicopatológicos al cabo de meses
o incluso años; sin embargo, un duelo adecuadamente elaborado mejora las
capacidades futuras para enfrentarse a las situaciones de pérdida, frustración
o sufrimiento.
La premisa fundamental del modelo de procesamiento adaptativo de información
(PAI) en la que se basa la terapéutica de EMDR sería: la perturbación
que la persona sufre en la actualidad es el resultado de un almacenamiento
disfuncional de la información (Shapiro, 2001). El procesamiento
implica el forjar nuevas asociaciones con información adaptativa proveniente
de otras redes de memoria disponibles para vincularse en la red de memoria
restaurando la información disfuncional almacenada. Desde este modelo, el
duelo complicado se desarrolla cuando los componentes individuales son
tan dolorosos, que se desarrolla una alta sensibilidad cada vez que se reactiva
un fragmento del recuerdo y no se logra la integración. Los fragmentos
activados pueden competir por la atención en la mente, haciendo que ésta
vaya de atrás para adelante entre dos o más aspectos de la muerte. Esta
falta de foco impide el procesamiento de los fragmentos individuales, como
cuando el procesamiento de la pérdida en si misma se desvía por el recuerdo
de los detalles de cómo la persona murió.
En esta comunicación, presentamos el protocolo de EMDR aplicado al
duelo complicado a través del análisis de un caso clínico.
The loss of a loved one is an event of great emotional impact
that affect the entire family system, may be very different in the way
in that each of its members perceive, interpret, and adapt confronts
to the new situation after the loss and the demands created by it. this is
loss often not adequately prepared to give way to problems
psychopathology emotional and even after months
or even years, but properly prepared duel improves
future capabilities to face situations of loss, frustration
or suffering.
The fundamental premise model adaptive information processing
(AIP) which is based on EMDR therapy would be: the disturbance
the person is currently suffering is the result of a storage
Dysfunctional information (Shapiro, 2001). processing
involves forging new partnerships with adaptive information from
other networks available memory on the network to link memory
restoring the dysfunctional information stored. From this model,
Complicated grief occurs when the individual components are
so painful that develops high sensitivity reactive whenever
a fragment of memory and integration is not achieved. fragments
activated can compete for attention in the mind, causing it
go back and forth between two or more aspects of death. this
lack of focus prevents processing of the individual fragments, as
when processing the loss itself is diverted by the memory
the details of how the person died.
In this paper, we present the EMDR protocol applied to
Complicated grief through the analysis of a clinical case.
Keywords: Bereavement Case Study Grief Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
5. Omaha, J. (2004, June). EMDR and affect centered therapy. Presentation at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, Stockholm, Sweden .
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Aim: This presentation will describe the integration of principles of emotion regulation into EMDR therapy for a range of disorders. Population: All ages; mostly Axis I and II disorders. Learning objectives: 1) to describe the development of emotion regulation beginning in the context of the attachment and continuing through adolescence; 2) to describe the origin of emotion dysregulation and psychopathology in deficit experience adversity, and trauma; 3) to describe a protocol, Affect Management Skills Training (AMST), that remediates failures of emotion regulation; 4) to describe how AMST prepares the client for uncovering therapy by providing for containment, safety, emotion regulation, improved left-right hemisphere integration, and remediation of attachment deficits; 5) to describe integration of MAST into EMDR therapies for substance abuse and eating disorders. Abstract: The workshop will summarize the principal affective developments that occur from birth through age four. These include fulfillment of yearning affect, facial imprinting, gaze transaction, stimulation of positive affect, and provision of optimal disapproval-shame experiences. The qualities of the child of “good enough” parenting are described. Developmental failures and their consequences for affect regulation and psychopathology will be described. These include: (1) avoidant attachment leading to problems of anger management, to depression, and development of narcissistic features; (2) anxious-ambivalent attachment leading to development of anxiety-related disorders and borderline features; (3) failure to elicit optimal positive affects leading to impaired vitality across the life span and depression; (4) socialization of the senior toddler with anger, leading to problems with anger expression, or with disgust, leading to problems with shame, impaired self-worth, and defective self-efficacy. Adversity (raised by a single parent, witness to spousal abuse, divorce, substance abuse in the home) and trauma (psychological, physical, and/or sexual abuse) occurring during latency and adolescence will be shown to exacerbate difficulties with emotional regulation.
The seven basic skills of the AMST protocol will be described. These skills provide for regocnition, tolerance, and regulation of both positive and negative emtoins. They include containment, safe place, sensation-affect recognition, sensation-as-signal, grounded and present, noticing, and regulation.
The workshop will describe how AMST prepares the client for uncovering therapy and for EMDR by teaching the client to regulate emotion prior to it elicitation in therapy, by improving hemispheric integration, and by correcting deficits in the attachment.
The workshop concludes by describing how MAST is integrated into EMDR therapy for substance abuse disorders (alcohol, drugs, nicotine) and eating disorders.
Keywords: Affect Centered Therapy Affect Theory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
6. Zimmerman, E. (2010, June). EMDR and the phase two treatment of the migraine and headache-protocol. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
After the presentation of Dr. Steven Marcus PhD
on different EMDR-conferences of treating migraine and headaches
in a two-phase protocol, the authors of this presentation
decided to develop a study on the phase two treatment of the
headache protocol.
The phase one treatment of the headache protocol I-EMDR (integrated
EMDR) of Dr. Marcus is for the relief of acute headache
pain and related symptoms (nausea, vomiting, light or sound
sensitivity etc.). A research study of Dr. Marcus showed very
strong effects of the treatment of migraines in this acute phase.
(Steven V. Marcus: Phase 1 of integrated EMDR: An Abortive
Treatment for Migraine Headaches. JEMDR, Vol. 2, Number 1,
2008, pg. 15ff). The phase two treatment is a multi-session EMDR
headache treatment utilizing the Standard EMDR Protocol
to prevent or reduce future headache frequency, duration and
severity. The phase one has to be included in the second phase.
Thus, this phase two protocol has not yet been the subject of a
scientific research.
The authors present their study design and some cases with
video presentations as well as first results on the research of this
phase two treatment.
Keywords: Headache Medical Issues Migraine Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
7. Kavakcı, Ö., Kaptanoğlu, E., Kuğu, N., & Doğan, O. (2010). EMDR fibromiyalji tedavisinde yeni bir seçenek olabilir mi? Olgu sunumu ve gözden geçirme [EMDR: A new choice of treatment in fibromyalgia? A review and report of a case presentation]. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13(3), 143-151.
Language: Turkish
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Fibromiyalji Sendromu (FMS) etyolojisi belli olmayan yaygın vücut ağrıları, belirli anatomik bölgelerde hassasiyet, azalmış ağrı eşiği, uyku bozuklukları, yorgunluk ve sıklıkla psikolojik sıkıntı ile karakterize eklem dışı romatizmal bir hastalıktır. FMS'de psikiyatrik komorbidite yüksektir ve son zamanlarda FMS ve psikolojik travma ilişkisini gösteren yayınlar artmaktadır. Bu olgu sunumunun amacı psikolojik travmaya yönelik bir tedavinin FMS'nin belirtilerini yatıştırıp yatıştırmayacağını değerlendirmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Fizik Tedavi ve Rehabilitasyon (FTR) kliniğinden ilaç tedavisine iyi yanıt vermemiş FMS tanısı konulan bir hastada önce travma yaşantısı olup olmadığı değerlendirilmiş, ardından saptanan travmalarına yönelik göz hareketleriyle duyarsızlaştırma ve yeniden işleme (EMDR: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) uygulanmıştır. Hasta; Beş yıldır şikâyetleri olan 34 yaşında, evli, kadın, ilaç kullanmıyor. Visuel Ağrı Skalasında (VAS) ağrı düzeyi 9-10, hassas nokta sayısı 15/18 olarak belirlendi. Beck Depresyon Ölçeği puanı (BDÖ) 22 ve Foa Travma Değerlendirme Ölçeği (TDÖ) puanı 41 olarak saptandı. EMDR tedavisi sonrasında; VAS 3, hassas nokta sayısı 11/18, TDÖ 6, BDÖ puanı 2 olarak bulundu. Hastanın 3 ve 6 aylık takipte iyilik halinin sürdüğü tespit edildi.Bu olgunun travmalarına yönelik tedavi uygulanması sonrasında hem psikiyatrik hem de somatik yakınmalarında belirgin düzelme görülmüş ve bu iyileşmenin olası mekanizmaları tartışılmıştır. FMS'li olgularda travmatik deneyimlerin aranması ve EMDR veya başka travma yönelimli yaklaşımların uygulanması olumlu sonuçlar verebilir.
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a nonarticular rheumatic disease with unknown etiology and is characterized by widespread pain, increased tenderness in some anatomical regions, increased pain sensitivity, sleep disorders, fatigue and frequently by psychological distress. Psychiatric comorbidity is high in FMS and reports denoting to relationship of FMS and psychologial trauma have increased recently. We aimed to assess whether or not a treatment modality concerning trauma can alleviate symptoms of FMS. One of the FMS patients who was admitted to the outpatient department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation was randomly assigned to the present study. After that, assessed whether patients's traumatic experiences, and the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy was performed to the patient. A thirty-four year old female married patient, had symptoms of FMS for five years. She was not on any medication. Intensity of her pain was identfied as 10 by visuel analog scale (VAS), tender point count was 15 out of 18 and the scores of Beck Depression Scale (BDS) and The Post Traumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) were 22 and 41, respectively. After the EMDR treatment VAS score was 3, tender point count was 11 and the scores of BDS and PDS were 2 and 6, respectively. The recovery was sustained at the 3rd and 6th months of follow up. In this case, we observed amelioration in both psychiatric and somatic symptoms of the patient after EMDR therapy and we discussed the possible mechanisms of this recovery. Searching for traumatic experiences and treating those traumas in FMS patients by EMDR or similar methods may result in favourable results.
Keywords: Fibromyalgia
Accuracy Verified: Yes
8. Waters, F. S., & Adler-Tapia, R. (2009, November). EMDR for children with trauma and dissociation: Case conceptualization from stabilization to integration. Presentation at the 26th annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation, Washington, DC .
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: This workshop initially will review the 8 phase EMDR protocol for implementation with severely traumatized and dissociative children and provide advanced skills utilizing the EMDR protocol with this population. The 8 phase EMDR protocol will be described. Therapeutic challenges for therapists in implementing this protocol with young children with complex trauma will be explored with recommendations for clinicians on how to provide efficacious treatment to children. Each phase of the protocol will be discussed identifying specific goals and specialized interventions presented with linguistic sensitivity to maintain adherence to the EMDR protocol with young children. Client History and Treatment Planning Phase, and the Preparation Phase of the EMDR Protocol will be detailed. The assessment of dissociation in young children will include recommendations for specific assessment tools. Stabilization skills for helping children address the phobic response to reprocessing traumatic events with mastery and resourcing while learning self-soothing and calming techniques will be demonstrated. Innovative and creative interventions integrating play and art therapy will be presented with child friendly language using the protocol sequence for effective treatment with children. In addition, adjustments to the EMDR protocol through the trauma processing phases, including integration, will be described and demonstrated with case presentations and videos. Creatively maneuvering these phases with children who display dissociative symptoms will be explored with recommendations for the successful implementation of the protocol throughout the healing process
Keywords: Case Conceptualization Children Dissociation Stabilization Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
9. Amato, M. (2008, Novembre). EMDR nel servizio screening post-partum [EMDR in the post-partum screening service]. Presentazione le Applicazioni Cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.
Language: Italian
Format: Conference
Abstract:
L’attività è stata svolta presso l’U.O. di ginecologia-ostetricia di Lamezia Terme nella quale è stato attivato uno Screening sulla “Depressione in gravidanza e nel puerperio” che ha come obiettivo primario di individuare i soggetti vulnerabili alla depressione o PN- PTSD e di rilevare i fattori di rischio: vulnerabilità e/o scatenanti e i fattori protettivi. La gravidanza e il parto sono eventi fisiologici che segnano un periodo determinato del ciclo di vita di una donna. Sono eventi che attivano vissuti emotivi intensi e predispongono la donna ad una eccessiva sensibilità e vulnerabilità. In questo periodo la donna contatta e fa proprie una serie di processi identificativi assunti nell’infanzia che possono, se non bene rielaborati, bloccare il comportamento responsivo della futura madre con comportamenti non idonei e convizioni target inadeguate. Anche la presenza di eventi di vita stressanti possono sovraccaricare la donna a livello emotivo tale da strutturare comportamenti poco adattivi da provocare serie difficoltà nella gestione del bambino.
Nel sistematizzare tale screening si è adoperato il metodo EMDR sia nell’ambito dell’assessment nella raccolta delle informazioni dal punto degli aspetti diagnostici con riferimenti alla mappa dei traumi, che nella cura nell’uso dei tices, taping, posto al sicuro in soggetti particolarmente vulnerabili.
Tale metodologia si è dimostata efficace in quanto:
• individua in brevissimo tempo il target delle difficoltà con i possibili traumi,
• attiva i fattori di protezione con istallazione delle risorse positive,
• desensibilizza e fluidifica gli stati emotivi intensi,
• velocizza la risoluzione dei comportamenti disadattavi in comportamenti adattivi adeguati al maternage, al ben-essere della donna e della genitorialità.
The activity was held at the U. O. gynecology-obstetrics Lamezia Terme in which it was activated a screening on "Depression in pregnancy and childbirth" which has as main objective to identify those vulnerable to depression or PN-PTSD and to detect risk factors: vulnerability and / and protective factors or triggers. Pregnancy and childbirth are physiological events that mark a given period of the life cycle of a woman. They are events that trigger intense emotional experiences and predispose women to an excessive sensitivity and vulnerability. During this time she makes contact, and their identification processes undertaken a series of childhood that can, if not well elaborated, lock the responsive behavior of the mother with inappropriate behavior and inappropriate convictions target. The presence of stressful life events can overload the woman on an emotional level that structuring behavior just to cause serious problems in adaptive management of the child.
In systematizing this screening method was used in EMDR is of the Assessment in collecting information from the diagnostic aspects with reference to the map of trauma care in the use of which tices, taping, safe place particularly in subjects vulnerable.
This methodology is effective because it can show:
• identify the target in the shortest time possible difficulty with trauma,
• active protection factors with installation of positive resources,
• desensitizes and liquify the intense emotional states,
• speeds up the resolution of maladaptive behavior in adaptive behaviors adapted to mothering, the well-being of women and parenting.
Keywords: Post-Partum Depression
Accuracy Verified: Yes
10. Renssen, M. R., & Winkel, F. W. (1999). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) bij verkeersslachtoffers met chronische whiplash-klachten: Een exploratieve studie naar het verzachten va traumasymptomen [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in road casualties with chronic whiplash injuries: An exploratory study to alleviate symptoms of trauma]. Directieve Therapie, 19(4), 148-156. doi:10.1007/BF03060223.
Language: Dutch
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Dit onderzoek bij verkeersslachtoffers met whiplash-klachten maakte deel uit van een omvangrijker studie naar de kwaliteit van hulpverlening aan slachtoffers van verkeersongevallen, in het kader van het Achmea-project ‘Kwaliteit Slachtofferhulp’. Gerapporteerd wordt een viertal gevalsbeschrijvingen van patiënten met chronische whiplash-klachten. Vier vrouwen die gemiddeld 22 maanden geleden bij een auto-ongeval betrokken waren, werden tweemaal anderhalf uur behandeld met Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Voor en na de behandeling werden de Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) en de Schokverwerkingslijst (SVL) afgenomen. Vergelijking van voor- en nameting toonde een duidelijke afname van klachten, onder meer op Herbeleving en Vermijding (SVL) en Somatisatie, Angst, Depressie, Slaapproblemen, Wantrouwen en Interpersoonlijke Sensitiviteit (SCL-90). Deze resultaten zijn hoopgevend: EMDR bleek bij te dragen aan een verzachting van traumasymptomen. In verder onderzoek zouden de effecten en onderliggende mechanismen van emdr bij een grotere groep chronische whiplash-patiënten bestudeerd moeten worden.
This study of road accident victims with whiplash injuries was part of a larger study on the quality of assistance to victims of traffic accidents, as part of the Achmea project 'Quality Victim'. Reported four case reports of patients with chronic whiplash injuries. Four women who averaged 22 months ago in a car accident, were two and a half hours with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Before and after treatment were the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) and Shock Treatment List (SVL) decreased. Comparison of pre-and post-test showed a significant reduction of complaints, including the re-experiencing and Avoidance (IES) and Somatization, Anxiety, Depression, Insomnia, Distrust, and Interpersonal Sensitivity (SCL-90). These results are encouraging: EMDR appeared to contribute to an alleviation of trauma symptoms. In further research, the effects and underlying mechanisms of EMDR in a larger group of chronic whiplash patients should be studied.
Keywords: Motor Vehicle Accidents Road Casualties Whiplash
Accuracy Verified: Yes
11. Kavakci, Ö., Semyz, M., Kaptanoðlu, E., & Ozer, Z. (2012, Ocak). Fibromiyaljide EMDR'nin etkinliðinin araþtýrýlmasý: Yedi olguyu içeren bir klinik çalýþma [EMDR treatment of fibromyalgia, a study of seven cases]. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13(1), 75-81.
Language: Turkish
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Fibromiyalji sendromu (FMS) etiyolojisi belli olmayan, yaygın vücut ağrıları, belirli anatomik bölgelerde
duyarlılık, azalmış ağrı eşiği, uyku bozuklukları, yorgunluk ve sıklıkla ruhsal sıkıntı ile karakterize eklem dışı romatizmal
bir hastalıktır. Çeşitli yaklaşımlar denenmesine rağmen etkili bir tedavisi yoktur. FMS ile psikiyatrik bozuklukların
ilişkisine sıklıkla vurgu yapılmakta ve FMS hastalarında ruhsal travma yaygınlığı dikkat çekmektedir.
Kronik ağrılı durumlar için tedavi arayışları giderek daha fazla psikoterapi yaklaşımlarına yönelmiştir. Bu çalışmada
FMS tanısı konan yedi hastanın EMDR yaklaşımı ile tedavisine yanıtları araştırılmıştır. Yöntem: FMS tanısı
konmuş 22-41 yaşları arasındaki altı kadın ve bir erkek olgunun tedavi öncesi ve sonrasında duyarlı nokta sayıları
(DNS) belirlendi, Vizüel Ağrı Skalasında (VAS) bildirdikleri ağrı düzeyleri kaydedildi. Hastalar tedavi öncesi ve
sonrasında Fibromiyalji Etki Anketi (FEA), Beck Depresyon Ölçeği (BDÖ), Travma Değerlendirme Ölçeği (TDÖ),
Pittsburg Uyku Kalitesi Ölçeği (PUKÖ), Öfke Tarzı Ölçeğini (SÖÖTÖ) doldurdu. Hastalara varsa yaşadıkları travmalara
yönelik, saptanamadı ise ağrılarına yönelik beş-sekiz seans arasında EMDR tedavisi uygulandı. Bulgular:
Tedavi sonunda hastaların bildirdikleri VAS, PUKÖ, FEA, TDÖ, BDÖ puanlarında anlamlı azalma olmuştur. Fizik
muayene ile DNS’de anlamlı azalma bulunmuştur. SÖÖTÖ’de sürekli öfke, öfke içe ve öfke dışa puanlarında
anlamlı değişme olmazken; öfke kontrol puanında görülen artma anlamlıdır. Tedavi sonunda altıncı olgu dışındaki
hastaların FMS ölçütlerini karşılamadığı gözlenmiştir. Sonuç: Bu hasta grubunda FMS tedavisinde EMDR tedavisinin
etkili olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Objective: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a nonarticular rheumatic disease with unknown etiology and is characterized by widespread pain, increased tenderness in some anatomical regions, increased pain sensitivity, sleep disorders, fatigue and frequently by psychological distress. Though many approaches have been tried there is no effective treatment for FMS. The relationship between FMS and psychiatric disorders is known, recently some researches point to the frequency of psychological trauma in patients with FMS. The search for treatment for chronic painful conditions has more and more focused to psychotherapeutic approaches. In this study, seven patients diagnosed were attempted to be treated with EMDR approach. Methods: 22-41years aged six women and one man diagnosed with FMS were admitted to the study. Before and after the treatment tender point count was identified and patients scored their pain levels at Visuel Analog Scale. Patients filled in Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS), Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), State-Trait Anger Scale (STAS). If the patients have reported, trauma was focused on, if they have not reported any trauma, pain was focused. Five-eight sessions of EMDR was applied to the patients. Results: After the treatment, there were statistically significant reduction in patient reported VAS, PSQI, FIQ, PDS, and BDI scores.There was signify-cant decrease in tender point counts. Though there was no change in trait anger, anger-in and anger-out subscores of STAS, the increase in anger management subscore was significant. After the treatment, none of the patients met the FMS criteria but one patient (6th patient). Conclusion: EMDR therapy was effective in the treatment of these patients with FMS.
Keywords: Fibromyalgia Pathological Psychology Psychiatric Rating Scale Psychotherapy Visual Analog Scale
Accuracy Verified: Yes
12. Hornsveld, H., & Berendsen, S. (2009). Geschiedenis en achtergronden [History and background]. In H. K. Hornsveld & S. Berendsen, Casusboek EMDR, 25 voorbeelden uit de praktijk , (1st Ed.), (pp. 17-25). Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum, 358 pages. doi:10.1007/978-90-313-7358-1_1.
Language: Dutch
Format: Book Section
Abstract:
‘Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing’ (EMDR) is een therapievorm die ontwikkeld is voor mensen die last hebben van de gevolgen van een ingrijpende gebeurtenis. Kenmerkend voor de effecten van een ingrijpende gebeurtenis is dat de persoon de herinnering niet kan loslaten; telkens komen beelden terug (soms als flashbacks of nachtmerries) en elke keer blijft de herinnering nare emoties oproepen, zoals angst, verdriet of walging. Tijdens de behandeling zal de EMDR-therapeut vragen weer aan de nare gebeurtenis terug te denken, inclusief de beelden, de gedachten en de gevoelens bij de herinnering. Als de herinnering zo goed mogelijk is opgehaald, starten de ‘eye movements’: de cliänt wordt gevraagd om met de ogen de hand van de therapeut te volgen die zich horizontaal heen en weer beweegt. Aan deze oogbewegingen dankt EMDR zijn naam, hoewel deze oogbewegingen tegenwoordig vaak vervangen worden door geluiden, die door een koptelefoon afwisselend links en rechts worden aangeboden. Bij kinderen worden vaak ‘handtaps’ gebruikt. Na elke set oogbewegingen (of andere stimuli) wordt er gevraagd wat er naar boven komt.
'Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of therapy developed for people who suffer from the effects of a dramatic event. Characterize the effects of a drastic event that the person can not release the memory, always come back images (sometimes as flashbacks or nightmares) and each time the memory remains nasty emotions like fear, sadness or disgust. During treatment, the EMDR therapist questions back to the bad event to remember, including images, thoughts and feelings at the memory. If the memory is retrieved as well as possible, start the 'eye movements': THE CUSTOMER will be asked to hand the eyes of the therapist to follow horizontally back and forth. These EMDR eye movement owes its name, although eye movements now often replaced by sounds, by an alternating left and right headphones are offered. When children are often "hand tapping 'is used. After each set of eye movements (or other stimuli) are asked what comes up.
Keywords: History
Accuracy Verified: Yes
13. Brunyé, T. T., Mahoney, C. R., Augustyn, J. S., & Taylor, H. A. (2009). Horizontal saccadic eye movements enhance the retrieval of landmark shape and location information. Brain and Cognition, 70(3), 279–288. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.03.003.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Recent work has demonstrated that horizontal saccadic eye movements enhance verbal episodic memory
retrieval, particularly in strongly right-handed individuals. The present experiments test three primary
assumptions derived from this research. First, horizontal eye movements should facilitate episodic memory
for both verbal and non-verbal information. Second, the benefits of horizontal eye movements should
only be seen when they immediately precede tasks that demand right and left-hemisphere processing
towards successful performance. Third, the benefits of horizontal eye movements should be most pronounced
in the strongly right-handed. Two experiments confirmed these hypotheses: horizontal eye
movements increased recognition sensitivity and decreased response times during a spatial memory test
relative to both vertical eye movements and fixation. These effects were only seen when horizontal eye
movements preceded episodic memory retrieval, and not when they preceded encoding (Experiment 1).
Further, when eye movements preceded retrieval, they were only beneficial with recognition tests
demanding a high degree of right and left-hemisphere activity (Experiment 2). In both experiments
the beneficial effects of horizontal eye movements were greatest for strongly right-handed individuals.
These results support recent work suggesting increased interhemispheric brain activity induced by bilateral
horizontal eye movements, and extend this literature to the encoding and retrieval of landmark
shape and location information.
Keywords: Bilateral Eye Movements Hemispheric Interaction Episodic Memory Spatial Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
14. Hoffman, S., & Laub, B. (2006). Innovative interventions in psychotherapy. Boca Raton, FL: Universal-Publishers.
Language: English
Format: Book
Abstract:
The present volume unquestionably constitutes a significant contribution to clinical literature. The case reports, with their descriptions of many types of therapeutic interventions and combinations of interventions in dealing with a wide variety of difficulties presented by different patients and patient groups, as well as the discussions of important topics in psychotherapy, add to our knowledge of the many facets of psychotherapy, enrich our understanding of the treatment process, and deepen our appreciation of the importance of therapeutic sensitivity and flexibility.
Accuracy Verified: Yes
15. Tutarel-Kıslak, S. (2004). Kaygi duyarligini azaltmada göz hareketieriyle duyarsizlastirma ve yeniden isleme (EMDR) tedavisi [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) approach in the treatment of anxiety sensitivity]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 19(53), 65-67.
Language: Turkish
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Göz Hareketleriyle Duyarsızlaştırma ve Yeniden İşleme (EMDR) ve kontrollü araştırma destek olmak amacıyla Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu (TSSB) ilk tedavilerden biridir artık giderek diğer psikolojik bozukluklar kadar uzatıldı. Bu çalışmada anksiyete duyarlılığı tedavisinde kas gevşetme ve EMDR işlemlerin etkilerini karşılaştırmak için planlandı. Ondokuz lisans öğrencileri dört alt ölçekleri ile standartlaştırılmış, özbildirim ölçmek oldu Anksiyete Duyarlılığı Profile (ASP) cevap verdi. Onlar rastgele iki gruba (; kas gevşeme ve EMDR tedavisi koşul); atanmış oldukları ve beş gün önce, ASP ölçek doldurulan ve girişim (müdahale süresi; öncesi ve sonrası müdahale ve takip) dört ay sonra. Sonuçlar, EMDR tedavisi alt puanı solunum semptomları korkusu önemli bir düşüş gösterdi üretilen bu düşüşün ardından devam etmek için ortaya dört aylık takip. Kardiyak semptomların yanı sıra korku içinde çok sonra EMDR durumda azalmış dört aylık takip. bulgular EMDR kim bir travma ilgili etyolojisi bir kaygı duyarlılığı olanlar için kas gevşeme daha etkili tedavi ve ayrıca bazı durumlarda deneyim kaygı duyarlılığı edilebilir olduğu görüşünü desteklemektedir. literatür ile elde edilen bulguların tutarlılığı tartışılmıştır. (PsycINFO Veritabanı Record (c) 2008 APA, tüm hakları saklıdır) (dergi soyut)
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is one of the first treatments of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) to be supported in controlled research, and it is now increasingly extended to other psychological disorders. The present study was designed to compare the effects of muscle relaxation and EMDR procedures in the treatment of anxiety sensitivity. Nineteen undergraduate students responded on the Anxiety Sensitivity Profile (asp) which was a standardized, self-report measure with four subscales. They were randomly assigned to two groups (treatment condition; muscle relaxation and EMDR); and they were filled out the ASP scale before, five days, and four months after the intervention (intervention time; pre and post intervention and follow up). Results showed that EMDR treatment produced a significant decline in fear of respiratory symptoms subscale score, and this decline appeared to continue after a four month follow-up. In addition fear of the cardiac symptoms too decreased in EMDR condition after a four month follow-up. The findings support the notion that EMDR can be a more effective treatment than the muscle relaxation for those who have an anxiety sensitivity with a trauma related etiology and also who experience anxiety sensitivity in certain circumstances. Consistency of the findings with the literature was discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)(from the journal abstract)
Keywords: Anxiety Sensitivity Empirical Study Etiology Follow-up Study Psychological Disorders Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
16. Bruno, T. (2006, Maggio). Le emozioni dei terapeuti nel lavoro con persone vittime di traumi interpersonali [The emotions of therapists working with victims of interpersonal trauma]. Presentazione alla Conferenza Nazionale, Associazione per l'EMDR in Italia, Firenza, Italia.
Language: Italian
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Quando ascoltiamo storie di devastazione, terrore, impotenza e di tradimento della fiducia, come naturale conseguenza, le nostre sicurezze più profonde possono essere messe in crisi. Applicando l’EMDR, a volte, possiamo essere messi di fronte alla “realtà del trauma” inaspettatamente, senza parole: il/la paziente “torna là” rivive l’esperienza col corpo e noi assistiamo e “viviamo il suo trauma”. Le emozioni (paura, schifo, terrore, rabbia, senso di paralisi ecc.) possono irrompere nello spazio sicuro della stanza di terapia e sfidare il nostro senso di “invulnerabilità” e prevedibilità. Rispetto all’impatto del materiale traumatico sul terapeuta quando si trova come testimone di eventi terribili e delle loro conseguenze ci possono essere risposte quali senso di paralisi, paura, desideri sadici e di vendetta, fino a “violazioni del setting”. Nel lavoro sul trauma possiamo agire in un continuum che va da risposte di evitamento con sentimenti di rifiuto e rabbia verso risposte di iper identificazione con la vittima. Esiste un rapporto circolare fra aspetti controtransferali e traumatizzazione secondaria negli operatori. Possono emergere problemi esistenziali e spirituali, sentimenti aggressivi e di giudizio, orrore, rabbia, senso di vulnerabilità, dolore-pena e sintomi classici del Disturbo da Stress Post Traumatico. La conoscenza, la consapevolezza e la gestione di questo processo all’interno della relazione terapeutica è fondante rispetto alla riparazione del danno nelle vittime e alla salute mentale dei terapeuti. Nel corso della presentazione ci sarà una focalizzazione sugli aspetti del ciclo del controtranfert e della traumatizzazione secondaria nel terapeuta e si forniranno elementi di protezione per i terapeuti.
When we hear stories of devastation, terror, helplessness and betrayal of trust, as a natural result, our securities may be made deeper into crisis. Applying EMDR, sometimes, we may be confronted with the "reality of trauma" unexpectedly, without words, it/the patient "back there" relive the experience with the body and we are seeing and "live her trauma." Emotions (fear, disgust, fear, anger, sense of paralysis, etc.) can break into the safe space of the therapy room and challenge our sense of "invulnerability" and predictability. Compared to the impact of traumatic material when the therapist is as a witness to terrible events and their consequences there may be responses such as sense of paralysis, fear, desires and sadistic revenge, to "violations of the setting." In work on trauma, we can act on a continuum ranging from avoidance responses with feelings of rejection and anger responses of hyper identification with the victim. There is a circular relationship between trauma and countertransference issues in the secondary players. Existential and spiritual problems can arise, aggressive feelings and judgments, horror, anger, sense of vulnerability, pain and pain-classic symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Knowledge, awareness and management of this process within the relationship Therapeutic compliance is fundamental to repairing the damage in the victims and mental health therapists. During the presentation there will be a focus on aspects of the cycle controtranfert and secondary traumatization in the therapist and will give protection elements for therapists.
Keywords: Interpersonal Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
17. Manfield, P. (1995, June). Narcissistic disorders: Using EMDR with these difficult clients. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Definition of client population:
Disorder of the self. The narcissistic character is often identified by his or her grandiose facade concealing an underlying sense of
emptiness and worthlessness. To experience the underlying emptiness is so painful for them that these people cut off their inner
experience and rely instead on external admiration and praise to support their grandiose or superior view of themselves; their
condition is often referred to as a "disorder of the self." Because of their dependence on others for their sense of themselves, they are
exquisitely sensitive to criticism or disapproval, often warding off deflation by becoming increasingly grandiose, superior, disdainful
or demeaning. Many conceal their grandiosity, maintaining a secret sense of superiority which may be based upon their
perfectionism or their quiet devaluing of others.
View of others: there is a range of severity of the narcissistic character from personality disorders to a narcissistic character style.
People with personality disorders, are unable to form a trusting bond with another person; they view people primarily as
interchangeable, performing a function which could equally be performed by many others. Less impaired narcissistic characters,
however, are able to form varying degrees of attachments to other people, although their ability to trust and care about other people
is limited. Most commonly they relate to people they can idealize or be admired by. People tend to be seen in extremes as either
superior and powerful or inferior and worthless; supportive and admiring or critical and attacking.
Difficulties in using EMDR:
Clinically these clients represent a difficult and often frustrating population to treat; they are brittle and easily injured if they to not
feel perfectly understood by their therapists, and they will distance at the slightest hint that they are being judged or used. They
resist focusing inward and defining their problems as arising within themselves, and find it difficult to sustain any genuine affect,
other than perhaps rage. If they feel understood and accepted, however, they will eventually talk about their sense of emptiness and
worthlessness and their confusion about who they are and what is truly meaningful and valuable to them.
Beck, Young and others have described factors that make it difficult to treat any personality disorder using a cognitive behavioral
approach. There have in fact been very few reported "successes" in the literature. Most of the difficulties are related to the self and
object splitting characteristic of these clients. These clients have limited access to feelings, limited access to spontaneous thoughts,
body sensations, memories, etc., and vague unfocussed presenting problems making targeting difficult. They usually have difficulty
with emotional and often intellectual continuity from session to session; they will rarely keep a log or follow through with
homework; transference issues often come into central focus and must be addressed before other targets; and their selfdefeating
beliefs and behavior patterns are extremely deeply held, pervasive and resistant to change.
In addition to varying degrees of these difficulties, narcissistic clients present all of the problems in EMDR that they do in more
traditional therapies; including their tendencies to act out, deny, and avoid. These and other defenses interfere with completion of
segments of therapeutic work and make it difficult for the clinician to keep work focused within one neural network. Self and object
splitting leads to continuity problems within or between sessions and a difficulty maintaining clarity about the reason for being in
treatment. The client may feel suicidal one week and declare himself or herself to be fully recovered the next. Perhaps the most
confirming aspect of the treatment of these clients, however, is their emotionally impoverished pasts; they have very limited
experience of nurturing, loving and caring to draw !?om in order to interweave new meanings and perspectives into traumatic or
painful past experiences.
Length of treatment:
I have found that I have been able to achieve good results with higher level narcissistic clients with whom I have had an established
relationship at the time I introduced EMDR into the treatment. My results with clients who have come to therapy asking specifically
for EMDR and with whom I have begun using EMDR soon after the beginning of treatment have been generally poorer, varying
with the severity of the client's disorder, the less severe doing best. The client needs to be able to establish a meaningful trusting
relationship with the therapist; the more severe the client's difficulties with attachment, the more time this process requires.
Narcissistic clients do not tend to see their difficulty with vulnerability, trust and intimacy as a problem within themselves. If they
are able to recognize personal problems, they are usually in the area of self esteem and obstacles to achievement. When they are
able to resolve some of these latter problems fairly rapidly through treatment they tend to terminate, no longer seeing a sufficient
purpose for treatment. In a sense, they can become better narcissists; their grandiose view of themselves is enhanced and they are
reinforced in their use of self-sufficiency as a defense against interpersonal vulnerability. I view the relative efficiency of EMDR as
a problem for deeper treatment of narcissistic clients because there is less time for the therapeutic relationship to develop and
consequently a limited opportunity to impact the client's object splitting. I believe that this is why I have found EMDR with
narcissistic clients to be most effective when it is introduced after a therapeutic relationship has had time to develop. Negative cognitions:
The early maladaptive schemas of narcissistic clients are pervasive in their lives and point to a plethora of negative cognitions.
Typical early schemas are: I must control myself (or my feelings, my behavior, my body) at all times; no one cares; my needs will
never be met; I can't trust anyone; I am deeply flawed and unlovable; I am dikeable, unattractive to others; I will always fail; my
flaws are totally unacceptable to others; I must be perfect or I am worthless; I deserve to be treated more specially than others; I must
please others to avoid attack; I'm alone; nobody understands me; I am OK if I am better than others; I am OK only if others admire
me. It is often helpful to narrow these cognitions down to make them manageable with EMDR
Treatment:
In addition to the recommended protocol of establishing a safe space to which the client can retreat if necessary, before doing an
EMDR session with one of these clients, the therapist should identify as many of the client's emotional resources possible, in
particular expriences if any of having felt loved and accepted ad examples of loving people or relationships the client has observed
Among other things, these facilitate more effective copitive interweaves.
The initial task in doing an EMDR session with this client population is to establish an appropriate and richly defined target. Since
it is more difficult for these clients to access meanm&l memories in an emotionally alive way, the therapist must be more active in
helping the client stimulate the associated neural netork as I l l y as possible. In addition to the client's reaction to the plight of
children he may be related to or observe (Level I1 training), a rich source of emotional responsiveness and resources is the client's
own response to situations he has witnessed in news media, TV, movies or theater.
A major challenge in addressing a narcissistic character type using EMDR is tracking the course of the session with these clients
and identifying when they drip out of the targeted neural network. This process can be subtle because it requires an ability to
differentiate true avoidance hm spontaneous associations which may appear at hat to be irrelevant; it requires a familiarity with
and sensitivity to the protective or defensive mechanisms they use to insulate themselves fiom painful memories and affect. As the
patterns ofmovement in and out of the targeted network are identified it is important to use interventions that are experienced by the
client as supportive but nevertheless make hun or her aware of having wandered.
Although the narcissistic client may initiate treatment with the stated goal of improving his performance in specified areas, he will
agree upon reflection that the real problem is that he feels an overriding need to perform in order to feel worthwhile. Since he has
never known any other way of dealing with his self-worth, he will be skeptical about whether it is possible to feel a sense of worth
that is not based upon performance, and it is easy for the therapist to lose perspective and join him in that beliet especially while
doing EMDR with its potential for reprocessing with extraordinary precision specific obstacles to performance. The therapist must,
however, retain her healthy perspective if the client is to learn to accept himself.
For more clinical information about treating disorders of the self:
1.)Beck, Aaron T., et al, Cognitive Therapy Of Personality Disorder Guilford Press, New York,
N. Y., 1990
2.)Manfield, Philip, Split Self/Split Object: Understanding And Treating Borderline, Narcissistic And Schizoid Disorders, Jason Aronson Publishers, Northvale, N.J., 1992.
3.)Young, Jeffrey, E, Cognitive Therapy For Personality Disorders: A Schema-Focused Approach,
Professional Resource Exchange, Inc., Sarasota, Florida, 1990.
Keywords: Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Accuracy Verified: Yes
18. Lundin, T. (2007). Nedsatt smärtkänslighet vid posttraumatiskt stressyndrom [Reduced pain sensitivity in posttraumatic stress syndrome]. Läkartidningen, 104(16), 1219.
Language: Swedish
Format: Magazine
Abstract:
Under de senaste decennierna har det
blivit allt tydligare att posttraumatiskt
stressyndrom (PTSD) är ett psykiskt
sjukdomstillstånd med klara neurofysiologiska
eller strukturella förändringar i
hjärnans basala strukturer. PET- och
MR-tekniker har kommit till allt större
användning, såväl vid grundläggande
studier av cerebrala förändringar vid
PTSD som vid studiet av farmakologiska
och psykologiska behandlingsinsatser,
tex vid EMDR(eye movement desensitization
and reprocessing)-behandling.
In recent decades there has
become increasingly clear that post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental
illness with clear neurophysiological
structural changes in
basal brain structures. PET and
MR techniques have come to increasingly
use, both at the fundamental
Studies of cerebral changes in
PTSD as the study of pharmacological
and psychological treatment interventions,
tex in EMDR (eye movement desensitization
and Reprocessing) therapy.
Keywords: Letter Pain Sensitivity Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
19. Spierings, J. (2010, June). Power-interweaves: (Non-)cognitive interweaves for persistent guilt and other tenacious problems. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Working with severely damaged clients, the clinician
many times is faced with complex and challenging problems.
and staying out of the way during the desensitization phase
definitely not enough to get the SUD's down.
In this workshop a number of new types of interweaves will be
presented, developed to deal with clients who get severely stuck
during the desensitization phase, mostly in complex guilt-issues.
Many times standard cognitive interweaves are not enough to
unblock the EMDR processing, and the clinician has to be creative in order to help clients with these difficult issues. The more damaged the client, the more powerful interweaves are needed.
In this presentation new types of high-impact interweaves are introduced, involving non-cognitive aspects, e.g. visual, sensorimotor, symbolic, spiritual. Learning objectives:
1. Participants develop sensitivity to the dynamics underlying complex guilt-related problems.
2. Participants learn about the characteristics of high-impact interventions.
3. Participants learn to use their own creativity in developing new interweaves.
4. Participants add several powerful new interweaves to their of existing repertoire.
New in this presentation: These interweaves have not been described or presented before. They are applied within the standard EMDR-protocol, so they are an extension of existing principles and techniques.
Keywords: Cognitive Interweave Persistent Guilt Power Interweave
Accuracy Verified: Yes
20. Gillies, D., Taylor, F., Gray, C., O’Brien, L., & D’Abrew, N. (2012). Psychological therapies for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online), 12, CD006726. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006726.pub2.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Background:
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highly prevalent in children and adolescents who have experienced trauma and has high
personal and health costs. Although a wide range of psychological therapies have been used in the treatment of PTSD there are no
systematic reviews of these therapies in children and adolescents.
Objectives:
To examine the effectiveness of psychological therapies in treating children and adolescents who have been diagnosed with PTSD.
Search methods:
We searched the Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Review Group’s Specialised Register (CCDANCTR) to December 2011.
The CCDANCTR includes relevant randomised controlled trials fromthe following bibliographic databases: CENTRAL (the Cochrane
Central Register of Controlled Trials) (all years), EMBASE (1974 -), MEDLINE (1950 -) and PsycINFO (1967 -). We also checked
reference lists of relevant studies and reviews. We applied no date or language restrictions.
Selection criteria:
All randomised controlled trials of psychological therapies compared to a control, pharmacological therapy or other treatments in
children or adolescents exposed to a traumatic event or diagnosed with PTSD.
Data collection and analysis:
Two members of the review group independently extracted data. If differences were identified, they were resolved by consensus, or
referral to the review team.
We calculated the odds ratio (OR) for binary outcomes, the standardised mean difference (SMD) for continuous outcomes, and 95%
confidence intervals (CI) for both, using a fixed-effect model. If heterogeneity was found we used a random-effects model. Main results
Fourteen studies including 758 participants were included in this review. The types of trauma participants had been exposed to included
sexual abuse, civil violence, natural disaster, domestic violence and motor vehicle accidents. Most participants were clients of a traumarelated
support service.
The psychological therapies used in these studies were cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), exposure-based, psychodynamic, narrative,
supportive counselling, and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR). Most compared a psychological therapy to a
control group. No study compared psychological therapies to pharmacological therapies alone or as an adjunct to a psychological
therapy.
Across all psychological therapies, improvement was significantly better (three studies, n = 80, OR 4.21, 95% CI 1.12 to 15.85) and
symptoms of PTSD (seven studies, n = 271, SMD -0.90, 95% CI -1.24 to -0.42), anxiety (three studies, n = 91, SMD -0.57, 95% CI
-1.00 to -0.13) and depression (five studies, n = 156, SMD -0.74, 95% CI -1.11 to -0.36) were significantly lower within a month of
completing psychological therapy compared to a control group.
The psychological therapy for which there was the best evidence of effectiveness was CBT. Improvement was significantly better for
up to a year following treatment (up to one month: two studies, n = 49, OR 8.64, 95% CI 2.01 to 37.14; up to one year: one study,
n = 25, OR 8.00, 95% CI 1.21 to 52.69). PTSD symptom scores were also significantly lower for up to one year (up to one month:
three studies, n = 98, SMD -1.34, 95% CI -1.79 to -0.89; up to one year: one study, n = 36, SMD -0.73, 95% CI -1.44 to -0.01),
and depression scores were lower for up to a month (three studies, n = 98, SMD -0.80, 95% CI -1.47 to -0.13) in the CBT group
compared to a control. No adverse effects were identified.
No study was rated as a high risk for selection or detection bias but a minority were rated as a high risk for attrition, reporting and
other bias. Most included studies were rated as an unclear risk for selection, detection and attrition bias.
Authors’ conclusions:
There is evidence for the effectiveness of psychological therapies, particularly CBT, for treating PTSD in children and adolescents for
up to a month following treatment. At this stage, there is no clear evidence for the effectiveness of one psychological therapy compared
to others. There is also not enough evidence to conclude that children and adolescents with particular types of trauma are more or less
likely to respond to psychological therapies than others.
The findings of this review are limited by the potential for methodological biases, and the small number and generally small size
of identified studies. In addition, there was evidence of substantial heterogeneity in some analyses which could not be explained by
subgroup or sensitivity analyses.
More evidence is required for the effectiveness of all psychological therapiesmore than one month after treatment.Much more evidence
is needed to demonstrate the relative effectiveness of different psychological therapies or the effectiveness of psychological therapies
compared to other treatments. More details are required in future trials in regards to the types of trauma that preceded the diagnosis
of PTSD and whether the traumas are single event or ongoing. Future studies should also aim to identify the most valid and reliable
measures of PTSD symptoms and ensure that all scores, total and sub-scores, are consistently reported.
Keywords: Adolescents Children Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Review
Accuracy Verified: Yes
21. Sorensen, S. (2007). Seelische selbstheilungskraft ganzheitliche EMDR-selbsttherapie und individuierende selbstanalyse [Mental self-healing: Holistic self-therapy and EMDR individuating self]. Norderstedt: Books on Demand GmbH .
Language: German
Format: Book
Abstract:
Seelische Selbstheilungskraft - Ganzheitliche EMDR-Selbstherapie und individuierende Selbstanalyse. In dem 700 Seiten umfassenden Werk inklusive umfangreichen Nachschlageverzeichnissen beschreibt Sofia Sörensen ihre Selbstheilung von einer ausgeprägten posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung, die ihr Leben 53 Jahre lang nach einem Mordanschlag und schwerem Mobbing in der Kindheit geprägt hat. Die Störungen bestanden in hoher Empfindlichkeit, Hypervigilanz, zuweilen Panikstörungen, Phobien, teils suchtartigen Verhaltensweisen mit Kaufrausch und Zwängen, Alpträumen, Gedankenkreisen, teilweise schweren psychosomatischen Krämpfen, Angina pectoris, Stimmritzenkrämpfen, hoher Infektanfälligkeit und vor allem unter neuen Traumatisierungen und Frust auch in allgemein gestörtem sozialen Verhalten. Kompensation und Dekompensation bestimmten ihr Kräfte aufreibendes Leben. Sofia Sörensen hat sich schließlich selbst geheilt, indem sie sich intensiv sachkundig gemacht hat, ihre seelischen Selbstheilungskräfte nicht mehr durch Ängste und vorgefasste Ansichten blockierte sondern durch eine mehrdimensionale, ganzheitliche Selbsttherapie unter Einbeziehung von EMDR freigelegt hat. Selbsttherapie ist letztendlich auf die immer vorhandene Selbstheilungskraft zurückzuführen. Diese schreibt die Autorin der Schöpfungskraft und damit dem Schöpfer selbst zu. Das Buch ist zugleich Erfahrungsbericht, Biografie und Sachbuch.
Mental self-healing-Holistic EMDR Selbstherapie and individuating self. In the 700 page work, including extensive Nachschlageverzeichnissen Sofia Sorensen describes their self-healing from a severe post-traumatic stress disorder, which has shaped their lives 53 years after an assassination attempt and severe bullying in childhood. The disturbances were in high sensitivity, hypervigilance, and sometimes panic disorders, phobias, sometimes addictive behaviors with a spending spree and constraints, nightmares, thoughts circles, some severe psychosomatic cramps, angina pectoris, glottic spasm, high susceptibility to infection and especially under the new trauma and frustration in general degraded social behavior. Compensation and decompensation certain forces exhausting their life. Sofia Sorensen has finally cured himself, has made intense by competent, their psychological self-healing by no more fears and preconceived views blocked but has uncovered a multidimensional and holistic self-therapy, involving EMDR. Self-therapy is ultimately due to the ever-present self-healing power. This writes the author of the power of creation and thus to the Creator himself. The book is also a field report, biography and nonfiction.
//www.emdr-selbsttherapie.de//
Keywords: Holistic Healing Individuation
Accuracy Verified: Yes
22. de Jongh, P. J., Andrea, H., & Muris, P. (1997, June). Spider phobia in children: Disgust and fear before and after treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(6), 559-562. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00002-8.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Fear of spiders, disgust sensitivity, and spiders' disgust-evoking status were assessed in a group of spider phobic girls (n = 22) who applied for treatment, in a group of non-phobic girls (n = 21), and in the parents of both groups of children. The phobic girls were tested both before and after behavioural treatment which consisted of 1.5 hr eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and 1.5 hr exposure in vivo. Findings support the idea that disgust is an important aspect of spider phobia: (a) spider phobic girls exhibited higher levels of disgust sensitivity and considered spiders per se as more disgusting than non-phobic girls; (b) there was a parallel decline of spider fear and spiders' disgust-evoking status as a result of treatment; and (c) spiders' disgust-evoking status was relatively strong in mothers of spider phobic girls. The latter finding may indicate, that the acquisition of spider fear is facilitated by specific parental disgust reactions when confronted with spiders. [ScienceDirect]
Keywords: Disgust Exposure In Vivo Exposure Therapy Fear of Spiders Disgust Sensitivity Parents Phobias Spiders' Disgust Evoking Status
Accuracy Verified: Yes
23. Manfield, D. C. (1998). Treating a highly defended client: reworking traditional approaches. In P. Manfield (Ed.), Extending EMDR: A casebook of innovative applications, (1st ed.) (pp. 217-231). New York: Norton.
Language: English
Format: Book Section
Abstract:
Several key points emerge for consideration when treating the highly defended client with EMDR, in particular clients whose primary defenses are distancing ones. The first is to carefully gauge the client's level of functioning, the depth of therapeutic alliance, and the client's perceived sense of safety. These factors determine the appropriateness of EMDR, and presuming that, the style and directiveness of the clinician.Secondly, the use of EMDR with highly defended clients may require a directiveness that exceeds the basic protocol designed by Shapiro. Once the therapeutic alliance has been established, the clinician must balance, while being sensitive to, the client's need for control over the therapeutic process, hopefully avoiding unproductive periods of defensive distancing. This balance and sensitivity, inherent in all effective treatments and psychotherapies, is particularly important when the modality is as potent and emotionally evocative as EMDR can be. The case of William illustrates the risks in a directive approach, such as initiating EMDR too early, promoting a withdrawing or angry transference, or choosing the wrong cognitions. Knowing your client well and securing an effective working alliance is crucial to success. [Text, pp. 230-231]
Keywords: Adults Americans Anxiety Disorders Case Report Defense Mechanisms Life Experiences Male Psychotherapeutic Processes Self Concept Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
24. Whisman, M. (2005, September). Treating the trauma of panic and understanding panic as an aspect of trauma. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Seattle, WA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Anxiety, although experienced by everyone, is unique and complex in the Panic Disordered client. Therapists who will be treating these clients need to comprehend the overwhelming experience of panic; its life-altering consequences; underlying causes; and the phobic responses that range from irrrational to bizarre. Panic is a major symptom of post-trauma phenomena; and the experience of panic is traumatizing itself. The end results are remarkably similiar: distortions in attributions (cognitions) and coping mechanisms (behavior), and an intolerance of particular emotional states. The goal of this workshop is to expand the clinician's awareness, sensitivity and skill in treating the many faces of panic and to incorporate bilateral stimulation and adaptive information processing (EMDR) as an integral part of that treatment.
Keywords: Anxiety Panic: Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
25. Sabey, A. (2004, February). Using EMDR with adolescents within a child and adolescent mental health service. Presentation at the 2nd annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland Association, Birmingham, UK.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Working within a child and adolescent mental health service, a large proportion of the work is with adolescents, many of whom come to us as a result of self-harming behaviours. Often it later emerges that there is a history of trauma or abuse.
Engaging with such young people can often be a challenge, often requiring sensitivity and creativity. After 15 years of experience working with this group I still enjoy the challenge presented. Using case material, I will explore some of the key issues I have encountered, along with some of the pitfalls and successes experienced.
I often use EMDR with a client-centered model, at times incorporating Play Therapy and art. I am at times surprised by young people's own inventiveness in using EMDR.
Keywords: Adolescents
Accuracy Verified: Yes