Francine Shapiro Library ~ EMDR Bibliography

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1. محمد نريمانی * و سوران رجبی [Narimani, M., Ahari, S. S., & Rajabi, S.] (2010, Winter). مقايسه تاثير روش حساسيت زدايی توام با حرکات چشم و پردازش مجدد (EMDR) با درمان شناختی ـ رفتاری (CBT) در درمان اختلال استرس [Comparison of efficacy of eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing and cognitive behavioral therapy therapeutic methods for reducing anxiety and depression of Iranian combatant afflicted by post traumatic stress disorder]. مجله علوم پزشکی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، واحد پزشکی تهران، 19 (4), 236-245 [Medical Sciences Journal of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, 19(4(58)), 236-245].

Language: Persian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
سابقه و هدف: با توجه به ماهيت علامت محوربودن درمان دارويی، از روش های درمانی حساسيت زدايی توام با حرکات چشم و پردازش مجدد (EMDR) و شناختی- رفتاری (CBT) در درمان اختلال استرس پس از ضربه (PTSD) استفاده می شود. هدف اين مطالعه بررسی تفاوت تاثير دو روش درمانی EMDR و CBT در اختلال استرس است. روش بررسی: در اين مطالعه مورد شاهدی 51 رزمنده مبتلا به PTSD بستری در بيمارستان ايثار اردبيل يا ساکن در شهر اردبيل به روش نمونه گيری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند و به صورت تصادفی به سه گروه تقسيم شدند.روش مطالعه، آزمايشی گسترش يافته و طرح تحقيق از نوع پيش آزمون ـ پس آزمون چندگروهی بود. ابزارهای مورد استفاده شامل آزمون خاطره های آزاردهنده، مقياس براشفتگی ذهنی، مقياس شناخت واره های مثبت و مقياس اضطراب و افسردگی بيمارستانی بود. يافته ها: روش های درمانی EMDR و CBT باعث کاهش معنی داری در متغيرهای خاطره های آزاردهنده، اضطراب و افسردگی و برآشفتگی ذهنی شد و ميزان اعتماد به شناخت واره مثبت به طور معنی داری افزايش يافت. روش درمانی EMDR در مقايسه با CBT در کاهش علايم PTSD رزمندگان ايرانی موثرتر بود، با اين وجود هر دو روش در کاهش علايم اين اختلال موثر بودند. نتيجه گيری: با توجه به اثر درمانی EMDR و CBT در درمان PTSD، پيشنهاد می شود به منظور پيشگيری و کاهش علايم اختلال استرس پس از سانحه جنگ در رزمندگان ايرانی از روش های درمانی فوق در مراکز درمانی استفاده شود.

Background: According to symptom oriented of drug therapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) were increasingly used. The aim of this study was to compare effects of EMDR and CBT in acute stress. Materials and Methods : In this case-control study of 51 combat PTSD patients admitted to hospital or residing in the sacrifice of Ardabil Ardabil simple random sampling were selected randomly divided into three groups. Methods, expanded testing and research design type were tested before Chndgrvhy test. Test tools used included disturbing memories, anger scale, mental, cognitive scale Varh positive and the hospital anxiety and depression scale. Results : EMDR and CBT treatments significantly reduced the variables disturbing memories, anxiety and depression and mental frustration and level of confidence in recognizing the positive Varh significantly increased. EMDR therapy compared with CBT in reducing PTSD symptoms was more effective Iranian combatants, however, both methods were effective in reducing symptoms of this disorder. Conclusion : According to the therapeutic effect of EMDR and CBT in treating PTSD, is recommended to prevent and reduce symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder in war veterans of the Persian mentioned therapies used in treatment centers.

Keywords: Anxiety Anxiety Disorders CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Therapy Depression Depressive Disorders Iranians Middle Aged Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Treatment Effectiveness Veterans War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

2. محمد نريماني ، سوران رجبي [Narimani, M., & Rajabi, S.] (2009). مقايسه ي تأثير روش حساسيت زدايي توأم با حركات چشم و پردازش مجدد در درمان اختلال استرس (CBT) با درمان شناختي رفتاري (EMDR) [Comparison of efficacy of eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing and cognitive behavioral therapy methods in the treatment of stress disorder]. Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad University - Tehran Medical Branch, 19(4), 236-245.

Language: Persian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
سابقه و هدف: با توجه به ماهيت علامت محوربودن درمان دارويي، از روش هاي درماني حساسيت زدايي توأم با حركات چشم و استفاده مي شود. هدف اين (PTSD) در درمان اختلال استرس پس از ضربه (CBT) و شناختي- رفتاري (EMDR) پردازش مجدد در اختلال استرس است. CBT و EMDR مطالعه بررسي تفاوت تأثير دو روش درماني بستري در بيمارستان ايثار اردبيل يا ساكن در شهر اردبيل به PTSD روش بررسي:در اين مطالعه مورد شاهدي 51 رزمنده مبتلا به روش نمونه گيري تصادفي ساده انتخاب شدند و به صورت تصادفي به سه گروه تقسيم شدند.روش مطالعه، آزمايشي گسترش يافته و طرح تحقيق از نوع پيش آزمون پس آزمون چندگروهي بود. ابزارهاي مورد استفاده شامل آزمون خاطره هاي آزاردهنده، مقياس برآشفتگي ذهني، مقياس شناخت واره هاي مثبت و مقياس اضطراب و افسردگي بيمارستاني بود. باعث كاهش معني داري در متغيرهاي خاطره هاي آزاردهنده، اضطراب و افسردگي و CBT و EMDR يافتهها: روش هاي درماني CBT در مقايسه با EMDR برآشفتگي ذهني شد و ميزان اعتماد به شناخت واره ي مثبت به طور معني داري افزايش يافت. روش درماني رزمندگان ايراني مؤثرتر بود، با اين وجود هر دو روش در كاهش علايم اين اختلال مؤثر بودند. PTSD در كاهش علايم پيشنهاد مي شود به منظور پيشگيري و كاهش علائم اختلال ،PTSD در درمان CBT و EMDR نتيجهگيري: با توجه به اثر درماني استرس پس از سانحه جنگ در رزمندگان ايراني از روش هاي درماني فوق در مراكز درماني استفاده شود.

Background: According to symptom oriented of drug therapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) were increasingly used. The aim of this study was to compare effects of EMDR and CBT in acute stress. Materials and methods: In this case-control study, 51 combatants with PTSD hospitalized in Isar Hospital of Ardabil province or were inhabited in Ardabil were randomly divided to three groups. The method was extended test method and study design was multi-group test-retest. Used tools included boring memories test, subjective units of distress or anxiety (SUD) scale, validity of cognitions (VOC) scale and hospital anxiety and depression scale. Results: EMDR and CBT significantly decreased boring memories, mental distress, anxiety and depression, and also increased positive cognition. Although both EMDR and CBT caused significant reduction of anxiety and depression, EMDR was superior to CBT in reduction of PTSD symptoms of Iranian combatants. Conclusion: Regarding efficacy of EMDR and CBT in the treatment of PTSD , it is suggested to prevent and decrease symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Keywords: Anxiety Depression CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Subjective Units of Distress SUD Validity of Cognition VOC

Accuracy Verified: Yes

3. 張素凰、李元華 [Chang Sue-Hwang, & Li Yuan-Hua]. (2003年，10月). 眼動和情緒：眼球運動的作用在治療機制 EMDR的。 [Eye movement and emotionality: The role of eye movement in the therapeutic mechanism of EMDR]. 論文發表在第42屆大會的中國心理學會，輔仁大學，台灣 [Presentation at the 42nd annual conference of the Chinese Psychological Association, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taiwan] NSC 91-2815-C-002-125-H.

Language: Chinese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Shapiro 認為演動訊息在處理法（EMDR）治療程序中規律的多次快速動眼作業有助於創傷記憶的處理 (Shapiro, 1989a)，但其可能涉及的療效機制之研究尚少。本研究擬從工作記憶模式的角度來探討動眼作業在 EMDR 的療效機制。根據工作記憶模式(working memory model)，動眼作業可視為一種爭奪工作記憶中視覺和空間訊息處理能力(VSSP)系統資源的干擾作業。因此，當回憶創傷事件時，施以動眼作業可降低創傷受害者對於創傷事件記憶的清晰程度，並降低患者對於創傷事件的情緒反應，以達到某種程度的治療目的。實驗一（N = 120）採動眼作業（有、無）× 圖片的性質（正向、負向）× 時間（前測、後測）的三因子混合設計，依變項為圖片影像的清晰度與情緒感受度。實驗二（N = 120）採動眼作業（有、無）× 刺激材料的性質（圖片、影片）× 時間（前測、後測）的三因子混合設計，依變項同實驗一。實驗一與實驗二的結果皆顯示，如同工作記憶模式的預期，動眼作業造成VSSP 所同時處理的影像訊息的清晰度降低，此結果與工作記憶模式的預期一致。另外，本研究亦顯示動眼作業亦造成情緒感受度降低。上述結果顯示動眼作業可能具有臨床治療上的功效，且可藉由工作記憶模式瞭解其療效機制。本研究亦對結果所顯示的意義與未來研究方向提出討論

Eye‐movement desensitization‐reprocessing therapy (EMDR) has recently been the new effective technique to treat post‐traumatic stress disorder and other disorders. Contrasted with other psychotherapies, eye‐movements are the novel component. According to the working memory model, eye‐movements could reduce the vividness of distressing images and the intensity of the emotion associated with the images. In this study, we designed two experiments to test the effects of eye‐ movements on vividness and emotionality of imagery. In Experiment 1, with positive and negative photos as stimuli, the results showed that eye movements significantly reduced the vividness and emotionality of traumatic images. In Experiment 2, with negative photos and negative films as stimuli, we also found eye‐movements significantly reduced the vividness and emotionality of traumatic images. The implications and future research possibilities are discussed.

Keywords: Emotionality Eye Movements Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Vividness Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

4. 陳致豪 [Chen Chih-Hao]. (2004). 眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效 [The efficacy of eye movement and positive cognition components of EMDR in the treatment of cockroach phobia]. 國立台灣大學心理學研究所 [National Taiwan University Graduate Institute of Psychology].

Language: Chinese

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
陳致豪眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效
眼動減敏訊息再處理法（Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing; EMDR）是Shapiro（1989a, 1989b）所發展的一套治療方法，最早被用來治療創傷後壓力疾患（post traumatic stress disorder; PTSD，後來也被認為對其他心理疾患具有療效。雖然Shapiro認為眼動程序可以加速訊息處理並降低個案的焦慮與困擾，不同治療變項的療效仍待由控制性研究法進一步釐清。本研究以部分減除（dismantling）的方式，運用實驗法來探討「眼動」與「正向認知」對懼蟑症治療效果的影響。藉2（有眼動、無眼動）× 2（正向認知、減敏延長）受試者間設計，探討單一治療次對懼蟑症者的治療效果。受試者為自大樣本篩選出的40名懼怕蟑螂的大學女生。研究結果顯示治療程序的主要效果顯著，四組的療效相當。在治療階段中，受試者主觀害怕程度、對負向認知之相信程度皆呈顯著的線性下降；對正向認知之相信程度則僅眼動組呈顯著線性上升。雖然生理指標（心跳速率）在前測時顯著較基線時高，而在後測時回復至接近基線水準，但就微觀歷程分析，治療階段中各組之心跳速率變化為，在第一階段內逐漸上升，階段間休息時心跳速率略為降低，在第二階段開始又逐漸上升。本研究結果亦顯示，就微觀的治療歷程（micro process）而言，在正向認知的治療情境中，僅眼動組的受試者對正向認知之相信程度逐漸提高。在治療效果上，雖曝露法（exposure）本身便具有療效；但眼動能夠進一步促進受試者第二階段中正向認知的相信程度（可能藉由促進訊息處理）。就巨觀的療效指標而言，雖然單一治療次在各組皆有顯著的療效，但是正向認知對療效的影響無組別差異，該療效指標可能需要較多的治療次始能反映出來。本研究亦就研究結果所顯示的意義與未來的研究方向提出討論

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989a, 1989b) was initially used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and later has been thought to be effective in treating other psychological disorders also. Shapiro suggested that eye movement procedure could accelerate information processing and further reduced the client’s anxiety and disturbance. However, psychotherapy evaluation regarding crucial therapeutic parameters awaits elucidation. This dismantling study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of eye movement and positive cognition on phobias. Specifically, via a 2×2 between subject design, with “eye movement/non eye movement” and “treatment process” being two independent variables, a total of 40 female university students with fear of cockroaches were screened and recruited from introductory psychology class to explore the treatment effect of those two components. The results showed that, according to macro therapeutic indices, the effect of therapy was significant, and was not significantly different among groups. As to micro treatment process, while the participants’ SUDs decreased linearly, and so did the negative cognition VOCs, the positive cognition VOCs increased linearly only for the eye movement condition. In addition, while for macro index, the physical index, heart rate, was significantly higher at pre-test than at baseline and returned to baseline at post-test, the process measures indicated that heart rate increased during the first treatment stage, returned during rest period, and increased again during the second treatment stage. According to the micro process, the results also suggested that when presented with positive cognition participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions increased only for the eye movement condition. As to the therapeutic effects, although exposure by itself might be effective, eye movement could further promote participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions at the second treatment stage, probably by facilitating information processing. Nonetheless, regarding macro therapeutic index, there were equal therapeutic effects across groups within one-session therapy, and the superiority of positive cognition installation remained obscure, which implied that to become obvious more sessions might be called for. The implications of the present results and further research possibilities are postulated.

Keywords: Cockroach Phobia Eye Movement Phobia Positive Cognition Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5. 陳致豪張素凰 [Chen Zhi-Hao, & Chang Sue-Hwang]. (2004年9月). 眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效國立台灣 [The efficacy of eye movement and positive cognition components of EMDR in the treatment of cockroach phobias]. 紙發表於第43屆年會台灣心理學會會議上，研討會焦慮症：心理素質，調解員和治療問題。政治大學，台北，台灣 [Presentation at the 43rd Annual Conferences on Taiwan Psychological Association, Symposium on Anxiety Disorders: Diatheses, Mediators and Therapeutic Implications. Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan].

Language: Chinese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
眼動減敏訊息再處理法（Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing; EMDR）是Shapiro（1989a, 1989b）所發展的一套治療方法，最早被用來治療創傷後壓力疾患（post traumatic stress disorder; PTSD，後來也被認為對其他心理疾患具有療效。雖然Shapiro 認為眼動程序可以加速訊息處理並降低個案的焦慮與困擾，不同治療變項的療效仍待由控制性研究法進一步釐清。本研究以部分減除（dismantling）的方式，運用實驗法來探討「眼動」與「正向認知」對懼蟑症治療效果的影響。藉2（有眼動、無眼動）× 2（正向認知、減敏延長）受試者間設計，探討單一治療次對懼蟑症者的治療效果。受試者為自大樣本篩選出的40 名懼怕蟑螂的大學女生。研究結果顯示治療程序的主要效果顯著，四組的療效相當。在治療階段中，受試者主觀害怕程度、對負向認知之相信程度皆呈顯著的線性下降；對正向認知之相信程度則僅眼動組呈顯著線性上升。雖然生理指標（心跳速率）在前測時顯著較基線時高，而在後測時回復至接近基線水準，但就微觀歷程分析，治療階段中各組之心跳速率變化為，在第一階段內逐漸上升，階段間休息時心跳速率略為降低，在第二階段開始又逐漸上升。本研究結果亦顯示，就微觀的治療歷程（micro process）而言，在正向認知的治療情境中，僅眼動組的受試者對正向認知之相信程度逐漸提高。在治療效果上，雖曝露法（exposure）本身便具有療效；但眼動能夠進一步促進受試者第二階段中正向認知的相信程度（可能藉由促進訊息處理）。就巨觀的療效指標而言，雖然單一治療次在各組皆有顯著的療效，但是正向認知對療效的影響無組別差異，該療效指標可能需要較多的治療次始能反映出來。本研究亦就研究結果所顯示的意義與未來的研究方向提出討論。

[Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989a, 1989b) was initially used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and later has been thought to be effective in treating other psychological disorders also. Shapiro suggested that eye movement procedure could accelerate information processing and further reduced the client’s anxiety and disturbance. However, psychotherapy evaluation regarding crucial therapeutic parameters awaits elucidation. This dismantling study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of eye movement and positive cognition on phobias. Specifically, via a 2×2 between subject design, with “eye movement/non eye movement” and “treatment process” being two independent variables, a total of 40 female university students with fear of cockroaches were screened and recruited from introductory psychology class to explore the treatment effect of those two components. The results showed that, according to macro therapeutic indices, the effect of therapy was significant, and was not significantly different among groups. As to micro treatment process, while the participants’ SUDs decreased linearly, and so did the negative cognition VOCs, the positive cognition VOCs increased linearly only for the eye movement condition. In addition, while for macro index, the physical index, heart rate, was significantly higher at pre-test than at baseline and returned to baseline at post-test, the process measures indicated that heart rate increased during the first treatment stage, returned during rest period, and increased again during the second treatment stage. According to the micro process, the results also suggested that when presented with positive cognition participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions increased only for the eye movement condition. As to the therapeutic effects, although exposure by itself might be effective, eye movement could further promote participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions at the second treatment stage, probably by facilitating information processing. Nonetheless, regarding macro therapeutic index, there were equal therapeutic effects across groups within one-session therapy, and the superiority of positive cognition installation remained obscure, which implied that to become obvious more sessions might be called for. The implications of the present results and further research possibilities are postulated.]

Keywords: Cockroach Phobia Eye Movement Phobia Positive Cognition Psychotherapy Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

6. Wilson, S., Becker, L., & Tinker, R. H. (1995, June). 15-Month follow up of EMDR treatment for traumatic memory. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
We previously reported on the outcomes of a controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) effectiveness in the treatment of traumatic memory (Wilson, Tinker, & Becker, 1994; Wilson, Becker, & tinker, in press). In that study we found that three, 90-minute sessions of EMDR (Shapiro, 1995) "normalized the psychological functioning of the previously traumatized participants (g = 80) on all dependent measures. The present study is a 15-month follow up of those participants. I Method: The research design is shown in Table 1. Participants were randomly assigned to EMDR or to Delayed EMDR conditions. Pretreatment measurement occurred at measurement time TI. Participants in the EMDR condition received EMDR between T1 and T2; those in the Delayed EMDR condition received EMDR between T2 and T3. All participants were tested immediately following treatment and at 3 months following treatment (at T4). The 15 month, long-term follow up occurred at measurement time T5. An independent assessor collected all of the following dependent measures: Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS; Wolpe, 1990), Impact of Events Scale (IES; Hmowitz, Wilner, & Alvarez, 1979), State/Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983), and the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R, Derogatis, 1992). [Table 1. The Research Design, Treatment Condition, Measurement Time: T1 T2 T3 T4 T5; EMDR Treatment: 01 x 02 03 04; Delayed EMDR Treatment 01 02 x 03 04 05; Note: T = Time of measurement; 0 = Observation; X = Treatment administered.] II. Results: Two analyses were performed to assess the impact of EMDR treatment at the 15-month follow up. First, in order to assess the overall, long-term impact of EMDR, the 15-month follow-up scores were compared with the pretreatment scores. There was significant improvement on all nine measures at the 15-month follow up: The multivariate effect was significant (Wilk's Lambda =.11, p<.0005) as were all nine of the univariate effects (all p <.0005). Second, in order to assess whether the improvement shown immediately following EMDR treatment had been maintained over the following year the immediate posttreatment scores were compared with, the 15-month follow-up scores. The multivariate test was nonsignificant (Wilk's lambda=.74, p=.079), indicating the improvement shown immediately following EMDR was maintained 15 months later. The univariate analyses indicated additional improvement for the PTSD symptoms of intrusions (IES Intrusion: F(1,56)=7.71, p=307) and avoidance (IES avoidance: F_(1,56) -4.44, p=.040). None of the nine measures showed deterioration at the 15-month follow up. Prior to EMDR treatment 45% (g= 9) of the responders had been diagnosed as PTSD, at the 15-month follow up only 7% (g = 4) were diagnosed as PTSD (chi-squareo, N=61)= .72, p < .05). III. Responders Versus Nonresponders at the 15-Month Follow up.: At the time of writing this abstract, 75% of the participants (g=61) have responded to the 15-month follow up. In general, measures taken prior to treatment did not differentiate responders fiom nonresponders. Responding at the 15-month follow up was unrelated to age, gender, marital status or years of education, although the annual income of the responders (Mdn=21,500) was higher than that of the nonresponders (Mdn = 14,750, Mann-Whitney U=372.5, p=.017). Responding or not at 15 months was unrelated to the type of trauma experienced, whether or not the participants had been in therapy prior to EMDR treatment, or how long ago the trauma had occurred. It was also unrelated to the severity of the trauma as measured by the pretreatment scores on the nine dependent variables and to whether or not the participant met the PTSD diagnosis criteria prior to treatment. A multiple regression analysis used the immediate posttreatment and 90-day posttreatment scores to predict whether or not the participant responded at the 15-month follow up. Nonrespondents were more likely to be depressed at 90-days following treatment than were respondents (R square=.O8, B=-.16, Beta = -.28, F_L1,71)=5.99, p=.017). No other variables entered into the regression model. IV Discussiona and Conclusion, Tretement effects found immediately following EMDR treatment wer maintained or improved 15 months later and thee was a significant decrease in the number of participants diagnosed as PTSD at the 15 month follow up. The comparison of responders to nonresponders at the 15 month follow up showed that the nonresponders were more depressed than the responders, raising the possiblity that the present results may be favorably biased to some extent. The discussion will include the additional, subjective impressions of participants who did not respond to the follow up. Limitations of EMDR with this population will be discussed, including the influence of comorbidity, multiple traumas, retraumatization after treatment, and spontaneous recurrence of symptoms. V. References: 1) Derogatis, L. R. (1992). SCL-90: Administration Scoring and Procedures Manual II. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research. 2) Horowitz, M. J., Wilmer, N. & Alverez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A Measure of Subjective Distress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218. 3) Shapiro, F. (1995), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures. 4) Speilberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R. D., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press. 5) Wilson, S. A., Tinker, R. A., & Becker, L. A. (1994, November). Efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)Treatment for Trauma Victims. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL. 6) Wilson, S. A., Becker, L. A., & Tinker, R. A. (In press), EMDR, treatment for psychologically traumatized individuals, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.

Keywords: Follow-up Traumatic Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

7. Carbonell, J. L. (2008). Active ingredient study: Preliminary findings. In V. R. Volkman, (Ed.), Traumatic incident reduction: Research and results (2nd ed.) (pp. 65-73). Ann Arbor, Michigan: Loving Healing Press.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
In 1994, TIR, V/KD, EMDR, and TFT were investigated through a systematic clinical demonstration (SCD) methodology at Florida State University. This methodology guides the examination but does not test the effectiveness of clinical approaches. Each approach was demonstrated by nationally recognized practitioners following a similar protocol, though their methods of treatment varied. A total of 39 research participants were treated, and results showed that all four approaches had some immediate impact on clients and appear to also have some lasting impact. The paper also discusses the theoretical, clinical, and methodological implications of the study. [Text, p. 65] [Pilot]

Keywords: Adults Americans Neurolinguistic Programming NLP Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors TIR Trauma Focus Therapy Traumatic Incident Reduction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

8. Carbonell, J. (2005). Active ingredient study: Preliminary findings. In V. R. Volkman, (Ed.), Beyond trauma: Conservations in trauma incident reduction (2nd ed.) (pp. 116-124). Ann Arbor, Michigan: Loving Healing Press .

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Keywords: Adults Americans Neurolinguistic Programming NLP Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors TIR Trauma Focus Therapy Traumatic Incident Reduction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

9. New South Wales Court of Appeals. (1995, December). Admissibility of evidence from hypnosis or EMDR. Law Society Journal, 33(11), 16.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
As a result of the NSW Court of Criminal Appeal's decision in R v Tillott & Ors on 1 September 1995 it has become important to provide procedural guidelines for obtaining evidence of witnesses who have undergone hypnosis or Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. The guidelines for hypnosis, now also applicable to EMDR, are not a strict test of admissibility - or a requirement - but failure to comply with the guidelines may result in the court declining to admit such evidence, whether proffered by the Crown or from a witness for the defence.[Source abstract]

Keywords: Hypnosis Law Legal

Accuracy Verified: Yes

10. Lu, D. P., Lu, G. P., & Lu, W. I. (2007). Anxiety control of dental patients by clinical combination of acupuncture, bi-digital o-ring test, and eye movement desensitization with sedation via submucosal route. Acupuncture and Electro-Therapeutics Research, 32(1-2), 15-30 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The data presented in this article was collected after reviewing clinical findings gathered from using various anxiety control methods on apprehensive patients. We examined clinical applications of the eye movement (EM) component of Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD) on fearful dental patients who have histories of traumatic dental experiences. We also used Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (BDORT) to select the proper dosage of sedative to minimize the adverse side effects. For patients who did not respond well to EM, we used BDORT to select the proper sedative medication and its dosage. In certain difficult cases, we supplemented these techniques with acupuncture to augment the sedative effects. Findings were based on the clinical impressions and assessments of both the patients and the operating team. Results showed that EM, although effective in enabling patients to undergo non-invasive dental procedures such as clinical examination and simple prophylaxis, had only limited beneficial effect with invasive procedures such as extraction, drilling, and injections, etc. We also found that BDORT greatly reduced adverse side effects of sedatives such as hypertension, hypotension, hypoxia, tachycardia, bradycardia, nausea, and vomiting. For most apprehensive patients, we found that EMD and acupuncture combined with BDORT predetermined dosage for the submucosal sedation enabled these patients to undergo the complete dental treatment. The authors try to explain the mechanism of BDORT and EM in terms of visual awareness (or consciousness) and preferred patterns, where neurons in the brain respond to the actions and/or direction of movement. The authors believe that BDORT and EM could have better results if the persons performing BDORT have visual awareness and are focused on the task; whereas in EM, the patient's eye on the therapist's hand movements. A more focused approach via visual pathway will result in more favorable results in EM. Likewise, performing BDORT absentmindedly could lead to false results if visual awareness (or consciousness) is absent. "Preferred pattern" will arouse neurons in the brain to cause conscientiousness, and performing BDORT with 'open eyes' arouse the necessary visual awareness that is necessary for the successful performance of BDORT tasks

Keywords: Acupuncture Anxiety Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Dental Phobic Patients Pharmacological sedation Preferred Patterns Visual Pathway

Accuracy Verified: Yes

11. Mestanza, R. (2007). Aplicación de terapia cognitivo conductual individual, grupal y EMDR, en adolescentes de 11 a 13 anos con altos nivelesde ansiedad del 8º ano de educación básica de la red educativia Helena Cortes Bedoya, en la ciudad de Quito, ano lectivo 2006-2007 [Application of individual and group cognitive behavioral EMDR therapy to 11 to 13 year old adolescents with high levels of anxiety in the 8th year of the Helena Cortes Bedoya educational network, City of Quito School Year 2006-2007]. Universidad Central Del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Psicologicas, Instituto Superior de Postgrado, Quito, Ecuador.

Language: Spanish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo general, verificar si la Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual individual, grupal y EMDR disminuyen la ansiedad en adolescentes de 11 a 13 años del 8º año de Educación Básica de la Red Educativa Helena Cortes Bedoya, Sector Carapungo de la ciudad de Quito, en el año lectivo 2006-2007. Se tomó como referencia que la Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual , es el conjunto de técnicas terapéuticas que han resultado del empleo sistemático del método experimental en la Psicología y demás disciplinas afines, empleados con el propósito de modificar pensamientos y conductas desadaptativas . En tanto que EMDR consiste en la Desensibilización y Reprocesamiento por medio del Movimiento Ocular u otras estimulaciones bi-hemisféricas especialmente para trabajar sobre recuerdos traumáticos. La investigación a realizarse fue de tipo explicativo con diseño cuasi- experimental con un grupo de sujetos estimado del 30 al 50 % del total de la población de adolescentes evaluados con el test ISRA-J. Con ISRAJ (Inventario de Situaciones y Respuestas de Ansiedad – Jóvenes ) se evaluó a 70 estudiantes de 8º Año de Educación Básica obteniendo 14 con alto nivel de ansiedad, a los cuales se les invitó a participar en el taller “ Jóvenes en Aprendizaje” durante 12 sesiones. Al grupo se realizó la evaluación pre y post tratamiento, para verificar si la Terapia Cognitivo Conductual individual y en grupo + EMDR, son efectivos para bajar niveles de ansiedad y considerando el género saber que grupo fue beneficiado en mayor medida. Verificada su efectividad, el programa anteriormente señalado, se aplicará para bajar niveles de ansiedad a todos los adolescentes que luego de ser evaluados con el test ISRAJ obtenga un puntaje directo de 51 a 75, con indicación de tratamiento necesario y de 76 a 100 con necesidad de terapia urgente.

The present research aimed generally verify whether cognitive behavioral therapy individual, group and EMDR decrease anxiety in adolescents 11 to 13 years of Grade 8 Basic Education Educational Network Helena Cortes Bedoya, Sector Carapungo of Quito, in the academic year 2006-2007. The reference used was that cognitive behavioral therapy, is the set of therapeutic techniques that have resulted from the systematic use of the experimental method in psychology and other disciplines, employees with the aim of changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors. While EMDR is Desensitization and Reprocessing Eye Movement or other bi-hemispheric stimulation specifically to work on traumatic memories. The research was carried out explanatory type quasi-experimental design with a group of subjects estimated 30 to 50% of the total population of adolescents assessed with the ISRA-J test. With ISRAJ (Inventory of Situations and Responses of Anxiety - Young) was assessed 70 students from Year 8 Basic Education getting 14 with high anxiety, to which were invited to participate in the workshop "Young People in Learning" for 12 sessions. The group evaluation was performed before and after treatment, to verify if the individual and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy + EMDR group, are effective in lowering anxiety levels and considering the genre know that group was benefited most. Verified its effectiveness, the program noted above will apply to lower levels of anxiety to all adolescents be evaluated after the test will score ISRAJ live 51 to 75, indicating the necessary treatment and from 76 to 100 with need Urgent therapy.

Keywords: Adolescents Helena Cortes Bedoya Educational Network Group Behavioral Therapy Quito

Accuracy Verified: Yes

12. Tarquinio, C., Houbre, B., Fayard, A., & Tarquinio, P. (2009, October-December). Application de l’EMDR au deuil traumatique après une collision de train [EMDR applied for traumatic bereavement after train collision]. L’Evolution Psychiatrique, 74(4), 567-580. doi:10.1016/j.evopsy.2009.09.004.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Cette étude exploratoire a pour objectif de tester l’application de la thérapie Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) dans le cadre de la prise en charge du deuil traumatique. Le deuil traumatique, qui correspond à la perte brutale d’un autre significatif, répond à un tableau clinique précis dont les principales caractéristiques sont les pensées intrusives concernant le défunt et des difficultés d’ajustement face à la perte (sentiment de vide, difficultés à reconnaître le décès, irritabilité, absence de réactivité, etc.). Les huit participants de l’étude sont tous des membres de la famille des victimes de la collision de train qui a eu lieu le 12 octobre 2006 à Zoufftgen. Les sujets, âgés en moyenne de 35,2 ans (S.D. = 11,1) et comprenant 75%de femmes, ont suivi entre huit à 15 séances (m = 10,75 ; S.D. = 2,21) répondant au protocole EMDR. L’efficacité de la thérapie a été évaluée à partir de plusieurs critères comprenant la mesure du deuil traumatique, de l’anxiété, de la dépression et de la détresse psychologique. Cinq évaluations ont été réalisées : avant la prise en charge (T0), après six séances (T1), à la fin de la prise en charge (T2), puis à trois mois (T3) et 12 mois (T4) après la fin de la thérapie. Les principaux résultats semblent indiquer une efficacité de la prise en charge EMDR. En effet, on note une diminution de tous les indicateurs entre le début (T0) et la fin de la prise en charge (T2). En outre, lorsque cette diminution ne se poursuit pas à trois et à 12 mois, elle reste, au minimum, stable à un an. Ces premières observations sont d’autant plus encourageantes que 10 à 15% des patients endeuillés peuvent développer une dépression chronique.

The aim of this exploratory study is to test the application of therapy EMDR in case of traumatic bereavement. The traumatic bereavement, which corresponds to the brutal loss of “significant other”, answers a precise clinical picture whose principal characteristics are the intrusive thoughts concerning the late one and of the difficulties of adjustment to the loss (feeling of vacuum, difficulties of recognizing the death, irritability, lack of reactivity, etc). The eight participants all of this study are of the members of the family of the victims of the train collision, which took place on October 12, 2006 in Zoufftgen. The subjects, old on average 35.2 years (S.D. = 11.1) and including 75% women, followed between eight to 15 meetings (m = 10.75, S.D. = 2.21) answering protocol EMDR. The effectiveness of the therapy was evaluated starting from several criteria including traumatic bereavement, anxiety, depression and psychological distress. Five evaluations were carried out: before the therapy (T0), after six meetings (T1), at the end of the therapy (T2), then in three months (T3) and 12 months (T4) after the end of the therapy. The principal results seem to indicate an effectiveness of the therapy EMDR. Indeed, we observe a reduction in all the indicators between the beginning (T0) and the end of the therapy (T2). Moreover, when this reduction does not continue to three and 12 months, it remains, at least, stable at one year. These observations are very encouraging especially when it is known that 10 to 15% of the patient develops a chronic depression.

Keywords: Affective Disorder Anxiety Depression Traumatic Bereavement

Accuracy Verified: Yes

13. De Marco, A. (2008, Novembre). Applicazione dell’EMDR nel lutto complicate-resoconto di un caso clinico [Application EMDR in complicated grief-reporting of clinical case]. Poster presentato al Applicazioni Cliniche dell'EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
L’articolo si propone di evidenziare l’efficacia dell’EMDR nei casi di lutto, in particolare quando questo evento implica un trauma psicologico, che interferisce con il normale processo di elaborazione della perdita. Si delinea allora una situazione definita “lutto complicato o traumatico”, che determina una elaborazione complessa dell’evento luttuoso bloccandone la sua risoluzione. Una perdita traumatica sconvolge le capacità di coping della persona e pregiudica le sue facoltà di adattamento, aumentando il disagio e complicando l’elaborazione dell’evento. Laddove il lutto acuto è dominato dal trauma, l’impiego dell’EMDR facilita il passaggio il passaggio attraverso le varie fasi dell’elaborazione del lutto e favorisce l’assimilazione e l’adattamento alla perdita. Ad illustrare quanto enunciato dal punto di vista teorico viene presentato un caso clinico, nel quale un lutto complicato, strettamente connesso a sintomi depressivi, viene sbloccato e ricondotto ad un normale processo di elaborazione grazie all’applicazione dell’EMDR su un solo targhet specifico. La paziente, una giovane donna di 24 anni, presentava un disturbo distimico di gravità moderata, con spunti ansiosi. Non prendeva psicofarmaci. Qualche anno prima le era stato diagnosticato un disturbo di panico con agorafobia e aveva assunto Lexotan per un certo periodo. Sono stati somministrati appositi test psicologici, all’inizio e al termine della terapia finalizzata all’elaborazione del lutto. Un altro re-test è stato fatto a distanza di un anno circa.

The article aims to highlight the effectiveness of EMDR in cases of bereavement, particularly when this event involves a psychological trauma, which interferes with the normal process of elaboration of the loss. It then outlines a situation as "complicated grief or traumatic, determines a complex event processing mournful blocking its resolution. A traumatic loss upsets the coping skills of the person and impairs his ability to adaptation, increasing the discomfort and complicating the development of the event. where the mourning is dominated by acute trauma, the use EMDR facilitates the passage through the various stages of mourning and promotes assimilation and adaptation to loss. Illustrate what is stated by the theoretical point of view is presented a clinical case in which a complicated grief, which is closely linked to depressive symptoms, is unlocked and returned to a normal process by applying EMDR on one target specific. The patient, a young woman of 24 years, had a dysthymic disorder of moderate severity, with ideas anxious. Not taking psychotropic drugs. A few years earlier had been diagnosed with panic disorder with agoraphobia and had taken Lexotan for a certain period. Appropriate psychological tests were administered at the beginning and end of therapy aimed elaboration of mourning. Another re-test was done at a distance of about one year.

Keywords: Complicated Grief Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

14. Callipo, N. (2007-2008). Applicazioni del pensiero controfattuale negli esiti post-traumatici [Applications of counterfactual thinking in post-traumatic events]. Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Applicazione del pensiero controfattuale negli esiti post-traumatici 1. Introduzione. Il pensiero controfattuale è un processo che esprime la capacità di riflettere e modificare gli scenari di situazioni da cui sarebbero potuti conseguire esiti differenti dalla realtà. Nella quotidianità è comune che un sentimento di rammarico – il regret - venga provato a seguito di una discrepanza tra i risultati attesi e la realtà. La ricerca e l’esperienza condivisa dicono che, rilevare le differenze tra ciò che avremmo voluto e ciò che abbiamo ottenuto, ci aiuta a pianificare azioni più efficaci nel futuro. Tuttavia, in condizioni di elevato stress, come quello provato dopo un evento indesiderato e traumatico, possono fare irruzione nella coscienza pensieri nella forma “Se solo non fossi stato così…”, oppure “Se solo non avessi fatto” o “Se avessi fatto qualcosa per evitare tutto ciò”; nel tentativo di annullare (undoing) idealmente le conseguenze dell’accaduto. Questi pensieri controfattuali possono sortire l’effetto di amplificare emozioni e sentimenti come il biasimo, la rabbia, la vergogna e il senso di colpa. L’attitudine alla generazione automatica, indiscriminata e non finalizzata all’azione, di domande e affermazioni ricorsive, può condensarsi in un particolare stile di pensiero – la ruminazione – che sottende sensazioni di disagio diffuse e invalidanti, come gli stati depressivi, ansiosi ed ossessivi. La prima parte di questo lavoro è occupato da una rassegna sulle ricerche che, inizialmente, pongono il pensiero controfattuale nel quadro delle più generali abilità di problem-solving; successivamente, la prospettiva funzionale, riesce a farne risaltare il versante adattivo, rilevante ai fini della regolazione degli stati affettivi e, più in generale, del mantenimento della salute mentale. Nella seconda parte viene discusso il ruolo del pensiero controfattuale, in relazione al suo versante disfunzionale , con particolare riguardo agli esiti post-traumatici. Nella terza parte vengono analizzati i modelli di elaborazione delle informazioni che riconoscono un ruolo al pensiero controfattuale nella regolazione dell’umore, citando alcuni paradigmi psicoterapeutici, tra cui l’Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), ideato da Francine Shapiro. Per verificare l’applicazione del pensiero controfattuale nel trattamento degli esiti post-traumatici sono stati riportati due esempi: uno tratto dalla letteratura sull’EMDR e un caso di disturbo ansioso-depressivo, in trattamento con psicoterapia a orientamento cognitivo.

Application of counterfactual thinking in a post-traumatic results. Introduction. The counterfactual thinking is a process that expresses the ability to reflect and change scenarios of situations that could have been large gains different from reality. In everyday life it is common that a feeling of regret - the regret - should be tried as a result of a discrepancy between expected results and reality. The research says that shared experience, point out the differences between what we wanted and what we have achieved, helps us to plan more effective actions in the future. However, under conditions of high stress, such as that experienced after a traumatic event and unwanted, they can break into the conscious thoughts in the form "If only I had not been so ..." or "If only I had not done" or "If I had done something to avoid anything "in an attempt to cancel (undoing) the ideal of what the consequences. These counterfactual thoughts may have the effect of amplifying emotions and feelings such as blame, anger, shame and guilt. The ability to generate automatic, indiscriminate and not action-oriented questions and statements recursive, it can condense into a particular style of thinking - rumination - that underlies feelings of discomfort common and disabling, such as depression, anxiety and obsessive . The first part of this work is occupied by a review of the research that initially pose the counterfactual thinking in the context of more general skills of problem-solving, since then the functional perspective, can bring out the side adaptive, relevant to the regulation of affective states and, more generally, of maintaining mental health. The second part discussed the role of counterfactual thinking, in relation to its dysfunctional side, especially with regard to post-traumatic results. In the third part analyzes the patterns of information processing that recognize a role in regulating mood counterfactual thinking, citing some psychotherapeutic paradigms, including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), developed by Francine Shapiro. To test the application of counterfactual thinking in the treatment of post-traumatic results were two examples: one taken from the literature on EMDR and a case of anxiety-depressive disorder, treatment with cognitive-oriented psychotherapy.

Keywords: Counterfactual Thinking Informational Processing

Accuracy Verified: Yes

15. MacCulloch, M., & Barrowcliff, A. (2001, May). Are EMDR effects caused by de-arousal?. Presentation at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, London, UK .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is increasingly being recognised as a coherent therapeutic procedure in the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other anxiety disorders, yet we still do not fully understand by which process or mechanisms it might work. We consider a number of models implicating orienting or investigatory reflexes as a significant contributor to the success of EMDR as a treatment method. A series of experiments were designed to test the predictions derived from these models, examining the physiological effects of eye-movements following auditory challenge compared to an eyes-stationary condition. A significant physiological de-arousal effect is observed in conditions requiring eye-movements similar to those used in the EMDR protocol. We go on to consider the implications for this de-arousal effect in the treatment of PTSD and present preliminary data from a case series designed to examine the unique contribution of EMDR when used with treatment resistant clients. A range of psychometric and psychophysiological process and outcome measures were utilised in this study, providing a detailed evaluation of change over the course of the treatment design. Specialised software was developed for use in this study, in addition to a computerised test and software is provided, along with data obtained from this test.

Keywords: De-Arousal

Accuracy Verified: Yes

16. van den Hout, M., Muris, P., Salemink, E., & Kindt, M. (2001). Autobiographical memories become less vivid and emotional after eye movements. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40(2), 121-130. doi:10.1348/014466501163535.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: To test (1) whether eye movements during retrieval of emotional memories are followed by less vividness and less emotionality of future recollections, (2) whether this effect, if present, is stronger than the effects of a control activity (finger tapping), (3) whether the alleged effects of tapping and eye movements are stronger than a no-movement, control condition (mere imagery), (4) whether reductions in vividness and emotionality after eye movements (and finger tapping) are specific to negative memories or also occur in the case of positive memories. Method: 60 healthy volunteers recalled either positive or negative memories and scored the vividness and emotionality of the recollections. Next, memories were recalled whilst the participant was performing rapid eye movements, finger tapping, or not performing a dual task. Then participants were asked to recall the event again and to rate its vividness and emotionality. Results: Compared to finger tapping and the no-dual-task condition, recollections after eye movements made future recollections less vivid. After eye movements, but not after the other interventions, negative memories became less negative, and positive memories became less positive. Conclusion: The findings show that eye movements not only reduce vividness and emotionality of memories during the eye moving, but also affect future recollections, during which no eye movements are made. Some theoretical explanations are discussed. As to clinical implications, it is suggested that if there is a role for eye-movement-based treatments, it is very limited. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents Cognitive Processes College Students Dutch Exposure Therapy Memory Impairment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Young Adults

Accuracy Verified: Yes

17. Jordan, J., Titscher, G., & Kirsch, H. (2011, September). Behandlungsmanual zur psychotherapie von akuten und posttraumatischen belastungsstörungen nach ICD-mehrfachschocks [Treatment manual for psychotherapy of acute and posttraumatic stress disorders after multiple ICD shocks]. Herzschrittmachertherapie + Elektrophysiologie, 22(3), 189-201.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Angesichts der steigenden Zahl implantierter Defibrillatoren in allen Industrienationen wächst auch die Zahl derjenigen Menschen, die sog. Mehrfachschocks („electrical storm“, ES) erleiden. Häufige Beschwerden sind starke und ständig wiederkehrende massive Ängste, Panikattacken, Todesangst, Hilf- und Hoffnungslosigkeit, Depressionen, Nervosität und Gereiztheit, sowie Rückzugs- und ausuferndes Vermeidungsverhalten, Intrusionen, Albträume, Flashbacks, Schlaflosigkeit und die Unfähigkeit der Gefühlsempfindung sowie eine eingeschränkte Zukunftsperspektive. Da Menschen mit einem ICD häufig körperlich (sehr) krank und nach den ICD-Mehrfachschocks zusätzlich massiv verunsichert sind, scheint es wesentlich, dass die stationäre Behandlung in einer Einrichtung durchgeführt wird, die über eine enge Anbindung an und räumliche Nähe zu einer kardiologischen Abteilung verfügt. Basis der Diagnostik ist die klinische Anamnese und die systematische Exploration der traumatischen Situation und der resultierenden Beschwerden. Als zusätzliche diagnostische Elemente sollten testpsychologische Verfahren zur Erfassung der Kernsymptomatik zum Einsatz kommen (Angst, Depression, Traumasymptome). Zur Diagnostik sollte eine testpsychologische Untersuchung gehören, damit am Ende der Behandlung auch für den Patienten sichtbar wird, welche Veränderungen eingetreten sind. Im Mittelpunkt der stationären Behandlung steht die tägliche intensive Psychotherapie. In ihrem Rahmen finden Elemente tiefenpsychologisch fundierter Psychotherapie und verhaltenstherapeutisch orientierte Angsttherapie sowie kognitive Umstrukturierung und Elemente des EMDR ihren Platz. Eine Nachuntersuchung innerhalb von 4 Monaten nach den Mehrfachschocks ist angeraten, weil PTSD Symptome zuweilen erst mit großer Latenz auftreten.

In view of the inceasing number of implanted defibrillators in all industrial nations, the number of people who have suffered so-called multiple shocks (electrical storm, ES) also increases. Common complaints are severe and continuously recurrent massive anxiety, panic attacks, fear of death, helplessness and hopelessness, depression, nervosity and irritability as well as reclusive and uncontrollable avoidance behaviour, intrusions, nightmares, flashbacks, sleeplessness and the inability to show feelings and limitation of future perspectives. Because people with an ICD are often physically (very) ill and after multiple ICD shocks are additionally very insecure, it would seem logical if the inpatient treatment would be carried out in an institution which has close connections and is also spatially close to a cardiology department. The basis of the diagnostics is the clinical anamnesis and a systematic exploration of the trauma situation and the resulting complaints. As an additional diagnostic element psychological test procedures should be implemented to determine the core symptomatic (anxiety, depression, trauma symptoms). Psychological test procedures should be included in the diagnostics so that at the end of treatment it is obvious even to the patient which alterations have occurred. The core element of inpatient treatment is daily intensive psychotherapy and includes deep psychologically well-founded psychotherapy and behavioral therapeutic-oriented anxiety therapy as well as cognitive restructuring and elements of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). A follow-up examination within 4 months of the multiple shocks episode is recommended because symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder often occur after a long latent time period.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder Anxiety ASD Cardiology Depression ICD Shocks Internal Medicine Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Manual

Accuracy Verified: Yes

18. Christman, S., & Garvey, K. (2001, June). Bilateral eye movements reduce cortical activation asymmetries. Presentation at the 2001 EMDR International Association Conference, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Alternating left-right eye movements (EMs) have been shown to enhance episodic memory recall (Christman & Garvey, 2000). In turn, enhanced recall of episodic, or autobiographical, memories has been linked to increased interhemispheric interaction (Christman & Propper, 2001; Propper & Christman, 1997). Since leftward versus rightward EMs induce right versus hemisphere activation, respectively (Bakan & Svorad, 1969), bilateral EMs may facilitate interhemispheric interaction by balancing hemispheric activation levels. In other words, asymmetries in cortical activation may impair interhemispheric communication. Christman and Garvey (2000), however, demonstrated only that bilateral EMs enhance episodic memory performance; they did not directly measure hemispheric activation. To test this hypothesis directly, participants were administered two behavioral tests that are sensitive to variations in hemispheric activation. The Chimeric Faces Test (Levy, Heller, Banich, & Burton, 1983) involves mirror-image pairs of faces, with one smiling hemiface and one neutral hemiface, presented under conditions of free viewing. Participants are asked to judge which member of a pair looks happier. Right versus left hemiface biases are associated with relative increases in left versus right hemispheric activation. Line bisection tasks also tap into hemispheric activation, with leftward versus rightward bisection errors reflecting increased right versus left hemisphere activation. Bisection tasks, however, are also influenced by premotor asymmetries (e.g., Luh, 1995), and thus represent a less pure measure of hemispheric activation.
METHODS Participants performed blocks of chimeric face and line bisection trials. They then engaged in 30 seconds of alternating left-right saccades (2 eye movements per second). Participants then performed a second block of trials for both tasks.
RESULTS Results showed that behavioral asymmetries in the chimeric face task were significantly reduced after the EMs (p<.029). This supports the hypothesis that bilateral EMs reduce hemispheric activation asymmetries. Performance on line bisection task, however, was unaffected by EMs (F<1), perhaps reflecting the fact that this task is a less direct measure of hemispheric activation.
DISCUSSION These results provide further insight into mechanisms underlying EMDR therapy used for PTSD patients. Reduction in hemispheric activation asymmetry arising from bilateral EMs employed in the current study (and in EMDR) may enhance interhemispheric communication. This interpretation is consistent with Ramachandran (1995), who showed that vestibular stimulation (inducing optokinetic nystagmus and resulting in involuntary left-right EMs) reduces the denial of deficit found in anosagnosia patients. Ramachandran (1995) suggested that the procedure benefits the hypoaroused right hemisphere, bringing its activation level up to par with the left hemisphere. Similarly, EMs used in EMDR may balance hemispheric activation levels, in turn enhancing interhemispheric communication and retrieval of episodic memories.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Eye Movements

Accuracy Verified: Yes

19. van der Kolk, B. A., Hopper, J., & Spinazzola, J. (2004, November). Biological changes in arousal and cortisol following PTSD treatment. Symposium conducted (M. Olff, Chair) at the 20th annual meeting of the International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Effects of treatment of PTSD on psychobiological measures: It is well known that PTSD is associated with changes in several biological systems. However little research has been done on whether it is possible to “reset” these biological systems with effective psychotherapy of pharmacological therapy. This symposium will present data on neuroendocrine and neuroimaging outcome measures.
Biological changes in arousal and cortisol following PTSD treatment: This presentation will discuss the results of a controlled treatment outcome study comparing EMDR, fluoxetine and pill placebo and demonstrate how effective treatment resulted in changes in memory processes, utilizing the Traumatic Memory Inventrory. In the EMDR condition, but not fluoxetine, the change in traumatic memory towards an integrated narrative was linearly correlated with physiological arousal in response to script driven imagery. This presentation will also present the relationship between clinical improvement in the three conditions and change in the cortisol response to a dexamethasone challenge.

Keywords: Fluoxetine Pill Placebo Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

20. Haour, F. (2009, June). Brain source imaging of the alpha rhythm in PTSD patients using the MEG technique. In K. Zaal (Chair), Research). Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In anxiety disorders, such as PTSD, brain imaging has demonstrated local modifications of functional activities using various techniques. In the present study the direct neuronal activities were measured in delta, theta and beta frequencies, using Magnetoencephalagraphy (MEG) which provides very fast temporal response. The technique is neither invasive nor stressful for the patients. Nineteen female volunteers with DSM-IV PTSD were included in the study. The protocol was a script-driven imagery provocation test, achieved with the patients sitting in the MEG apparatus. The scenarios, specific for ach patient, were composed of 4 active conditions: neutral image (N) traumatic memory (T), traumatic memory suppression (TS) and positive image (P) corresponding to 3 minutes where the patient had to imagine the corresponding sequence with eyes closed Measures of heat rate and subjective disturbance (SUD) were measured during the recoding. The MEG data were analysed in the source domain using a spatial filtering approach. Measurement of electrophysiological waves of various rhythms: delta: 1-4 Hetz (Hz), theta: 4.8-5.8 Hz, alpha: 8-12 Hz and beta: 12-25 Hz was obtained. Anatomical information was from MRI imaging. Signal of activation during trauma recall (T-N) were limited to the delta and theta waves and mainly found in the left hemisphere (visual, orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal and temporal gyrus (BA 8-9-10-11, 18-19, 22, 28) and in the right supra marginal gyrus (Wernicke BA 40). Signal of inhibition during trauma recall (T-N) were found mainly in the left hemisphere, in the delta, alpha and beta waves (visual, orbitofrontal, dorsolateral prefrontal and temporal gyrus (BA 8-9-10-11, 18-18, 22, 28), cingular cortex (BA 23-24, 31, 32), insula (BA 13) and Broca visual cortex (BA 18-19, 43-44). In conclusion trauma recall mainly induces a hypoactivation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and in the cingular cortices, structures linked to the experience and regulation of emotions.

Keywords: Alpha Rhythm Brain Imaging MEG Technique Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Research Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

21. Haour, F. (2010, June). Brain source imaging using magnetoencephalography (MEG): Modifications in various rhythms during memory recall, in PTSD patients. In Research. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Magnetoencephalography MEG Memory Recall Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Research Rhythms Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

22. Gannon, J. P. (2011, April). A brain-based peak performance model using meditation, EMDR and cardio imagery and rehearsal. Peak Performance Systems, San Francisco.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
This pilot study investigated the effectiveness of a new model of peak performance training based on applications of brain research to stimulate mental skill acquisition leading to enhanced performance capabilities. Brain-based techniques such as Mindfulness Meditation (MM), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cardio Imagery and Rehearsal (CIR) appear to stimulate various neurological processes including alpha and theta brain waves, higher interhemispheric coherence and reduced sympathetic nervous system arousal. Clinical application of these techniques in a preliminary pilot study with a variety of performers was shown in follow-up self-assessments to have enhanced performance outcomes on seven measures including reduced performance anxiety and self-consciousness, enhanced concentration and focus, improved memorization of performance routines and enhanced overall performance goals. The idea that specific performance routines can be installed using these brain-based techniques that enhance peak performance functioning on demand was supported by these findings.. However, the results of this pilot study are preliminary and further studies using a larger subject sample, empirically validated test measurements and independent control groups are necessary before these findings can be corroborated.

Keywords: Brain-Based Peak Performance Brainscripting Cardio Imagery and Rehearsal Flow Interhemispheric Coherence Mindfulness Meditation Neurofeedback Neuroplasticity Performance Anxiety Pilot Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

23. Robbins, J. (2000, December). Brief trauma treatment of a toddler using EMDR. EMDRIA Newsletter, 5(Special Edition), 25-27.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
This paper presents a single-case test of Greenwald’s trauma treatment model for very young children. The model worked as predicted. Full treatment of a 2-1/2-year-old boy with post traumatic stress disorder (provisional) was conducted in three session, including two sessions with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Two-week and six-month telephone follow-up indicated complete and maintained symptom relief.

Keywords: Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

24. Sabey, A. (2001, May). Can EMDR be used within a client-centred (non-directive) play therapy sessions?. Poster presented at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, London, UK .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The purpose of this exploratory study was to see whether EMDR could he incorporated into a Client-Centred model of Play Therapy, to enable children and adolescents to more rapidly process traumatic memories, thereby enhancing the therapeutic process. The Client-Centred (non-directive) Play Therapy model is now well recognised as a way of helping children and adolescents who have experienced psychological trauma to work through their experiences in a way that is both empowering and non-threatening. It is based on Rogerian principles (Rogers 1951), with the philosophy that given the right therapeutic conditions the children, like adults, have an innate drive towards health. The child leads the way, and the therapist follows. I have struggled to see how EMDR can fit comfortably within a client-centered play therapy model, although I recognise that Shapiro describes the model as client-centred. To test a hypothesis that EMDR could be integrated into a client-centred play therapy approach, three children were identified. All 3 were waiting for some regular weekly client-centred play therapy sessions, within the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, in West Yorkshire. The subject of the study were two girls, one aged 8 years old and the other aged 14 years with a mild learning disability, and a boy who was 13 years old. All three had experienced complex psychological trauma including sexual abuse. My dilemma was whether it was in fact possible to introduce EMDR within the sessions, and if so, how to do this in a way that enhanced the therapeutic process and did not intrude. The sessions were set up introducing the EMDR protocol alongside setting up the client-centred play therapy sessions. Each child was offered 10-12 weekly sessions. In this presentation I will summarise my findings and hope to show how possible ways the two approaches can be integrated.

Keywords: Children Play Therapy Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

25. Falaschi, R., & Tizzani, E. (2001, October). Changes in electroencephalographic quantitative analysis in patients treated with EMDR. In International CIANS Conference (CIANS: Collegium Internationale Activitatis Nervosae Superioris; International Association for Integrative Nervous Functions, Neurobiology of behaviour and Psychosomatics), (p 159) Palermo.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
EMDR’s basic working theory assumes that traumatic memories remain unprocessed because the innate information processing system is stuck by the psychophysiological effects of trauma. Traumatic events are stored in their original form, and the recall of traumatic memories causes a high level of disturbance.
Left-right rhythmic stimulations of EMDR seem to remove the block in the traumatic memories processing and help memories storing mechanism function at an adaptive level. In recent years, many scientific researches have focused on the opportunity to assess the functional connection between different brain areas through quantitative analysis of EEG.
According to the aim of this presentation, our attention was drawn to the correlation between slow bands (4- 7 Hz) and the activity in the sub-cortical areas involved in working memory and, also, high frequency ranges (> 36 Hz) and cortical activities during sensorial stimuli processing. There are a few quantitative EEG studies on patients with PTSD. The EEG analysis of subject with childhood abuse histories revealed less synchronization in the two hemispheres functioning compared to normal control subjects.
EEG quantitative analysis in abused children showed a higher intra-hemispheric left coherence and a lower intra-hemispheric right coherence in comparison with normal control subjects. According to these results, the aim of this presentation is to test if there are recordable changes in the intra and inter hemispheric synchronization between brain areas where information processing occurs (limbic system, prefrontal cortical area, and posterior cortical areas) in patients with PTSD after EMDR treatment.

Keywords: EEG Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

26. Oh, D., & Choi, J. (2004). Changes in the regional cerebral perfusion after EMDR: A SPECT study of two cases. Journal of the Korean Society of Biological Psychiatry, 11(2), 173-180.

Language: Korean

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Over the last decade, EMDR(Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) has emerged as a promising new treatment for trauma and other anxiety-based disorders. However, neurobiological mechanism of EMDR has not been well understood. Authors report SPECT findings of two patients of PTSD before and after EMDR.Brain 99mTc-ECD-SPECT was performed before and after EMDR treatment. To evaluate the significance of changes in the regional cerebral perfusion, t-test was conducted on the resulting images using SPM99 . In addition, clinical scales(CAPS, CGI, STAI) were employed to asses the changes in the clinical symptoms of the patients. After EMDR treatment, each showed significant improvement in clinical symptoms. The cerebral perfusion increased in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and decreased in the temporal association cortex. The differences in the cerebral perfusion between patients after treatment and normal controls decreased. These changes appeared mainly in the limbic area the and the prefrontal cortex.These results suggest that EMDR may show the therapeutic effect through 1) improvement in the emotional control by increased activity in the prefrontal cortex, 2) inhibited hyperstimuli on amygdala by deactivation of the association cortex, 3) inhibition on past trauma related memory, and 4) keeping the functional balance between the limbic area and the prefrontal cortex. This case report needs further replication from studies with larger sample. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Brain Imagining Adults Females Koreans Motor Vehicle Accidents Neurophysiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychiatric Inpatients PTSD: Rape SPECT Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

27. Levin, C., & Miller, M. (2001, June). Chronic pain: A clinical test of Mark Grant’s protocol. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop will provide the EMDR practitioner instruction in the application of Mark Grant's Pain Protocol. Participants will learn how to evaluate patients for appropriateness of treatment and how to manage the various putfalls encountered during treatment.

Keywords: Chronic Pain Mark Grant Pain Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

28. Cramer, J. D. (1997, November 28). City police to help test new therapy for stress: Eye movements key to technique. Colorado Springs, CO: The Gazette, City/Sate, 1 [2 pages].

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
Simply put, that's the question Colorado Springs police will try to answer in a study of a controversial psychoanalysis technique called eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR).

Keywords: Colorado Springs Stress

Accuracy Verified: Yes

29. Leeds, A. M., & Korn, D. L. (2012). A commentary on Hornsveld et al. (2011): A valid test of resource development and installation? Absolutely not. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(4), 170-173. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.6.4.170.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Researchers have published evidence supporting both the “working memory“ and the “REM/Orienting Response“ hypotheses as mechanisms underlying the documented treatment effects of EMDR on patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Hornsveld et al. (2011) provide additional evidence of the impact of eye movements (EMs) on aspects of positive memory recall, but overstate their findings relevance to resource development and installation (RDI: Korn & Leeds, 2002) and to the interhemispheric interaction hypothesis (Propper & Christman, 2008). Most likely multiple mechanisms underlie the observed effects of EMDR and RDI. The needed RDI test is to randomly assign patients with Disorders of Extreme Stress not Otherwise Specified with measured coping difficulties to alternate conditions: one an RDI procedure without bilateral (or other distracting) sensory stimulation and one with bilateral EMs.

Keywords: RDI REM/Orienting Response Resource Development and Installation Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

30. Narimani, M., Ahari, S. S., & Rajabi, S. (2008). Comparison of efficacy of eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing and cognitive behavioral therapy therapeutic methods for reducing anxiety and depression of Iranian combatant afflicted by post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(10), 1932-1937. doi:10.3923/jas.2008.1932.1937.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This research aims to determine efficacy of two therapeutic methods and compare them: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for reduction of anxiety and depression for Iranian combatant afflicted with Post traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after imposed war. Statistical population of current study includes combatants afflicted with PTSD that were hospitalized in Isas Hospital of Ardabil province or were inhabited in Ardabil. These persons were selected through simple random sampling and were randomly located in three groups. The method was extended test method and study design was multi-group test-retest. Used tools include hospital anxiety and depression scale. This survey showed that exercise of EMDR and CBT has caused significant reduction of anxiety and depression. [Author Abstract]

Accuracy Verified: Yes

31. Vienot, R. C. (1999, June). A comparison of EMDR and biofeedback/stress inoculation training in treating test anxiety. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) be able to identify issues and problems in treating test anxiety; 2) be able to identify the basic components of both the EMDR and biofeedback/stress inoculation training protocols used in this study; 3) learn the EMDR protocol used in treating test anxiety; 4) learn how EMDR, biofeedback/stress inoculation training, and a no-treatment group compare in treatment effect size on six dependent variables; and 5) learn how EMDR, biofeedback/stress inoculation trainlng and a no-treatment group compare in clinical significance on five dependent variables.

Keywords: Biofeeback Stress Inoculation Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

32. Cook-Vienot, R., & Taylor, R. J. (2012). Comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and biofeedback/stress inoculation training in treating test anxiety. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(2), 62-72. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.6.2.62 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and Biofeedback/Stress Inoculation Training (B/SIT) treatment and no treatment (NT) were compared in reducing test anxiety. Thirty college students with high test anxiety were randomly assigned to each condition. Pre-post assessments were conducted using the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Rational Behavior Inventory (RBI), and Autonomic Perception Questionnaire (APQ). Treatment therapists were licensed professionals with at least 2 years experience in their respective modality. Statistical analysis using a two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures found significant interactions between time (pre-post) and treatment conditions for all measures except the RBI. Post hoc Newman–Keuls analyses were conducted on the change scores, indicating that both EMDR and B/SIT significantly reduced test anxiety. EMDR generally outperformed B/SIT.

Keywords: Biofeedback Stress Inoculation Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

33. Vienot, R. C. (1998, July). A comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and biofeedback/stress inoculation training in treating test anxiety. Union Institute and University, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 9822000.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment, Biofeedback/Stress Inoculation Training (B/SIT) treatment, and no treatment (NT) were compared in treating test anxiety. Subjects (30) reporting test anxiety were randomly assigned to EMDR, B/SIT or NT. Treatment consisted of three 90 minute sessions using B/SIT and one 45 minute session/three 75 minute sessions using EMDR. Treatment therapists were licensed psychologists, counselors or social workers with two to twenty years experience using EMDR or B/SIT. Subjects in the NT group were offered treatment following the study. Six dependent variables were measured pre/post: trait and state anxiety (State Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI-T.S.), test anxiety (Test Anxiety Inventory, TAI-T.W.E.), rationality of personal beliefs (Rational Behavior Inventory, RBI), negative self statements (TAI-W) and self report of physiological response (Autonomic Perception Inventory, APQ) using.05 level. ANOVAs were performed followed by a Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparison. There was a significant interaction between pre-post tests and type of group on all dependent measures except the RBI. EMDR showed a tendency toward greater improvement from pre to post test than B/SIT and NT. There were no significant differences between groups on the pre test. Post group means indicated: (a) STAI-S, there was no difference between the groups; (b) STAI-T and APQ, EMDR and B/SIT had a greater reduction than NT; (c) TAI-E, EMDR showed more reduction than B/SIT and NT; (d) TAI-T and W, there were differences between all three groups with EMDR showing the most reduction. A meta-analysis was performed to determine clinical significance. Prior to treatment all three groups were above the normative effect size of 1 SD. The NT group showed no change on post tests. The EMDR group showed a larger reduction in effect size than B/SIT. Based on the data both EMDR and B/SIT reduced test anxiety with EMDR generally outperforming B/SIT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 59(1-B), Jul 1998, pp. 0430.

Keywords: Biofeedback/Stress Biofeedback Training Empirical Study Inoculation Training Stress Management Test Anxiety Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

34. Meneses, J. A. (2008). Comprobación de la efectividad del EMDR en la reducción de la Ansiedad Extrema a los exámenes académicos [Checking the effectiveness of EMDR in reducing extreme anxiety to academic examinations . In P. Solvey & R. C. Ferrazzano de Solvey (Eds.), Terapias de avanzada [Advanced therapies]: Vol. 4, EMDR: Avances en teoria y tecnica [EMDR: Advances in theory and technique] (1st ed) (pp. 209-220). Buenos Aires: TdeA Ediciones.

Language: Spanish

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Keywords: Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

35. Schmitt, A. (2011). Conséquences des violences conjugales sur la santé psychologique des victimes, prise en charge par la thérapie EMDR [Consequences of domestic violence on the psychological health of victims, taking care by EMDR therapy]. Université de Metz, Metz, France.

Language: French

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Les violences conjugales représentent un problème de santé public majeur. En 2011, en France, tous les 2.5 jours, une femme meurt sous les coups de son compagnon. Les violences conjugales résultent de la conjonction de facteurs individuels, conjugaux, sociaux mais également culturels, qui seront détaillés dans cette recherche qui présentera également l'état de l'art concernant les conséquences de ces violences, leurs possibilités de prise en charge et la thérapie EMDR. Quatre études ont été menées dans cette recherche. La première porte sur les conséquences des violences conjugales auprès d'un public de femmes bénéficiant d'un accompagnement social. Il s'agissait d'apporter une contribution aux résultats déjà observés dans la littérature. La seconde étude porte sur la prise en charge de 5 femmes ayant vécu un évènement traumatique en couple et s'étant séparées de leur agresseur. La thérapie EMDR donne des résultats véritablement encourageants, ce qui nous amène à la tester auprès d'un public plus lourdement traumatisé, ayant vécu des violences conjugales d'intensité et de nature variable, durant de nombreuses années (étude 3). Les résultats de l'étude 3 mettent en évidence l'importance de l'adaptation de l'outil thérapeutique à la problématique de la victime et les limites de l'utilisation de l'EMDR auprès de certains types de publics, dont les victimes de violences conjugales. Une analyse de contenu des séances EMDR nous a permis d'affiner nos analyses grâce à une vignette clinique présentée dans l'étude 4. De plus, des personnes n'ayant pas pu être intégrées dans le protocole expérimental ont malgré tout été suivies, ce qui permet une réflexion autour de l'adéquation de la méthode thérapeutique et du cadre expérimental à la victime grâce à une étude de cas, également présentée dans l'étude 4. Toutes ces observations permettront l'émergence de suggestions concernant la prise en charge des victimes de violences conjugales.

Domestic violence represents a major problem for public health. In France, every 2,5 days, a woman dies by the hands of her partner. Domestic violence is the result of the conjunction of individual, domestic, social and also cultural factors to be detailed in this research that will also present the state of art, regarding the consequences of this violence, its means of management and EMDR therapy. Four studies were led in this research. The first one is about the consequences of domestic violence for a group of women benefiting from social support. The idea was to bring a contribution to the results already observed in literature. The second study is about the caretaking of five women who experienced a traumatic event during their couple life, and then split up with their molester. EMDR therapy gives really encouraging results, and it led us to test it with a public more heavily traumatized, who lived intensity and variable violence during many years (study 3). The results of the third study highlight the importance of the adaptation of the therapeutic tools to the problematic of the victim, and the limits of the use of EMDR with some public, included the victims of domestic violence. An analysis of the EMDR sessions content allowed us to refine our analyses thanks to a clinical "vignette" showed in study 4. Moreover, people that could not be included in the experimental protocol were all the same followed up, allowing a reflection around the appropriateness of the therapeutic method and of the experimental frame to the victim thanks to a case study, also presented in study 4. All these observations will allow the emergence of suggestions concerning the caretaking of the domestic violence victims.

Keywords: Domestic Violence

Accuracy Verified: Yes

36. Eidhof, M. B. (2012). The contribution of emotion to the effects of EMDR. Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Until now, the effects of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), has been best explained by Working Memory (WM) theory. Research on the effects of EMDR has always concerned emotional memory, even though the WM account does not consider the emotional element in EMDR. Insights from neuroscience about emotion and its role in the consolidating of stimuli have led to questions that WM theory cannot address. Therefore, the present study introduces the WM/emotion theory on EMDR, which complements WM theory by incorporating knowledge about emotion and its expected role in EMDR treatment. WM/emotion theory expects emotion to play an important role in EMDR treatment, because the re-experiencing of emotion during the recall of an (traumatic) emotional memory seems to enhance (re)consolidation of the ‘blurred’ (as a result of taxing the WM) memory. If this is true, it means EMDR treatment would only affect memories with high emotional charge, and EMDR would be less effective with neutral memories. To test this hypothesis, an experiment was conducted in which negative emotional- and neutral memories of participants were treated with a lab version of EMDR (recall + eye movements (Recall+EM’s)) or a control intervention (Recall-only). It was expected that after Recall + EM’s the reduction of the vividness (and emotionality) would be larger for emotional memories than for neutral memories.It was found that after Recall+EM’s only the vividness (and emotionality) of emotional memories was reduced. The results of the present study suggest that emotion is a crucial element in EMDR treatment and knowledge about the workings of EMDR should be revised according to WM/emotion theory.

Keywords: Autobiographical Memories Consolidation Emotion Negative Memories Neutral Memories Reconsolidation Vividness Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

37. Bauman, W., & Melnyk, W. (1994, Mar). A controlled comparison of eye movements and finger tapping in the treatment of test anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 29-33. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90060-4.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
15 pairs of introductory statistics students, matched on initial test anxiety, were randomly assigned to eye movement desensitization (EMD) or control (finger tapping) conditions to test whether EMD effectively treats test anxiety and, if so, whether eye movement is the critical factor. Both groups had significant decreases in subjective units of disturbance during treatment, suggesting that another source of attenuation of elicited anxiety may be as effective as eye movement in reducing anxiety. There was a significant decrease in Test Anxiety Inventory Emotionality Scale scores from pretest to follow up for both groups, but mixed results on the Worry Scale and total anxiety scores. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Anxiety Disorders College Students EMD Life Experiences Survivor Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

38. Benish, S. G., Imel, Z. E., & Wampold, B. E. (2008, October). Corrigendum to “The relative efficacy of bona fide psychotherapies for treating post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of direct comparisons”. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(7), 1281. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.06.001.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In the course of extending our meta-analysis of the relative efficacy of psychotherapy treatment of PTSD (Benish, Imel, & Wampold, 2008), we detected three errors in the original analysis that appear in Table 1. The effect size for all measures should be d=.40 for Foa et al. (1999), while all measures and PTSD measures for Devilly & Spence (1999) should be d=.43 and d=.57, respectively. In the original analysis, data from Resick et al. (1988) was erroneously included in lieu of Resick (2002) including the quotation. The correct effect size for Resick et al. (2002) all measures and PTSD measures should be d=.31 and d=.27, respectively. After correcting these errors, the upper bound of the aggregated effect increases slightly to 0.19 and 0.22 for all measures and PTSD measures, respectively. These errors did not affect the significance level of any test of the hypotheses of the study.

Keywords: Corrigendum

Accuracy Verified: Yes

39. Chard, K. M., & Gilman, R. (2005, August). Counseling trauma victims: 4 brief therapies meet the test. Current Psychiatry, 4(8). 50, 55-58, 61-62, 64.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Therapists once believed trauma survivors required years of treatment, yet we now know that relatively brief cognitive-behavioral interventions can yield long-term gains in psychosocial and psychological function. Many psychiatric patients meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD, including: 33% of women experiencing sexual assault, 30% of male war veterans, and 30% of the 5 million U.S. children exposed to trauma each year. The authors offer recommendations on how to prepare traumatized adults and children for cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and discuss four tested models -- prolonged exposure (PE), cognitive processing therapy (CPT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and stress inoculation training (SIT) -- that psychiatrists may find effective when treating PTSD. [Adapted from Text] [Pilots]

Keywords: Brief Psychotherapy Cognitive Therapy Exposure Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

40. Elling, M. (2009, Februari). Databank effectieve jeugdinterventies (testversie): Beschrijving ´Eye movement desensitization & reprocessing (EMDR)' [Database of effective youth interventions (test version): Description of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)]. Utrecht: NIZW. Ontvangen van http://www.nji.nl/eCache/DEF/37/990.cmVjb3JkbnI9MTc.html op 1/26/2010.

Language: Dutch

Format: Other

Abstract:
Verwerking van herinneringen aan identificeerbare traumatische ervaringen. Hierdoor kunnen klachten, die zijn ontstaan als gevolg van die herinneringen en het lijden dat daarmee gepaard gaat, worden verminderd.

Processing of memories of traumatic experiences identifiable. This enables complaints that have arisen as a result of those memories and the suffering that goes with it are reduced.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

41. Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1996). De behandeling van specifieke fobieën met eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Een gecontroleerde studie. Directieve Therapie, 16(1), 1-5. doi:10.1007/BF03060128 .

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In deze studie werd onderzocht of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) van nut kan zijn bij het behandelen van een specifieke fobie. De studie bestond uit twee fasen. Tijdens de eerste fase werden spinfobici toegewezen aan drie onderzoeksgroepen: een EMDR groep, een imaginaire exposure groep of een controlegroep die geen behandeling ontving. De behandeling werd geëvalueerd met een gestandaardiseerde gedragstest waarbij de fobici werd verzocht het gevreesde object (i.c. spin) zo dicht mogelijk te benaderen. Geen van de drie groepen – dus ook de EMDR–groep niet – boekte vooruitgang. De exposure in vivo behandeling, die alle fobici tijdens de tweede fase van het onderzoek ontvingen, leidde daarentegen wel tot een significante verbetering op de gedragstest.

This study investigated whether Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) can be useful in treating a specific phobia. The study consisted of two phases. During the first phase spinfobici assigned to three research groups: one group of EMDR, an imaginary exposure group or a control group that received no treatment. Treatment was evaluated with a standardized behavioral test in which the phobic invited the feared object (ie spin) as close as possible to approach. None of the three groups - including the EMDR group did not - made progress. Exposure in vivo treatment, all phobic during the second phase of the study, led however to a significant improvement on the behavioral test.

Keywords: Specific Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

42. Kuiken, D., Miall, D., Bears, M., & Smith L. (1998). Defamiliarization in dreaming and reading: Eye movements and attentional engagement. Presentation at the VIth Biannual IGEL Conference, Utrecht.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The fictional world imaginatively constituted during literary reading is sometimes compared with the imaginal world created during dreaming. At the core of both reading and dreaming may be the type of attentional adjustment that occurs when departures from expected events emerge in experience. During dreaming, markers of this attentional adjustment – and of the related transformations of dream content – are the eye movements characteristic of REM sleep. Recent research suggests that eye movements induced during wakefulness similarly prompt dreamlike transformations of imaginal activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that, during reading, induced eye movements would facilitate defamiliarization in response to the deviations from literal meanings found in metaphoric expressions. To test this hypothesis, twenty-five undergraduates completed 20 seconds of eye movements or 20 seconds of visual fixation before each of two tasks: (a) a covert visual attention task (Posner & Cohen, 1984), in which a cue indicated the likely position of a subsequent target, and (b) a sentence rating task, in which sentences with either metaphoric or non-metaphoric endings were rated for strikingness. Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated that the eye movement manipulation facilitated attentional adjustments to targets presented in invalidly cued locations and increased the extent to which metaphoric sentence endings were found striking. These results suggest that induced eye movements facilitate attentional reorientation toward the novel meanings found in metaphoric expressions, providing evidence that dreaming and reading involve a similarly “defamiliarizing” attentional adjustment.

Keywords: Dreaming Reading

Accuracy Verified: Yes

43. Bae, H., & Daeho, K. (2012). Desensitization of triggers and urge reprocessing for an adolescent with internet addiction disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(2), 73-81. DOI: 10.1891/1933-3196.6.2.73.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This case study reports the successful treatment of Internet addiction in a 13- year-old male using four 45-minute sessions of the desensitization of triggers and urge reprocessing (DeTUR) protocol—an addiction protocol of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR; Popky, 2005). This protocol uses EMDR procedures to process current triggers and positive future templates, but it does not identify or directly address any past trauma. At baseline, the participant showed a moderate level of Internet addiction (scoring 75 on Young’s Internet Addiction Test [IAT]) and moderate depression (26 on the Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]). During assessment, he identified 7 triggers for Internet gaming and rated the associated urge to engage in the activity with scores of 3–9 on the level of urge scale (0 5 lowest, 10 5 strongest). Using the DeTUR protocol, the level of urge for each trigger was reduced to 2, which the participants defined as “not being able to think about or crave for the game.” After treatment, his symptoms had declined to nonclinical levels (38 on IAT and 6 on BDI) and he was able to restrict his time on the Internet to an hour per day. These therapeutic gains were maintained at 6- and 12-month follow-up. The DeTUR may be a good treatment option for Internet addiction and further controlled studies are needed.

Keywords: Adolescents DeTUR Game Addiction Internet Addiction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

44. Various. (2000, November - December). Dibattito sulla EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) [Debate on EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing)]. Avvenuto nelle liste "Psicoterapia" di Psychomedia (PM-PT) e Ipsico.

Language: Italian

Format: Other

Abstract:
Estratto: Ho letto con interesse questo scambio annunci sulla tecnica EMDR. L'EMDR ha anche parlato della recente riunione di Moiano, organizzata da Psicologi per i PeopleOn "modelli di intervento in psicologia di emergenza". Come Moiano, vorrei che potesse approfondire un discorso sul tema, proprio perché in psicologia dello stress post-traumatico, l'EMDR è uno dei temi più controversi discussi da una dozzina di anni. A partire dal accuse "scioccanti" di Francine Shapiro, il creatore del metodo con cui la grande maggioranza delle forme di PTSD regrediti rapidamente con alcune sessioni sono associati con i movimenti oculari saccadici evento traumatico 'immagini, ha sviluppato una linea di grandi dimensioni di ricerca si propone di empiricamente testare la reale efficacia del metodo. I risultati di questi studi sono almeno ambigui. Ciò è sottolineato con forza, come in diverse occasioni i ricercatori indipendenti riuscito a replicare i risultati eccezionali che l'insegnamento EMDR IncorporatedThe azienda vende negli Stati metodo di insegnamento Uniti, hanno pubblicato.

Excerpt: I read with interest this exchange listings on the EMDR technique. EMDR has also spoken of the recent meeting of Moiano, organized by Psychologists for the PeopleOn "models of intervention in emergency psychology". As Moiano, I wish it could deepen a discourse on the subject, precisely because in the psychology of post-traumatic stress, EMDR is one of the most controversial topics discussed by a dozen years now. Starting from the allegations "shocking" of Francine Shapiro, the creator of the method by which the vast majority of forms of PTSD regressed rapidly with some sessions are associated with eye movements saccadic 'imagery traumatic event, has developed a large line of research seeks to empirically test the real effectiveness of the method. The results of these trials are at least ambiguous. This is strongly emphasized, as on several occasions independent researchers failed to replicate the outstanding results that teaching EMDR IncorporatedThe company sells in the United States teaching method, have published.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: No

45. Hopper, J., Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M., Yehuda, R., van der Kolk, B. A., & Simpson, W. (2003, October-November). Differential biological outcomes of EMDR and fluoxetine for PTSD. In B. A. van der Kolk (Chair), Treatment outcome studies of PTSD. Symposium conducted at the 19th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Treatment Outcome Studies of PTSD: This symposium presents three large carefully controlled treatment outcome studies using four different treatment modalities (CBT, EMDR, psychopharmacology and Cognitive Processing) and presents data on comparative efficacy, treatment responsiveness and resistance, effects on comorbidity, quality of life, and biological changes that accompany symptom improvement.

Differential Biological Outcomes of EMDR and Fluoxetine for PTSD: Two major developments in PTSD research have been the development of effective treatments and the delineation of pathophysiology. While major gains have been made in both of these areas, they have occurred in parallel. There is a need for investigations of possible differential effects of different treatment modalities on biological aspects of PTSD. In this randomized controlled trial (N = 105), we compared the exposure treatment Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, the serotonergic reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine, and pill placebo for their effects on both PTSD symptoms and biological parameters. The outcome measures were severity of reexperiencing, avoidant/numbing, and hyperarousal symptoms; psychophysiological reactivity to script-driven imagery; basal salivary cortisol and dexamethasone suppression test (DST). At pre-treatment, post-treatment and 3-month follow-up, saliva samples were acquired at 8 a.m., 11 p.m. (immediately followed by dexamethasone) and 8 a.m.. Participants also underwent a script-driven imagery protocol utilizing four 30s scripts, each followed by a 60s script imaging period and 2 minute recovery periods (fixed order: neutral, trauma, neutral, trauma). Preliminary analyses partially support hypothesizes concerning differential efficacies of pharmacological and psychological treatments on different symptom clusters and biological markers of the disorder, at post-treatment and 3- month follow-up. Potential implications for treatment and future research will be discussed.

Keywords: Fluoxetine Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

46. [Yoshinori Fukui]. (2009, May). Discussion on the use of the dissociative experiences scale (DES): Frequency of dissociative experinces among adolescents. EMDR研究1（1）、12月23日 [Japanese Journal of EMDR Research and Practice, 1(1), 12-23].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This research aims to look at the frequency of dissociative experiences among adolescent population, and collect basic data. Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) was administered to 816 university students. The results on each item were analyzed and they were very similar to those of previous studies. I-T correlation and G-P analyses results indicate that discriminate power for each item is at best when cut-off of 25 or less is applied. Since the data was not distributed normally, test for median was performed and the same result was obtained. On top of that, to secure the normal distribution of the data, square root transformation was undertaken before the two analyses were performed. The results suggest that on G-P analysis, in order to increase discriminate power, the cut-off needs to be less than 16. However, when false negative and positive were taken into consideration, it was off from practical use. And when compared with other researches, it became apparent that depending on the context of measurers used with DES, there is a possibility of subjecrs being biased. Also it was suggested that items on DES are useful in screening DID but they are not measuring the overall spectrum of dissociative disorder.

Keywords: Adolescence DES Dissociative Experience Dissociative Experiences Scale

Accuracy Verified: Yes

47. Becker, L., Todd-Overman, A., Stoothoff, W., & Lawson, P. (1998, July). Do eye movements hinder the avoidance process leading to greater accessibility of traumatic memories?. In Ironic memory, PTSD, and EMDR. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) learn Wegner's ironic memory process model; 2) learn how the ironic memory process model is related to the DSM-IV symptoms of PTSD; 3) learn that eye movements at different speeds interfere with and interact with the speech process; and 4) learn that eye movements can inhibit the suppression process.

Keywords: Eye Movement Ironic Memory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium Wegner

Accuracy Verified: Yes

48. Tym, R., Dyck, M., & McGrath, G. (2000, July-August). Does a visual perceptual disturbance characterize trauma-related anxiety syndromes?. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14(4), 377-394. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(00)00029-3.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The i-test was developed to assess the visual-perceptual disturbances (VPDs) frequently reported by anxious patients. Persons with the disturbance report a specific abnormal illusion of movement when they maintain a fixed gaze at the i-test stimulus. Base rates for positive responses to the i-test and for reports of a "recurrent specific memory" (RSM) of a fear experience were obtained in psychiatric outpatient (n = 301) and community (n = 128) samples. In each case, approximately one fifth of participants had a positive response to the i-test and one fifth of participants reported an RSM of fear. A positive response to the i-test is observed in women more frequently than in men. Among psychiatric patients, approximately 90% of patients who report one symptom also report the other symptom; among community members, the concordance rate is approximately 33%. When psychiatric patients with both an abnormal illusion of movement response and an RSM of trauma are treated with eye movement desensitization, both symptoms are removed in 70% of cases; when these patients undergo some other form of treatment, both symptoms are removed in 30% of cases. These results indicate that the i-test is an effective way of identifying VPDs associated with psychopathologic conditions; the association between the abnormal illusion of movement and reports of recurrent specific memories of fear experiences suggests that the VPD may be a marker of traumatic stress syndromes. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents Adults Assessment Children Depressive Disorders Females Males Injuries Memory Retrieval Techniques Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Somatic Symptoms Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Visual Hallucinations Witnesses

Accuracy Verified: Yes

49. Jatzko, A., Ruf, M., & Schmitt, A. (2008, Mai). Durch EMDR normalisierte funktionelle verarbeitungsprozesse bei PTBS: Eine fMRT pilotstudie [EMDR normalized by functional processing in PTSD: An fMRI pilot study] . Poster präsentiert auf der 10. Jahrestagung der DeGPT Deutschsprachige Gesellschaft für Psychotraumatologie, Psychisches Trauma-korperliches Leiden, Basel, Schweiz.

Language: German

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Es existieren kaum Untersuchungen mittels funktioneller Bildgebung, die den Effekt psychotherapeutischer Verfahren und deren Auswirkungen auf das Gehirn eruieren. Eye-Movement-Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) ist ein anerkanntes Verfahren zur Behandlung der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung, jedoch wurde noch keine fMRT-Studie zu diesem Verfahren veröffentlicht. Diese fMRT-Studie soll erste Hinweise auf die Auswirkungen einer EMDR-Therapie auf die Informationsverarbeitung einer Patientin mit einer posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS) zeigen.

The fMRI study was at the ZI in a SIEMENS VISION 1.5 Tesla MR scanner with a 2D/EPI-Sequence (3.43 mm x 3:43 in plane Resolution, 24 layers, 4 mm per layer, 1 mm gap) and a Repetition time of 2.94 s made. It was her description of her of the accident at the moment of impact in a block design alternating with a baseline condition (only MRI noise) presented. Each 8x block was presented for 19.8 sec. After this there is a EMDRBehandlung (2h), where there were violent reactions of the patient. After a 20th Break was repeated the fMRI procedure. The Analysis was performed by BrainVoyager QX 1.9, with a t-test (fixed effect) with a threshold of q <0.5 (corrected) as was assumed significant.

Keywords: fMRI Pilot Study Poster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

50. Ravaglia, G. (2003). E.M.D.R. e percorso analitico [EMDR and path analysis]. Gianfranco Ravaglia.

Language: Italian

Format: Other

Abstract:
Le tesi sviluppate negli scritti di questo sito rinviano a vari indirizzi psicoterapeutici che convergono nel considerare i disturbi psicologici come esiti di atteggiamenti difensivi intenzionali, anziché come "effetti" di "cause" intrapsichiche o ambientali. Il cliente in analisi non è quindi considerato un malato da curare, ma un soggetto che ha costruito le sue difese e che per questo può anche cambiare. Il lavoro analitico verte sul chiarimento delle convinzioni irrazionali su cui si fonda la strategia difensiva della persona e sull'esplorazione dei vissuti profondi non integrati nell'infanzia perché sentiti in tale epoca come intollerabili. Il lavoro analitico si basa sull'idea che i sintomi, gli atteggiamenti difensivi ed anche molti atteggiamenti considerati normali costituiscano una risposta ragionevole nell'infanzia, ma irrazionale nella vita adulta, al dolore. Il bambino evita il dolore, mentre l'adulto può accettarlo perché dispone di risorse che nell'infanzia non aveva. Il lavoro analitico ha come obiettivo l’elaborazione delle esperienze dolorose attuali e dei vissuti dolorosi del passato. Non “cura” i disturbi psicologici, ma serve a renderli superflui; consente quindi alla persona in analisi non solo di "star meglio", ma di modificare l'atteggiamento complessivo nei confronti della sua esistenza. Dal 2000 ad oggi questo sito è cresciuto includendo ogni anno nuovi lavori. Per ogni saggio indico la data della prima pubblicazione; indico anche quella dell’ultima revisione solo nei casi in cui parti significative sono state aggiunte.

The arguments in the writings of this site refer to various addresses psychotherapy converge in considering the results of psychological disorders such as defensive intentional, rather than "effects" of "causes" intrapsychic or environmental. The customer analysis is therefore not considered a patient to be cured, but a person who has built his defenses and that this may also change. The analytical work focuses on clarifying the irrational beliefs underlying the defensive strategy of the person and the exploration of deep feelings are not integrated in childhood because at that time felt as intolerable. The analytical work is based on the symptoms, the defensive and many considered normal behavior in childhood constitute a reasonable response, but irrational in adult life, the pain. The child avoids the pain, while the adult can accept it because it has resources that childhood did not have. The analytical work has as objective the development of painful experiences of current and past painful experiences. Not cure psychological disorders, but serves to make them redundant; then allows the person in analysis not only of "getting better", but change the overall attitude towards its existence. Since 2000 this site has grown to include new works each year. For each test indicates the date of first publication, also indicates that the last review only in cases where significant parts have been added.

Keywords: Path Analysis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

51. Meneses, J. A. (2007). Efectividad del EMDR, en la reducción de la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes academicos, en las alumnas de los sextos cursos del instituto tecnológico “Eloy Alfaro”, de la ciudad de esmeraldas, durante el ano 2.006 [Effectiveness of EMDR in reducing extreme anxiety to academic examinations in the students of the sixth technical institute courses "Eloy Alfaro" emerald city, during the year 2006]. Universidad Central Del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Psicologicas, Instituto Superior de Postgrado, Quito, Ecuador.

Language: Spanish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
El EMDR, es un método psicoterapéutico, efectivo para reducir la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes académicos, a niveles normales, en un 88.8%, de los casos, en 9.25 sesiones de tratamiento, como promedio, con un nivel de confianza del 95 y 99%, en las alumnas de los sextos cursos, del Instituto Tecnológico “Eloy Alfaro, de la ciudad de Esmeraldas, durante el año 2.006. OBJETIVOS DE APRENDIZAJE: 1. Demostrar que EMDR, es efectivo también para reducir la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes académicos. 2. Informar que EMDR, reduce además a niveles normales los sistemas de respuestas de ansiedad cognitiva, fisiológica, y motora y la ansiedad a la evaluación. 3. Concienciar que EMDR, provoca también cambios cognitivos, emocionales y conductuales, como por ejemplo, el aumento de la autoestima y de la autoeficacia. 4. Comunicar que, luego del estudio de seguimiento, se estableció que EMDR, es efectivo en la reducción de la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes, en forma estable, es decir sin que se produzcan recaídas o sustitución de síntomas

In this study, which is kind of explanation, then use the hypothetical-deductive method with a quasi-experimental design with experimental and control group, formed at random, with pre and post treatment, with statistical processing of data, with the Student t test, and ANOVA before and after treatment, and once tested the hypothesis, it was established that: EMDR is a psychotherapeutic method, effective in reducing extreme anxiety to academic tests to normal levels in 88.8% of the cases, treatment sessions 9.25, on average, with a confidence level of 95 and 99 % of pupils in the sixth course, the "Eloy Alfaro" Technological Institute in Esmeraldas City Ecuador during the year 2006. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1. Show that EMDR is also effective to reduce extreme anxiety to academic exams. 2. Report that EMDR also reduces systems to normal levels of anxiety responses cognitive, physiological, and motor and anxiety evaluation. 3. Awareness that EMDR also causes cognitive, emotional and behavioral, for example, increased self-esteem and self-efficacy. 4. Report that, after the follow-up study established that EMDR is effective in reducing extreme anxiety tests in stable form, ie without the occurrence of relapse or symptom substitution.

Keywords: Anxiety Eloy Alfaro Students

Accuracy Verified: Yes

52. Meneses, J. A. (2007, Novembro). Efectividad del EMDR, en la reducción de la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes académicos, en las alumnas de los sextos cursos del instituto tecnológico “Eloy Alfaro”, de la ciudad de Esmeraldas, Ecuador, durante el año 2.006 [Effectiveness of EMDR in reducing extreme anxiety, academic tests, students in the sixth high school courses technological "Eloy Alfaro" City Esmeraldas, Ecuador, during the year 2006]. Apresentação no I Congresso Ibero-Americano de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objetivos de aprendizaje: • Demostrar que EMDR es efectivo también para reducir la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes académicos. • Informar que EMDR reduce además a niveles normales los sistemas de respuestas de ansiedad cognitiva, fisiológica, y motora y la ansiedad a la evaluación. • Concienciar que EMDR provoca también cambios cognitivos, emocionales y conductuales, como por ejemplo: el aumento de la autoestima y de la autoeficacia. • Comunicar que luego del estudio de seguimiento, se estableció que EMDR, es efectivo en la reducción de la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes, en forma estable, es decir, sin que se produzcan recaídas o sustitución de síntomas.

Learning Objectives: • Demonstrate that EMDR is effective also for reduce extreme anxiety tests academics. • Inform that EMDR also reduces levels normal response systems cognitive anxiety, physiological, and motor and evaluation anxiety. • Raise awareness that EMDR also results cognitive, emotional and behavioral such as: increased self-esteem and self-efficacy. • Communicate that after the follow-up study established that EMDR is effective in reducing the extreme anxiety examinations, in a stable, ie without relapses occur or replacement of symptoms.

Keywords: Ecuador Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

53. Lee, H., Yum, M. K., Kim, S. H., Lee, Y. J., & Kim, D. (2008). Effect of horizontal eye movements on the heart rate variability after exposure to a fear-inducing film clip. Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 15(1), 35-45.

Language: Korean

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: There has been a continued debate regarding the role of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). This study examined the possible autonomic effect of horizontal eye movements after being exposed to fearful stimuli. Methods: Fifty two healthy adult women were randomly allocated to eye movement or eye fixed groups after watching a five minute fear-inducing film clip. ECG was recorded during the resting state, after watching the clip, and the treatment. A spectral power analysis of the heart rate variability was performed. As the variables violated the rule of normal distribution and the number in each group is small the non-parametric test was used. Results: Overall, we did not find the differences between the groups in both time and frequency domains. Some minor differences found were not consistent with results from previous studies. Conclusions: Effect of eye movement on autonomic nervous system during fear desensitization was not supported in this experiment. Further study with other psychophysiological measures is needed to understand the role of eye movements in treatment of traumatic memory.

Keywords: Autonomic Nervous System Eye Movements Eye Movements Females Fear Film Clip Heart Rate Variability Horitzontal Korean

Accuracy Verified: Yes

54. Kahveci, S. & Karakus, D., (2009, June). The effect of RDI on test anxiety with a group setting of adolescents. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Adolescents Group Setting RDI Research Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

55. Colosetti, S. D. (1997). Effect of relaxation training alone and relaxation training paired with EMDR on incarcerated, battered women. University of Georgia, Athens, GA. AAT 9735499.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Every 15 seconds a woman is beaten in the U.S. Many of these women meet the criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD. Some of them end up in prison. This study used a sample of 5 battered women, incarcerated in a Southern state prison, to test the efficacy of EMDR following relaxation training. A-B-C designs were used to compare baseline assessment (Phase A), relaxation training utilizing Miller and Halpern's audiotaped instructions (Phase B), and EMDR (Phase C). A script of the worst memory of abuse was dictated by each woman during assessment and read by the researcher at the beginning of each session. The Beck Anxiety Inventory and Impact of Events Scale, measuring avoidant behaviors and intrusive thoughts, were given weekly, following the script. Client logs and measures of SUDS and VOC were taken during the EMDR phase only. A one-month follow-up was used. ANOVAs with repeated measures comparing 2 groups, E1 (n = 2) that received 3 weeks of relaxation training prior to EMDR and E2 (n = 3) that received 6 weeks of relaxation training prior to EMDR, were not statistically significant. Avoidant Behaviors scores approached significance for the main effect of treatment (F = .06) and for the group by phase interaction (F = .08). Due to intrasubject variability, blocking was used to identify trends. A distinct improvement was noted in Subject 2 -- Anxiety dropped from 36.5 to 8.0, Intrusive Thoughts 27.5 to 11.0, and Avoidant Behaviors 27.0 to 24.0. Individually graphed data and calculated mean scores by phase permit further investigation. Implications for future research include appropriate screening for dissociation and development of coping skills prior to EMDR, decreasing avoidance by having the woman read her script aloud prior to completing outcome measures, monitoring medication during treatment, continuing treatment as needed, using additional outcome measures, and employing a multi-baseline design across subjects, matching women on several demographic variables. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. 58(6-A), Dec 1997, pp. 2392.

Keywords: Adults Americans Battery Empirical Study Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prison Inmates PTSD Relaxation Therapy Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

56. Aytun, O. A. (2010, June). The effectiveness of EMDR and support group treatment model in smoking cessation. In Addictions. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of a treatment model in cigarette cessation. Among the volunteers who enrolled to participate in the study, 15 participants were selected as our subject group in terms of their scores in Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (middle or upper level of dependency). The participants of this study attended 9 weeks of treatment including a preliminary session in the first week following 8 EMDR sessions (once a week) and 4 group sessions (once every two weeks). The 5 follow up sessions (15-day, a month, 3 month. 6 month. 1 year foilow-up) are included in the study to evaluate the efficacy of the model and the relapse rate of the subjects. EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) DeTUR Protocol (Popky, 1993) and a support group format is used as treatment methods. Hughes-Watsukami Withdrawal Questionnaire, STAI, Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ) and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence is the instruments of this study.

Keywords: Group Treatment Smoking Cessation Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

57. Nettz, S. L. (1995, August). Effects of a single session of EMDR, flooding, and a credible placebo treatment on traumatic memories in male veterans. Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL. AAT 9614404.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study explored the effectiveness of a single session of three different treatments for traumatic memories. Subjects were 45 adult males, randomly assigned to Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Flooding, or Placebo therapy (Modified Avoidance Response Conditioning [ MARC]). Self-report and physiological measures were employed to measure treatment effectiveness. Subjects completed the following pre-treatment inventories: Michigan Alcohol Screening Test, Impact of Event Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Questionnaire on Mental Imagery, and the Treatment Credibility Questionnaire. Post-treatment measures included self-report measures (Subjective Units of Distress [ SUDs] and Treatment Credibility Questionnaire) and physiological measures (heart rate, skin conductance, and skin temperature). Treatments were rated as equally credible before and after the session. Both EMDR and Flooding produced a significant decrease in the self-report of anxiety compared to the Placebo (MARC) group. Neither heart rate or skin conductance channels showed a significant change for any of the three groups during post-treatment assessment phases. However, skin temperature was significantly lower for the Flooding group compared to the MARC group during two post-treatment phases, suggesting that the Flooding group was more physiologically aroused than Placebo (MARC) subjects. Findings suggest that during Flooding, exposure to disturbing elements of a trauma is associated with physiological arousal, which in turn leads to lessening of subjective distress. However, a different mechanism may account for EMDR treatment effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 57(1-B), Jul 1996, pp. 0687

Keywords: Adults Emotional Trauma Empirical Study Evaluation Male Memory Military Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial Veterans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

58. Brennstuhl, M. J., & Tarquinio, C. (2012, June). Effects of an specific EMDR protocol for the treatment of chronic pain [Los efectos de un protocolo específico de EMDR para el tratamiento del dolor crónico]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Treatment of chronic pain stays problematic. The complex part of cognitive, behavioral and emotional in chronic pain makes treatment complicated. Since few years, many authors have argued on a traumatic symptomatology, which is responsible of chronic pain (reactive symptom of PTSD) (Bioy & Fouques, 2002; Ferragut, 2007, 2010), or that chronic pain may induce a trauma (Burloux, 2004). This argumentation brought to us to envisage the EMDR therapy for the treatment of chronic pain. This research aims to test the effectiveness of treatment of chronic pain. We have elaborated a new protocol, which focuses on specificities on chronic pain problematic. This protocol focuses on pain and physical sensation. Inspiration on Mark Grant Protocol (Grant, 2009), R-‐Tep and Google research (Shapiro & Laub, 2009) isn’t unnoticed. Chronic pain can be approached like an elaborated trauma, because it’s always happening. So, as with recent event trauma, we can find the most difficult moment. It’s why we proposing a protocol based on focusing symptom: pain. Ten patients were treated with this new EMDR protocol, specific on chronic pain. After every session, and at the end of the treatment, the effects of this protocol on chronic pain and traumatic symptomatology were evaluated and show significant improvement. The objective is double: a significant improvement was made reducing chronic pain and associated symptoms (depression, anxiety...), and also use this protocol in a prevention move and stop chronicity of pain in the beginning.

El tratamiento del dolor crónico sigue siendo problemático. Los elementos cognitivos, conductuales y emocionales complejos dificultan su tratamiento. Desde hace algunos años, muchos autores han debatido sobre una sintomatología traumática que sería la responsable del dolor crónico (síntoma reactivo del TEPT) (Bioy & Fouques, 2002; Ferragut, 2007, 2010) o que el dolor crónico puede inducir trauma (Burloux, 2004). Esta controversia nos ha llevado a contemplar el empleo de EMDR para el tratamiento del dolor crónico. Esta investigación pretende comprobar la efectividad [de EMDR] del tratamiento del dolor crónico. Hemos elaborado un protocolo nuevo que se centra en las especificidades del dolor crónico problemático. Este protocolo se centra en el dolor y la sensación física. No pasa desapercibida la inspiración del protocolo de Mark Grant (Grant, 2009), R-‐Tep e investigación en Google (Shapiro & Laub, 2009). Se puede abordar el dolor crónico del mismo modo que el trauma elaborado, dado que es constante. Por lo tanto, al igual que un evento reciente, podemos identificar el momento más difícil. Por eso proponemos un protocolo que se basa en centrarnos en el síntoma: el dolor. Diez pacientes fueron tratados con este nuevo protocolo de EMDR, específico para el dolor crónico. Tras cada sesión y al finalizar el tratamiento, se evaluaron los efectos de este protocolo sobre el dolor crónico y la sintomatología traumática; los resultados han mostrado una mejoría significativa. El objetivo es doble: por un lado, lograr una mejora significativa y reducir el dolor crónico, así como los síntomas asociados (la depresión, ansiedad...), y por el otro lado, usar este protocolo como estrategia preventiva y poner fin a la cronificación del dolor desde un principio.

Keywords: Chronic Pain

Accuracy Verified: Yes

59. Parker, A., Relph, S., & Dagnall, N. (2008, January). Effects of bilateral eye movements on the retrieval of item, associative, and contextual information. Neuropsychology, 22(1), 136-145. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.22.1.136.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Two experiments are reported that investigate the effects of saccadic bilateral eye movements on the retrieval of item, associative, and contextual information. Experiment 1 compared the effects of bilateral versus vertical versus no eye movements on tests of item recognition, followed by remember-know responses and associative recognition. Supporting previous research, bilateral eye movements enhanced item recognition by increasing the hit rate and decreasing the false alarm rate. Analysis of remember-know responses indicated that eye movement effects were accompanied by increases in remember responses. The test of associative recognition found that bilateral eye movements increased correct responses to intact pairs and decreased false alarms to rearranged pairs. Experiment 2 assessed the effects of eye movements on the recall of intrinsic (color) and extrinsic (spatial location) context. Bilateral eye movements increased correct recall for both types of context. The results are discussed within the framework of dual-process models of memory and the possible neural underpinnings of these effects are considered. [PsycINFO]

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Eye Movements

Accuracy Verified: Yes

60. Hampel, J. C. (1997, November). The effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on self-reported test anxiety in college students. Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI. AAT 9732881.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Test anxiety is a common problem among students in western culture due to the importance of academic achievement and the consequences for failure. Many consider test anxiety to be primarily an issue of poor study habits and test readiness. However, some students who appear to possess excellent study habits also appear to experience severe anxiety during tests. A recent meta-analysis of test anxiety research substantiated these claims, finding that test anxiety appeared to be an emotionally-based as opposed to a cognitively-based problem. Despite these findings, the etiologies for test anxiety remain unknown. Similar to nearly all DSM-IV diagnostic categories, test anxiety is a syndrome with no known pathognomonic sign(s) which singularly diagnose the condition. Hence, treatments for test anxiety, as for nearly all other DSM-IV mental disorders are symptomatic as opposed to strategic. Unfortunately, there are few symptomatic treatments for test anxiety that are both efficient and effective.Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), which was developed for the symptomatic treatment of PTSD, was chosen to treat the symptoms of test anxiety for the following essential reasons: (a) the reported efficacy of EMDR with PTSD; (b) the similarities between test anxiety and PTSD that include intrusive thoughts, inability to concentrate, behavioral avoidance, and emotional symptomatology; and (c) the need for a brief, effective symptomatic treatment for test anxiety. Using a waiting control group against which to compare the treatment group and subsequently replicate treatment effects, the results found that EMDR was highly effective for the symptomatic reduction of self-reported test anxiety as measured by all test anxiety scales. Moreover, these results also suggest that measures of study habits and attitudes are also sensitive to enhancement as a result of treatment with EMD/R. Although the current results did not suggest specific mechanism(s) by which EMDR was effective, the pattern of highly effective results across widely different types of test anxiety presentations suggests the actions of an active placebo treatment. It is suggested that future research contrast EMD/R with known active placebo protocols. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(5-B), Nov 1997, pp. 2676.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders College Students Empirical Study Life Experiences Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

61. Johnson, M. D. (1996, June). Effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on test anxiety. Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX. AAT 9716578.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was introduced (Shapiro, 1989) as a treatment for traumatic memories. The necessity of eye movements or another activating stimuli in the treatment of test anxiety and the effectiveness of EMDR as a treatment for test anxiety is the focus of the present study. This study screened subjects for adequate study skills and the presence of test anxiety, and randomly assigned 45 subjects to one of three conditions: EMDR, EMDR with no activating stimuli (EMDR/NS; eyes closed), and a no treatment control group. The results of this study suggest that EMDR and EMDR/NS were equally effective in treating test anxiety and more effective than the control group as measured by the Achievement Anxiety Test, the Emotionality scale of the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI), the Subjective Units of Disturbance scale, and the Validity of Cognition scale. Test performance and the Worry Scale of the TAI were not significantly impacted by the treatment groups. The inability of EMDR to impact the worry scale or the test performance of subjects in this study draws into question the usefulness of EMDR as a treatment of test anxiety. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 57(12-B), Jun 1997, pp. 7730.

Keywords: Empirical Study Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

62. Choi, K. M., Min, J. A., Park, G. H., Lee, S.-H., & Chae, J.-H. (2011). The effects of horizontal eye movement on mental health indices and psychophysiological activities in healthy subjects. Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 18, 148-158.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: The eye movement (EM) has been reported to play a role in enhancing the retrieval of episodic memories and reducing effects of fearful episodes in the past and worries for the futures. However, it is still unclear in the mechanism of EM in normal subjects. We examined the horizontal eye movement (HEM) effect using an aiding apparatus on mental health indices including negative and positive psychological factors, and psychophysiological measures such as heart rate variability and quantitative electroencepaholography (qEEG) in healthy subjects.
Methods: Twenty eight healthy subjects were recruited and randomly allocated into two groups : active HEM group and control group. The active HEM group conducted the HEM training with usual stress management audio-intervention using the apparatus inducing eye movement once a day for 14 days. The control group also conducted the same training once a day for 14 days, however, the saccadic eye movement was not included in this training. Psychological measurements, neurocognitive function tests, heart rate variability measurement and qEEG were conducted before and after the training in both groups.
Results: In the active HEM group, sleep status using Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) positive factors significantly increased after the training. By contrast, scores on the negative items of Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWBS), and negative items of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) were significantly decreased after the training. The percentage of delta amplitude (1-3 Hz) in qEEG significantly decreased after the HEM training. The percentage of alpha amplitude (8-12 Hz) significantly increased after HEM training. The change of delta amplitude in the active HEM group was positively correlated with the change of sleep satisfaction of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the change of alpha amplitude was negatively correlated with depression of VAS, anxiety of VAS and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI).
Conclusions: The HEM training improved sleep quality and well-being, and sense of optimism. The HEM training also increased alpha amplitude and decreased delta amplitude in qEEG. The qEEG changes were well correlated with subjective improvement of mental health indices in healthy subjects. These results suggest some evidences that HEM training using the apparatus that induces EM would be helpful in improving subjective mental health in healthy subjects. Further study with larger samples size would be needed.

Keywords: Horitzontal Eye Movements

Accuracy Verified: Yes

63. Nijdam, M., Olff, M., & Gersons, B. (2005, November). Effects of psychotherapy on neuropsychological performance in PTSD. Poster presented at the 21st annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Toronto, ON.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Deficits in concentration and memory are some of the most persistent symptoms of PTSD. Although many studies have investigated neuropsychological deficits in different trauma populations with and without PTSD, no study to our knowledge has looked carefully at improvement of neuropsychological functioning after psychotherapy. In the present study, we randomly assigned individuals to either Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy (n=60) or Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n=60). Attention and memory were investigated before and after treatment using the following neuropsychological tests: Trail Making Test, STROOP task, Verbal Learning and Memory Test and Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test. Different versions of the memory tests were administrated at pre- and postassessment in order to control for learning effects. Preliminary results of treatment completers are presented, and the clinical relevance of the findings is discussed.

Keywords: Neurobiological Performance Poster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

64. Ruozzi, A. (2002). Efficacia dell'EMDR nella psicoterapia del PTSD e dei ricordi traumatici [Effectiveness of EMDR psychotherapy on PTSD and traumatic memories]. Retrieved from http://www.psicotraumatologia.com/pubblicazioni_psicotraumatologia_italiane.htm on 10/13/2012.

Language: Italian

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
L’EMDR inoltre progredisce su altri due versanti: da un lato incorpora al suo interno spunti teorici ed applicativi provenienti da diversi paradigmi psicoterapeutici allo scopo di potenziare l’efficacia e la flessibilità (Shapiro, 1995); dall’altro lato, si cerca di applicare il metodo a disturbi che vanno oltre al PTSD. Attualmente nei differenti paesi del mondo le persone che hanno effettuato un training organizzato dall’EMDR Institute sono circa 30.000.In Italia i primi corsi sull’EMDR sono stati condotti nel febbraio 1999 e sono attualmente coordinati dall’Associazione EMDR Italia, a sua volta riconosciuta e patrocinata dalla EMDR Europe (Giannantonio, 2000). L’associazione ha sede a Milano e dispone di un sito internet: www.emdritalia.it. Il dibattito sull’efficacia di questo metodo è tuttora aperto e sono numerose e contrastanti le ricerche che si sono svolte su questo argomento. La questione ha assunto a tratti i toni dello scontro ideologico e sono subentrati anche problemi di carattere commerciale, un metodo che si propone come più efficace e più rapido nella terapia di alcuni disturbi psicologici non può non essere valutato come un rivale, soprattutto in una realtà come quella del Nord America dove le spese per la psicoterapia sono pagate dalle assicurazioni (Giannantonio, 2000). L’EMDR è uno dei metodi che vanta il maggior numero di conferme sperimentali nella psicoterapia del PTSD. Questo gli ha consentito nel 1995 di essere considerata “trattamento probabilmente efficace” (valutazione A/B) nella terapia del PTSD dalla Task Force on Psychological Intervention dell’American Psychological Association. Questa valutazione di efficacia è uguagliata solo dallo Stress Inoculation Training e dalle terapie basate sull’esposizione (Chambless et al., 1998). Gli studi prodotti sull’efficacia dell’EMDR sono numerosi (per una rassegna vedi Giannantonio, 2000), molti sono criticabili perché mal strutturati e con grossi problemi di validità. Esistono tuttavia una serie di studi ben organizzati che si sono dimostrati inattaccabili sul piano metodologico... Questi studi tuttavia commettono uno o più dei seguenti problemi: 1) Impiegano una o due sedute di EMDR con reduci del Vietnam forse anche a causa dell’equivoco suscitato dalla stessa Shapiro (1989) che riferiva risultati importanti nei confronti del PTSD con una sola seduta di EMDR nel 100% dei soggetti. Una tale concezione dell’EMDR non è quella più attuale e condivisa (Shapiro, 1995). 2) Trattano con l’EMDR solo uno o due episodi traumatici in soggetti che devono essere considerati “pluritraumatizzati” (Shapiro, 1999). La presente Tesi è divisa in due parti: nella prima di carattere essenzialmente bibliografico ho analizzato la letteratura esistente sull’EMDR e sul PTSD. Nel secondo capitolo descriverò il Disturbo Post-Traumatico da Stress analizzando i vari approcci teorici al problema del trauma. Nel terzo capitolo verrà analizzata la teoria dell’EMDR ovvero il modello esplicativo ritenuto più adeguato che fa riferimento alla “elaborazione accelerata dell’informazione”. Il quarto capitolo, che conclude la prima parte, riporta il protocollo standard di somministrazione dell’EMDR per adulti e adolescenti. Nella seconda parte viene riportata la descrizione della ricerca che si sta producendo in collaborazione con l’EMDR Italia che si propone di valutare l’efficacia dell’EMDR. Nel quinto capitolo viene descritto il disegno sperimentale. Nel sesto capitolo viene analizzato il metodo di campionamento e i presupposti di validità della ricerca. Nel settimo capitolo sono descritti i test che si è deciso di analizzare nel corso della presente tesi. Infine l’ottavo capitolo si concentra sull’analisi dei primi dati emersi dalla ricerca e sulle prime conclusioni.

EnglishSpanishArabicAlpha EMDR also progressing on two other fronts: on the one hand it incorporates theoretical insights and applications from different psychotherapeutic paradigms in order to enhance the effectiveness and flexibility (Shapiro, 1995), on the other hand, it tries to apply the method to problems that go beyond PTSD. Currently in different countries of the world, people who have a training organized dall'EMDR Institute 30.000.In Italy are about the first courses on EMDR have been conducted in February 1999 and is currently coordinated by the Association EMDR Italy, in turn recognized and sponsored by the EMDR Europe (Giannantonio, 2000). The association is based in Milan and has a website: www.emdritalia.it. The debate on the effectiveness of this method is still open and they are many and conflicting research that took place on this topic. The issue has assumed at times the tone of the ideological battle and were replaced also problems of a commercial nature, a method is proposed as a more effective and faster in the treatment of certain psychological disorders can not be assessed as a rival, especially in a situation such as North America where the cost of psychotherapy are paid by insurance (Giannantonio, 2000). EMDR is one of the methods which has the highest number of experimental confirmation in psychotherapy for PTSD. This enabled him in 1995 to be considered "probably efficacious treatment" (rated A / B) in the treatment of PTSD by the Task Force on Psychological Intervention of the American Psychological Association. This assessment of effectiveness is equaled only by the stress inoculation training and exposure-based therapies (Chambless et al., 1998). Studies on the effectiveness of EMDR are numerous products (for review see Giannantonio, 2000), many are questionable because poorly structured and serious problems of validity. There are however a number of well-organized studies that have proven resistant in terms of methodology: ...... These studies, however, have committed one or more of the following problems: 1) They use one or two sessions of EMDR with Vietnam veterans possibly because of misunderstanding caused by the same Shapiro (1989) who reported significant results against PTSD with a single session of EMDR in 100% of subjects. Such a conception of EMDR is not the most current and shared (Shapiro, 1995). 2) They deal with EMDR only one or two traumatic events in people who should be considered "pluritraumatizzati" (Shapiro, 1999). This thesis is divided into two parts: the first character essentially bibliographic I analyzed the existing literature on EMDR and PTSD. In the second chapter I will describe the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder analyzing the various theoretical approaches to the problem of trauma. In the third chapter we will analyze the theory of EMDR or the explanatory model deemed more appropriate that refers to the "accelerated processing of information." The fourth chapter, which concludes the first part shows the standard protocol of administration of EMDR for adults and adolescents. In the second part shows the description of the research that is being produced in collaboration with the EMDR Italy that aims to assess the effectiveness of EMDR. In the fifth chapter describes the experimental design. In the sixth chapter analyzes the sampling method and the conditions for validity of the research. In the seventh chapter describes the tests it was decided to analyze the course of this thesis. Finally, the eighth chapter will focus on early evidence from research and initial findings.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

65. Niroomandi, R. (2012). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the Iranian veterans with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after Iran-Iraq War. Presentation at the International Conference on Psychological Sciences and Behaviors (ICPSB), Hong Kong.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
To explore the efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) to treat Iranian Veterans who have experienced Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after Iran-Iraq war, a pilot study was designed with pre-test, post-test and control group. First through clinical interview (psychiatrist and clinical psychologist views) and PTSD scale of Mississipi, 30 people of the war Veterans suffering from chronic PTSD were chosen. Then the patients were placed in two different experimental and control groups randomly. Only experimental group were treated with EMDR for four-session in four weeks. After treatment, both groups were assessed with PTSD scale of Mississipi. The obtained results were analyzed with ANCOVA and the results showed that the difference between the experimental and control groups were statistically significant (f=5.501, p=0.027). With regard to results, it can be stated that this difference was created by EMDR treatment.

Keywords: Complext Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD Iran Iran-Iraq War Veterans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

66. Niroomandi, R. (2012). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the Iranian veterans with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after Iran-Iraq War. International Proceedings of Economic Development and Research, 40, 52-56.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Keywords: Chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Therapy Veterans War Injured People

Accuracy Verified: Yes

67. de jongh, A., & van de Oord, H. J. M. (2002). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of specific phobias: Four single-case studies in dental phobia. Presentation at the 80th General Session of the International Association for Dental Research, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objectives: Several years ago a new treatment for anxiety related problems was introduced, named Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). EMDR combines short exposure periods with an external distracting stimulus. The aim of this study was to examine the applicability of EMDR to trauma-based dental phobia. Methods: EMDR treatment outcome was tested with four dental phobic individuals by means of a single-subject experimental design. Pretreatment assessment included: severity of dental fear (DAS), trauma-related symptomatology (IES), occurrence and believability of negative cognitions (DCQ), and general psychopathology (SCL-90-R). A psychologist administered a clinical interview and a behavior test. Behavior tests were videotaped and rated for observed anxiety level (0-10) by a blind and independent observer. Results: Following two to three sessions of EMDR treatment three of the four patients demonstrated substantially reduced self-reported and observer-rated anxiety, reduced credibility of dysfunctional beliefs, and behavior changes. These gains were maintained at six weeks follow-up. In all four cases the clinical diagnosis present at pretreatment was not present at posttreatment at a clinical level. All patients actually underwent the dental treatment they feared most within three weeks following EMDR treatment. Conclusion: The findings support the notion that EMDR can be an effective treatment alternative for traumatically induced dental phobia.

Keywords: Specific Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

68. Jensen, J. A. (1992). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as a treatment for PTSD symptoms of Vietnam combat veterans. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI. AAT 9221917.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMD/R) was compared with that of a control (no treatment) condition in the treatment of Vietnam combat veterans with postraumatic stress disorder. 27 volunteer subjects were randomly assigned to the EMD/R and control conditions, with 13 EMD/R and 12 control subjects completing the entire study. Two therapists trained in EMD/R, and three trained interviewer/testers contributed in running the study.Prior to random assignment, subjects indicated one PTSD-related goal for the study. They were also assessed on a measure of present PTSD symptoms, a measure of subjective anxiety, and a measure of belief in a positive cognition related to war trauma. They were then randomly assigned to conditions, with EMD/R subjects receiving three treatment sessions within a week. Approximately 17 days after the initial assessment, each subject was retested on the measures of PTSD symptoms, subjective anxiety, and of the desired positive cognition. At this time, goal attainment was also assessed, and another general PTSD instrument was given. Statistical analysis of both test-retest and posttest only measures indicated a general lack of effectiveness of EMD/R with the subjects in this study. While EMD/R was effective and statistically superior to the control condition in reducing in-session subjective anxiety, neither condition was effective in improving scores on the two PTSD symptom measures, in contributing to goal attainment, or in increasing subjects' beliefs in their stated desired positive cognition regarding war trauma. This study's lackluster results are in sharp contrast to the considerable success reported in Shapiro'soriginal EMD/R study incorporating few combat veterans. With certain procedural diversions acknowledged, this study's findings provide little support for widespread use of EMD/R as an intervention for Vietnam combat veterans' PTSD symptoms. Implications are that combat veterans with PTSD may comprise a population with distinctly chronic and disturbing symptomotology, and that the brief and novel EMD/R procedure may not be successful with such a population. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Americans Males Middle Aged Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Veterans Vietnam War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

69. Enright, M. B. (1995, August). The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of test anxiety. University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO. AAT 9617465.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study explores the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of test anxiety. Thirty-five college students who scored above the 50th percentile on test anxiety were randomly assigned to either a treatment or wait-list control group. Subjects received two 1 hour sessions of EMDR. After posttesting, the control group also received EMDR treatment. The treatment group had a significant reduction in Test Anxiety Inventory total score, emotionality scale score, worry scale score, and state anxiety as compared to the control group. After treatment, the control group matched the experimental group for significant reductions on all dependent measures. The subject group as a whole had significant reductions in subjective units of distress during treatment as well as a significant increase in the validity of positive self-statements. Reductions in anxiety measures were maintained at one month follow-up. The differential effect of EMDR on subjects based on gender and pretreatment level of trait anxiety was also examined. Subjects with high trait anxiety had a greater reduction in total test anxiety, emotionality, and worry on posttesting as compared to subjects with lower trait anxiety. Males and females were found to respond equally to the treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 57(2-B), Aug 1996, pp. 1436

Keywords: Anxiety Management College Students Empirical Study Test Anxiety Treatment of Test Anxiety Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

70. Sellers, J. L. (1997, October). Efficacy of the eye movement desensitization procedure as compared to accelerated massed desensitization in the treatment of test anxiety. California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA. ATT 9729659.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) procedure had been widely promoted as an effective anxiety reducing treatment, yet the methodology of many studies has not been adequate to clearly investigate the procedure (Lohr, Kleinknecht, Conley, Dal Cerro, Schmidt, & Sonntag, 1992) and comparison treatments have been inappropriately applied (Lohr, Kleinknecht, Tolin & Barrett, 1995). This study compared EMDR and Accelerated Massed Desensitization (AMD), which has been empirically supported as a short term intervention in the treatment of test anxiety. All participants were screened for participation and 38 were determined test anxious, according to the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI; Spielberger, 1980). No subjects were involved in any form of relaxation training or taking any medications to reduce anxiety at the time of their participation. All participants were recruited from college and university classes in the Orange and San Bernardino counties and were paid $10 for their participation. Six therapists and the primary investigator conducted therapy sessions for both treatments. All therapists completed the EMDR training, completed relevant reading materials for the AMD procedure, and followed protocols for both procedures throughout the therapy sessions. Participants were randomly assigned to either the EMDR or AMD treatment condition and a therapist. Participants completed the state portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger, 1983) and the Subjective Units of Distress scale (SUD; Wolpe, 1982) measures at pre and post treatment and at pre and post in-class exam. Participants received two sessions of treatment for each of the conditions. This study hypothesized that the EMDR treatment would significantly reduce anxiety as measured by the STAI and the SUD as compared to the AMD treatment. This study also hypothesized that EMDR would significantly reduce anxiety in both treatment and in vivo settings. Supplementary hypotheses predicted that the AMD treatment would reduce anxiety in both the treatment and in vivo settings. Results indicated that students in the AMD condition experienced more anxiety reduction than students in the EMDR condition. However, both treatments were effective in reducing anxiety in both the treatment and in vivo setting, as measured by the STAI and SUD scales. These results suggest that both treatments may be effective for reducing anxiety. However, the AMD treatment led to greater reductions in anxiety, as compared to the EMDR treatment. It is suggested that further research of the EMDR procedure include suitable comparison groups in order to assess its effectiveness and allow clinicians to choose appropriate treatments based on empirical support. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(4-B), Oct 1997, pp. 2139.

Keywords: College or University Students Identified As Test Anxious Efficacy of Eye Movement vs Accelerated Massed Desensitization for Treating Test Anxiety Psychotherapeutic Techniques Sellers Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

71. Schubbe, O. (2006). EMDR. Institut fur Traumatherapie.

Language: German

Format: Other

Abstract:
Eine Ärztin gewinnt einen verlorenen Teil ihrer Biografie zurück; ein Mann kann nach einer Geiselnahme wieder Sicherheit erleben; eine Bäckersfrau drückt den stummen Schrecken über den KZ-Tod ihrer Großeltern zum ersten Mal mit Pinsel und Farbe aus. Solche Momente geben mir das Gefühl, von meinen Klienten ganz viel zurückzubekommen. Sie rücken die Perspektive zurecht und geben den Blick auf das Wesentliche frei. Seit ich EMDR einsetze, sind sie viel häufiger. Unter Fachleuten steht EMDR für "Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing", unter Klienten auch für "einmal musst du ran", in jedem Fall aber für eine psychotherapeutische Zusatzmethode zur geschützten Verarbeitung traumatischer Erfahrungen. EMDR besteht aus den acht Phasen nach Francine Shapiro. Die beiden ersten und letzten entsprechen dem in der Traumatherapie üblichen Vorgehen, während die Schritte drei bis sechs eine typische EMDR-Sitzung ausmachen. Am Anfang stehen wie üblich Anamnese und Behandlungsplanung (erste Phase). Nach den Leitlinien zur Behandlung posttraumatischer Störungen (Flatten u.a. 2001) gehört an den Anfang außerdem eine Phase der inneren und äußeren Stabilisierung (zweite Phase). Erst danach folgen die EMDR-Sitzungen im engeren Sinne, bestehend aus der Anfangseinschätzung der Symptomatik (dritte Phase), der zentralen (vierten) Phase der Neuverarbeitung, der Verankerung des erreichten Zustandes (fünfte Phase) und der Prüfung der Restbelastung auf Körperebene - kurz: Körpertest (sechste Phase). Wie in jeder traumatherapeutischen Arbeit wird bei EMDR besonderer Wert auf einen guten Abschluss der Sitzung gelegt (siebte Phase). Und ob die mit EMDR erreichte Veränderung stabil geblieben ist, wird zu Beginn der Folgesitzung überprüft (achte Phase). Es wird nun die Arbeit mit drei Klienten beschrieben, einer Augenärztin, einem Top-Manager und einer Bäckereiangestellten. Die unterschiedlichen Fälle illustrieren in verschiedenen Facetten, wie ich die Phasen von EMDR in therapeutisches Handeln umsetze. Namen und Details habe ich zum Schutz der Klienten geändert.

A doctor will recover a lost part of her biography, a man can experience after a hostage-taking back security, a baker's wife pressed the silent alarm at the concentration camp deaths of their grandparents for the first time with a brush and color. Such moments make me feel to get back from my clients very much. You adjust the perspective and give a view of the essentials. Since I use EMDR, they are much more common. Among experts EMDR stands for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, "among clients for" once you have ran, and in any case for a psychotherapeutic method for secure additional processing of traumatic experiences. EMDR consists of eight phases by Francine Shapiro. The two first and last correspond to the normal practice in trauma therapy, while accounting for three to six steps a typical EMDR session. In the beginning, as usual, are medical history and treatment plan (first phase). According to the guidelines for the treatment of post traumatic disorders (Flatten et al 2001) belongs also to the beginning of a phase of internal and external stability (second phase). Only after the EMDR sessions follow in the strict sense, consisting of the initial assessment of symptoms (third phase), the central (fourth) phase of the reprocessing, anchoring the achieved state (fifth phase) and the testing of residual stress on the body level - in short: Body Test (sixth phase). As in any trauma therapy work is placed in EMDR special importance to a successful conclusion of the meeting (seventh phase). And whether the change reached EMDR has remained stable, is checked at the beginning of the next meeting (sixth phase). It is now working with three clients described, an eye doctor, a top manager and a bakery employee. The different cases illustrate different facets of how I transpose the phases of EMDR in therapeutic action. I have changed names and details to protect the client.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

72. Black, A. (2010, March). EMDR and CBT - Burt and Ernie or Punch and Judy? - a joint treatment approach with complex children and adolescent trauma. Presentation at the 8th EMDR Association UK & Ireland Annual Conference & AGM, Dublin, Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Are EMDR and CBT sworn enemies or best friends? This workshop will through teaching, case presentation and small group exercises explore how Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and EMDR can function as a seamless therapeutic treatment model with children and adolescents of all ages. Participants will: • Develop an understanding of what factors constitute complex trauma in children and adolescents and the hurdles it presents to effective treatment in EMDR. • Discover what strategies the CBT model can offer in relation to engagement, goal setting and relapse prevention as part of EMDR treatment. • Practise designing behavioural experiments for children and adolescents to equip them to test and apply their new learning following EMDR reprocessing. • Learn how to utilise the CBT cycle model in providing a rationale for EMDR treatment for children, adolescents and parents and post EMDR treatment understanding and consolidation of change.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Joint Treatment Approach Adolescents Children Cognitive Behaviorial Theapy Trauma Treatment Approach

Accuracy Verified: Yes

73. Adler-Tapia, R. (2009, January). EMDR and the treatment of childhood depression: Findings from a pilot study. Presentation at the 23rd Annual San Diego International Conference on Child & Family Maltreatment.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This article describes a study initially designed to assess the ability of therapists to adhere to the Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) protocol with children two to ten years of age. Child subjects in the study were administered pre and post test measures to assess for trauma, as well as, emotional and behavioral symptoms. Initial results indicate a reduction in depressive symptoms following the child subject’s participation in the EMDR research protocol. Even though the children in this study were identified victims of crime, the children did not demonstrate symptoms of post-traumatic stress based on standardized measures; however, the children did demonstrate symptoms consistent with depression. After participating in the research protocol, the children’s depressive symptoms were no longer exhibited at post-treatment assessment. This study is limited by the small number of children included in the study; however, the unanticipated treatment outcomes identified in this study suggest that future research needs to assess the efficacy of EMDR treatment for children displaying symptoms of childhood depression.

Keywords: Children Depression

Accuracy Verified: Yes

74. Lindsay, J. (1995, June). EMDR and the treatment of rape survivors. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The study employed single case experimental design to test the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of rape survivors. EMDR was introduced sequentially to five subjects by five licensed psychotherapists with Level II EMDR training. Each subject received from 4 to 6 sessions depending upon her position in the sequence. Each met criteria for PTSD prior to treatment. The study emphasized clinical significance, and with minor exceptions, all scores meet criteria for both clinical and statistical significance. Independent variables were the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), the Dissociative Experience Scale (DES), the State-Traft Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the PTSD Symptom Scale, Self-Report (PSC-SR). Pre- post- and followup scores demonstrated dramatic changes (<.O1,DES<.05). Subjects monitored PTSD symptomotology throughout the baseline, treatment and follow-up phases. The visual analog scales which display these graphed data provide some interesting information regarding individual response to treatment and inter- and intra- subject variability. These quantitative data were also analyzed with respect to qualitative data from pre- and post and followup interviews and from clinical reports.

Keywords: Rape

Accuracy Verified: Yes

75. Tarquinio, C. (2010, June). EMDR applied for traumatic bereavement after train collision. In Accident victims. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The aim of these exploratory study is to test the application of therapy EMDR in case of traumatic bereavement. The traumatic bereavement, which corresponds to the brutal loss of "other significant", answers a precise clinical picture whose principal characteristics are the intrusive thoughts concerning the late one and of the difficulties of adjustment to the loss (feeling of vacuum, difficulties of recognizing the death, irritability, lack of reactivity, etc.). The 8 participants all of this study are of the took peace on October 12, 2006 in Zoufftgen. The subjects, old on average 35.2 years ( S D = l I . l ) and including 75% women, followed between 8 to 15 meetings (m=10.75, SD = 2.21) answering protocol EMDR The effectiveness of the therapy was evaluated starting from several criteria including traumatic bereavement, anxiety, depression and psychological distress. Five evaluations were carried out: before the therapy (TO), after six meetings (TI), at the end of the therapy (T2), then in three months (T3) and twelve months (T4) after the end of the therapy. The principal results seem to indicate an effectiveness of the therapy EMDR. Indeed, we observe a reduction in all the indicators between the beginning (TO) and the end of the therapy (TI). Moreover, when this reduction does not continue to three and twelve months, it remains, at least, stable at one year. These observations are very encouraging especially when it is known that 10 to 15% of the patients develop a chronic depression.

Keywords: Accident Victims Symposium Train Accident Traumatic Bereavement

Accuracy Verified: Yes

76. Stevens, M. J., & Florell, D. (1999). EMDR as a treatment for test anxiety. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 18(4), 285-296. doi:10.2190/FJWQ-HKQQ-UEJW-6VLH .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
We assigned sixty-two test-anxious undergraduates to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), rational emotive therapy (RET), and information only, which were administered in a single session by trained, "blind" therapists. At posttest, EMDR was most effective in reducing distress whereas RET decreased global test anxiety more than information only. These results may reflect the differential impact of EMDR and RET on verbalized distress and on combined affective and cognitive dimensions of test anxiety, respectively. Perceptions of therapist credibility and helpfulness of treatment moderated the results. We discuss the clinical and research implications of these findings.

Keywords: Empirical Study Information Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

77. Stevens, M. J., & Florell, D. W. (1997, August). EMDR as a treatment for test anxiety. Preentation at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL..

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Information Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

78. Hoeven, S. B. (2010, Juli ). EMDR en de werkgeheugentheorie: Treden er spiegelbeeldige effecten op bij oogbewegingen en imaginatie? [EMDR and the working memory theory: Are there mirror-image effects of eye movements and imagination?]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
De werking van „Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing‟ (EMDR) is lange tijd onbekend gebleven, maar inmiddels zijn meerdere theorieën beschikbaar om de effecten te verklaren. De werkgeheugentheorie lijkt momenteel de theorie met de meeste wetenschappelijke ondersteuning. Het doel van het huidige onderzoek was het kritisch toetsen van de werkgeheugentheorie door het werkgeheugen te belasten met oogbewegingen tijdens het ophalen van een herinnering of maximale belasting door imaginatie en hyperconcentratie op de herinnering. Verwacht werd dat 1) oogbewegingen tijdens ophalen de herinneringen minder emotioneel, helder, compleet en waarheidsgetrouw maakt, terwijl 2) imaginatie van de herinnering resulteert in spiegelbeeldige effecten. In totaal participeerden 52 studenten verdeeld over twee experimenten, waarbij zij oogbewegingen en imaginatie aangeboden kregen tijdens het ophalen van een herinnering. Zowel oogbewegingen als imaginatie belastten het werkgeheugen in een reactietijdentaak. Imaginatie leidde tot meer complete en waarheidsgetrouwe herinneringen, terwijl voor oogbewegingen geen significante resultaten werden gevonden. Deze opmerkelijke resultaten zouden verklaard kunnen worden door de aard van de gebruikte herinneringen en de lage power van het onderzoek. De werkgeheugentheorie blijft de theorie met de meeste wetenschappelijke ondersteuning.

It has been long unknown what the mechanisms are behind Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing‟ (EMDR), meanwhile there are several theories available to explain its effects. The workingmemory (WM) account seems to be a theory with most scientific support. The effort of the present study was to critically test the WM account by taxing WM with eye movements during recall or by maximum taxation with imagination of and concentration on the memory. Hypotheses were 1) eye movements during recall reduces the emotionality, vividness, completeness and veracity of the memory, while 2) imagination increases emotionality, vividness, completeness and veracity of the memory. In total participated 52 students divided in two experiments, in a within-subjects design. Both eye movements and imagination taxed WM in a reaction time task. Imagination increased the completeness and veracity of the memories, while there were no significant results in the eye movements condition. These remarkable results could be explained by the nature of the memories that were used in the experiments and low statistical power of the experiments. The WM account remains a theory with most scientific support.

Keywords: Imagination Mirror-Image Effects

Accuracy Verified: Yes

79. Tripolt, R. (2010, Oktober). EMDR in bewegung [EMDR in motion]. EMDRIA Deutschland e.V. Rundbrief, 21, 16-23.

Language: German

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Im Folgenden geht es um die Möglichkeit der Erweiterung des EMDR Protokolls um die Dimension der Bewegung: Die Ebene der Kognitionen (PK/NK, VoC), der Emotion (SUD) und der Körperwahrnehmung (Körpertest) wird um die Reflexionsebene der Bewegung und der Bewegungswahrnehmung ergänzt. Dieses kann die Wirkweise von EMDR verstärken und bei dissoziativen TraumapatientInnen die unmittelbare Anwendung von EMDR oft erst ermöglichen. Dazu wird der Einsatz von Elementen aus 5 Rhythmen Bewegungstherapie, Tanz und körperorientierten therapeutischen Techniken vorgestellt und anhand eines Fallbeispieles illustriert.

I now turn to the possibility of extending the EMDR protocol to the Dimension of the movemen: the level of cognition (PC/NC,VoC ), emotion (SUD )and of body awareness (body test) is the reflection plane of movement and Motion perception complements. This may enhance the mode of action of EMDR and dissociative trauma patients, the direct application of EMDR often only allow. For this purpose, the use of elements from 5 Rhythms movement therapy, dance and body-oriented therapeutic techniques and presented a case study illustrated.

Keywords: Motion Movement

Accuracy Verified: Yes

80. Kaiser, L. (2005). EMDR in the treatment of specific phobia. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Aims: To test the hypothesis that one session EMDR is more effective for the treatment of specific (animal) phobia than relaxation immediately after treatment and at follow-up. Secondly to test whether an additional one-session exposure therapy offered to both treatment groups (EMDR patients and relaxation patients) improves outcome in the EMDR-group and results in equal outcome for both treatment groups.

Keywords: Animal Phobia Specific Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

81. Sautai, G. (2011, June). EMDR intensive therapy (EMDRIT). Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Therapeutic Process seems to be blocked for some patients with strong Developmental Disorders or exposed to Disturbing Early Life Experiences (Bessel A. van der Kolk). A specific approach during EMDR Intensive Therapy (EMDRIT) using the Case Conceptualisation (Andrew Leeds), based on the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model (Francine Shapiro), the Attachment Theory (John Bowlby) and the Useful and Necessary Renouncement Principe (Judith Viorst) allow those patients to progress. As a pilot experience, we have been able to use this EMDRIT framework with 64 clients. Their complex disorders included, for each of them, at least 3 of the following symptoms: Anxiety, depression, primary structural dissociation, alcohol addiction, eating behaviour disorders, travel phobia, emotional numbing, affective isolation, hypochondria, phantom limb syndrome, fibromyalgia, cancer, psychological or physical abuse survivor, perpetrator of violent aggressions. For the 25 first clients, we have used the PCL-S (pathology threshold > 44) test. Their pre-treatment average score was 70. It dropped to 28 after EMDRIT treatment, down to 26 after 3 months and stabilised at 29 after 1 year. These first results allowed us to define a target population and an adapted protocol that provides client safety, efficiency and result sustainability. For the 39 next clients, we measured a decrease of the SCL-90-R (pathology threshold > 1,5) test score from 3 before treatment down to 1,4 after treatment, 1,2 after 3 months and 1,3 after 1 year. We measure efficiency on 87% of the clients and a suppression of 80% of the symptoms after 1 year. At the same time, a control cohort of 20 people with identical pathologies saw their score drop from 3 to 2,3 with the same treatment time, using the standard EMDR protocol. From this preliminary result, we are developing some research hypothesis: •Selection criteria for EMDRIT, based on the patient ability accessing Adaptive Memory Networks (AMN). •The Targeting Sequence Plan, seen as an expression of the Dysfunctional Memory Networks (DMN). •The importance of the client emotional Window Of Tolerance (WOT) for the efficiency of the Adaptive Information Processing system. •Epigenetic show possible structural brain modifications by rehabilitation of fluid links across the 3 levels of the brain (reptilian, limbic and neo-cortical). These changes are immediate and permanent. •Need to standardize appropriate scale for database, in order to foster international research and results sharing. We sea AIP model as an opportunity to move from an analytic and sequential approach to a systemic and integrative approach based on Complex System for a global understanding.

Keywords: EMDR Intensive Therapy EMDRIT

Accuracy Verified: Yes

82. Purandare, M., Bhagwagar, H., & Tank, P. (2010, July). EMDR on children affected by the earthquake. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Efficacy of EMDR on Children Affected by Earthquake: The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of EMDR as an intervention technique for trauma victims. A sample of 50 students, studying in 10th grade, age ranging from 14 to 16 years were selected. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) was administered to measure the intensity of trauma experienced. A pre-post test research design was used in the study. The results were in the predicted direction. EMDR was found to be effective in reducing avoidance, intrusion and hyper arousal as well as overall impact of trauma. “Group EMDR With Earthquake Survivors” The current study is an attempt to understand the impact of a specific traumatic events and its expression in children i.e. the earthquake that occurred in Gujarat, Western India in January 2001. This study was a part of the therapy work conducted with the survivors of the earthquake by the group of 40 practitioners from Mumbai and was over 4 months. The paper will present the following aspects: 1. The symptoms seen among the children depicting PTSD as per DSM IV criteria. Signs of Hyper-arousal, Avoidance and Intrusion were clearly seen especially in children 2. The process used. This was a modified version of the standard 8 phase protocol appropriate for use with group work. Butterfly hugs were used as BLS. Stages of EMDR for this group: 3. Observations and a few unique experiences These include blocking of trauma image, difficulty in safe place visualizing, difficulty in distancing and using creative techniques for soothing and relaxation. 4. Impact of the EMDR intervention with this group More than 16000 children from about 30 schools were seen. based on observations and reports by teachers during the follow up showed reduction in anxiety, reports of life resembling pre-earthquake, improved attention and concentration, better sleeping patterns and lowering of somatic complaints. Impact and expression of trauma in children exposed to the earthquake: The current study is an attempt to understand the impact of a specific traumatic event and its expression in children i.e. the earthquake that occurred in Gujarat, western India in January 2001. The Butterfly hug technique for bilateral stimulation was used following 8 steps of EMDR. Drawings of children were used as their expressions during different phases of EMDR. Drawings during “ Assessment phase” depicted feelings of insecurity, a sense of vacuum and emptiness, low energy levels, a desire for contact and help, feelings of guilt, poor body image, hypersensitivity was noticed almost universally and even during therapy. Drawings, following the processing and installation phases indicated the facial expression changed to a smile. Tears which were present in almost all drawings were not noted Positive cognitions were reflected in terms of the growth and freshness e.g. the newly growing grass. In spite of the various symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder, no gross disintegration of personality had been noted.

Keywords: Children Earthquake

Accuracy Verified: Yes

83. Kennert, G. (2008). EMDR und biofeedback in der behandlung von posttraumatischen belastungsstörungen [EMDR and biofeedback in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder]. Forum Psychotherapeutische Praxis, 8(1), 45-46. doi:10.1026/1860-7357.8.1.45b.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract: rezensiert von Gabriele Kennert, In dem von Stefan Jacobs und Anna de Jong vorgestellten Behandlungskonzept werden die kognitive Verhaltenstherapie, das EMDR-Verfahren sowie Biofeedback miteinander kombiniert, um die Angstreaktion im Rahmen traumatisierender Erinnerungen zu verringern bzw. zu hemmen und somit auch die Symptomatik der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung abzubauen. Im ersten Teil des Buches gehen die Autoren eingehend auf den theoretischen Hintergrund (Neurophysiologie, Hirnfunktionen) ein, die mit der neuronalen Bahnung von traumatisierenden Erinnerungen einhergehen. Hierbei vertreten sie die These, dass sich die neuronalen Bahnungen der Traumata nicht löschen lassen, dass sozusagen die Angstreaktion in der Amygdalaregion im Gehirn löschungsresistent ist und es somit in der Konsequenz im Therapieziel nur um die Verringerung der Angstreaktion, bzw. Hemmung der Angstreaktion gehen könne. Konkret modifizieren die Autoren innerhalb des kognitiv, verhaltenstherapeutischen Vorgehens das Modell von Ehlers und Clark, ebenso das EMDR-Verfahren von Shapiro. Das Biofeedbackverfahren nutzen die Autoren als diagnostisches Instrument, um die subjektiven Bewertungen seitens der Patienten und Patientinnen auch objektiv überprüfbar zu machen mit Hilfe der Messung der elektrodermalen Aktivität (EDA). Im zweiten Teil des Buches beschreiben sie detailliert eine wissenschaftliche Studie an 16 Patienten und Patientinnen, die an dem Behandlungsprogramm an der Universität Göttingen teilgenommen haben. Hierbei sei bei allen Patienten und Patientinnen eine signifikante positive Symptomveränderung der PTB nachzuweisen gewesen. Im weiteren Teil des Buches stellen sie ihr ausführliches Therapiekonzept und Behandlungsprotokoll vor. Es wird eingehend auf die Diagnostik (psychologische Testverfahren sowie Biofeedback eingegangen, ein wichtiger Teil ist die Informationsvermittlung sowie Stabilisierung für die Patienten und Patientinnen. Danach erfolgt die Traumabehandlung mit Konfrontation und Integration. Wert wird hierbei in Abgrenzung zu Shapiro auf die frühzeitige Verbindung zur positiven Kognition gelegt in Verbindung mit Hausaufgaben, die die Patienten zwischen den Sitzungen bekommen mit eingehenden Verhaltensübungen. Die Autoren grenzen ein, dass ihre Methode nicht für alle Patienten und Patie tinnen geeignet ist, sondern dissoziative Störungen und Persönlichkeitsstörungen sowie Suchtproblematik explizit ausgeschlossen seien. Die Stabilisierungsübungen werden praktisch beschrieben (Sicherer Ort, Tresor), ebenso die praktische Anwendung des Biofeedbackverfahrens sowie das Behandlungsprotokoll für EMDR. Gegen Ende des Bandes schließen sich Fallstudien aus der Arbeit der Autoren an, um die Praxis zu verdeutlichen. Im Anhang gibt es Adressenverzeichnisse über den Bezug von Tests, Biofeedbackgeräten oder Lehrfilmen. Zusammenfassend kann man sagen, dass der Band kurzgefasst, sehr übersichtlich und konkret sowie praxisnah das neuropsychotherapeutische Behandlungsprogramm darstellt, so dass dies hilfreich für die psychotherapeutische Praxis in Bezug auf Traumabehandlungen erscheint. Das Buch richtet sich an Fachleute und ist für Laien eher weniger geeignet.

In the presented text by Stefan Jacobs and Anna de Jong, the treatments approached are the cognitive-behavioral therapy, the EMDR method and biofeedback combined to the fear reaction Framework to reduce traumatic memories or to inhibit and thus the symptoms of reduce post-traumatic stress disorder. In the first part of the book, the authors detail to the theoretical background (neurophysiology, Brain functions, a), the facilitation of the neuronal accompanied by traumatic memories. Here, they argued that the neuronal Facilitations of trauma can not be cleared, so to speak, that the fear response in the Amygdalaregion Brain is resistant to extinction and thus in consequence the goal of therapy just to reduce the fear response, and inhibiting the fear response could. Specifically, the authors modify within the cognitive, behavioral approach, the model by Ehlers and Clark, as well as the method of EMDR Shapiro. The biofeedback method, the authors use as a diagnostic tool for the subjective evaluation on the part of the patients also making objectively verifiable by measuring electrodermal activity (EDA). In the second part of the book they describe in detail a scientific study of 16 male and female patients, where the treatment program at the University Göttingen participated. Here is at all patients, and patients had a significant positive Detect symptom change the PTB have been. In another part of the book they put their detailed Therapeutic approach and treatment protocol first. It will detail the psychological diagnosis ( Test procedures and biofeedback received an important Part is to communicate information and stabilization for male and female patients. Thereafter the confrontation with trauma treatment and integration. Value in this case in contrast to Shapiro on down early connection to the positive cognition in conjunction with homework, the patients who get between meetings with incoming Behavioral exercises. The authors of a frontier that their method is not for All male and female patients is appropriate, but dissociative And personality disorders and addiction are explicitly excluded. The stabilization exercises are described practically (Safe Place, Safe), as well as the practical Application of biofeedback procedure and the treatment protocol for EMDR. Towards the end of the tape to close case studies from the work of the authors in order to clarify the practice. In the appendix, there are records of the address Terms of testing, biofeedback devices or educational films. In summary, one can say that the band concise, very clear and concrete and practical the neuro-psychological treatment program represents, so this is helpful for the psychotherapeutic Practice in relation to trauma treatment appears. The book is aimed at professionals and is for Lay less suitable.

Keywords: Biofeedback Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

84. van Haaften, H., Muris, P., & Mayer, B. (1996, July-August). EMDR versus exposure-in-vivo bij kinderen met een spinfobie [EMDR versus exposure in vivo in children with a spider phobia]. De Psycholoog, 7, 280-285.

Language: Dutch

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Uitgevoerd een cross-over studie van de werkzaamheid van EMDR en in vivo exposure bij de behandeling van spinangst bij kinderen en adolescenten. Human Ss: 22 Nederlandse school-kinderen en adolescenten (leeftijd van 10-14 jaar) (spinangst). Ss werden getest, en hun galvanische huid reactie werd gemeten. Tests die worden gebruikt: De korte vorm van de Spider Phobia Questionnaire for Children (M. Kindt et al., 1996), de Self Assessment oefenpop (RL Hodes et al., 1985) en de gedragsmatige Vermijden Test. Behandelingen: alle SS werden behandeld met 1 sessie van in vivo blootstelling en 1 sessie van EMDR. (Engels abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, alle rechten voorbehouden)

Conducted a cross-over study of the efficacy of EMDR and in vivo exposure in the treatment of spider phobia in children and adolescents. Human Ss: 22 Dutch school-age children and adolescents (aged 10-14 yrs) (spider phobia). Ss were tested, and their galvanic skin response was measured. Tests used: The short form of the Spider Phobia Questionnaire for Children (M. Kindt et al, 1996), the Self Assessment Manikin (R. L. Hodes et al, 1985) and the Behavioral Avoidance Test. Treatments: All Ss were treated with 1 session of in vivo exposure and 1 session of EMDR. (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Children Empirical Study Exposure In Vivo Spider Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

85. Faust, T. (2012, June). EMDR, los estados del yo, los policías y las reinas en un caso de ansiedad ante los exámenes[EMDR, ego states, policemen and Queens in a case of test anxiety]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
We present a case of Test Anxiety, handled using a combination of EMDR and Ego State Short Term Therapy. Shira, aged 27, is a bright science student. She recently failed a math test due to an anxiety attack. Shira feels that her ability to complete her degree studies is under a real threat. Reported symptoms: great stress, chest pain, pessimistic thoughts, and a general feeling of low self-‐esteem. The treatment consisted of four sessions before her forthcoming math exam, and a fifth follow-‐up session after it. The therapeutical approach Psycho-‐educational counseling, self-‐relaxation and guided imagery, EMDR phobia protocol (Shapiro F.), use of puppets for work on Ego States (Cohen-‐Posey K.) based on Voice Dialogue (Stone). During her EMDR processing, Shira chose different puppets to represent both her negative and positive cognitions (PC, NC). A Policeman puppet (NC) represented the "protecting part" of the vulnerable child. This failed part lacks in self-‐confidence and blocks her progress. Shira's successful PC part is represented by the Queen puppet. She is sure Shira will succeed, because she's able to. During the desensitization process, Shira created a dialogue between her different parts, and empowered the successful, functioning, Queen part. This reinforced her self-‐esteem and her Ego Awareness The awareness of these parts in her becomes a resource used by Shira for a successful performance in her math exam, in which she gets the highest grades. We shall present the protocol of our sessions, and the use of puppets as projection tools of the Ego parts.

Presentamos un caso de ansiedad ante exámenes, llevado a través del uso del EMDR y la terapia breve de estados del Ego combinados. Shira, tiene 27 años, es una brillante estudiante de ciencias. Recientemente suspendió un test de matemáticas debido a un ataque de ansiedad. Shira siente que su habilidad para completar sus estudios de grado esta bajo una amenaza real. Síntomas registrados: Gran estrés, dolor de pecho, pensamientos pesimistas, y sentimientos generales de baja autoestima. El tratamiento consistió en cuatro sesiones antes de su siguiente examen de matemáticas, y un seguimiento de 5 sesiones después de este. El enfoque terapéutico. El consejo psico-‐educacional, auto-‐relajación e imaginación guiada, protocolo EMDR para fobia(Shapiro F.), uso de marionetas para trabajar con los estados del Ego (Cohen-‐Posey K.) basado en el la voz del dialogo (Stone). Durante su procesamiento EMDR, Shira escoge diferentes marionetas para representar sus cogniciones negativas y positivas (PC, NC). Una marioneta de agente de policía (NC) representaba la “parte protectora” de un niño vulnerable. Esta parte fallo en su autoconfianza y bloque su progreso. La parte que representaba el éxito de Shira PC era la marioneta de la Reina. Ella estaba segura de que Shira Durante el proceso de desensibilización, Shira creó un dialogo entre sus diferentes partes, y reforzó el existo, y el funcionamiento de la parte de la Reina. Esto reforzó su autoestima y su conciencia del Ego. La conciencia de estas partes se convirtió en un recurso usado por Shira para el existo en la realización de su examen de matemáticas, en donde saco las notas más altas. Presentaremos el protocolo con nuestras sesiones y el uso de marionetas como herramientas de proyección de las partes del ego.

Keywords: Ego States Policement, Queens Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

86. Cuijpers, A. (2012). EMDR: Experimentele studie naar de werkgeheugentheorie en introductie van de afleidingstheorie [EMDR: Experimental study of the working memory theory and introduction of the distraction theory]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement and Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) is al jaren een veelgebruikte behandelmethode voor Post-traumatische Stresstoornis (PTSS). In voorgaande onderzoeken werd een verklaringsmechanisme voor het effect van EMDR aangetoond, de werkgeheugentheorie. Deze studies lieten zien dat de kenmerkende oogbewegingen (EM) van EMDR als secundaire taak, tijdens het ophalen van de negatieve herinnering, zorgen voor een afname van emotionaliteit en levendigheid. Dit doordat beide taken competeren voor het werkgeheugen welke slechts een beperkte capaciteit heeft. Deze studie onderzoekt een nieuwe theorie, de afleidingstheorie, welk gebruik maakt van visuele ruis (VN) als alternatieve secundaire taak. Huidig onderzoek richt zich op de vraag of EMDR verklaard kan worden volgens de actieve werkgeheugen belasting van de EM-taak of volgens de passieve belasting van de VN-taak. Om beide condities te vergelijken werd middels een pilot de mate van cognitieve belasting gelijk gemaakt. Aan deze pilot namen 10 participanten deel. Uit de resultaten bleek dat een vertraagde cyclus van 8 seconde voor een gelijke belasting zorgde voor alle condities. In totaal namen er 30 participanten aan dit onderzoek deel. Het eerste deel van het onderzoek bestond uit een reactietijdtijdtaak (RT) bestaande uit RT alleen, RT+EM en RT+VN. Het tweede deel bestond uit het ophalen van de herinnering alleen, herinneren+EM en herinneren+VN. Tijdens het tweede deel werd tevens bij iedere meting de emotionaliteit en levendigheid van de herinnering gemeten. De werkgeheugentheorie voorspelt dat (a) na de interventie de mate van levendigheid en emotionaliteit bij herinneren + EM significant lager zal zijn voor de interventie en dat (b) de gemiddelde daling van de score van herinneren + EM in vergelijking met de andere twee condities groter zal zijn. De afleidingstheorie voorspelt dat (a) na de interventie de mate van levendigheid en emotionaliteit bij herinneren + VN significant lager zal zijn voor de interventie en dat (b) het gevonden effect groter is dan herinneren alleen en gelijk aan herinneren + EM. Uit de resultaten blijkt dat beide hypothesen niet bevestigd kunnen worden. Er is te zien dat visuele ruis in vergelijking met de voor- en nameting, tegen de verwachting in, bij zowel emotionaliteit als levendigheid voor een grotere daling van de scores zorgt in vergelijking met oogbewegingen en de controleconditie. Wanneer er werd gekeken naar de tussenmetingen was er te zien dat de scores van visuele ruis (oogbewegingen + levendigheid) in het midden lagen tussen herinneren alleen en oogbewegingen in. Verklaringen en aanbevelingen worden besproken.

Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been a commonly used method of treatment for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In previous studies, an explanation mechanism for the effect of EMDR demonstrated the working memory theory. These studies showed that the characteristic eye movements (EM) of EMDR as a secondary task during retrieval of negative memories, ensuring a reduction of emotionality and vividness. This is because both tasks compete for the main memory to which only has a limited capacity. This study examines a new theory, the theory derivation, which uses visual noise (UN) as alternative secondary task. Current research focuses on the question whether EMDR can be explained by the active working memory load of the EM task or by the passive load of the UN mission. In order to compare both conditions was a pilot held the degree of cognitive load equal. 10 participants in this pilot took part. The results showed that a delayed cycle of 8 seconds for an equal load caused all conditions. In total there are 30 participants in this study. The first part of the study consisted of a reaction time task (RT) consisting of RT alone, RT + RT + EM and UN. The second part consisted of retrieving the memory only, recall + EM and recall + UN. During the second part was also in each measurement the emotionality and vividness of the memory were measured. The working memory theory predicts that (a) after the intervention the degree of vividness and emotionality in recall + EM significantly lower for the intervention and (b) the average decrease of the score of recall + EM compared to the other two conditions greater will be. The derivation theory predicts that (a) after the intervention the degree of vividness and emotionality in recall + UN significantly lower for the intervention and (b) the observed effect is greater than and equal to only remember remind + EM. The results show that both hypotheses can not be confirmed. It can be seen that visual noise in comparison with the pre-and post-test, contrary to expectation, both emotionality and vividness to a larger decrease in the scores causes compared with eye movements and the control condition. When it was examined between the measurements was to see that the scores of visual noise (eye movements + vividness) in the middle layer between recall and eye movements only in. Statements and recommendations are discussed.

Keywords: Distraction Memory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

87. Rosenthal, D., & Little, K. (1999, June). EMDR: PTSD application case studies in a state inpatient forensic facility. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participant will be able: 1) describe the application of various test instruments in the appraisal of clinical EMDR response in a correctional inpatient population; 2) desribe at least two variations in EMDR treatment as applied to an inpatient correctional population; and 3) describe at least two clinical and ethical issues in the PSTD treatment of an offender-patient with concurrent psychosis.

Keywords: Correctional Population Inpatient Forensic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

88. Grainger, R., Levin, C., Allen-Byrd, L., Doctor, R., & Lee, H. (1997, October). An empirical evaluation of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with survivors of a natural disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10(4), 665-671. doi:10.1023/A:1024806105473.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Controlled studies of treatments effective with victims of natural disasters are almost nonexistent. This is a small study conducted under difficult conditions to test the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in treating trauma related reactions following Hurricane Andrew. The results were positive in that EMDR produced significant improvement over wait list controls in perceived posttraumatic avoidance behaviors and thoughts as measured by changes in the Impact of Event Scale and significant improvement in subjective aversive reactions to representative experiences of the hurricane. These results suggest and support other studies that EMDR can be an effective therapeutic intervention for trauma reactions. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Disaster Effects Empirical Study Hurricane Andrew (1992) Hurricanes Longitudinal Study Non-Randomized Study Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

89. Des Groseilliers, I. B. (2009, June). Évaluation longitudinale de l'efficacité d'une nouvelle intervention dyadique, brève et précoce visant la prévention du TSPT [Longitudinal evaluation of the effectiveness of a new intervention dyadic brief and early for the prevention of PTSD]. Université du Québec à Montréal.

Language: French

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
La présente thèse s'intéresse à l'évaluation de l'efficacité à court et à long terme d'une nouvelle intervention dyadique, brève et précoce ayant pour but la prévention du trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT). L'exposition à un événement traumatique provoque, chez certains individus, une souffrance émotionnelle considérable qui entrave leur fonctionnement quotidien de manière parfois importante. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, des interventions curatives efficaces ont été créées, soit la thérapie cognitive-comportementale (TCC) et la désensibilisation par mouvement oculaire (EMDR). On remarque cependant un manque criant d'interventions efficaces à court et à long terme qui ont pour but la prévention du TSPT, malgré les efforts du débriefing et de la TCC brève en ce sens. Cette thèse vise donc, dans un premier temps, à faire le point sur l'état des connaissances au niveau de l'efficacité des interventions précoces et, dans un deuxième temps, évaluer de manière empirique l'efficacité à moyen (3 mois) et surtout à long terme (2 ans) d'une nouvelle intervention dyadique, brève et précoce pour prévenir le TSPT. La nouvelle intervention dont il est question dans le présent ouvrage se déroule en deux séances et est offerte à la victime et une personne-soutien de son choix par une travailleuse sociale ou une infirmière. Elle met l'accent sur la psychoéducation, l'apprentissage à la communication exempte de soutien social négatif (minimisation, hostilité, impatience, etc.) et sur l'importance de ne pas éviter les stimuli associés à l'événement traumatique. La thèse comporte quatre chapitres. Le premier propose une recension de la littérature qui met à jour les principales conclusions quant à l'efficacité du débriefing et de la TCC brève pour prévenir le TSPT. Cette recension met en évidence les principales failles méthodologiques et les difficultés d'application de ces interventions. De plus, elle expose le rationnel derrière l'utilisation du soutien social comme ingrédient actif d'une intervention de prévention de ce trouble. Le second chapitre présente une étude d'efficacité randomisée et contrôlée de l'efficacité de la nouvelle intervention. Soixante-six participants ont été randomisés soit dans la condition intervention ou dans la condition de contrôle. Les résultats ont démontré qu'au post-test de trois mois, les participants de la condition intervention manifestaient des symptômes de TSPT significativement moins intenses que ceux de la condition contrôle. De plus, les participants de la condition intervention rapportent une diminution significative du soutien social perçu, contrairement aux participants de la condition de contrôle qui n'observent pas cette différence. Il est intéressant de souligner que le taux d'abandons en cours de traitement fut équivalent et très bas au sein des deux groupes. Ceci suggère que les participants tolèrent bien cette nouvelle intervention. Aucune différence n'a été observée entre les deux groupes en ce qui a trait à l'occurrence de psychopathologies comorbides. Le troisième chapitre se veut une relance à 2 ans post-trauma de l'étude présentée au chapitre précédent. Quarante-six des 66 participants ont accepté de prendre part à cette relance. Les résultats révèlent que, deux ans après l'événement traumatique, les participants ayant reçu l'intervention étaient encore beaucoup moins symptomatiques que les participants n'ayant pas reçu cette intervention. Un fait plus qu'intéressant qui ressort de cette étude est qu'aucun participant de la condition intervention ne rapporte un TSPT et cinq participants de la condition contrôle souffrent encore de ce trouble deux ans après l'événement traumatique. Parallèlement, il a été observé que les participants ayant reçu l'intervention perçoivent encore moins de soutien social négatif que ceux de la condition contrôle. À l'instar de ce qui a été rapporté au post-test de trois mois, les deux groupes ne révèlent pas de différence significative par rapport à la manifestation d'autres affections psychologiques. Le quatrième et dernier chapitre propose une discussion générale des résultats en fonction des interprétations qui peuvent en être tirées, des différentes forces et limites intrinsèques ainsi que des implications théoriques et cliniques qui peuvent en découler.

This thesis focuses on the evaluation of the effectiveness in the short and long-term reoperation dyadic brief and early aimed at the prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Exposure to a traumatic event causes in some individuals, suffering considerable emotional hinders their daily operations be significant. Over the past two decades, effective curative interventions were created either cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization (EMDR). We note, however, a dearth of effective interventions in the short and long-term aim of preventing PTSD, despite the efforts of debriefing and brief CBT in this direction. This thesis therefore aims, firstly, to take stock of the state of knowledge at the effectiveness of early interventions, and in a second step, empirically assess the efficacy medium (3 months) especially in the long term (2 years) of a new intervention dyadic brief early to prevent PTSD. The new intervention mentioned in this book takes place in two sessions and is offered to the victim and a support person of their choice by a social worker or nurse. It focuses on psychoeducation, learning to communicate free of negative social support (minimization, hostility, impatience, etc..) And the importance of not avoiding stimuli associated with the traumatic event. The thesis consists of four chapters. The first provides a literature review that updates the main conclusions about the effectiveness of debriefing and brief CBT to prevent PTSD. This review highlights the main methodological flaws and difficulties in implementing these interventions. In addition, it outlines the rationale behind the use of social support as an active ingredient of an intervention to prevent this disorder. The second chapter presents an efficacy study randomized controlled effectiveness of the new intervention. Sixty-six participants were randomized to either intervention or condition in the control condition. The results showed that post-test three months, participants in the condition action had symptoms of PTSD significantly less intense than those of the control condition. In addition, participants reported response provided a significant reduction in perceived social support, unlike the members of the control condition who do not observe this difference. It is interesting to note that the dropout rate during treatment was low and similar in both groups. This suggests that participants tolerate this new intervention. No difference was observed between the two groups in regard to the occurrence of comorbid psychopathology. The third chapter is a raise to 2 years post-trauma of the study presented in the previous chapter. Forty-six of the 66 participants agreed to take part in this revival. The results show that two years after the traumatic event, participants who received the intervention were still much less symptomatic than participants who did not receive this intervention. A more than interesting fact that emerges from this study is that no participant intervention condition reported PTSD and five participants from the control condition still suffer from this disorder two years after the traumatic event. Meanwhile, it was observed that participants who received the intervention perceive less social support than the negative control condition. Like what has been reported in post-test three months, the two groups did not show a significant difference in the expression of other psychological ailments. The fourth and final chapter provides a general discussion of the results based on interpretations that can be drawn, different strengths and inherent limitations as well as theoretical and clinical implications that may arise.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Dyadic Intervention Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

90. Inoue, N. (2009). Evaluation of an EMDR treatment outcome using the Rorschach, the TAT, and the IES-R: A case study of a human-caused trauma survivor. Rorschachiana, 30(2), 180-218. doi:10.1027/1192-5604.30.2.180.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In order to better understand treatment outcome through eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) trauma therapy, the author conducted comprehensive pre- and posttreatment assessments using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), the Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS), and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) on a survivor of human-caused trauma. The results of the Rorschach CS and the TAT showed significant improvements in terms of interpersonal relationships after the treatment. On the other hand, the posttreatment Rorschach scores indicated that the EMDR therapy promoted self-insight in much the same way as a traditional uncovering therapy. In this case study, the findings gained through the two performance-based methods shed light on what a successful EMDR trauma therapy can yield aside from symptom reduction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Rorschach TAT Trauma Treatment Outcome

Accuracy Verified: Yes

91. Rodebaugh, T. L., Curran, P. J., & Chambless, D. L. (2002, Spring). Expectancy of panic in the maintenance of daily anxiety in panic disorder with agoraphobia: A longitudinal test of competing models. Behavior Therapy, 33(2), 315-336. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(02)80031-4.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Although panic expectancy and the experience of anxiety are clearly related, their causal relationship remains unclear. A series of autoregressive latent trajectory models was used to evaluate the relationship between the highest level of daily anxiety and panic expectancy over time. Participants (N = 45) who met criteria for panic disorder with agoraphobia filled out daily diary measures over a 10-day period. It was hypothesized that expectation of panic (measured in the morning) would be primarily responsible for the maintenance of daily anxiety (measured in the evening). Daily anxiety was found to be influenced by a traitlike anxiety component, anxiety from the previous day, and morning expectation of panic. Panic expectancy was found to be influenced by a traitlike expectancy component, but not by the previous day's anxiety. Limitations of the model and future applications are discussed.

Keywords: Agoraphobia Anxiety Panic Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

92. de Bok, D., & van Daalen, M. (2010, June). Exploring the mechanism underlying the working memory account of EMDR: The effect of fading in and fading out of negative and arousing images on emotionality, vividness, vividness, completeness and detail recall of traumatic memories. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychological intervention for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Currently, the working memory account gives the best explanation for the functionality of EMDR. This account states that conducting a dual task, mostly horizontal eye movements, while retrieving a traumatic memory will make this memory less emotional, vivid and complete. It was hypothesized that the fading in and/or fading out of traumatic images are in itself causally contributing to the reduced emotionality, vividness and completeness of the recalled memories. This experimental study (N=27) examined the fading in (the image starts vague and gets more clear) and fading out (the image starts clear and gets more vague) of traumatic images as an underlying mechanism of the working memory account. By using a within-subject design, participants engaged in three conditions (fading in, fading out and control) in which they had to rate their memories on emotionality, vividness and completeness. A detail recall test was also conducted for all conditions. No significant differences were found between the three conditions on emotionality, vividness and completeness. However, a trend was found indicating that fewer details were recalled in the fading out condition. Based on these results, the hypothesis that fading in or fading out will result in diminishing emotionality, vividness and completeness was not confirmed. Shortcomings of the experiment and implications for future research are addressed

Keywords: Fading in Fading out Traumatic Image Working Memory Account

Accuracy Verified: Yes

93. Leeds, A. M. (2010, February). Extinction or reconsolidation differences between suppression and transformation in how we recover from traumatic experiences. Author.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Memory is central to all learned behavior, and in humans to one’s sense of identity. Sleep and memory processes are deeply entwined. Both are central to our sense of well-being.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP Extinction, Prolonged Exposure Reconsolidation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

94. Cuppen, M. (2007, Juli). Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing, Maakt deze bijzondere behandeling voor traumagerelateerde klachten Pesso-psychotherapie overbodig? [Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing - Does this special treatment for trauma-related symptoms Pesso-psychotherapy redundant?]. Pesso Tijdschrift, 37-49.

Language: Swedish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR, har i psykoterapiforskning visats vara en effektiv behandlingsmetod av posttraumatiskt stressyndrom, PTSD. Däremot är ögonrörelsestimuleringen, som är ett centralt moment i metoden, kontroversiell och dess funktion inte klarlagd. I föreliggande undersökning randomiserades trettiosex friska försökspersoner till en av tre stimuleringsbetingelser: ögonrörelsestimulering, taktil stimulering eller orörligt visuellt stimuli (kontrollgrupp). Stimuleringen kombinerades med imaginär exponering, negativ och positiv. Utfallet av experimentet mättes i olika fysiologiska mätparametrar, samt självskattningar av obehagsnivån (SUD). Resultaten visade signifikant högre hudkonduktansnivå vid ögonrörelsestimulering jämfört med kontrollgruppen, relaterat till aktivering av det sympatiska nervsystemet. Inga signifikanta gruppskillnader fanns i de övriga mätningarna. Mönstret av autonom aktivering kan tyda på att ögonrörelsestimuleringen utlöser eller förstärker en orienteringsrespons, vilket vissa teoretiker föreslagit är den verksamma mekanismen i EMDR. Dock behövs fortsatt forskning för att förstå denna verkan, samt koppling till terapeutisk effekt.

Eye Movement desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR, psychotherapy research has shown to be an effective treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD. However, ögonrörelsestimuleringen, which is the lynchpin of the method, controversial and its function is not clear. In the present study were randomized thirty-six healthy subjects to one of the three stimulation conditions: eye movement stimulation, tactile stimulation or static visual stimuli (control group). The stimulation was combined with imaginary exposure, negative and positive. The outcome of the experiment were measured in various physiological test parameters, and self-estimates the level of discomfort (SUD). The results showed significantly higher hudkonduktansnivå of eye movement stimulation compared with control group, related to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. No significant group differences were found in the other measurements. The pattern of autonomic activation may indicate that ögonrörelsestimuleringen trigger or reinforce an orientation response, as some theorists suggested is the active mechanism in EMDR. However, further research is needed to understand this effect, and access to therapeutic efficacy.

Keywords: Pesso Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

95. Renssen, M. R., & Winkel, F. W. (1999). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) bij verkeersslachtoffers met chronische whiplash-klachten: Een exploratieve studie naar het verzachten va traumasymptomen [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in road casualties with chronic whiplash injuries: An exploratory study to alleviate symptoms of trauma]. Directieve Therapie, 19(4), 148-156. doi:10.1007/BF03060223.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Dit onderzoek bij verkeersslachtoffers met whiplash-klachten maakte deel uit van een omvangrijker studie naar de kwaliteit van hulpverlening aan slachtoffers van verkeersongevallen, in het kader van het Achmea-project ‘Kwaliteit Slachtofferhulp’. Gerapporteerd wordt een viertal gevalsbeschrijvingen van patiënten met chronische whiplash-klachten. Vier vrouwen die gemiddeld 22 maanden geleden bij een auto-ongeval betrokken waren, werden tweemaal anderhalf uur behandeld met Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Voor en na de behandeling werden de Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) en de Schokverwerkingslijst (SVL) afgenomen. Vergelijking van voor- en nameting toonde een duidelijke afname van klachten, onder meer op Herbeleving en Vermijding (SVL) en Somatisatie, Angst, Depressie, Slaapproblemen, Wantrouwen en Interpersoonlijke Sensitiviteit (SCL-90). Deze resultaten zijn hoopgevend: EMDR bleek bij te dragen aan een verzachting van traumasymptomen. In verder onderzoek zouden de effecten en onderliggende mechanismen van emdr bij een grotere groep chronische whiplash-patiënten bestudeerd moeten worden.

This study of road accident victims with whiplash injuries was part of a larger study on the quality of assistance to victims of traffic accidents, as part of the Achmea project 'Quality Victim'. Reported four case reports of patients with chronic whiplash injuries. Four women who averaged 22 months ago in a car accident, were two and a half hours with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Before and after treatment were the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) and Shock Treatment List (SVL) decreased. Comparison of pre-and post-test showed a significant reduction of complaints, including the re-experiencing and Avoidance (IES) and Somatization, Anxiety, Depression, Insomnia, Distrust, and Interpersonal Sensitivity (SCL-90). These results are encouraging: EMDR appeared to contribute to an alleviation of trauma symptoms. In further research, the effects and underlying mechanisms of EMDR in a larger group of chronic whiplash patients should be studied.

Keywords: Motor Vehicle Accidents Road Casualties Whiplash

Accuracy Verified: Yes

96. Soberman, G. B. (1998). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of conduct disorder with preadolescents and adolescents. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN. AAT 9910218.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was determine the efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) with traumatized adolescents primarily diagnosed with conduct disorder (CD). The effect of exposure to domestic violence and other forms of human initiated violence puts children at risk of developing significant mental health problems including CD and other childhood disorders that can have a profound effect on the community. In order to test the null hypotheses that the EMDR treatment protocol would not lead to any significant reduction in posttraumatic or behavioral symptoms with this population, a repeated measures MANOVA was utilized for four of the five dependent variables. These variables were the Impact of Event Scale (IES), the Child Report of Posttraumatic Symptoms (CROPS), the Parent Report of Posttraumatic Symptoms (PROPS), and the Problem Rating Scale (PRS). A simple two-group independent t-test analysis was used to analyze the fifth independent variable (reward points) and the 2-month follow-up data. All of the 5 null hypotheses were supported by an inferential analysis (MANOVA; t-test) of the dependent variables of this study. EMDR treatment was not found to be statistically significant on any of the dependent variables. Despite these findings, future research should continue to focus on the efficacy of EMDR with childhood trauma. Future research should also continue to focus on the emotional needs of children in residential treatment, the benefits of therapeutic as opposed to punitive intervention with delinquent youths, and the role that EMDR can play in breaking the cycle of violence in our society. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 59(10-B), April 1999, pp. 5587.

Keywords: Adolescents Conduct Disorder Emotional Trauma Empirical Study Preadolescents Symptoms Trauma Treatment Outcomes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

97. Finley, P. A. (2002, April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of sex offenders. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN. AAT 3068413.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Most sex offenders in treatment in the United States understand and adapt well to the predominantly cognitive/behavioral/relapse prevention (RP) aspects of their treatment. "No more victims" is the fundamental goal of sex offender treatment, and due to this focus on relapse prevention, most sex offenders do not adequately address their own emotional wounding from early trauma and victimization. This author believes these unresolved affective issues lead to the cognitive distortions and justifications that allow sex offenders to give themselves permission to offend in the first place. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapeutic intervention that assists in rapidly resolving troubling thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations. Incorporating EMDR into the current cognitive/behavioral/relapse prevention (RP) treatment model for sex offender treatment opens the possibility of reducing the reoffense rate in society. In this study, affective issues of adult male sex offenders (n = 27) were addressed, employing EMDR; this comprised the experimental treatment group. The experimental group received a pretest, three EMDR sessions, and a posttest over an average time of 3.8 months. The Multiphasic Sex Inventory (MSI) was the measure used for this research. The three scales on that test designed to measure for thinking errors were: the Cognitive Distortion and Immaturity (CDI Scale; the Justification (Ju) Scale; and the Treatment Attitudes (TA) Scale. Archived pretest/posttest scores of randomly selected and anonymous adult male sex offenders comprised the control group (n = 27). This group was tested on the MSI and MSI 2 before entering Module 4 and after finishing Module 5, representing 22.5 months of treatment pretest/posttest. All control and experimental group subjects took part in a mandated cognitive/behavioral/relapse prevention (RP) program. The independent two-sample t test was used to compare two means utilizing the rate of change between the experimental and control group. The results of the study indicate a statistically significant reduction in justifications for offender behavior in the experimental group on the Ju scale (p-value = 0.008). On the CDI and TA scale, the null hypotheses were supported. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 63(10-B), Apr 2003, pp. 4899.

Keywords: Empirical Study Male Sex Offenders Relapse Prevention Sex Offenders Sex Offenses Sex Offender Treatment Therapeutic Intervention

Accuracy Verified: Yes

98. Vyas, K. J. (2008, April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) to decrease human immunodefiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors among Latino men who have sex with men (MSM). Presentation at the National Conference on Undergraduate Research, Salisbury University, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Among Latino MSM, those who have reported early childhood sexual abuse continually report high levels of HIV risk behaviors. The objective of this study was to test if EMDR can be more effective as an HIV risk reduction behavioral intervention than a non-trauma based comparison, the Explore Study intervention. At a university-based outpatient clinic, 35 Latino MSM were randomized into Explore (n=13) and EMDR (n=22). The main outcome measure was a self-report questionnaire assessing unprotected anal sex, number of sexual partners, and use of substances before or during sexual activity during the previous month. Sexual risk behaviors were assessed at baseline, before randomization, and at one week post-intervention. Compared to baseline rates, participants who didn’t report unprotected receptive anal intercourse increased by 11% in Explore and decreased by 12% in EMDR. The corresponding comparisons for number of sexual partners were a 4% increase for Explore and a 41% decrease in EMDR. Explore and EMDR participants showed an increment of 25% and 9%, respectively, in those who denied having used alcohol or drugs before or during sexual activity. Follow-up data at 2 and 6 months post-intervention are being collected. This preliminary analysis suggests that certain HIV risk behaviors can be reduced by EMDR, while others can be equally reduced by more conventional interventions.

Keywords: AIDS HIV Latino

Accuracy Verified: No

99. Story, T. (2004). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Impacting communication apprehension. Washington State University. AAT 3165135.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study was designed to test the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in reducing communication apprehension (CA) specifically public speaking apprehension (PSA). Literature on CA and available interventions is reviewed. An overview of the EMDR process is discussed. The study employs a pre/posttest experimental design. The independent variables involve four treatment conditions--EMDR, Systematic Desensitization (SD), placebo, and control. The dependent variables include the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension-trait public speaking subscale (PRCA-PSS) (McCroskey, 1997) and the State CA scale (STAI) (Spielberger, Gorsuch, and Lushene, 1970). These data indicated significant results in reduction of trait and state communication apprehension for both EMDR and SD interventions. EMDR and SD appear to be equally effective in reducing CA associated with public speaking. The implications of these findings are discussed in the final chapter of this dissertation.

Keywords: Speech Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

100. Cerone, M. R. (2000). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the psychological treatment of combat-related guilt: A study of the effects of eye movements. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA. AAT 9990301.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of eye movements in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and to test the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of guilt associated with combat trauma. EMDR was compared to a non-eye movement (NEM) analog, which entailed the full EMDR procedure minus the eye movements. A single-case multiple component cross-over design across 7 participants was utilized.Participants were combat veterans who were receiving inpatient treatment for PTSD at the Coatesville Veterans Administration Medical Center. 4 participants were introduced first to the EMDR condition and 3 participants were introduced first to the NEM analog condition. Each participant was exposed to both conditions. Dependent measures included: (1) pre- and post-treatment scores on the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV - One Week Symptom Status Version (CAPS-SX), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Impact of Event Scale (IES), and Trauma Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI), (2) self-monitoring data on the frequency and intensity of intrusive thoughts, disturbing dreams, and guilt, and (3) measures of participants' subjective level of distress within sessions and pre- and post-treatment using the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS). As measured by SUDS ratings, EMDR resulted in a greater decrease in dyphoric affect within-session than the NEM analog. EMDR also resulted in a significant decrease in mean SUDS ratings from pre- to post-treatment. EMDR resulted in significant decreases in combat-related PTSD symptomatology, as measured by pre- and post-treatment scores on the CAPS-SX, BDI, and IES. EMDR also resulted in significant decreases in mean pre- and post-treatment frequency of self-reported intrusive thoughts and mean pre- and post-treatment intensity of intrusive thoughts, disturbing dreams, and guilt. Additionally, EMDR resulted in a significant decrease in pre- and post-treatment scores on one scale and two subscales of the TRGI. No differences in the mean frequency and intensity of self- reported intrusive thoughts, disturbing dreams, and guilt were detected between EMDR and the NEM analog. Results of the present study support the role of eye movements in attaining treatment gains with EMDR. Additionally, this study supports the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of combat-related guilt. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 61(10-B), Apr 2001, pp. 5555.

Keywords: Adults Americans Empirical Study Guilt Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness War Veterans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

101. Gosselin, P. W. (1994). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of test anxiety: A study of the effects of eye movement and expectancy on the procedure's results. University of Massachusetts Amherst. AAT 9420630.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, abbreviated EMDR, is a recently discovered technique acclaimed as a major breakthrough for the reduction of anxiety. Numerous anecdotal studies have been presented showing the efficacy of EMDR. There are currently no published studies investigating use of EMDR specifically for test anxiety. The purpose of this study was to use the EMDR technique to study its efficacy for test anxiety. This study also examined whether or not high and low expectancy conditions significantly affected scores on post-session anxiety ratings. In addition, the procedure was used with and without eye movement to see whether or not eye movement was a critical factor in eliciting positive change in anxiety ratings. A single session of approximately one hour was conducted individually with 41 subjects, college students reporting test anxiety. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of four conditions reflecting varying combinations of eye movement and expectancy conditions. A 2 x 2 analysis of variance was conducted for expectancy and eye movement factors on two dependent measures. These measures were Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDs) and the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI). Results of the study show a significantly greater amount of reduction in the SUDs using the eye movement supporting the hypothesis that eye movement is critical to the efficacy of EMDR. No other statistically significant main effects or interactions were found with measuring the SUDs or TAI. However, it should be noted that all groups showed substantial reductions in post-treatment TAI scores. The expectancy conditions presented to subjects also had no measureably significant effects. There was anecdotal support of the power of the eye movement but no significant behavioral changes other than the reduction in SUDs. It was concluded that EMDR is worthy of further study with larger samples of the test anxious population. Further study may want to use EMDR in conjunction with other techniques and for more than one session.

Keywords: Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

102. Gosselin, P., & Matthews, W. (1995, December). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of test anxiety: A study of the effects of expectancy and eye movement. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26(4), 331-337. doi;10.1016/0005-7916(95)00038-0.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a recently invented technique acclaimed as a major breakthrough for a range of anxiety-related symptoms. To determine the importance of the eye movement and expectancy variables, we conducted a one-hour session with 41 undergraduate subjects (11 males and 30 females) with test anxiety. A 2 (eye movement vs no eye movement) x 2 (high expectancy vs low expectancy) analysis of variance was performed on 3 dependent measures: (1) Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDs); (2) Validity of Cognition Scale (VOC); and (3) the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI). The data indicate that all subjects, regardless of treatment condition, showed a significant decrease in anxiety on the TAI. Subjects in the eye-movement condition reported feeling less anxious (SUDs) than those in the no-eye-movement condition. We found no significant main effect or interactions for any of the dependent measures for expectancy. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Adults Americans College Students Experimental Stressors Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

103. EMDR International Association (EMDRIA) (2012, October 7). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing international association response to the Institute of Medicine report on “Treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in military and veteran populations: Initial assessment”. EMDRIA. Retrieved from http://www.emdria.org/associations/12049/files/EMDRIA%20IOM%20Response.pdf on 10/19/2012.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
In response to the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) July 2012, publication, Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military and Veteran Populations: Initial Assessment, the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing International Association (EMDRIA) applauds the IOM for its leadership role in calling for the use of evidence-based methods for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and for advocating stepped-up research on therapies for war stress injuries, with an appropriate recognition of the urgency required.
We do, however, see errors and omissions in the portrayal of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in the IOM reports; we believe that the misrepresentation of EMDR in the 2008 document unfortunately has been perpetuated in the 2012 Initial Assessment. We are concerned that these misunderstandings will be incorporated as Phase 2 of this study proceeds; thus we are providing you with information with the hope that these inaccuracies can be addressed and corrected. This would positively impact further research on the treatment of PTSD. In the following, we have identified several specific statements in the IOM report that misquote or misrepresent the original EMDR research papers. The inaccuracy of the quotes are serious enough to bias the conclusions of the IOM report and call into question the validity of the document.
In addition, we want to highlight the fact that the original IOM report on PTSD called for randomized clinical trials (RCT) to further evaluate EMDR (IOM, 2008), but this recommendation has not been implemented. It is our hope that our response will encourage the IOM to address this lack of follow through and advocate for randomized clinical trials to test the efficacy of all the evidence-based therapies.

Keywords: Institute of Medicine Report IOM Report Military Posttraumatic Stress PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

104. Waters, L. (1997, Spring). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for combat PTSD: Commentary. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 34(1), 99. doi:10.1037/h0087777 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Comments on the article by J. G. Carlson et al (see record 84-01737) regarding the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment (EMDR) to treat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam veterans. The author suggests that EMDR seems simplistic and lacks face validity altogether. L. Waters proposes that EMDR works because of resolute perception, a process defined by F. J. Hanna and K. Puhakka (1991) as a deliberate sustained focus of attention on an identified problem with the goal of achieving clarity, at a point when the client is ready and willing to confront and perceive. Waters suggest that a way to test whether or not EMDR works because of resolute perception would be to assign a similar group of clients to a totally different task (e.g., drawing straight lines) while giving them the same instructions as are given in EMDR regarding their memories, thoughts, and desirable cognitions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Commentary Combat Experience Comment Military Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Reply Veterans Vietnam War Veterans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

105. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., van Haaften, H., & Mayer, B. (1997, July). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus exposure in vivo: A single-session crossover study of spider-phobic children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171(1), 82-86. doi:10.1192/bjp.171.1.82 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new therapeutic technique that has been proposed as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder and other anxiety complaints. Method: We compared the efficacy of EMDR with that of exposure in vivo in the treatment of a specific phobia. Twenty-two spider-phobic children who met the DSM-III-R criteria for specific phobia participated in the study. Children were treated with one session of exposure in vivo and one session of EMDR in a crossover design. Treatment outcome was evaluated by self-report measures, a behavioural avoidance test and a physiological index (skin conductance level). Results: Results showed positive effects of EMDR, but also suggest that it is especially self-report measures that are sensitive to EMDR. Improvement on a behavioural measure was less pronounced, and exposure in vivo was found to be superior in reducing avoidance behaviour. With regard to skin conductance level, EMDR and exposure in vivo did not differ. Conclusions: EMDR has no additional value in treatment of this type of animal phobia, for which exposure in vivo is the treatment of choice.

Keywords: Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Phobias Spider Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

106. Welch, K. L., & Beere, D. B. (2002, May-June). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A treatment efficacy model. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 9(3), 165-176. doi:10.1002/cpp.323.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), though controversial, is increasingly utilized for treatment of PTSD. This article reviews the debate concerning efficacy and concludes that the evidence, though not definitive, supports EMDR's positive treatment effects. The authors argue that EMDR is a therapeutic intervention different from exposure. The authors set forth three interrelated hypotheses to explain EMDR's therapeutic mechanism: bilateral hemispheric activation, normalized brain activation patterns, and activation/desensitization of emotion/arousal; avoidant/constricted attention is disrupted, allowing normalizing processes to occur. Lowered arousal then leads to a resumption of more adaptive cognitive processing. Some predictions to test this model are presented. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Evidence-Based Treatment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

107. Taylor, S. (2001, Augusto). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Current debates and comparative efficacy. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 7(2), 169-178.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
For over a decade, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been used to treat symptoms of PTSD. While EMDR advocates have been enthusiastic of this treatment, EMDR critics have raised several important concerns. This article examines claims presented in this journal by two comentators; one an EMDR critic and the other an EMDR advocate. One argues that dismantling studies that test the effects of bilateral stimulation will end the EMDR controversy. While such studies will provide useful information, such studies are incapable of resolving the controversy. This is because there are several contentious issues concerning EMDR. For clinicians treating PTSD, perhaps the most important question concerns the efficacy of EMDR compared to other therapies. This issue is not addressed in dismantling studies. The other commentator claims that EMDR is the treatment of choice for PTSD. While the literature suggests that EMDR is a useful intervention, the available data does not support their claim. EMDR appears to be no more effective than well-established behavioural and cognitive-behavioural therapies, and there is no consistent evidence that EMDR works more quickly than other therapies. There are currently no empirical guidelines for deciding whether the first choice of treatment should be EMDR or some other intervention, such as behvioural or cognitve-behavioural therapy. Patient preference and therapist expertise in one treatment versus another are important considerations. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Debates Eye Movements Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

108. Maxfield, L. (2003). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: An evaluation of single-session treatment of test anxiety. Lakehead University, Ontario Canada. AAT MQ52067.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Keywords: Single-Session Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

109. Bolen, D. W. (1999, August). Eye movement desensitization reprocessing for the treatment of anxiety in psychology internship applicants: An interrupted time series design. The Chicago School - School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL. AAT 9920131.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study used an interrupted time series design to study the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization Processing (EMDR) on the anxiety levels of 17 psychology graduate student participants who were in the process of applying to psychology internship sites. Participants were screened for pathology using the Symptom Checklist - Revised. Anxiety was assessed four times using the State Trait Anxiety Scale, twice prior to and twice following treatment with EMDR. Additionally, in an attempt to the account for some of the error variance due to history, the Schedule of Recent Events was given twice during the study, once prior to the EMDR treatment and once along with the final administration of the State Trait Anxiety Scale. Additional information about the effects of EMDR on anxiety, were obtained by monitoring heart rate and blood pressure changes during EMDR treatment for half of the participants. A dependent t-test on pre- and post-EMDR State Trait Anxiety Scale data failed to yield significant results. Other analyses also showed no effect of treatment. However, visual inspection of the data suggested that EMDR may have been effective for some participants. The range and diversity of participant's responses to anxiety over the course of the study, the relatively small sample size and design factors that increased the error variance were discussed in relation to the insignificant results. It was suggested that specific personality traits (e.g. characterological anxiety) and attributes of the distressing target event (e.g. amount of affect evoked) may act as intervening variables in an individual's response to EMDR treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 60(2-B), Aug 1999, pp. 0819.

Keywords: Anxiety Empirical Study Interrupted Time Series Design Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

110. Kapoula, Z., Misset, P., Poncet, S., Bruneau, S., & Bucci, M. P. (2007, June). Eye movement patterns during the Rorschach test: Implications for EMDR. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
It is hypothesized that eye movements used in EMDR practice influence both memory and emotional state, some laboratory studies provide evidence for such influence (Christman et al, 2003, Neurobiology; Barrowcliff et al., J. Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 2004). From a neurophysiological point of view, it is also interesting to examine to what extent some eye movement parameters may be modulated by memory and emotions. For instance, it is well established that memory driven saccades in simplified laboratory tests, present different characteristics (longer preparation time, lower accuracy, lower velocity) than visually guided movement. During EMDR the eye movements (mostly pursuit) are elicited externally by the therapist, yet at the same time the patient is in touch mentally with the traumatic image and related negative emotions. The physiology of such movements might be different and this could be explored with specific studies. Another important issue is to what extent movements of the eyes are helpful in coding and retrieving visual images. Accordingly to scanpath theory, eye movements are cognitively driven by sensory and motor representation; repetitive eye movements to the same area of an image are attributed to checking if the image corresponds to what the observer imagines (Noton & Stack, 1971; Brandt & Stark, 1997). Future laboratory research could bring together such theories and EMDR psychotherapy, e.g., by examining spontaneous eye movements related to negative image.
In this conference, we will present preliminary data from a laboratory study on eye movement patterns during the Roschach test. Eight healthy students conducted the experiment. Seated in front of a computer screen, subjects were equipped with a binocular video eye tracker (Chronos) sampling eye position images from each eye every 4 msec. Instantaneous eye position data were stored on a computer and analyzed afterwards with laboratory software. Each are of the Roschach test was presented for 30 sec., after which, the experimenter (a psychologist) recorded the response given by the subject.
Analysis of eye movement patterns were examined in relation to subjective verbal reports.
Results: The first question asked was to what extent the eye movement pattern reflected the imaged projected by the subject or by the visual properties of the Rorschach image itself. To gain some insight, we concentrated on the cards for which our subjected gave no standard responses, thus very different from one subject to the other (e.g., card IX). Eye movement exploration (the surface of the image explored, its patiaol composition e.g. the resprctive proportion of horizontal versus vertical movements) was correlated with the verbal report and the specific mental imagery (larger surface, multiple focusing points when several personages or objects were imaged). This provides evident for top-down influence; the eyes are exploring the projective interpretative image; repetitive movements back and forth to same points which help in turn consolidate this mental imagery.
Psychological analysis of eye movements (saccades and fixation) was also made. Saccades are found to be as fast as when looking reflexively to single visual targets; during fixations, however, between saccades, the eyes were more instable, particularly the visual uses were crossing at different depths from one fixation to another. Further ongoing analysis will correlate fixation duration and depth instability to spatial and emotional content of the subjective report.

Keywords: Eye Movements Mechanism of Action Neurobiology Poster Rorschach Test

Accuracy Verified: Yes

111. Arnold, A. (2004). Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing and specific state anxiety in female gymnasts. Union Institute and University, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 3122853.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Forty-two female gymnasts ages 10-16 participated in a study to determine the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on state anxiety. Each subject identified excessive anxiety on a gymnastics element resulting from a fall, injury, observed fall, or debilitating repetitive thought process. Subjects were divided into random treatment and control groups. The treatment groups received up to 3 sessions of EMDR. Both process and outcome measures were analyzed using the Subjective Units of Disturbance scale, Validity of Cognitions scale, Sport Competition Anxiety Test, and Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory-2. EMDR was found effective in reducing cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and increasing self-confidence on the targeted element. Comparison over time from pretest to follow-up revealed no significant differences in trait anxiety for either the control or experimental group. Treatment effects of reduced cognitive anxiety, reduced somatic anxiety, and increased validity of positive cognitions were maintained for 90-days following EMDR treatment. Results indicated four processesing patterns facilitating trauma resolution: methodological, transitional object, unfinished business, and insight oriented processing. Recommendations for future research include the use of EMDR with physiological measures of state anxiety, and the replication of the four distinct processing styles found in this research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 65(2-B), 2004, pp. 1020.

Keywords: Anxiety Empirical Study Female Gymnasts Quantitative Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

112. Merckelbach, H., Hogervost, E., Kampman, M., & de Jongh, A. (1994, March). Eye-movement-desensitization heeft geen effect op emotionele reactiviteit van 'normale' proefpersonen [Eye movement desensitization has no effect on the emotional reactivity of normal test subjects]. Gedragstherapie, 27(1), 33-49.

Language: Dutch

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Verschillende single-case studies hebben gesuggereerd dat posttraumatische stress-symptomen en andere angst-gerelateerde problemen kunnen succesvol worden behandeld met een sessie van de oogbeweging desensibilisatie (EMD). Twee experimenten werden uitgevoerd om te onderzoeken of EMD de emotionele reactie van de normale proefpersonen beïnvloedt. In het eerste experiment kregen de proefpersonen (N = 40) blijkt een aversieve dia. Vervolgens helft van de proefpersonen ondergingen EMD, terwijl ze repeteerden de dia informatie, en de andere helft onderging een controle-procedure (dwz de vinger te tikken), terwijl het verbeelden van de glijbaan. Voor en na de interventie (dat wil zeggen, EMD vs vinger te tikken), werden de hartslag en de self-report gegevens die zijn verkregen terwijl proefpersonen repeteerde de dia. Er werd geen bewijs gevonden dat EMD de emotionele impact van de aversieve dia verlaagd. Het tweede experiment werd uitgevoerd langs dezelfde lijnen. Echter, dit keer proefpersonen (N = 28) repeteerde een pijnlijke gebeurtenis die zij onlangs had ervaren. Verder werd een cognitieve 'opwerking' component toegevoegd aan de EMD procedure. Toch heeft geen bevindingen ondersteunen het idee dat EMD emotionele reactiviteit remt om een grotere mate dan de vinger te tikken. Tezamen zijn de resultaten van beide experimenten niet bemoedigend, ze suggereren dat placebo-effecten en de vraag naar kenmerken rekening kan worden gehouden voor het spectaculaire succes van EMD.

Several single-case studies have suggested that posttraumatic stress symptoms and other anxiety-related problems can be successfully treated with one session of eye movement desensitization (EMD). Two experiments were carried out to examine whether EMD affects the emotional response of normal subjects. In the first experiment, subjects (N = 40) were shown an aversive slide. Next, half of the subjects underwent EMD while they rehearsed the slide information, and the other half underwent a control procedure (i.e., finger tapping) while imagining the slide. Before and after the intervention (i.e., EMD vs. finger tapping), heart rate and self-report data were obtained while subjects rehearsed the slide. No evidence was found to suggest that EMD reduced the emotional impact of the aversive slide. The second experiment was conducted along similar lines. However, this time subjects (N = 28) rehearsed an embarrassing event that they had recently experienced. Furthermore, a cognitive 'reprocessing' component was added to the EMD procedure. Nevertheless, findings did not support the idea that EMD inhibits emotional reactivity to greater extent than finger tapping. Taken together, the results of both experiments are not encouraging; they suggest that placebo effects and demand characteristics may account for the spectacular success of EMD.

Keywords: Aversive Stimulation Emotional Responses Eye Movements Systematic Desensitization Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

113. Mankuta, D., Aziz-Suleyman, A., Yochail, L., & Allon, M. (2012, November). Field evaluation and treatment of short-term psycho-medical trauma after sexual assault in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Israel Medical Assocation Journal, 14, 653-657.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: During the horrific war in the Democratic Republic of Congo during the years 1996–2007 the number of casualties is estimated to be 5.4 million. In addition, 1.8 million women, children and men were raped, many as a social weapon of war. Many of these women still suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mutilated genitals. Objectives: To assess a short-term interventional team for the evaluation and treatment of sexual trauma victims. Methods: The intervention program comprised four components: training the local staff, medical evaluation and treatment of patients, psychological evaluation and treatment of trauma victims, and evacuation and transport of patients with mutilated genitals. A diagnostic tool for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – the Impact Event Scale (IES) – was used. The psychological treatment was based on EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) principles. Using questionnaires, the information was obtained from patients, medical staff and medical records. Results: Three primary care clinics were chosen for intervention. Of the 441 women who attended the clinics over a period of 20 days, 52 women were diagnosed with severe PTSD. Psychological intervention was offered to only 23 women because of transport limitations. The most common medical problems were pelvic inflammatory disease and secondary infertility. Nine patients suffered genital mutilation and were transferred for surgical correction. The 32 local nurses and 2 physicians who participated in the theoretical and practical training course showed improved knowledge as evaluated by a written test. Conclusions: With the short-term interventional team model for sexual assault victims the combined cost of medical and psychological services is low. The emphasis is on training local staff to enhance awareness and providing them with tools to diagnose and treat sexual assault and mutilation.

Keywords: Congo IES Impact of Event Scale Sexual Assault Trauma Violence

Accuracy Verified: No

114. Browning, C. (1999). Flotar hacia atrás y flotar hacia delante: Técnicas para ligar el pasado, Presente y futuro [Floatback and Float Forward: Techniques for the Tie Past, Present and Future]. Presentation at EMDRIA Latinoamericana.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
El protocolo estándar de EMDR requiere enfocar los orígenes de la perturbación, los gatillos del presente y crear un patrón de conductas adecuadas para el futuro (Shapiro). Algunos pacientes, sin embargo pueden tener dificultades para conectar su problema actual con acontecimientos del pasado. Así también, otros pacientes pueden tener dificultades para crear patrones positivos para el futuro, especialmente si ensayar conductas nuevas los pone ansiosos. Para estos problemas las técnicas de "Flotar hacia atrás" y "Flotar hacia delante" desarrolladas por William Zangwill Ph. D., entrenador del Instituto EMDR, son métodos efectivos para ligar el pasado, presente y futuro en un ámbito terapéutico y proveen al terapeuta de instrumentos para abordar eficientemente ambos temas. LA TÉCNICA DE FLOTAR HACIA ATRÁS Abordar recuerdos tempranos asociados con el material perturbador es fundamental para EMDR. Shapiro dice que ayudar al paciente a encontrar un recuerdo temprano "debe ser una de las primeras opciones que debe considerar al terapeuta..." (Shapiro, 1995). La Técnica de Flotar hacia atrás es un camino eficiente y poderoso para llegar a esta meta, permitiendo al terapeuta asistir al paciente a llevar a cabo sus propias asociaciones con acontecimientos del pasado. Su uso es muy apropiado cuando el terapeuta sospecha que una perturbación que el paciente experimenta en el presente, tiene sus raíces en experiencias del pasado; especialmente cuando preguntas como "Cuál es su recuerdo más temprano en relación a lo que se siente ahora? no ha tenido éxito en ayudar al paciente a conectar con eventos del pasado. También cuando un paciente presenta un tema o experiencia recurrente, la Técnica de Flotar hacia Atrás es ideal para ayudar al paciente a identificar un target para el reprocesamiento. Muchos pacientes se ponen en contacto con los problemas actuales con relativa facilidad. Por ejemplo, una paciente que se queja que se siente abandonada cuando su marido se va de viaje de negocios, probablemente pueda recordar sus problemas actuales con facilidad. Entonces el terapeuta puede aplicar la Técnica de Flotar hacia Atrás para ayudarle a la paciente a recordar un acontecimiento del pasado con rapidez y eficiencia. Para usar la Técnica de Flotar hacia Atrás, arme el protocolo con el problema actual, utilizando los pasos que figuran en el Manual de Entrenamiento del Nivel I y del Nivel II (Shapiro, 1994) incluyendo la imagen, la cognición negativa (CN), la cognición positiva (CP), la validación de la cognición (VoC), emociones, Unidad Subjetiva de Perturbación (SUD) y sensación corporal. Sin embargo, no incide todavía el procesamiento (es decir, movimientos oculares u otra estimulación). En vez de eso, diga a su paciente: "Fíjese en la imagen de... y esas palabras (repita la imagen perturbadora del paciente y su cognición negativa), fíjese que emociones le vienen y donde las siente en el cuerpo. Ahora cierre los ojos y deje que su mente flote hacia atrás a un período anterior en su vida, no busque, simplemente deje que su mente flote a una época donde usted pensaba cosas similares... (repita las emociones que dijo el paciente) en ...(repita los lugares del cuerpo donde el paciente sintió las sensaciones). Cuando esté listo abra los ojos y dígame lo primero que le viene a la mente". Utilice esta experiencia más temprana como target, completando todos los items del protocolo: imagen, CN, CP, VoC, emociones, SUD y ubicación de las sensaciones corporales y comience a procesar con movimientos oculares u otro estímulo bilateral. Una vez que se ha procesado este material, vuelva al target original del material actual. Muy a menudo se generaliza el trabajo realizado sobre el material más temprano y ya no hace falta procesar el material actual. Es importante usar términos generales cuando se le dan al paciente las instrucciones de la Técnica de Flotar hacia Atrás, es decir, pedir un recuerdo temprano y no el más temprano. Hay varias razones que avalan esto. Primero, muchas veces es el peor recuerdo y no el primero que funciona como el mejor target para el reprocesamiento,. Además, usar términos generales es una ayuda para los pacientes más compulsivos y perfeccionistas que de otra manera estarían demasiado preocupados en no equivocarse y encontrar exactamente la primera asociación. Finalmente, la flexibilidad que permite la utilización de términos generales más que términos específicos aumenta la posibilidad de éxito del paciente de conectarse con el pasado que es la meta de esta técnica. El rasgo esencial de la Técnica de Flotar hacia Atrás es usar las preguntas del protocolo para conectar los problemas del presente con eventos del pasado. Pasar las preguntas como fueron desarrolladas por Shapiro es un potente método para ayudar a los pacientes a sintonizar con todos los aspectos de su experiencia del problema. El material perturbador se vuelve más vívido y actual para el paciente y posibilita recordar experiencias similares. Se supone, como hipótesis, que al haber desarrollado el protocolo con todas las preguntas sobre el problema actual, estimula la red neuronal de asociaciones y posibilita casi sin esfuerzo el "flotar hacia atrás" a asociaciones tempranas. Además, el vínculo paciente-terapeuta es realzado porque el terapeuta valida la experiencia del paciente (la perturbación actual) al empezar el trabajo desde el punto en el que se encuentra el paciente. Las asociaciones son del paciente, eliminando el tema de la resistencia a cualquier idea o interpretación introducida por el terapeuta. El paciente se da cuenta vivencialmente de la conexión del presente con el pasado usando la Técnica de Flotar hacia Atrás, pudiendo esquivar la evitación y otras defensas. LA TÉCNICA DE FLOTAR HACIA DELANTE Mientras que la Técnica de Flotar hacia Atrás posibilita muy a menudo que los pacientes vean y sientan la conexión entre el problema actual y los eventos pasados, la Técnica de Flotar hacia delante permite que el paciente identifique y reprocese la ansiedad anticipatoria y desarrolle patrones positivos para el futuro. Es un método que puede ser utilizado en cualquier momento del proceso terapéutico para solucionar bloqueos, renuencias y en algunos casos, resistencias o temas de beneficios secundarios o pérdidas. Es especialmente útil para trabajar con el miedo del paciente a hacer EMDR. Para ponerlo en práctica, primero pida al paciente que imagine lo peor que le puede pasar si hace "X" (por ej. probar una nueva conducta, testear una nueva habilidad, empezar una experiencia nueva). ¿Qué es lo peor que le puede pasar si hace EMDR? Que es lo peor que le puede pasar si soluciona este problema? ¿Qué es lo peor que le puede pasar si le pone límites a su jefe respecto a la cantidad de trabajo que espera que usted haga? El paciente puede necesitar ayuda para identificar la peor escena. Algunas sugerencias incluyen el miedo a perder el control de sus emociones, el miedo a perder el control de sus funciones corporales como el control de esfínteres, miedo a tener un ataque de pánico, y no poder manejar su vida emocional entre las sesiones. Una vez que el paciente ha identificado el incidente, pregunte por la peor parte de esa escena y utilícelo como el target de EMDR, armando el protocolo con las preguntas estándar, pero con una leve modificación: pregunte por la imagen que representa la peor parte del peor incidente, por ej. "Cuando usted ve una imagen de si mismo/a haciendo......, que es lo peor que puede pasar?" Después siga con el resto de las preguntas estándar, es decir, CN, CP, VoC, emociones, SUD, y ubicación de la sensación corporal. Estimule el procesamiento del paciente con movimientos oculares u otro estímulo bilateral. Si el desarrollo de la peor escena del paciente le provoca un miedo racional, puede que se tengan que tomar medidas prácticas para solucionar estas preocupaciones. Por ejemplo, usando la técnica de flotar hacia delante con un chico de 13 años que estaba en un hogar adoptivo transitorio, la peor escena evocada por él fue: "Me van a devolver al Hogar si esta adopción no resulta". Durante el procesamiento, el SUD se redujo de 8 a 3 con bastante rapidez pero de ahí no bajaba. El paciente comentó que no bajaba porque esta "peor escena" podría sucederle realmente y le había sucedido en el pasado. Paramos los movimientos oculares, charlamos un rato y elaboramos un plan para: a) una sesión con sus padres adoptivos para hablar sobre la permanencia de la adopción y b) una llamada en conferencia a su asesor legal para clarificar sus derechos y opciones. Volviendo al target después de esto, le fue posible reducir el SUD a 1 con unos pocos sets de movimientos oculares. Al utilizar la Técnica de Flotar hacia delante para reprocesar la peor escena, el paciente tiene una oportunidad para resolver la ansiedad anticipatoria. Durante la instalación de la cognición positiva, el paciente está creando patrones positivos para acciones en el futuro. Una mujer cuyo hermano fue verbalmente abusivo con ella en la infancia y en la actualidad la intimidaba, armó una "peor escena" con: "Va a ser igualmente abusivo cuando lo vea la próxima vez". La paciente había hecho mucho EMDR, reprocesando incidentes de la infancia relacionados con el abuso verbal del hermano. Sin embargo, sin un referente positivo vivencial, seguía ansiosa cada vez que interactuaba con él. Pidiéndole que "flote hacia delante" y usando EMDR sobre una de las peores escenas, alivió su ansiedad respecto a una fiesta familiar que tenía pendiente. Instalando una CP de "Ahora estoy más fuerte" le permitió crear una imagen de si misma manejando a su hermano con humor y sintiéndose segura. A aplicar las Técnicas de Flotar hacia Atrás y hacia Delante y ocuparse así del pasado, presente y futuro, el terapeuta de EMDR puede sanar mejor a su paciente. Es más, las Técnicas de Flotar hacia Atrás y hacia Delante están basadas en EMDR. Las dos incorporan las preguntas del protocolo standard y le dan al terapeuta y al paciente la oportunidad de manejarse más fluidamente con dicho protocolo.

EMDR standard protocol requires a focus of the origins of the disturbance, the triggers of this and create a pattern of behaviors appropriate to the future (Shapiro). Some patients, however, may have difficulty connecting the current problem with past events. Also, other patients may have difficulty creating positive patterns for the future, especially if you try new behaviors makes them anxious. For these problems the techniques of "float back" and "Float forward" developed by William Zangwill Ph.D., EMDR Institute trainer, are effective methods to link the past, present and future in a therapeutic area and provide the therapist tools to effectively address both issues. THE ART OF FLOATING BACK Addressing early memories associated with foreign material is essential to EMDR. Shapiro said that helping the patient to find early memory "must be one of the first options to consider when therapist ..." (Shapiro, 1995). Floating Technique back is a powerful and efficient way to reach this goal, allowing the therapist to assist the patient to carry out their own associations with past events. Its use is most appropriate when the clinician suspects that a disturbance that the patient is experiencing at present, is rooted in past experiences, especially when questions like "What is your earliest memory in relation to what you feel now? Not been successful in helping patients to connect with past events. Also when a patient has a recurrent theme or experience, the Backward Floating Technique is ideal for helping the patient to identify a target for reprocessing. Many patients come into contact with the current problems with relative ease. For example, a patient who complains that she feels abandoned when her husband goes on a business trip, you can probably recall their current problems with ease. Then the therapist can apply the technique Float Backwards to help the patient to remember a past event quickly and efficiently. To use the technique to back float, arm the protocol to the current problem, using the steps listed in the Training Manual Level I and Level II (Shapiro, 1994) including the image, negative cognition (NC) positive cognition (PC), validation of cognition (VoC), emotions, Subjective Unit of Disturbance (SUD) and bodily sensation. However, it still affects the processing (ie, eye movements or other stimulation). Instead, tell your patient: "Look at the picture ... and those words (repetition of the disturbing image of the patient and negative cognition), note that emotions come from and where you sit on the body. Now close eyes and let your mind float back to an earlier period in your life, look no further, just let your mind float to a time when you thought things like ... (repeat the emotions that said the patient) .. . (repeat parts of the body where the patient felt the sensation). When you are ready open your eyes and tell me the first thing that comes to mind. " Use this early experience as a target, completing all protocol items: image, CN, CP, VoC, emotions, SUD and location of bodily sensations and begin processing with eye movements or other bilateral stimulation. Once this material has been processed, return to the original target of the current material. Very often we generalize the work done on the earlier material and no longer have to render the current material. It is important to use general terms when the patient is given instructions Technique Float Backwards, ie a memory request early and not earlier. There are several reasons that support this. First, it is often the worst memory and not the first that works as the best target for reprocessing. In addition, using general terms is an aid for compulsive and perfectionistic patients who otherwise would be too concerned with avoiding failure and find exactly the first association. Finally, the flexibility that allows the use of general rather than specific terms increases the likelihood of success of the patient to connect with the past that is the goal of this technique. The essential feature of the technique is to use Float Backwards questions of protocol to connect the problems of the present with past events. Skip the questions and were developed by Shapiro is a powerful method to help patients to tune into all aspects of their experience of the problem. The foreign material becomes more vivid and present to the patient and possible recall similar experiences. It is assumed, arguendo, that having developed the protocol with all the questions about the current problem, the neural network encourages and facilitates partnerships almost effortlessly "float back" early associations. In addition, the patient-therapist relationship is enhanced because the therapist validates the patient's experience (current disruption) to start work from the point where the patient is. Partnerships are the patient, eliminating the issue of resistance to any idea or interpretation introduced by the therapist. The patient realizes experientially connecting the present with the past by using the technique Float Backwards, can avoid the avoidance and other defenses. THE ART OF FLOATING FORWARD While technology enables Float Backwards often patients to see and feel the connection between the current problem and past events, the forward float technique allows the patient to identify and reprocess anticipatory anxiety and develop positive patterns the future. It is a method that can be used at any time of the therapeutic process to troubleshoot crashes, reluctance and in some cases, resistance or topics of ancillary benefits or losses. It is especially useful for working with the patient's fear to do EMDR. To put this into practice, first ask the patient to imagine the worst that can happen if you "X" (eg. Try a new behavior, test a new skill, start a new experience.) What's the worst that can happen if you EMDR? That's the worst that can happen if you solve this problem? What's the worst that can happen if you put your head limits on the amount of work expected to do? The patient may need help to identify the worst scene. Some suggestions include fear of losing control of his emotions, fear of losing control of their bodily functions such as bowel and bladder control, fear of having a panic attack and can not manage their emotional life between sessions. Once the patient has identified the incident, ask for the worst part of that scene and use it as the target of EMDR, setting up the protocol with the standard questions, but with a slight modification: ask for the image that represents the worst of worst incident, eg. "When you see a picture of him / herself by ......, it's the worst that can happen?" Then follow with the rest of the standard questions, ie, CN, CP, VoC, emotions, SUD, and location of bodily sensation. Stimulate the processing of patients with eye movements or other bilateral stimulation. If the development of the patient's worst scene provokes a rational fear, you may have to take practical steps to address these concerns. For example, using the technique of floating forward with a boy of 13 who was in a temporary foster home, the worst scene evoked for him was: "I will return home if this adoption is not." During processing, the LDS was reduced from 8 to 3 fairly quickly but it does not down. The patient said he did not go down because the "worst scene" could really happen and had happened in the past. Eye movements stopped, we chatted a while and developed a plan for: a) a meeting with her adoptive parents to discuss the permanence of the adoption and b) a conference call to his legal adviser to clarify your rights and options. Returning to the target after that, it was possible to reduce the LDS-1 with a few sets of eye movements. Using Floating Technique forward to reprocess the worst scenario, the patient has an opportunity to resolve the anticipatory anxiety. During the installation of the positive cognition, the patient is creating positive patterns for future action. A woman whose brother was verbally abusive to her children and now intimidated, put together a "worst stage" with: "It will be equally unfair when I see him next time." The patient had done much EMDR reprocessing childhood incidents related to verbal abuse of his brother. However, without a positive reference experiential, still anxious every time I interacted with him. Asking him to "float forward" and using EMDR on one of the worst scenes, relieved her anxiety about a family party that was pending. Installing a CP of "I'm stronger now allowed him to create an image of herself driving her brother with humor and feeling safe. To apply the techniques to float back and forth and deal well past, present and future, the EMDR therapist can heal your patient better. Moreover, techniques to float back and forth are based on EMDR. Both incorporate the standard protocol questions and give the therapist and the patient the opportunity to be managed more smoothly with this protocol.

Keywords: Floatback Technique Float Foward Technique

Accuracy Verified: Yes

115. Tutarel-Kislak, S. (2004, December). Görme engelli bireyde göz hareketleriyle duyarsizlastirmave yeniden isleme tedavi yönteminin dize Hhafifçe vurma alternatifininuygulanmasi: Bir olgu sunumu [A knee tapping variant of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with a blind person: A case report]. Türk Psikoloji Yazilari, 7(14), 77-90.

Language: Turkish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Bu çalışmada, Göz Hareketleriyle Duyarsızlaştırma ve Yeniden İşleme yaşlı, kör erkek üniversite öğrencisi bir 26 yıl kullanıldı. Onun görsel handikap nedeniyle, diz vurma işlemi EMDR alternatif olarak kullanılmaktadır. kardeşinin ölümünden sonra intihar girişiminde sonra müşteri bir kriz merkezinde tedavi oldu. Onun psikolojik sıkıntı (ve, görmek ve dokunmak onu morga zorla kardeşinin ölümünden sonra, örneğin, soğukluk ve koku ölüm vücudun hakkındaki duyumları) özel anıları ile ilgili, günlük yaşamda onu rahatsız etti. kardeşinin ölüm, intihar öyküsü, suçluluk, çaresizlik hakkında O'nun anıları ve düşüncelerini o diğerleri seans boyunca değerlendirildi hayal kırıklığına söyledi. Bilişsel-örgü tekniği de oturumları sırasında kullanılmıştır. Kısa Semptom Envanteri (KSE) ön ve son test ölçümleri olarak uygulanmıştır. üç ay kadar, bu BSI puanları genellikle indirdi olduğu bulunmuştur takip iki seans ve bir aylık ve sonra. Ayrıca, o onun kişisel gelişim bir ilerleme olduğunu bildirdi. Olgu bildirilmektedir bir kör kişi ile EMDR tekniğinin formu dokunarak diz ilk başarılı uygulama olduğunu anlamda ilginçti. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları travmatik görüntüleri canlılığını işitme nedeniyle ve kokulu o EMDR çalışmalarda olarak azalmış olacaktır dokunmadan gösterdi. Bu makalede ayrıca EMDR yöntemi ve etkinlik hakkında olumsuz sonuçlarını içermektedir. (PsycINFO Veritabanı Record (c) 2008 APA, tüm hakları saklıdır) (dergi soyut)

In this study, the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing was used with a 26 years old, blind male university student. Because of his visual handicap, knee tapping procedure has been used as an alternative to the EMDR. After his brother's death he attempted to suicide and then the client had a therapy in a crisis center. His psychological distress related to specific memories (e.g., after his brother's death, being forced to the morgue to see and touch him, and his sensations about coldness and scent of the death body) was bothering him in his daily life. His memories about his brother's death, suicidal history, guiltiness, helplessness, and his thoughts that he disappointed the others were evaluated throughout the sessions. Cognitive-weave technique was also utilized during the sessions. The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) was applied as a pre and post test measures. After the two sessions and one-month and three-month follow-up, it was found that the BSI scores were generally lowered. In addition, he reported that he had a progress in his personal growth. The case reported here was interesting in the sense that it was the first successful application of knee tapping form of the EMDR technique with a blind person. The results of this study showed that the vividness of traumatic images due to hearing, smelling and touching would be reduced as in the EMDR studies. This article also includes the negative results about EMDR method and its efficacy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)(from the journal abstract)

Keywords: Blind Clinical Case Study Knee Knee Tapping

Accuracy Verified: Yes

116. Lui, L. (1996, July/August). Hand waving? An unconventional for post-traumatic stress is put to the test. The Sciences, 36(4), 13.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
When Prometheus gave fire to the mortals, an angry Zeus chained him to Mount Causaus, where each day an eagle devoured his liver, and each night the liver grew back. Imagine for a moment that you must endure a variation of that Promethean hell. Instead of an eagle, your tormentor is a rapist, the murderer of your parents, a battlefield enemy who took away your legs and much more inside. For many people, the unbearable circumstances you are only imagining are real. The condition known as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), forces it svictims to live the most traumatic events of their lives over and over again. Because the events are often wars, assaults or natural disasters, the persistence of memory alone would be difficult. But if you are a victim of PTSD, you may relive your tragic epiosde with such clarity that you can see the bloody bodies on the battlefield or smell the alcohol on your assailant's breath.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

117. Giamp, J. S. (2003). Honoring their voice: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing through the eyes of inmates with developmental disabilities. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN. AAT 3119790.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study examined the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on inmates with developmental disabilities (DD) who were incarcerated in a special needs correctional facility in the southwestern United States. Cognitively, these inmates ranged from borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) to mild mental retardation (MMR), and all suffered from PTSD-like symptoms. A repeated measure pre- and postanalysis design with one sample group was utilized. The Emotional Problem Scales (EPS), Impact of Events Scales - 8 Items (IES-8), Validity of Cognition Scales (VOCS), and Subjective Units of Disturbance Scales (SUDS) were used to gather quantitative data on the 17 volunteer participants. Baseline and outcome data were collected by an independent assessor. The T-Test was incorporated to analyze the data and determine significance. Due to the small sample of convenience, the data were skewed, so the researcher also used the nonparametric Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Descriptive data on EMDR were collected and analyzed.As measured by the SUDS, IES-8, and VOCS, the statistical findings revealed self-reported reductions in levels of distress, avoidance, and intrusiveness of the traumatic memory, and an increase in self-esteem and the believability of positive cognitions about self and the event after the application of EMDR. However, the clinical scales from the Self-Report Inventory (SRI) of the EPS did not reveal any changes after the application of EMDR. Staff familiar with the study volunteers also reported a significant decrease in clinical pathology and an increase in prosocial behavior, as measured by the Behavior Rating Scale (BRS) of the EPS. Findings suggest that the utilization of EMDR with persons having developmental disabilities may have clinical utility. Thus, further research in this area is warranted. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 65(1-B), 2004, pp. 436.

Keywords: Americans Empirical Study Mentally Retarded Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prison Inmates PTSD Quantitative Study Self Esteem Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

118. Barrowcliff, A., Gray, N., MacCulloch, S., Freeman, T., & MacCulloch, M. (2003, September). Horizontal rhythmical eye movements consistently diminish the arousal provoked by auditory stimuli. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42(3). 289-302. doi:10.1348/01446650360703393.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: Theoretical models implicating the orienting reflex as an explanatory mechanism in the eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment protocol are contrasted and tested empirically. We also test whether EMDR effects are due to a distraction effect. Design: A repeated measure design is used in two experiments. The first experiment employed two independent variables, eye condition (moving vs. stationary) and tone (a pseudo-randomized series of low and high intensity tones). In Expt 2, eye condition was replaced by attentional demand conditions (low or high). In both cases, electrodermal responses served as the dependent variable. Method: Participants were recruited from the Psychology Department at Cardiff University. In Expt 1, participants were required to either pursue a moving stimulus following auditory challenge or engage in an eyes-stationary task. In Expt 2, the task following auditory challenge required participants to identify specific items from letter strings in low and high attentional demand conditions. Results: Lower levels of electrodermal arousal were identified in tasks eliciting eye movements, compared to no eye movements. This effect was not due to the attentional requirements of the task. Conclusions: Eye movements following auditory challenge result in an effect of psychophysiological de-arousal. This supports the reassurance reflex model of EMDR proposed by MacCulloch and Feldman (1996).

Keywords: Distraction Effect Empirical Study Orienting Reflex Quantitative Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

119. Brunyé, T. T., Mahoney, C. R., Augustyn, J. S., & Taylor, H. A. (2009). Horizontal saccadic eye movements enhance the retrieval of landmark shape and location information. Brain and Cognition, 70(3), 279–288. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.03.003.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Recent work has demonstrated that horizontal saccadic eye movements enhance verbal episodic memory retrieval, particularly in strongly right-handed individuals. The present experiments test three primary assumptions derived from this research. First, horizontal eye movements should facilitate episodic memory for both verbal and non-verbal information. Second, the benefits of horizontal eye movements should only be seen when they immediately precede tasks that demand right and left-hemisphere processing towards successful performance. Third, the benefits of horizontal eye movements should be most pronounced in the strongly right-handed. Two experiments confirmed these hypotheses: horizontal eye movements increased recognition sensitivity and decreased response times during a spatial memory test relative to both vertical eye movements and fixation. These effects were only seen when horizontal eye movements preceded episodic memory retrieval, and not when they preceded encoding (Experiment 1). Further, when eye movements preceded retrieval, they were only beneficial with recognition tests demanding a high degree of right and left-hemisphere activity (Experiment 2). In both experiments the beneficial effects of horizontal eye movements were greatest for strongly right-handed individuals. These results support recent work suggesting increased interhemispheric brain activity induced by bilateral horizontal eye movements, and extend this literature to the encoding and retrieval of landmark shape and location information.

Keywords: Bilateral Eye Movements Hemispheric Interaction Episodic Memory Spatial Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

120. Frustaci, A., Pozzi, G., Aurigemma, C., La Rosa, C., Lanza, G., Fernandez, I., & Ruggeri, G. (2006, Febbraio). Indicatori di cambiamento in pazienti con disturbi da eventi stressanti: Impiego della heart rate variability [Indicators of change in patients with disorders of stressful events: Use of heart rate variability]. Poster presentato al XI Congresso SOPSI (Società Italiana di Psicopatologia), Roma, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Introduzione: i pazienti traumatizzati presentano alterazioni sintomatiche quali intrusività, evitamento ed aumentato arousal, che ostacolerebbe la possibilità di elaborazione/integrazione delle tracce mnesiche, oltre ad esprimersi a livello periferico. Tecniche specifiche di trattamento sembrano promuovere l’elaborazione/integrazione delle memorie traumatiche, tra cui la Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Nella ricerca valutativa è quindi necessario affiancare alle scale psicologiche un appropriato indicatore biologico di attivazione neurovegetativa. La variabilità della frequenza cardiaca (Heart Rate Variability – HRV) esprime l’integrità funzionale del sistema neurovegetativo in risposta allo stress e può essere misurata nei domini di tempo o di frequenza. Lo studio della HRV è stato applicato in psichiatria ai disturbi d’ansia (panico, DOC, PTSD) e dell’umore (depressione unipolare) in ricerche trasversali (confronto con controlli sani) e longitudinali di trattamento farmacologico (triciclici, SSRIs) ma in pochi casi a trattamenti psicoterapici. Gli AA. valutano l’impiego della HRV come indicatore biologico nel trattamento psicoterapeutico di pazienti con Disturbo dell’adattamento erdurante da oltre un mese dopo l’esposizione ad eventi vitali stressanti (EVS). Metodi: sono stati reclutati 6 soggetti (M/F = 1/5, età 40,5 ± 11,0) esposti ad EVS ed avviati a ciclo di trattamento psicoterapico breve (4-6 sedute a cadenza settimanale) di tipo specifico (EMDR) o generico (colloqui supportivi). Costituivano criteri di esclusione: età < 18 o > 65 anni; comorbilità psichiatrica, neurologica e cardiologica; uso di farmaci interferenti. Le valutazioni psicopatologiche sono state eseguite al reclutamento (TBASE: colloquio anamnestico, MINI, Brief COPE), a inizio e fine ciclo di trattamento (TINI, TFINE: IES, SCL-90-R), a uno e tre mesi di follow-up (T30, T90: IES, SCL-90-R, Brief COPE). Le registrazioni Holter sono state effettuate ad ogni intervallo valutativo coprendo: 60 min. attività libera, 10 min. tilt-test, 3-5 min. ascolto dell’evento traumatico, 30-45 min. seduta psicoterapica. Sono stati impiegati test statistici non parametrici per l’analisi delle correlazioni (Spearman) e delle differenze (Wilcoxon). Risultati preliminari: vengono valutate le correlazioni a TINI e le variazioni T90 vs. TINI. Sono significative le seguenti correlazioni: ansia fobica SCL e SDNN (dev. standard intervalli R-R) [r = + 0,9; p = ,037]; collera-ostilità SCL e SDNN [r = -0,95; p =.014]; depressione SCL e r-MSSD (radice media somma quadrati diff. R-R) [r = + 0,9; p = ,037]; sint. intrusivi IES e LF (basse frequenze) [r = -0,9; p = ,037]. Sono risultate statisticamente significative le seguenti variazioni: IES totale [Z = -1,99; p = ,046], sintomi intrusivi IES [Z = -2,21; p = ,027], sintomi di evitamento IES [Z = -1,99; p = ,046], ideazione paranoide SCL [Z = -2,21; p = ,027]; R-R, LF e LF/HF (rapporto basse/alte frequenze) durante ascolto evento [Z = -2,02; p = ,043]. Discussione: a livello basale gli indicatori HRV di distress vegetativo correlano positivamente con collera-ostilità e sintomi intrusivi, negativamente con ansia e depressione. Anche dopo tre mesi dalla fine del trattamento gli interventi psicoterapeutici tendono a ridurre i punteggi sintomatici, e migliorano il bilancio simpato-vagale durante il riascolto dell’evento traumatico.

Introduction: trauma patients have symptomatic changes such as intrusiveness, avoidance and increased arousal, which hampers the development / integration of memory traces, as well as speak at the peripheral level. Specific techniques of treatment seem to promote the formulation and integration of traumatic memories, including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). In evaluation research is therefore necessary to combine psychological scales appropriate indicator organic autonomic activation. The heart rate variability (Heart Rate Variability - HRV) expresses functional integrity of the autonomic nervous system in response stress and can be measured in time or frequency domains. The study of HRV has been applied in psychiatric disorders anxiety (panic, DOC, PTSD) and mood (unipolar depression) in cross-disciplinary (compared with healthy controls) and longitudinal drug treatment (tricyclic SSRIs), but in a few cases in psychotherapeutic treatment. The AA. evaluate the use of HRV as a biological indicator in the psychotherapeutic treatment of patients with adjustment disorder erdurante more than a month after exposure to stressful life events (EVS). Methods: 6 subjects were recruited (M / F = 1 / 5, age 40.5 ± 11.0) exposed to EVS and initiated treatment cycle psychotherapeutic short (4-6 sessions weekly) type specific (EMDR) or generic (hearing supported). Exclusion criteria were: age <18 or> 65 years, psychiatric comorbidity, neurological and cardiological, use of drugs interfering. Psychopathological assessments were performed at recruitment (TBASE: anamnestic interview, MINI, Brief COPE) at the beginning and end of treatment cycle (TINI, TFINE: IES, SCL-90-R) in a three-month follow-up (T30, T90: IES, SCL-90-R, Brief COPE). Holter recordings were made at each interval evaluation covering: 60 min. free activity, 10 min. tilt-test, 3-5 min. listening to the traumatic event, 30-45 minutes. psychotherapy session. Were used nonparametric statistical tests for analysis correlations (Spearman) and differences (Wilcoxon). Preliminary results: the correlations are evaluated and changes TINI vs. T90. TINI. Significant correlations are the following: SCL phobic anxiety and SDNN (standard dev. RR intervals) [r = + 0.9, p =, 037]; anger-hostility SCL SDNN [r = -0.95, p =. 014]; SCL depression r-mssd (root mean square sum diff. RR) [r = + 0.9, p =, 037]; sint. IES intrusive and LF (low frequency) [r = -0.9, P =, 037]. Were statistically significant, the following changes: IES total [Z = -1.99, p =, 046], IES intrusive symptoms [Z = -2.21, p =, 027], symptoms of avoidance IES [Z = -1.99, p =, 046] , SCL paranoid [Z = -2.21, p =, 027], RR, LF and LF / HF ratio (low / high frequencies) while listening event [Z = -2.02, p =, 043]. Discussion: At baseline HRV indicators of distress correlated positively with growing anger-hostility, and intrusive symptoms, negatively with anxiety and depression. Even after three months of the end of psychotherapeutic treatment interventions aimed at reducing symptom scores and enhance sympathetic vagal balance during the playback of the traumatic event.

Keywords: Heart Rate Variability Poster Stress Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

121. Chang, S. H., & Lee, Y. H. (2006, September). Interference of eye movements during recollections changes the vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories?: A crucial test of possible EMDR mechanisms. Presentation at the 36th Annual Congress of the EABCT (European Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies), Paris, France. (NSC 93-2413-H-002-002-).

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Autobiographical Memories Eye Movements

Accuracy Verified: Yes

122. Chang, S. H. & Lee, Y. H. (2006, September). Interference of spontaneous eye movements during recollections changes the vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories?: A crucial test of possible EMDR mechanisms. Presentation at the 36th annual congress of the EABCT (European Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies), Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This study examined possible therapeutic mechanism of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Several studies have reported that bilateral eye movements during imagery could decrease vividness and emotionality of recollections. This study proposed a hypothesis, that was, the reduction of recall was due to the interference of spontaneous eye movements including conjugate lateral eye movements (CLEMs). 110 undergraduate students (47 men, 63 women) recalled two positive and two negative memories (the CLEMs of these memories were recorded by a digital camera at the same time) and rated their vividness and emotionality of the recollections. Next, participants recalled the memories while they were engaging in five between-group conditions (bilateral eye movements, left gaze, right gaze, central gaze, and mere imagery condition). Then participants recalled the event again and rated its vividness and emotionality. The results showed that the bilateral eye movements made autobiographical memories less vivid and less emotive, while mere image increased the vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories (ps < .05). Importantly, there was only one significant Valence × Time interaction effect (p < .05) in the left gaze condition. It showed that right hemisphere involved more negative emotions than positive, whereas left hemisphere involved no differences between negative and positive emotions. With regard to CLEMs, there were no different lateral eye movements between negative and positive memories. The study supported the idea that bilateral eye movements during imagery could decrease vividness and emotionality of recollections, and that interfering spontaneous eye movements changed vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories. The role of eye movements in the EMDR was discussed.

Keywords: Autobiographical Memory CLEM Eye Movements Gaze Direction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

123. Chang, S. H. & Lee, Y. H. (2005, August). Interfering CLEM reduces vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories. Presentation at the 2005 American Psychological Association Annual Convention, Washington, DC C. (NSC 93-2413-H-002-002-).

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Research background: It was noted that when people recalled an emotional event, there is a spontaneous eye movements during retrieval of memory, known as conjugate lateral eye movements (CLEM). Eye movements during mental imagery are not epiphenomenal but assist the process of image generation (Hebb, 1968; Brandt & Stark, 1997). If restricted to a fixed point, then the image of recall is impaired (Laeng & Teodorescu 2002). These findings might shed light on why bilateral eye movements during imagery could decrease vividness and emotionality of recollections. Objectives: Based on the above findings, this study examined possible therapeutic mechanism of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989, 1995, 2001), of which eye movement was a crucial treatment component. Specifically, the hypothesis that interfering CLEM via introducing bilateral eye movements or a fixed position could reduce vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories was examined in the present study. Further, whether there are different CLEMs (more rightward in positive and more leftward in negative) during retrieval of positive and negative memories was also investigated. Method: Seventeen healthy volunteers recalled two positive and two negative memories and rated their vividness and emotionality of the recollections. Next, memories were recalled whilst the participant was performing either bilateral eye movements (interference of CLEM) or mere image condition (non-interference of CLEM). Then participants were asked to recall the event again and to rate its vividness and emotionality. Vividness and emotionality ratings were analyzed using a 2 (EM condition: bilateral eye movement vs. mere image) × 2 (valence of memory: positive vs. negative) × 2 (time: before vs. after the intervention) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). During the first and last recall of each memory CLEM were recorded by a digital camera. To examine the effect of CLEM during recollections on emotionality and vividness of autobiographical memories, eye movements in each recall were counted into percentage time of eye gaze in three regions (leftward, middle, rightward), instead of counting the first lateral eye movement as used by the traditional method. Results: Compared to mere image condition, recollections after bilateral eye movements made subsequent recollections less vivid and less emotive, while the opposite was true for mere image condition. Regarding vividness, the 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA showed that there was a significant condition × time interaction. None of the other interactions or main effects reached significance. Simple main effect indicated that the change in vividness was significant in the mere image condition, but not in the eye movement condition. As to emotionality, the three way ANOVA showed that there was also a significant condition × time interaction. None of the other interactions or main effects reached significance. Simple main effect indicated that the change in emotionality was significant in the mere image condition, and in eye movement condition. Concerning percentage of gaze direction (left, right) in positive and negative memories, pair t test showed that there was a significant right gaze difference between positive and negative memories, and approached significant left gaze difference between positive and negative memories. With regard to CLEM, negative memories showed less right gazes and more left gazes than positive memories. Conclusion:The bilateral eye movements made autobiographical memories less vivid and less emotive than mere image condition, while mere image increased the vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories. Further, there is different CLEM for negative and positive memories. While the hypothesis that interference of CLEM reduced the vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories was confirmed, the role of eye movement in the EMDR was discussed and future research possibilities are proposed.

Keywords: Autobiographical Memory CLEM Eye Movements Gaze Direction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

124. Munaro, D., Anchisi, R., Bossa, R., & Guzzi, R. (2001, October). Is orienting reflex in EMDR successful?. In International CIANS Conference (CIANS: Collegium Internationale Activitatis Nervosae Superioris; International Association for Integrative Nervous Functions, Neurobiology of behaviour and Psychosomatics, (pp 149-158) Palermo, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
We tried to “dissect” the EMDR method in the component desensitization through rapid eye movement (EMD), that is also the original part, to explain the neurophysiological functioning, Charney et al, say that a lot of persistent symptoms of PTSD are caused by an elevate arousal of NVS, particularly due to the increase of norepinephrine. Others hypothesize, again, that EMDR method is rapid because it is based on Classic Conditioning. Pavlov found that every stimulus of environment causes to the organism (animal or human) an immediate orienting response due to the arousal of the Autonomic Nervous System. In this situation the animal begins to look around moving its eyes laterality (as it happens during ocular movements of EMD); if it perceives a danger in the environment it stimulates a visceral negative response (hyperactivation that means fear) that leads an an avoidance behaviour (stiffening) and/or fighting. In other cases it causes a visceral positive response (de-arousal process that means reassurance) that leads to an approach behaviour through interaction or exploration.
The EMD should produce an orienting reflex in the patient in a protective sitaution like a psychotherapeutic setting; that means an important reduction of neuro-vegetative nervous system activity (dearousal) and some visceral positive response. We propose an experimental design with a single subject (ABACADA) by interruption treatment and by monitoring Neurophysiological functions through biofeedback instruments to test this neurophyiological hypothesis.

Keywords: Orienting Reflex

Accuracy Verified: Yes

125. Tripolt, R. (2008, September). Körpererfahrung und EMDR-prozess [Body experience and the EMDR process]. Vortrag im Rahmen der Pre-Kongress zum Thema EMDR bei der Vorkkongress EMDR beim Europaischen Hypnoeskongress, Wien.

Language: German

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Menschen die an einer PTBS und deren Folgen leiden, erleben den Körper und dessen Symptome oft als Feind. Die sanfte, geleitete Schulung der Körperwahrnehmung ist ein Weg sich mit dem Körper anzufreunden. Lernen, angenehme Körperempfindungen wahrzunehmen erhöht das Vertrauen und erleichtert die Verarbeitung schmerzvoller Erfahrungen. Lernen mit unangenehmen oder schmerzhaften Körperwahrnehmungen umzugehen, reduziert die Angst. Den Focus auf die Körpersensationen zu richten, setzt voraus, mit den auftretenden Körpererinnerungen, Schmerzen und/oder der Übererregung fertig werden zu können. Die Kombination von Körper- und Körperimpulswahrnehmung und bewusster Bewegung im EMDR Prozess gibt die notwendige Sicherheit und erlaubt durch tiefe und bewußte Körpererfahrung eine sanfte Verarbeitung und Integration traumatischer Erfahrungen. Stabilisierungsphase: Aufbau und Verankerung positiver Körpererfahrung und Körperressourcen mit bilateraler Stimulierung. Schulung der sinnlichen Wahrnehmung und deren Verbalisierung. Psychoedukation in Hinblick auf amnestische und/oder vorsprachlich codierte Erfahrungen im sinnlich, körperlichen Bereich. EMDR Prozess: Erweiterung des EMDR Protokolls um das Installieren von Körperressourcen. Einweben von Bewegungsimagination und gerichteter Aufmerksamkeit auf bewusste Handlungsimpulse. Bewusstmachen und therapeutisches Nutzen von Körperhaltungen, Bewegungsimpulsen und Bewegungen während der Prozessierungsphase. Abschluss und Integration: Körpertest vor Abschluss des Protokolls. Integration von neuer Körpererfahrung in Bewegung, Handlung und Begegnung. Führen eines Therapietagebuchs mit den Kategorien: Ich denke (Kognition) – Ich fühle(Emotion) – Ich spüre (sinnliches Erleben).

People suffering from PTSD and the consequences of experiencing the body and its symptoms often an enemy. The gentle, conducted training of body awareness is a way to make friends with the body. Learning to perceive pleasant body sensations increased confidence and facilitate the processing of painful experiences. Learning to deal with unpleasant or painful body awareness, reduces anxiety. The focus to addressing the body sensations presupposes being able to cope with the developing body memories, pain and / or hyperarousal. The combination of body and body movement in the conscious perception and impulse EMDR process provides the necessary security and allows the body through deep and conscious experience a gentle processing and integration of traumatic experiences. Stabilization phase: structure and anchoring positive body experience and body resources with bilateral stimulation. Training of sensory perception and its verbalization. Psychoeducation in terms of amnesic and / or encoded preverbal experience in sensual, physical area. EMDR process: expansion of the EMDR protocol for the installation of body resources. Weaving of movement and imagination directed attention to conscious action impulses. Awareness and therapeutic benefits of postures, movement, impulses and movements during the Prozessierungsphase. Completion and integration: body test before the conclusion of the Protocol. Integration of new body of experience in movement, action and encounter. Run a therapy diary with the categories: I think (cognition) - I feel (emotion) - I feel (sensory experience).

Keywords: Body Experience

Accuracy Verified: Yes

126. Haour, F., & Servan-Schreiber, D. (2009). Les bases neuroscientifiques de l’EMDR [Neuroscientific bases of EMDR]. In J. Cottraux (Ed.), TCC et Neurosciences (pp.187-202). Issy-les-Moulineaux: Elsevier Masson.

Language: French

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
France Haour et David Servan-Schreiber présentent avec clarté la désensibilisation par les mouvements oculaires et le retraitement de l’information (EMDR), ainsi que les études qui ont été effectuées par des méthodes neuroscientifiques pour tester ces processus. Plusieurs points restent néanmoins en suspens. Effectivement, l’EMDR est d’efficacité démontrée dans le stress post-traumatique, et les traumatismes plus légers, mais il n’y a pas de données dures pour le valider dans d’autres indications. De plus, son processus, comme il est souligné dans le chapitre, demeure controversé. Il ne faudrait pas oublier qu’un EMDR sans mouvements oculaires aboutit à de résultats identiques à ceux d’un EMDR avec mouvements oculaires, dans la méta-analyse de Davidson et Parker (2001), qui inclut 13 études comparant ces deux conditions. Cinq méta-analyses ne retrouvent pas de différence d’efficacité entre TCC et EMDR. Ces faits expérimentaux ont amené aussi bien l’Association psychiatrique américaine (2004) que le rapport INSERM (2004) à classer l’EMDR dans les TCC, dont il représente une variante technique, sans véritable discontinuité. Par ailleurs, l’analogie souvent faite entre EMDR et la phase REM (phase paradoxale du sommeil correspondant au rêve et à des mouvements oculaires rapides) n’est qu’une hypothèse et ne repose pas à ce jour sur des données scientifiques. Enfin, toutes les thérapies d’exposition utilisent des distracteurs (relaxation, images mentales de sécurité, pensées positives) pour faciliter l’accès aux émotions liées au traumatisme. L’hypnose, qui a montré son efficacité dans le stress post-traumatique lors d’une seule étude contrôlée (Brom, 1989), elle aussi, se sert de mouvements oculaires, pour capter l’attention. Ainsi faisait son ancêtre, Franz Anton Mesmer, comme le montre le rapport établi en 1784 par la commission royale sur le magnétisme animal (Darnton, 1995). Quoi qu’il en soit, l’EMDR propose un protocole utile, robuste et aisé à enseigner et à appliquer.

France Haour and David Servan-Schreiber present with clarity desensitization Eye Movement and reprocessing of information (EMDR) and studies that have been conducted by neuroscientists methods to test these processes. Several points are still open. Indeed, EMDR is proven efficacy in post-traumatic stress, and lighter injuries, but there is no hard data to validate in other indications. In addition, its process, as outlined in the chapter remains controversial. We should not forget that EMDR without eye movements leads to results identical to those of EMDR with eye movements in the meta-analysis of Davidson and Parker (2001), which includes 13 studies comparing these two conditions. Five meta-analyzes found no difference in efficacy between CBT and EMDR. These experimental facts led both the American Psychiatric Association (2004) report that the INSERM (2004) to classify EMDR in CBT, which is a variant technique, no real discontinuity. Moreover, the analogy often made between EMDR and REM sleep (REM sleep corresponding dreams and rapid eye movement) is only a hypothesis and not based so far on scientific data. Finally, all therapies exposure using distractors (relaxation, mental imagery security positive thoughts) to facilitate access to the emotions related to the trauma. Hypnosis, which has shown its effectiveness in post-traumatic stress in one controlled study (Brom, 1989), it also uses movements eye for attention. So was his ancestor, Franz Anton Mesmer, as shown in the report prepared in 1784 by the Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism (Darnton, 1995). Anyway, EMDR offers a useful protocol, robust and easy to teach and apply.

Keywords: Neuroscience Neuroscientific Bases

Accuracy Verified: Yes

127. van der Velden, P. G., & Kleber, R. J. (1996). Met het oog op morgen: Een overzicht van EMDR-studies [With an eye to tomorrow: A review of EMDR studies]. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie, 38(1), 30-39.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
De Eye Movement Desensibilisatie Reprocessing (EMDR), ontwikkeld door Shapiro, is een relatief nieuwe methode voor de korte psychotherapeutische PTSS gerelateerde symptomen. Dit artikel is een overzicht van 27 empirische studies met behulp van de EMDR-methode. Het bleek dat de meeste studies, vooral de niet-gecontroleerde studies, aanzienlijke verbeteringen in het verslag cliënten binnen een paar sessies met EMDR. Echter, de meeste studies hebben ernstige methodologische tekortkomingen, betreffende het ontbreken van (1) een goede controle groepen, (2) gestandaardiseerde en gevalideerde vragenlijsten voor pre-en post-test metingen, (3) een adequate steekproefgrootte, (4) controle voor eerder ontvangen psychotherapie of andere niet-EMDR-interventies en / of (5) lange-termijn follow-up evaluaties. Deze tekortkomingen hinderen conclusies over de effectiviteit van de EMDR-methode, in tegenstelling tot andere behandelmethoden. [Samenvatting Auteur]

The Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR), developed by Shapiro, is a relatively new brief psychotherapeutic method for PTSD related symptoms. This article is a review of 27 empirical studies using the EMDR method. It was found that most studies, especially the non-controlled studies, report considerable improvements in clients within a few sessions with EMDR. However, most studies have serious methodological flaws, concerning absence of (1) proper control groups, (2) standardized and validated questionnaires for pre- and post-test measurements, (3) adequate sample sizes, (4) controlling for previous received psychotherapy or other non-EMDR interventions, and/or (5) long-term follow-up assessments. These shortcomings hinder conclusions about the efficacy of the EMDR method in contrast to other treatment methods. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Brief Psychotherapy Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

128. Lee, C. W., & Cuijpers, P. (2012, November). A meta-analysis of the contribution of eye movements in processing emotional memories. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experiential Psychiatry, 44(2), 231-239. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.11.001.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background and Objectives: Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is now considered evidence based practice in the treatment of trauma symptoms. Yet in a previous meta-analysis, no significant effect was found for the eye movement component. However methodological issues with this study may have resulted in a type II error. The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine current published studies to test whether eye movements significantly affect the processing of distressing memories. Method: A systematic review of the literature revealed two groups of studies. The first group comprised 15 clinical trials and compared the effects of EMDR therapy with eye movements to those of EMDR without the eye movements. The second group comprised 11 laboratory trials that investigated the effects of eye movements while thinking of a distressing memory versus the same procedure without the eye movements in a non-therapy context. The total number of participants was 849. Results: The effect size for the additive effect of eye movements in EMDR treatment studies was moderate and significant (Cohen's d = 0.41). For the second group of laboratory studies the effect size was large and significant (d = 0.74). The strongest effect size difference was for vividness measures in the non-therapy studies (d = 0.91). The data indicated that treatment fidelity acted as a moderator variable on the effect of eye movements in the therapy studies. Conclusions: Results were discussed in terms of current theories that suggest the processes involved in EMDR are different from other exposure based therapies.

Keywords: Meta-Analysis Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

129. Sugawara Masakazu & Suzuki K (2004, July). Methodological and conceptual issues and tests - EMDR(Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing) and REM sleep. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Australian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment (ASSBI) and the International Neuropsychological Society (INS), Brisbane, Australia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: Desensitisation and Reprocessing) and REM sleep. [Background] Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a new innovative treatment with a high success rate for psychological disturbances rooted in traumatic memory. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms of EMDR have not yet been elucidated. Why is saccadic eye movement effective for the reprocessing of previously established conditioned reflex? [Aims] The present research analysed (i)the topographical changes of EEG (and ERP) and REM sleep after EMDR treatment, and (ii)the subjective units of emotional distress (SUDs) and VOC. [Methods] Subjects (13 males and 20 females) were assigned to three groups according to varied conditions (control, provocational, and EMDR), and engaged in sets of horizontal saccadic-eye movements lasting approximately 30 seconds per set. Topographical changes of EEG and ERP activities were recorded from 14 placements over frontal, central, parietal, temporal and occipital scalp locations in the international 10-20 system with linked mastoides (A1-A2). Electrodes were also placed on the lateral canthus and above the supercillium of the left eye in order to measure the electrooculographic and electromyographic responses. [Results and Conclusions] The statistical significance of topographical EEG differences and REM densities during the pre-0post EMDR treatment situations, were evaluated using an ANONA and Mann-Whitney U test. The neurophysiological and psychological data indicate that the density of eye movement during REM sleep increased after provocation and EMDR, and the left frontal activities might indicate a treatment efficacy. It supports the hypothesis is that REM sleep is intimately involved with the mechanisms of emotional and memory reprocessing.

Keywords: Poster REM

Accuracy Verified: Yes

130. Glans, E., & Dahlberg, U. O. (2004). Minne efter påverkan, Bilateral stimulering och dess effekt på episodiskt minne [Memory after impact: Bilateral stimulation and its effect on episodic memory]. Umeå Universiter, Institutionen för psykologi Psykologprogrammet.

Language: Swedish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Ett kognitivt minnesexperiment med mellangruppsdesign genomfördes i syfte att undersöka auditiv bilateral stimulerings inverkan på episodiskt minne. Bakgrunden till studien var att många kliniska iakttagelser gjorts i den psykoterapeutiska behandlingsmetoden Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, (EMDR) angående den bilaterala stimuleringens effekt på minnesprocesser. Frågeställningen var: Har auditiv bilateral stimulering någon positiv effekt på det episodiska minnet? Ett randomiserat urval bestående av 110 universitetsstuderande försökspersoner (55 kvinnor och 55 män), jämnt fördelade över fem grupper, i åldrarna 19-46 år, deltog. Auditivt stimulus gavs i fyra av grupperna. Den beroende variabeln var episodiskt minnesprestation och mättes med hjälp av meningstest och ordtest. Någon generell effekt av bilateral stimulering på episodiskt minne kunde inte påvisas. Bilateralt stimuli vid inlärning visade dock på signifikanta resultat avseende minnesprestation i förhållande till de två grupper som erhöll bilateralt stimuli vid återgivning. Signifikans erhölls även avseende prestation i förhållande till försökspersonernas upplevelse av stimulus. Resultaten diskuterades utifrån försökspersonernas upplevelse av stimulus samt inflytande av arousal. Avsaknad av emotionella komponenter, som i förlängningen bidragit till skillnader i minnesprocessande, antogs vara huvudsaklig förklaring till utebliven positiv effekt av bilateral stimulering.

A cognitive memory experiment with between group design was conducted to investigate the auditory bilateral stimulation effect on the episode of animal memory. The background to study was that many clinical observations made in the psychotherapeutic treatment Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) regarding bilateral stimulation effect on memory processes. The issue was: Did auditory bilateral stimulation a positive effect on the episodic memory? A randomized sample of 110 university student volunteers (55 women and 55 males), evenly distributed over five groups, aged 19-46 years, participated. Audi TIVE stimulus was given in four groups. The dependent variable was episode-Semitic memory performance and measured with the help of meaningful test and ordtest. A general effect of bilateral stimulation of episode animal memory could not be demonstrated. Bilateral stimuli at learning, however, showed the significant results relating to memory performance in relation to the two groups who received bilateral stimulation at reproducing. Significance was obtained including performance in relation to the trial subject's experience of stimulus. The results are discussed from the trial subject's experience of stimulus and the influence of arousal. Lack of emotional components, which ultimately contributed to differences in memory processing, was adopted as the primary explanation for non - positive effect of bilateral stimulation.

Keywords: Auditory Bilateral Stimulation BLS Episodic Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

131. Aubert-Khalfa, S., & Roques, J. (2007, Juin). Modifications des résponses psychophysiologiques au stress chez les patients PTSD aprés une seule séance d'EMDR [Modifications of psychophysiologcal response to stress in PTSD patients after a single EMDR session]. Présentation à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Patients atteints de SSPT démontrer anormale des réponses psychophysiologiques aux événements stressants. Ce dérèglement automatique est donc l'une des mesures objectives de stress post-traumatique qui pourrait également être utilisé pour évaluer les effets traitement du SSPT. Étant donné que la thérapie EMDR semble être un traitement de choix pour les victimes de traumatismes, l'objectif de l'étude était de vérifier que les réponses psychophysiologiques au stress a diminué après une séance EMDR unique. Six patients atteints du SSPT ont été traités par un thérapeute EMDR. Tout d'abord, au niveau clinique, à la fin de la session, les six patients ont eu une réduction très nette de leur niveau de perturbation subjective (SUD), leurs scores SSPT diminué (évaluée par le PLC-S), et leur auto-évaluation ( COV) est devenue positive, confirmant des études antérieures sur l'efficacité de l'EMDR. Deuxièmement, leurs réponses psychophysiologiques (rythme cardiaque, la conductance de la peau, le rythme respiratoire et la température de la peau) pendant un état de détente et tout en visualisant leur propre événement traumatique ont été enregistrées avant et après la session de l'EMDR. Malgré un nombre restreint de patients, après une seule séance EMDR, les réponses physiologiques à l'évocation de l'événement traumatique a diminué de manière significative. Cela comprenait la conductance de la peau, la fréquence cardiaque et la température de la peau. Ces résultats de l'étude préliminaire de confirmer l'efficacité du traitement EMDR sur le SSPT de la première session. Ils mettent également en évidence les effets thérapie EMDR sur le système nerveux autonome. Les changements psychophysiologiques enregistrés peuvent faire partie de mécanismes sous-jacents de traitement EMDR. D'autres études, y compris ces mesures seront donc nécessaires pour tester l'hypothèse.

PTSD patients demonstrate abnormal psychophysiological responses to stressful events. This automatic dysregulation is thus one of the objective measures of PTSD which could also be used to assess therapy effects on PTSD. Given that the EMDR therapy appears to be a treatment of choice for trauma victims, the aim of the study was to verify that the psychophysiological responses to stress decreased after a single EMDR session. Six PTSD patients have been treated by an EMDR therapist. First, at the clinical level, at the end of the session, all six patients had a very clear reduction of their subjective disturbance level (SUD), their PTSD scores diminished (as assessed by PLC-S), and their self-assessments (VOC) became positive, confirming previous studies on EMDR’s efficacy. Second, their psychophysiological responses (heart rate, skin conductance, respiration rate, and skin temperature) during a relaxing state and while visualizing their own traumatic event were recorded before and after the EMDR session. Despite small number of patients, after only one EMDR session, physiological responses to the evocation of the traumatic event decreased significantly. This included skin conductance, heart rate and skin temperature. These preliminary study results confirm the EMDR treatment efficiency on PTSD from the first session. They also highlight the EMDR therapy effects on the autonomic nervous system. The psychophysiological changes recorded may be part of the mechanisms underlying EMDR treatment. Further studies including these measures will therefore be necessary to test the hypothesis.

Keywords: Immersion Stress Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiological Responses PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

132. Zimmerman, J. (2004, September). Muscle testing and EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montreal, Quebec Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop will detail the application of muscle testing in the treatment of physical and psychological problems. The test itself is simple and rapid, and participants will learn how to muscle test. A case example will illustrate the use of muscle testing within an EMDR session; for example, to identify the best target or to select the NC or, if in fact, EMDR is the best treatment for a client's problem, so attendees can utilize this technique in their EMDR practices immediately.

Keywords: Kinesiology Muscle Testing

Accuracy Verified: Yes

133. Bossini, L., Poliziotto, N., Tavanti, M., Calossi, S., Lombardelli, A., Vatti, G., & Castrogiovanni, P. (2006, Febbraio). Neuroimaging e PTSD: Dati morfovolumetrici e loro variazioni dopo trattamento [Neuroimaging and PTSD: Facts morfovolumetrici and their changes after treatment]. Presentazione al Congresso XI SOPSI (Società Italiana di Psicopatologia), Roma, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Introduzione: molti studi concordano sulla riduzione del volume ippocampale nei pazienti affetti da PTSD 1 e che tale alterazione anatomica è correlata con deficit cognitivi e con la gravità dei sintomi. Comunque ad oggi non è stato ancora chiarito se l’atrofia ippocampale rappresenta l’esito di un effetto neurotossico del trauma o, piuttosto, una condizione preesistente che predispone allo sviluppo di alcune patologie psichiatriche. Già da tempo studi su animali dimostrano come lo stress causi atrofia ippocampale e inibizione della neurogenesi, con meccanismi verosimilmente legati ai glucocorticoidi, all’increzione del fattore corticotropo, all’aumento degli aminoacidi eccitatori, all’inibizione fattore neurotrofico cerebrale con perdita della plasticità neuronale. Nell’uomo, tuttavia, i risultati non sono così lineari. Da un lato alcuni studi hanno individuato come fattore principale l’aumento dei glucocorticoidi 2, dall’altro tale teoria è stata fortemente criticata 3. Secondo Yehuda il meccanismo di atrofia ippocampale è dovuto ad un’alterazione dell’asse Ipotalamo-Ipofisi-Surrene (HPA), ma in termini di una bassa increzione di glucocorticoidi che determina un aumento del feedback negativo dell’asse stesso ed un’ipersensibilità recettoriale. Indipendentemente dal meccanismo d’azione, la perdita di neuroni a livello ippocampale nei soggetti che hanno subito eventi traumatici sembra sufficientemente dimostrata e, fino a poco tempo fa, era considerata irreversibile. In realtà l’ippocampo sembra presentare una inusuale e spontanea capacità rigenerativa. Questo dato è stato individuato in molte specie animali e, in un unico studio, anche nell’uomo 4. Inoltre recenti evidenze pre-cliniche e cliniche hanno indicato che gli SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) promuovono la neurogenesi e riducono l’atrofia ippocampale indotta dallo stress nell’animale 5 e nell’uomo sono in grado di ridurre i sintomi del PTSD, incrementare le dimensioni dell’ippocampo e ridurre i deficit mnesici tipici della patologia 6 7. Un altro fattore che sembra essere in grado di stimolare la neurogenesi negli animali sembra essere “l’ambiente arricchito” verosimilmente tramite i meccanismi molecolari dell’apprendimento che sembrano in grado di attivare la trascrizione dell’mRNA per il Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor. Questo dato della letteratura supporta il razionale dell’efficacia della psicoterapia anche se l’unico studio che valuta le modificazioni morfostrutturali dopo psicoterapia non ha riportato risultati positivi 8. Gli scopi di questo studio sono: – valutare la presenza di atrofia ippocampale nei pazienti affetti da PTSD (T0-drug-free); – valutare l’effetto della terapia: farmacologica con SSRI e psicoterapica con EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) sia sul piano clinico e neuropsicologico, che sul volume ippocampale, sia sulla memoria (T1). Metodologia: abbiamo analizzato un campione di 20 pazienti, di età compresa tra i 15 ed i 65 anni, reclutati nell’ambulatorio psichiatrico del Policlinico universitario di Siena affetti da PTSD e un gruppo di controllo di soggetti sani appaiati per sesso, età, peso e altezza. I soggetti di entrambi i gruppi sono stati sottoposti ad uno studio morfovolumetrico computerizzato dell’Ippocampo tramite RM (Risonanza Magnetica). Inoltre, i diciassette pazienti con PTSD sono stati valutati tramite la somministrazione di test neuropsicologici e scale psicometriche per approfondire il quadro psicopatologico e valutare l’eventuale presenza di deficit cognitivi. Nei soggetti affetti da PTSD dopo un periodo di sei mesi di terapia psicofarmacologica sono stati ripetuti i test neuropsicologici, le scale psicometriche e l’analisi morfovolumetrica dell’ippocampo tramite RM. Tre pazienti, dopo le valutazioni al T0, hanno effettuato un protocollo terapeutico con solo EMDR e sono stati rivalutati dopo 8 sedute (due mesi). Risultati: i risultati della prima parte sperimentale (T0-drug-free) evidenziano che le dimensioni dell’ippocampo di sinistra nei soggetti affetti da PTSD sono significativamente minori rispetto ai controlli sani. Dai risultati osservati al follow-up (T1-post-terapia) è possibile evincere che la terapia nei soggetti considerati è associata ad un miglioramento della sintomatologia e ad un aumento dei volumi ippocampali, pari al 9,87% per l’ippocampo di destra e dell’8,37% per l’ippocampo di sinistra. Questi dati sono concordi con i dati presenti in letteratura, anche se la percentuale di recupero su base neuroplastica nel nostro studio risulta sensibilmente superiore rispetto ai due studi presenti in letteratura incremento pari al 4,6% 6; pari al 5% 7. I tre pazienti che hanno effettuato terapia con EMDR hanno anch’essi mostrato al T1 un miglioramento sintomatologico (CAPS non più positiva per i criteri diagnostici) ed un aumento medio dei volumi ippocampali pari a 338,25 mm3 per l’ippocampo DX e 357,93 mm3 per l’ippocampo SN. Conclusioni: la terapia nei soggetti considerati si è associata ad un aumento dei volumi ippocampali (9,87%-8,37%). L’aumento dei volumi ippocampali appare rilevante, consistente con i dati in letteratura, sebbene quantitativamente superiore, sottolineando l’efficacia degli SSRI verosimilmente tramite il meccanismo di attivazione della neurogenesi; è ipotizzabile che l’aumento di volume non sia da imputare ad un aumento delle cellule gliali ma ad un aumento di neuroni ippocampali visto il contemporaneo miglioramento clinico. Particolarmente interessante ci sembra il dato relativo all’efficacia clinica e sulla plasticità neurale della EMDR. Questa osservazione su solo tre casi, necessita chiaramente di essere confermata su un campione più ampio ma rappresenta la prima evidenza in letteratura di un’azione della psicoterapia diretta alla struttura cerebrale.

Introduction: Many studies agree on the reduction of hippocampal volume in patients with PTSD and that an anatomical alteration is correlated with cognitive deficits and the severity of symptoms. However to date has not yet been clarified whether hippocampal atrophy is the result of a neurotoxic effect of trauma or, rather, an underlying condition that predisposes to the development of some psychiatric disorders. For some time animal studies show that stress causes hippocampal atrophy and inhibition of neurogenesis, by mechanisms probably related to glucocorticoids, all'increzione corticotropo factor, increased excitatory amino acid, inhibition of brain neurotrophic factor with loss of neuronal plasticity. In humans, however, the results are not so linear. On the one hand, some studies have identified as the main factor increasing glucocorticoid two other such theory was strongly criticized 3. According to Yehuda mechanism of hippocampal atrophy is due to an alteration of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA), but in terms of a low secretion of glucocorticoids leading to an increase of negative feedback axis and the same receptor hypersensitivity . Regardless of the mechanism of action, loss of neurons in hippocampus in people who have suffered traumatic events seems sufficiently established and, until recently, was considered irreversible. In fact, the hippocampus appears to be an unusual and spontaneous regenerative capacity. This figure has been identified in many animal species and in one study in humans 4. Moreover, recent evidence pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) promote neurogenesis and reduce stress-induced hippocampal atrophy in animals 5 and humans are able to reduce symptoms of PTSD, increase the size of the hippocampus and reduce the deficit mnesic typical of the disease 6 7. Another factor that seems to be able to stimulate neurogenesis in animals seems to be "enriched environment" probably through molecular mechanisms of learning that seem able to activate the transcription of mRNA for Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor. This finding supports the rationale of the literature of the effectiveness of psychotherapy, even if the only study that evaluates changes morphostructural after psychotherapy has shown positive results 8. The aims of this study are: - To evaluate the presence of hippocampal atrophy in patients with PTSD (T0-drug-free) - to assess the effect of therapy: pharmacological SSRI and psychotherapy with EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) is a clinical and neuropsychological, and on hippocampal volume, and memory (T1). Methods: We analyzed a sample of 20 patients, aged between 15 and 65, recruited nell'ambulatorio Psychiatric University Hospital of Siena with PTSD and a control group of healthy subjects matched by sex, age, weight and height. Subjects in both groups were subjected to a computerized study morfovolumetrico dell'Ippocampo using MRI (Magnetic Resonance). In addition, seventeen patients with PTSD were assessed through administration of psychometric scales and neuropsychological tests to study the psychopathological picture and evaluate the possible presence of cognitive deficits. In subjects with PTSD after a period of six months of pharmacological therapy were repeated neuropsychological tests, scales psychometric analysis morfovolumetrica hippocampus by MRI. Three patients at T0 after assessments, carried out a treatment protocol with only EMDR and were reassessed after eight sessions (two months). Results: The results of the first experiment (T0-drug-free) show that the size of the left hippocampus in patients with PTSD are significantly lower compared to healthy controls. The results observed during the follow-up (T1-post-therapy) can be inferred that therapy in patients considered to be associated with improvement in symptoms and an increase in hippocampal volume, equal to 9.87% for the right hippocampus and 8, 37% for the left hippocampus. These data are consistent with the data in the literature, although the recovery rate based on neuroplastic in our study is significantly higher than in the two studies in the literature increase of 4.6% 6; 5% 7. The three patients who have treatment with EMDR have also shown an improvement in symptoms at T1 (CAPS no longer positive for the diagnostic criteria) and an average increase in hippocampal volume amounted to 338.25 mm3 for the hippocampus and DX 357, 93 mm3 for the hippocampus SN. Conclusions: Therapy in patients considered was associated with an increase in hippocampal volume (9.87% -8.37%). The increase in hippocampal volume appear to be relevant, consistent with the literature data, although quantitatively greater, stressing the effectiveness of SSRIs probably through the mechanism of activation of neurogenesis, it is conceivable that the increase in volume is attributable to an increase glial cells but an increase of hippocampal neurons seen the simultaneous clinical improvement. Seems particularly interesting given the relative clinical effectiveness of EMDR and neural plasticity. This observation on only three cases, clearly needs to be confirmed on a larger sample but represents the first evidence in the literature of action of psychotherapy directed at brain structure.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

134. Olff, M., Nijdam, M., Samuelson, K., Golier, J., Meewisse, M., Marmar, C., Yehuda, R., Gersons, B., & Neylan, T. (2007, November). Neuropsychological Symptoms in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Changes Over Time. Symposium conducted at the 23rd annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Neuropsychological symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder and changes over time: Attention and memory problems are some of the most persisting and debilitating symptoms related to PTSD. This symposium will focus on neuropsychological symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder with particular emphasis on changes over time or changes due to treatment.

Effects of psychotherapy on neuropsychological performance in PTSD: Two of the most common findings in neuropsychological studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are impairments of attention and verbal memory. This presentation addresses whether these impairments improve after trauma-focused psychotherapy. Data are presented from an ongoing randomized controlled trial comparing Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy (n = 70) and Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n = 70). Participants were outpatients diagnosed with PTSD after a type I trauma of different kind. Attention and memory were investigated before and after treatment using the following neuropsychological tests: Trail Making Test, STROOP task, California Verbal Learning Test and Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test. Different versions of the memory tests were administrated at pre- and postassessment in order to control for learning effects. Preliminary results of treatment completers indicate significant improvements of verbal memory and divided attention after both treatments. Differences between the treatments as well as the clinical relevance of the findings will be discussed.

Keywords: Neuropsychological Performance Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

135. van den Hout, M. A., Bartelski, N., & Engelhard, I. M. (2013, January). On EMDR: Eye movements during retrieval reduce subjective vividness and objective memory accessibility during future recall. Cognition and Emotion, 27(1),177-183 p. doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.691087.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), patients make eye movements (EM) during trauma recall. Earlier experimental studies found that EM during recall reduces memory vividness during future recalls, and this was taken as laboratory support for the underlying mechanism of EMDR. However, reduced vividness was assessed with self-reports that may be affected by demand characteristics. We tested whether recallEM also reduces memory vividness on a behavioural reaction time (RT) task. Undergraduates (N32) encoded two pictures, recalled them, and rated their vividness. In the EM group, one of the pictures was recalled again while making EM. In the no-EM group one of the pictures was recalled without EM. Then fragments from both the recalled and non-recalled pictures, and new fragments were presented and participants rated whether these were (or were not) seen before. Both pictures were rated again for vividness. In the EM group, self-rated vividness of the recalledEM picture decreased, relative to the non-recalled picture. In the no-EM group there was no difference between the recalled versus non-recalled picture. The RT task showed the same pattern. Reduction of memory vividness due to recallEM is also evident from non-self-report data.

Keywords: Memory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Reaction Time Test

Accuracy Verified: Yes

136. van der Schoot, O. M. (2010, Juli). Oogbewegingen en imaginatie: Een kritische toets van de werkgeheugen theorie bij EMDR [Eye movements and imagination: A critical test of working memory theory in EMDR]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
‘Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing’ (EMDR), een veel gebruikte behandelingbij posttraumatische stressstoornis, kan de helderheid en emotionaliteit van plezierige enonplezierige herinneringen reduceren. Tevens kunnen visuele beelden van gevreesdetoekomstige gebeurtenissen worden gedegradeerd. Verondersteld wordt dat EMDR zijnwerking verleent door manipulatie van het gelimiteerde werkgeheugen. In de huidige tweeexperimenten wordt deze veronderstelling nogmaals kritisch getoetst aan de hand van eenoogbewegingen, alleen ophalen (controle) en imaginatie conditie. Er werd verondersteld datwanneer imaginatie gebruik zou maken van dezelfde processen als EMDR (manipulatie vanhet werkgeheugen) er spiegelbeeldige effecten zouden moeten optreden. In experiment 1 werdgebruik gemaakt van neutrale herinneringen (huiskamers). In de oogbewegingen en alleenophalen conditie werd geen effect gevonden. In de imaginatie conditie nam de compleetheiden waarheidsgetrouwheid van de herinnering toe. In experiment 2 werd gebruik gemaakt vaneen Reactie Tijden (RT) taak om te objectiveren of de oogbewegingen en de imaginatiedaadwerkelijk het werkgeheugen taxeren: zowel oogbewegingen als imaginatie vertraagdende RT, maar oogbewegingen het meest, hetgeen suggereert dat oogbewegingen het meestewerkgeheugen taxeert. Vervolgens werd experiment 1 herhaald, echter ditmaal met specifiekepositieve autobiografische herinneringen. In de drie condities werd geen effect gevonden.Huidig onderzoek biedt geen ondersteuning voor de werkgeheugentheorie. Echter, geen vande andere prominente theorieën over het werkingsmechanisme van EMDR kan het uitblijvenvan effect in huidig onderzoek verklaren. Verder onderzoek naar EMDR zal nodig zijn om debehandeling verder te kunnen optimaliseren en het werkingsmechanisme beter te kunnenbegrijpen.

"Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), a widely used behandelingbij posttraumatic stress disorder, the clarity and emotion of pleasant memories enonplezierige reduced. It may also feared future events of visual images are degraded. It is assumed that EMDR effect gives through manipulation of the limited memory. In the present two experiments were critically tested this assumption on the basis of one eye movements, only to retrieve (control), and imagery condition. It was assumed datwanneer imagination would use the same processes as EMDR (manipulation of working memory) are mirrored effects should arise. In experiment 1 was used neutral memories (homes). In the retrieval condition, eye movements and all found no effect. In the imagination condition heathlands took the complete veracity of the increased memory. Experiment 2 was used asunder Reaction times (RT) task to objectify or eye movements and working memory imaginatiedaadwerkelijk value: both eye movements and imagination-using RT slowed, but the most eye movements, suggesting that eye movements appraises the most memory. Experiment 1 was then repeated, this time with specific positive autobiographical memories. In the three conditions, no effect gevonden.Huidig research does not support the working memory theory. However, no Vande other prominent theories on the mechanism of EMDR uitblijvenvan effect may explain current research. Further research on EMDR debehandeling will be needed to further optimize the mechanism and to better understand.

Keywords: Imagination Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Vividness Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

137. Denny, N. (1995, March). An orienting reflex/external inhibition model of EMDR and thought field therapy. Traumatology, 1(1), 1-6, Article 1. doi:10.1177/153476569500100101.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The clinical phenomena of the conduct of EMDR and Thought Field Therapy were interpreted in light of concepts in the field of classical conditioning with emphasis on the orienting reflex and its external inhibiting effects on conditioned responses. A model was proposed using the temporary suppression through external inhibition of the fear and avoidance conditioned responses to disturbing memories. The clinically helpful effect proposed is the emergence of previously suppressed competing responses to the troublesome memories. Those newly emerged responses are responsible for spontaneous cognitive restructuring of the meaning attribution of the memories, thus lowering SUDS ratings. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Conditioned Emotional Responses Cognitive Processes TFT Thought Field Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

138. Jaspers, J. (2011, March). Over behandeleffectiviteit en verandermechanismen [About treatment effectiveness and change mechanisms]. Psychologie & Gezondheid, 39(1), 3-4.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract: In het vorige nummer van Psychologie & Gezondheid schreef Remco Havermans een kritische forumbijdrage over mindfulness. Zijn stelling, dat de werkzaamheid van mindfulnessmeditatie nog onvoldoende is aangetoond om de toepassing ervan in de gezondheidszorg te rechtvaardigen, wordt in dit nummer beargumenteerd tegengesproken door Maya Schroevers en haar collega’s en door Ivan Nyklíček. Zijmenen dat het effectonderzoek naar mindfulness weliswaar nog uitgebreider en beter kan, maar dat het onderzoek tot nu toe voldoende evidentie heeft opgeleverd om toepassing te rechtvaardigen. Nyklíčekmerkt hierbij op dat in de psychologie een nieuwe therapie meestal eerst in de klinische praktijk jarenlang wordt toegepast voordat wetenschappelijk deugdelijk wordt onderzocht of de therapie wel werkt. Havermans blijkt verre van overtuigd en fileert de aangedragen evidentie genadeloos. Deze interessante discussie roept de vraag op wanneer we een behandeling evidence based mogen noemen. Het standpunt dat hiervan pas sprake kan zijn als gecontroleerd onderzoek de effectiviteit van de behandeling heeft aangetoond, zal door de meeste vakgenoten worden onderschreven. Maar wat is ‘gecontroleerd onderzoek’? Volstaat een wachtlijstcontrolegroep of moet de (nieuwe) behandeling worden vergeleken met andere actieve interventies, waarvan al eerder de effectiviteit is aangetoond? Ook de relatie tussen praktijk en theorie is interessant. Afgezien van de vraag of de opmerking van Nyklíček nog steeds hout snijdt in deze tijd van evidence based interventies, is het wel verantwoord om op grote schaal een nieuwe psychologische interventie toe te passen als de effectiviteit of specifieke werkzaamheid nog niet is aangetoond? Havermans meent dat men een nieuwe gedragstherapeutische interventie ontwikkelt op basis van veelbelovende klinische observaties en gedragswetenschap, met andere woorden er moet ook een theoretische onderbouwing van de interventie zijn. Voor dit laatste is inderdaad veel te zeggen, maar de geschiedenis leert dat de theorieën die aanvankelijk als verklaring voor de werkzaamheid van de interventie werden geformuleerd, meestal bij nader inzien de toets van de wetenschappelijke kritiek niet konden doorstaan. Onderzoek in de traditie van de experimentele psychopathologie (Jansen, Van den Hout & Merckelbach, 2010) heeft al heel wat reinigend werk verricht op theoretisch gebied. Op de keper beschouwd is van heel wat evidence based interventies aangetoond dat deze effectief zijn, maar hoe deze werken is veelal nog onduidelijk of voor de theoretische onderbouwing ervan is nog onvoldoende steun gevonden. Het laatste Najaarscongres van de Vereniging voor Gedragstherapie en Cognitieve Therapie (VGCT) had als thema ‘Change. Verandermechanismen en cognitieve gedragstherapie’. Tijdens het congres werd duidelijk dat over de verandermechanismen van evidence based interventies nog veel onduidelijkheid bestaat en dat het onderzoek hiernaar soms verrassende resultaten laat zien (Jaspers, 2011). Het is bepaald niet alleen EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing), waarover de theoretische inzichten zijn veranderd, ook al bestaat over de werkzaamheid van de interventie geen twijfel. In het volgend nummer van Psychologie & Gezondheid leest u hier meer over. In dit nummer vindt u nog een forumbijdrage, waarin de spreekwoordelijke knuppel in het hoenderhok wordt gegooid. De prikkelende titel ‘Huidige behandeling depressie is weggegooid geld’ nodigt op zijn minst uit tot lezing. Hoezo weggegooid geld? Als er een probleem is waarvoor evidence based behandelingen bestaan, is het immers depressie. Kok en collega’s laten echter zien dat ondanks de enorme bedragen die jaarlijks in Nederland worden uitgegeven aan de behandeling van depressie, in de huidige financiering van de gezondheidszorg nog onvoldoende rekening wordt gehouden met het hoge risico op terugval bij depressie. Het door velen, om uiteenlopende redenen verfoeide DBC-systeem (Diagnose Behandel Combinatie) ontmoedigt om langdurig met behandelingen door te gaan. Bestaande effectieve interventies om het risico op terugval te verminderen worden nauwelijks toegepast, terwijl deze bij de behandeling van een vaak chronische aandoening als depressie uitdrukkelijk zijn aangewezen. Hiermee wijzen de auteurs impliciet op een belangrijke tekortkoming van het bestaande effectonderzoek: het gebrek aan evaluatie van de langetermijneffecten van de onderzochte interventie. Ook voor psychologische interventies bij depressie is duidelijk dat deze werkzaam zijn. En al geldt ook voor depressie dat we nog lang niet weten wat de specifieke werkingsmechanismen zijn (hoe deze werken), de noodzaak van implementatie van evidence based interventies om terugval te vermijden of uit te stellen kan niet genoeg worden benadrukt. Het recidiverend karakter maakt depressie immers tot een aandoening met zowel hoge maatschappelijke kosten als een zeer hoge ziektelast, lijdensdruk en risico op suïcide.

In the previous issue of Psychology & Health Havermans Jim wrote a critical forum posting about mindfulness. His thesis, that the efficacy of mindfulness meditation is insufficient evidence to its application in health care to justify, this issue argued contradicted by Schroevers Maya and her colleagues and by Ivan Nyklicek. Zijmenen mindful that the impact study, while still more extensive and better, but that the investigation so far has yielded enough evidence to justify the application. Nyklíčekmerkt in psychology here that a new therapy in clinical practice usually first applied for years before being properly scientifically investigated whether the therapy works. Havermans appears far from convinced the fillets and put forward evidence mercilessly. This interesting discussion raises the question if we may call evidence-based treatment. The view that this only if there can be controlled study the efficacy of treatment has shown, most colleagues will be endorsed. But what is 'controlled study'? Is a waiting list control group or to the (new) treatment are compared with other active interventions whose effectiveness has already been demonstrated? The relationship between practice and theory is interesting. Apart from the question whether the remark Nyklicek still holds water in this era of evidence-based interventions, it is widely recognized for a new psychological intervention should be as specific activity or effectiveness is not proven? Havermans believes that a new behavioral intervention developed on the basis of promising clinical observations and behavioral science, in other words, there is also a theoretical justification for the intervention. For the latter is indeed much to say, but history shows that the theories initially as an explanation for the efficacy of the intervention were formulated, mostly on closer inspection the test of scientific criticism could not stand. Research in the tradition of experimental psychopathology (Jansen, Van den Hout & Merckelbach, 2010) has a lot of work cleaning the theoretical field. On closer examination of many evidence-based interventions shown to be effective, but how they work is often unclear whether the theoretical substantiation is found insufficient support. The last Autumn Congress of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy (VGCt)'s theme was "Change. Change mechanisms and cognitive behavioral therapy. During the conference it became clear that the change mechanisms of evidence-based interventions much uncertainty and that the research on this surprising results show (Jaspers, 2011). It provides not only EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), which the theoretical views have changed, even as to the efficacy of the intervention no doubt. In the next issue of Psychology & Health You can read more about. In this issue you will find a forum posting where the proverbial cat among the pigeons thrown. The provocative title "Current treatment depression is a waste of money 'invites at least into reading. Why wasted? If there is a problem for which evidence-based treatments exist, it is indeed depression. Cook and colleagues reveal that despite the enormous sums spent each year in the Netherlands for the treatment of depression in the current financing of health care is still insufficiently taken into account the high risk of relapse in depression. By many, for various reasons detested system DBC (Diagnosis Treatment Combination) discourages long-term treatments to continue. Existing effective interventions to reduce the risk of relapse are rarely used, while in the treatment of a chronic condition such as depression often explicitly designated. This, the authors implied a major weakness in the current outcome research: the lack of evaluation of the long-term effects of the tested intervention. For psychological interventions for depression is clear that this work. And already includes a long depression that we do not know the specific mechanisms of action (how they work), the necessity of implementation of evidence-based interventions to prevent relapse or delay can not be overstated. The recurrent nature makes depression after a disease with both high social cost as a very high disease burden, distress and risk of suicide.

Keywords: Change Mechanisms

Accuracy Verified: Yes

139. Lilieblad, B. (2004, June). Pain, stress and quality of life. In EMDR, biology and the body (P. Lieberman, Chair). Symposium conducted at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, Stockholm, Sweden .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Long time pain in the low back and neck is often difficult to diagnose and treat. We have known for a long time that patients’ personality and motivation are crucial for progress in treatment. Patients treated by physiotherapists in southern Stockholm were invited to 2 seminars on Pain, Stress, and Quality of Life. The patients were taught about pain in general, about stress and how to handle it, about body awareness and how to handle daily situations. During the seminars we collected data about the patients’ background, coping resources and quality of life. They also filled out the personal pain drawing test (PPD). They are offered individual counseling by a physiotherapist, an occupational therapist and 10 meetings with a psychologist.
114 patients participated in 17 seminars. The patients were followed up. Half of the group had decreased pain according to the PPD, even those who had not consulted the psychology. Around 50% had less treatment by physiotherapist, 24% had less sick leave. 57% had started relaxation and/or exercise body awareness. The 34 patients treated by the psychologist (mostly with EMDR) increased their emotional and spiritual/philosophic coping resource as well as their emotional quality of life.
Our experiences are that many pain patients suffer from psychosomatic disorders and that psychological staffs is an effective and necessary part of the multidisciplinary treatment in primary health care.

Keywords: Coping Holistic Treatment Pain Pain Drawing Quality of Life Psychosomatic Pain Stress Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

140. Maynard, S. (2006, February). Personal and professional coaching: A literature review. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Research on the efficacy of coaching has been slow to emerge since the inception of its use in the late 1930s. Existing theoretical and empirical evidence is scarce, yet the successful use of many proprietary methods and models of coaching have been reported. The purpose of this literature review was to summarize current methods and models of personal and professional coaching to identify a common theoretical foundation upon which empirical studies can be conducted. The findings of the literature review revealed that humanistic theory can provide the theoretical framework for coaching. All methods and models of coaching emphasized unconditional respect for each individual's capacity to make their own choices and achieve fulfillment through self-actualization. The coaching process was found to be holistic, client-centered and focused on human value and potential. Due to the lack of theoretical and empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of coaching, a randomized study is proposed that is designed to assess the efficacy of coaching based on humanistic theory. The with-in subject study suggests using a quantitative Likert summated scale to assess client attitudes before and after coaching. It is designed to eliminate possible confounding variables that may have been present in previous research. The purpose of the proposed research study is to test the hypothesis that coaching increases client satisfaction as measured by quality of life indices in an effort to determine if this new helping intervention is impacting our society in a useful and positive way. Demonstrating the efficacy of coaching is not only socially significant for the protection of the consumer, but ethically imperative to substantiate claims being made by those who coach.

Keywords: Personal Coaching Professional Coaching

Accuracy Verified: Yes

141. Greway, G. (2003). Personality change in trauma victims by the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, resource development and installation, and emotional freedom techniques. Union Institute and Unversity, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 3088540.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Personality change in victims of trauma has been demonstrated by key researchers in the field of trauma. This research explored this area further by studying if problem personality patterns can improve to healthier levels by processing trauma symptoms with new rapid trauma techniques. This research provides new information in trauma and personality, as well as offers links to possible new treatment methods. The hypothesis tested in this research was that significant change in problem personality patterns would occur in trauma subjects whose symptoms were processed through a multi-impact therapy that included Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), building ego structure through Resource Installation and Development and reducing physiological stress through the use of Emotional Freedom Techniques, as compared to subjects in the control group who received talking therapy. A sample of ten female participants was selected that had traumatic backgrounds and posttraumatic symptoms. All subjects received the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III (MCMI III) as a pre and a post test, and the Personality Assessment Screener (PAS) throughout 14 weeks of treatment. The PAS provided a means to measure subjects through descriptive statistics and the MCMI III measured the three highest clinical personality scales and the changes that occurred after the treatment. Within the two groups, the results of the PAS showed that talking therapy may be extremely helpful for personality improvement for some individuals processing trauma issues, but not all. The MCMI III results showed that the multi-impact group appeared to be somewhat more stable, meaning that the multi-impact treatment appeared to aid improvement on all three personality scales. The talking treatment group showed improvement on the most problematic personality scale, minimal increase on the second highest personality scale, and the third highest personality scale became significantly worse as compared to the multi-impact treatment group. This confirmed the hypothesis that there would be significant change in clinical personality scores. This implies that the multi-impact treatment helped individuals in a more efficient manner, in that improvement on personality syndromes or disorders was global. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 64(4-B), 2003, pp. 1902.

Keywords: Emotional Freedom Techniques Emotional Trauma Emotions Freedom Empirical Study Personality Change Resource Development Resource Installation Trauma Victims

Accuracy Verified: Yes

142. Ellis, T. L. (1999). Play therapy versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A comparative study examining the treatment effects with school-age children, Homan Elementary School, Fresno, California. California State University, Fresno. AAT 1401332.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study investigated the differences between play therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) when applied to children. Eleven participants from Homan Elementary School, Fresno, California, participated in this study. The treatment consisted of four combinations of varied administrations of play therapy and EMDR. Dependent variables included the self-reporting instruments of the Trauma Reaction Indicators Child Questionnaire (TRICQ), the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS), the Validity of Cognition Scale (VOC), and the Global Feelings Self-Report Scale. Qualitative data included observed changes in behaviors on the educational risk assessment. No clinical significance was demonstrated on the self-report instruments; however, statistical significance was found on the qualitative data using the chi-square goodness-of-fit test on the posteducational risk assessment. Positive changes were reported in the qualitative analysis on the educational risk assessment.

Keywords: Counseling in Elementary Education Play Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

143. Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2005, October). Posttraumatic stress disorder treatment outcome research: The study of unrepresentative samples?. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5),425–436. doi:10.1002/jts.20050.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The authors review sample composition and enrollment data for 34 studies cited in the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) 2000 Practice Guidelines as meeting the Level A U.S. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) classification for treatment of adult posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and compare data from more recent research. Findings reveal that many published reports omitted vital data including exclusion criteria and rates, demographics, and trauma exposure history. Moreover, severe comorbid psychopathology, a common feature of treatment-seeking individuals with PTSD, emerged as the predominant reason for exclusion across studies. Subsequently published studies exhibited improved reporting of sample characteristics and demonstrated comparable outcomes despite inclusion of more diverse trauma exposure samples. Findings indicate the need for future efficacy research to adopt more comprehensive reporting requirements and to test the applicability of validated treatments to individuals suffering from as yet unstudied combinations of PTSD and prevalent comorbid disorders.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

144. Devilly, G. J. (2005, June). Power therapies and possible threats to the science of psychology and psychiatry. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(6), 437-445. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2005.01601.x .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objective: Advocates of new therapies frequently make bold claims regarding therapeutic effectiveness, particularly in response to disorders which have been traditionally treatment-refractory. This paper reviews a collection of new therapies collectively self-termed "The Power Therapies", outlining their proposed procedures and the evidence for and against their use. These therapies are then put to the test for pseudoscientific practice. Method: Therapies were included which self-describe themselves as "Power Therapies". Published work searches were conducted on each therapy using Medline and PsychInfo databases for randomized controlled trials assessing their efficacy, except for the case of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing has more randomized controlled studies conducted on its efficacy than any other treatment for trauma and thus, previous meta-analyses were evaluated. Results and conclusions: It is concluded that these new therapies have offered no new scientifically valid theories of action, show only non-specific efficacy, show no evidence that they offer substantive improvements to extant psychiatric care, yet display many characteristics consistent with pseudoscience. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Commentary Energy Psychotherapy Literature Review Neurolinguistic Programming NLP Psychotherapeutic Processes TFT: Thought Field Therapy TIR: Traumatic Incident Reduction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

145. Rosen, G., Lohr, J., McNally, R. J., & Herbert, J. D. (1998, April). Power therapies, miraculous claims, and the cures that fail. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26(2), 99-101.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Recent "Power Therapies" claim near miraculous cures but fare less well under controlled testing. These developments recall for cognitive behavior therapists the history of past "cures" that temporarily induced high levels of expectancies, but failed the test of time. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Commentary Placebo Postraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors TFT Thought Field Therapy TIR Traumatic Incident Reduction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

146. Rosen, G., Lohr, J., McNally, R. J., & Herbert, J. D. (2000). Power therapies, miraculous claims, and the cures that fail. In M. J. Scott & S. Palmer (Eds.), Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (pp. 134-136) New York: Cassell Books.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract: Recent 'Power Therapies' claim near miraculous cures but fare less well under controlled testing. These developments recall for cognitive behavior therapists the history of past 'cures' that temporarily induced high levels of expectancies, but failed the test of time. [Author Abstract] Originally published as "Power therapies, miraculous claims, and the cures that fail," Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 26: 99-101 (1998) [Pilots]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors TFT Thought Field Therapy TIR Traumatic Incident Reduction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

147. Lahad, M., Farhi, M., Leykin, D., & Naplansky, N. (2010, November). Preliminary study of a new integrative approach in treating post-traumatic stress disorder: SEE FAR CBT. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 37(5), 391-399. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2010.07.003.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
SEE FAR CBT is a suggested new protocol for the treatment of anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using creative form treatment based on empowerment through fantastic reality. The model emphasizes the role of fantastic reality and the use of imaginal re-narration of the traumatic event with the use of cards as a means of externalization or distancing. The treatment protocol incorporates methods of somatic memory reduction as well as CBT elements. The main objective of this study was to introduce the model and test the therapeutic efficacy of this new integrative therapeutic approach by comparing it to a well-established treatment approach; eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Adult PTSD patients, divided into EMDR (n = 12) and SEE FAR CBT (n = 9) groups, were assessed for traumatic symptoms at three time intervals (pre-treatment, post-treatment and 1-year follow-up). Both EMDR and SEE FAR CBT were associated with effective alleviation of traumatic symptoms, showing statistically significant decreases in their trauma symptoms over time but not differing in treatment efficacy during any of the assessment times. With some methodological limitations, results suggest further inquiry of the proposed model in clinical and experimental settings.

Keywords: Anxiety Comparative Studies Cognitive Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD SEE FAR CBT Symptoms

Accuracy Verified: Yes

148. Tarquinio. C., Brennstuhl, M. J., Reichenbach, S., Rydberg, J. A., & Tarquinio, P. (2012, July-September). Prise en charge précoce de victimes de viols et présentation d’un protocole d’urgence de thérapie EMDR [Early treatment of rape victims: Presentation of an emergency EMDR protocol]. Sexologies: Revue européenne de sexologie et de santé sexuelle & European Journal of Sexology and Sexual Health, 21(3), 147-156 doi:10.1016/j.sexol.2011.11.013.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
L’objectif de cette contribution sera de tester l’efficacité d’une nouvelle forme de prise en charge précoce des conséquences de viol. Issue d’une intégration de plusieurs protocoles EMDR d’urgence comme le R-TEP (Recent Traumatic Episode Protocol) de Shapiro (2009), et Modifed Abridged EMDR Protocol de Kutz, Risnik et Dekel (2008), et inspiré par la pratique du débriefing psychologique nous avons pris en charge sur la base d’une seule séance 17 femmes victimes de viols et prises en charge dans les 24 à 78h après leur agression. Suivies après 4 semaines, puis après 6 mois, nous avons mesuré les effets de ce suivi psychologique sur la symptomatologie post-traumatique, la détresse psychologique, ainsi que sur certains indicateurs de la sexualité de ces femmes victimes, en référence à leur sexualité antérieure. Les résultats obtenus montrent qu’en une séance on assiste à une réduction intéressante des différentes mesures qui se révèle stable 4 semaines et 6 mois après la prise en charge, de la même manière que la sexualité semble réinvesti par les victimes. Si ce type d’intervention d’urgence ne se substitue en rien à une psychothérapie plus approfondie, sa contribution et sa pertinence dans le cadre d’une prise en charge immédiate ouvre des perspectives intéressantes pour la prise en charge des victimes d’agressions sexuelles.

The aim of this contribution is to test the effectiveness of a new form of early management of the consequences of rape. After an integration of several protocols EMDR emergency such as R-PET (Recent Traumatic Episode Protocol) Shapiro (2009), and modifed Abridged EMDR Protocol of Kutz, Risnik and Dekel (2008), and inspired by the practice of psychological debriefing we supported on the basis of a single session 17 women victims of rape and supported in the 24 to 78 hours after the assault. Followed after 4 weeks, then after six months, we measured the effects of psychological symptoms on post-traumatic psychological distress, as well as some indicators of sexuality of these women who, in reference to their sexuality earlier. The results show that a session there is an interesting reduction of the various measures that proves stable 4 weeks and 6 months after treatment, the same way that sexuality seems reinvested by the victims. If this type of emergency is not a substitute for psychotherapy in no further, its contribution and its relevance in the context of an immediate management opens interesting perspectives for the treatment of victims of sexual assault.

Keywords: Emergency Protocol Rape

Accuracy Verified: Yes

149. Paunovic, N. (2002, April). Prolonged exposure counterconditioning (PEC) as a treatment for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression in an adult survivor of repeated child sexual and physical abuse. Clinical Case Studies, 1(2), 148-169. doi:10.1177/1534650102001002004.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Prolonged exposure counterconditioning (PEC) was tested as a treatment for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in an adult survivor of repeated child sexual and physical abuse. PEC utilizes imaginal reliving of very pleasurable life moments in order to weaken traumatic conditioned emotional responses (CERs). A higher-order conditioned stimuli (CS) is used as a traumatic CER elicitor. Prolonged imaginal reliving of pleasurable CSs is used as a counterconditioner to the traumatic CERs. A statistical technique for analyzing single-case subject designs based on classical test theory was used to evaluate the client’s progress in treatment. Results showed that PEC effectively decreased the client’s PTSD symptoms, depression, and anxiety. In addition, the client’s negative cognitions became considerably more positive. Also, the client lost his comorbid conditions of chronic major depressive disorder and social phobia. Finally, other clinically observed symptoms, which are described in the article, improved markedly. All results were maintained at a 3-month follow-up.

Keywords: Imaginal Reliving PEC Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prolonged Exposure Counterconditioning PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

150. Carbonell, J. L., & Figley, C. R. (1999, March). Promising PTSD treatment approaches: A systematic clinical demonstration of promising PTSD treatment approaches. Traumatology, 5(1), 32-48. doi:10.1177/153476569900500106 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Traumatic Incident Reduction, Visual-Kinesthetic Disassociation, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, and Thought Field Therapy were investigated through a systematic clinical demonstration (SCD) methodology. This methodology guides the examination, but does not test the effectiveness of clinical approaches. Each approach was demonstrated by nationally recognized practitioners following a similar protocol, though their methods of treatment varied. A total of 39 research participants were treated and results showed that all four approaches had some immediate impact on clients and appear to also have some lasting impact. The paper also discusses the theoretical, clinical, and methodological implications of the study. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Neurolinguistic Programming NLP: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Stressors TFT Thought Field Therapy TIR Traumatic Incident Reduction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

151. Gabarra, D. O. (2012, Novembro). A proposição teórica e eficácia do EMDR no tratamento da dor crônica [The theoretical proposition and efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of chronic pain]. In EMDR e dor crônica. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
O presente estudo tem por objetivo apresentar os fundamentos de porque o EMDR funciona no tratamento da dor crônica e apresentar os dados de um estudo piloto que será realizado até a data da apresentação. Diante de uma experiência de dor, o cérebro desenvolve uma rede associativa de memória que pode ficar congelada devido à intensidade e/ou persistência da dor. Aspectos psicológicos associados ao evento disparador ou possíveis ganhos secundários também podem fortalecer o congelamento dessas redes associativas (Grant 2002). Dessa forma, a dor crônica, mesmo que justificada por uma questão física, vem associada à memória da dor que é expressa em sensações corporais. Entendendo que o EMDR trata o trauma psicológico por descongelar e resignificar os eventos passados por meio da reconexão dessas redes associativas com as redes de recursos psíquicos do sujeito, podemos entender que o reprocessamento da rede associativa da dor irá reorganizar essa memória de forma a desconstruir a memória da dor enquanto uma sensação corporal presente (Schneider et al 2008). O Estudo piloto será composto por 4 sujeitos adultos que desenvolveram dor crônica a partir de um trauma físico. Os sujeitos serão submetidos a uma entrevista de linha de base com os seguintes instrumentos traduzidos: MINI (Amorim 2000), Short-Form McGill Melzack Pain Questionnaire (Schneider 2008 e Melzack 1987), Impact of Event Scale (Schneider 2008) e Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist-Revised (Estergard 2008); além do registro das medicações utilizadas. Essa avaliação será realizada em 3 momentos distintos. No início do estudo; após três meses sem intervenção adicional além do tratamento que o sujeito estava previamente submetido e após a intervenção do estudo de um processo de psicoterapia breve de 12 sessões com EMDR fundamentada no Protocolo de Dor (Mark Grant 1998/2009). As diferenças entre a primeira e segunda testagem serão comparadas com a diferença entre a segunda e terceira testagem para verificar a eficácia do tratamento. Espera-se obter uma diferença significativa para fortalecer a tese da eficácia do EMDR nesse tipo de tratamento assim como demonstra a literatura levantada (Bisson et all 2007, Estergard 2008, Friedberg 2004, Grant 2002 e 2009, Schneider et all 2008 e Shapiro 2002).

The present study aims to present the fundamentals of why EMDR works in treating chronic pain and present data from a pilot study that will be held until the date of the presentation. Faced with an experience of pain, the brain develops a network of associative memory that can be frozen due to the intensity and / or persistence of pain. Psychological aspects associated with the event trigger or possible secondary gains can also strengthen the freezing of these associative networks (Grant 2002). Thus, chronic pain, even if justified by a physical issue, comes the pain associated with memory that is expressed in bodily sensations. Understanding the psychological trauma EMDR treats for thawing and reframe past events through the reconnection of these associative networks with the networks of psychological resources of the subject, we can understand that the reprocessing of pain associative network will rearrange this memory in order to deconstruct the memory of pain as a bodily sensation present (Schneider et al 2008). The pilot study will consist of four adult subjects who developed chronic pain from physical trauma. The subjects will undergo a baseline interview with the following instruments translated: MINI (Amorim 2000), Short-Form McGill Melzack Pain Questionnaire (Melzack 2008 and Schneider 1987), Impact of Event Scale (Schneider 2008) and the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist-Revised (Estergard 2008); beyond the record of the medications used. This evaluation will be conducted in three distinct moments. At baseline and after three months without further intervention beyond treatment that the subject was previously submitted to and after intervention study of a process of brief psychotherapy of 12 sessions with EMDR based on the Pain Protocol (Mark Grant 1998/2009). The differences between the first and second test are compared with the difference between the second and third testing to verify the effectiveness of the treatment. It is expected to obtain a difference significant strengthening the argument of effectiveness of EMDR this type of treatment as well as the literature demonstrates raised (Bisson et all 2007, 2008 Estergard, Friedberg 2004, 2002 and 2009 Grant, Schneider et al 2008 and Shapiro 2002) .

Keywords: Chronic Pain Effectiveness of Treatment Theoretical Hypothesis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

152. Robredo, J., & Gordillo, M. (2010, Abril). Protocolo de tratamiento breve para menores expuestos a situaciones de violencia de género familiar [Brief treatment protocol for children exposed to domestic violence situations familiar]. In Pautas de Intervención con menores infractores y situaciones de violencia de género. Simposio realizado en el Congreso Internacional sobre Avances en Tratamientos Psicológicos, Granada, Spain .

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
El Instituto de Psicotrauma de Alicante y los Servicios Sociales del Ayuntamiento de San Juan, aplican desde 2008 un protocolo de intervención breve para menores expuestos a violencia de género, basado en las técnicas de desensibilización y reprocesamiento a través del movimiento de los ojos, EMDR© (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). Los resultados obtenidos con 28 menores de 4 a 12 años indican una desaparición de los cuadros clínicos de estrés postraumático y depresión, la remisión de los problemas de conducta concomitantes (desobediencia, agresividad) y una mejora del vínculo afectivo con la madre. El protocolo de intervención consta de 4 fases: evaluación, tratamiento, prevención de recaídas y seguimiento. La evaluación se realiza en 2 sesiones, una con la madre y otra con su hij@. Consta de sendas entrevistas clínicas y la administración de la Escala de Ansiedad Manifiesta en Niños (CMAS-R), la Escala de Gravedad de Síntomas del Estrés Postraumático y el Test del Dibujo de la Familia (niñ@s menores de 6 años). El tratamiento consiste en la aplicación de técnicas de EMDR a lo largo de 7 sesiones trabajando con los recuerdos traumáticos del menor asociados a la violencia vivida en la familia. Las 2 últimas sesiones se hacen junto con la madre, trabajando escenas específicamente relacionadas con la figura del maltratador. La prevención de recaídas se realiza en 1 sesión con la madre y el/la niñ@, y se trabajan, también con EMDR, situaciones probables de su futuro, como pueden ser encuentros con el padre. Al mes de seguimiento se volvieron a realizar las entrevistas y a pasar los tests de evaluación. El 100% de los menores atendidos experimentaron la remisión de sus síntomas de estrés postraumático y en el 80% de los casos desaparecieron sus problemas de conducta en el entorno familiar y escolar.

Psychotrauma Institute of Alicante and the Social Services of the City San Juan, applied since 2008, a brief intervention protocol for children exposed to domestic violence, based on the techniques desensitization and reprocessing through movement of the eyes, © EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). The results obtained with 28 kids from 4 to 12 years indicate a disappearance of the clinical symptoms of PTSD and depression, remission of concomitant behavior problems (disobedience, aggression) and improved bonding with the mother. The intervention protocol consists of four phases: assessment, treatment, relapse prevention and monitoring. The evaluation is done in two sessions, with each other with their mother and hij @. It consists of individual interviews clinical and management Manifest Anxiety Scale in Children (CMAS-R), the Symptom Severity Scale and Posttraumatic Stress Drawing Test Family (children under 6 s). treatment involves the application of techniques EMDR 7 along working sessions with the minor traumatic memories associated with violence experienced domestically. The last 2 sessions are done with the mother, scenes work specifically related to the figure of the perpetrator. Relapse prevention is done in one session with the mother and / the Nin @, and worked also with EMDR, probable future situations, such as meetings with the father. One month after they became to conduct interviews and assessment tests pass. 100% treated children experienced a remission of their symptoms of stress posttraumatic and in 80% of cases their problems disappeared behavior in the family and school environment.

Keywords: Children Domestic Violence

Accuracy Verified: Yes

153. Tarquinio, C., Fayard, A., & Mousel, P. (2008, June). Psychological consequences of family violence act in a small group of women victims and EMDR therapy: Preliminary results. Presentation at the 9th annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objective: The present study would expose first results of a study about the consequences of family violence act in a small group of women victims treated by EMDR therapy. Subjects: All of the victims underwent EMDR therapy for seven 90-minute sessions. The subjects were included in the therapeutic project for 12 months and were followed for 6 month after the end of the therapy. Procedure: The victims (n=9) were referred by different associations of victims to consult with two of the authors who took charge of all of the treatments. We have constructed a control group (n=9) with the same characteristics (age, study level,...). After the first consultation a proposal was made to the subjects to be part of a research protocol. The subjects then had to answer questions from Horowitz’s Revised Impact Event Scale (Horowitz & al., 1979) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory –STAI- (Spielberger & al. 1983). In the framework of therapeutic protocol, the subjects had to do a SUDS evaluation. These different measures were administered to all of the subjects before beginning the therapy (T1), after the seven sessions of EMDR (T2), and six months later (T3). Main results: Because of the small size of the sample and a non-normal distribution, the data were processed with nonparametric tests. We show differences between victims and non victims in the beginning of therapy. The victims have higher scores in the IES-R and STAI than the control subjects. Difference continues for the all duration of the experimentation, but the assessments after seven sessions and after six months show fewer differences. It’s important to note that the differences between the pre-test, the postest and the evaluation after six months are shown to be equally very significant, indicating a very positive effect with EMDR on the reduction of intrusive symptoms and avoidance.

Keywords: Family Violence Act

Accuracy Verified: Yes

154. Devilly, G. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2000, June). Psychometric properties of the credibility/expectancy questionnaire. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 31(2), 73-86. doi:10.1016/S0005-7916(00)00012-4.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The present research evaluated the psychometric properties of the credibility/expectancy questionnaire, a quick and easy-to-administer scale for measuring treatment expectancy and rationale credibility for use in clinical outcome studies. The results suggested that this questionnaire derives the two predicted factors (cognitively based credibility and relatively more affectively based expectancy) and that these factors are stable across different populations. Furthermore, the questionnaire demonstrated high internal consistency within each factor and good test-retest reliability. The expectancy factor predicted outcome on some measures, whereas the credibility factor was unrelated to outcome. The questionnaire is appended to the paper, yet the authors stress care when utilizing the scale. During the administration of the questionnaire, the participant sees two sections -- one related to thinking and one related to feeling. However, the researcher needs to be aware that the 2 factors derived are not grouped into those questions. Instead credibility was found to be derived from the first three think questions and expectancy was derived from the fourth think question and the two feel questions. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Australians Cognitive Therapy Postttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Self Report Instruments Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

155. Bloomgarden, A., & Calogero, R. M. (2008, October-December). A randomized experimental test of the efficacy of EMDR treatment on negative body image in eating disorder inpatients. Eating Disorders, 16(5), 418-427. doi:10.1080/10640260802370598.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is being used by some clinicians to treat eating disorders. Although there is anecdotal and case study data supporting its use, there are no controlled studies examining its effectiveness with this population. This study examined the short and long-term effects of EMDR in a residential eating disorders population. A randomized, experimental design compared 43 women receiving standard residential eating disorders treatment (SRT) to 43 women receiving SRT and EMDR therapy (SRT+EMDR) on measures of negative body image and other clinical outcomes. SRT+EMDR reported less distress about negative body image memories and lower body dissatisfaction at posttreatment, 3-month, and 12-month follow-up, compared to SRT. Additional comparisons revealed no differences between the conditions pre to posttreatment on other measures of body image and clinical outcomes. The empirical evidence reported here suggests that EMDR may be used to treat specific aspects of negative body image in conjunction with SRT, but further research is necessary to determine whether or not EMDR is effective for treating the variety of eating pathology presented by eating disorder inpatients.

Keywords: Clinicians Eating Disorders Eating Disorder Inpatients Negative Body Image

Accuracy Verified: Yes

156. Koppel, R. H. (2009, May). Rapid eye movement effects on traumatic memories: A test of the working memory hypothesis. The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR) is a psychotherapy that uses rapid eye movements to alleviate traumatic memories. This experiment examined two working memory hypotheses proposed to explain how performing rapid eye movements can affect the vividness, emotionality and completeness of traumatic memories. Participants (N=25) recalled three traumatic memories and rated them on vividness, emotionality and completeness before and after performing rapid eye movements. Participants also completed six working memory tasks to see if a correlation existed between working memory and the effect of rapid eye movements on memory rating variables. Findings illustrate that there was a significant decrease pre-test to post-test in vividness. Additionally, the factor underlying the reading span operation task and the Sternberg item order task significantly correlated with the effect of rapid eye movements for all memory ratings. The results of the current study support the central executive hypothesis explanation more than the visuospatial sketchpad storage hypothesis for EMDR. 3 Rapid Eye Movement Effects on Traumatic Memories: A Test of the Working Memory Hypothesis In 1987, Francis Shapiro discovered that performing horizontal eye saccades while holding a traumatic event in mind helped her alleviate the negative symptoms she experienced from that memory. She developed this intuition into a psychotherapy that is called Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). This therapy is now a widely-used technique to treat victims of trauma, people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and people suffering from phobias and other anxiety disorders (Muris & Meckleberger, 1999). Shapiro (2001) describes EMDR as an eight-phase treatment method that includes history taking, client preparation, assessment, desensitization, installation, body scan, closure and reevaluation. An important, and distinguishing, component of the EMDR procedure involves the patient performing rapid bilateral eye movements while thinking about their traumatic memory and communicating any negative cognition associated with that memory. The horizontal saccadic eye movements generally involve watching the therapist’s quickly moving finger for 15-20 seconds/set (Shapiro, 2001). Eye saccade sets continue until the patient begins to report that negative aspects of the memory are being alleviated, and that positive self-cognitions have replaced the negative self-cognitions associated with the memory (Shapiro, 2001).

Keywords: Hypotheses Rapid Eye Movements REM Traumatic Memories

Accuracy Verified: Yes

157. Smyth, N., Maxfield, L., & Rogers, S. (2003, September). Recent research evaluating the role of eye movements in EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Findings of component studies are summarized, with a review of studies which reported that EMs reduced memory vividness and emotiveness. The results of three recent studies are presented. 1) A study evaluated the effects of EMs on the components of memory to test working memory explanations of EMDR; 2) a study using participants with dental phobia determined if memories of disturbing dental events,and related dental anxiety, were influenced by EMs; 3) A large-N comparison with combat veterans, compared EMDR and a non-eye-movement analog to evaluate the effect of EMs on treatment outcome, process and changes in trauma narratives.

Keywords: Eye Movements Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

158. Dameshek, L. A. (2008). A recommended process for developing a prototype of a software tool incorporating dual focus of attention with bilateral stimulation to enhance academic outcomes. Prescott College, AZ. AAT 1457010.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychological intervention that combines bilateral stimulation and dual focus of attention to help subjects with various emotional conditions restructure traumatic memories in a brief yet effective treatment. This technique has been employed to help individuals visualize new concepts for creative purposes when prior emotional experiences block the individual's ability to perform desired tasks. The current research hypothesizes that bilateral stimulation and dual focus of attention could be valuable in educational scenarios, and it explores the design and prototype of a computerized tool that includes a similar combination of practices within an automated training system to test whether this could be an efficient and effective tool for teaching individuals complex or troubling material.[Author Abstract]

Keywords: Dual Focus Eye Movement Software

Accuracy Verified: Yes

159. Largo-Marsh, L. K. (1996). The relationships among expectancy, hypnotizability, and treatment outcome associated with eye movement desensitization in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI. AAT 9636868.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Two treatments: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) or structured writing sessions. A standardized diagnostic interview was used to screen subjects and provide diagnosis and symptom profile at intake and one-month follow-up. Standardized self-report measures were used to assess treatment outcomes. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences between the two treatments. Both treatments were effective in significantly reducing post-traumatic symptoms at post-test and follow-up, although slightly different patterns were evident. EMDR subjects tended to evidence a larger reduction in symptoms immediately after treatment, while subjects assigned to the writing condition evidenced more gradual improvement, which continued between post-test and follow-up periods. Measures of subject expectations regarding treatment effectiveness revealed no statistical correlation to treatment outcome. Similarly, hypnotic susceptibility was found to be unrelated to the effectiveness of either treatment. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Empirical Study Hypnotic Susceptibility Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Therapeutic Writing Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

160. Grace, D. (1997, March 21). Repressed memory evidence in sexual cases — A legal perspective. Addres presented at a meeting of the Medico-Legal Society of Victoria at the Melbourne Club, The Proceedings of the Medico-Legal Society of Victoria, 123-139.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
This paper will examine a number of recent sexual cases that have come before the criminal courts in Australia in which the use of recovered memory evidence has been a feature . The issues that have arisen will be highlighted and suggestions made as to how to best test the veracity or reliability of such evidence.

Keywords: Repressed Memory Legal Cases Evidence Court Trials

Accuracy Verified: Yes

161. Iracane-Blanco, M. (2010, June). Research to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of an EMDR treatment versus debriefing for victims of workplace accidents. In Research. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The objective of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of an EMDR treatment set-up (R-TEP protocol) within an early healthcare scheme for victims of workplace accidents, while taking into consideration such variables as institutional recognition and the availability of psychological debriefing services (inspired by Mitchell's model). The research procedure consists of first creating a program including referenced organisations (businesses, police force, hospitals...) from different French regions. Efforts will be made to raise resource people's (management, occupational health staff) awareness of PTSD prevention and of the role played by institutional recognition in the psychological recovery process. A regional network of EMDR therapists trained in debriefing (will be set up to work in partnership with the healthcare network for first line interventions following workplace accidents involving one or several workers. Participants will be recruited within these organisations. They the will all have been confronted with a single critical incident at work (accidental bodily harm of physical origin, physical aggression...) and meet DSM-IV Acute Stress Disorder criteria at the time of the therapy session. The research program will test, evaluate, and compare the effectiveness of a single therapeutic intervention taking place between Day 0 and Day 8 after exposure to a workplace accident BS do for 2 groups of 20 workers (men and women) who present the clinical signs of acute stress disorder. G1: control group - no access or refusal of care to be. G2: group with a debriefing session. G3: group with an EMDR session. In order to evaluate treatment effects on health and adaptive behavior in workers, participants will complete standardized self-evaluation scales (IESR PCLS Hamilton) before and after treatment. Another questionnaire will be completed by the therapists. Expected results: Significant decrease of symptoms and improvement of scores on measures after a single EMDR session. Greater effectiveness of EMDR compared to psychological debriefing. Eye Learning objectives: Participants will learn the advantages of promoting early interventions for victims of workplace accidents with the adapted EMDR protocol in order to prevent incapacitating PTSD and to facilitate an early return to autonomy for the worker. EMDR therapists will have a raised awareness of public health prevention initiatives, combining training and information within social and professional networks and occupational health services.

Keywords: Debriefing Research, Symposium Workplace Accidents

Accuracy Verified: Yes

162. Kaye, B. (2008). Reversing reciprocal suppression in the anterior cingulated cortex: A hypothetical model to explain EMDR effectiveness. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(1), 88-99. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.2.88.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A theoretical model is proposed to explain desensitization during Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as resulting from the reversal of reciprocal suppression of cognitive processing in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Dual-attention and error monitoring are known to activate dorsal regions of the ACC that mediate metacognitive processing. Neuroimaging research has produced evidence that cognitive areas in the upper ACC may reciprocally suppress affective processing in the lower areas and vice versa. It is therefore proposed that the original eye-to-finger tracking task of EMDR may achieve its therapeutic effect by using error monitoring to reverse suppression of the upper ACC by the lower ACC. Contributions to EMDR effectiveness from resource installation and novelty-driven orienting reflexes may also influence ACC functioning. A distraction effect is proposed to be a negative and potentially disruptive by-product of very interactive stimulation tasks. A semantic priming procedure is suggested to limit distraction effects during more interactive forms of stimulation. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Anterior Cingulate Cognitive Processes Neurotransmitters Reciprocal Suppression Semantic Priming

Accuracy Verified: Yes

163. Greyber, L., Dulmus, C. N., & Cristalli, M. E. (2009, October). A review of EMDR intervention studies with children. Poster presented at Society for Psychotherapy Research European Conference, Bolanzo, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Dating back to 1987, Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is a comprehensive treatment approach theoretically founded in cognitive, behavior, experiential, hypnotic, systems, and psychodynamic therapies. Although the use of EMDR with adults has received much attention throughout the past two decades, research is lacking in the area of randomized controlled trials testing the efficacy and effectiveness of EMDR with children. This presentation reviews all EMDR randomized controlled trial studies conducted with children from 1998 to 2008 and summarizes outcomes, methodological approaches and limitations, as well as recommendations for future research. Research indicates that EMDR may be a promising treatment for children experiencing PTSD symptoms, or other residual traumatic effects from distressing occurrences. Although promising, research warrants more RCTs with a higher level of methodological rigor in order to test the effectiveness and efficacy of EMDR with children. The clinical utility of EMDR implemented with children is questionable until further research ensures that the benefits to children greatly outweigh risks.

Keywords: Children Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

164. Figley, C., Dietrich, A., Maxfield, L., & Gentry, J. E. (1999, November). Review of neoteric trauma treatments and suggested practice guidelines. In C. Figley (Chair) Discussion, Clinical Theory. International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Miami, FL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Thought Field Therapy (TFT), Time-Limited Trauma Therapy (TLTT), Traumatic Incident Reduction (TIR), and Visual/Kinesthetic Dissociation (V/KD) are relatively new approaches in the treatment of trauma-related disorders. These approaches have come under intense scientific and professional scrutiny and criticism, with proponents and critics offering diverse and intriguing arguments in support of their respective points of view. This discussion will focus on the current empirical and anecdotal evidence on the efficacy of these five approaches, as well as various criticisms that have been proferred in response to the empirical and clinical literature on treatment efficacy and theory. EMDR will be highlighted, given the growing empirical database on EMDR outcome studies and the contention surrounding the treatment and its’ theory. The evidence for and/or against the other four approaches will also be presented, upon which we will raise for discussion issues relating to methodological rigour, scientific reporting of clinical data, and the interpretation of efficacy studies in general. The discussion will occur within the context of philosophical discourse on the ideal of integration of science and practice, and the feasibility of attaining this ideal within the current scientific Zeitgeist. INTERVENTION RESEARCH, CLINICAL CASE STUDY Sandringham Skills-Based Treatment of Dissociation: A Case Study 238 Chair: ELHAI, Jon D., Nova Southeastern University Discussant: GOLD, Stephen A clinical case study of skills-based treatment of a 48-year-old, female survivor of child sexual abuse (CSA) reporting severe dissociative symptomatology is presented. Chief complaints were daily amnestic episodes, depersonalization, panic attacks, agoraphobia, and consequent long-term unemployment. In contrast to most approaches to therapy for dissociative syndromes, it is argued that treatment does not need to be primarily trauma-focused. Instead treatment focused on targeting dissociation and anxiety by teaching skills to be implemented by the client outside of session. Functional behavioral analysis of particular recent incidents of dissociation were conducted over several sessions. Imagery-based relaxation and progressive muscle relaxation were used and monitored to help the client learn additional methods of reducing distress. Grounding techniques were implemented to counter the dissociative tendency to lose experiential awareness of the here and now. Cognitive interventions were utilized to challenge the erroneous notions reported about dissociative experiences, such as the panic she experienced when her dissociation had been revealed to others. Last, in vivo systematic desensitization was used with a fear hierarchy, ranging from the least to most fearful stimuli that precipitate dissociation, where graduated exposure was followed by relaxation. At termination the client reported elimination of panic attacks, resumption of driving, and marked reduction in frequency and duration of amnestic periods, with substantial additional gains and progress in finding full-time employment reported at 8 month follow-up. Treatment outcome is assessed based on psychological test data obtained at intake, discharge, and 8 month follow-up, as well as client anecdotal report.

Keywords: Neoteric Trauma Treatments Practice Guidelines

Accuracy Verified: Yes

165. Chang, S. H. (2007, September). Role of EM and stimulus valence presentation order in the return of fear: Possible implications for the therapeutic mechanism. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association Conference, Dallas, Texas. (NSC 93-2413-H-002-002-).

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Research background & aims: This study examined possible therapeutic mechanisms of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989, 1995, 2001) in terms of exposure and information processing model. While exposure model contended process of extinction and response habituation, Stickgold (2002) proposed that sleep induced change in associative memory via activation of weak association during REM state and EM functioned as REM sleep to integrate the episodic memory of trauma into general semantic memory. In this study, the effect of EM compared to that of Exposure-Only (non-EM) on process measures of SUDs, ratings of cockroach phobia across sessions, along with outcome measures were examined. Specifically, the degree of return of fear and response habituation was explored. Methods: Thirty-six college students with cockroach phobias were recruited as participants and invited after informed consent for 4 1-week interval treatment sessions and a 1 month follow-up session. The instruments for outcome measures included Cockroach Phobia Questionnaire, fear ratings of cockroach slides, FSS, STAI-S, BDI, short form of SCL-90, the Revised Thought-Action Fusion Questionnaire, White Bear Suppression Inventory, and cognitive tasks for measuring strength of associations. The SUDs, credibility and therapeutic relationship rating, and physiological measures such as HR, HRV, EOG, served as process measures. Due to space limitations, the results of cognitive task and physiological measures were reported elsewhere. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: EM condition (EM vs. Non-EM exposure only) × block order of cockroach theme presentation (negative cognition first vs. positive cognition first). A 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time: pre-assessment and post-assessment for each of the 4 sessions plus 1 month follow-up assessment) mixed factorial design was performed, with time serving as within Ss factor and the other two variables serving as between Ss factors. There were 20 trials in each therapeutic session. The duration of each trial was 30s for both the EM and Exposure-Only conditions. Results: After preliminary analyses for group differences on pretreatment variables, credibility-relationship ratings, and outcome variables were explored, the 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time) ANOVA on SUDs showed that the main effects of time and EM were both significant (p < .001 and p < .034). Subsequently, two 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time) ANOVAs were performed for EM condition and Exposure-Only condition, respectively. The results showed that for EM condition, only time effect was significant (p < .006); while for Exposure-Only condition, there were a significant time effect (p < .001) and an approaching significant valence presentation order effect (p < .065), with the SUDs being higher in negative cognition presented first condition compared to positive cognition presented first condition; whereas the effect was not significant for the EM condition. Using trend analyses and inspection of time effect showed that significant within session SUDs reduction for Exposure-Only conditions. Notwithstanding, the pairwise comparisons for the 9 time points indicated salient phenomena of return of fear among several of the 5 sessions for this condition when comparing the pre-assessment of each session with post-assessment of its previous session. Whereas for EM condition the return of fear between sessions was small and the trend analysis showed a reduction with linear trend. Conclusions & Discussion: Compared to Exposure-Only, EM resulted in less degree of sufferings while participants encountering negative theme which in turn might facilitate further processing of negative memory. In addition, EM might add something beyond the mechanism of pure exposure. The less return of fear indicating that information processing in addition to response inhibition might take place between sessions. The results echoed Shapiro’s Adaptive Information Processing model and Stickgold’s REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, suggesting that EM in EMDR might reflect a shift in associative memory systems by activating different strength of associations of negative semantic nodes for different semantically related words. Given that previous research showed that EM decreased emotionality and also generate greater amount of associations for negative stimuli, the implications of the present results from theoretical and therapeutic point of views and future research possibilities are discussed.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Saccadic Eye Movement Semantic Association

Accuracy Verified: Yes

166. Chang, S. H. (2009). Role of EM and stimulus valence presentation order in the return of fear: Possible implications for the therapeutic mechanism. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Saccadic Eye Movement Sematic Association

Accuracy Verified: Yes

167. Heber, R., Kellner, M., & Yehuda, R. (2002, December). Salivary cortisol levels and the cortisol response to dexamethasone before and after EMDR: A case report. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(12), 1521-1530. doi:10.1002/jclp.10102.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Trauma survivors with PTSD have been shown to have lower basal cortisol levels in the urine, plasma, and saliva than in trauma survivors without PTSD, nontraumatized mentally ill, or healthy subjects. We report on a case study in which we measured pre- and post-Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment salivary cortisol levels and salivary cortisol response to 0.50 mg of dexamethasone in a 41-year-old female with chronic PTSD symptoms. Our goal was to determine whether symptom improvement following trauma-focused treatment (EMDR) is associated with changes in basal salivary cortisol or in the cortisol response to dexamethasone administration. Our findings show moderate symptom improvement, an increase in basal cortisol levels, and a more attenuated cortisol hypersuppression in response to the dexamethasone suppression test following EMDR treatment. These results suggest the potential utility of including neuroendocrine measures in the assessment of treatment outcome in PTSD. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Battery Biologic Markers Brief Psychotherapy Case Report Clinical Case Study Cortisol Dexamethasone Suppression Test Empirical Study Females Legal Procedures Middle Aged Multiple Traumatic Events Neuroendocrine Neuroendocrine Testing Neuroendocrinology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

168. Tavanti, M., Bossini, L., Calossi, S., Lombardelli, A., Polizzotto, N., Vatti, G., Galli, R., Pieraccini F., & Castrogiovanni, P. (2008, Febbraio). Sertralina vs EMDR: Effetti sul volume ippocampale [Sertraline vs. EMDR: Effects on hippocampal volume]. Poster presentato al XII Congresso SOPSI (Società Italiana di Psicopatologia), Roma, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Molti dati sperimentali hanno mostrato che la terapia farmacologica con SSRI può incrementare il volume dell’ippocampo, invece il solo studio che ha investigato gli effetti di un tipo di psicoterapia (TEB, Terapia Eclettica Breve) non ha evidenziato alcuna efficacia sul volume ippocampale 1. Scopo del nostro studio è valutare gli effetti del trattamento con EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) sul volume ippocampale, sui sintomi e sulle performances mnesiche di pazienti con Disturbo Post-Traumatico da Stress (DPTS). La EMDR è una terapia la cui efficacia nel DPTS è stata dimostrata in numerosi studi sperimentali. Sono stati selezionati 12 soggetti drug-free con diagnosi di DPTS alla SCID-P, senza comorbidità psichiatrica. Ogni soggetto reclutato è stato sottoposto alla prima visita (Tempo 0, Drug-Free) ad una indagine psicometrica (tramite DTS), ad una indagine neuropsicologica (tramite una batteria di test) e alla misurazione dei volumi cerebrali tramite Risonanza Magnetica. Successivamente, i 12 soggetti sono stati attribuiti in maniera random a due diversi protocolli terapeutici. Sei soggetti hanno effettuato 12 sedute di EMDR della durata di 1,5 ore, mentre sei soggetti sono stati trattati con 100 mg di sertralina. Dopo il trattamento (Tempo 1, Post-Terapia) i soggetti sono stati nuovamente sottoposti alle indagini effettuate al Tempo 0. La seconda valutazione al Tempo 1 è stata effettuata dopo tre mesi nei soggetti trattati con EMDR e dopo 6 mesi nei soggetti trattati con la sertralina, in base ai tempi medi necessari per la remissione cilinica del DPTS riportati in letteratura per i due presidi terapeutici. In questo studio verranno presentati i dati relativi alle differenze volumetriche, ai miglioramenti clinici e alla performance mnesica nei due gruppi di soggetti (soggetti sottoposti ad EMDR e soggetti trattati con sertralina) e un dettagliato confronto dei risultati ottenuti.

Many experimental data have shown that drug therapy with SSRIs may increase the volume of the hippocampus, Instead the only study that has investigated the effects of a type psychotherapy (TEB, Brief Therapy Eclectic) showed no no effect on hippocampal volume 1. Purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of treatment with EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) on hippocampal volume, symptoms and performance mnesic of patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The EMDR is a therapy whose efficacy in PTSD is been demonstrated in numerous experimental studies. Were selected 12 subjects with a diagnosis of drug-free PTSD in the SCID-P, without psychiatric comorbidity. Each recruited subject was submitted to the first visit (Time 0, Drug-Free) at a psychometric investigation (by DTS), a neuropsychological investigation (using a battery test) and measurement of brain volume through Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Subsequently, 12 subjects have been allocated random to two different treatment protocols. Six subjects have carried out 12 sessions of EMDR duration of 1.5 hours, while six patients were treated with 100 mg of sertraline. After treatment (Time 1, Post-Therapy) subjects are were again subjected to the investigations made at the time 0. The second evaluation at Time 1 was made after three months in subjects treated with EMDR and after 6 months in subjects treated with sertraline, based on the average time needed cylinder for the remission of PTSD reported in the literature for the two therapeutic aids. In this study will be presented data on differences displacement, the clinical improvements and performance mnesic in the two groups of subjects (subjects EMDR for patients treated with sertraline) and a detailed comparison of results. Listen Read phonetically Dictionary - View detailed dictionaryGoogle Translate for my:SearchesVideosEmailPhoneChatBusinessAbout Google TranslateTurn off instant translationPrivacyHelp ©2010Business ToolsTranslator ToolkitAbout Google TranslateBlogPrivacyHelp►

Keywords: Hippocampal Volume Poster Sertraline

Accuracy Verified: Yes

169. Strenge, H. (2005). Sexuelle traumata und ihre behandlung mit EMDR [Sexual traumas and their treatment with EMDR]. In G. Nissen, H. Csef, W. Wolfgang, & F. Badura (Eds.), Sexualstörung: Ursachen - Diagnose- Therapie (pp. 147-155). Darmstadt: Steinkopff. doi:10.1007/3-7985-1600-6_12.

Language: German

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Die EMDR-Therapie mit sexuell traumatisierten Patienten erfordert psychotraumatologische Behandlungserfahrung (Peichl 2000). Auf unbewusste Blockierungen während des Prozesses, Affektdysregulation, chronische Übererregung oder dissoziative Zustände ist zu achten und angemessen zu reagieren, beispielsweise mit geleiteten Imaginationen oder differenzierten Einwebtechniken (Shapiro 1995; Parnell 2003). Der Sicherheitsaspekt spielt eine große Rolle, vor allem bei Patienten aus inzestuösen Familien, die häufig nur im Alleinsein ausreichend Schutz und Sicherheit empfanden. Jede neue Beziehung, auch in der Therapie, muss daher im Vorfeld einen Glaubwürdigkeitstest bestehen und für den Patienten eine klare Unterscheidung zwischen Fürsorglichkeit und ausbeutender Sexualität ermöglichen. Dabei erscheint unentbehrlich, dass sich der Therapeut seiner Wertvorstellungen und Überzeugungen hinsichtlich der zahlreichen Aspekte von sexueller Gewalt bewusst wird. EMDR bei sexuell Traumatisierten stellt erhöhte Anforderungen an die Stabilisierungsbedürfnisse der Patienten und die therapeutische Flexibilität des Therapeuten. Die frühzeitige Erkennung und therapeutisch angemessene Bewertung von spontan auftauchenden dissoziativen Symptomen, Körpersensationen ohne visuelle Erinnerungen und starken Abreaktionen stellen besondere therapeutische Herausforderungen dar. Hierbei entscheidet sich, ob der Therapeut vom Patienten als empathisches, gegenwärtiges und angstfreies Objekt erlebt und geschätzt werden kann.

The EMDR therapy with sexually traumatized patients requires psychotraumatological treatment experience (Peichl 2000). blockages at the unconscious during the process, Affektdysregulation, chronic hyperarousal or dissociative states to respect and respond appropriately, for example with guided imagery or differentiated Einwebtechniken (Shapiro 1995, Parnell 2003). The security aspect plays an important role, especially in patients from incestuous families, often felt only in being alone sufficient protection and security. Each new relationship, even in therapy must, therefore run in a credibility test for the patient there and make a clear distinction between caring and exploitative sex. It seems essential that the therapist's values and beliefs regarding the many aspects of becoming aware of sexual violence. EMDR for sexually traumatized places increased demands on the stabilization needs of patients and the therapeutic flexibility of the therapist. The early diagnosis and therapeutic proper assessment of spontaneously arising dissociative symptoms, body sensations without visual memories and strong abreaction provide special therapeutic challenge this will determine whether the therapist can be experienced by the patient as empathic, present, and fear-free object and appreciated.

Keywords: Sexual Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

170. Gilman, S. (2003, Spring). Shots fired, officer down: recovering from the after effects of traumatic stress. Association of Traumatic Stress Specialists.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
In the past 18 years as a Marriage & Family Therapist, I have obtained continuing education in a variety of therapeutic modalities. I have used them all. Never before have Iseen such significant, efficient and lasting change in people than Ihave with Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR). For five years Ihave spent 100's of hours using EMDR. One by one my clients experienced symptom relief and improvements in the quality of their lives they had never before known. Iwas clinically very satisfied and altruistically humbled. I found myself saying, "Yes, this is why Igot into this business, to make a difference." Then in 1999 I was introduced to a case where EMDR was put to an intense test and showed its colors. The following is a brief description of a journey through trauma and healing that has forever changed me, my work, and by their own report, the lives of others.

Keywords: Policemen Police Officers Traumatic Stress

Accuracy Verified: Yes

171. Maxfield, L., & Melnyk, W. T. (1999, June). Single session treatment of test anxiety with EMDR. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Poster Single Session Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

172. Maxfield, L., & Melnyk, W. T. (1999, November). Single session treatment of test anxiety with EMDR. Poster at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Poster Single Session Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

173. Maxfield, L., & Melnyk, W. (2000, April). Single session treatment of test anxiety with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). International Journal of Stress Management, 7(2), 87-101. doi:10.1023/A:1009580101287.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
One session of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) appeared to be an effective treatment for test anxiety, reducing reported physiological distress, worry, and fears of negative evaluation. The research design included two components: a comparison study, comparing Immediate Treatment and Wait List groups, and a replication study comparing the treatment response of Immediate and Delayed (Treated Wait List) groups. 17 test anxious university students were randomly assigned to one session of EMDR or Wait List. At post-test, the Immediate group demonstrated significant improvement, compared to the Wait List group, on the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) and Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Treatment effects were maintained at follow-up. The Wait List group received treatment after post-measures were taken. Treatment of the Delayed group replicated effects. Improvement was reflected by large treatment effect sizes and a decrease in percentile ranking on the TAI from the 90th to the 50th percentile (Pilots).

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Brief Psychotherapy College Students Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Test Anxiety Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome

Accuracy Verified: Yes

174. Struik, A. (2011, Févrieri). Sleeping dogs: Stabilisation et EMDR pour enfants et adolescents avec traumatismes complexes [Sleeping dogs: Stabilizing and EMDR for children and adolescents with complex trauma]. Avc de l' UPC KULeuven, Campus Kortenberg, Belgium.

Language: Dutch

Format: Other

Abstract:
Stabiliser et traiter les enfants traumatisés et souvent dissociés peut être compliqué. En apparence, ils peuvent sembler fonctionner relativement bien. Leurs stratégies d'évitement paraissent efficaces et ils refusent de parler du trauma ou disent qu'ils l'ont oublié. Cela ne les perturbe plus. Mais le désir du thérapeute de laisser les chiens dormir tranquillement est une stratégie dangereuse. Sous cette apparence de bon fonctionnement extérieur l'enfant est terrifié, constamment en alerte et seul, incapable de trouver le réconfort. Cet enfant ne peut s'attacher et ce manque d'attachement sécure peut dévaster son développement futur. Cependant, ce n'est que par une anamnèse détaillée réalisée par les soignants et les instituteurs que ces problèmes souvent cachés peuvent être révélés. Arianne expliquera les principes de base de la dissociation et de la dissociation structurelle chez les enfants dans le but d'aider à les traiter. Dans ce workshop, elle fera une démonstration du "6 tests", un nouveau modèle unique de stabilisation pour enfants. La stabilisation inclut la motivation, la psycho-éducation, la création d'un lieu sûr, l'activation du système d'attachement, des outils d'auto-régulation, des changements cognitifs, etc . Le "6 tests" aide le thérapeute à décider si l'enfant a besoin de stabilisation supplémentaire et comment l'établir avant de commencer l'EMDR.

Stabilize and treat traumatized children and often dissociated can be complicated. Outwardly, they may appear to function relatively well. Their avoidance strategies seem effective and they refuse to talk about the trauma or say they have forgotten. That does not disturb more. But the therapist's desire to let the dogs sleep in peace is a dangerous strategy. Under the appearance of functioning outside the child is terrified, alone and constantly alert, unable to find comfort. This child can not concentrate and lack of secure attachment can devastate its future development. However, it is only through a detailed history completed by caregivers and teachers that these often hidden problems can be revealed. Arianne will explain the basic principles of unbundling and structural separation of children in order to help address them. In this workshop she will demonstrate the "6 tests," a new model for stabilization of single children. Stabilization includes motivation, psycho-education, creating a safe place, the activation of attachment system, tools for self-regulation, the exchange In this workshop she will demonstrate the "6 tests," a new model for stabilization of single children. Stabilization includes motivation, psycho-education, creating a safe place, the activation of attachment system, tools for self-regulation, cognitive changes, etc.. "6 test" helps the therapist to decide if the child requires additional stabilization and how to prepare before starting EMDR.

Keywords: Adults Children Complex Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

175. Smyth, N. J., & Greenwald, R. (2002, June). So you’re thinking about doing some research: What’s the next step. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Many EMDR clinicians are interested in beginning to do some research, often on new applications of EMDR that they've identified. This workshop will cover how to begin doing research. Topics covered will include: how to make a contribution to EMDR research, how to test a new intervention you've developed, sources of brief assessment instruments for use in clinical practice research, resources to assist you in exploring the research process.

Keywords: Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

176. Troost, P. W. (2011, April). Sociale informatieverwerking en behandeling bij kinderen met een verstandelijk beperking [Social information processing and treatment of children with a mental restriction]. Symposia op het 39ste Voorjaarscongres Nederlandse Vereniging voor Psychiatrie, Amsterdam.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
De psychiatrische morbiditeit bij kinderen met een verstandelijke beperking (VB) is hoog. Daarbij spelen tekorten in de sociale informatieverwerking (SI) een belangrijke rol. Bestaande diagnostische instrumenten als intelligentietesten geven daarover onvolledige informatie. Tegen deze achtergrond wordt de Sociale Informatie Verwerkings Test (SIVT) ontwikkeld om op gestandaardiseerde wijze tekorten in de sociale informatievewerking te kunnen bepalen. Kennis van de specifieke beperkingen bij kinderen met een verstandelijke beperking maakt het mogelijk voor normaal intelligente kinderen ontwikkelde evidence-based behandelingen als eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) en Functional Family Therapy (FFT) aan te passen voor kinderen met een verstandelijke beperking. Veel van de gezinnen kampen met multipele problemen en worden vanuit een poliklinische setting onvoldoende bereikt. Om deze reden is een outreachende vorm van hulpverlening ontwikkeld waarbij zorg wordt geboden op school. Leerdoel: De deelnemer heeft weet van: 1. de ontwikkeling van de SIVT voor kinderen met een verstandelijke beperking; 2. hoe kennis over specifieke beperkingen bij kinderen met een verstandelijke beperking te gebruiken bij de aanpassing van bestaande evidence-based behandelvormen als emdr en FFT; 3. het inzetten van methodieken van verplaatste zorg als ‘de zorgklas’.

The psychiatric morbidity in children with intellectual disabilities (VB) is high. While deficits in play social information (SI), a major role. Existing diagnostic tools such as Intelligence tests provide about incomplete information. Against this background, the Social Information Processing Test (SIPT) developed standardized manner to shortages in the informative social force to be determined. Knowledge of the specific limitations in children with an intellectual disability makes it possible for normally intelligent children developed evidence-based treatments such as eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Functional Family Therapy (FFT) to adapt for children with intellectual disabilities. Many of families facing multiple problems and from an outpatient setting insufficiently reached. For this reason, an outreach form of development assistance where care is provided at school. Objective: The participant knows: 1. the development of children with SIPT learning disabilities; 2. how knowledge about limitations in children with intellectual restriction to use in adjusting existing evidence-based treatment modalities as EMDR and FFT; 3. the use of methodologies to transfer care as' care class.

Keywords: Children FFT Functional Family Therapy Mental Disabilities Social Information Processing Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

177. Struik, A. L. (2010, June). Stabilization and EMDR treatment of young dissociative children, the use of the six tests, a stabilization model. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The stabilization and treatment of young dissociative children can be complicated. Providing the child with a safe environment and attachment figure is obviously the first step. But what's next? They can appear to function relatively well. Their avoidance strategies seem effective and they refuse to talk about trauma or say they forgot about it. It doesn't bother them anymore. But the temptation of the therapist to let sleeping dogs lie is a dangerous one. Underneath this apparently well-functioning outside the child is terrified, constantly alert, and lonely, unable to find comfort, This child cannot attach and this lack of safe attachment is devastating for future development. However, only detailed history taking from caregivers and schoolteachers will often reveals these otherwise often hidden problems. In this presentation 1 will demonstrate. The six tests, a new and unique stabilization model for children. The six tests help therapy is to decide whether a child needs further stabilization and how to establish this stabilization, before starting with EMDR. I will present some cases to illustrate this process and the use of stabilization techniques. The children need to learn self-regulation skills to reduce stress. Then we activate the attachment system, so they car, reduce stress by seeking comfort. In this way the need to dissociate reduces. By relating present problems to past experiences their motivation increases to look into their traumas and start EMDR, (but only on their request). Finally, I will discuss adjustments in the EMDR protocol for these dissociative children in order to keep them in the desensitization process and how to integrate the use of EMDR Into the complete phase-orientated treatment. Learning objectives: -The basic tenets of the six tests -The ability to critically consider whether a child needs further stabilization or can start EMDR. - Understanding which techniques to utilize for particular conditions, through case presentations and questions. New and unique: This model is an adjustment for children of The tree test (Spieling, 2008) for adults, which is unique and new. Up until now, many EMDR therapists don't treat these children, because they are afraid to destabilize them or don't know how to do it. With this model I hope they start to treat these children who need EMDR the most.

Keywords: Children Dissociation: Six Tests

Accuracy Verified: Yes

178. Pagani, M. (2008, Novembre). Sub-strato neurobiologico della sindrome da stress post-traumatico e relativo impatto funzionale e strutturale della terapia con EMDR [Neurobiological substrate of post-traumatic stress syndrome and impact on functional and structural therapy with EMDR]. Presentazione le Applicazioni Cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Recenti studi hanno dimostrato come la sindrome da stress post-traumatico (PTSD) possa causare nel cervello cambiamenti sia strutturali che funzionali. Studi di imaging funzionale tramite tomografia ad emissione di fotone singolo (SPECT) e ad emissione di positrone (PET) hanno evidenziato significative variazioni del flusso cerebrale in pazienti con PTSD durante la rivisitazione del trauma. A questo proposito sono stati riportati aumenti e diminuzioni di flusso nell’ippocampo, nell’amigdala, nella corteccia prefrontale mediale, nel cingolo anteriore e posteriore e nella corteccia temporale. Il modello prevalente collega i sintomi del PTSD ad una mancata inibizione dell’ amigdala, iperattivata dalla sensazione di incombente minaccia, da parte della corteccia prefrontale. E’ stato anche proposto che i cambiamenti strutturali dell’ippocampo e del cingolo anteriore rivelati dalla risonanza magnetica strutturale (RM) siano causati dalla risposta neuronale allo stress. L’obiettivo delle nostre ricerche e’ stato quello di analizzare la risposta funzionale e le variazioni strutturali in due gruppi di soggetti esposti a trauma occupazionale che hanno sviluppato (S=sintomatici, n=20) o no (NS=non sintomatici, n=27) il PTSD. Una parte dei S (n=16) è stata trattata con EMDR. La diagnosi di PTSD prima e dopo la terapia è stata basata sia sui criteri del DSM-IV sia su vari test neuropsicologici mirati. La SPECT (n=47) e la RM (n=33) sono state eseguite da 3 mesi a sei anni dal trauma e la prima è stata ripetuta dopo EMDR. I sintomi sono stati provocati da uno script individualizzato che ha riportato alla memoria il trauma e durante il quale è stato iniettato il tracciante di flusso cerebrale. Le analisi eseguite hanno mostrato differenze significative tra S e NS nella risposta del flusso cerebrale allo script. Nei 33 soggetti in cui sono state eseguite sia la SPECT che la RM sono state trovate differenze significative sia funzionali che strutturali nella corteccia temporo-parietale sinistra e nell’ippocampo, regioni nelle quali gli score dei test neuropsicologici correlano significativamente con il flusso cerebrale. Nei soggetti con remissione sintomatologica dopo EMDR (R; n=11) sono state trovate rispetto ai soggetti che non hanno risposto alla terapia (NR; n=5) significative differenze di flusso in 4 aree corticali che processano funzioni deteriorate in corso di PTSD. Diminuzioni di flusso dopo la terapia sono state registrate nei R rispetto ai NR nell’ippocampo, nel giro fusiforme (corteccia parieto-occipitale) e nella corteccia visiva primaria. L’ippocampo è sede della memoria episodica ed autobiografica; il giro fusiforme processa il riconoscimento di volti, dei corpi e delle parole; la corteccia visiva primaria custodisce la memoria visiva degli eventi. La mancata inibizione e/o l’iperattività di queste regioni nel PTSD sono responsabili della rivisitazione patologica figurata e somatica dell’evento traumatico e della presenza di flashback ed immagini allucinatorie. Viceversa la corteccia frontale dorsolaterale ha mostrato un aumento di flusso nei R. Questa regione oltre ad essere deputata ad inibire nel sistema limbico la risposta patologica a stimoli che ricordano l’evento traumatico è essenziale per i processi di attenzione e del “senso di sé”, diminuiti in corso di PTSD e recuperati in seguito alla remissione della malattia. In questi soggetti la RM ha inoltre messo in evidenza il valore predittivo delle dimensioni dell’ippocampo rispetto all’efficacia della terapia con EMDR. I nostri risultati confermano il coinvolgimento della corteccia temporo-parieto-occipitale nel PTSD e sottolineano il valore delle neuroimmagini sia nello svelare gli effetti neurobiologici dell’EMDR che determinare il valore delle indagini strutturali nel predirne l’efficacia.

Recent studies have shown that the post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) may result in both structural and functional brain changes. Imaging studies using functional Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) shown significant changes in cerebral blood flow in patients with PTSD during revisiting the trauma. In this regard have been reported increases and decreases in flow hippocampus, amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate and posterior and temporal cortex. The dominant model linking the symptoms of PTSD to a no inhibition of 'amygdala hyperactivity disorder by the sense of impending threat by the prefrontal cortex. E 'was also proposed that the structural changes of the hippocampus and anterior cingulate revealed by structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are caused by the response neuronal stress. The aim of our research and 'was to analyze the response functional and structural variations in two groups of subjects exposed to occupational trauma that have developed (S = symptomatic, n = 20) or not (NS = non-symptomatic, n = 27) PTSD. Part of S (n = 16) was treated with EMDR. The diagnosis of PTSD before and after the therapy was based on both DSM-IV has on several neuropsychological tests targeting. SPECT (n = 47) and MRI (n = 33) are were performed from 3 months to six years from the trauma and the first was repeated after EMDR. Symptoms were caused by a script individual who reported to the memory of the trauma and during which were injected with a tracer of cerebral blood flow. The analysis performed showed significant differences between S and NS in the response of flow brain to the script. In the 33 subjects in which they were performed both SPECT and MRI were found significant differences in both functional and structural temporo-parietal cortex left hippocampus, regions in which the scores of neuropsychological tests correlate significantly with the flow in the brain. In subjects with symptomatic remission after EMDR (R; n = 11) were found compared with subjects who did not respond to therapy (NR, n = 5) significant differences in flow in 4 cortical areas that process functions deteriorated in the course of PTSD. Decreases in flow after treatment were recorded in R than NR hippocampus, within fusiform (parieto-occipital cortex) and in the primary visual cortex. The hippocampus is the seat of episodic memory and autobiographical, and the processes around the fusiform recognition of faces, bodies and words, the primary visual cortex preserves the memory visual events. The non-inhibition and / or 'hyperactivity of these regions in PTSD are responsible for pathological figured revisiting the traumatic event and physical and presence of flashbacks and hallucinatory images. Contrast, the dorsolateral frontal cortex has showed an increase of flow in R. This region in addition to being deputies to inhibit the system limbic response to pathological stimuli that recall the traumatic event is essential for processes of attention and the "sense of self, decreased in the course of PTSD and recovered following remission. In these subjects, MRI has also highlighted the predictive value the size of the hippocampus compared the efficacy of EMDR therapy. Our results confirm the involvement of the temporo-parietal-occipital cortex in PTSD and emphasize the value of neuroimaging in revealing both the neurobiological effects of EMDR that determine the value of the structural surveys in predicting effectiveness.

Keywords: Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

179. Carbonell, J. L., & Figley, C. R. (2005). A systematic clinical demonstration of promising PTSD treatment approaches. In V. R. Volkman (Ed.), Traumatic incident reduction: Research and results (pp. 75-94). Ann Arbor, Michigan: Loving Healing Press.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Traumatic Incident Reduction, Visual-Kinesthetic Dissociation, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, and Thought Field Therapy were investigated through a systematic clinical demonstration (SCD) methodology. This methodology guides the examination, but does not test the effectiveness of clinical approaches. Each approach was demonstrated by nationally recognized practitioners following a similar protocol, though their methods of treatment varied. A total of 39 research participants were treated and results showed that all four approaches had some immediate impact on clients and appear to also have some lasting impact. The paper also discusses the theoretical, clinical, and methodological implications of the study. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Neurolinguistic Programming NLP: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Stressors TFT Thought Field Therapy TIR Traumatic Incident Reduction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

180. Nugent, N. R. (2000). Terror management and the mechanism of suppression elicited by eye movements: A new model for understanding the efficacy of EMDR. University of Colorado at Colorado Springs. AAT 3262572.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Keywords: Psychological Aspects

Accuracy Verified: Yes

181. Tarquinio, C., Fayard, A., & Tarquinio, P. (2007, Juin). Thérapie EMDR chez des vicimes d'accident d'automobile: Une suivi de 6 mois [A 6 month follow-up if victims of automobile accidents undergoing EMDR therapy]. Présentation à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objectif: présenter les résultats d'une étude réalisée dans le cadre du traitement des victimes de la route. Nous avons fait la distinction entre les sujets qui ont présenté un (complet n = 16) ou une forme partielle (n = 8) du syndrome de stress post-traumatique (définie par la présence de grappes A et B et l'un des groupes C ou D ).
Sujets: Toutes les victimes (âge moyen: 34,3, s = 4,19; 17 hommes et 7 femmes) ont subi une thérapie EMDR pour quatre séances de 90 minutes. Les sujets ont été inclus dans le projet thérapeutique de 18 mois et ont été suivis pendant 6 mois après la fin de la thérapie.
Procédure: Les sujets ont été envoyées par différentes associations de victimes de consulter l'un des auteurs qui ont pris en charge tous les traitements, après la première consultation, une proposition a été faite au sujet de faire partie d'un protocole de recherche. Après des explications ont été données au diagnostic (complet vs partielle SSPT) a été faite par les deux autres co-auteurs qui ont également participé à l'évaluation des différentes phases.
Les sujets devaient ensuite répondre aux questions de l'échelle d'impact de l'événement d'Horowitz (Horowitz et al, 1979) et la State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - STAI (Spielberger et al 1983). Dans le cadre du protocole thérapeutique, les sujets devaient faire une évaluation SUDS (Wolpe, 1990) qui mesure l'état de détresse concevable par le patient, évalué sur un formulaire échelle de 0 (aucun) à 10 (le pire). Ces différentes mesures ont été administrés à tous les sujets avant de commencer le traitement (T1), après quatre séances de l'EMDR (T2), et six mois plus tard (T3).
Principaux résultats: En raison de la petite taille de l'échantillon et une distribution non normale, les données ont été traitées avec des tests non paramétriques (Mann et Whitney pour les groupes indépendants et de Wilcoxon pour les mesures appariées). [Tableau 1 de l'étude des données du Programme de la conférence originale abstraite ne figurent pas ici.]
Les différences entre le prétest, post-test et l'évaluation après six mois sont montrés également très importante, indiquant un effet très positif avec l'EMDR sur la réduction des symptômes intrusifs et d'évitement. Les effets positifs du traitement sur l'anxiété de la victime peuvent également être des notes, ainsi que sur la réduction de la mousse.

Objective: To present the results of a study carried out in the framework of treating road victims. We have made the distinction between the subjects who presented a complete (n=16) or a partial form (n=8) of post-traumatic stress disorder (defined by the presence of clusters A and B and one of the clusters C or D).
Subjects: All the victims (mean age: 34.3, s=4.19; 17 men and 7 women) underwent EMDR therapy for four 90 minute sessions. The subjects were included in the therapeutic project for 18 months and were followed for 6 months after the end of the therapy.
Procedure: The subjects were sent by different associations of victims to consult with one of the authors who took charge of all of the treatments, After the first consultation, a proposal was made to the subject to be part of a research protocol. After explanations were given the diagnosis (complete vs. partial PTSD) was made by the other two co-authors who also participated in evaluations of the different phases.
The subjects then had to answer questions from Horowitz’s Impact Event Scale (Horowitz et al, 1979) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory – STAI (Spielberger et al 1983). In the framework of therapeutic protocol, the subjects had to do a SUDS evaluation (Wolpe, 1990) which measures the state of distress conceivable by the patient, evaluated on a scale form 0 (none) to 10 (the worst). These different measures were administered to all of the subjects before beginning the therapy (T1), after four sessions of EMDR (T2), and six months later (T3).
Main results: Because of the small size of the sample and a non-normal distribution, the data was processed with non-parametric tests (Mann and Whitney for the independent groups and Wilcoxon for the paired measures). [Table 1 of study's data from the original Conference Program abstract not included here.]
The differences between the pretest, the posttest and the evaluation after six months are shown to be equally very significant, indicating a very positive effect with EMDR on the reduction of intrusive symptoms and avoidance. The positive effects of the treatment on the victim’s anxiety can also be notes, as well as on the reduction of the SUDS.

Keywords: Automobile Accident Motor Vehicle Accident

Accuracy Verified: Yes

182. Daniel, K. (1994, March 1). Therapy helps combat veterans: VA doctor wants to test groups of veterans to show how process can reduce painful memories. Augusta, GA: The Augusta Chronicle, All, Metro, A10.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
The image is familiar: A combat veteran so bothered by the memories of war that he cannot live a normal life seeks therapy to erase his demons. What you won't recognize is the treatment he's now likely to receive. A new form of therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, or EMDR, is being used at Veterans Affairs centers across the country to help veterans who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder. Described as "slightly odd," EMDR incorporates rapid-eye movements into an otherwise typical therapy session, making it sort of a shifty-eyed, shell-shocked trip into the potholes of memory lane.

Keywords: Augusta Combat Veterans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

183. Robredo, J. (2011, Julio). Tratamiento intensivo para madres victimas de violencia de genero. La reconstruccion del apego [Intensive treatment for mothers victims of gender violence. The reconstruction of attachment]. Presentación en la IX Congreso Nacional de Psicología Clínica, San Sebastian, Spain.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
El Instituto de Psicotrauma de Alicante en colaboración con los Servicios Sociales de diversos Ayuntamientos de la Comunidad Valenciana aplican desde 2009 un protocolo de intervención para madres víctimas de violencia de género, basado en las técnicas de desensibilización y reprocesamiento a través del movimiento de los ojos, EMDR© (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), teorías del apego ( John Bowlby) y teoría de la disociación estructural de la personalidad (Ono Van der Hart) Los resultados observados en una muestra de 15 madres y sus hijos de 4 a 16 años indican una desaparición de los cuadros clínicos de estrés postraumático y depresión, la remisión de los problemas de conducta concomitantes (desobediencia, agresividad) y una mejora del vínculo afectivo con la madre. El protocolo de intervención consta de 5 fases: evaluación, psicoeducación, tratamiento, prevención de recaídas y seguimiento La evaluación consta de sendas entrevistas clínicas y la administración de la Escala de Ansiedad Manifiesta en Niños (CMAS‐R), la Escala de Gravedad de Síntomas del Estrés Postraumático, el Test del Dibujo de la Familia (niñ@s menores de 6 años) y el cuestionario para la evaluación de adoptantes (CUIDA). El tratamiento consiste en la instalación de recursos con la madre y reprocesamiento con EMDR a lo largo de 20 sesiones trabajando con los recuerdos traumáticos de la madre y el menor asociados a la violencia vivida en la familia. El reprocesamiento del niño se hace junto a la madre. El formato de tratamiento es intensivo con 5 sesiones de terapia semanal durante 4 semanas. El 100% de los menores y las mujeres atendidas experimentaron la remisión de sus síntomas de ansiedad y en el 80% de los casos desaparecieron sus problemas de conducta en el entorno familiar y escolar. Además se observó que el tipo de apego había cambiado al final de tratamiento.

The Institute of Alicante Psychotrauma in collaboration with Social Services various municipalities of Valencia since 2009 implemented a protocol intervention for mothers victims of domestic violence, based on techniques desensitization and reprocessing through eye movement, EMDR © (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), attachment theory (Bowlby) and theory structural dissociation of the personality (Van der Hart Ono). The results of a sample of 15 mothers and their children aged 4 to 16 years indicate a disappearance of clinical PTSD and depression, remission of comorbid conduct problems (disobedience, aggression) and a improvement bond with the mother. The intervention protocol consists of 5 phases: assessment, psychoeducation, treatment, relapse prevention and monitoring The assessment consists of separate clinical interviews and administration of the Scale in Children's Manifest Anxiety (CMAS-R), the Symptom Severity Scale Stress Posttraumatic Drawing Test Family (children 's children under 6 years) and questionnaire for the assessment of adopters (CARE). Treatment involves the installation of resources with the mother and EMDR reprocessing over 20 sessions working with the memories traumatic mother and child associated with violence experienced domestically. The reprocessing of the child is with the mother. The format is intensive treatment with 5 sessions of weekly therapy for 4 weeks. 100% of children and women treated experienced remission of their anxiety symptoms and 80% of cases behavioral problems disappeared in the family and school. We observed that the attachment classification was changed to end of treatment.

Keywords: Attachment Gender Violence

Accuracy Verified: Yes

184. Kavakcı, Ö., Yildirim, O., & Swan, N. (2010). Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve sınav kaygısı için EMDR: Olgu sunumu [EMDR for post traumatic stress disorder and test anxiety: A case report]. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13(1), 42-47.

Language: Turkish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu (TSSB) gelişmesine yol açan etkenlerden biri de trafik kazalarıdır ve Türkiye'de oldukça yaygındır. Göz hareketleri ile duyarsızlaştırma ve yeniden işleme (EMDR) son yıllarda özellikle travma sonrası stres bozukluğunda (TSSB) etkili olduğu gösterilmiş bir yaklaşımdır. Sınav kaygısı; öğrenciler için sıklıkla akademik alanda performans düşüklüğü ve psikolojik problemlerle birlikte olan önemli bir sorundur. Sınav kaygısı olanlar; değerlendirileceği zaman gerilim, endişe ve santral sinir sisteminin aşırı uyarılmasını içeren istenmeyen bir durum yaşarlar. Endişe içeren tekrarlayıcı düşünceler, kendini eleştiren felaketleştirici düşünceler, fizyolojik uyarılmışlık ve belirgin duygusal sıkıntı sınav kaygısına eşlik eder. Sınavlarla ilgili olumsuz deneyimler sınav kaygısının oluşmasına neden olabilmektedir. Sınav kaygısının tedavisi için çeşitli psikoterapi yöntemlerinin yararlı olduğu bildirilmiştir. Sınav kaygısı tedavisinde EMDR denediğini bildiren az sayıda yayın vardır. Bu çalışmada trafik kazası sonrası TSSB gelişen ve EMDR uygulanması sonucunda iyileşen 17 yaşında bir olgu sunulmuştur. TSSB belirtilerinin düzelmesinin ardından üniversite giriş sınavı ile ilgili yoğun korku ve kaygı bildiren hastada, bu kaygının önceki olumsuz sınav yaşantıları ile ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiş, bu yaşantılarına yönelik EMDR tedavisi sonunda sınav kaygısı belirtilerinde belirgin düzelme görülmüştür.

Prevalence of traffic accidents is very high in Turkey and traffic accidents are one of the underlying reasons of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a new therapeutic method which is effective for PTSD. Test anxiety is a significant problem for students which leads to a decline in academic performance and cause severe psychological problems. People with test anxiety experience undesirable symptoms like tension, worry and overstimulation of the central nervous system when they are under evaluation. Recurrent worried, self-critical and catastrophic thoughts and physiologic arousal accompany test anxiety. Negative experiences about examinations can lead to test anxiety. Various psychoterapeutic approaches have been reported that are beneficial in the treatment of test anxiety. Few publications have reported trial of EMDR in the treatment of test anxiety. We describe a 17 year-old girl who had PTSD following a traffic accident and who was treated by EMDR. After treatment of PTSD, the girl reported intense fear and anxiety about the university entrance examination. This anxiety was associated with negative experiences about previous examinations. EMDR treatment focused on these negative experiences and significant improvement was obtained.

Keywords: Case Report Posttraumatic Stress Disorer PTSD Test Anxiety Traffic Accidents

Accuracy Verified: Yes

185. Kavakci, O., Yildirim, O., & Kugu, N. (2010). Travma sonrasý stres bozukluðu ve sýnav kaygýsý için EMDR: Olgu sunumu [EMDR for postraumatic stress disorder and test anxiety: A case report]. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi[Journal of Clinical Psychology], 13(1), 42-47.

Language: Turkish

Format: Journal

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

186. van der Kolk, B. A., Hopper, J., & Spinazzola, J. (2004, November). Treatment integration of traumatic memories vs. suppression of distress. Presentation at the 20th annual meeting of the International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation will review a series of three studies that investigated the quality of traumatic memories in three subject populations, using the Traumatic Memory Inventory (TMI- van der Kolk & Fisler, 1996): 1) victims of interpersonal trauma, 2) victims of motor vehicle accidents, and 3) patients who experienced awareness during anesthesia. We then will present the results of the Memory component study from a large treatment outcome study comparing EMDR and fluoxetine for PTSD which showed that, following effective treatment with EMDR, the fragmentation of memory imprints was resolved, while treatment with fluoxetine did not alter the quality of traumatic memories, but suppressed subjective distress.

Keywords: Awareness During Anesthesia Fluoxetine Motor Vehicle Accidents Traumatic Memory Inventory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

187. Kleinknecht, R., & Morgan, M. (1992, March). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 23(1), 43-49. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(92)90024-D.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This case report describes the successful treatment of a PTSD using eye movement desensitization (EMD). The client, a 40-year-old male, presented with an 8-years history of PTSD following an incident in which he was shot with a hand gun and left dying. Using EMD treatment, this trauma was quickly densensitized. Two earlier traumas with similar themes then emerged and they too were desensitized. Test results, taken pre-treatment and posttreatment, along with the client's verbatim account of cognitive and behavioral changes 8 months later, converged to document the successful treatment outcome. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Assault Case Report Death of Spouse European Americans Males Motor Traffic Accidents Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Predisposition PTSD Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

188. Fine, C. G. (1991). Treatment stabilization and crisis prevention: Pacing the therapy of the multiple personality disorder patient. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14(3), 661-675.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article briefly reviews the tactical integrationist's perspective in the work with multiple personality disorder patients. Its foundation is a cognitively based treatment paradigm geared toward controlled abreactions with cognitive restructuring throughout therapy. It is a suppression-dilution-of-affect model that focuses on the achievement of control and mastery for patient and therapist alike.

Keywords: Crisis Prevention MPD Multiple Personality Disorder Treatment Stablization

Accuracy Verified: Yes

189. Triscari, M. T., Faraci, P., D’Angelo, V., Urso, V., & Catalisano, D. (2011). Two treatments for fear of flying compared: Cognitive behavioral therapy combined with systematic desensitization or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors, 1(1), 9-14. doi:10.1027/2192-0923/a00003.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study aimed to test a combined treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), compared with CBT integrated with systematic desensitization, in reducing fear of flying. Participants were patients with aerophobia, who were randomly assigned to two experimental groups in a before- and after-treatment research design. The Flight Anxiety Situations Questionnaire (FAS) and the Flight Anxiety Modality Questionnaire (FAM) were used. The efficacy of each program was evaluated comparing the pre- and post-treatment levels of fear of flying within subjects. A comparison of the post-treatment scores between subjects was also conducted. Results showed the effectiveness of each model with a significant improvement in the examined psychological outcomes in both groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved

Keywords: Air Transportation Phobias Psychotherapeutic Techniques Psychotherapy Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

190. Hyer, L. (1996). Use of EMDR in a "dementing" PTSD survivor. Clinical Gerontologist, 16(1), 70-73. doi:10.1300/J018v16n01_06.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Presents a case study of a 72-yr-old woman with dementia to examine the usefulness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in "dementing" elderly. EDMR is a therapeutic tool in which clients are made to reexperience and cognitively reprocess their trauma in imagination, moving their eyes simultaneously. It is reported to be a good instrument in treating younger survivors of trauma, however, a few studies support its use in elderly. The S experienced a series of traumatizing events. Test results showed that the S had symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and borderline dementia. After 3 sessions of EDMR, significant improvement was seen in the S, who was ready to start and lead a normal life. It is suggested that EDMR allows the client to participate in the past as currently real, and to evaluate the unfolding of the process from an observer perspective. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Aged Americans Case Report Cognitive Disorders Death of Spouse Elder Abuse Empirical Study Females Psychiatric Inpatients PTSD Rape Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

191. Cohen-Posey, K. (2000, September). Using the Draw-A-Person test to introduce EMDR protocols with personality disorders. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will be able to: 1) identify character traits from person drawings using a two-page handout; 2) identify three basic clusters in which dysfunctional personality traits fall; and 3) describe and demonstrate how to use drawing interpretations to reduce client resistance to owning certain character traits through the use of "therapeutic triangle;" 4) identify NCs and PCs for each DSM IV personality disorder and relate them to character traits expressed in drawings; and 5) demonstrate the setup of the EMDR protocol from character traits identified in drawings and related NCs through role-play in triads.

Keywords: Draw-A-Person Test Personality Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

192. Kim, E., Bae, H., & Park, Y. C. (2008). Validity of the subjective units of disturbance scale in EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(1), 57-62. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.1.57.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
To test the psychometric properties of the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS), this study analyzed the data from 61 patients treated with EMDR. The pretreatment self-reported questionnaires, the in-session records of EMDR, and the Clinical Global Impression-Change (CGI-C) scale at the termination of EMDR were reviewed. The initial score of the SUDS at the first session was significantly correlated with the patient's level of depression, the state anxiety, and distress from the impact of events. The final score of the SUDS at the first session was significantly correlated with the CGI-C score at termination. Consequently, this study confirmed that the SUDS in EMDR sessions has good psychometric properties. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Koreans Self Report Instruments Stressors Subjective Units of Disturbance SUDS Survivors Validity

Accuracy Verified: Yes

193. Becker, L., Nugent, N., & Black-Tanski, D. (2000, September). What about eye movements in EMDR?. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will learn: 1) the research findings with respect to EMDR dismantling stuides; 2) the research findings with respect to the effects of eye movements on cognitive and emotional processes; 3) the components of the model that proposes that eye movements act as a distractor to the avoidance process in psychological trauma; and 4) the results of 2 studies designed to test the "distractor to the avoidance process" model.

Keywords: Eye Movements Distractor to the Avoidance Process Model Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

194. Bisping, V. S. (2011). Wirksamkeit von eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) bei zahnbehandlungsphobie [Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for dental phobia]. Universitätsklinikum Münster, Kliniken, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie,Forschung, Munster, Deutschland .

Language: German

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
In dieser Studie werden 30 Patienten mit Zahnbehandlungsphobie in einem Warte-Kontrollgruppen-Design mit Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) behandelt. Die manualisierte Intervention umfasst drei ca. 90-minütige Sitzungen. Vor und nach der Behandlung wird die Angst vor der Zahnbehandlung mit Fragebögen und einem Verhaltenstest erfasst. Darüber hinaus werden bildgebende Untersuchungen durchgeführt (siehe folgendes Projekt).

In this study, 30 patients treated with dental anxiety in a wait-control group design with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). The manualized intervention includes three 90-minute sessions. Before and after the treatment, the fear of dental treatment with a behavior test questionnaires and is detected. In addition, imaging studies are performed (see next project: Erfassung neurobiologischer Korrelate der EMDR-Behandlung bei Patienten mit Zahnbehandlungsangst, by S. Doering, V. Bisping, N. Nora Liebergesell, B. Höffkes, M. Junghöfer, C. Dobel).

Keywords: Dental Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

195. Maxfield, J. L. (2003). A working memory analysis of the dual attention component of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario Canada. AAT NQ85018.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This dissertation applied the concepts and predictions of working memory theory to a psychotherapeutic approach, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). The overview of EMDR included a description of the treatment, theoretical model, empirical studies, and possible mechanisms of action. The overview of working memory included a summary of concepts and theories, and a comprehensive research review. Seven studies that investigated the related effects of eye movements (EMs) were described in detail. Two experiments were conducted to test predictions from working memory research about the effect of EMs on autobiographical memory. In both Experiments, participants identified 3 negative memories and focused on each for 2 minutes, while simultaneously engaging in 1 of 3 divided attention (DA) conditions: an easy EM task (Slow-EM), a difficult EM task (Fast-EM), and a task with no EM (Control). Measures were pre-post ratings of memory-related image vividness, thought clarity, and emotional intensity. In Experiment 2, participants were also randomly assigned to a focus on image-only or image-thought. Memory recall during Control resulted in significant post-condition increases in all measures, except emotional intensity in Experiment 1. Compared to Control, recall during both Slow-EM and Fast-EM produced significantly smaller scores for image vividness and thought clarity, and, in Experiment 2, for emotional intensity. At post-condition, Fast-EM resulted in significantly lower scores than Slow-EM for image vividness in both Experiments and emotional intensity in Experiment 2. There were no differences in outcomes between focus on image-only and on image-thought. Findings of the current experiments supported a working memory explanation for the effects on visual and thought clarity. The competition of resources during simultaneous EM and memory recall reduced memory quality. The greater degradation of memory components resulting from the more difficult condition, Fast-EM, may be attributed to demands made on visuospatial sketchpad resources. The components of each memory appeared to be linked and to show similar patterns of change, within conditions. Reported levels of pre-task emotional intensity did not predict change in thought clarity and image vividness. Finally, a theoretical application of working memory theory to EMDR was presented and recommendations were made for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 64(10-B), 2004, pp. 5225.

Keywords: Attention Dual Attention Component Empirical Study Eye Movements Short-Term Memory Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes