Francine Shapiro Library

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1. Christman, S., & Garvey, K. (2001, June). Bilateral eye movements reduce cortical activation asymmetries. Presentation at the 2001 EMDR International Association Conference, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Alternating left-right eye movements (EMs) have been shown to enhance episodic memory recall (Christman & Garvey, 2000). In turn, enhanced recall of episodic, or autobiographical, memories has been linked to increased interhemispheric interaction (Christman & Propper, 2001; Propper & Christman, 1997). Since leftward versus rightward EMs induce right versus hemisphere activation, respectively (Bakan & Svorad, 1969), bilateral EMs may facilitate interhemispheric interaction by balancing hemispheric activation levels. In other words, asymmetries in cortical activation may impair interhemispheric communication. Christman and Garvey (2000), however, demonstrated only that bilateral EMs enhance episodic memory performance; they did not directly measure hemispheric activation. To test this hypothesis directly, participants were administered two behavioral tests that are sensitive to variations in hemispheric activation. The Chimeric Faces Test (Levy, Heller, Banich, & Burton, 1983) involves mirror-image pairs of faces, with one smiling hemiface and one neutral hemiface, presented under conditions of free viewing. Participants are asked to judge which member of a pair looks happier. Right versus left hemiface biases are associated with relative increases in left versus right hemispheric activation. Line bisection tasks also tap into hemispheric activation, with leftward versus rightward bisection errors reflecting increased right versus left hemisphere activation. Bisection tasks, however, are also influenced by premotor asymmetries (e.g., Luh, 1995), and thus represent a less pure measure of hemispheric activation.
METHODS Participants performed blocks of chimeric face and line bisection trials. They then engaged in 30 seconds of alternating left-right saccades (2 eye movements per second). Participants then performed a second block of trials for both tasks.
RESULTS Results showed that behavioral asymmetries in the chimeric face task were significantly reduced after the EMs (p<.029). This supports the hypothesis that bilateral EMs reduce hemispheric activation asymmetries. Performance on line bisection task, however, was unaffected by EMs (F<1), perhaps reflecting the fact that this task is a less direct measure of hemispheric activation.
DISCUSSION These results provide further insight into mechanisms underlying EMDR therapy used for PTSD patients. Reduction in hemispheric activation asymmetry arising from bilateral EMs employed in the current study (and in EMDR) may enhance interhemispheric communication. This interpretation is consistent with Ramachandran (1995), who showed that vestibular stimulation (inducing optokinetic nystagmus and resulting in involuntary left-right EMs) reduces the denial of deficit found in anosagnosia patients. Ramachandran (1995) suggested that the procedure benefits the hypoaroused right hemisphere, bringing its activation level up to par with the left hemisphere. Similarly, EMs used in EMDR may balance hemispheric activation levels, in turn enhancing interhemispheric communication and retrieval of episodic memories.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation  Eye Movements  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

2. Omaha, J. (1998, July). Chemotion and EMDR: An EMDR treatment protocol based on a psychodynamic model chemical dependency. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Chemical dependency is a pervasive and rapidly growing problem in western societies. Chemical dependencies means obsessive and compulsive use of legal and illegal substances that is not affected by adverse consequences resulting from their consumption and is further characterized by denial of the relationship between consequences and consumption, by tolerance for the chemical, and by symptoms of withdrawal when the substance is unavailable. For the purposes of this paper, legal and illegal substances discussed include alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, opiates, hallucinogens, and prescription medications.

Keywords: Chemical Dependency  Chemotion  Protocol  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

3. Snyker, E. (1998). The invisible volcano: Overcoming denial of rage. In P. Manfield (Ed.), Extending EMDR: A casebook of innovative applications, (1st ed.) (pp. 91-112). New York: W. W. Norton. xii, 292 pp.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The case in this chapter integrates EMDR and interpretive short-term dynamic therapy as contrasted with cognitive, interpersonal, or existential short-term therapies. I became interested in Davanloo's technique of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy (ISTDP) after attending a workshop in 1981. Short-term dynamic therapy, which is rooted in psychoanalytic theory, emphasizes brevity, focus, therapist activity, and patient selection. The goal is to effect change in the personality or character structure of the person, not simply alleviate symptoms. The treatment is dynamic in that it emphasizes a single focal issue that serves as a link to core conflicts arising from early life experiences. The transference relationship is used to examine and reexperience important past relationships that account for current difficulties. In addition to dealing with issues of transference and complexity of the case (single versus multi-foci), handling resistance (conscious and unconscious) aimed at avoiding painful affects must be addressed. [Text, p. 91]

Keywords: Adults  Americans  Anger  Anxiety Disorders  Brief Psychotherapy  Case Report  Child Abuse  Defense Mechanisms  Depressive Disorders  Females  Life Experiences  Psychotherapeutic Processes  Survivors  Treatment Effectiveness  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

4. Yoeli, F. R., & Prattos-Spongalides, T-A. (2004, June). OCD: Anxiety, rituals, co-morbidity or altered state? Treatment outcomes with EMDR. In anxiety disorders and EMDR (A. de Jongh, Chair). Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of th EMDR Europe Association, Stockholm, Sweden .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Trauma-generated OCD repeats the trauma through its own ritual behavior patterns. This altered state re-traumatizes the core personality through the repetition of rituals similar to the original trauma. The presenters hypothesize that trauma-based OCD is an altered state not co-morbid with diagnosis for dissociative disorders. This OCD persona served the dissociative adult cope with traumatic memories changing and influencing reactions to ongoing trauma, life choices, and other behavior patterns.
This aim of this workshop is to focus on the development of trauma-based, anxiety-motivated dissociative states. Life in the shadow of chronic anxiety stemming from living under constant and consistent life-threatening conditions produces a (sub)-population of persons suffering from PTS/D. The anxiety and fear from elements of unprocessed traumatic events are retained and embedded in the body and are repeatedly triggered in daily life. This PTSD population dissociates into anxiety-based altered states ranging along a continuum from mild tension to phobias, panic attacks, denial, PCD, aggression, indifference and apathy and finally full blown trauma generated OCD.
The presenters provide cross-cultural examples demonstrating how ongoing threat of man-made or natural disasters often leads to a dissociative OCD state. Case examples are explored which demonstrate how processing with EMDR effectively enables resolution and change. EMDR is particularly useful in processing the “anxiety” via current behavior patterns.
Objectives: 1) to examine the co-morbidity aspects of trauma-based OCD and dissociation 2) to present the parallel continuums of types of stress and anxiety (on the intensity and severity axis 3) to compare the differences and similarities in behavioral patterns in different cultures under the stress of constant threat of annihilation (man-made vs. natural threats) 4) to demonstrate the effectiveness of EMDR on trauma induced OCD, through case illustration and discussion.

Keywords: Altered States  Anxiety Disorders  Co-morbidity  Obsessive Compulsive Disorder  OCD  Rituals  Symposium  Treatment Outcomes  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5. Omaha, J. (1999, June). Treating nicotine dependency:  An application of the Chemotion/EMDR protocol. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Assocation, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will learn: 1) the definition of denial as an unconscious mechanism preventing awareness and acceptance of a relationship between negative consequences of nicotine abuse and the nicotine abuse iself; 2) the origin of denial in a defected ego function of reality testing; 3) how defected reality testing in nicotine dependents means they cannot distinguish what is inside them - their archaic, unresolved trauma-coded affects, memories, cognitions, and images - from what is outside them - the smoking-induced affects, cognitions, and images; 4) how smokers reenact their childhood emotional trauma through their nicotine abuse. Cigarettes facilitate re-experiencing affects directed against the child by traumatizer and also re-experiencing the unmetabolized affect felt by the child during traumatization; 5) the Chemotion/EMDR protocol, a brief, effective treatment for nicotine dependency; 6) how Gestalt commmunication technique in Chemotion/EMDR protocol can evoke the object relations deficits during nicotine dependency; 7) how EMDR can desensitize and reprocess the specific childhood emotional trauma driving the dependency; and 8) how EMDR can install or strengthen the reality testing ego function.

Keywords: Chemotion  Denial  Gestalt Communication  Nicotine Dependency  Object Relations Deficits  Reality Testing  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

6. Manfield, P., Knipe, J., & Snyker, E. (1998, July). Using EMDR with narcissistic personalities. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) be able to identify narcissistic defenses of splitting, projective identification, avoidance, denial, primitive idealization, devaluation, grandiosity; 2) learn methods of addressing these defenses; and 2) learn how to use EMDR to process transference issues that typically arise.

Keywords: Narcissistic Defenses  Transference  

Accuracy Verified: Yes

7. Ramachandran, V. S. (2005, September). Vestibular stimulation as therapy for bipolar illness, complex regional pain, PTSD, and phantom pain. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Seattle, WA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Our lab specialized in the study of behavioral/cognitive changes following focal brain lesions. Phenomena were once considered mere curiosities - such as phantom limb, anosognosia and synesthesia - have now become "main stream" partly as a result of the work done by us and many colleagues throughout the world. This lecture will focus on disturbances in body image, phantom limbs, anosognosia (denial of paralysis) and somatoparaphrenia (denial of ownership of a limb). A new theory will be advanced to account for these, especially the latter two in terms of asymmetries between the two hemispheres "coping styles"; the left involved in "Freudian defences" aud the right playing thc role of a "devils advocate" or anomaly detector. The spectrum of normal and abnormal personality styles and behavior emerges from a push-pull antagonism between these two opposing tendencies. Vestibular stimulation through calorie cold-water irrigation produces eye movements (nystagmus) and shifts the balance between the two hemispheres during the "orienting" response and produces profound shifts in mood and/or body image. We found that the procedure "de-represses" apparently repressed memories in patient with denial (anosognosia) and there is an obvious analogy here with the therapeutic claims of EMDR. The possibility that bipolar disorder may be based on such alternation between hemispheres was first proposed by us in 1996 and has received some support. Consequently caloric nystagmus might potentially be useful in treating disorders such as bipolar, post-traumatic stress, complex regional pain type 1, and other neuro-psychiatric disturbances as outlined briefly in my book Phantoms in the Brain.

Keywords: Anosognosia  Bipolar Illness  Complex Regional Pain  Phantom Limb  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  PSTD: Somatoparaphrenia  Synesthesia  Vestibular Stimulation    

Accuracy Verified: Yes

8. Wildwind, L. (1992, May). Working with perpetrator-identified early childhood abuse survivor. EMDR Network Newsletter, 2(1), 11.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
In using EMDR with early childhood abuse suwivors, I often find more resistance and denial than with clients who experienced later abuse. Also, the weakened egoof the patient allows for slower progress through intensely affect-laden work.

Keywords: Abuse  Perpetrators  Survivors  

Accuracy Verified: Yes