Francine Shapiro Library ~ EMDR Bibliography

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Your Results - you searched for the keyword Cross Cultural Differences 341 Results

1. 国秋汪永光王义强付素芬曹日芳 [Zhao Guo-Qiu, Wang Yong-Guang, Wang Yi-Qiang, Fu Shu-Fen, & Fang Tsao]. (2008, August). "4•28"胶济铁路交通事故伤员心理危机的干预 [Psychological intervention in the casualties of 4 · 28 train crash on the Jiao-Ji railway line]. 中華急診醫學雜誌 17卷8期 (2008/08), 800-803 [Chinese Journal of Emergency Medicine], 17(8), 800-803 .

Language: Chinese

Format: Journal

Abstract:
目的　分析淄博铁路交通事故伤员心理行为反应特点以寻找救治交通事故后患者的心理的有效方法。方法　采用心理危机结构式访谈问卷，对2008年4月28日发生的山东淄博胶济铁路重大交通事故中的226伤员进行心理状态评估，并对22名ASD患者进行眼动脱敏再加工(eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, EMDR)治疗，比较EMDR治疗前后的心理行为反应的差异。结果　有22名达到ASD（急性应激障碍）诊断标准，本次铁路交通事故中ASD的发生率为9.73%，伤员中主要以闯人、警觉性增高表现为主，并伴随着其他的负性情绪体验。女性组ASD的发生率(14.85%)高于男性组(5.60%)，P<0.05。女性组心理行为反应结果明显重于男性组(P<0.05)，EMDR能够显著改善ASD患者的闯入、警觉性增高症状(P<0.01)，但愤怒情绪没有显著改善((P=0.227))。结论　铁路交通事故后，女性比男性更容易发生ASD。EMDR可有效地解决ASD患者除愤怒以外的心理危机。

Objective: To investigate the psychological characteristics in the casualties of 4.28 train crash on the Jiao-Ji railway track and to find a effective way to relieve the psychological crisis induced by traffic accident. Method: A total of 226 casualties were assessed in respect of psychological crisis with interview questionnaire after 4.28 train track on Jiao-ji railwayine. Twenty-two casualties meeting acute stress disorder (ASD) criteria from DSM-IV were treated with EMDR. The therapeutic effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on ASD were assessed. Results: The incidence of ASD was 9.73% (22 casualties). The major psychological consequences in casualties were intrusive symptoms, symptoms of hyperarousal, and negative emotional symptoms. Significant differences on gender had been found in incidence rate of ASD female 14.85% and male 5.60%, P < 0.05. The women manifested more severe psychological consequences than men in this train crash accident. Significant treatment effect was found in EMDR on ASD. EMDR can significantly improve the intrusive symptoms and symptoms of hyperarousal (P < 0.05), but can not significantly improve negative emotional symptoms (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The women showed more severe psychological consequences than men after train crash accident. EMDR was effective treatment on ASD but negative emotional symptoms.

Keywords: Accident Acute Stress Disorder ASD: Crsis Intervention Psychological Crisis Intervention Traffic Accident Train Collision Train Crashes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

2. Robertson, J. M., & Williams, B. W. (2010). "Gender aware therapy" for professional men in a day treatment center. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 47(3), 316–326. doi:10.1037/a0021163.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
High accountability men in the medical, legal, corporate, and mental health professions sometimes engage in behavior that violates their fiduciary responsibilities. These highly skilled men may engage in disruptive or explosive behavior, cross sexual boundaries with clients or patients, abuse substances, or have other psychiatric problems that compromise their workplace performance. When this occurs, licensing boards, professional societies, or supervising executives often require the dysregulated man to seek assistance. This article reports on ways the Professional Renewal Center incorporates recommendations from “Gender Aware Therapy” in developing a male-friendly approach to conducting comprehensive multidisciplinary psychological assessments, and to providing intensive, multimodal, weeks-long treatment services.

Keywords: Assessment Masculinity Professionals Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

3. 市井雅哉, 熊野宏昭 [Ichii Masaya & Kumano Hiroaki]. (1996). 急性ストレス障害の阪神・淡路大震災被災者に対する眼球運動による脱感作法(EMD)の適用ブリーフサイコセラピー研究 [Eye movement desensitization by Kobe earthquake victims with acute stress disorder (EMD) application]. ブリーフサイコセラピー、5、53-70の日本人会 [Japanese Association of Brief Psychotherapy, 5, 53-70].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Abstract:
著者らは、EMDを（眼球運動脱感作）阪神淡路大震災から受けたとのASD（急性ストレス障害）の生存者として1ヶ月と診断地震次の2つの女性に適用されます。セッションの中で、彼らの恐れが減少した。その結果、EMDには、ASDクライアントのPTSDを防ぐために使用できることを示した。 25歳焦がすの女性は当初、外傷に関連する画像（例えば、火）、8の初期SUDにレベルを訴えた。眼球運動（EM）の苦痛のレベルの4つの後に0に減少した。眼球運動の7番目のセット後、彼女はそれが終わると、"として完全に本当だった認知"を評価した。 5ヵ月後には、これらの治療の変更が症状のいずれか再発することなく維持された。関連は、この場合、二次的利得と自己使用で議論された。また、結婚28歳の女性、EMDの治療のセッション中に恐怖感の強いreexperienced地震に関連する症状。迅速SUDには0のレベルに減少したEMの11セットの後に恐れている。同時に、彼女は彼女が望ましい認知または"すべては疑いの余地なくすべての権利"は信じられないと報じた。方法はEMDを適用することで画像や正認知の治療に議論された。また、症状の適用範囲やEMDとEMDRの違いが議論された。

Authors applied EMD (Eye Movement Desensitization) to two women who suffered from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and diagnosed as ASD (Acute Stress Disorder) survivors one month following the earthquake. Within a session, their fears were diminished. The result showed that EMD can be used for ASD clients to prevent PTSD. A 25 year-old singe woman initially complained of trauma-related imagery (e.g., fire) with an initial SUD level of eight. After four sets of Eye Movement (EM) the level of distress decreased to 0. After the seventh set of eye movement, she rated the cognition "it was over," as completely true. Five months later, these therapeutic changes were maintained without any relapse of symptoms. Associated with this case, secondary gain and self use were discussed. In addition, a married 28-year-old woman, reexperienced earthquake-related symptoms with a strong sense of fear during the therapy session of EMD. The fear quickly decreased to a level of 0 on SUD after the eleventh set of EM. At the same time she reported that she could believe a desirable cognition or "everything is all right" without any doubt. The way to treat imagery and positive cognition in applying EMD was discussed. Furthermore, an applicable range of symptoms, and the differences between EMD and EMDR were discussed.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD Earthquake Kobe

Accuracy Verified: Yes

4. Spuijbroek, P. (2013, April). A(S/l)S het samen kan: EMDR in de systeemtherapie [A (S / L) S together can: EMDR in the treatment system]. Presentatie op het congres EMDR Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Nijmegen, Nederland.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Bij het behandelen van kinderen met autisme wordt steeds meer een systemische aanpak gehanteerd. Daar waar het in de ouderbegeleiding vooral over psycho educatie en rouwverwerking gaat rond het autisme, staat in de gezinstherapie het systeem centraal en de samenwerking tussen de gezinsleden, rekening houdend met overeenkomsten en verschillen. Bij het gebruik van de EMDR binnen de gezinstherapie levert dit soms verrassende situaties op die op eigen wijze bijdragen aan veranderingen welke van te voren niet werden te voorzien. In deze workshop worden een drietal casussen besproken waarbij (delen van) het gezin betrokken zijn. De aangemelde casussen zijn een jongen met laag zelfbeeld, een preverbaal trauma bij een geadopteerd meisje en een meisje dat dreigt zichzelf te beschadigen. Alle drie de kinderen zijn kinderen met ASS. Maar wat gebeurt er tijdens gecombineerde systeem-EMDR sessie? In de presentatie neem ik deelnemers mee in woord en beeld en ga in gesprek.

When treating children with autism is becoming a systemic approach. Where in the parent guidance particularly on psychoeducation and bereavement goes around autism, family therapy is in the central system and the cooperation between family members, taking into account similarities and differences. With the use of EMDR in family therapy yields some surprising situations which in their own way contribute to changes which in advance were not providing. In this workshop, three cases are discussed in which (parts of) the family involved. The notified cases are a boy with low self-esteem, a preverbal trauma in an adopted girl and a girl who threatens to harm himself. All three children are children with ASD. But what happens when combined system EMDR session? In the presentation I take Participants in words and pictures and talk to them.

Keywords: Family Systems Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5. Lee, C. W., Taylor, G., & Drummond, P. D. (2006, March-April). The active ingredient in EMDR: Is it traditional exposure or dual focus of attention?. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13(2), 97-107. doi:10.1002/cpp.479.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Very little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the therapeutic effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). This study tested whether the content of participants' responses during EMDR is similar to that thought to be effective for traditional exposure treatments (reliving), or is more consistent with distancing, which would be expected given Shapiro's proposal of dual process of attention. The responses made by 44 participants with PTSD were examined during their first EMDR treatment session. An independent rater coded these responses according to whether they were consistent with reliving, distancing, or focusing on material other than the primary trauma. The coding system was found to have satisfactory inter-rater reliability. Greatest improvement on a measure of PTSD symptoms occurred when the participant processed the trauma in a more detached manner. Cross-lagged panel correlations suggest that processing in a more detached manner was a consequence of the EMDR procedure rather than a measure that covaried with improvement. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Attention Australians Cognitive Processes Empirical Study Mechanism of Action Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Quantitative Study Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

6. Spierings, J. J. (2005, June). Adapting EMDR to work effectively with clients from other cultures. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Intercultural competence is the ability to expand your EMDR skills to other cultures. It has both an attitude aspect and a technical aspect : a different style of relating and communicating with your client, and different things to ask and explore.
This workshop offers a systematic way to understand this type of differences, it offers also very practical do's and don'ts, and tips and tricks to overcome difficulties.
The participants will learn intercultural competence in the development of resources and the building up of affect tolerance, making use of the healing rituals, objects and symbols of their clients own culture.

Keywords: Culture

Accuracy Verified: Yes

7. O'Shea, K. (2008, June). Anger, imagination and EMDR – what EMDR has taught us about the importance of anger and how to facilitate its safe release. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Assocation, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Jaak Panksepp’s text, Affective Neuroscience (1998), informs us of the vast amount of neurological data available to show that, like all mammals, anger is one of our basic affective circuits. Yet it is not identified as such in the diagnostic manual, at least here in the States. Only the destructive outcomes of angry behaviors are included. Guiding EMDR sessions over the past 17 years has given me the opportunity to observe the nondestructive release of anger as a protective response to harmful (traumatic) experiences. Imagination appears to provide us with an innate ability to acknowledge the degree of harm, and to experience, at a physical level, the capability to protect ourselves and others, if anything similar recurs. Following that release, I consistently see what I call “Compassion-with-Protection”, spontaneously expressed. Others call it “forgiveness”. Because of their experiences with destructive anger and our cultural avoidance of anger, clients often have difficulty allowing their angry feelings to be felt and released during EMDR work. Letting them know they have this capability can enable them to “just notice what happens” during trauma reprocessing. This workshop will address, via description and case examples, how EMDR has clarified the nature of anger. It will specify how EMDR clinicians can support their clients in releasing anger non-destructively (by clearing the anger circuit during Preparation, teaching them how the Imagination works - for self-use and during reprocessing, - and identifying the most efficient targeting sequences), so they can update their systems to their current level of capability and fully experience the “Compassion-with-Protection” that naturally follows.

Keywords: Anger Imagination

Accuracy Verified: Yes

8. Callipo, N. (2007-2008). Applicazioni del pensiero controfattuale negli esiti post-traumatici [Applications of counterfactual thinking in post-traumatic events]. Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Applicazione del pensiero controfattuale negli esiti post-traumatici 1. Introduzione. Il pensiero controfattuale è un processo che esprime la capacità di riflettere e modificare gli scenari di situazioni da cui sarebbero potuti conseguire esiti differenti dalla realtà. Nella quotidianità è comune che un sentimento di rammarico – il regret - venga provato a seguito di una discrepanza tra i risultati attesi e la realtà. La ricerca e l’esperienza condivisa dicono che, rilevare le differenze tra ciò che avremmo voluto e ciò che abbiamo ottenuto, ci aiuta a pianificare azioni più efficaci nel futuro. Tuttavia, in condizioni di elevato stress, come quello provato dopo un evento indesiderato e traumatico, possono fare irruzione nella coscienza pensieri nella forma “Se solo non fossi stato così…”, oppure “Se solo non avessi fatto” o “Se avessi fatto qualcosa per evitare tutto ciò”; nel tentativo di annullare (undoing) idealmente le conseguenze dell’accaduto. Questi pensieri controfattuali possono sortire l’effetto di amplificare emozioni e sentimenti come il biasimo, la rabbia, la vergogna e il senso di colpa. L’attitudine alla generazione automatica, indiscriminata e non finalizzata all’azione, di domande e affermazioni ricorsive, può condensarsi in un particolare stile di pensiero – la ruminazione – che sottende sensazioni di disagio diffuse e invalidanti, come gli stati depressivi, ansiosi ed ossessivi. La prima parte di questo lavoro è occupato da una rassegna sulle ricerche che, inizialmente, pongono il pensiero controfattuale nel quadro delle più generali abilità di problem-solving; successivamente, la prospettiva funzionale, riesce a farne risaltare il versante adattivo, rilevante ai fini della regolazione degli stati affettivi e, più in generale, del mantenimento della salute mentale. Nella seconda parte viene discusso il ruolo del pensiero controfattuale, in relazione al suo versante disfunzionale , con particolare riguardo agli esiti post-traumatici. Nella terza parte vengono analizzati i modelli di elaborazione delle informazioni che riconoscono un ruolo al pensiero controfattuale nella regolazione dell’umore, citando alcuni paradigmi psicoterapeutici, tra cui l’Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), ideato da Francine Shapiro. Per verificare l’applicazione del pensiero controfattuale nel trattamento degli esiti post-traumatici sono stati riportati due esempi: uno tratto dalla letteratura sull’EMDR e un caso di disturbo ansioso-depressivo, in trattamento con psicoterapia a orientamento cognitivo.

Application of counterfactual thinking in a post-traumatic results. Introduction. The counterfactual thinking is a process that expresses the ability to reflect and change scenarios of situations that could have been large gains different from reality. In everyday life it is common that a feeling of regret - the regret - should be tried as a result of a discrepancy between expected results and reality. The research says that shared experience, point out the differences between what we wanted and what we have achieved, helps us to plan more effective actions in the future. However, under conditions of high stress, such as that experienced after a traumatic event and unwanted, they can break into the conscious thoughts in the form "If only I had not been so ..." or "If only I had not done" or "If I had done something to avoid anything "in an attempt to cancel (undoing) the ideal of what the consequences. These counterfactual thoughts may have the effect of amplifying emotions and feelings such as blame, anger, shame and guilt. The ability to generate automatic, indiscriminate and not action-oriented questions and statements recursive, it can condense into a particular style of thinking - rumination - that underlies feelings of discomfort common and disabling, such as depression, anxiety and obsessive . The first part of this work is occupied by a review of the research that initially pose the counterfactual thinking in the context of more general skills of problem-solving, since then the functional perspective, can bring out the side adaptive, relevant to the regulation of affective states and, more generally, of maintaining mental health. The second part discussed the role of counterfactual thinking, in relation to its dysfunctional side, especially with regard to post-traumatic results. In the third part analyzes the patterns of information processing that recognize a role in regulating mood counterfactual thinking, citing some psychotherapeutic paradigms, including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), developed by Francine Shapiro. To test the application of counterfactual thinking in the treatment of post-traumatic results were two examples: one taken from the literature on EMDR and a case of anxiety-depressive disorder, treatment with cognitive-oriented psychotherapy.

Keywords: Counterfactual Thinking Informational Processing

Accuracy Verified: Yes

9. Sautai, G. (2007, Juin). Approche des patient poly-traumatisés par immersion EMDR [Approach of poly traumatised patients with EMDR immersion]. Présentation à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Certains patients présentent "traumatisme poly» ou «empoisonnement psychique» tel que décrit par Jacques Roques dans «Guérir Avec l" EMDR. "Souvent, il s'agit d'un environnement socio culturel a commencé pendant l'enfance. Sur la base de l'hypothèse formulée par Francine Shapiro que le traumatisme peut engendrer des «bloqué les réseaux neuronaux," nous supposons une mise en forme "pourrait se produire au cours de la petite période d'apprentissage.
Exposés à un traumatisme insidieux et répétitifs, un jeune cerveau Virgin Stores réseaux neuronaux liés à la vulnérabilité des enfants en tant que mécanisme de défense. Cela pourrait être obstrué par des perturbations répétitives créer une souffrance psychologique. En tant qu'adulte, ce réseau neuronal inhibiteur, stimulée par déclenchement d'exprimer des comportements excessifs et une forte émotion que nous avons appelé le «non adapté en forme» (NAF).
Nous savons combien il est difficile de prendre ce type d'intoxication »en charge des séances de thérapie EMDR traditionnels en raison de l'interférence des composants multimodal. Habituellement, ils participent émotions mixtes liés à la sécurité, l'estime de soi et le libre choix. Par conséquent, nous avons développé une modalité particulière: EMDR immersion qui est un cours intensif de 10 jours consécutifs de traitement par le patient. «L'objectif clinique est de traiter les dimensions de la croissance personnelle et le développement ainsi que l'élimination de plus de la souffrance» (Francine Shapiro).
Notre expérience comprend 24 patients avec un niveau élevé de troubles psychologiques liés à la NAF. Seuls les patients avec expérience dissociative échelle score inférieur à 25 ont été considérés.
Nous utilisons l'approche thérapie EMDR suivant les 8 étapes du protocole standard.
Nous recevons toute l'histoire chronologique du patient, «de la naissance à aujourd'hui», permet nous permet d'identifier une moyenne de sept objectifs principaux.
Pour être capable de transmuer la NAF à une résolution d'adaptation, nous introduisons un des noms de ressources notamment l '«archaïsme», définie comme «la partie de l'être humain en charge de Live principe de préservation."
Nous l'accès au réseau d'information dysfunctionally stockée par le biais des objectifs.
Nous stimulons le système de traitement de l'information et de la maintenir en forme dynamique avec tactiles et autres additifs stimulations bilatérales. Nous passons l'information par le suivi du processus de libre-association et de lancement des procédures pour s'assurer que la cible transmue à une résolution adaptative.
Comme mesure psychométrique et méthode d'évaluation, nous utilisons l'échelle PCL-S sur les traumatismes exprimé par le patient au début de MED immersion. Le score moyen est de 70 degrés avant l'immersion elle à 28 deux mois plus tard et à 26 six mois plus tard.
En ce qui concerne les résultats encourageants, nous décidons de partager l'expérience afin de mettre à jour.

Some patients present with “poly traumatism” or “psychic poisoning” as described by Jacques Roques in “guérir avec l”EMDR.” Often it is a socio cultural environment started during childhood. Based on the hypothesis formulated by Francine Shapiro that trauma could engender “blocked neuronal networks,” we assume a “formatting” could occur during the childhood learning period.
Exposed to insidious and repetitive trauma, a virgin young brain stores neuronal networks related to the child vulnerability as defense mechanism. That could get blocked by repetitive disturbances creating psychological pain. As an adult, this blocker neuronal network, stimulated by trigger express excessive behaviors and strong emotion we called the “Non Adapted Formatting” (NAF).
We know how difficult it is to take this “poisoning” in charge with traditional EMDR sessions because of the multimodal components interfering. Usually, they involved mixed emotions related to security, self esteem and free choice. Therefore, we developed a particular modality: EMDR Immersion that is an intensive, 10 consecutive days of therapy with the patient. “The clinical goal is to address the dimensions of personal growth and development along with the elimination of over suffering” (Francine Shapiro).
Our experience includes 24 patients with a high level of psychological disturbance related to the NAF. Only patients with Dissociative Experience Scale score less than 25 were considered.
We use EMDR therapy approach following the 8 phases of the standard protocol.
We receive the complete chronological story of the patient, “from birth to now,” allows allows us to identify an average of seven main targets.
To be able to transmute the NAF to an adaptive resolution, we introduce a particular resource names “Archaism” defined as “Part of the human being in charge of Live Principle Preservation.”
We access the dysfunctionally stored information network through the targets.
We stimulate the information-processing system and maintain it in dynamic form with tactile and additive alternative bilateral stimulations. We move the information by monitoring the free-association process and initiating procedures to make sure that the target transmutes to an adaptive resolution.
As psychometric measurement and method evaluation, we use PCL-S Scale on the traumatisms expressed by the patient at the beginning of MED Immersion. The average score is at 70 before Immersion it degrees to 28 two months later and to 26 six months later.
Regarding the encouraging results, we decide to share the experiment in order to upgrade it.

Keywords: EMDR Immersion

Accuracy Verified: Yes

10. Oglesby, C. (1999). Assessment of the appropriateness of EMDR use in sport interventions. Symposium conducted at the annual conference of the Association of the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology, Banff, Alberta, Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Initial research indicated extraordinary efficacy ofEMDR interventions with various forms of trauma. As more and more research was undertaken, often by researchers removed from clinical EMDR experience, contradictions emerged and EMDR samples sometimes fared no better than others. Recent research with an athletic population indicated that possible "individual differences" characteristics of potential subjects mayaccount for some of the previous contradictory results. Possible screening devices will be discussed in the context of a successful case study report.

Keywords: Athletes Interventions Sports Psychology Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

11. Nickerson, M. (2012, October). Attachment at the societal level: Reprocessing internalized stigma and oppression. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Arlington, VA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Attachment challenges also occur at the societal level as individuals seek to integrate in a meaningful way into social groups and the larger society. An added dimension of clinical work awakens with a cultural context lens that understands social identity and addresses the traumatic impact of social marginalization and oppression. The AIP model successfully predicts that internalized stigma and oppression can be dismantled by building inner resources, reprocessing memories associated with experiencing discrimination and integrating new knowledge about social dynamics. Practical EMDR based strategies will be portrayed with clinical examples, videotaped sessions and the validating feedback from over 60 EMDR therapists who explored these issues in training practicums.

Keywords: Attachment Internalized Stigma Oppression

Accuracy Verified: Yes

12. Del Rosario, J. R. (2005). Attitudes toward EMDR: Differences between psychologists and psychiatrists. Midwestern University, Downer's Grove, IL.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorders Psychotherapy Methods PTSD Stress Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

13. Mueller-Schwefe, R. (2010, June). Back into life - EMDR with primary withdrawal after trauma. In Experimental use of EMDR. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
“Where I am? I am somewhere between heaven and earth, but I don't know where exactly." "My therapist waited for my anger, but it just isn't there...nowhere” – “I can't imagine anything helpful when I feel bad, I just don't have the energy... it's all too much for me." – “I just want to give up...” Reaction to traumatic events can vary a lot. This is true even when a PTSD has been diagnosed. Contrary to the 'classical' hyper-arousal response to traumatic memories there is also a different pattern of response that is characterized by a lack of an increase in heart rate, and very different pattern of neural activations, despite having a severe case of acute and subsequent PTSD'[l] and may go along with (peri- and posttraumatic) dissociation, emotional numbness, exhaustion, withdrawal and depression. The above statements belong to people with this pattern of response who have experienced subsequent difficulties already in the stabilization phase of their trauma-therapy. First, I will present an understanding of this symptomatology, the hypothesis being a predominance of the dorsal vagal system (see: Polyvagal Theory [2] and activation of the early withdrawal reflex (or: fear-paralysis reflex). This goes along with particular cognitive and especially emotional and physical features. Second, I will present a way to work with this condition, taking into account that the completion of "interrupted action." In this case does not imply an outward (fight or fight response) but an inward orientation withdrawal). EMDR with an adjusted protocol and tactile bilateral stimulation provides the way to process and pull through this interrupted (or unsatisfied) organismic withdrawal and the fear mostly associated with this process. Returning from this deep and primary withdrawal from life brings back the energy and the patient turns back towards life; vagal predominance subsides and the stuck impulse to withdraw releases. 1. Ruth A. Lanius, James W. Hopper, Ravi 5. Menon, Individual Differences in a Husband and Wife Who Developed PTSD After a Motor Vehicle Accident: A Functional MRI Case Study. Am J Psychiatry 160:4. April 2003, p. 668. 2. Porges. S.W. (2001). The Polyvagal Theory: Phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 42, 123-146. Learning objectives: 1. Recognize dorsal vagal predominance and primary withdrawal after trauma, 2. Understand the different orientation of interrupted action/ trauma scheme, 3. Know how to help withdrawal-patients to stabilize and process with adjusted EMDR-protocol and tactile or auditory bilateral stimulation. New and unique: Identifying this withdrawal-type of traumatic reaction and scheme, understanding it with the help of Polyvagal Theory and development of EMDR- adjusted protocol and way to process this.

Keywords: Primary Withdrawal Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

14. Oh, D. H., & Park, Y. C. (2010, July). Bilateral eye movement: Changes brain default network functions in EMDR treatment. Poster presented at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Introduction: The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of bilateral eye movement as one of the important therapeutic components through EEG analysis. We examined differences between pre-bilateral eye movement and post-bilateral eye movement of normal healthy volunteers in scalp recorded EEGs in two different ways. First, we used qEEG to examine differences in specific band frequencies after bilateral eye movement. Secondly, we utilized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) source imaging (Pascual-Marqui et al., 1994) to explore the underlying neural generators of changed EEG activity. Methods:32 college students participated in the study. EEG was recorded continuously during the experiment. All participants experienced 3 blocks: 1) pre-experiment, eye-closed EEG in resting state, 2) stimuli condition (either eye movement or fixation) and 3) post-experiment, eye-closed EEG in resting state. 32-channel, eyes-closed EEG (30 artifactfree s/subject) was analyzed (source localization using FFT approximation and LORETA). Results: We demonstrated different functional connectivity patterns of the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann area 23, 31) between bilateral eye movement and eye fixation phase. Conclusion: These results provided evidence to support that the bilateral eye movements in EMDR procedure gives rise to the changes of ‘brain default network’, accompanied by the alteration of regional brain electrical activity.

Keywords: Eye Movements Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

15. Keller, B., Stevens, L. C., Boyce, K., Lui, C., & Murray, J. (2011). Bilateral eye movements and EEG coherence during positive memories: Implications for PTSD and EMDR. Presentation at the American Psychological Association Conference, Washington, DC.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of bilateral eye movements in the processing of long-term emotional memories, especially as it pertains to the treatment method for PTSD known as EMDR. EMDR utilizes methods similar to cognitive therapy and exposure but also employs saccadic eye movements to facilitate the treatment. The saccadic eye movements are theorized by Shapiro and others to decrease emotional valence and vividness of episodic memories allowing for easier reprocessing. There remains some disagreement as to the actual role and importance of the saccadic eye movements as well as to the neurological effects of EMDR. This study used EEG power-spectral analysis and measures of interhemispheric coherence on 30 individuals who underwent one of three conditions while recalling positive episodic memories. The 3 conditions were (1) a solid black dot with no eye movement (control), (2) a low frequency color changing dot with no eye movement, and (3) a bilateral eye movement condition simulating EMDR. After a 5’ eyes-open baseline, participants experienced one of the three conditions while recalling a positive memory for five 1’ episodes. After each episode, each participant had 19-channel EEGs recorded while they stared ahead eyes opened. EEG data were noise artifacted, power spectral analyzed, and statistically analyzed for interhemispheric coherence differences between conditions for clusters of frontal pole (Fp), frontal (F), central (C), parietal (P), and occipital (O) electrodes. ANCOVA analysis of post-treatment coherence values, with baseline values as the covariate, across conditions showed significantly increased Low Beta (12-20Hz) activity in the Frontal region of the brain during the saccadic eye movements condition compared to the low frequency dot condition (p=.012). Also found were significantly increased Low Theta (4-6Hz) coherence values in the Parietal region of the brain in the low frequency dot condition compared to both the eye fixation (p=.017) and saccadic eye movement (p=.022) conditions. Self reports of memory clarity and vividness indicated significantly increased measures across all conditions. LORETA cortical localization analyses revealed Low Beta (12-20Hz) activation during the saccadic eye movements condition occurring primarily in Brodmanns Area 11 (BA11) and Brodmann Area 25 (BA25) and Low Theta (4-6Hz) activation during the low frequency dot condition focused in BA35 and BA36. LORETA neuroimages are presented. Cortical localizations of increased Low Beta interhemispheric coherence in BA11 (VentroMedial Frontal Cortex) and BA25 (Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex) following bilateral eye movements during the recall of positive memories suggest a synchronization of information processing activities in parts of the frontal cortex involved in planning, reasoning, and decision making (11) and in verbal episodic memory retrieval (25). These functions are consistent with the assigned tasks of review of positive episodic memories in this study. Coincident with this pattern of cortical activation was an obtained increase in memory clarity and vividness during episodic memory retrieval. It is possible that the obtained effects on beta activity were an artifact of eye movements; however, the lack of significantly increased signal coherence at the Fp region and the removal of eye movement artifacts prior to data analysis reduce this possibility. These results provide support for an Interhemispheric Coherence Model as an explanation for the positive effects of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing of retrieved memories. Additionally, these outcomes suggest that it is the saccadic eye movements, not a repetition of a rhythmic stimulus, that elicits the changes in interhemispheric coherence, and possibly in emotional valence and vividness, highlighting the importance of saccadic eye movements in EMDR.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation EEG Coherence Eye Movements: Positive Memories Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: No

16. Christman, S. D., & Stieber, P. (2005, February). Bilateral eye movements lead to a neutralization of affective state. Poster presented at the 33rd annual meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, St. Louis, MO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: Engaging in bilateral eye movements (EM) leads to increases in Stroop interference, improvements in episodic memory, and decreases in false memories in a converging semantic associates paradigm. These results are interpreted as reflecting EM-induced equalization of cortical activation and subsequent enhancement of interhemispheric interaction. Since increased right versus left hemisphere activation is associated with negative versus positive affect, respectively, it was hypothesized that EMs following a mood-induction procedure should result in neutralization of affect. Seventy three right-handed participants engaged in happy or sad mood induction procedures, providing mood ratings on a 1-9 scale, followed by 30 seconds of either bilateral EMs or, as a control, watching a dot change color repeatedly. Participants then supplied a second mood rating. Analyses of the Happy condition showed no mood differences after mood induction, with all participants yielding scores significantly happier than neutral. After administration of the visual condition, participants in the Colored Dot condition showed no change in mood. In the EM condition, however, participants showed a significant reduction in positive affect. Analyses of the Sad condition showed that the mood induction procedure failed, with participants reporting neutral moods after mood induction. Post hoc analyses of only those participants reporting sad moods after induction showed that participants in the EM condition exhibited a marginally greater neutralization of affect than in the Colored Dot condition. The results provide tentative support for the hypothesis that bilateral EMs result in neutralization of emotional states, reflecting an equalization of cortical activation in the left and right hemispheres.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Eye Movements

Accuracy Verified: Yes

17. Kuiken, D., Chudleigh, M., & Racher, D. (2010, December). Bilateral eye movements, attentional flexibility and metaphor comprehension: The substrate of REM dreaming?. Dreaming, 20(4), 227-247. doi:10.1037/a0020841.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Explanations for the effects of the rapid eye movements induced during Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 2001) have drawn upon an analogy with the eye movements of REM sleep (Kuiken, Bears, Miall, and Smith, 2002). An extension of that analogy posits two orienting systems, one involving threat-fear related mnemonic contextualization and another involving loss-pain related monitoring of conflicting response alternatives. In a study involving individuals who had recently experienced significant loss or trauma, we found that experimentally induced saccadic eye movements decreased reaction times to unexpected stimuli among those reporting traumatic distress (characterized by hyperarousal and intrusive thoughts) and increased reaction times among those reporting separation distress (characterized by vivid reminiscences and the sense of a foreshortened future). Also, we found that saccadic eye movements increased the perceived strikingness of metaphoric sentence endings among those reporting amnesia for events related to either loss or trauma. The eye movements of both EMDR and REM sleep may differently affect the attentional and cognitive reorienting activity of those living with the consequences of loss or trauma. These differences may be evident in their waking reflections and in their dreams.

Keywords: Attention Bereavement Dreams Eye Movements Metaphors REM Sleep Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

18. van Deusen, K. M. (2004, Summer). Bilateral stimulation in EMDR: A replicated single-subject component analysis. the Behavior Therapist, 27(4), 79-86.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
This study attempted to determine whether the eye movement component of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was necessary to account for positive treatment effects in subjects with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A single-subject alternating treatments design was replicated across four subjects to compare the effectiveness of EMDR with the effectiveness of a modified EMDR procedure in which the eyes remained in a natural state. The comparative procedure was chosen to eliminate the contribution of distraction and the addition of any other form of bilateral stimulation. The first hypothesis was supported. Subjects showed statistically significant pre- (baseline) to posttreatment improvement following EMDR and the modified EMDR procedure (without eye movements). The second hypothesis was not supported. While subjects significantly improved following both EMDR and the modified, without-eye-movements EMDR procedure, there were no statistically significant differences between treatments on within- or between-session measures. Instead, both treatments were found to be effective in reducing trauma and global symptoms in the four female subjects who participated in the study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Empirical Study Quantitative Study Single-Subject Componnent Analysis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

19. Gersons, B. (2013, June). Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD (BEP). Presentation at the 13th annual conference for the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS), Bologna, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD (BEP) is a trauma-focused treatment which has been shown to be equally effective for the treatment of PTSD as CBT/PE and EMDR. It is the treatment of choice if there is a need not only for decreasing anxiety but also for learning how the traumatic event has changed one's life and view on the world. It has been developed as a 16-session treatment manual for PTSD when CBT and EMDR were not available (www.traumatreatment.eu). BEP consists of (1) psychoeducation, together with a partner or close friend; (2) imaginal exposure preceded by relaxation exercises, focused on catharsis of emotions of grief and helplessness; (3) writing tasks to express aggressive feelings and use of mementos; (4) domain of meaning, focused on learning from the trauma, oneself and the world; (5) farewell ritual, to end treatment. The BEP-protocol has proved to be effective in randomized controlled trials. Also psychobiological recovery has been demonstrated. In the workshop the different elements of BEP will be outlined and taught, also using a DVD. Similarities and differences between CBT and EMDR will be presented. To summarize, CBT, EMDR and BEP are equally effective in reducing PTSD by different forms of exposure. BEP also offers essential learning from the traumatizing events based on psychodynamic insights and stimulates posttraumatic growth. Clinical cases will be discussed.

Keywords: BEP Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

20. Gersons, B. (2011, June). Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD (BEPP). Preconference presentation at the 12th annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD (BEPP) is a trauma-focused treatment which has shown to be equally effective for the treatment of PTSD as CBT/PE and EMDR. It is the treatment of choice if there is need for not only decreasing anxiety but also for learning from the traumatic how it has changed one's life and view on the world. It has been developed as a 16-session treatment manual for PTSD when CBT and EMDR were not available (www.traumatreatment.eu). BEPP consists of (1) psychoeducation, together with a partner or close friend; (2) imaginal exposure preceded by relaxation exercises, focused on catharsis of emotions of grief and helplessness; (3) writing tasks to express aggressive feelings and use of mementos; (4) domain of meaning, focused on learning from the trauma, oneself and the world; (5) farewell ritual, to end treatment. The BEPP -protocol in RCT 's has proofed to be effective. Also psychobiological recovery has been demonstrated. In the Workshop the different elements of BEPP will be outlined and trained, also with DVD. Similarities and differences with CBT and EMDR will be presented. To summarize, CBT, EMDR and BEPP are equal effective in reducing PTSD by different forms of exposure. BEPP also offers essential learning from the traumatizing events based on psychodynamic insights and stimulates posttraumatic growth. Cases of participants will be discussed.

Keywords: BEPP Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disosder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

21. Gersons, B. (2011, June). Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy for PTSD (BEPP). Pre-conference presentation at the 12th European Conference on Traumatic Stress (ECOTS), Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD (BEPP) is a trauma-focused treatment which has shown to be equally effective for the treatment of PTSD as CBT/PE and EMDR. It is the treatment of choice if there is need for not only decreasing anxiety but also for learning from the traumatic how it has changed one's life and view on the world. It has been developed as a 16-session treatment manual for PTSD when CBT and EMDR were not available (http://www.traumatreatment.eu/). BEPP consists of (1) psychoeducation, together with a partner or close friend; (2) imaginal exposure preceded by relaxation exercises, focused on catharsis of emotions of grief and helplessness; (3) writing tasks to express aggressive feelings and use of mementos; (4) domain of meaning, focused on learning from the trauma, oneself and the world; (5) farewell ritual, to end treatment. The BEPP -protocol in RCT 's has proofed to be effective. Also psychobiological recovery has been demonstrated. In the Workshop the different elements of BEPP will be outlined and trained, also with DVD. Similarities and differences with CBT and EMDR will be presented. To summarize, CBT, EMDR and BEPP are equal effective in reducing PTSD by different forms of exposure. BEPP also offers essential learning from the traumatizing events based on psychodynamic insights and stimulates posttraumatic growth. Cases of participants will be discussed.

Keywords: BEPP Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

22. Gersons, B. (2011, June). Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy for PTSD (BEPP). PreConference presentation at the 27nd annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: BEPP Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disosder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

23. Rossello-Mir, J., Revert-Vidal, X., Obrador, P., & Cardell, E. (2007, June). Brief EMDR protocol versus bilateral stimulation in the treatment of spider phobia. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR, that includes bilateral stimulation, causes the desensitization and reprocessing of traumatic memories, thus reducing anxiety, distress, fear, and other symptoms related with several anxiety disorders. Previous results show it is effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD, panic disorder, public speaking anxiety, etc. Relying on some previous results we think that a brief EMDR protocol could be applied to relieve symptoms of specific phobias.
To investigate this issue, we study the efficacy of a new brief EMDR protocol in the treatment of spider phobia. Furthermore, our design tries to clarify the controversy about which components of the EMDR procedure are relevant for patient’s improvement. More specifically, we compare the effectiveness of our brief procedures with that of simple bilateral stimulation that is, without eye movements, which necessity to obtain therapeutic outcome has been questioned.
We randomly assign twenty volunteers, female university students with spider phobia to one of three groups. We applied the brief EMDR protocol to the first one and bilateral stimulation to the second one, being the third group the control one. To assess the effectiveness of both treatments, in addition to apply traditional questionnaires, we designed a specific emotional Stroop task in order to make use of this tool to evaluate, before and after each treatment, the selective attentional biases, that seem to play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. We discuss the differences found in our results in reference to the controversy aforementioned and how they can help to understand the EMDR mechanism of action.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Brief EMDR Spider Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

24. Bower, R. D., & Bernstein, M. A. (2004). Case presentation of a tattoo-mutilated, Bosnian torture survivor. Torture, 14(1), 16-24.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Torture is used to create fear, destroy individuals and communities, and to suppress unwanted political or religious views. The survivor of torture often endures significant physical and psychological trauma. The basis for treating this trauma varies according to individual needs, community resources, programme designs, and cultural acceptance. The case presented here focuses on torture occurring during the Bosnian conflict of 1992 and demonstrates how the utilisation of a community-based, multidisciplinary network model can be effective in helping survivors through the recovery process. The unique circumstances of the study identify factors of imprisonment, rape, deprivation, physical violence and, particularly, body mutilation through tattooing. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Bosnians Case Report Cognitive Therapy Depressive Disorders Disfigurement Drug Therapy Females Generalized Anxiety Disorder Middle Aged Muslims Plastic Surgery Treatment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Refugees Survivors Torture Yugoslav of Secession

Accuracy Verified: Yes

25. Greenwald, R. (2001, December). Celia’s capsule and Robin’s two hands. EMDRIA Newsletter, 6(Special Edition), 18-20.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
This past year, I've learned of two EMDR-related interventions which I've wanted to try and work into my repertoire. I have been aware of Robin Shapiro's "Two Hand Interweave" technique (Shapiro, 2000, in this issue) for some times, and have had good luck with in on several occasions. Basically this entails holding one side of a conflict in each hand and concentrating on that while doing eye movements. This seems to engage the body and mind in a unique manner, which is within the reach of clinicians who may not feel comfortable with more dramatic movement therapy formats. More recently I learned of Celia Naccarato's "Capsule" intervention (Naccarato, 2000, in this issue), a cross between an interweave and guided visualization. The indication for this intervention is physical pain, which arises during EMDR and then does not resolve. It entails putting herself in a capsule, swallowing the capsule, and then inside the capsule going to the site of the pain. Once there, she is asked to describe what she sees, and then what she wants to do about it. Then she does it. The intervention ends when the client has come back out and returned to normal size.

Keywords: Capsule Two-Hand Interweave

Accuracy Verified: Yes

26. Burns, M. (2009, March). The challenges of using EMDR with refugee and asylum seeking children/adolescents. Symposium conducted the 7th annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland Association, Manchester, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This paper discusses the use of EMDR with refugee and asylum seeking children and adolescents using clinical case examples and shares the clinician’s own personal reflections on the lessons learned. The challenges of working with this group are explored drawing on research findings as well as the clinician’s experiences. Language and cultural differences can act as barriers to assessing children’s mental health or their suitability for EMDR even though in some cases it might be thought of as the treatment of choice. Working with Interpreters is often a key feature of this therapeutic work. The challenges are discussed with direct reference to The British Psychology Society’s recently published guidelines. There are ongoing stresses for these children and young people associated with displacement and their current situation in the UK. These stresses contribute to their psychological distress. Fear of being sent home or mistrust may also prevent them from providing full and accurate information hindering the clinician from obtaining an accurate assessment or trauma history. The importance of good therapeutic skills as the basis of an EMDR Approach is highlighted drawing upon a host of interventions (behavioural, physical, cognitive and motivational) to support clients in building up their own resources so that they can manage their distress between sessions. The therapist’s role in managing expressed emotions within the sessions is examined, not forgetting the impact of this on the therapist.

Keywords: Adolescents Asylum Children Refugees Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

27. Inoue, N., Nawa, J., Katoh, T., & Shirakawa, M. (2010, July). Changes in personality functioning over the course of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing trauma therapy: Findings on the early changes. Poster presented at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objective: Although eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is said not only to reduce trauma-related symptoms but also to enhance ability to function in life, its effectiveness in other than reducing trauma-related symptoms has yet to be verified. The objective of this study was to explore the broad range of effectiveness of EMDR, especially changes in the personality functioning during the early phase of treatment. Methods: Using the non-randomized design, we assessed and compared the treatment changes in subjects treated with EMDR and subjects who participated in the psycho-education course of trauma. Eligible subjects were adult women who experienced human-caused trauma such as domestic violence, rape, or childhood abuse. The Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS) was used as the first outcome measure to evaluate personality functioning, and self-report questionnaires and a clinical interview for trauma-related symptoms were used as the secondary outcome measures. Subjects of both groups were assessed at the time of enrollment in the study and 4 months after the enrollment. We completed the evaluation of 5 and 6 subjects in the EMDR and the control group, respectively. Results: The CS index for self-esteem and self-concern was improved in the EMDR sample compared with the controls. Women treated with EMDR showed increased openness to internal and external stimuli (assessed by CS F%), whereas some women in the control group even developed a tendency to avoid internal and external stimuli after 4 months. Conclusion: The differences of early changes in personality functioning between the EMDR group and the controls will be discussed in detail.

Keywords: Changes in Personality Functioning Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

28. Oh, D., & Choi, J. (2004). Changes in the regional cerebral perfusion after EMDR: A SPECT study of two cases. Journal of the Korean Society of Biological Psychiatry, 11(2), 173-180.

Language: Korean

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Over the last decade, EMDR(Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) has emerged as a promising new treatment for trauma and other anxiety-based disorders. However, neurobiological mechanism of EMDR has not been well understood. Authors report SPECT findings of two patients of PTSD before and after EMDR.Brain 99mTc-ECD-SPECT was performed before and after EMDR treatment. To evaluate the significance of changes in the regional cerebral perfusion, t-test was conducted on the resulting images using SPM99 . In addition, clinical scales(CAPS, CGI, STAI) were employed to asses the changes in the clinical symptoms of the patients. After EMDR treatment, each showed significant improvement in clinical symptoms. The cerebral perfusion increased in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and decreased in the temporal association cortex. The differences in the cerebral perfusion between patients after treatment and normal controls decreased. These changes appeared mainly in the limbic area the and the prefrontal cortex.These results suggest that EMDR may show the therapeutic effect through 1) improvement in the emotional control by increased activity in the prefrontal cortex, 2) inhibited hyperstimuli on amygdala by deactivation of the association cortex, 3) inhibition on past trauma related memory, and 4) keeping the functional balance between the limbic area and the prefrontal cortex. This case report needs further replication from studies with larger sample. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Brain Imagining Adults Females Koreans Motor Vehicle Accidents Neurophysiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychiatric Inpatients PTSD: Rape SPECT Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

29. Oh, D. H., & Choi, J. (2007). Changes in the regional cerebral perfusion after eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A SPECT study of two cases. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(1), 24-30. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.24.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has emerged as a promising new treatment for trauma and other anxiety-based disorders. However, the neurobiological mechanism of EMDR has not been well understood. This study reports changes in the resting regional cerebral blood flow after successful EMDR treatment in 2 patients with PTSD. Brain 99mTc-ECD-SPECT (Technetium 99m-ethyl cysteinate dimmer-single photon emission computerized tomography) was performed before and after EMDR, and, in addition, a pre- and posttreatment comparison was made with 10 non-PTSD participants as a control group. After EMDR, cerebral perfusion increased in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and decreased in the temporal association cortex. The differences between participants and normal controls also decreased. Changes appeared mainly in the limbic area and the prefrontal cortex. These results are in line with current understanding of neurobiology of PTSD. EMDR treatment appears to reverse the functional imbalance between the limbic area and the prefrontal cortex. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Brain Imaging Females Koreans Motor Traffic Accidents Neuroimaging Neurophysiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychiatric Inpatients PTSD Rape RCBF Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

30. CIGNA HealthCare (2008, June 15). Cigna Healthcare Coverage Position: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Revised June 15, 2008, .

Language: English

Format: Publication

Abstract:
Systematic reviews: Van Etten et al. (1998) conducted a meta-analysis of the literature regarding treatments for PTSD. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relative efficacy of various treatments for PTSD. A total of 41 studies were included, that yielded sixty-one treatment outcome trials. Eleven studies were included that examined EMDR. The authors report that behavior therapy and EMDR were the most effective psychological therapies for PTSD, with the two being generally equally efficacious. The review noted that behavior therapy was significantly more effective than all treatments, on observer-rated total PTSD symptoms and no differences in comparative treatment efficacy were discernable between behavior therapy and EMDR across the specific symptom domains of PTSD. It was noted that effect sizes for these therapies were large relative to control conditions, indicating good treatment acceptance. It was also noted, however, that “despite its apparent efficacy, what works in EMDR and the mechanism for how it works remains unclear. That is, we know little about the active ingredients in EMDR and the mechanisms by which these ingredients result in decreased PTSD symptoms.” The literature is not conclusive regarding the role of eye-movement in this treatment.

Keywords: Practice Guidelines

Accuracy Verified: Yes

31. Shapiro, R. (1999, June). Clearing cultural and generational trauma with EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will learn: 1) to define and identify cultural and generational trauma; 2) to help clients identify these traumas; 3) a protocol for clearing internalized cultural bias; 4) a protocol for clearing generational bias; and 5) the Two-Handed Differentiation Protocol

Keywords: Cultural Bias Cultural Trauma Differentiation Protocol Generational Bias Generational Trauma Two-Handed

Accuracy Verified: Yes

32. Figley, C. R., Carbonnell, J., Boscarino, J., & Chang, J. (1999, Summer). A clinical demonstration model for assessing the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions: An expanded clinical trials methodology. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 1(Part 3), 155-164 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Both the evaluation of current treatment interventions and the innovation of new ones are vital to maintaining a viable clinical profession. In the field of psychology, however, often there are serious challenges facing these worthy endeavors. This article reviews several problems and limitations with evaluation of innovative psychotherapy treatments in clinical practice and suggests a strategy to overcome these. This approach, which we term the "Systematic Clinical Demonstration Methodology" (SCDM), combines the skills of clinicians with the rigors of clinical trials methods and permits concurrent clinical innovation and scientific evaluation. Here we suggest that the SCDM approach allows innovative practitioners to assist in the development and evaluation of promising clinical interventions by working closely with clinical trials researchers. This allows innovative clinicians to demonstrate new treatment approaches, while clinical researchers evaluate the effectiveness and safety of these interventions using clinical trials methods that incorporate qualitative data. We suggest that this approach can result in the development and evaluation of new treatment innovations more quickly and cost effectively than traditionally has been the case. In addition, some limitations commonly associated with clinical trials, such as not treating patients typically found in clinical practice, failing to treat patients with multiple disorders, or treating patients from different cultural or sociodemographic groups, can be more effectively addressed. Our experiences with using this method to evaluate different psychotherapy treatments for PTSD are presented as an example of this new approach. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Brief Psychotherapy Methodology Neurolinguistic Programming NLP Outcomes Research Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Controlled Trials RCT Systematic Clinical Demonstration Methodology TFT Thought Field Therapy TIR Traumatic Incident Reduction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

33. Opdyke, D. C. (1995, May). Clinical efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Georgia State University. AAT 9608510.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has gained notoriety as a brief treatment for PTSD. In EMDR, clients repeatedly bring up traumatic events in memory and visually track stimuli moving back and forth in front of them. Previous group studies of EMDR have had methodological problems, however. The present study attempted to (1) assess EMDR's effectiveness compared to an Eye Focus treatment controlling for eye movement; (2) compare both treatments to a wait-list control; and (3) rate therapist characteristics to check experimenter bias.20 participants suffering from PTSD were randomly assigned to either EMDR or Eye Focus (EF) treatments, and immediate treatment or wait-list conditions. After two 90-minute treatment sessions, outcomes were assessed on subjective measures of anxiety (SUDs) and cognitive beliefs (VOCs). The mean SUDs pre-post differences on matched pairs t-tests indicated significant reduction of disturbance for both the EMDR group, p < .001, and the Eye Focus group, p < .001. VOC ratings showed similar treatment gains. Two-factor analyses assessed changes across groups (2 administrations x 2 treatment groups) on two standardized measures, the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the Modified PTSD Symptom Scale (MPSS). The IES showed a main effect for treatment F (2, 18) = 16.45, p < .001, while wait-list remained unchanged F (2, 18) = 1.09, p > .05. A significant interaction F (2, 18) = 6.69, p < .05 supported treatment efficacy. EMDR and EF participants improved equally on the IES, i.e., no differences for type of treatment, F (2, 18) = 0.54, p > .05. The MPSS also showed a main effect for treatment, F (2, 18) = 6.46, p < .05, with wait-list unchanged, F (2, 18) = 0.27, p > .05. This interaction was not significant, p =.10. Further, both EMDR and EF groups demonstrated improvement on the MPSS. Results suggest that (1) EMDR and Eye Focus are both effective in reducing some self-reported PTSD symptoms; (2) EMDR and Eye Focus scores improved significantly compared to wait-list; and (3) ratings of experimenter bias suggested that the EMDR and Eye Focus participants were treated equally by the therapist. Future comparison studies should use larger samples, independent assessors, and equally-trained independent therapists. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 56(11-B), May 1996, pp. 6402

Keywords: Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

34. Keane, T. (1999, November). Cognitive behavior therapy: Different approaches to different trauma populations. In R. Bryant (Chair), Symposium Intervention Research, International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Miami, FL .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This symposium presents recent findings of treatment outcome studies that have applied cognitive behavior therapy to a variety of trauma populations. Edna Foa presents data on her study that compares prolonged exposure (PE), prolonged exposure combined with cognitive restructuring (PE/CR), and a wait-list control for assault vcitims with PTSD. Initial data suggests that PE and PE/CR show comparably superior benefits in treating PTSD. Annmarie McDonagh-Coyle presents data on a major treatment study of childhood sexual abuse survivors with PTSD. This study compares CBT with Present Centered Therapy and a wait-list control condition. Initial findings point to similar improvements in CBT and PCT groups relative to controls. Claude Chemtob presents data on a community-based study of disaster-affected children who were provided with either indiviudal or group treatment that involved four sessions. At one-year follow-up, 32 children who were still symptomatic were provided with exposure-based therapy that included EMDR. Intervention resulted in symptom reduction and reduced utilization of health resources. Richard Bryant presents preliminary findings of a treatment study of acute stress disorder, which compares CBT, CBT+Hypnosis, and supportive counseling. Initial findings indicate that whereas CBT and CBT+Hypnosis are comparably more effective in preventing PTSD than supporitve counseling, hypnosis is associated with greater reductions in anxiety. As Discussant, Terry Keane integrates these diverse studies in terms of their procedural differences, conceptual overlap, and directions for more emprically based treatments of traumatic stress.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Symposium Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

35. Makinson, R. A., & Young, J. S. (2012, April). Cognitive behavioral therapy and the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Where counseling and neuroscience meet. Journal of Counseling & Development, 90(2), 131-140. doi:10.1111/j.1556-6676.2012.00017.x .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
There is increasing evidence to support the biological basis of mental disorders. Subsequently, understanding the neurobiological context from which mental distress arises can help counselors appropriately apply cognitive behavioral therapy and other well-researched cognitive interventions. The purpose of this article is to describe the neurobiological context underlying the formation and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorders, a mental disorder frequently encountered by counselors, from a cognitive therapy framework.
Recent changes to the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (2009) accreditation standards include the need for counselors-in-training to understand the neurobiological basis of behavior, which marks a new direction for the training of professional counselors who have historically reacted ambivalently toward medical models for understanding client concerns and treatments. Yet recent findings in neuroscience actually support the verbally based interventions that counselors typically use in treatment; therefore, there is much to be gained by counselors and counselor educators in understanding the basics of human neurobiology and how commonly used counseling interventions intervene on these biological systems. The National Institute of Mental Health (2010) stated in a recent strategic plan that “Important discoveries in areas such as genetics, neuroscience, and behavioral science largely account for the substantial gains in knowledge that have helped us to understand the complexities of mental illnesses and behavioral disorders over the past 15 years” (“Introduction,” para. 4).
Given the increasingly biological focus of mental health research, the practicing counselor is faced with the task of understanding and using the emerging mental health treatments and explaining to clients, to reimbursing agencies, and to the broader public how counseling fits within the medically dominated mental health culture. Some counselors have long reacted ambivalently toward the pathologically oriented diagnostic categories of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV;American Psychiatric Association, 1994) system and the medication-dominated world of psychiatry. For example, the contrasting viewpoints on this issue were published in the Journal of Counseling & Development between Allen and Mary Ivey (1998, 1999) and Scott Hinkle (1999). Ivey and Ivey (1998) argued for a developmental interpretation to the DSM-IV, opposing what they called the “pathological view” (p. 334) of the manual. According to Ivey and Ivey, disorders could be viewed through a positive development tradition to lie not within the individual but within the contextual systems in which a person lives. Subsequently, disorders are viewed as a “logical response to a developmental history” (Ivey & Ivey, 1999, p. 484). By contrast, Hinkle (1999) argued that because anxiety and depressive disorders “are the most common clinical symptoms associated with presentation to counseling” (p. 475), the counseling profession is weakened if counselors shy away from direct participation in the DSM nomenclature and treatment parlance. As Hinkle indicated, “mental disorders according to the medical model describe disease processes, not people” (p. 475). Regardless of the reader's philosophical perspective, practicing counselors know participation in medical and psychiatric systems is necessary at times. Also, recent discoveries in the field of neuroscience are providing evidence that interventions often used by counselors have direct physiological impact on client neurobiology (Kennedy et al., 2007; Linden, 2006). For example, Felmingham et al. (2007) demonstrated significant differences in brain activity before and after 8 weeks of exposure therapy, which correlated with a reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. Similarly, Paquette et al. (2003) found that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) alters the activation and metabolism of specific brain regions following successful treatment of spider phobia. These findings, along with others (for a detailed review, see Beauregard, 2007; Frewen, Dozois, & Lanius, 2008), are significant because they support the techniques, interventions, and approaches used by counselors and provide a mechanism by which counseling positively affects brain physiology. Within the emerging physiologically based treatment milieu, counselors should be prepared to articulate how cognitive counseling interventions make measurable changes to the client. Although cognitive-behavioral-based approaches are effective in the treatment of a number of psychiatric illnesses, adult PTSD is arguably one of the best understood mental disorders from a neurological perspective. It thus presents a valuable model for exploring not only the basic tenets of neurobiology but also the mechanisms behind its successful treatment. Furthermore, PTSD is a disorder that counselors will likely encounter in practice.
PTSD is a mental disorder characterized by a sudden onset of symptoms due to environmental exposure to a psychologically stressful event such as war, natural disaster, or sexual victimization. Thus, it provides a clear example of how, even in adulthood, neurological adaptation (in this case maladaptive changes) can functionally “rewire” the brain in a short period of time, resulting in a sustained array of clinical symptoms. The diagnostic criteria for PTSD are a history of exposure to a traumatic event meeting two criteria and symptoms from each of three symptom clusters: intrusive recollections, avoidant/numbing symptoms, and hyperarousal symptoms. A fifth criterion concerns duration of symptoms and a sixth assesses functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).
The National Comorbidity Survey Replication, conducted between February 2001 and April 2003 (Kessler et al., 2005), determined that the estimated lifetime prevalence of PTSD among American adults is 6.8%, with women (9.7%) twice as likely as men (3.6%) to have the disorder at some point in their lives. These findings are very similar to those of the first National Comorbidity Survey conducted in the early 1990s (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995), which was composed of interviews of a representative national sample of 8,098 Americans ages 15 to 54 years. In this earlier sample, the estimated prevalence of lifetime PTSD was 7.8% in the general population. As in the more recent survey, women (10.4%) were more than twice as likely as men (5%) to have PTSD at some point in their lives (Kessler et al., 2005; Kessler et al., 1995).

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Neurobiological Basis of Behavior Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

36. Ho, M. S. K., & Lee, C. W. (2012). Cognitive behaviour therapy versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for post-traumatic disorder: Is it all in the homework then?. Revue Européenne De Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, 62(4), 253-260. doi:10.1016/j.erap.2012.08.001.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Introduction: Treatment of choice for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is either eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) or trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy (TFCBT). Objective: The aim of the present meta-analysis was to determine whether there are any differences between these two treatments with respect to efficacy and efficiency in treating PTSD. Method: We performed a comprehensive literature search using several electronic search engines as well as manual searches of other review papers. Eight original studies involving 227 participants were identified in this manner. Results: There were no differences between EMDR and TFCBT on measures of PTSD. However, there was a significant advantage for EMDR over TFCBT in reducing depression (Hedge's g = 0.63). The analysis also indicated a difference in the prescribed homework between the treatments. Meta-regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between hours of homework and gains in depression and PTSD symptoms. Conclusion: These findings are discussed in terms of efficacy and cost-effectiveness and the use of homework in therapy.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

37. Hogan, W. A. (2001, August). The comparative effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of depression. Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN. AAT 3004753.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a unique, short-term therapy shown to be effective in the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Application of EMDR to the treatment of depression was considered based upon the relationship between negative life experience and symptom onset, a pattern common to both PTSD and depression. Evaluation of the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of depression was accomplished via a comparison with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Because EMDR has been shown to be effective in the treatment of PTSD, the impact of EMDR and CBT upon symptoms comorbid to depression was investigated. EMDR was also compared to CBT assessing the participants' satisfaction. The participants, 15 per treatment group, received either one session of EMDR or cognitive behavioral therapy within the first four sessions. Pre and posttreatment assessment utilized two standardized instruments evaluating self-report of depressive and global symptoms. Participant satisfaction was assessed using a rating scale at posttreatment. Both treatment groups reported significant reductions in depressive symptoms and global symptoms. There were no statistical differences between groups on the symptom measures at posttreatment. Four participants in the EMDR group reported near complete remission of depressive symptoms and large reductions in global symptoms. No participants in the CBT group exhibited this pattern of symptom reduction. Regarding participant satisfaction, participants perceived EMDR to be less negative than CBT primarily due to the increased awareness of negative thoughts common to cognitive behavioral therapy but not experienced in EMDR treatment. The similarity in symptom reduction reported for both groups suggested the undue influence of non-specific treatment effects. The marked remission of symptoms reported by the four participants in the EMDR group parallels the symptom reductions noted in EMDR studies of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 62(2-B), Aug 2001, pp. 1082.

Keywords: Comorbidity CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Therapy Depression Empirical Study Major Depression Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

38. van Etten, M. L., & Taylor, S. (1998). Comparative efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 5(3), 126-144. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199809).

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A meta-analysis was conducted on 61 treatment outcome trials for PTSD. Conditions included drug therapies (TCAs, carbamazepine, MAOIs, SSRIs, and BDZs), psychological therapies (behaviour therapy, Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), relaxation training, hypnotherapy, and dynamic therapy), and control conditions (pill placebo, wait-list controls, supportive psychotherapies, and non-saccade EMDR control). Psychological therapies had significantly lower drop-out rates than pharmacotherapies (14% versus 32%), with attrition being uniformly low across all psychological therapies. In terms of symptom reduction, psychological therapies were more effective than drug therapies, and both were more effective than controls. Among the drug therapies, the SSRIs and carbamazepine had the greatest effect sizes, although the latter was based upon a single trial. Among the psychological therapies, behaviour therapy and EMDR were most effective, and generally equally so. The most effective psychological therapies and drug therapies were generally equally effective. Differences across treatment conditions were generally evident across symptom domains, with little matching of symptom domain to treatment type. However, SSRIs had some advantage over psychological therapies in treating depression. Follow-up results were not available for most treatments, but available data indicates that treatment effects for behaviour therapy and EMDR are maintained at 15-week follow-up. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Antimanic Drugs Benzodiazepine Derivatives Hypnotherapy Meta Analysis Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy PTSD Relaxation Therapy Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Treatment Effectiveness Tricyclic Derivatives

Accuracy Verified: Yes

39. Williams, K. (2006, August). A comparative experimental treatment outcome study: Female survivors of sexual assault suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and trauma-related guilt – self-report and psychophysiological measures. Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, CAN.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Diverse psychotherapeutic approaches for treating trauma-related sequelae have emerged over the last several decades in response to the widespread prevalence of sexual assault and resultant posttraumatic stress disorder among women (PTSD). In a recent formal study (Grace, 2003), a newer treatment called one eye integration (OEI) has been shown to be effective for traumatized individuals. The purpose of this study was to build upon those findings by comparing the effectiveness of two treatments for reducing PTSD symptoms with a breathing, relaxation, autogenics, imagery, and grounding (BRAIN) control condition. Twenty-seven female rape or sexual assault survivors who met the criteria for PTSD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Text-Revision, (DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000) were randomly assigned to three groups: (a) a neurologically-based therapy called OEI, (b) an information processing model referred to as cognitive processing therapy-revised (CPT-R), or (c) a control condition (BRAIN), PTSD, depression, and trauma-related guilt symptoms were assessed pretreatment, posttreatment and at 3-month follow up, and qualitative electroencephalography (qEEG) brainwave patterns of two regions of the scalp (frontal and parietal) were measured pre and posttreatment. The following dependent measures were used: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), and t he Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI). Though there were no significant differences in PTSD symptoms between groups from pretreatment to post treatment assessments, a significant difference occurred between pretreatment and 3-month follow up, with OEI manifesting greater reductions than CPT-R or BRAIN. There were no significant differences between groups in depression, but there was a reduction in BDI-II scores over time. Reduction in guilt-related symptoms occurred on several scales and subscales for all three groups over time from pretreatment of posttreatment assessments, though not significantly by group. A significant difference was found for the Global Guilt subscale at 3-month follow up, with greater improvement for the OEI group. Preliminary results from cortical brain activity assessments indicate typical qEEG asymmetry patterns for PTSD and depression, though there were no significant group differences apart from minor post hoc analyses. Implications of these findings for clinical work and directions for future research were discussed.

Keywords: Depression Female Guilt Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Sexual Assault Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

40. Seidler, G. H., & Wagner, F. E. (2006, November). Comparing the efficacy of EMDR and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of PTSD: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Medicine, 36(11), 1515-1522. doi:10.1017/S0033291706007963.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are both widely used in the treatment of PTSD. There has, however, been debate regarding the advantages of one approach over the other. This study sought to determine whether there was any evidence that one treatment was superior to the other. Method: We performed a systematic review of the literature dating from 1989 to 2005 and identified 8 publications describing treatment outcomes of EMDR and CBT in active-active comparisons. 7 of these studies were investigated meta-analytically. Results: The superiority of one treatment over the other could not be demonstrated. Trauma-focused CBT and EMDR tend to be equally efficacious. Differences between the two forms of treatment are probably not of clinical significance. While the data indicate that moderator variables influence treatment efficacy, we argue that because of the small number of original studies, little benefit is to be gained from a closer examination of these variables. Further research is needed within the framework of randomized controlled trials. Conclusions: Our results suggest that in the treatment of PTSD, both therapy methods tend to be equally efficacious. We suggest that future research should not restrict its focus to the efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency of these therapy methods but should also attempt to establish which trauma patients are more likely to benefit from one method or the other. What remains unclear is the contribution of the eye movement component in EMDR to treatment outcome. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Cognitive Therapy Meta Analysis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

41. Oncley, P. R. (1992). A comparison of eye movement desensitization and implosion-like therapy with adult victims of sexual abuse. Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, CA. AAT 9302718.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is a recently developed technique that has been reported in the literature to be effective in treating many of the symptoms associated with PTSD. This study investigated the role of saccadic eye movements in this technique by utilizing a multiple-baseline, across subjects design with 4 adult victims of childhood sexual abuse.Eye movement desensitization conditions (EMD) were compared to non saccadic eye movement conditions (NM) utilizing a Latin square design over one treatment session. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-R) and the PTSD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III (SCID) were used for initial diagnosis and screening. Treatment effectiveness between the intervention phase and 1 week follow-up was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the PTSD Symptom Checklist. Skin conductance response (SCR), heart rate, and subjective units of distress (SUDS) were assessed during pretreatment, treatment, posttreatment, and follow-up phases. Results showed no significant differences across subjects among SCR, heart rate, and SUDS between the EMD and NM conditions. IES and PTSD Symptom Checklist follow-up data showed symptom improvement for 3 of the 4 subjects. One subject's intrusive symptoms worsened. All subjects displayed less physiological reactivity to the traumatic imagery at follow-up. Mechanisms that contribute to the effectiveness of EMD and recommendations for future study were discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Arousal Child Abuse Exposure Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

42. Vienot, R. C. (1998, July). A comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and biofeedback/stress inoculation training in treating test anxiety. Union Institute and University, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 9822000.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment, Biofeedback/Stress Inoculation Training (B/SIT) treatment, and no treatment (NT) were compared in treating test anxiety. Subjects (30) reporting test anxiety were randomly assigned to EMDR, B/SIT or NT. Treatment consisted of three 90 minute sessions using B/SIT and one 45 minute session/three 75 minute sessions using EMDR. Treatment therapists were licensed psychologists, counselors or social workers with two to twenty years experience using EMDR or B/SIT. Subjects in the NT group were offered treatment following the study. Six dependent variables were measured pre/post: trait and state anxiety (State Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI-T.S.), test anxiety (Test Anxiety Inventory, TAI-T.W.E.), rationality of personal beliefs (Rational Behavior Inventory, RBI), negative self statements (TAI-W) and self report of physiological response (Autonomic Perception Inventory, APQ) using.05 level. ANOVAs were performed followed by a Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparison. There was a significant interaction between pre-post tests and type of group on all dependent measures except the RBI. EMDR showed a tendency toward greater improvement from pre to post test than B/SIT and NT. There were no significant differences between groups on the pre test. Post group means indicated: (a) STAI-S, there was no difference between the groups; (b) STAI-T and APQ, EMDR and B/SIT had a greater reduction than NT; (c) TAI-E, EMDR showed more reduction than B/SIT and NT; (d) TAI-T and W, there were differences between all three groups with EMDR showing the most reduction. A meta-analysis was performed to determine clinical significance. Prior to treatment all three groups were above the normative effect size of 1 SD. The NT group showed no change on post tests. The EMDR group showed a larger reduction in effect size than B/SIT. Based on the data both EMDR and B/SIT reduced test anxiety with EMDR generally outperforming B/SIT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 59(1-B), Jul 1998, pp. 0430.

Keywords: Biofeedback/Stress Biofeedback Training Empirical Study Inoculation Training Stress Management Test Anxiety Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

43. Jaberghaderi, N., Dolatabadi, S., & Zand, S. O. (2002, Winter). A comparison of eye movement desensitzation and reprocessing and stress inoculation training (SIT) for sexually abused girls. Advances in Cognitive Science, 3(4), 16-26.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Fourteen sexually abused girls aged 12-13, were randomly assigned to receive either EMDR or SIT. Participants and their parents completed Child Report of Post Traumatic Symptoms (CROPS), and Parent Report of Post Traumatic Symptoms (PROPS), pre and post treatment. Results indicated that there was significant influence only on the PROPS. But there was a significant impact on both these instrument (CROPS & PROPS), with EMDR. In evaluating CROPS and PROPS, factor analysis with SIT illustrated that, externalizing and internalizing symptoms in PROPS and avoidance thoughts and behaviors in CROPS were treated. Further the results gathered from factor analysis with EMDR, showed that internalizing and somatic symptoms in PROPS and self harm, depression feelings and also somatic symptoms in CROPS improved as well. Clinical findings also suggested that EMDR and SIT did not have any significant differences in treating posttraumatic symptoms. Factor analysis found that, EMDR was more effective than SIT in treating somatic symptoms of sexually abused girls.

Keywords: Iran Sexual Abuse SIT Stress Inocculation Training

Accuracy Verified: Yes

44. Busuttil, W. (2009, August). Complex post-traumatic stress disorder: A useful diagnostic framework?. Psychiatry, 8(8), 310-314 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases do not distinguish clearly between the clinical presentations resulting from exposure to single as opposed to multiple trauma. The developmental age of the victim is similarly not emphasized in symptom development and clinical presentation. Developmental trauma disorder and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are emerging as useful diagnostic frameworks in children and adults. This article reviews the literature and highlights conceptual evolution and differences from simple PTSD, as well as discussing differential diagnoses and clinical management.

Keywords: Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

45. Prattos-Spongalides, T. A. (2001, June). Connotation difficulties encountered in the application of the EMDR protocol in one’s native language. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The goal of this workshop is to determine connotation difficulties encountered in the application of important EMDR components like Safe Place, Negative Cognition, and VoC into one's native lnaguage; identify successful solutions already used in non-English speaking countries; share and demonstrate how cultural differences and value may alter/cloud the content of protocol components; develop a list of flexible alternative phrasings for use with novice EMDR therapists in non-English speaking countries as a resource aid and relief to the strain stemming from the unavoidable adaption of the EMDR protocol into one's native language.

Keywords: Culture Diversity

Accuracy Verified: Yes

46. Prattos-Spongalides, T. A. (2002, May). Connotation difficulties encountered in the application of the EMDR protocol in one’s native language. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Frankfurt, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Chairs: Sack, M. & Spector, J.

Keywords: Cultural Considerations Native Language

Accuracy Verified: Yes

47. Schmitt, A. (2011). Conséquences des violences conjugales sur la santé psychologique des victimes, prise en charge par la thérapie EMDR [Consequences of domestic violence on the psychological health of victims, taking care by EMDR therapy]. Université de Metz, Metz, France.

Language: French

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Les violences conjugales représentent un problème de santé public majeur. En 2011, en France, tous les 2.5 jours, une femme meurt sous les coups de son compagnon. Les violences conjugales résultent de la conjonction de facteurs individuels, conjugaux, sociaux mais également culturels, qui seront détaillés dans cette recherche qui présentera également l'état de l'art concernant les conséquences de ces violences, leurs possibilités de prise en charge et la thérapie EMDR. Quatre études ont été menées dans cette recherche. La première porte sur les conséquences des violences conjugales auprès d'un public de femmes bénéficiant d'un accompagnement social. Il s'agissait d'apporter une contribution aux résultats déjà observés dans la littérature. La seconde étude porte sur la prise en charge de 5 femmes ayant vécu un évènement traumatique en couple et s'étant séparées de leur agresseur. La thérapie EMDR donne des résultats véritablement encourageants, ce qui nous amène à la tester auprès d'un public plus lourdement traumatisé, ayant vécu des violences conjugales d'intensité et de nature variable, durant de nombreuses années (étude 3). Les résultats de l'étude 3 mettent en évidence l'importance de l'adaptation de l'outil thérapeutique à la problématique de la victime et les limites de l'utilisation de l'EMDR auprès de certains types de publics, dont les victimes de violences conjugales. Une analyse de contenu des séances EMDR nous a permis d'affiner nos analyses grâce à une vignette clinique présentée dans l'étude 4. De plus, des personnes n'ayant pas pu être intégrées dans le protocole expérimental ont malgré tout été suivies, ce qui permet une réflexion autour de l'adéquation de la méthode thérapeutique et du cadre expérimental à la victime grâce à une étude de cas, également présentée dans l'étude 4. Toutes ces observations permettront l'émergence de suggestions concernant la prise en charge des victimes de violences conjugales.

Domestic violence represents a major problem for public health. In France, every 2,5 days, a woman dies by the hands of her partner. Domestic violence is the result of the conjunction of individual, domestic, social and also cultural factors to be detailed in this research that will also present the state of art, regarding the consequences of this violence, its means of management and EMDR therapy. Four studies were led in this research. The first one is about the consequences of domestic violence for a group of women benefiting from social support. The idea was to bring a contribution to the results already observed in literature. The second study is about the caretaking of five women who experienced a traumatic event during their couple life, and then split up with their molester. EMDR therapy gives really encouraging results, and it led us to test it with a public more heavily traumatized, who lived intensity and variable violence during many years (study 3). The results of the third study highlight the importance of the adaptation of the therapeutic tools to the problematic of the victim, and the limits of the use of EMDR with some public, included the victims of domestic violence. An analysis of the EMDR sessions content allowed us to refine our analyses thanks to a clinical "vignette" showed in study 4. Moreover, people that could not be included in the experimental protocol were all the same followed up, allowing a reflection around the appropriateness of the therapeutic method and of the experimental frame to the victim thanks to a case study, also presented in study 4. All these observations will allow the emergence of suggestions concerning the caretaking of the domestic violence victims.

Keywords: Domestic Violence

Accuracy Verified: Yes

48. Staff. (2003, June). Consortial member profile: The Human Performance Laboratory at the University of Calgary. Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 47(2), 84-92.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The CCCRC now has 12 members and is a network of Canadian researchers designed to foster cross-disciplinary research collaboration on a variety of issues that will advance the CCA’s Research Agenda. Each issue of the JCCA will feature a Consortial Member profile and clinicians and researchers are invited to establish links with those areas of interest. The first Consortial member to be featured is Dr. Walter Herzog at the University of Calgary.
We completed our first study in eye movement desensitization reprocessing therapy (EMDR). The study showed that EMDR is an effective method for helping athletes overcome traumatic events. Athletes significantly reduced their anxiety as a result of the therapy. We also found that those receiving therapy have gaze control characteristics outcome that make have an influence on the conduct and of the therapy.

Keywords: Athletes Gaze Control Characteristics

Accuracy Verified: Yes

49. Carrigan, M., & Levis, D. (1999, January-April). The contributions of eye movements to the efficiacy of brief exposure treatment for reducing fear of public speaking. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 101-118. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00042-5.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The present study was designed to isolate the effects of the eye-movement component of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) procedure in the treatment of fear of public speaking. Seventy-one undergraduate psychology students who responded in a fearful manner on the Fear Survey Schedule II and on a standardized, self-report measure of public speaking anxiety (Personal Report of Confidence as a Speaker; PRCS) were randomly assigned to one of four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The two independent variables assessed were treatment condition (imagery plus eye movements vs. imagery alone) and type of imagery (fear-relevant vs. relaxing). Dependent variables assessed were self-reported and physiological anxiety during exposure and behavioral indices of anxiety while giving a speech. Although process measures indicated exposure to fear-relevant imagery increased anxiety during the procedure, no significant differences among groups were found on any of the outcome measures, except that participants who received eye movements were less likely to give a speech posttreatment than participants who did not receive eye movements. Addition of the eye movements to the experimental procedure did not result in enhancement of fear reduction. It was concluded, consistent with the results of past research, that previously reported positive effects of the EMDR procedure may be largely due to exposure to conditioned stimuli (ScienceDirect).

Keywords: Americans College Students Empirical Study Experimental Stressors Females Phobia Psychophysiology Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

50. Greenwald, R., McClintock, S. D., & Bailey, T. D. (In press). A controlled comparison of progressive counting and eye movement desensitization & reprocessing. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Ten therapists who were already trained and experienced in eye movement desensitization & reprocessing (EMDR) received training in progressive counting (PC), a newer trauma resolution method. Nineteen volunteers with single-incident trauma or loss were assigned to a therapist and then randomized to treatment condition; 15 completed treatment to termination criteria or until the fourth session. Participants in both conditions experienced significant reductions in PTSD symptoms, memory-related distress, and presenting problems at one week post-treatment, maintained at 12-week follow-up, with no significant differences in outcomes, treatment efficiency, or dropout rate. The preliminary findings of this pilot study suggest that PC is an efficient, well-tolerated, and effective trauma treatment that is relatively easy for therapists to master.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Exposure Loss Progressive Counting Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: No

51. Hyer, L. A., Boudewyns, P. A., Peralme, L., Touze, J., & Kiel, A. (1995, June). Controlled treatment outcome study using EMDR on combat-related post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
After the status of PTSD was established, subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions; EMDR, exposure control (EC), and group (GT). Subjects in EMDR condition received at least five but no more than eight sessions of EMDR. EC condition subjects therapy procedure as the EMDR subjects but without the eye movements. Subjects in the GT condition received five to eight session of group therapy only. Outcome measures were at intervals; prior to therapy, immediately following therapy and at two follow-up periods. These include: (1) self report or interview-related psychological measures (Combat Exposure scale, MMPI-2 PTSD, Veterans Adjustment Scale (VETS), Mississippi Scale, Hamilton (Depression and Anxiety); (2) behavioral outcome measures (employment, treatment seeking behavior medication therapy, and re hospitalization rate); and (3) psychophysiological response measures (skin conductance, frontalis EMG, heart rate and blood pressure). The last measures involved a change measure in psychological arousal during exposure to tape recorded scripts depicting the patients' most traumatic combat memory. In addition to these pre-, post-, follow-up measures, measures (SUD, profile of mood scale (POMS), and impact of events scale (IOE) were taken at each therapy session. Early results on selected outcomes show differences in positive outcome between conditions POMS EMDR>GT (p<.01); IOE Avoidance, EMDR>GT (p<.04); IOE Intrusion, EMDR>GT(p<.03); Heart Rate, EMDR>GT (p<.04). Presently, there were no other significant differences between EMDR or EC. Trends, however suggest that EMDR may be superior to EC on several of the measures. These results indicate that EMDR may be producing greater reduction in the conditioned emotional response to traumatic memories in these patients, when compared to group therapy approach commonly used to treat these types of patients in a special VA treatment program.

Keywords: Combat Controlled Treatment Outcome Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

52. Johnson, D. R., & Lubin, H. (2006). The counting method: Applying the rule of parsimony to the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Traumatology, 12(1), 83-99. doi:10.1177/153476560601200106.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A study is described comparing Prolonged Exposure, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, and the Counting Method with 51 multiply-traumatized women. Measures of PTSD were significantly reduced by all three methods, but differences among the methods were negligible. Because the Counting Method utilizes only imaginal exposure as a therapeutic element, support is given to the more parsimonious conclusion that imaginal exposure may be both the necessary and sufficient factor in therapeutic effect, countering a trend in the field toward more complex, multi-faceted treatment packages. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Counting Method Exposure Therapy Females Imaginal Exposure Multiple Traumatic Events Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Women

Accuracy Verified: Yes

53. Lee, C. (2008). Crucial processes in EMDR - More than imaginal exposure. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(4), 262-268. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.262.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The processes that underlie the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) are examined by evaluating the procedural differences between it and exposure therapy. Major factors include the degree of emphasis placed on reliving versus distancing in the therapies and the degree to which clients are encouraged to focus on direct trauma experiences versus experiences associated with the trauma. Research results indicate that, unlike traditional imaginal exposure, reliving responses in EMDR did not correlate with symptom improvement. Instead, consistent with an information processing model, the degree of distancing in EMDR was significantly associated with improvement. A case study is described to highlight these methodological divergences in the respective therapies relating to reliving. Finally, the research regarding the possible sources of the distancing response within EMDR was examined. The results indicate that the distancing process was more likely to be an effect produced by eye movements than by any therapist instructions. Theoretical and research evaluations indicate that the mechanisms underlying EMDR and traditional exposure therapy are different.

Keywords: Exposure Therapy Information Processing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Reliving

Accuracy Verified: Yes

54. Spierings, J. (2001, May). Cultural adaptations of EMDR. Presentation at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, London, UK .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In this presentation the concept of "intercultural competence" is developed. A structured way is introduced to develop a therapeutic relationship with clients from another culture in order to build up trust and to bridge cultural differences in styles of processing and expression of emotion. The eight phases of EMDR will be reviewed and screened for necessary adaptations, leading to a series of practical guidelines, useful metaphors, rituals, and helpful concepts. The presentation will be illustrated with case examples, both successful and less successful.

Keywords: Cultural Adaptations

Accuracy Verified: Yes

55. Tol, W. A., Jordans, M. J. D., Regmi, S., & Sharma, B. (2005, June). Cultural challenges to psychosocial counselling in Nepal. Transcultural Psychiatry, 42(2), 317-333. doi:10.1177/1363461505052670.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article describes the way in which the practice of psychosocial counselling was adapted culturally to the context of Nepal within the Centre for Victims of Torture, Nepal (CVICT). After a brief description of the Nepali setting and CVICT’s counselling and training approach and the relationship of its psychosocial counselling intervention with existing methods of dealing with psychosocial problems, the cultural challenges of implementing psychosocial counselling and our response to them are sketched along with concepts deemed important in psychosocial counselling. A discussion follows in which the authors’ stance on the export of psychosocial counselling to non-western cultures is outlined.

Keywords: Centre for Victims of Torture Cross-Cultural Nepal Training

Accuracy Verified: Yes

56. Korkmazlar-Oral, U., Altuncu, Y., & Dogan, E. (2006, June). Cultural sensitivity and influencing factors of cognitions in EMDR applications. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR Europe, Istanbul, Turkey.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Cultural Sensitivity

Accuracy Verified: Yes

57. Shapiro, F., Hurley, E. C., de Roos, C., Horst, F., de Jongh, A., & Hornsveld, H. (2013, April). Current research on eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Presentation at the Anxiety Disorders and Depression Conference, La Jolla, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR therapy is widely recognized as an empirically supported trauma treatment and was given an “A” rating in the most recent practice guidelines of both the DVA/DOD and the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Meta-analytic findings report similar effect sizes for trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) and EMDR therapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there are distinct differences between the two modalities in both theory and practice. Unlike TF-CBT exposure therapies, with EMDR therapy there is only intermittent attention to the index trauma, homework is not required and detailed descriptions of the memory are not needed. Further, the eye movement component has been the subject of more than 20 randomized controlled trials that have reported positive effects supporting both working memory and orienting response/REM hypotheses. These effects include a rapid decrease in physiological arousal and negative emotion, as well as increased episodic memory retrieval and recognition of true information. Videotaped clinical sessions will illustrate these findings, as well as the differences between EMDR therapy and prolonged exposure.

Keywords: Practice Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

58. Rassin, E., Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1996). De pijndempende werking van eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is beperkt [The pain attenuation of EMDR is limited]. Directieve Therapie, 16(3), 274-284. doi:10.1007/BF03060149 .

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) werd in 1989 door Shapiro geïntroduceerd als een therapeutische techniek voor Posttraumatische stress–stoornis (PTSS). Sindsdien hebben diverse EMDR–;therapeuten geopperd dat deze interventie ook toepasbaar is bij andere trauma–gerelateerde klachten. In een studie van Hekmat, Groth en Rogers (1994) is geclaimd dat EMDR effectief is bij de behandeling van pijn. In het onderhavige onderzoek is deze claim verder onderzocht. Daartoe werden 45 gezonde vrijwilligers onderworpen aan 8 elektrische prikkels. De proefpersonen werden verdeeld over 3 groepen: een groep die behandeld werd met EMDR, een groep die ter afleiding van de prikkels naar een cartoon keek, en een controlegroep waarbij geen verdere interventie werd uitgevoerd. Zowel fysiologische als subjectieve reacties op de pijnprikkels werden geregistreerd. Op geen enkele effectmaat werden verschillen tussen de drie groepen gevonden. In de discussie wordt dit resultaat in een breder perspectief geplaatst.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was introduced by Shapiro in 1989 as a therapeutic technique for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Since then several EMDR, therapists suggested that this intervention is also applicable to other trauma-related symptoms. In a study by Hekmat, Groth and Rogers (1994) has claimed that EMDR is effective in treating pain. In the present study further investigated this claim. For this purpose, 45 healthy volunteers subjected to 8 electrical stimuli. The subjects were divided into 3 groups: one group treated with EMDR, a group that as a distraction from the stimuli to a cartoon look, and a control group with no further intervention was performed. Both physiological and subjective responses to pain stimuli were recorded. In no effect size differences were found between the three groups. In the discussion, this results in a wider perspective.

Keywords: Pain Attenuation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

59. Knipscheer, J., van Middendorp, H., & Kleber, R. (2011, August). De rol van cultuur in het omgaan met psychotrauma [The role of culture in coping with psychotrauma]. Psychologie & Gezondheid, 39(3), 125-131.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The role of culture in coping with psychotrauma In this paper, the theme of the special issue on Culture and Trauma is introduced. In both empirically oriented articles as well as theoretical and contemplative contributions, the role of culture and migration context in the development of psychological problems following trauma, culture-specific or generic coping with the consequences, help-seeking behavior, and the need for culturally sensitive treatment is explored. First, the influence of the migration context is considered with regard to the possible sickening role of the asylum procedure, the burden for immigrant women who have undergone female genital mutilation and now live in a society that seriously condemns it, and the dilemma of Islamic migrants who experience homosexual feelings while living in a secularized society. Following are some contributions on cultural diversity in the expression of trauma symptoms, like somatization among refugees and the articulation of rage and embitterment among labor migrants. The impact of trauma in combination with migration on families and how children can be affected by the traumatization of their parents is the topic of two contributions in which the role of the (extended) family is explored and a contextual approach to working with families with trauma-related symptoms (a mentalization based multifamily therapy) is described. The factors that impede therapyseeking behaviour and drop-out are discussed in a study on Moroccan or Turkish girls who were raped. Finally, the applicability and efficacy of evidence-based interventions for treating ethnic minority patients with posttraumatic stress disorder is illustrated by a study on Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing with refugees and an article on specific elements of intercultural trauma therapy that appear to be culturally sensitive.

Keywords: Asylum Procedure Cultural Diversity Culture Ethnic Minority Patients Female Genital Homosexuality Islamic Migrants Mentalization-Based Multi-Family Therapy Mutilation Migration Context Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Psychotrauma Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

60. Rijken, T. A. (2012). De werkzaamheid van eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Ondersteuning voor een afleidingstheorie [The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Support for a theoretical derivation]. Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
De eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) interventie wordt veelvoudig gebruikt in de gezondheidszorg en is een van de meest onderzochte interventies voor posttraumatische stress-stoornis. De populariteit van deze interventie kan mede worden toegeschreven aan de aangetoonde werkzaamheid van EMDR voor het verminderen van traumasymptomen. EMDR is een behandeling die bedoeld is om de helderheid en aversiviteit van traumaherinneringen te verminderen. Tijdens de interventie staat het ophalen van traumatische herinneringen en tegelijkertijd het maken van oogbewegingen centraal. De laatste jaren zijn labstudies toegepast om te achterhalen hoe EMDR precies werkt. Uit deze studies blijkt dat de belasting van het werkgeheugen door een duale taak een belangrijk component van EMDR is. Het werkgeheugen heeft namelijk een beperkte capaciteit. Dit zorgt ervoor dat er minder capaciteit beschikbaar is voor de traumatische herinnering wanneer deze tijdens de behandeling wordt belast met een taak (bv. oogbewegingen). De werkgeheugentheorie is bruikbaar, maar er is wellicht een simpelere verklaring voor de werkzaamheid van EMDR: afleiding. Het is praktisch te weten hoe EMDR werkt zodat er meer duidelijkheid ontstaat over hoe EMDR precies moet worden toegepast. Daarnaast is het begrip van de werking van EMDR belangrijk voor het vaststellen van eventuele bruikbaarheid bij meerdere stoornissen. Het doel van huidig experiment is het kritisch onderzoeken of er een verschil is tussen het ophalen van een negatieve herinnering met een visuele afleidingstaak en het ophalen van een negatieve herinnering met het maken van oogbewegingen op de mate van levendigheid en emotionaliteit. Daarnaast dient het onderzoek als replicatie van Kavanagh et al. (2001) die hetzelfde beoogde te onderzoeken, maar geen rekening hield met de cognitieve belasting van de taken. Uit de resultaten van het huidige onderzoek blijkt dat de oogbewegingstaak en de visuele afleidingstaak verschillen in de mate van vertraging op de reactietijdtaak. De oogbewegingen leiden tot een grotere vertraging. Desondanks laten de resultaten van het experiment zien dat tijdens het toepassen van de interventies de visuele ruis tot grotere reductie van zowel levendigheid als emotionaliteit leidt in vergelijking met de oogbewegingen en het niets doen. Oogbewegingen laten intermediaire resultaten zien. Het lijkt er op dat de resultaten in strijd zijn met de gangbare werkgeheugentheorie en de ‘afleidingstheorie’ ondersteunen als verklaring voor de werkzaamheid van EMDR. Het is wellicht afleiding dat voldoende zou kunnen zijn om de werkzaamheid van EMDR te bewerkstelligen. Meer onderzoek is nodig om deze resultaten te ondersteunen.

The Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) intervention is multiple used in health care and is one of the most studied treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. The popularity of this intervention may also be attributed to the demonstrated efficacy of EMDR for reducing trauma symptoms. EMDR is a treatment designed to reduce the brightness and aversiviteit memories of trauma reduction. During the intervention is retrieving traumatic memories while making eye movements centrally. In recent years labstudies used to determine how EMDR works. These studies show that the load on working memory by a dual task is an important component of EMDR. The memory has a limited capacity ie. This ensures that there is less capacity available for the traumatic memory during treatment when it is subjected to a task (eg eye movements). The working memory theory is useful, but there may be a simpler explanation for the efficacy of EMDR: distraction. It is practical to know how EMDR works so that more clarity about exactly how EMDR should be applied. In addition, the concept of the operation of EMDR important for determining the potential usefulness in multiple disorders. The purpose of the present experiment is to critically examine whether there is a difference between getting a negative memory with a visual distraction task and retrieval of a negative memory making eye movements on the degree of vividness and emotionality. Research must also as a replication of Kavanagh et al (2001) that the same was intended to investigate, but took no account of the cognitive load of the tasks. The results of the present study show that the oogbewegingstaak and visual distraction task differences in the extent of delayed response task. The eye movements lead to a longer delay. Nevertheless, the results of the experiment show that while applying the intervention visual noise to greater reduction in both vividness and emotionality results in comparison with the eye movements and do nothing. Eye movements show intermediate results. It seems that the results are contrary to the usual working memory theory and the "distraction theory 'support as an explanation for the efficacy of EMDR. It might distractions that may be sufficient to establish the efficacy of EMDR to achieve. More research is needed to support these results.

Keywords: Theory Derivation Working Memory Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

61. Worthington, R. (2012, April). Dealing with trauma as an intervention for aggression: A review of approaches and the value of reprocessing. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 4(2), 108-118. doi:10.1108/17596591211208319.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of trauma with specific consideration to the neurological impact this has on information processing and potential links with aggression. Design/methodology/approach - This paper provides a summary of the literature in relation to theories of aggression and trauma. The paper considers how the two may interact and overlap and considers a theoretical rationale for why addressing trauma through a treatment such as Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) may assist to reduce aggression. Findings - The paper argues that the experience of trauma may contribute to inputs which may take a person closer towards engaging in aggression. This is consistent with information processing models and unified models of aggression such as the General Aggression Model. Factors that were specifically identified included physiological hyper-arousal, hostile attributions of stimulus, and neurological impairments. In addition, the paper also argued that there is evidence that as a result of trauma, a person's ability to provide cognitive accounts for the function of their behaviour may also be impaired because of the reduced interactivity between the two prefrontal hemispheres. Research limitations/implications - The paper argues that as a result, interventions designed to reduce aggression may benefit from including additional elements which directly assist clients to process emotional information and that a reprocessing treatment such as EMDR could assist to reduce levels of emotional arousal and improve treatment effectiveness. Differences in the way in which EMDR is carried out and the variances in treatment protocols used should be attended to increase the reliability of future research. Originality/value - Current modes of aggression therapy have focused on exposure based and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). However, there is evidence that EMDR has benefits over exposure and CBT approaches because of the way in which cognitive verbal accounts of the trauma are not required and because EMDR does not require the individual to have insight into their trauma experience and the link with aggression.

Keywords: Aggression Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

62. Errebo, N. (2010, July). A decade of EMDR humanitarian trainings in Asia. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In 1999, EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Programs (HAP) began its work in Asia in Bangladesh. Since then HAP teams have trained clinicians in India, Indonesia, China, Thailand, Sri Lanka. This presentation will summarize what has been learned from ten years of experience in Asia. The EMDR HAP training in Sri Lanka following the 2004 tsunami will be presented in detail. Issues addressed will include needs assessment, organization, collaboration among organizations, ethics, cultural competence ,and program evaluation. Videotapes will show training and sessions of trainees with tsunami survivors. The presentation will show how to train participants to think, write, and speak about EMDR as well as how to competently and ethically utilize EMDR with clients. An EMDR training program was conducted as a joint project of three organizations: EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Programs (HAP), International Relief Teams (IRT), and the Sri Lankan National Counselors Association (SRILNAC). Between March and December 2005, 30 Sri Lankan counselors were trained in EMDR. These counselors demonstrated competence in EMDR on several measures, treated more than 1,000 children and more than 350 adult tsunami victims with EMDR in 2005, provided narrative reports and outcome measures for most of their clients, and formed the Sri Lanka EMDR Association (SEA). The crucial steps in establishing and implementing this training program are explained, with a summary of the subjective impressions and learning experiences most valued by the training team, including an excerpt from a trainer’s journal. This information may be useful to future cross-cultural humanitarian efforts following large-scale disasters. This article summarizes the crucial steps in establishing and carrying out this training program as well. Previous HAP programs in Bangladesh and Turkey (Konuk et al., 2006) had led to the development of a model of therapist training and service delivery following large-scale natural disasters. Great need for mental health treatment in developing countries following a disaster and the even greater challenge of delivering effective, culturally competent mental health treatment in these situations. Silove and Bryant (2006) praised the rapid needs assessment after the tsunami as an important advancement in psychiatric epidemiology that demonstrated the value of such assessment in guiding mental health interventions after disasters.They pointed out that the controversy over whether to offer psychological treatment after disasters confuses funding agencies and those planning mental health programs after disasters. Their concerns were echoed in Raphael and Stevens’s (2006) delineation of the emerging consensus about good mental health practice after disasters in an article that was not a part of the Bangkok symposium. IRT directors, EMDR-HAP staff, and SRILNAC leaders discussed crucial political, ethical, economic, and logistical decisions in conference calls and e-mails. They outlined a program that would be responsive to the culture and needs of Sri Lanka, would provide world-class EMDR training and consultation, and would follow International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) guidelines for mental health programs in post disaster situations (Weine et al., 2002). Following the funding mandate of IRT, the HAP team took responsibility for ensuring that services would in fact be delivered to tsunami survivors and that those services would be clinically effective. Therefore, requirements for continuing participation were quite specific, and trainees were more thoroughly evaluated than in previous HAP projects. These 30 counselors treated more than 1,350 tsunami survivors with EMDR between March and December 2005 and submitted outcome reports on these sessions that show marked improvement in PTSD symptoms. We know from e-mail contact that a number of participants continue to use EMDR effectively. As mentioned Important elements of the HAP training program in Sri Lanka included (a) adequate funding, (b) selection of trainees, (c) negotiation of objectives among HAP,IRT, and SRILNAC, (d) the pre-EMDR training in traumatology, (e) the consultation between trainings,(f ) the requirements for ongoing participation in the training, (g) a variety of measures of competence in EMDR, (h) the continuing, ongoing consultation with trainees, and (i) dedication. A project like this is expensive. IRT received.

Keywords: Asia HAP Humanitarian Assistance Programs Trainings

Accuracy Verified: Yes

63. Alblas, E. E. (2012). Desensitisation and facilitation of memory after eye movements: An effort to solve an apparent contradiction. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) is a disorder characterized by frequent vivid memories of a traumatic event. A current effective treatment for PTSD is Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing treatment (EMDR). A model to explain the desensitizing effects by eye movements is the dual task hypothesis of working memory (WM). This posits that eye movements as second task exceed WM capacity, thus blurring subsequent reconsolidation of the (traumatic) memory. Eye movements prior to recall however have also been observed to facilitate memory. This thesis reviews several models to analyse whether the conflicting findings could result from one underlying process, or whether procedural differences in study design are likely to generate the opposing effects.

Keywords: Memory Desensitization Memory Facilitation Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

64. Gelbach, R. A., & Davis, K. E. B. (2007). Disaster response: EMDR and family systems therapy under communitywide stress. In F. Shaprio, F. W. Kaslow, & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp. 387-404). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Disaster is commonly understood as an overwhelming misfortune that is not easily overcome or set right. Though our lives may go on after a disaster, it is virtually certain that they will have been transformed in some profound way. Nevertheless, it is very clear that not all who live through a disaster will be traumatized by it and that only a fraction of survivors will develop trauma-related disorders such as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Societies that have resources and choose to use them to shore up the infrastructure quickly and effectively will buffer their populations from increasing levels of PTSD. The impact of disasters on family and societal function and intervention priorities are discussed here. Report of the Task Force (2002) of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies is summarized next. The chapter then discusses psychotherapy as a response to disaster. Two approaches to postdisaster psychotherapy that have adapted well in diverse cultural environments are Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 2001) and family systems approaches. The therapy process is presented next. Other topics here include family and cultural considerations and group treatment. A case example is presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Disaster Response Disasters Emotional Trauma Family Systems Therapy Family Therapy Post Disaster Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stress Society Therapy Process

Accuracy Verified: Yes

65. Yule, W. (2008, April). Disaster, crisis and trauma psychology: Meeting the needs of children and adolescents. Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Psychological Society of Ireland and NIBPS, Dublin,Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation will summarise the work undertaken by the Standing Committee and describe the developments in Disaster, Crisis and Trauma Psychology as they relate to children and adolescents. Post Traumatic Stress Reactions are now well described in children, although much has still to be learned about pre-schoolers. Developmental and gender differences as well as family influences have all been investigated within a broad developmental psychopathology framework. Most excitingly, efficient and effective brief interventions such as trauma focused cognitive behaviour therapy and EMDR have been developed, applied and validated. These individually oriented interventions have also been adapted for large group interventions as are needed after major disasters and war. Recent developments will be highlighted and future directions indicated.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Crisis Disaster Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

66. Zucker, M., Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2006). Dissociative symptomatology in posttraumatic stress disorder and disorders of extreme stress. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 7(1), 19-32. doi:10.1300/J229v07n01_03.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The present study was designed to assess differences in dissociative symptoms in adults with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) vs. PTSD plus Disorders of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified (DESNOS). This study was done for two reasons: (1) to better understand the clinical profile of DESNOS clients in order to inform more effective treatment, and (2) to further empirical research on the validity of the DESNOS construct. To assess severity of dissociative symptoms, the authors administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) to 155 participants with PTSD. Using the Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress (SIDES), participants were divided into two groups: those who also met criteria for DESNOS and those who did not. DES means are provided for the two groups. Participants with PTSD plus DESNOS scored higher than participants with only PTSD on the measure of dissociative symptomatology, particularly on the DES scales that tap absorption/fantasy and depersonalization/derealization. The two groups did not differ on the amnesia subscale of the DES. Findings support the construct validity of the DESNOS concept and further delineate the clinical profiles of community-based PTSD with and without DESNOS, thus contributing to the knowledge base on the assessment of complex adaptations to trauma. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: Website: © 2006 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.]

Keywords: DES DESNOS Dissociation Dissociative Experiences Scale Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

67. Grohol, J. M. (2007, February). Does EMDR work for PTSD in just 5 sessions?. PsychCentral Online.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
For the first answer, I turn to Swedish researchers who examined 24 subjects who had just five sessions of EMDR therapy for the treatment of PTSD. After the five-session treatment, 67% of the subjects no longer met criteria for PTSD (compared to 10% of the control group), and there were significant differences post-treatment between the groups in Global Assessment of Function (GAF) scores and Hamilton Depression (HAM-D) scores. These latter two measures helped to measure how the person actually felt (versus some objective, but clinical, third-party diagnostic criteria). That’s significant, because it means that not only did two-thirds of those who received the EMDR treatment not meet the criteria for PTSD any longer, they actually felt better too. Sometimes researchers forget to measure silly things like that.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

68. Tallis, F., & Smith, E. (1994, May). Does rapid eye movement desensitization facilitate emotional processing?. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32(4), 459-461. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90010-8 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Recent years have seen considerable interest in rapid eye movement desensitization (REMD), a novel procedure for the treatment of traumatic memories and related conditions. REM is usually administered as a component of a broader therapeutic procedure, now termed eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). On the basis of previous and largely uncontrolled work, it is not clear to what degree therapeutic gains can be attributed exclusively to REMD. Following exposure to a contrived trauma, Ss were allocated to one of three conditions: REMD; slow eye movement desensitization (SEMD); and stationary-imagery (SI; i.e. no eye movement). Emotional processing was significantly impaired in the REMD group compared to the SEMD and SI groups. No significant differences were found between the SEMD and SI groups. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Experimental Stressor Random Clinical Trial RCT Survivors Young Adults

Accuracy Verified: Yes

69. Kruse, M. J. (2011, June). The effect of energy psychology on rates of relapse and recidivism for substance abuse offenders in a community correction setting. The University of the Rockies, Colorado Springs, CO. AAI3460565.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This dissertation was a study of a community corrections program which incorporated adjunct Energy Psychology Therapies for Substance Abuse Offenders (SAOs), who were transitioning back into community. Rates of relapse and recidivism were compared, upon success/failure to complete drug and alcohol treatment. When Energy Psychology therapies were added, assisting offenders in resolving underlying trauma issues, there were significance differences between groups. The Choices Program used brief therapies including: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, Thought Field Therapy, Emotional Freedom Techniques, (EMDR, TFT, EFT) along with group and individual classes/sessions to relieve underlying trauma symptoms. The results indicated that people who chose to resolve underlying trauma achieved more successful treatment outcomes, thereby lowering rates of relapse and recidivism significantly.

Keywords: Community Corrections EFT motional Freedom Techniques Energy Psychology Offenders Eye Movement Social Sciences Substance Abuse Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

70. Lee, H., Yum, M. K., Kim, S. H., Lee, Y. J., & Kim, D. (2008). Effect of horizontal eye movements on the heart rate variability after exposure to a fear-inducing film clip. Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 15(1), 35-45.

Language: Korean

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: There has been a continued debate regarding the role of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). This study examined the possible autonomic effect of horizontal eye movements after being exposed to fearful stimuli. Methods: Fifty two healthy adult women were randomly allocated to eye movement or eye fixed groups after watching a five minute fear-inducing film clip. ECG was recorded during the resting state, after watching the clip, and the treatment. A spectral power analysis of the heart rate variability was performed. As the variables violated the rule of normal distribution and the number in each group is small the non-parametric test was used. Results: Overall, we did not find the differences between the groups in both time and frequency domains. Some minor differences found were not consistent with results from previous studies. Conclusions: Effect of eye movement on autonomic nervous system during fear desensitization was not supported in this experiment. Further study with other psychophysiological measures is needed to understand the role of eye movements in treatment of traumatic memory.

Keywords: Autonomic Nervous System Eye Movements Eye Movements Females Fear Film Clip Heart Rate Variability Horitzontal Korean

Accuracy Verified: Yes

71. Becich, H. A. (1995). The effect of varying the rate of the eye movements in eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) with battered women. California School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles, CA. AAT 9531596.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The rapid saccades used in eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) have been reputed to be critical to its efficacy. To evaluate this hypothesis, the rate of the eye movements was varied in this study. Subjects included 27 battered women who were rated PTSD-positive by a modified version of the Symptom Checklist (MSC). Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: EMDR Fast, EMDR Slow or Control.Prior to treatment, subjects completed the Revised Impact of Events Scale (IES). Treatment involved one experimental session lasting up to 90 minutes. Dependent variables included the Subjective Units of Distress (SUDs) (derived from the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale), the Validity of Cognition (VOC) and the Vividness of Traumatic Image (VTI) Scales as well as the Intrusion subscales of the MSC and the IES. At post-treatment one week later, subjects again provided responses to the five dependent variables and, for ethical reasons, were provided another session of treatment at the EMDR Fast rate if their SUDs were 2 or greater. Results of the mixed, two factor analyses indicated no differences between the groups. Hence, the outcomes showed that the rapid eye movements did not provide a differential treatment effect as hypothesized. All groups experienced improvement on the SUDs and VTI Scales and the MSC Intrusion subscale, supporting occurrence of an exposure effect. This investigation was the first controlled EMDR study conducted with battered women, as well as the first experiment on this procedure using a clinical population in which the rate of the eye movements was varied. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 56(5-B), Nov 1995, pp. 2854

Keywords: Adults Americans Battery Empirical Study Follow-up Study Females Posttraumatic Stress DIsorder PTSD Spouse Abuse Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

72. Hechler, T., Blankenburg, M., Dobe, M,, Kosfelder, J., Hübner, B., & Zernikow, B. (2010, January). Effectiveness of a multimodal inpatient treatment for pediatric chronic pain: A comparison between children and adolescents. European Journal of Pain, 14(1), 97.e1–97.e9, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.03.002.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: To evaluate short and long-term treatment outcome of children (7-10 years) in comparison to adolescents (11-18 years) with disabling chronic pain following multimodal inpatient pain treatment. Patients and Methods: Thirty-three children and 167 adolescents underwent multimodal inpatient pain treatment. Standardized assessment of pain-related variables, disability, coping, and use of analgesics was performed at admission, 3- and 12-month follow-up. Results: Children and adolescents displayed similar pain-characteristics at admission. Adolescents demonstrated significantly higher disability and passive pain coping. Children relied more on others when in pain. All core variables (i.e., pain intensity, pain-related disability, school absence and pain-related coping) decreased significantly in both children and adolescents after 3 months. Both groups maintained this decline 12 months later. More than half of the children and adolescents demonstrated a 50%-reduction in pain intensity after 3 months, and almost 60% after 12 months. Use of analgesics was significantly reduced at 3-month follow-up with no additional changes after 12 months. While age did not exert any impact on results, there were significant gender differences in pain intensity and school absence. Girls demonstrated higher pain intensity and higher school absence 1 year following treatment. Conclusions: Children display similar pain-characteristics to adolescents when entering inpatient treatment. A multimodal inpatient program appears to stop the the long-term vicious cycle of disability and pain for both children and adolescents. The demonstrated gender differences raise issues for further research and the possibility of additional pain management strategies for girls.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Multimodal Inpatient Treatment Pediatric Chronic Pain

Accuracy Verified: Yes

73. Rubin, Al., Bischofshausen, S., Conroy-Moore, K., Dennis, B., Hastie, M., Melnick, L., Reeves, D., & Smith, T. (2001, July). The effectiveness of EMDR in a child guidance center. Research on Social Work Practice, 11(4), 435-457. doi:10.1177/104973150101100402 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of adding EMDR to the routine treatment regimen of child therapists. Method: 39 child guidance center clients were randomly assigned to an experimental group that received EMDR plus the center's routine treatment package or a control group that received only the center's routine treatment package. Results: Analyses of variance found no significant differences in Child Behavior Checklist scores between groups. Subanalyses conducted for 33 clients with elevated pretest scores found moderate effect sizes that approached, but fell short of, statistical significance. Conclusions: These findings raise doubts about notions that EMDR produces rapid and dramatic improvements with children whose emotional and behavioral problems are not narrowly connected to a specific trauma and who require improvisational deviations from the standard EMDR protocol. Further research is needed in light of the special difficulties connected to implementing the EMDR protocol with clients like those in this study. [Sage]

Keywords: Affective Disorders Behavior Problems Effectiveness Emotional & Behavioral Problems Empirical Study Treatment Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

74. Kannan, L., & Mehrotra, S. (2010, July). Effectiveness of EMDR with those undergoing traumatic divorce. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A contested divorce in an eastern cultural context qualifies to be classified as a traumatic event. Those experiencing this ongoing trauma often undergo PTSD and Depression. EMDR with its standard and current events protocol serves to mitigate both the anxiety and depressive symptoms significantly. This study looks at adapting EMDR for divorcing families in court, clinical and private settings. Participants will learn 1. Differences in cognition of marriage in different cultures such as western, Eastern and Middle Eastern and potential problems, which are culture specific. 2. What constitutes marital trauma and traumatic divorce in the Eastern context 3. The impact of marital trauma in terms of clinical presentation as well as non clinical parameters of well being such as self-esteem, general health, locus of control and quality of life among those undergoing EMDR. 4. How to use EMDR with those undergoing marital trauma with divorce proceedings and cultural implications. 5. Adaptations in the EMDR to the court environment as well as other setting where such clients may present themselves

Keywords: Divorce

Accuracy Verified: Yes

75. Fleming, J. (2012). The effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of traumatized children and youth. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(1), 16-26. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.6.1.16.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article provides a summary of all the studies that have investigated eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment of traumatized children and adolescents. The effectiveness of the treatment is revealed in more than 15 studies. This article considers the differences between Type I and Type II traumas and specifically examines the effects of EMDR on traumatic stress experienced by children and youth following Type I and Type II traumas. There is a considerable body of research evaluating EMDR treatment of Type I traumas, showing strong evidence for its efficacy, but there are few studies that have specifically investigated EMDR treatment of Type II traumas. The effect of EMDR on various symptoms and problem areas is also examined. Recommendations are made for the clinical application of EMDR and for further research.

Keywords: Children Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Review Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

76. Ernst, R. (2011, Juli). Effectiviteit van oogbewegingen, klikjes en geen dubbeltaak bij EMDR in een klinische steekproef [Effectiveness of eye movements, clicks and no double task of EMDR in a clinical sample]. Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Een werkgeheugen rekening van Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is op grote schaal ondersteund door laboratoriumonderzoek. Taken die belasting werkgeheugen voldoende Het een traumatische gebeurtenis herinneren terwijl het verminderen van emotionaliteit en levendigheid van traumatische herinneringen. Vaak therapeuten vervangen EMDR-Eye Movements met minder belasten binaurale piept, terwijl de laatste Suggest Sommige onderzoeken zijn inferieur aan oogbewegingen. De huidige studie direct vergelijken oogbewegingen en piept met EMDR in een klinisch monster. In een within-subjects design, 51 patiënten verwezen voor EMDR traumatherapie Hun herinneringen herinnerde tijdens het (a) het maken van gaten horizontale bewegingen, (b) binauraal luisteren naar pieptonen en (c) gericht op een punt (controle). Volgorde van de stimulaties gerandomiseerde WAS Deelnemers en Elke stimulatie over duurde zes minuten. De resultaten toonden aan dat oogbewegingen emotionaliteit en levendigheid van de herinnering reduceert aanzienlijk meer dan de controle, terwijl de emotionaliteit Meer met aanzienlijk minder in de buurt van oogbewegingen dan met pieptonen. Geen significante verschillen in Vermindering van levendigheid en emotionaliteit Beide werden gevonden tussen piept en controle. Hun trauma patiënten gewaardeerd meestal visuele herinneringen, terwijl meer in de buurt van visuele herinneringen significant geassocieerd met een grotere daling van de emotionaliteit en levendigheid met oogbewegingen. De studie ondersteunt Bewijs voor een cumulatief voordeel van oogbewegingen met EMDR. Resultaten worden besproken Deze modaliteit in termen van een specifieke werkgeheugen rekening en klinische implicaties worden besproken.

A working memory account of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been widely supported by laboratory research. Tasks that sufficiently tax working memory while recollecting a traumatic event reduce emotionality and vividness of traumatic memories. EMDR-therapists often substitute eye movements with less taxing binaural beeps, while some studies suggest the latter are inferior to eye movements. The present study directly compares eye movements and beeps with EMDR in a clinical sample. In a within-subjects design, 51 patients referred for EMDR therapy recollected their trauma memories while (a) making horizontal eye movements, (b) listening to binaural beeps and (c) focusing on one point (control). Sequence of stimulations was randomized across participants and each stimulation lasted for six minutes. Results showed that eye movements reduce emotionality and vividness of the memory significantly more than control, while emotionality reduced near significantly more with eye movements than with beeps. No significant differences in reduction of both emotionality and vividness were found between beeps and control. Patients rated their trauma memories mostly visual, while more visual memories were near significantly associated with a larger decrease of emotionality and vividness with eye movements. The study supports evidence for a cumulative benefit of eye movements with EMDR. Results are discussed in terms of a modality specific working memory account and clinical implications are discussed.

Keywords: Eye Movements Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

77. Pagani, M., Hogberg, G., Salmaso, D, Tarnell, B., Nardo, D., Sundin, Ö., Jonsson, C., Soares, J., Aberg-Wistedt, A., Jacobsson, H., Larsson, S.A., Hällström, T. (2007, October). Effects of EMDR psychotherapy on 99mTc-HMPAO distribution in occupation-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Nuclear Medicine Communications, 28(10), 757-765. doi:10.1097/MNM.0b013e3282742035.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a derangement of mood control with involuntary, emotionally fraught recollections that may follow deep psychological trauma in susceptible individuals. This condition is treated with pharmacological and/or cognitive therapies as well as psychotherapy with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). However, only a very limited number of studies have been published dealing with work-related PTSD, and investigations on the effect of treatment on cerebral blood flow represent an even smaller number. Aim: To investigate the short-term outcome of occupation-related PTSD after EMDR therapy by 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT. Method: Fifteen patients, either train drivers suffering from PTSD after having been unintentionally responsible for a person-under-train accident or employees assaulted in the course of duty, were recruited for the study. 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT was performed on these patients both before and after EMDR therapy while they listened to a script portraying the traumatic event. Tracer distribution analysis was then carried out at volume of interest (VOI) level using a three-dimensional standardized brain atlas, and at voxel level by SPM. The CBF data of the 15 patients were compared before and after treatment as well as with those of a group of 27 controls who had been exposed to the same psychological traumas without developing PTSD. Results: At VOI analysis significant CBF distribution differences were found between controls and patients before and after treatment (P=0.023 and P=0.0039, respectively). Eleven of the 15 patients responded to treatment, i.e., following EMDR they no longer fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. When comparing only the eleven responders with the controls, the significant group difference found before EMDR (P=0.019) disappeared after treatment. Responders and non-responders showed after therapy significant regional differences in frontal, parieto-occipital and visual cortex and in hippocampus. SPM analysis showed significant uptake differences between patients and controls in the orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann 11) and the temporal pole (Brodmann 38) both before and after treatment. A significant tracer distribution difference present before treatment in the uncus (Brodmann 36) disappeared after treatment, while a significant difference appeared in the lateral temporal lobe (Brodmann 21). Conclusion: Significant 99mTc-HMPAO uptake regional differences were found, mainly in the peri-limbic cortex, between PTSD patients and controls exposed to trauma but not developing PTSD. Tracer uptake differences between responders and patients not responding to EMDR were found after treatment suggesting a trend towards normalization of tracer distribution after successful therapy. These findings in occupational related PTSD are consistent with previously described effects of psychotherapy on anxiety disorders. [PubMed]

Keywords: 99mTc-HMPAO Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

78. Pagani, M., Hogberg, G., Salmaso, D., Nardo, D., Jonsson, C., Danielsson, A.M., Engelin, L., Jacobsson, H., Larsson, S. A., Hallstrom, T., & Sundin, Ö. (2006, September). Effects of EMDR therapy on 99mTc-HMPAO distribution in Post-traumatic stress disorder. Presentation at the European Assocation of Nuclear Medicine Congress, Athens, Greece. European Journal of Nuclear Medical and Molecular Imaging, 33, S169.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a derangement of mood control with emotional trauma recollections that may follow psychological trauma. It is treated with pharmacological and cognitive therapies as well as with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). However, a limited number of studies have been published dealing with job related PTSD, and an even smaller number have assessed the effects of treatment on CBF. The aim of this study was to investigate the short term outcome of occupation based PTSD after EMDR therapy by 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT. Methods Fifteen patients suffering PTSD after having experienced a person under train accident or having been assaulted at work were included into the study. 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT was performed before and after EMDR therapy while listening to a script portraying the traumatic event. Tracer distribution analysis was performed at VOI level using a 3D standardised brain atlas and at cluster of voxel level by SPM and was subjected to an analysis of treatment as well as contrasted to a group of 27 subjects exposed to the same psychological trauma and not developing PTSD. Results Eleven of 15 patients responded to treatment, i.e. they did no longer fulfil the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD after EMDR. Overall VOI analysis showed significant differences between, both before and after treatment conditions and controls (p<0.05) but no effect of period, i.e. treatment. However, when contrasting responders to controls the significant group difference present after treatment disappeared, indicating a normalization effect due to successful EMDR treatment. SPM analysis showed significant uptake differences in orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann 11) and temporal pole (Brodmann 38) before as well as after treatment as compared to controls. A significant tracer uptake group difference present before treatment in uncus (Brodmann 36) disappeared after treatment while a significant difference appeared in lateral temporal lobe (Brodmann 21). No tracer uptake differences were found by SPM as an effect of treatment, nor between the 11 responders and controls. Conclusion Significant 99mTc-HMPAO uptake differences, mainly in peri-limbic cortex, between PTSD patients investigated before and after EMDR and subject exposed to trauma not developing PTSD were found. Differences between the tracer distribution in patients before and after therapy were not significant neither at SPM nor at VOI analyses but the latter showed at group level an effect of symptom remission on tracer distribution. The findings underscore the validity of psychotherapy in anxiety disorders and confirm the efficacy of SPECT in psychiatry. [EANM]

Keywords: 99mTc-HMPAO Distribution Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

79. Pagani, M., Hogberg, G., Salmaso, D., Nardo, D., Jonsson, C., Danielsson, A. M., Engelin, L., Jacobsson, H., Larsson, S. A., Hallstrom, T., & Sundin, Ö. (2006, September-October). Effects of EMDR therapy on 99mTc-HMPAO distribution in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Presentation at the European Assocation of Nuclear Medicine Congress, Athens, Greece.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: 99mTc-HMPAO Distribution Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

80. Stapleton, J. A., Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. J. (2006, February). Effects of three PTSD treatments on anger and guilt: Exposure therapy, eye movement sensitization and reprocessing, and relaxation training. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(1), 19-28. doi:10.1002/jts.20095.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study sought to investigate the efficacy of prolonged exposure, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and relaxation training on trait anger and guilt and on trauma-related anger and guilt within the context of PTSD treatment. 15 PTSD patients completed each treatment and were assessed at posttreatment and at 3-month follow-up. All three treatments were associated with significant reductions in all measures of anger and guilt, with gains maintained at follow-up. There were no significant treatment differences in efficacy or in the proportion of patients who worsened on anger or guilt measures over the course of treatment. Between-treatment effect sizes were generally very small. Results suggest that all three treatments are associated with reductions in anger and guilt, even for patients who initially have high levels of these emotions. However, these PTSD therapies may not be sufficient for treating anger and guilt; additional interventions may be required. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Anger Canadians Exposure Therapy Guilt Longitudinal Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Relaxation Therapy Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

81. Coch , I. (2012, June). The effects of trauma on gender. Poster presented at the annual meeting of EMDR Europe, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The main aim of this work is primarily centred on the concept of trauma (PK and PS) and their influences to the psychological parameters of the population. In order to understand these relations, the study is split in two parts. First, whether there could be some type of correlation between trauma with some other variables (HY, MF, D and Es) or not. And, to analyse any similarities and differences in relation to trauma arising from within the two groups, female and male.

Keywords: Gender Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

82. Lee, C. (2006, May). Efficacy and mechanisms of action of EMDR as a treatment for PTSD. Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The first aim of this thesis was to describe the characteristics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and to elucidate its place as a symptom disorder that sometimes develops when people are exposed to a traumatic event. The current major theoretical approaches to account for why some people who are exposed to trauma develop PTSD and the mechanisms by which this occurs were described. Three classes of theories were reviewed: conditioning/learning approach; information processing theories with a particular focus on the meaning of the trauma event; and biological models with an emphasis on recent neurocircuitry and neurochemistry models. Successful treatment approaches were then reviewed which indicated two major contenders for the most efficacious treatment for PTSD: traditional cognitive behaviour therapies (CBT) using either stress inoculation or prolonged exposure; and eye movement desensitisation and processing (EMDR). Prior to the first study (Lee, Gavriel, Drummond, Richards, and Greenwald, 2002), a review of the literature indicated equivalent effects for EMDR and CBT. There had been very few direct comparison studies and each had serious methodological flaws, particularly with respect to random assignment and treatment fidelity. Therefore, the first study ensured adequate attention to these areas and involved a direct comparison between the two procedures using a sample of 24 participants diagnosed with PTSD. EMDR and stress inoculation training with prolonged exposure were found to lead to similar symptom improvement at the end of treatment, apart from a slight advantage for EMDR on intrusion symptoms. Both treatments led to significantly greater symptom reduction than a wait list control condition. At follow-up, EMDR led to greater gains on both self-report and observer rated measures of PTSD and self-report measures of depression. Overall, the findings were similar to those described in previously published studies, with a suggestion that EMDR was slightly more efficient than the standard CBT approach. Given that the evidence suggested that EMDR was a more efficient treatment, it became critical to understand the underlying processes. A process study was undertaken that examined the responses of people with PTSD receiving EMDR treatment (Lee, Taylor, and Drummond, 2006). Guided by process studies of other treatments and theories that might account for why EMDR is effective, participants' responses were examined to see which models better accounted for symptom improvement. The main analysis tested whether or not the responses were consistent with processes that occurred during traditional CBT treatment, which prior research had identified as reliving, or whether they were more consistent with Shapiro's proposal that enhanced information processing occurs because there is a dual focus of attention (that is, the person simultaneously focuses on an external stimulus and on the traumatic memory) (Shapiro, 1995). The responses made by 44 participants were coded by an independent rater according to whether they were primarily reliving, distancing, affect or material other than the primary trauma. The coding system was found to have satisfactory inter-rater reliability. Greatest improvement occurred when the participant processed in a more detached or distant manner, whereas reliving responses were not associated with improvement. Cross-lagged panel correlations suggested that processing in a more detached manner was a consequence of the EMDR procedure rather than a measure that co-varied with improvement. The findings underscored a difference in the processes that underlie EMDR and traditional CBT. The major question left unanswered from this second study was what causes this distancing process? Competing views were that it was facilitated by eye movement; alternatively, the therapist's instructions to participants might have precipitated this distancing phenomenon. The third study tested these ideas by randomly assigning 48 participants to either an eye movement or a no eye movement condition under two types of therapist instructions (reliving or distancing). Participants recalled personal distressing memories, and measures of distress and vividness were taken after treatment and at follow up. Only the eye movements made a significant difference to people's level of distress. This conclusion appeared at odds with some of the previous literature that had tested the effects of eye movement on levels of distress. A meta-analysis of some of this research had suggested that there was no significant advantage of including eye movement in EMDR treatment unless the person had been diagnosed with PTSD. However, a close examination of this meta-analysis indicated some major methodological flaws in the computation; therefore, this was recalculated. The conclusion from this fourth study was consistent with study three in that EMDR with eye movement was found to lead to significantly greater improvement that EMDR without eye movement. The results of these four studies were then discussed in terms of their implications for the theoretical models presented in Chapter 1. Aspects of learning theory that might account for EMDR efficiency were discussed as well as the failure of this model to account for treatment gains following EMDR. Information processing models were seen to better account for some of the phenomena observed in EMDR and for the findings from the four studies. Some suggestions of how eye movements might facilitate improved information processing were presented. Finally, the relative merits of EMDR and CBT treatments were discussed and suggestions made for when to combine approaches. The conclusions highlight the point that EMDR appears to be the most promising treatment for PTSD.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

83. Cronin, H. L. (2005). The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with racially and culturally diverse populations: A project based upon an independent investigation. Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, MA.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Keywords: Cross-Cultural Counseling Minorities Psychic Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

84. Hollwig, K. E. (2002). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of trauma and anxiety disorders. California State University, Long Beach, CA. AAT 1409202.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study evaluated the efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for treating trauma and anxiety disorders in adult, adolescent, and child clients with or without a dissociative disorder. Participants comprised 23 California-licensed mental health professionals who possessed at least a master's degree in the mental health field and specifically had been trained in EMDR by the EMDR Institute. Each participant completed a survey questionnaire developed specifically for this study. Results indicated significant differences between EMDR and the other surveyed therapeutic approaches for overall level of efficacy in treating trauma in adults and adolescents. Significant differences between EMDR and two other approaches for treating child trauma were also revealed. A significant difference was found between EMDR and one other approach for overall level of efficacy in treating anxiety in adults and adolescents. No significant differences were found between therapeutic approaches for treating child anxiety. Directions for future research are discussed.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

85. Lytle, R. A., Hazlett-Stevens, H., & Borkovec, T. D. (2002). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization in the treatment of cognitive intrusions related to a past stressful event. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16(3), 273-288. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00099-3.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Much of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) efficacy research has been widely criticized, limiting scientific understanding of its therapeutic components. The present investigation of Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD) effectiveness included undergraduate students reporting current intrusive cognitions concerning a traumatic event. Forty-five participants received a single treatment session of either: (a) EMD, as described by Shapiro [J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 20 (1989b) 211], (b) an identical procedure which employed eye fixation on a stationary target, or (c) non-directive counseling. Standardized self-report, subjective rating, Daily Diary, and intrusive thought sampling measures were collected before and after treatment. Results indicated that participants in the eye fixation group reported marginally (p<.052) fewer cognitive intrusions than the non-directive group 1 week following treatment. No significant differences between the EMD and non-directive conditions or between the EMD and eye fixation conditions on this measure were found. During the treatment session, both desensitization groups were superior to the non-directive group in reducing reported vividness of the mental image of the original event. However, the non-directive group improved to the level of the two other groups by the following week. Rapid saccadic eye movements were therefore unrelated to immediate treatment effects for this sub-clinical sample, and non-directive treatment largely yielded eventual outcomes equivalent to the two desensitization conditions (Pilots).

Keywords: Biologic Markers College Students Intrusive Thoughts Negative Therapeutic Reaction Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Witnesses

Accuracy Verified: Yes

86. Renfrey, G. (1993). The efficacy of eye movement desensitization in the treatment of trauma related imagery and cognitions: A partial dismantling procedure. Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo MI. AAT 9412220.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study investigated the effects of eye movement desensitization (EMD) on post-traumatic sequelae, and attempted a partial dismantling of the procedure to determine the necessity of EMD's characteristic eye movements. 23 persons participated in three groups: (1) those receiving standard EMD, (2) those receiving a variant of EMD in which eye movements were engendered through a light tracking task, and (3) those receiving a variant of EMD in which fixed visual attention replaced eye movements. All participants had experienced traumata as defined by the DSM-III-R and were having intrusive symptoms of PTSD at pre-treatment. All but two met full DSM-III-R criteria for PTSD. Each received two to six treatment sessions.Dependent variables included heart rate changes, subjective units of distress ratings, validity of both initial and targeted trauma-related cognitions during trauma-related imagery, overall frequency and intensity scores on the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, anxiety and depression T-scores on the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R), and scores on the Impact of Events Scale. Assessments were conducted at pre- and post-treatment and at a one- to three-month follow-up. All three interventions produced significant, positive changes in all dependant measures between pre- and post-treatments. Further, these changes were maintained at follow-up. No significant differences between groups were observed. These changes were of comparable magnitude to those reported elsewhere, but were brought about through a greater number of treatment sessions. It was concluded that EMD does bring about fairly rapid therapeutic changes in those post-traumatic sequelae measured, though not as efficiently as most previous reports have suggested. Further, it was concluded that the eye movements peculiar to EMD are not a necessary component of the procedure. The similarities and differences between the present findings and previous reports are discussed, as are the limitations and implications of the present study. Recommendations for future work are made. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Clinical Trial Partial Dismantling Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

87. Wejdsten, G. (2007, October). EMDR - Metoden [EMDR - method]. Goteborgs Universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete, Sweden.

Language: Swedish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Den här uppsatsen handlar om EMDR- metoden. En psykoterapeutisk metod som syftar till att bearbeta minnen från traumatiska händelser och mildra de psykologiska konsekvenserna. Francine Shapiro utvecklade denna metod 1989 för behandling av trauma. Det påstås att 84- 100 % av dem som behandlas mot Post traumatisk stress syndrom med denna metod blir fria från symptom på endast 1-3 behandlingar. Shapiro påstår att metoden är effektivare än någon annan terapeutisk behandlingsmetod. Huvudsyftet med att välja att skriva om detta, var att införskaffa kunskap om EMDR- metoden i sin helhet. Om dess uppkomst och utveckling. Vem den tillämpas på samt hur den tillämpas och mål med metoden. Jag ville veta vad forskningen säger om metoden. Uppsatsen är främst en litteraturstudie. EMDR- metoden behandlas främst i kapitel 3. Nyckelord behandlas under stycket definitioner. I Teori- delen jämför jag EMDR- metoden med; Kognitiv terapi, Kognitiv beteende terapi och Psykodynamisk terapi. Jag gör det för att jag funnit likheter och skillnader dem emellan. Jag skriver också lite om studier och forskning om metoden. Jag har lärt mig och redovisar metodens uppkomst, utveckling, mål. Hur den tillämpas och på vad. EMDR har viss effekt i behandlingen av PTSD och detta är styrkt vetenskapligt. Det är inte styrkt vetenskapligt att EMDR skulle vara effektivare än andra psykoterapeutiska metoder. Många utövare har positiv upplevelse av EMDR- utbildning och utövande. De flesta anser det är av stor vikt att man har terapi erfarenhet som exempelvis psykolog innan man utövar EMDR- metoden. Detta är också ett krav om man vill gå utbildningen. Det är ej vetenskapligt klarlagt vilken del i behandlingen som är verksam. Det är inte bevisat vad ögonrörelserna eller alternativa stimuleringar har för effekt. EMDR sammanfogar komponenter från flera psykologiska inriktningar. PTSD är den huvudsakliga målgruppen. Man behandlar både barn och vuxna. Det saknas hälsoekonomiska utvärderingar av EMDR- metoden och mer forskning behövs om metoden. Främst för att kunna bevisa effektiviteten på andra symptom än PTSD, kostnadseffektiviteten och för att se om effekten av minskade symptom kvarstår på sikt, en lång tid efter behandlingen. En socionom får gå en EMDR- utbildning om man först läser till psykoterapeut.[Science Direct]

This essay is about EMDR method. A psychotherapeutic approach designed to process the memories of traumatic events and mitigate the psychological consequences. Francine Shapiro developed this method in 1989 for the treatment of trauma. It is claimed that 84 - 100% of those under treatment for post traumatic stress syndrome with this method is free of symptoms of only 1-3 treatments. Shapiro claims that the method is more effective than any other therapeutic treatment. The main purpose of choosing to write about this, was to acquire knowledge of the EMDR method as a whole. If its origin and development. Who it applies to and how it is applied and the objectives of the method. I wanted to know what research says about the method. The essay is primarily a literature review. EMDR method is mainly addressed in Chapter 3. Keywords treated under paragraph definitions. In theory, part I compare EMDR method, Cognitive Therapy, Cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy. I do it because I found the similarities and differences between them. I also write a bit of study and research methodology. I have learned and identify ways the origin, development, goals. How it is applied and on what. EMDR has some effect in the treatment of PTSD and this is proven scientifically. It is not proved scientifically that EMDR is more effective than other psychotherapeutic methods. Many practitioners have positive experience of EMDR training and exercise. Most believe it is essential that you have other therapies, such as a psychologist before practicing EMDR method. This is also a requirement if you want to attend the program. It is not scientifically clear what part of the treatment that works. It is not proven what the eye movements or alternative stimuli has for effect. EMDR merges components from several psychological approaches. PTSD is the main target group. It treats both children and adults. The lack of health economic evaluations of EMDR method and more research is needed on the method. Mainly in order to prove the effectiveness of other symptoms than PTSD, cost effectiveness and to see if the effect of decreased symptoms persist over time, a long time after treatment. A social worker may go one EMDR training on first reading to the psychotherapist. [Science Direct]

Keywords: Behavioral Theory CBT Cognitive Behaviorial Therapy Cognitive Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

88. Richman, A. (2003, March). EMDR and cross-cultural issues. Presentation at the 1st annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland Association, London, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
As trauma therapists, we are increasingly encountering the challenges of using EMDR cross-culturally with highly traumatised clients who are refugees from war torn countires and/or oppressive regimes. This presentation seeks to address some of the difficulties of working across cultures, often with the aid of interpreters.

Keywords: Cross-Cultural Issues

Accuracy Verified: Yes

89. Curran, L. A. (2009, January). EMDR and EMDR related techniques for effective trauma treatment. Wayne State University, School of Social Work, Center for Social Work Practice Policy and Research, Fort Washington, PA.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Beginning in the 1990s, Francine Shapiro had discovered and began researching a new neurophysiological technique for treating traumatic material. This technique, alternating bilateral stimulation, was quickly subsumed by Shapiro’s psychotherapeutic orientation known as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). After many years of rigorous empirical studies demonstrating its uses and effectiveness in trauma treatment, EMDR has become one of only three approved treatments recommended by the veteran’s administration for the treatment of PTSD. Through didactic illustration and explanation; videotaped demonstrations; and experiential exercises, this seminar provides clinicians the basic principles of EMDR and EMDR- related techniques and how each would be incorporated into their personal therapeutic orientation and practice. Goals 1. Participants will gain understanding of neuroscience’s trauma paradigm · Biological nature of trauma · Specific trauma symptoms and their order of appearance · Primary treatment issues in trauma therapy. 2. Participants will gain understanding of trauma’s cognitive and somatic impact and how to effectively treat its sequelae including: · Hyperarousal · Affect dysregulation · Dissociation · Body memories and “flashbacks” 3. Participants will learn the theory of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and EMDR-related techniques for initial resourcing of clients, followed by desensitizing and cognitive reprocessing of traumatic material. Objectives 1. Participants will identify the biological nature of trauma; how trauma is stored in the body and limbic system, creating physical and psychological symptoms. 2. Participants learn to identify the symptoms of trauma- hyperarousal; affect dysregulation; dissociation, body memories and “flashbacks”. 3. Participants will learn the Adaptive Information Processing Model and clinical research associated with EMDR 4. Participants will learn how EMDR and EMDR-related techniques are used as an adjunct to psychotherapy. 5. Participants will identify and demonstrate the eight 8 Phases of EMDR protocol. 6. Participants will describe the differences between eye movement, auditory and tactile stimulation. 7. Describe the process for resourcing a client prior to actual processing traumatic material. 8. Describe the process of employing tactile alternating bilateral stimulation for the processing traumatic memories.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: No

90. Bohart, A. C., & Greenberg, L. S. (2002). EMDR and experiential psychotherapy. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism (1st ed.) (pp. 239-261). Washington: American Psychological Association.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
This chapter compares EMDR with three experiential approaches. Although various experiential approaches exist, the chapter concentrates on Gendlin's focusing-oriented psychotherapy (FP), Rogers's client-centered therapy (CCT), and Greenberg and colleagues' process-experiential psychotherapy (PEP) to explore similarities and differences. The exploration begins with an introduction of each approach to orient the reader. [Text, pp. 239-240]TOPICS TREATED: Self-healing; Summary of similarities between EMDR and experiential psychotherapy; Differences between EMDR and experiential psychotherapy; Integrating experiential therapies with EMDR.

Keywords: Adults Client Centered Psychotherapy Experiential Psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

91. Zaccagnino, M. & Cussino, M. (2012, June). EMDR and parenting: A case-report [EMDR y crianza de los hijos: Un informe de caso]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Attachment research has investigated the role of parents’ attachment representation on the quality of attachment developed by their children (George, Kaplan e Main, 1984/1985/1996; van Ijzerdoorn, 1995). Past research on children has shown that there is an association between problematic care-‐giving, attachment insecurity and psychopathology (e.g., Greenberg, 1999; O’Connor, Marvin, Rutter, Olrick, & Britner, 2003; Rutter, 2006). On the other hand, secure attachment in childhood and adulthood is typically associated with a history of involvement in supportive and sensitive care giving relationships (Cairns, 2002; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007). The results lead to the hypothesis of the intergenerational transmission of attachment identified by van Ijzendoorn (1995). These studies, however, failed to explain why insecure attachment in the parent does not necessarily lead to an insecure attachment pattern of the child, nor why children can develope insecure patterns of attachment even in the case of positive attachment experiences with caregivers (Solomon e George, 2000). In the light of these considerations, and recovering an aspect sharpened by Bowlby (1969), George and Solomon (1999; Solomon e George, 2000) proposed a different approach to the study of parent-‐child relationship, point up the differences between the attachment system and the caregiving system, despite the mutual influences due to their complementarity. These authors have proposed to investigate the specific characteristics of the system of caregiving, paying more attention to the current relationship between child and parent. Their hypothesis is that the characteristics of that relationship may affect the link between past attachment experiences of the caregiver and attachment pattern developed by the child, representing a significant element for understanding the behavior and the quality of the care of the caregiver. Therefore, the IWM of the parent would be the most important predictor of the quality of attachment developed by the children, as capable of driving the mental state of the caregiver to him (Solomon e George, 1996). Given these assumptions, it is clear that traumatic experiences in the parent, stored in a dysfunctional way, can be reactivated in the parent’s caregiving system, defining an IWM of attachment system of the child that holds the memory traces of such traumatic events. In this regard, a series of tools such as the Child Attachment Interview (Target et al. 2007) and the Parent Development Interview (Slade et al. 1993) which constitute a needful resource for the assessment of IWM of attachment and caregiving system will be presented. A clinical case in which mother in EMDR treatment had an indirect positive effect on mother-‐child relationship and on the child’s wellbeing will be reported. The results have been documented and show clear changes in the mental representations of the caregiving system measured with PDI. The results will be shown.

La investigación sobre el apego ha proporcionado representaciones del rol del apego parental en función de la calidad del apego desarrollado por sus hijos (George, Kaplan e Main, 1984/1985/1996; van Ijzerdoorn, 1995). Investigaciones anteriores han mostrado que existe una asociación entre los cuidadores problemáticos y el apego inseguro y la psicopatológica (e.g., Greenberg, 1999; O’Connor, Marvin, Rutter, Olrick, & Britner, 2003; Rutter, 2006). Por otro lado, el apego seguro en la infancia y la etapa adulta es asociado con una historia de participación activa y sensible de las relaciones de los cuidadores (Cairns, 2002; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007). Los resultados nos llevan a la hipótesis de transmisión intergeneracional del apego identificada por Van Ijzendoorn (1995). Estos estudios, sin embargo, fallaron a la hora de explicar porqué el apego inseguro de los padres no desembocaba necesariamente a un patrón de apego inseguro en el niño, no debido a que los patrones inseguros del apego del niño pueden llegar a desarrollarse incluso con unas experiencias positivas de apego con sus cuidadores (Solomon e George, 2000). En línea con estas investigaciones y recuperando un aspecto propuesto por Bowlby (1969), George e Solomon (1999; Solomon e George, 2000) (1969), los cuales propusieron un enfoque diferente en el estudio de las relaciones padres-‐ hijo, señalando las diferencias entre el sistema de apego y el sistema de cuidados, debido a las influencias entre ambos debido a que son complementarios. Estos autores se propusieron investigar las características específicas del sistema de cuidado, prestando más atención a la relación entre el niño y el cuidador. Nuestra hipótesis es que las características de dicha relación pueden afectar al enlace entre las experiencias pasadas de apego del cuidador y los patrones de apego desarrollados por el niño, representando un elemento importante para el entendimiento del comportamiento y la calidad del cuidado. Sin embargo el IWM del padre, puede ser uno de os predictores más importantes a la hora de estimar la calidad del apego desarrollada por el niño, capaz de conducir el estado mental del cuidador al suyo propio (Solomon e George, 1996). Tomando estas afirmaciones, está claro que las experiencias traumáticas en los padres, almacenadas de manera disfuncional, pueden ser reactivadas en el sistema de cuidado de los padres, definiendo un IWN de sistema de apego del niño que guarda trazas de memoria de dichos eventos traumáticos En relación con esto presentaremos una serie de herramientas como la “Child Attachment Interview (Target et al. 2007) y la “Parent Development Interview” (Slade et al. 1993), que constituyen un recurso necesario para la asignación del IWN de apego y sistema de cuidado. Mostraremos un caso clínico en donde la madre realizo EMDR y tuvo un efecto indirecto positivo en la relación madre-‐hijo y en el bienestar del niño. Los resultados han sido documentados con un claro cambio de la representación mental del sistema de cuidado medido con el PDI. Se mostrarán los resultados

Keywords: Parenting

Accuracy Verified: Yes

92. Wachtel, P. L. (2002). EMDR and psychoanalysis. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism (1st ed.) (pp. 123-150). Washington: American Psychological Association.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Although EMDR is clearly an integrative approach, it is an integrative approach with a strong cognitive-behavioral flavor. In this chapter, EMDR is examined and considered from a different vantage point. For some time, I too have been engaged in developing an integrative approach to therapy. However, apropos the previous paragraph, my integrative efforts have a different flavor; they are rooted most deeply in the psychodynamic tradition, not the cognitive- behavioral.As a consequence of my psychodynamic vantage point, my view and use of EMDR differ somewhat from the "classic" approach to EMDR. This chapter is thus likely to reflect clinical and theoretical views that differ in important ways from those of many of this book's other authors. However, my discussion does not constitute a critique of EMDR. I began using EMDR and am writing this chapter because I am intrigued by EMDR -- by its clinical potential, the experiences it seems to generate, and the challenges to theory and research that it presents. My goal is to expand our ways of viewing and thinking about EMDR, and to consider the ways in which EMDR can be enriched by a psychoanalytic perspective and vice versa. For an integration or combination of EMDR and psychoanalysis to be viable, two conditions must be satisfied. The differences must not be so fundamental and unbridgeable that any effort to bring the two approaches together is inherently incoherent and contradictory. At the same time, the differences must not be so trivial or superficial that putting them together adds little or nothing. The interface between EMDR and psychoanalysis meets both these conditions, and the chapter will attempt to demonstrate this as it proceeds. [Adapted from Text, p. 124] [Pilots]

Keywords: Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic Processes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

93. Wachtel, P. (1999, June). EMDR and psychoanalysis: An intriguing interface. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will learn: 1) the key differences in the ways that psychoanalytic and cognitive-behavioral therapists view the objectives of therapy and understand what is troubling the patient or client; 2) the key differences in the ways that psychoanalytic and cognitive-behavioral therapists approach the task of evaluating the effectiveness of the therapy they do; 3) the ways that EMDR has incorporated a cognitive-behavioral epistemology and assumption set; 4) the ways that introducing some of the perspectives of the psychoanalytic approach can enrich and add to the repertoire of EMDR; and 5) the ways that introducing aspects of EMDR can enrich and add to the repertoire of psychoanalytic therapists.

Keywords: Psychoanalysis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

94. Allon, M. (2004, June). EMDR and right-left brain stimulation. Poster presented at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, Stockholm, Sweden .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation will present and demonstrate my clinical observations, that clients while talking or working on their issues will sometime lean their heads toward the right or the left shoulder. People with their heads to the left will tend to report thoughts, while those with their heads to the right will tend to report images and emotions. In therapy, utilizing EMDR when clients have leaned their heads to one side, I have tended to reinforce the side they put their head to, utilizing eye movements in a diagonal direction, corresponding to the direction the head was learning. That is. If the person learned their head to the left, I would move my hand from their upper left side to their lower right side, and opposite if their heads leaned to the right. The outcome of these diagonal eye movements was that it tended to evoke cognitions when the head leaned to the left or images when the head learned to the right. Client who come to therapy requesting help concerning fears, tend to lean their heads to the rights, corresponding with imagery and imagination of the right hemisphere and may lack the cognitive, logical thinking skills (left hemisphere) to counter their fears. With these clients, when the SUDS do not drop significantly, I will tend to do body-cognitive interweave. I request that the client lean their head on the left and work over and over with cirrsponding sets of diangonal eye movmenets. The left hemisphere of the brain is thus stimulated and logical thinking (PC) is enhanced. This helps to counter and balance out the negative images, and the fear decreased.
Through care histories and examples, I would like to accomplish the following objectives: 1) to make the participants more aware of body language and it its significance in therapy; 2) to examine the differences between the right and left hemispheres of the brain and their relationship to therapy with EMDR; and 3) to introduce and demonstrate a body-cognitive interweave in EMDR therapy with client s who request help with fears.

Keywords: Body-Cognitive Interweave Left-Right Brain Hemispheres of the Brain Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

95. Levine, L. (1998, July). EMDR and sex therapy. Prresentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) learn how to identify cultural messages about sex that can have a negative impact in the belief system of a client, and use there internalized messages to identify potential targets for EMDR; 2) learn and understand how EMDR can reprocess the negative effects of small "t" trauma; 3) learn and understand how EMDR can be used to generate new pathways for positive sexual templates that will result in successful sexual experiences; 4) learn and understand how EMDR can reinforce newly achieved successful sexual experiences; 5) learn and understand why it is important to take a psychosocial sexual history; and 6) learn and share relevant resource materials on sexuality for clients and clinicians.

Keywords: Sex Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

96. Levine, L. (1999, June). EMDR and sex therapy. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will learn: 1) understand how sex-negative cultural messages can lead to a damaged sense of self and understand how to target and reprocess these damaging messages; 2) understand the importance of taking a thorough psycho-social-sexual history before embarking on EMDR; 3) understand the indications and contraindications for using EMDR with sexual issues; and 4) understand how to use the EMDR model of past, present, and future to work on sexual performance issues.

Keywords: Cultural Messages Sexual Issues Sex Therapy Three Prongs

Accuracy Verified: Yes

97. Weston, D. L. (1995, June). EMDR and the issues of gay clients. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is an effective therapeutic method for working with the emotional issues of gay clients. The first portion of this workshop will examine the "pubic" and "relationship" definitions of homosexuality. Being gay is much more than how people express themselves sexually. A brief historical and cultural kamework for understanding the emotional issues of lesbian I gay persons will be presented. There will be a review of the psychological theories and the research about the origins of homosexuality. The second portion of the workshop will focus on the psychological path of persons recognizing they are gay. The changes in the "pre-stonewall' and "post-stonewall" experience will be highlighted. This review of psychological experience will look at the points where EMDR therapists can be sensitive to the presence of emotional issues related to being gay. Feeling "different" is often a precursor to recognizing that one is gay. It is impossible to grow up in our culture without internalization of negative attitudes about gay people. When an individual recognizes (s)he is lesbian or gay, this negative learning now applies to one's self. EMDR is effective in resolving this "internalized homophobia." "Coming out" to one's self is a shock because, "I am no longer the person I believed myself to be." EMDR helps clients see gayness, not as an event happening in Me at this moment, but as something with a history related to earlier life experiences and feelings. This perception of continuity reduces the sense of crisis around being homosexual. As internalized homophobia is resolved, acceptance and valuing of self increases. Using the EMDR "future template" protocol assists people in preparing to "come out" to family, fiiends, employers, etc. Gay activists suggests that lesbian/gay persons need to be "out" in all situations. EMDR can help people understand why they want to come out to various people in various situations. It assists in idenhfxation of what people want as the result of "coming out." EMDR is effective in workmg with the myths about homosexuality; the cultural homophobia. Among the myths to be focused are: gay men are promiscuous, being gay is immoral, gay sexual expression is perversion, gay relationships don't last, lesbian/gay persons recruit young people, etc. The third portion of this workshop will focus on issues of HIV disease. There will be a brief epidemiological presentation and focus on the medical and psychological issues of persons with HIV disease. Application of EMDR at "crisis points" of HIV disease will be presented: (1) the worried well, a diminishing population as the aids epidmc continues, (2) the time of HIV+ diagnosis when the potential for suicide is highest, (3) the time of the first AIDS defining illness, (4) response to declining health and approaching death, and (5) issues of "meaning" as life moves toward death. EMDR's application in grief and multiple loss will be presented. Our culture's attitude that grief is something to "be resolved" and "get over" is a mistake. Grief is an ongoing process, especially when people are dealing with multiple losses of partners, fiends, etc. EMDR is effective in reducing the pain around loss so that the grief process can proceed more comfortably. The workshop will end with discussion of characteristics which therapists need to evaluate in relation to the decision to work or not work with gay and gay HIV infected clients. Working with gay men leads to working with clients with HIV disease. Therapists need to be clear about their boundaries and comfort in dealing with home and hospital visits, touching people who have AIDS, being present at the death of a client, and other issues that arise in HIVIAIDS care. The rewards of working with this population and the life changes it may make for the therapist will also be highlighted.

Keywords: Gay Clients Homosexuality

Accuracy Verified: Yes

98. Marquis, P. (2007, June). EMDR and the treatment of anxiety disorders. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Dr. Marquis will present on the treatment of Anxiety Disorders using Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). This treatment is based on clinical research and practice, integrating Anxiety Disorder treatments such as interceptive exposure, psych-education, mindfulness, relaxation training, breathing retraining, cognitive techniques and exposure and response prevention with EMDR. The diagnosis of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Hoarding, Trichotillomonia, Skin Picking, Panic Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorders, Phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Somatization Disorder and their interaction with underlying PSTD will be discussed and standard EMDR treatment protocols presented. This will be presented in context of the Adaptive Information Processing Model. Theoretical models will be presented. This treatment integrates the use of future template and behavioral feedback for success of anxiety treatment. Participants will learn how to specify EMDR targets for rapid symptom reduction and how clients scan integrate self-use of bilateral stimulation to increase treatment results. Case examples will be presented. Participants will be encouraged to discuss and receive feedback on anxiety cases of their own. Cross-cultural applications and understanding will be explored. Dr. Marquis is the Anxiety Team Leader at Kaiser Hospital and has been practicing, teaching, and training EMDR internationally since 1991.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

99. Marquis, P., & Sprowls, C. (2011, August). EMDR and the treatment of anxiety disorders: Clinical applications using the anxiety protocol. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Orange County, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Dr. Marquis and Dr. Sprowls will present on the treatment of Anxiety Disorders using Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, (EMDR). This treatment is based on clinical research and practice, integrating Anxiety Disorder treatments such as interoceptive exposure, psycho-education, mindfulness, relaxation training, breathing retraining, cognitive techniques and exposure and response prevention with EMDR. Participants will learn how to specify EMDR targets for rapid symptom reduction and how clients can integrate self-use of bilateral stimulation to increase treatment results. Participants will be encouraged to discuss and receive feedback on anxiety cases of their own. Cross-cultural applications and understanding will be explored.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

100. Balbo, M. (2003, May). EMDR and treatment of binge eating disorders. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Rome, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The study shows use of EMDR therapeutic method in treatment of eating disorders with binge eating episodes with and without purging with clients treated with cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. Dissatisfaction with the client’s own body and inadequacy stemming from the influence of cultural elements seem to be the highest maintenance factors of eating disorders associated with binge eating episodes. The study analyzes n.10 cases of clients with various dysfunctional ideas caused by distorted constructions with respect to their self-esteem, self-acceptance and personal value, as shown both in their EDI 2 (Eating Disorder Inventory – 2 by David M. Garner) scores and the analysis of their life histories. The SQ (Symptom Questionnaire by R. Keller) was also administered since it is particularly indicated for administration at short intervals. The EDI 2 and SQ tests have been administered after n.6 EMDR sessions. Results: Use of EMDR on the negative cognitions formulated, learnt and maintained by clients in their experience, as well as on alternatives to binge eating, has produced a considerable reduction of their dysfunctional ideas, and binge eating behaviors showing additionally an increase of the drive to change, leading to an increased compliance and autonomy in therapy progress. The results obtained shall be presented and discussed.

Keywords: Binge Eating Eating Disorders Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

101. Hase, M. H. (2006, September). EMDR applied to reprocess the addiction memory in alcohol addicted in-patients – Outcome and follow-up data of a clinical study. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Substance abuse and its sequels often mean intense suffering for the individual and huge costs for society. Established treatment modalities, as good as they are, lack effectiveness. Comorbid PTST with substance abusers is more the rule, than the exception. So the integration of traumatherapy, especially EMDR, into addiciton therapy seems necessary. Recent research in the field of neuroscience has shown that most experience is automatically processed on subcortical levels, i.e., by "unconscious" interpretations that are made outside of conscious awareness. Insight and understanding have only a limited influence on the operation of these subcortical processes. The concept of an addiction memory is helpful. It can be understood as a form maladaptive memory and EMDR could be the tool for resolution. Targeting the addiction memory and reprocessing should lead to a reduction in craving. Date of a study on alcohol addicted inpatient support the hypothesis. Data shown include outcome and follow-up data. Reprocessing of the addiction memory could lead to EMDR protocol beyond the EMDR Chemical Dependency Treatment Manual. Participants will be able to understand the concept of the addiction memory and its implications for therapy. They will be able to identify targets for EMDR. Video of treatment sessions illustrate common principles and differences.

Keywords: Addiction Memory Substance Abuse

Accuracy Verified: Yes

102. Farrell, D. (2010, June). EMDR based treatment of psychotraumatic antecedents in illicit drug abusers: A report of two cases. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In March 2007 an EMDR Europe HAP project, in conjunction with the University of Birmingham, commenced in Northern Pakistan in the aftermath of the earthquake that occurred in the region October 2005. Presently over 75 mental health workers have now been trained in EMDR in August 2009 six of these Pakistani mental health workers had successfully completed their EMDR Facilitator training. As a means of evaluating their EMDR training a Q Methodology was utilised. Q-Methodology allows a researcher to explore a complex phenomenon from a subject's point of view by using a distinct approach which rates the value of 25 statements in order from least to most desirable. These statements related to EMDR clinical practice, cultural application of EMDR. EMDR research development, and their experiences of their EMDR training. Results highlighted important issues around their training experience, how cultural sensitivities play an important part in the application of EMDR in Pakistan, and how the EMDR trainings can be adapted and improved for the future.

Keywords: HAP Project Q-Methodology Pakistan Poster

Accuracy Verified: No

103. Leuning, E., & Mevissen, L. (2012, March). EMDR bij autisme spectrum stoornis en EMDR bij verstandelijke beperking, zoek de verschillen [Complex PTSD: Evaluation of treatment by patient and therapist - "You need not type during EMDR."]. Presentatie op de 6e congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Arnhem, Nederland .

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Het herkennen van PTSS bij mensen met een stoornis in het autisme spectrum (ASS), of een verstandelijke beperking (VB) kan moeilijk zijn. Bij ASS, maar ook bij VB wordt de ontregeling vaak gezien als iets dat bij de stoornis hoort, en niet gekoppeld aan bijzondere ervaringen. De client zelf beschikt doorgaans over onvoldoende vaardigheden om te overzien dat zijn veranderde stemming/gedrag te maken heeft met een bepaalde gebeurtenis, en kan dit vervolgens doorgaans ook onvoldoende helder communiceren vanwege zijn beperkingen op dit gebied. Vanuit de literatuur is door diverse mensen aangegeven dat kinderen en jongeren met een stoornis in het autistisch spectrum een grotere kans hebben om getraumatiseerd te raken in verband met hun kwetsbaarheid en onvermogen om te communiceren. Dit geldt ook voor volwassenen met ASS en/of een verstandelijke beperking. PTSS wordt in deze beide groepen dan ook zelden onderkend. Wanneer PTSS wel onderkend wordt, is er nagenoeg niets geschreven over eventuele behandeling ervan bij de bovengenoemde doelgroepen. Als EMDR wordt toegepast bij mensen met een verstandelijke beperking wordt het protocol afgestemd op de ontwikkelingsleeftijd. Ook voor volwassenen met een VB wordt het protocol voor kinderen gebruikt. Als er dan nog stagnaties zijn in de EMDR behandeling is de kans groot dat er sprake is van comorbide problemen. ASS is zo'n veel voorkomende comorbide stoornis bij deze populatie: in ongeveer 50% van de gevallen gaat ASS samen gaat met een VB. In de workshop worden beelden getoond van verschillen tussen cliënten met ASS en cliënten met VB. Tevens wordt aandacht besteed aan het kiezen van de juiste afleidende stimulus bij cliënten met ASS. Daarnaast wordt een video getoond van een cliënt waar naar aanleiding van het verloop van de EMDR behandeling de diagnose wordt aangescherpt.

Recognizing PTSD in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or an intellectual disability (VB) can be difficult. In ASD, but also in VB is the disruption often seen as something that belongs to the disorder, and not linked to specific experiences. The client will generally have insufficient skills to oversee his altered mood / behavior has to do with a certain event, and can then usually also lack clear communication because of its limitations in this area. From the literature by several people indicated that children and young people with autistic spectrum disorder are more likely to become traumatized because of their vulnerability and inability to communicate. This also applies to adults with ASD and / or intellectual disabilities. PTSD in these two groups therefore rarely recognized. When PTSD is recognized, there is almost nothing written about its possible treatment with the above target groups. If EMDR is used in people with intellectual disabilities is the protocol tailored to the developmental age. For adults with VB is the protocol used for children. If there are still blockages in the EMDR treatment is likely that there is comorbid problems. ASD is a common comorbid disorder in this population in about 50% of ASD cases coincides with a VB. In the workshop are shown images of differences between clients with ASD and clients with VB. Attention is also paid to choosing the right distracting stimulus in clients with ASD. In addition, a video display of a client, which as a result of the course of the treatment EMDR the diagnosis is tightened.

Keywords: Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder C-PTSD Complex PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

104. Lichti, J. (2005, September). The EMDR consultation process: Findings & fine-tuning the future. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Seattle, WA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop will review the development of EMDR consultation in order to improve future consultation practices. The differences and similarities between therapy, consultation and consultation-of-consultation will be highlighted. The literature on effective clinical supervision/consultation will be reviewed. New research on the practices of North American Approved Consultants will be presented. Current activities and innovation in EMDR consultation will be critiqued using case examples. All this information will be used to identify the knowledge and skills needed for competent consultation. Participants will then analyze their own practices using all the above information and discuss in small groups how they plan to improve their consultation services.

Keywords: Consultation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

105. Lichti, J. (2007, September). EMDR consultation: Using practice research to develop best practices. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Dallas, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop will review the context of EMDR consultation. The differences between therapy, consultation and consultation-of-consultation will be highlighted. The implications of the literature on clinical supervision/consultation will be reviewed. Examples of tools and resources for consultants will be presented. Research on the practices of EMDRIA Approved Consultants will be presented. Best Practices emerging from the literature and consultation practices research will be identified. Participants will analyze their own consultation practices using all the above information and discuss in small groups how they plan to improve their consultation services.

Keywords: Consultation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

106. Lichti, J. (2009, May). EMDR consultation: Using practice research to develop best practices. Presentation at the EMDR Canada Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop is for Approved Consultants, Consultants-in-training and those considering becoming ACs. We will review the context of EMDR consultation and identify the differences between therapy, consultation and consultation-of-consultation [Objective 1]. The implications of the supervision/consultation literature will be reviewed [Objective 2]. Tools, resources and recordings from actual consultations will be presented. Original research about EMDR consultation will be reviewed. Best Practices emerging from the literature and EMDR consultation research will be identified [Objective 3]. Participants will use all the above information to analyze their own consultation practices [Objective 4] and discuss with peers how to improve their consultation services [Objective 5].

Keywords: Consultation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

107. Faretta, E. (2012, March-April). EMDR e la terapia cognitivo-comportamentale nel trattamento del disturbo di panico: Un confronto [EMDR and cognitive-behavioural therapy in the treatment of panic disorder: A comparison]. Rivista di Psichiatria, 47(Supp 2):19S-25S. doi: 10.1078/1071.11735.

Language: Italian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Un confronto tra due trattamenti utilizzati nel disturbo di panico: EMDR, un metodo evidence-based per il PTSD, e la Terapia Cognitivo Comportamentale (CBT), che è oggi considerato l'approccio più efficace psicoterapeutico per questo disordine. Metodo. Al fine di valutare eventuali miglioramento ottenuto dal trattamento adottato, un'analisi descrittiva attraverso l'uso del software SPSS è stata effettuata, su un campione di 20 soggetti, divisi in due gruppi (EMDR e CBT). Risultati. Dai dati ottenuti, una tendenza a migliorare è già chiaro dalla prima valutazione (dopo 12 sedute), in tutte le prove proposte. Il progresso sintomatica è risultato essere molto simile nei due gruppi a confronto. EMDR trattamento sembra però avere un progresso più veloce nella riduzione dei sintomi che viene mantenuta nel tempo, come evidenziato al follow-up. Conclusione. Dai risultati hanno mostrato, è possibile confermare che entrambi i trattamenti sono efficaci per la risoluzione di un disturbo di panico, anche se alcune differenze tra i due terapie sono chiari, sia dal sintomatico e un punto di vista temporizzazione. Così, si suggerisce di portare avanti la ricerca in questo settore di interesse.

A comparison between two treatments used in the Panic Disorder: EMDR, an evidence-based method for PTSD, and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), which is nowadays considered the most effective psychotherapeutic approach for this disorder. Method. In order to evaluate any improvement obtained from the adopted treatment, a descriptive analysis through the use of the SPSS software has been carried out, on a sample of 20 subjects, divided in two groups (EMDR and CBT). Results. From the data obtained, a tendency to improve is already clear from the first evaluation (after 12 sessions), in all the proposed tests. The symptomatic progress turned out to be quite similar in the two compared groups. EMDR treatment however seems to have a faster progress in symptom reduction which is maintained over time, as evidenced at follow-up. Conclusion. From the showed results, it is possible to confirm that both treatments are effective for the resolution of a Panic Disorder, even if some differences between the two therapies are clear, both from a symptomatic and a timing point of view. So, it is suggested to carry on the research in this area of interest.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Panic Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

108. Meignant, M. (2012, April). EMDR for a child (EMDR training on the River Kwai). Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
During the EMDR training session, organized in Thailand by Trauma-Aid, HAP Germany and «Terre des Hommes» Germany , psychologist, Dagmar Eckers treated a young Indonesian boy called Ooz, who suffered from the Tsunami. His symptoms showed nightmares and a lack of concentration. This documentary film presents two sessions of EMDR on the 10 year-old child. It also shows the efforts of the EMDR trainers who, with the help of charitable organizations, trained the Burmese, Chinese, Indian, Indonesian and Thai therapists to become autonomous in practicing and teaching EMDR.
Learning objectives: 1. How to use EMDR to relieve the traumatic consequences of a disaster 2.The use of EMDR with a child in a different social and cultural setting. (the 8 phases of EMDR in this context)

Keywords: Children River Kwai Training

Accuracy Verified: Yes

109. Blore, D. (2009). EMDR for mining and related trauma: The underground trauma protocol. In M. Luber (Ed.), Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) scripted protocols: Basics and special situations, (pp. 215-232). New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The author has been providing EMDR to traumatized miners since 1993. As with other specialized client groups, the Single Trauma (STP) and Recent Trauma Protocol (RTP) have required modifications. The author has collated the modifications made, and presented them here as the Underground Trauma Protocol (UTP). The UTP is intended to provide a rapid and effective method of conducting EMDR with traumatized miners and other similar, very specific, client groups. The principal use of the UTP is for traumatized miners of coal, gold, nickel, gems, and so forth. It has also been used with the following populations: traumatized tunnelers (e.g., excavators of tunnels in both war and peace); those traumatized in rail accidents in tunnels (e.g., fire in Channel Tunnel, Kings Cross tube fire); those traumatized in underground leisure pursuits (e.g., exploration of caves, pot holing); those traumatized by being trapped (e.g., in collapsed buildings as in Turkish earthquakes); and those traumatized during 9/11 in New York and the 7/7 bombings in London. The author recommends that the treatment of this client group only be undertaken by fully trained EMDR clinicians who have experience with modifying protocols and existing clinical experience of using cognitive interweave. The Underground Trauma Protocol Script is provided. [PsycINFO Datab]

Keywords: Disasters Mining Trauma Underground Trauma Underground Trauma Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

110. Goldstein, A. J., de Beurs, E., Chambless, D., & Wilson, K. (2000, December). EMDR for panic disorder with agoraphobia: Comparison with waiting list and credible attention-placebo control conditions. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 68(6), 947-956.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In a randomized controlled trial, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) was compared with both waiting list and credible attention-placebo control groups. EMDR was significantly better than waiting list for some outcome measures (questionnaire, diary, and interview measures of severity of anxiety, panic disorder, and agoraphobia) but not for others (panic attack frequency and anxious cognitions). However, low power and, for panic frequency, floor effects may account for these negative results. Differences between EMDR and the attention-placebo control condition were not statistically significant on any measure, and, in this case, the effect sizes were generally small (eta2 = .00-.06), suggesting the poor results for EMDR were not due to lack of power. Because there are established effective treatments such as cognitive-behavior therapy for PDA, these data, unless contradicted by future research, indicate EMDR should not be the first-line treatment for this disorder. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults African Americans Asian Americans Empirical Study European Americans Panic Disorder Phobia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

111. Kiessling, R. (2013, May). EMDR from a belief focused perspective. Presentation at the annual EMDR Canada Conference, Banff, Alberta CAN.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Beliefs are the meta-perception of life’s experiences (Shapiro 2001). Target Sequence Plans bundled around core belief schema provide an effective, efficient and safe approach to case conceptualization and EMDR treatment. This workshop will clarify questions asked by EMDR Clinicians such as: • Are all NC/PCs Core Belief Schemas? • Are your Targeting Sequence Plans Core Belief Schema Bundled or just a shotgun of targets based upon “What do you want to work on today?” • Does “What does it say about you” really address ‘what it means about you!? • Are you’ staying out of the way’ when you should be ‘leading the way’! These and others questions will be clarified through lecture, case examples and video demonstrations. Through lecture, video demonstration, and practice, participants will: • Name 3 major differences between the Standard EMDR Protocols and Procedures and EMDR from a ‘Belief Schema Perspective.’ • Describe the 4 primary Belief Schemas used in the ‘Belief Schema Perspective’ to EMDR, and how they assist the case conceptualization and processing. • Demonstrate the ability to develop a Belief Focused Targeting Sequence Plan and appropriately process the targets identified within the Standard Three Pronged Protocol.

Keywords: Core Beliefs

Accuracy Verified: Yes

112. Farrell, D., Keenan, P., & Basil, J. (2006, March). EMDR HAP training in India in the aftermath of the tsunami. Presentation at the 4th annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland Association, London, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
On 26th December 2005 the southern coastline of India was hit by a tsunami, which resulted in the deaths of over 28,000 people. This natural disaster caused the widespread devastation to the region. As part of the EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Programme as series of EMDR Levels 1 and 2 were established in Chennai, Southern India offering training to mental health workers specifically working the tsunami affected areas. The project was funded by Cerner/First Hand Foundation project with the remit primarily focusing upon the trauma impact upon children. For the purpose of this presentation, the Chennai project will be outlined, providing insight into how the trainings were carried out from a teaching and learning perspective. It will also consider trauma experiences from a cultural viewpoint, which potentially challenges western constructs of PTSD phenomena. Particular attention wil be focused upon the aspects of the Negative and Positive Cognition and how this seems to be potentially a cultural component to the EMDR protocol. Indian practitioners determined that 'mind and body' are one in the same. Yet EMDR training emphasises the importance of distinguishing between thoughts and feelings. As a result many of the trainees struggled with this aspect. Discussion will also explore more widespread trauma characteristics of the tsumani including how the trauma impacted from an individual, family, and community perspective.

Keywords: HAP Training Tsunami

Accuracy Verified: Yes

113. Farrell, D., Tareen, S., & Keenan, P. (2008, November). EMDR HAP training in Pakistan in the aftermath of the 2005 earthquake and the ‘War on terror’. Presentation at the 24th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
On Saturday 8th October 2005, a devastating earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale struck northern Pakistan. The magnitude of the earthquake wiped out entire villages and communities, destroyed 400,000 houses and created over 73,000 fatalities and 135,000 people injured. EMDR UK & Ireland, EMDR Europe, the British/ Pakistani Psychiatric Association & the University of Birmingham supported an eighteen month Humanitarian Assistance Programme to help train forty-nine mental health workers, mainly psychiatrists and psychologists from the earthquake affected areas, in the theory and practice of EMDR in the management of psychological trauma. This programme was one of the first University based HAP trainings in EMDR ever to be undertaken. This paper will provide an insight into the development and progression of the trainings in light of the ongoing political problems in Pakistan both in terms of post earthquake reconstruction and the continued threat of terrorist attacks throughout Pakistan. It will also consider cultural perspectives of trauma and how this related to both EMDR and the conceptual framework of PTSD. The paper will also highlight some of the psychometric data acquired from survivors from the earthquake areas and demonstrate the ways in which EMDR is being utilised as a psychological treatment intervention in Northern Pakistan.

Keywords: Earthquake HAP Pakistan

Accuracy Verified: Yes

114. Farrell, D. (2008, November). EMDR HAP training in Pakistan in the aftermath of the 2005 earthquake and the ‘war on terror’. Symposium conducted at the 24th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Earthquake HAP Pakistan Symposium Terror

Accuracy Verified: Yes

115. Mehrotra, S. (2013, June). EMDR in Asia: Needs, challenges and way ahead. Keynote presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Geneva, Switzerland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This paper tries to highlight the milestones of some of the Asian EMDR Associations and the evolution of EMDR Asia and the practices and challenges faced. Some of the issues are related to the parity of trainees’ qualifications with those from USA, Europe and within Asia. Similarly it impacts upon the training standards. Attention is also drawn to the cultural, language and economical diversity. The task ahead is to reinforce the uniformity of EMDR practice by developing accreditation procedures, standardization, training standards, contents and duration, selection criteria and requirements for the trainees and trainers, certification process, curriculum, linkages with associations, methods of supervision and consultation. UN agencies have a huge presence in Asia for developmental and relief work. UN agencies engaged in a wide range of the health spectrum could make a huge difference if they promoted the efficacy of EMDR for effective management of psychological health. This would include the use of EMDR not only for manmade and natural disasters, but also for other chronic and life threatening illnesses e.g. HIV, cancer and other psycho-social issues related to mental health.

Keywords: Asia Diversity Keynote

Accuracy Verified: Yes

116. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N. L., & Muroaka, M. Y. (1995, June). EMDR in combat-related PTSD: A controlled study. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In view of potential, but largely undocumented benefits of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as an intervention for PTSD in combat veterans, in our laboratory a study of EMDR treatment included (1) randomized patient assignment, (2) clinically appropriate comparison (treatment and control) groups, (3) a 12-session EMDR protocol administered by experienced, EMDR trained clinicians, and (4) extensive clinical assessment, including physiological evaluation at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Thirty-five veterans who met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD completed an extensive multimodal assessment protocol. Assessment instruments included: The Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD, the Impact of Events Scale (IES), the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), a self-rating of overall severity of "PTSD symptoms," the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventories (STAI). In addition, each subject completed a Stressful Scene Construction Questionnaire (SSCQ) in which scripts of specific traumatic combat incidents were prepared for presentation during psychophysiological assessment. Following pre-assessment, a subset of the subjects constituted a waiting list control (CON, N = 12). Routine clinical care for these subjects was available at the VA Medical Center. Seven of these subjects also participated in group sessions for discussion of PTSD designed as an attentional control. There were no differences between the two control subgroups and their data was combined for all subsequent analyses. For the treatment groups, subjects assigned to the EMDR (EMD, N = 10) and relaxation (RXT, N = 13) groups were seated in a semi-reclined chair and continuous measures were taken of muscle tension levels (four sites), hand temperature, skin conductance levels, heart rate, and blood pressure. For all subjects, there were 20 minutes in each of the baseline sessions with no additional stimuli presented. At the end of session 2 of baseline, the patients remained in the experimental room and were assessed for an additional 20 minutes (pre-treatment) during which the SSCQ scripts also were presented. There were two sessions per week with a minimum of one day between sessions. Each subsequent treatment session for the EMD and RXT subjects was approximately 60 minutes in duration, allowing for set-up time and briefing. In the EMD group, a standard protocol for the EMDR interventions was administered, including periodic SUDS ratings and VoC scaling of combat and related images and cognitions (cf Shapiro, 1995). In the RXT group, home relaxation tapes and biofeedback on four sites (face, neck, arm, and back) to assist lowered muscle tension were provided. Following 12 treatment sessions (post-treatment), and again after three months (follow-up) the psychometric instruments and psychophysiological assessment were readministered using the format outlined above. Relative to the other conditions, the EMDR treatment produced substantially more positive clinical effects at post-treatment and follow-up. Comparing the EMD group to the CON group, significant effects (p<.05 or better) were obtained on measures of PTSD including the Mississippi and PTSD symptoms self-rating, and on the Beck and STAI-Trait. Comparing the EMD group to the RXT subjects, significant differences were found on the Mississippi, the IES-Intrusion scale, the CAPS, PTSD symptoms ratings, and the STAI-Trait scale. No differences were obtained on any of the physiological measures. Therefore, the present results support the effectiveness of EMDR with combat veterans with chronic PTSD. The data strongly suggest that some previous negative results obtained when EMDR was applied to chronic and severe combat PTSD may have resulted from methodological artifacts, such as inadequate amount of treatment and therapist inexperience. While the failure to find physiological effects is consistent with results of other controlled treatment exposure trials in PTSD, this finding raises clinical and conceptual questions with respect to the arousal component of the disorder.

Keywords: Combat Controlled Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

117. Tumani, V., & Liebermann, P. (2002, May). EMDR in different cultures. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Frankfurt, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Cultural Considerations Diversity

Accuracy Verified: Yes

118. Eckers, D. (2010, June). EMDR in difficult circumstances - Working with a complex traumatized boy in Thailand. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In 2009 a training in psychotraumatology and EMDR was conducted in Thailand with participants from Thailand, Indonesia, Burma, Kambodscha and other countries. During that training of 8 days a 9-years-old boy was treated after some stabilization with 'safe place' and special containment - with EMDR. He was diagnosed with Asperger-syndrome (a form of autism), was traumatized by the loss of a near relative, the burning of his home, a car accident and by Tsunami. Time was limited, the boy wasn't acquainted with the therapist, didn't speak much English, needed his aunt to translate and was first time in his life away from his home. But even in these conditions treatment was possible in 1 session stabilization and 3 sessions of EMDR The case will be demonstrated with the boy's drawings and video clips of the stabilization phase and of the EMDR session about Tsunami. Learning objectives: 1. Understanding a client-adapted way to applicate EMDR in children. 2. Creative working with children in their cultural and individual context, What is essential in EMDR even with child-adapted and creative modifications?

Keywords: Adolescent Male Thailand Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

119. Tumani, V. (2011, June). EMDR in interkulturellen therapien [EMDR in intercultural therapies]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Vienna, Austria.

Language: German

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Derzeit Migration verfügt über umfangreiche Ausmaße angenommen. Weltweit gehen wir von einer 1 bis 200 Migranten (WHO). Durch Bürgerkriege, Naturkatastrophen, politischen und wirtschaftlichen Umständen die wahre Zahl dürfte noch höher. So ist es zunehmend vor, dass Psychiater und Psychotherapeuten bei der Behandlung Einzelpersonen aus anderen Kulturen begegnen, präsentiert mit verschiedenen psychiatrischen Symptome. Die Behandlung dieser Menschen werden manchmal große Schwierigkeiten. Nicht nur wegen der Sprache, sondern auch wegen der relativen Bedeutung bestimmter Symptome in einem kulturellen Kontext, ist es wichtig, Kultur Hintergrund arbeiten Milieu und Unordnung bestimmten psychiatrischen / psychotherapeutischen betrachten. Aber was bedeutet Kultur-und Milieu sensiblen Psychiatrie oder Psychotherapie bedeuten? Basierend auf den vorhandenen Studien über Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund und die Untersuchungen des Sozio-Vision-Institute, und unsere eigenen Erfahrungen, die wir klären, wie eine interkulturelle Begegnung und ein Milieu sensiblen Psychotherapie erfolgreich angewandt werden.

Currently migration has reached extensive proportions. Globally, we assume a hundred to two hundred million migrants (WHO). Due to civil wars, natural disasters, political and economic circumstances the true figure is likely even higher. So it increasingly occurs that psychiatrists and psychotherapists encounter in their treatment individuals from other cultures, presenting with various psychiatric symptoms. The treatment of these people will sometimes face major difficulties. Not only because of language but also because of the relative importance of certain symptoms in a cultural context, it is essential to consider culture background, working milieu and disorder specific psychiatric/psychotherapy. But what does cultural and milieu sensitive psychiatry or psychotherapy mean? Based on the existing studies about people with immigrant backgrounds and the investigations of the Socio-Vision-Institute, and our own experiences we will elucidate how an intercultural meeting and a milieu sensitive psychotherapy can be successfully applied.

Keywords: Intercultural Therapies

Accuracy Verified: Yes

120. Marich, J. N. (2009). EMDR in the addiction continuing care process: Case study of a cross-addicted female's treatment and recovery. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(2), 98-106. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.2.98.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
There have been suggestions in the literature since 1994 that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) may serve as an effective adjunct to the addiction treatment process; however, follow-up research in this area has been limited. This case study of a cross-addicted female includes a case review illustrating how EMDR was used in the continuing care process and a semistructured phenomenological interview conducted at 6-month follow-up. Prior to this course of treatment, the participant was treated 12 times with traditional approaches but was unable to achieve more than 4 months of sobriety at any given time. Following EMDR, the participant reported 18 months of sobriety and important changes in functional life domains. The phenomenological interview revealed six critical themes about the addiction and recovery process that can offer insight to clinicians treating co-occurring addiction and trauma.

Keywords: Addiction Cross-Addiction Phenomenology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Relapse Prevention

Accuracy Verified: Yes

121. van der Horst, F. (2013, June). EMDR in the treatment of panic disorders with or without agoraphobia. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Geneva, Switzerland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
At the department of Psychiatry at the St. Elisabeth Hospital in Tilburg, The Netherlands, several years ago a study (RCT) started investigating the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Within this study Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is compared with Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT).
Among other things, the goal is to determine whether EMDR is an effective treatment method for patients with a panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. IN this study EMDR is directly compared with a CBT treatment. In addition, this study examines the impact of both treatments on quality of life.
As a therapist in the EMDR condition of this study I would like to share my experiences with a protocolised treatment of panic disorders by means of EMDR. During the workshop, I will try to connect theory and practice. Since a large part of the EMDR treatments within this research is filmed, I will support my presentation with video material. Finally, I will present the first results of my research.
Learning objectives: Describe if EMDR is an effective treatment method for PDA compared to CBT; Describe the impact on QOL before and after both treatment methods; Describe qualitative differences between both treatment methods; and Share experiences with a protocolised treatment of panic disorders by means of EMD

Keywords: Agoraphobia Panic Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

122. Richman, S. (2009, March). EMDR in the treatment of survivors of torture. Symposium conducted at the 7th annual EMDR Association UK & Ireland Conference, Manchester, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation seeks to address some of the challenges of using EMDR cross-culturally with highly traumatised clients who have been the victims of physical and/or psychological torture. The presentation will review characteristics of torture and how the helplessness experienced by victims physically and psychologically can help the therapist to case conceptualization and encourage adaptive learning with interweaves to assist the processing allowing adaptive linkage being made with dysfunctional memory storage. EMDR is very effective where trauma survivors present with somatisation, dissociation and frozen states but desensitization and reprocessing can only be embarked upon after adequate stabilization in the Preparation Phase. Methods of stabilization (including somatic stabilization) will be covered and thereafter the basic EMDR protocol implemented with the client focusing on damage to the self and the spirit.

Keywords: Symposium Torture

Accuracy Verified: Yes

123. Richman, A. (2006, March). EMDR in the treatment of victims of torture. Presentation at the 4th annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland Association, London, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
As trauma therapists we are increasingly encountering the challenges of using EMDR cross-culturally with highly traumatised clients who are refugees from wartorn countries and/or oppressive regimes. This presentation seeks to address some of the issues to be taken into consideration and the difficulties in working with the victims of systematic infliction of physical and/or psychological torture. Use of EMDR with these highly traumatised individuals will be examined and ways in which the basic EMDR protocol may need to be adapted to treat these highly traumatised individuals will be examined.

Keywords: Victims of Torture

Accuracy Verified: Yes

124. Rodriguez, G., Luber, M., Hofmann, A., Marquis, P., Sprowls, C., & Snyker, E. (1998, July). EMDR in the world: Training and practice in different cultures. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will learn to: 1) share different experiences of working in different cultures to help therapists in their work; 2) realize the possibilities of the EMDR method across different languages and cultures; 3) facilitate development training practices that are sensitive to preserve cultural differences.

Keywords: Multi-Cultural Practice Training

Accuracy Verified: Yes

125. Shapiro, R. (2005). EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing. New York: W W Norton & Co.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
This book is a manual for doing EMDR with diverse client populations. [Text, P. 3]TOPICS TREATED: The strategic developmental model for EMDR; Integrating resource development strategies into your EMDR practice; EMDR for clients with dissociative identity disorder, DDNOS, and ego states; EMDR processing with dissociative clients: adjunctive use of opioid antagonists; The phantom limb pain protocol; The two-hand interweave; DeTUR, an urge reduction protocol for addictions and dysfunctional behaviors; Targeting positive affect to clear the pain of unrequited love, codependence, avoidance, and procrastination; The reenactment protocol for trauma and trauma-related pain; EMDR with cultural and generational introjects; Exiting the binge-diet cycle; Utilizing EMDR and DBT techniques in trauma and abuse recovery groups; Using EMDR in couples therapy; EMDR with clients with mental disability; Treating anxiety disorders with EMDR; Affect regulation for children through art, play, and storytelling. [Pilots]

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

126. Laub, B. (2006, June). EMDR standard protocol in the personal resources and the settlement to be found. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Istanbul, Turkey.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Resource Development, EMDR is an addition to standard protocol. Procedure of each session to reveal the source of healing and therapy by the end of the beginning of a resource series covers the creation. Personal resources and the settlement to be found exactly matching procedure to the problem of uncovering the unconscious and strengthen cross-country skiing in both sessions, as well as in everyday life is to make accessible. There are three types of resource development: Historical Resource Development, Present and Future Development Resources Resources Development. Standard protocol problems, sensory, cognitive, emotional and somatic components are becoming a focus can be achieved. Personal Resources Development in the settlement, resources focus dialectic movement is intensified. Sources of development activity in recent years both in Israel and other EMDR therapists Brurit Laub'ın is observed in the practice. Procedures and video images live applications and small groups will be presented with applications that can be made, personal resources development and placement will be given immediately to the practice of protocol participants.

Keywords: Historical Resource Development Resource Development

Accuracy Verified: Yes

127. Shapiro, F. (2000). EMDR ten years after its introduction: A review of past, present, and future directions. Mental Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, 1-15.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
At the time a controlled study of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was introduced in a peerreviewed journal (Shapiro, 1989a) as a method for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) only one other controlled clinical outcome study of this disorder had been published (Peniston, 1986). The Peniston (1986) study compa.red 45 sessions of relaxation and biofeedback-assisted desensitization to a non-treatment control and reported significant differences in muscle tension and in unstandardized measures of nightmares and anxiety. In the same year as the Shapiro study, three other controlled PTSD studies were published (Brom, Kleber, & Defares, 1989; Cooper & Clum, 1989; Keane, Fairklank, Caddell, & Zimering, 1989). The Brom et al. (1989) study compared the results of psychodynamic therapy, hypnotherapy, and desensitization based on a mean of 16 sessions. Equivalent (small to moderate) clinical treatment effects were obtained with all three approaches in approximately 60% of the subjects as assessed by various measures. The Cooper and Clun? (1989) study compared flooding to standard VA care and reported small clinical effects after 6-14 sessions, with a 30% partiicipant drop-out rate. The Keane et al. (1989) study compared flooding to a wait-list control and reported small clinical effects after 14-16 sessions. In contrast to the preceding three studies, Shapiro (1989a) found very substantial treatment effects with EMDR (then called 'EMD") after only one session.

Keywords: Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

128. Dunne, T. (2011, March). EMDR therapists integrating EMDR into their clinical practice. Presentation at the 9th annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland, Bristol.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This research project investigated how EMDR Therapists integrated EMDR into their clinical practice post-training and what, if any, difficulties they experienced. A total of 74 respondents completed a questionnaire and 9 respondents were interviewed using a semi-structured interview, giving a total of 83 respondents. 40% of both samples (which came from around the world) reported experiencing difficulties with integrating EMDR into their clinical practice. The types of difficulties which they reported included differences between EMDR protocol and the therapists’ original training and orientation, patient characteristics, therapists’ own anxieties and confidence as well as organizational and management hostility to EMDR up to and including bullying of the therapist in different ways including “being sent to Coventry”. These organization & management issues are not covered in the current training model for EMDR and whilst supervision is necessary post training, it is not be sufficient to address the organizational issues relating to integration of EMDR into clinical practice. This will be highlighted in the presentation.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

129. Sadatun, T. I. (2008, June). EMDR therapy for tsunami & armed conflicts survivors in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Indonesia. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The Indonesian Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam (NAD) is a region which is facing a unique set of problems, among which is the protracted internal conflict, exacerbated by the tsunami on December 26, 2004. These events have generated a widespread impact on the lives of the communities. One of the most crucial issues to be addressed aside from legal, security, social and economic problems is the matter of health, including mental health. In regards to mental health issues, comprehensive steps have been formulated into various mental health care programs. One of the most needed programs is establishment of an educational system rooted in Indonesia for the treatment of the posttraumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) of victims of crises and catastrophes through the implementation of specific methods of treatment with a focus on the introduction of EMDR. With great support from BMZ- TDH-Germany, HAP-Germany and Trauma Aid, capacity building on EMDR training has been developed. Even though EMDR is highly effective as trauma healing therapy it is also a complex treatment to be addressed in this specific population like in the province of NAD. Further than time constrain, limited numbers of trauma therapist available and high numbers of severe cases that urgently need to be treated, complexities also arises from cultural and religious aspects. The society in NAD is marked by decade long isolation, violent conflicts for political self-determination and the strict interpretation of the Islam. The Sharia (doctrine of the Islam including moral and judicial duties) was introduced as part of the laws. Due to this condition, for the time being stabilization technique in EMDR is the most common technique that can be of widely used. In this presentation, varieties of stabilization technique that have been used in this population will be addressed. More specifically, as culturally adjustable method in therapy, this presentation will also introduce several culturally acceptable stabilization techniques such as combining religious rituals (chanting, reciting) as personal resource with stabilization technique. These techniques might be useful for other population with similar culture and religion.

Keywords: Armed Conflicts Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Indonesia Poster Survivors Tsunami

Accuracy Verified: Yes

130. Shapiro, F. (2010, Spring/Summer). EMDR therapy: Adaptive information processing, clinical applications and research recommendations. Trauma Psychology Newsletter, 12-18.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
I want to begin by thanking the Division for honoring me with the 2009 Award for Outstanding Contributions to Practice in Trauma Psychology. I was very touched to have received the award in the 20th year since the publication of my first article in the Journal of Traumatic Stress in 1989. I also appreciate this invitation to provide an update on some of the recent advances in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) practice that are relevant to the Division, along with a clarification of its current procedures and theoretical underpinnings. For instance, due in part to my first publication, which described “EMD” solely in terms of desensitization with repeated return to the target memory, many in the field are unaware that, as EMDR, it is no longer simply an exposure treatment. In fact, with the accent on “reprocessing,” EMDR pays only occasional attention to the initial target and, importantly, includes the facilitation of an association process that actually contradicts most of the tenets of current exposure therapies. Therefore, I will also take this opportunity to explain some of the differences between these treatment orientations, since this distinction points the way to additional clinical applications and research opportunities. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP Ressearch

Accuracy Verified: Yes

131. Shapiro, F. (2012). EMDR therapy: An overview of current and future research. Revue Européenne De Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, 62(4), 193-195. doi:10.1016/j.erap.2012.09.005.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Introduction: EMDR therapy is an eight-phase treatment approach widely recognized as a frontline treatment for trauma. Research over the past decade has addressed the utility of the eye movements, mechanism of action and comparisons with other forms of therapy. Literature and clinical findings: More than two-dozen randomized controlled trials (RCT) demonstrate the positive effects of EMDR therapy with trauma victims. Comparisons with trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) indicate comparable effects sizes. Approximately 20 additional RCT evaluated the eye movement component of EMDR in isolation, without the rest of the therapy procedures. These studies document a variety of positive effects, including a rapid decrease in distress and reduced clarity of the targeted disturbing image when compared to exposure-only conditions. Discussion: Research findings indicate that EMDR therapy and TF-CBT are based on different mechanisms of action in that EMDR therapy does not necessitate daily homework, sustained arousal or detailed descriptions of the event, and appears to take fewer sessions. EMDR is guided by the adaptive information processing model, which posits a wide range of adverse life experiences as the basis of pathology. Conclusions: Research is suggested to further explore mechanisms of action and address issues of efficiency and treatment differences. Rigorous research is also needed to investigate additional clinical applications.

Keywords: Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

132. Shapiro, R. (2000, September). An EMDR two-hand interweave. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada. .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) be able to employ two new methods of using a two-handed interweave with EMDR: (a) with eye movmeents or other therapist-applied bilateral stimulation, and (b) with client-directed bilateral stimulation; 2) be able to apply this two-handed interweave in a variety of treatment circumstances: (a) with clients who are experiencing ambivalence about a decision, (b) to contrast and sometimes integrate two ego states; (c) to differentiate between a projection on another, and the actual other person, (d) to differentiate between a negative cognition or introject and a true self, (e) to differentiate between a destructive cultural or familial belief or introject and a beneficial alternative, and (f) to tailor the two-hand technique to other circumstances; and 3) through practice, will be able to apply the two-handed interweave to another participant and have the experience of using it on themselves.

Keywords: Two-Hand Interweave

Accuracy Verified: Yes

133. Jacobs, S., Schmidt, S., Ludecke, C., & Strack, M. (2009). EMDR und biofeedback in der behandlung von substituierten traumapatienten [EMDR and biofeedback in the treatment of substituted traumatic patients]. EMDR und biofeedback in der behandlung von substituierten traumapatienten, In S. Jacobs, (Hrsg.), Neurowissenschaften und Traumatherapie. Grundlagen und Behandlungskonzepte, [Neurosciences and Trauma Therapy, Bases and treatment approaches] (pp. 107-134). Göttingen: Universitätsverlag.

Language: German

Format: Book Section

Abstract: Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is alarmingly high among substanceabusing inpatients. Although many studies have shown this problem, treatment offered for combined trauma and substance abuse-therapy can hardly be found. Many patients are told to initially treat their substance abuse before treating the PTSD. This study deals with the trauma-treating method EMDR and biofeedback with substituted inpatients. 15 of these inpatients recieved questionnaires at three different point in time during their therapy, in addition nine of them during a 3-month-follow-up. Furthermore biofeedback-conductance was held within the EMDR-sets to represent the decline of the psycological affrivation, measured wit electrodermal activity h electrodermal activity. These data were compared to not-consuming outpatients, who received the same treatment. Overall there were positive changes in ratings regarding the traumaspecific variables, general psychic strain, depressivity, somatic discomfort and dissociative symptoms. An increased satisfaction in different areas of life could also be observed. Data associated with electrodermal activities showed only marginal differences compared to the reference data.

Keywords: Biofeedback

Accuracy Verified: Yes

134. Nijdam, M, J., Olff, M., & Gersons, B. (2009, November). EMDR versus brief eclectic psychotherapy in the treatment of PTSD: A randomized clinical trial. In M. Olff, J. J. Ter Heide, M. J. Nijdam, & S. Guay (Chairs), Advances in evidence-based treatment for PTSD. Symposium conducted at the 25th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Atlanta, GA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A large number of studies have demonstrated the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and metaanalyses have shown similar effect sizes for both treatment conditions. However, less is known about the effectiveness of these treatments in routine clinical care. Therefore, we conducted a randomized clinical trial that compared EMDR (n = 70) to a form of CBT, Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n = 70). Treatment conditions resembled routine care as much as possible. Participants were outpatients who were referred to the Center for Psychological Trauma of the Academic Medical Center with a diagnosis of PTSD after various kinds of type I trauma. Primary outcome was PTSD symptomatology as measured by the Impact of Event Scale – Revised. Other measures that were applied to assess pre-post differences were the Structured Interview for PTSD, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders, MOS Short Form -36, and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Preliminary analyses indicate a significant decrease in PTSD symptomatology for both treatment conditions, with an earlier decrease of symptoms in EMDR compared to BEP. Results of the complete trial will be presented and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

Keywords: Eclectic Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

135. Wanders, F., Serra, M., & de Jongh, A. (2008). EMDR versus CBT for children with self-esteem and behavioral problems: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(3), 180-189. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.180.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study compared eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Twenty-six children (average age 10.4 years) with behavioral problems were randomly assigned to receive either 4 sessions of EMDR or CBT prior to usual treatment provided in outpatient and inpatient clinics. To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment, parents and mentors completed a wide variety of self-report instruments and behavioral measures, and the children completed self-assessment instruments prior to therapy, directly after completion of therapy, and at 6-month follow-up. EMDR and CBT were found to have significant positive effects on behavioral and self-esteem problems. Although the differences between treatment effectiveness for EMDR and CBT were small, the children who originally received EMDR showed significantly larger changes in target behaviors than those in the CBT group. The results support the use of EMDR, focused on the desensitization of a series of meaningful memories, to produce significantly positive and sustained effects on children's self-esteem and related problems.

Keywords: Children Behavior Problems CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Random Control Trial RCT Self-Esteem

Accuracy Verified: Yes

136. van Haaften, H., Muris, P., & Mayer, B. (1996, July-August). EMDR versus exposure-in-vivo bij kinderen met een spinfobie [EMDR versus exposure in vivo in children with a spider phobia]. De Psycholoog, 7, 280-285.

Language: Dutch

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Uitgevoerd een cross-over studie van de werkzaamheid van EMDR en in vivo exposure bij de behandeling van spinangst bij kinderen en adolescenten. Human Ss: 22 Nederlandse school-kinderen en adolescenten (leeftijd van 10-14 jaar) (spinangst). Ss werden getest, en hun galvanische huid reactie werd gemeten. Tests die worden gebruikt: De korte vorm van de Spider Phobia Questionnaire for Children (M. Kindt et al., 1996), de Self Assessment oefenpop (RL Hodes et al., 1985) en de gedragsmatige Vermijden Test. Behandelingen: alle SS werden behandeld met 1 sessie van in vivo blootstelling en 1 sessie van EMDR. (Engels abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, alle rechten voorbehouden)

Conducted a cross-over study of the efficacy of EMDR and in vivo exposure in the treatment of spider phobia in children and adolescents. Human Ss: 22 Dutch school-age children and adolescents (aged 10-14 yrs) (spider phobia). Ss were tested, and their galvanic skin response was measured. Tests used: The short form of the Spider Phobia Questionnaire for Children (M. Kindt et al, 1996), the Self Assessment Manikin (R. L. Hodes et al, 1985) and the Behavioral Avoidance Test. Treatments: All Ss were treated with 1 session of in vivo exposure and 1 session of EMDR. (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Children Empirical Study Exposure In Vivo Spider Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

137. Beer, R., & de Roos, C. (2000, May). EMDR with children and adolescents. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR can also be successfully applied to children. Results may even occur more rapidly than in the case of adult treatment. In this workshop, guidelines will be presented for adapting EMDR to children. Special attention is given to modifications in the EMDR protocol and to differences between children and adults in their response both to trauma and EMDR. Indications and contraindications will be discussed as well as ways to involve parents in the treatment. Research information regarding EMDR with children will be resumed. The presentation will be illustrated by videotapes and case discussions.

Keywords: Adolescents Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

138. Lovett, J. (2011, August). EMDR with children: Getting dtarted. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Orange County, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Dr. Lovett’s workshop will focus on practical treatment approaches for resolving trauma in children and adolescents, focusing on the 8 phases of EMDR and the 3 pronged protocol. Participants will learn to identify developmental differences in the encoding and retrieval of a memory that would impact EMDR processing with children. They will learn to use EMDR with cooperation games as a source of resources for children. The presentation will include videos, case discussion and experiential learning.

Keywords: Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

139. Shapiro, R. (2005). EMDR with cultural and generational introjects . In R. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing, (pp. 228-240). New York: W W Norton & Co. xi, 360 pp.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Keywords: Attitude Change Class Expectations Cultural Expectations Cultural Introjects Destructive Beliefs Emotional Trauma Generational Introjects Introjection Racial and Ethnic Attitudes Racism Sexual Attitudes Sexism Social Class Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

140. Errebo, N., Knipe, J., Forte, K., Karlin, V., & Altayli, B. (2008). EMDR-HAP training in Sri Lanka following the 2004 tsunami. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(2), 124-139. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.2.124.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
On December 26, 2004, an earthquake in the Indian Ocean triggered a catastrophic tsunami. In Sri Lanka, 35,000 people died, 21,000 were injured, and more than half a million were displaced. An EMDR training program was conducted as a joint project of three organizations: EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Programs (HAP), International Relief Teams (IRT), and the Sri Lankan National Counselors Association (SRILNAC). Between March and December 2005, 30 Sri Lankan counselors were trained in EMDR. These counselors demonstrated competence in EMDR on several measures, treated more than 1,000 children and more than 350 adult tsunami victims with EMDR in 2005, provided narrative reports and outcome measures for most of their clients, and formed the Sri Lanka EMDR Association (SEA). The crucial steps in establishing and implementing this training program are explained, with a summary of the subjective impressions and learning experiences most valued by the training team, including an excerpt from a trainer's journal. This information may be useful to future cross-cultural humanitarian efforts following large-scale disasters. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Children Cross-Cultural Treatment Humanitarian Efforts Indian Ocean Tsunami Mental Health Personnel Personal Narrative Professional Training Sri Lanka Sri Lankans Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Tsunamis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

141. Jones, J. (1995, June). EMDR: A candid view from the psychiatrist's couch. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
I will attempt to present an overview of the major psychiatric disorders, some medical and neurologic syndromes and general concepts on how I approach diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Our time will include all this and put special focus on psychpharmacology. The nature and scope of this material will be mostly introductory but i will certainly be open to exploring my topic at greater depth depending the needs of the group present. The audience should be any among you who would likea way to begin organizing you approach to pharmacology and the impact that is having on your practice and the use of EMDR. Licensed clinical social workers, marriage and family counselors and psychologists should especially benefit form the discussion. You can expect to hear about major depression and its variants, bipolar disorder, panic disorder and the general anxiety disorders- some coverage of eating disorders, PTSD and adult attention deficit disorder but in less detail. I shall only touch upon schzophrenia and the psychotic disorders unless you show a special interest. The same is true for medical and neurologic diagnosis which have psychotic sequelas. I shall then to proceed to describe the differences and similarities among the antidepressants following that with a less detailed presentation of anit-anxiety agents, anti-psychotics, lithium and its siblings and a few of the "tried-and-true" substances of abuse like alcohol, stimulants, hallucinogens and narcotics. Please forgive me if I draw the line at designer drugs. This is a vast amount of information. I shall empasize general organizing concepts which will help the clinician who would like to understand some of his/her clients better, know better when to make a referral to a psychiatrist, now some of the potentials and limitations of EMDR when your clients are taking medications and/or have a major psychiatric disorder. Do not come to if you wish to set sail on a sea of psychiatric and medical details - 90 minutes just will not suffice! I will depend on you to speak up at any time with your concerns and queries (not to mention contradictions) so we can tailor the moment to the real interests of those present. I will attempt to reserve a substantial amount of time for question, answers, and observations but, if we are lucky, this will be happening throughout the ninety minutes. If we have time left I will explore the subject of "you and your psychiatrist" with both panache and hubris. We have a reputation for not being the most ingratiating of colleagues. I have a number of suggestions from a psychiatrist perspective which could make it easier to manage (sic) your psychiatrist. I hope we will be able to conclude with some high spirits and as they say here in California, a time for sharing and mutual understanding.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

142. Paulsen, S. L. (1992). EMDR: Its use in cross-cultural treatment. Presentation at the 8th annual meeting of the ISTSS, Los Angeles, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Cross-Cultural

Accuracy Verified: Yes

143. Beaulieu, P. D. (2005, October). EMI et EMDR: Ressemblances et différences. Bulletin APQ, 1(1), 14-15.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Dans le champ de la psychothérapie, les intervenants peuvent avoir recours à différentes techniques: l’hypnose, la PNL, la désensibilisation systématique, la thérapie d’Impact, etc. À l’heure actuelle, deux d’entre elles se démarquent plus particulièrement: l’EMI (Eye Movement Integration Therapy) et l’EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). Comme chacun le sait, ces techniques sont utilisées pour traiter les états de stress post-traumatiques et les souvenirs récurrents et négatifs. Comme elles présentent certaines ressemblances – dont la plus évidente est qu’elles font toutes deux appel à des mouvements oculaires –, il arrive souvent qu’elles soient confondues. Le présent article ayant comme principal objectif de les distinguer, nous aborderons divers aspects permettant de circonscrire leurs particularités propres: nous verrons donc les origines de chacune de ces techniques, le type de segments effectués, les mouvements oculaires impliqués et, enfin, la manière dont ces techniques s’appliquent lors des traitements.

Keywords: Eye Movement Integration Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

144. Pitman, R., Orr, S., Altman, B., Longpre, R., Poire, R., & Macklin, M. (1996, November-December). Emotional processing during eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy of Vietnam veterans with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37(6), 419-429. doi:10.1016/S0010-440X(96)90025-5.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study examined emotional processing and outcome in 27 Vietnam veterans with chronic PTSD who underwent eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, with and without the eye movement component, in a crossover design. Results supported the occurrence of partial emotional processing, but there were no differences in its extent in the eye-movement versus eyes-fixed conditions. Therapy produced a modest to moderate overall improvement, mostly on the Impact of Event Scale. There was slightly more improvement in the eyes-fixed than eye-movement condition. There was little association between the extent of emotional processing and therapeutic outcome. In our hands, EMDR was at least as efficacious for combat-related PTSD as imaginal flooding proved to be in a previous study, and was better tolerated by subjects. However, results suggest that eye movements do not play a significant role in processing of traumatic information in EMDR and that factors other than eye movements are responsible for EMDR's therapeutic effect. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Americans Clinical Trial Empirical Study Longitudinal Study Males Middle Aged Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Veterans Vietnam War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

145. Foster, S. (2008, June). Enhancing EMDR resource installation with techniques from positive psychology. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The field of positive psychology is emerging as a specialty area within psychology. As such, it has much to offer us as clinicians and those of us who have been involved in peak performance work. This workshop provides the participants with immediately usable techniques that can enhance their existing resource work with clients. There is a well established empirical basis for the efficacy of the techniques presented, very much in keeping with EMDR’s scientific roots. This workshop is the first effort (originally conducted in 2003 at the EMDRIA Conference) 20 to integrate into EMDR Peak Performance work specific techniques from positive psychology, the emerging science of happiness and excellence and strengths such as courage. The presenter will explain how the EMDR Peak Performance protocol (which she co-created) is based on the standard EMDR protocol with three modifications: the Future is emphasized; resource development is oriented toward empowerment and possibility; and skills are taught to help clients reach optimal functioning. While the ‘Peak’ protocol already had self-actualization as its goal, its efficacy is enhanced by integrating the positive psychology techniques of using: positive emotions in the performance venue of importance to the client; the Appreciative Inquiry method for envisioning the future and for performance improvement; and optimistic explanatory style. Given time constraints, it is not possible to fully prepare participants to use the Peak Performance protocol. However, in an interactive format that includes a mini practicum, participants will be able to: 1-describe the key differences between the Peak and basic protocols, 2-help clients develop ‘Peak’ resources, 3-begin to establish an empowerment stance with clients, 4-summarize the benefits of teaching clients basic positive psychology concepts, 5-pursue further learning from the extensive positive psychology bibliography

Keywords: Postive Psychology Resource Installation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

146. Tareen, M. S. (2010, July). The evaluation of an Urdu version of Impact of events scale - revised (UIES-R). Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Background: The study arose from an EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Programme training set up in response to the 2005 earthquake in Northern Pakistan. Part of this project set out to evaluate an Urdu version of IES-R. We wanted to evaluate the work done by newly trained EMDR Practitioners and there was paucity of measurement tools in Urdu language. We decided to translate IES-R and evaluate it. It will give us reliable scale to measure progress against treatment. The present study aims to present this Urdu version of the IES-R as a psychometrically sound instrument for both research and clinical use in its Urdu translation. Methods:Translation was completed in four stages. Two stages involved translation and two involved back translation. Recruitment for the evaluation took place at a Medical School in Abbotabad, and involved (N=118) participants. The inclusion criteria were that subjects must be fluent in both Urdu and English. Results: The results of Urdu and English versions of IES_R and GHQ were compared for Linguistic Equivalence, conceptual equivalence, and scale equivalence. All these measures showed no statistically significant differences. In conclusion the Urdu version of the IES-Revised can be used for clinical populations in Pakistan with evidence of good reliability and satisfactory validity. In developing EMDR research in Pakistan the utilisation of the U-IES-R will be an extremely useful addition.

Keywords: Impact of Events Scale - Revised UIES Urdi Version

Accuracy Verified: Yes

147. Wolff, R. P. (2004). Evaluation of effectiveness of individual therapy sessions over 60 minutes. California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA. AAT 3158599.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Research has produced few studies that support the 50-minute therapy session as the most effective session length for achieving optimal therapeutic results. This descriptive study attempted to determine differences in therapists' perceptions of how session length might impact therapeutic process, therapeutic outcome, treatment of specific psychological disorders, and if session length preference was based on theoretical orientation or procedures/techniques. A total of 65 practicing therapists drawn from the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, EMDR International Association, Trauma Incident Reduction Practitioners, San Francisco Society of Lacanian Study, and California Psychological Network completed questionnaires regarding their perceptions about psychotherapy for individuals employing longer session lengths versus the standard 50-minute session.Overall frequencies of questionnaire responses and between groups comparisons were analyzed using Chi-Square. The sample endorsed the use of longer sessions at statistically significant frequencies on the following questionnaire items: three therapeutic outcome items: Increases client's satisfaction, Shortens overall duration of therapy, and Facilitates corrective emotional experience; and nine therapeutic process items: Access to client's emotional material, Integration of experience before leaving session, Deepens development of transference, Working through defenses, Access to traumatic experiences, Integrate traumatic experience within session, Working through traumatic experience, and Improving likelihood of breakthrough experiences. The sample also agreed on the use of longer sessions as potentially contributing to positive outcome for treatment of the following disorders: Substance Abuse, Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia, Specific Phobia, Social Phobia, PTSD, GAD, and Eating Disorders. The findings of this study suggest that longer session lengths may have a positive impact on therapeutic process, therapeutic outcome, and certain disorders. Specific implications for the field of psychology and suggestions for research are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 65(12-B), 2005, pp. 6680.

Keywords: Empirical Study Health Personnel Attitudes Individual Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Quantitative Study Treatment Duration Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

148. Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Carolina. (2008, August). Evidence based guideline EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing). Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Carolina.

Language: English

Format: Publication

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a non-drug, non-hypnosis psychotherapy procedure. It is used to treat post traumatic stress syndrome. It involves the patient moving the eyes rapidly back and forth while following the therapist’s hands as they move side to side across the patient’s visual field. During these eye movements, the therapist is guiding the patient to concentrate on a troubling memory or emotion. This rapid eye movement, which occurs naturally during dreaming, is thought to speed the patient’s movement through a healing process.

Keywords: Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Carolina Insurance Practice Guidelines

Accuracy Verified: Yes

149. ter Heide, J. J., Mooren, T., & Kleber, R. (2009, November). Evidence-based vs. good practice: The treatment of traumatized refugees with EMDR. In M. Olff, J. J. Ter Heide, M. J. Nijdam, & S. Guay (Chairs), Advances in evidence-based treatment for PTSD. Symposium conducted at the 25th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Atlanta, GA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Despite the scientific evidence concerning the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD, in clinical practice many clinicians are reluctant to apply EMDR to traumatized asylum seekers and refugees. Because they regard the traumatization of this population as too complex, and for fear of psychological decompensation, they tend to avoid confrontation with traumatic memories and stick to stabilization techniques. In a pilot study with 20 traumatized asylum seekers and refugees, we tested the hypothesis that, in accordance with treatment guidelines, EMDR would be more effective than stabilization in asylum seekers and refugees. Adult asylum seekers and refugees who applied for treatment at Centrum ’45, a Dutch national centre for psychological treatment of victims of war and organized violence, were randomly allocated to either 11 sessions of EMDR or 11 sessions of stabilization. PTSD and comorbid symptomatology and quality of life were assessed at pre- and post-treatment and three-month follow-up. In this presentation, the results of this pilot RCT will be discussed. Significant differences favouring EMDR over stabilization were found. Despite several drawbacks including a high drop-out and limited clinical improvement, study design seems feasible with this population.

Keywords: Evidence-Based Good Practice Refugees Symposium Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

150. Turpin, R. C. (1999, August). An exploration of reported transpersonal/spiritual experiences during and after eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment of traumatic memories. California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA. AAT 9962663.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This research project sought to investigate if EMDR therapists observed their clients reporting transpersonal/spiritual experiences during or following EMDR. In addition, it sought to identify and explore the client and therapist factors that may influence the frequency with which these experiences are observed. One hundred sixty-nine questionnaires were mailed to EMDR facilitators throughout the United States and 50 were returned with usable data. Quantitative statistical analyses were performed on much of the questionnaire data and several significant associations and differences were found (p < .05). However, these significant associations and differences did not lead to more global statements regarding the factors that were analyzed. Interviews were conducted with 11 of the respondents in an attempt to shed light on these research questions. The results indicate that a number of EMDR therapists are observing their clients reporting transpersonal/spiritual experiences during or following EMDR. Several potentially important client and therapist factors were noted that may be influencing factors in therapists observing their clients reporting these experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 61(2-B), Aug 2000, pp. 1099.

Keywords: Emotional Trauma Empirical Study Religious Experiences Therapists Transpersonal Psychology Transpersonal/Spiritual Experiences

Accuracy Verified: Yes

151. Boyer, W. R. (2007). An exploratory study of the effects of EMDR on state/trait anxiety and anger in adult male sex offenders. Argosy University, San Francisco, CA. ATT 3286571.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the effects of EMDR on state and trait anxiety and anger levels associated with developmental traumas of sexual offenders in outpatient sex offender treatment. A qualitative component explored the participants' perceptions of their therapy experiences as helpful in resolving problematic reactive behaviors linked with the developmental traumas and other negative life experiences. The male participants ranged in age from 20 to 49 and were self-selected from a purposive sample of clients receiving treatment in an outpatient sex offender program in Southwest Florida. From this sample group, N = 17, the study participants were randomly assigned to one of two treatment modalities, EMDR or CBT. This exploratory study utilized a quasi-experimental, mixed methods format to analyze the effects of EMDR on state/trait anxiety and anger levels. The study utilized both quantitative and qualitative research strategies to acquire what Webster and Marshall (2004) described as "the clearest, fullest picture of behavior" (p. 118). The quantitative analysis of data obtained from the pre and post-testing found no significant differences between the treatment groups in reducing state/trait anxiety and anger levels. The analysis of the qualitative interview data revealed four core themes: Treatment Efficacy, Emotional Processing, Therapeutic Alliance, and Empowerment. The emergent themes of emotional processing and the therapeutic alliance have not been fully explored in sex offender therapy and may warrant further scrutiny. Additionally, processing of developmental traumas and past victimization has been avoided or minimized in standard cognitive-behavioral sex offender treatment contrary to more recent research findings that identify attachment problems and intimacy deficits as key dynamic risk factors associated with sexual recidivism (Adams, 2003). The field of sex offender therapy may benefit from future research that investigates the role of trauma resolution in mitigating dynamic risk factors that are linked with recidivistic sexual violence. EMDR may serve as an adjunctive therapy to assist sexual offenders to effectively process developmental wounds and in so doing target dynamic risk factors by improving their ability to emotionally self-regulate and enhance their ability to more fully experience victim empathy and improve interpersonal relationships. Future sex offender research may benefit from more expanded investigations of EMDR and other limbic therapies. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 68(10-B), 2008, pp. 6951.

Keywords: Anger Anxiety Criminals Developmental Disabilities Empirical Study Qualitative Study Outpatients Quantitative Study Sex Offenders Sex Offenses Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

152. de Bok, D., & van Daalen, M. (2010, June). Exploring the mechanism underlying the working memory account of EMDR: The effect of fading in and fading out of negative and arousing images on emotionality, vividness, vividness, completeness and detail recall of traumatic memories. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychological intervention for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Currently, the working memory account gives the best explanation for the functionality of EMDR. This account states that conducting a dual task, mostly horizontal eye movements, while retrieving a traumatic memory will make this memory less emotional, vivid and complete. It was hypothesized that the fading in and/or fading out of traumatic images are in itself causally contributing to the reduced emotionality, vividness and completeness of the recalled memories. This experimental study (N=27) examined the fading in (the image starts vague and gets more clear) and fading out (the image starts clear and gets more vague) of traumatic images as an underlying mechanism of the working memory account. By using a within-subject design, participants engaged in three conditions (fading in, fading out and control) in which they had to rate their memories on emotionality, vividness and completeness. A detail recall test was also conducted for all conditions. No significant differences were found between the three conditions on emotionality, vividness and completeness. However, a trend was found indicating that fewer details were recalled in the fading out condition. Based on these results, the hypothesis that fading in or fading out will result in diminishing emotionality, vividness and completeness was not confirmed. Shortcomings of the experiment and implications for future research are addressed

Keywords: Fading in Fading out Traumatic Image Working Memory Account

Accuracy Verified: Yes

153. Leeds, A. M. (2010, February). Extinction or reconsolidation differences between suppression and transformation in how we recover from traumatic experiences. Author.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Memory is central to all learned behavior, and in humans to one’s sense of identity. Sleep and memory processes are deeply entwined. Both are central to our sense of well-being.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP Extinction, Prolonged Exposure Reconsolidation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

154. Hollander, H. E. (2009, March 10). Eye closure, eye movements: ECEM for the treatment of panic and depersonalization disorders. Presentation at the 51st American Society of Clinical Hypnosis Annual Scientific Meeting, Boston, MA .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
ECEM, a novel technique that integrates the eye movement component of EMDR within hypnosis, will be presented, with specific application to panic disorder and to depersonalization disorder, conceptualized as a subtype of panic disorder. The workshop will (1) provide a research review of neurophysiology and behavioral measures that support conceptualization of depersonalization disorder as a subtype of panic disorder; (2) discuss the use of ECEM (eye movements within hypnosis) to treat panic and depersonalization disorder; (3) describe specifi c procedures using ECEM to interrupt attacks of panic and depersonalization disorder; (4) describe how ECEM is used to reverse (up-regulate) feeling of unfamiliar self, sensory numbness, cognitive freezing, de-realization - core symptoms of depersonalization disorder; and (5) describe how ECEM is used to manage anticipatory anxiety associated with panic or depersonalization disorder, recognizing overlap and differences in hypnotic techniques and utilization of eye movements within hypnosis for each disorder. Participants should be familiar with, or planning to take courses in EMDR. The experiential component will include practice in managing dysfunctional breathing patterns, practice in utilization of self-generated eye movements within hypnosis to treat anticipatory anxiety-fear of panic or depersonalization episodes, and demonstration of hypnotic techniques to up-regulate core symptoms of depersonalization disorder. Upon completing this workshop, the participant should be able to: 1. Define three key characteristics of panic disorder and depersonalization; 2. Discuss ECEM and describe how ECEM is varied to treat one key similarity and one key diff erence that is required in the management of an episode of depersonalization disorder as distinct from panic disorder; and 3. Apply ECEM (hypnotic techniques and eye movements within hypnosis) to modify anticipatory anxiety that is a feature of both panic and depersonalization disorder.

Keywords: Depersonalization Disorders ECEM Eye CLosure Eye Movements Panic Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

155. Cuppen, M. (2007, Juli). Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing, Maakt deze bijzondere behandeling voor traumagerelateerde klachten Pesso-psychotherapie overbodig? [Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing - Does this special treatment for trauma-related symptoms Pesso-psychotherapy redundant?]. Pesso Tijdschrift, 37-49.

Language: Swedish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR, har i psykoterapiforskning visats vara en effektiv behandlingsmetod av posttraumatiskt stressyndrom, PTSD. Däremot är ögonrörelsestimuleringen, som är ett centralt moment i metoden, kontroversiell och dess funktion inte klarlagd. I föreliggande undersökning randomiserades trettiosex friska försökspersoner till en av tre stimuleringsbetingelser: ögonrörelsestimulering, taktil stimulering eller orörligt visuellt stimuli (kontrollgrupp). Stimuleringen kombinerades med imaginär exponering, negativ och positiv. Utfallet av experimentet mättes i olika fysiologiska mätparametrar, samt självskattningar av obehagsnivån (SUD). Resultaten visade signifikant högre hudkonduktansnivå vid ögonrörelsestimulering jämfört med kontrollgruppen, relaterat till aktivering av det sympatiska nervsystemet. Inga signifikanta gruppskillnader fanns i de övriga mätningarna. Mönstret av autonom aktivering kan tyda på att ögonrörelsestimuleringen utlöser eller förstärker en orienteringsrespons, vilket vissa teoretiker föreslagit är den verksamma mekanismen i EMDR. Dock behövs fortsatt forskning för att förstå denna verkan, samt koppling till terapeutisk effekt.

Eye Movement desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR, psychotherapy research has shown to be an effective treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD. However, ögonrörelsestimuleringen, which is the lynchpin of the method, controversial and its function is not clear. In the present study were randomized thirty-six healthy subjects to one of the three stimulation conditions: eye movement stimulation, tactile stimulation or static visual stimuli (control group). The stimulation was combined with imaginary exposure, negative and positive. The outcome of the experiment were measured in various physiological test parameters, and self-estimates the level of discomfort (SUD). The results showed significantly higher hudkonduktansnivå of eye movement stimulation compared with control group, related to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. No significant group differences were found in the other measurements. The pattern of autonomic activation may indicate that ögonrörelsestimuleringen trigger or reinforce an orientation response, as some theorists suggested is the active mechanism in EMDR. However, further research is needed to understand this effect, and access to therapeutic efficacy.

Keywords: Pesso Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

156. Marich, J. (2008, September). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the addiction continuing care process: Case study of a cross-addicted female. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Addiction Case Study Cross Addiction Female Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

157. Lindsay, J. K. (1994). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of rape survivors. University of Oregon. AAT 9519676.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
In the context of managed care, effective short-term treatment has become a priority for psychologists. This is particularly true for the recalcitrant symptoms of PTSD which are often associated with protracted treatment and disappointing outcome.This study investigated the efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as a short-term treatment for PTSD. The independent variable, EMDR, was introduced sequentially in a multiple baseline design across subjects. 5 survivors of rape who met DSM-III-R criteria for PTSD received 4 to 6 weekly sessions of EMDR provided by five licensed psychotherapists with Level 2 EMDR training. Treatment outcomes included (a) large reductions in symptomatology evident in self-monitored data and objective measures, (b) replication of treatment effect in 5 out of 5 subjects, (c) qualitative and behavior change data which corroborate treatment effect, and (d) analyses which demonstrate the clinical significance of the changes, as well as the statistical significance of the differences between pretreatment and follow-up scores (with a confidence level of .05 or beyond). The study suggests that EMDR is very effective for treating long-term, recalcitrant symptoms of PTSD which have not resolved with time or previous therapy. The study provides a methodological model for calibrating treatment and developing accountability for treatment efficacy which can be applied across treatments and settings. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Empirical Study Females Postttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

158. Adler-Tapia, R., Settle, C., & Shapiro, F. (2012). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) psychotherapy with children who have experienced sexual abuse and trauma . In P. Goodyear-Brown, (Ed.), Handbook of child sexual abuse: Identification, assessment, and treatment (pp. 229-250). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9781118094822.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
This book is a comprehensive guide to the identification, assessment, and treatment of child sexual abuse. The field of child sexual abuse has experienced an explosion of research, literature, and enhanced treatment methods over the last thirty years. Representing the latest refinements of thought in this field, this volume combines the most current research with a wealth of clinical experience. The contributing authors, many of whom are pioneers in their respective specialties, include researchers and clinicians, forensic interviewers and law enforcement professionals, caseworkers and victim advocates, all of whom do the work of helping children who have been sexually victimized. Offering a snapshot of the state of the field as it stands today, the authors explore a variety of issues related to child sexual abuse, from identification, assessment, and treatment methods to models for implementation and prevention, including: The impact of sexual abuse on the developing brain; The potential implications of early sexual victimization; Navigating the complexities of multidisciplinary teams; Forensic interviewing and clinical assessment; Treatment options for children who have traumagenic symptoms as a response to their sexual victimization; Treating children with sexual behavior problems and adolescents who engage in illegal sexual behavior; Secondary trauma and vicarious traumatization; and Cultural considerations and prevention efforts. Edited by a leader in the field of child therapy, this important reference equips helping professionals on the front lines in the battle against child sexual abuse- not merely with state-of-the-art knowledge, but also with a renewed vision for the importance of their role in the shaping of our culture and the healing of victimized children.

Keywords: Children Sexual Abuse

Accuracy Verified: Yes

159. Wittje-Berger, T. (2012). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) zur belastungsreduzierung bei kindern und jugendlichen in der integrativen lerntherapie [And reprocessing eye movement desensitization (EMDR) for stress reduction in children and adolescents in integrative learning therapy]. Aachen Verlag.

Language: German

Format: Book

Abstract:
Die Autorin untersucht in ihrer Forschungsarbeit den Einsatz der EMDR-Methode innerhalb der integrativen Lerntherapie zur gezielten Belastungsreduzierung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Die EMDR-Methode gilt als effektives Psychotherapieverfahren insbesondere für posttraumatische Belastungsstörungen bei Kindern, Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen. Für die EMDR-Arbeit mit Kindern und Jugendlichen werden weitere wissenschaftliche Forschungsarbeiten gefordert. Dazu leistet die vorliegende Pilotstudie ihren Beitrag. Die EMDR-Therapie bietet einen methodenübergreifenden Zugang. In dieser Untersuchung wurde der Versuch unternommen, die Belastungen und Auffälligkeiten der Kinder und Jugendlichen mit einem neuen (innovativen) lern- und psychotherapeutischen Therapiekonzept (Integrative Lerntherapie plus EMDR-Therapie) zu behandeln. ...In der ?Fazitfrage? zur Einschätzung der Belastung ihrer Kinder bemerkten die Eltern am Ende des Behandlungszeitraums mit EMDR eine signifikante Verringerung der Belastungen. Bei der Intervention ohne EMDR gab es nur geringfügige Veränderungen, die sogar auf eine leicht stärkere Belastung hinwiesen. Die Daten verdeutlichen, dass die durch die Eltern wahrgenommenen Belastungen ihrer Kinder nur bei zusätzlicher EMDR-Therapie reduziert wurden. Zusammenfassend sprechen die Erfahrungen mit der praktischen Durchführung der EMDR-Behandlungen innerhalb der integrativen Lerntherapie für das vorliegende Behandlungskonzept. Ein positiver Einfluss der EMDR-Therapie auf die Reduzierung von Belastungssymptomen und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten sowie auf bessere schulische Leistungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen scheint gegeben. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse könnten sich im Rahmen eines Gesamtbehandlungsplanes als praxisrelevant für lerntherapeutische Institutionen und für den kreativen Einsatz der EMDR-Methode erweisen. Darüber hinaus ermutigen sie zur weiteren Forschung und Durchführung künftiger Projekte.

The author examines the use of their research in EMDR in the integrative learning for targeted therapy stress reduction in children and adolescents. The EMDR method is considered effective psychotherapy methods, particularly for post traumatic stress disorder in children, adolescents and adults. For the EMDR work with children and young people, further scientific research will be required. This makes the present pilot study their contribution. The EMDR therapy offers a cross-access methods. In this study, an attempt was made to the stresses and abnormalities in children and adolescents with a new (innovative) approach to learning and psychotherapeutic treatment (therapy plus learning Integrative EMDR therapy) to treat. ...In? Conclusion question? to assess the burden of their children, the parents noticed at the end of the period of treatment with EMDR, a significant reduction of stress. During the intervention without EMDR There were only slight changes were even able to load a slightly stronger. The data show that the perceived pressures from parents to their children only when additional EMDR therapy were reduced. To summarize the experiences speak to the practice of EMDR treatment within the integrative learning therapy for the treatment of this concept. A positive effect of EMDR therapy on the reduction of stress symptoms and behavioral problems as well as improved academic performance in children and adolescents seems to be given. The findings could prove to be part of an overall treatment plan as a practical therapeutic relevance to learning institutions and the creative use of the EMDR method. They also encourage further research and implementation of future projects.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Integrative Play Therapy Stress Reduction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

160. Wittje-Berger, T. (2012). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) zur belastungsreduzierung bei kindern und jugendlichen in der integrativen lerntherapie [Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for stress reduction in children and adolescents in the integrative learning therapy]. Zugl: Hamburg University.

Language: German

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Keywords: Adolescents Children Integrative Learning Therapy Stress Reduction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

161. van Es, A. K. & Schoen, J. M. (2008, Juni). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Effect van instructies op de verwerking van nare herinneringen [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Effect of instructions on the processing of unpleasant memories]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Op basis van eerder onderzoek door Lee en Drummond (2007), heeft dit onderzoek onderzocht de invloed van de aard van de therapeut instructies (herbeleven en afstand) op de verwerking van pijnlijke herinneringen. Bovendien, dit onderzoek onderzocht of het type van het trauma ook de manier waarop het geheugen wordt verwerkt invloeden. Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd door en onder studenten. Een gedetailleerd protocol - gebaseerd op de originele Eye Movement Desensibilisatie and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989)-protocol werd gebruikt. De deelnemers (13 mannen en 23 vrouwen, gemiddelde leeftijd 22,4 jaar) werden gevraagd om een pijnlijke herinnering roepen, waarna de inhoud van het geheugen was gedesensibiliseerd herbeleven door een van beide of afstand instructies. De resultaten tonen geen verschil in effectiviteit tussen afstand en herbeleven voorwaarden. Verder werden geen verschillen gevonden tussen de condities onmacht en schuld / schaamte. Mede op basis van de gebruikte maatregelen kan worden geconcludeerd dat de manipulatie van de voorwaarden is mislukt. Voor toekomstig onderzoek wordt aanbevolen dat het protocol worden uitgebreid en de voorwaarden van het type van het trauma worden aangepast. Verder is het aangeraden om een controle conditie toe te voegen aan het onderzoek, om te bepalen of de bilaterale stimuli doeltreffend zijn en of ze invloed op de effectiviteit van de therapeut instructies.

Based on previous research by Lee and Drummond (2007), this research has examined the influence of the type of therapist instructions (reliving and distancing) on the processing of distressing memories. Furthermore, this research examined whether the type of the trauma also influences the way the memory is being processed. The research has been conducted by and among university students. A detailed protocol – based on the original Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989) protocol –was used. Participants (13 males and 23 females, mean age 22.4 year) were asked to recall a distressing memory, after which the content of the memory was desensitized by either reliving or distancing instructions. Results show no difference in effectiveness between reliving and distancing conditions. Furthermore, no differences were found between the conditions powerlessness and guilt/shame. Partly based on the used measures it can be concluded that the manipulation of the conditions failed. For future research it is recommended that the protocol be expanded and the conditions of the type of trauma be adjusted. Furthermore it is recommended to add a control condition to the research, in order to determine whether bilateral stimuli are effective and whether they influence the effectiveness of therapist instructions.

Keywords: Distancing Reliving Vividness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

162. ten Broeke, E., & de Jongh, A. (1995, November). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): 'Gewoon' imaginaire exposure? [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Just imaginal exposure?]. Tijdschrift de Psycholoog, 30(11), 459-464.

Language: Dutch

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Oogbeweging desensibilisatie and Reprocessing (EMDR) is een relatief nieuwe methode voor de behandeling van PTSS. Sinds de eerste studie meer dan 10.000 artsen zijn opgeleid hele wereld en de positieve resultaten met EMDR zijn gemeld met een groot aantal van de bevolking. Er is gesuggereerd dat EMDR is niets meer dan een complexe vorm van de blootstelling. Het doel van dit artikel is om deze bewering te kritisch aan te pakken. Een korte schets van exposure in vivo behandeling, de EMDR-behandeling protocol, EMDR en een case-studie worden gepresenteerd. Geconcludeerd wordt dat de waargenomen procedurele en theoretische verschillen tussen blootstelling en EMDR leiden tot de conclusie dat de effectiviteit van EMDR, meest waarschijnlijk is, niet kan worden verklaard door de effecten van imaginaire exposure alleen. [Samenvatting Auteur] [Loodsen]

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new treatment method for PTSD. Since the initial study over 10,000 clinicians have been trained world-wide and positive results with EMDR have been reported with a wide number of populations. It has been suggested that EMDR is nothing more than a complex form of exposure. The aim of the present article is to address this claim critically. A brief outline of exposure in vivo treatment, the EMDR treatment protocol, and an EMDR case-study are presented. It is concluded that observed procedural and theoretical differences between exposure and EMDR lead to the conclusion that the effectiveness of EMDR, most likely, cannot be explained by the effects of imaginal exposure only. [Author Summary] [Pilots]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

163. Cerone, M. R. (2000). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the psychological treatment of combat-related guilt: A study of the effects of eye movements. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA. AAT 9990301.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of eye movements in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and to test the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of guilt associated with combat trauma. EMDR was compared to a non-eye movement (NEM) analog, which entailed the full EMDR procedure minus the eye movements. A single-case multiple component cross-over design across 7 participants was utilized.Participants were combat veterans who were receiving inpatient treatment for PTSD at the Coatesville Veterans Administration Medical Center. 4 participants were introduced first to the EMDR condition and 3 participants were introduced first to the NEM analog condition. Each participant was exposed to both conditions. Dependent measures included: (1) pre- and post-treatment scores on the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV - One Week Symptom Status Version (CAPS-SX), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Impact of Event Scale (IES), and Trauma Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI), (2) self-monitoring data on the frequency and intensity of intrusive thoughts, disturbing dreams, and guilt, and (3) measures of participants' subjective level of distress within sessions and pre- and post-treatment using the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS). As measured by SUDS ratings, EMDR resulted in a greater decrease in dyphoric affect within-session than the NEM analog. EMDR also resulted in a significant decrease in mean SUDS ratings from pre- to post-treatment. EMDR resulted in significant decreases in combat-related PTSD symptomatology, as measured by pre- and post-treatment scores on the CAPS-SX, BDI, and IES. EMDR also resulted in significant decreases in mean pre- and post-treatment frequency of self-reported intrusive thoughts and mean pre- and post-treatment intensity of intrusive thoughts, disturbing dreams, and guilt. Additionally, EMDR resulted in a significant decrease in pre- and post-treatment scores on one scale and two subscales of the TRGI. No differences in the mean frequency and intensity of self- reported intrusive thoughts, disturbing dreams, and guilt were detected between EMDR and the NEM analog. Results of the present study support the role of eye movements in attaining treatment gains with EMDR. Additionally, this study supports the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of combat-related guilt. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 61(10-B), Apr 2001, pp. 5555.

Keywords: Adults Americans Empirical Study Guilt Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness War Veterans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

164. Foley, T. (1996). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment of communication anxiety: A closer look. Western Michigan University. AAT 9640073.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to replicate the results of previous research with respect to EMD/R (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) and of this researcher's investigation of EMD/R treatment of public-speaking anxiety (Foley & Spates, 1995). The present study, however, included components to permit more extensive analysis of the elements of treatment that contribute to therapeutic effectiveness. The study investigated the contribution of assessment speeches to treatment effectiveness by using a two factor design in which one factor featured a condition of pre-treatment/post-treatment speeches vs. a condition of post-treatment speeches only. The other factor featured two treatment conditions, permitting consideration of the contribution of the imaginal exposure component of EMD/R to treatment effectiveness. One treatment condition received EMD/R while the other condition received an alternative treatment that differed from EMD/R only in that there were no instructions to visualize the traumatic event during the eye movement component. Subjects were 32 college students who suffered from communication anxiety and had experienced a specific traumatic event related to a communication situation. The research was carried out in a two factor repeated measures design consisting of four treatment groups: EMD/R-speech condition, EMD/R-no speech condition, Alternative treatment-speech condition, Alternative treatment-no speech condition. Results showed a significant decrease from pre to post-treatment for all groups on several measures. There were no significant differences between groups; however, the results on one measure (CAI) suggests that if power were increased, the groups would differ significantly with respect to the pre-treatment behavioral assessment factor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 57(7-B), Jan 1997, pp. 4705.

Keywords: Assessment Speeches College Students With Communication Anxiety Effectiveness Evaluation Empirical Study Oral Communication Speech Anxiety Treatment Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

165. Eckley, T. L. (2002, August). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Efficacy with residential latency-age children. Alliant International University, Fresno, CA. AAT 3042989.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This archival study examined the efficacy of EMDR with residential latency-age children. Participants in the study were the records of 5 children who completed a 10-week EMDR treatment protocol, and 4 children who were in a control group. Treatment included art therapy, play therapy, drama therapy, and talk therapy. EMDR was included as a component of the overall treatment for the experimental group. Pre- and post-measures were assessed using the Behavior Assessment Scale for Children (BASC) and the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC). Three versions of the BASC were used in this study: the Parent Rating Scale (PRS), the Teacher Rating Scale (TRS), and the Self Report of Personality (SRP).Paired-sample t tests demonstrated significant differences on the BASC-SRP and the TSCC for the experimental group at pre- and post-measures. For the BASC-SRP, the children in the experimental group endorsed significantly fewer items for Atypicality, Locus of Control, Social Stress, and Anxiety at the conclusion of the study as compared to initial results. For the experimental group, three of the six scales on the TSCC were significantly lower at the end of the study than at the beginning of the study. The children endorsed significantly fewer symptoms of PTSD, Depression, and Dissociation at the end of treatment as compared to the beginning of treatment. Because of the numerous limitations of this study, generalizability is inevitably limited. However, the outcome of this research indicates that EMDR can be effective to reduce overall symptomology of severely traumatized children. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 63(2-B), Aug 2002, pp. 1021.

Keywords: Depressive Disorders Dissociative Symptoms Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD School Age Children Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

166. Edmond, T. E. (1998, August). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Evaluating its effectiveness in reducing trauma symptoms in adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. University of Texas at Austin. AAT 9824929.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The purpose of the study was to evaluate, through the use of a randomized experimental design, the effectiveness of EMDR in reducing trauma symptoms in adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. No EMDR research to date has been exclusively comprised of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, a historically difficult treatment population. Additionally, while numerous clinical accounts of treatment with sexual abuse survivors have been published, controlled treatment research has rarely been done. Of the studies found that examine treatment efficacy exclusively with this population, none involved the use of random assignment.A sample of 60 adult female sexual abuse survivors were selected and randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) individual EMDR treatment; (2) individual eclectic treatment; or (3) delayed treatment control group. The participating survivors' trauma symptoms were measured in pretests and posttests on standardized as well as subjective instruments that measured anxiety, posttraumatic stress, depression, negative beliefs about the sexual abuse, emotional distress and desired positive self beliefs. The survivors in the study assigned to the experimental or comparison treatment groups received six 90 minute individual sessions of either EMDR or eclectic therapy. The delayed treatment control group subjects were pretested, asked to delay treatment for six weeks, and after being post tested were assigned a therapist with which to work. Data analysis consisted primarily of multivariate and univariate analysis of variance. The posttest results indicated that EMDR was very effective in reducing the targeted trauma symptoms compared to the control group. Eclectic therapy at posttest was also found to be very effective, resulting in a lack of statistically significant differences between the experimental and comparison treatments. However, analysis conducted at the three month follow-up revealed that EMDR was significantly more effective than eclectic therapy at maintaining therapeutic gains. The results of this study suggest that while both EMDR and eclectic therapy, when applied as brief psychotherapy models of treatment for survivors, can produce significant alleviation of trauma symptoms, EMDR may provide more enduring resolution. These findings have important implications for both survivors and the service providers available to them. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. 59(2-A), Aug 1998, pp. 0617.

Keywords: Adults Child Abuse Empirical Study Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

167. Renfrey, G., & Spates, C. R. (1994, September). Eye movement desensitization: A partial dismantling study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(3), 231-239. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90023-X.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
23 PTSD subjects were exposed to either: (1) standard eye movement desensitization (EMD), (2) a variant of EMD in which eye movements were engendered through a light tracking task, or (3) a variant of EMD in which fixed visual attention replaced eye movements. All three interventions produced significant positive changes in all dependent measures and these changes were maintained at follow-up. No significant differences between groups were observed. It was concluded that the eye movements peculiar to EMD are not essential to treatment outcome. The implications of the present findings and previous reports are discussed and recommendations for future research provided. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Adults Americans Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

168. Dekker, A. (2001, June). Eye to eye? Bilateral stimulation in cross-cultural context. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will be able to: 1) identify cross-cultural healing practices that incoporate bilateral stimilation; 2) describe relevant research studies; and 3) identiy guildeines for the development of culturally sensitive applications of EMDR.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Cultural Healing Practices

Accuracy Verified: Yes

169. Arnold, A. (2004). Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing and specific state anxiety in female gymnasts. Union Institute and University, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 3122853.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Forty-two female gymnasts ages 10-16 participated in a study to determine the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on state anxiety. Each subject identified excessive anxiety on a gymnastics element resulting from a fall, injury, observed fall, or debilitating repetitive thought process. Subjects were divided into random treatment and control groups. The treatment groups received up to 3 sessions of EMDR. Both process and outcome measures were analyzed using the Subjective Units of Disturbance scale, Validity of Cognitions scale, Sport Competition Anxiety Test, and Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory-2. EMDR was found effective in reducing cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and increasing self-confidence on the targeted element. Comparison over time from pretest to follow-up revealed no significant differences in trait anxiety for either the control or experimental group. Treatment effects of reduced cognitive anxiety, reduced somatic anxiety, and increased validity of positive cognitions were maintained for 90-days following EMDR treatment. Results indicated four processesing patterns facilitating trauma resolution: methodological, transitional object, unfinished business, and insight oriented processing. Recommendations for future research include the use of EMDR with physiological measures of state anxiety, and the replication of the four distinct processing styles found in this research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 65(2-B), 2004, pp. 1020.

Keywords: Anxiety Empirical Study Female Gymnasts Quantitative Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

170. Alatalo, G. L. (1994). Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing: A new treatment for trauma. Spalding University, Louisville, KY. AAT 9522299.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been hailed as a new experimental treatment for survivors of trauma that can provide rapid relief from the debilitating symptoms associated with PTSD. EMDR's efficacy reportedly stems from the use of eye-movements that are postulated to stimulate physiological changes in brain activity to produce cognitive restructuring and desensitization of emotional discomfort. This novel procedure has become more prominent with reported benefits for an increasing range of clinical applications. Since there is minimal controlled research, especially in a civilian population, on psychological methods to treat the ill effects of trauma and because EMDR has limited empirical support, further controlled investigation was warranted to supplement this limited body of scientific knowledge.Consequently, the specific goals of this controlled study were to evaluate (1) the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of civilian trauma survivors, (2) whether or not eye-movements are instrumental to the therapeutic process, and (3) the treatment impact on intrusive and avoidant symptoms. It was hypothesized that (1) an EMDR treatment group would demonstrate greater efficacy when compared to an Alternative group which followed the same treatment protocol except for the substitution of deep breathing for the eye-movements, (2) both the EMDR and Alternative treatments would show significant improvement over a Control group, and (3) there would be similar changes in intrusive and avoidant symptoms. Findings at two month follow-up indicated the EMDR group had significant reductions in intrusive/avoidant symptoms (using the Impact of Event Scale), decreased emotional discomfort related to traumatic memories (rated by Subjective Units of Distress), and improvements in positive self-evaluations (measured by the Validity of Cognition Scale). There were similar results in the Alternative group with the exception of no significant improvement in self-evaluation. This latter finding provides some support for the hypothesis that eye-movements facilitate a cognitive restructuring. Comparisons between the EMDR and Alternative treatments, however, found no significant differences on any of the dependent measures. That is, both treatments appeared to produce comparable positive results which implied eye-movements were no more effective than deep breathing. In addition, both treatments were found to be more effective in easing intrusive symptoms. Other similarities included observable relaxation reactions in both treatments. These overall findings imply a similar change mechanism. Therefore, the efficacy of EMDR may stem more from reciprocal inhibition rather than a cognitive restructuring induced by the eye-movements. If this is valid, then EMDR may be a variant of systematic desensitization. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 56(3-B), Sep 1995, pp. 1690

Keywords: Americans Avoidance Cognitive Impairment Empirical Study Intrusive Thoughts Longitudinal Study Self Concept Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

171. Wildwind, L. (1995, June). Facilitating live consultation. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The objectives of this presentation are to define ADHD in the various ways it presents adults, using EMDR cognitions and observations of clients as clues; then, to clarify why and EMDR works differently before, during, and after diagnosis, The presenter will provide background on the biological differences of those with the disorder, some thoughts on why this diagnosis is becoming so frequent at this time, and why therapists who use EMDR may be more likely to have the disorder and to see it in their clients. During the workshop participants will explore their own attitudes toward ADHD and learn about how these attitudes influence their ability to identify and assess ADHD symptoms in clients. Values, judgments and common myths about ADHD will be briefly discussed. Specific suggestions about modifying treatment when ADHD is suspected, suggested as a possible diagnosis to the client, and treated will be given, including a list of modified positive cognitions. Treatment planning ideas for clients with a variety of concurrent diagnoses will be offered, with special attention to the problems of resistance to the diagnosis, the medications use for treatment, and the process of adapting patterns to solve specific problems, using a specific example a group treatment planning exercise will be conducted. The actual treatment history of the case will be given clarifying how the treatment goals were reached. There will he time for participants to formulate negative and positive cognitions regarding their attitudes toward ADHD clients and the use of appropriate medications, and to assess the strength those attitudes, SUDS scales will be used. Participants will have an opportunity to ask questions and will obtain a bibliography, a client questionnaire, a list of modified cognitions, and a summary of resources for medical treatment, education and social support.

Keywords: Consultation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

172. Miller, R. (2013, May). The feeling-state theory and the feeling-state addiction protocol. Presentation at the annual EMDR Canada Conference, Banff, Alberta CAN.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Substance and behavioral addictions such as gambling compulsions, sex addictions, and smoking have been notoriously resistant to treatment. The Feeling-State Theory (FST) of Addiction presents a new understanding of the etiology of addiction. FST hypothesizes that addictions are caused by a fixation of a positive feeling event. Afterwards, whenever the person wants to feel that feel-good feeling, the link with that particular behavior is triggered. With this new understanding of addictive behavior, the Feeling-State Addiction Protocol (FSAP) uses a modified form of Eye Movement Desensitization (EMDR) to break the fixation, resulting in a complete resolution of behavioral addictions and the elimination of the urges and cravings of substance addictions, usually within 4 to 5 sessions. The resolution for behavioral addictions is so complete that, for example, a gambler can actually return to gambling without activating the compulsion. The presentation will explicate the FST hypothesis, present research data, case histories, and describe the process of utilizing the FSAP. (Introductory – 75% EMDR) Learning objectives: • Participants will be able to explain the Feeling-State Theory of Behavioral and Substance Addiction and the underlying etiology of addictions as understood by this approach. • Participants will be able to name 3 differences between the standard EMDR protocol and the Feeling-State Addictions Protocol. • Participants will be able to name the 3 sets of beliefs targeted for comprehensive treatment using the FSAP within the EMDR protocol. • Participants will be able to explain how to use the FSAP for both behavioral and substance addictions.

Keywords: Addictions Feeling-State Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

173. Miller, R. (2013, May). The feeling-state theory and the feeling-state addiction protocol. Presentaton at the annual EMDR Canada Conference, Banff, Alberta CAN.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Addictions Feeling-State Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

174. Cahill, S., & Frueh, C. (1997, September-October). Flooding versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy: Relative efficacy has yet to be investigated -- comment on Pitman et al (1996). Comprehensive Psychiatry, 38(5), 300-303. doi:10.1016/S0010-440X(97)90064-X.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Pitman et al. recently published a pair of studies on the relationship between indicators of emotional processing and outcome in flooding therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Among their conclusions, they asserted EMDR was found to be at least as effective [as] flooding in the treatment of combat-related PTSD and produced fewer adverse consequences. Although this research constitutes an important contribution to the literature on psychosocial treatments for PTSD, their conclusions regarding the relative effectiveness of these two treatments are unwarranted. The bases of our objections are that (1) assignment of participants to treatment conditions was nonrandom, and (2) several significant procedural differences existed between the two studies in addition to the specific treatments under investigation. These include different inclusion and exclusion criteria, the confounding of psychological treatment with psychiatric medication status, and differences in assessment procedures. Since the two treatments were not compared in a single head-to-head controlled trial, we conclude that their relative efficacy has yet to be investigated. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Comment Exposure Therapy Posttraumatic Strerss Disorder Professional Criticism PTSD Reply Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

175. Scholz, R. (2010, June). From mass trauma to chosen trauma - some discriminations and their therapeutic relevance. In Complex trauma. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The paper is about what usually is referred to as collective trauma and specifies this term. 'Collective trauma' here is used as a generic term that covers mass trauma, so called 'simple' large group trauma and chosen trauma. These different types are defined and the process and conditions are explored that is needed to transform mass suffering into large group trauma and then into chosen trauma. Emphasis is laid on the process' time dimension, which is connected to different types of memory (body memories, communicative memory, cultural memory) modes of transition and functions for the psychic life of a group and its members. The basic assumption is that trauma always is relational and thus contains a group dimension that is often ignored and to a certain degree in some cases for practical reasons is ignorable in treatment. But in the area of collective trauma this dimension has to be put into the foreground to gain a sound understanding from the processes involved. The paper tries - to provide EMDR-therapist with a theoretical background to discriminate between different types of collective trauma, - to foster an understanding of different types of memories connected to these different trauma types, - to convey the knowledge that different types of collective trauma due to the different dynamics involved ask for different types of actions, - to give a tool to understand when and to what extend EMDR treatment is the method of choice and what else or different is needed in heaping people to overcome collective trauma. The innovation is a classification of collective trauma connecting it too different types of memories that cause different processes. That allows getting out of the sometimes gloomy use of the term "collective trauma". The high emotional as well as moral loading always connected to traumatic experiences tend to obscure a clear view on the processes at work. But a sound understanding is needed to take appropriate measures in the different areas.

Keywords: Mass Trauma Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

176. van der Kolk, B. A. (2009, December). Frontiers of trauma treatment. Presentation at the 6th Evolution of Psychotherapy Conference, Anaheim, CA.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The study of psychological trauma has been accompanied by an explosion of knowledge about how experience shapes the central nervous system and the formation of the self. We have learned that most experience is automatically processed on a subcortical level, i.e. by “unconscious” interpretations that take place outside of awareness. Insight and understanding have only a limited influence on the operation of theses subcortical processes. When addressing the problems of traumatized people who, in a myriad of ways, continue to react to current experience as a replay of the past, there is a need for therapeutic methods that do not depend exclusively on understanding and cognition. This workshop surveys current research on how people’s brains, minds and bodies respond to traumatic experiences, and will specifically address the use of affect modulation techniques, EMDR, yoga, theater, and neurofeedback in overcoming various aspects of the destabilization and disintegration caused by trauma. Educational Objectives 1) To describe three new approaches in the treatment of trauma. 2) To describe the differences between how ordinary memories are stored contrasted with the memory processing of traumatic experiences.

Keywords: Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

177. Unger, M. A. (2008). Fysiologiska korrelat av ögonrörelser och emotionell exponering hos friska individer: – En experimentundersökning av mekanismer i Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) [Physiological correlates of eye movements and emotional exposure in healthy subjects - An experimental study of the mechanisms of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)]. Psykologexamensuppats, Stockholms Universersit, Psyckologiska Institutionen.

Language: Swedish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR, har i psykoterapiforskning visats vara en effektiv behandlingsmetod av posttraumatiskt stressyndrom, PTSD. Däremot är ögonrörelsestimuleringen, som är ett centralt moment i metoden, kontroversiell och dess funktion inte klarlagd.
I föreliggande undersökning randomiserades trettiosex friska försökspersoner till en av tre stimuleringsbetingelser: ögonrörelsestimulering, taktil stimulering eller orörligt visuellt stimuli (kontrollgrupp). Stimuleringen kombinerades med imaginär exponering, negativ och positiv. Utfallet av experimentet mättes i olika fysiologiska mätparametrar, samt självskattningar av obehagsnivån (SUD). Resultaten visade signifikant högre hudkonduktansnivå vid ögonrörelsestimulering jämfört med kontrollgruppen, relaterat till aktivering av det sympatiska nervsystemet. Inga signifikanta gruppskillnader fanns i de övriga mätningarna. Mönstret av autonom aktivering kan tyda på att ögonrörelsestimuleringen utlöser eller förstärker en orienteringsrespons, vilket vissa teoretiker föreslagit är den verksamma mekanismen i EMDR. Dock behövs fortsatt forskning för att förstå denna verkan, samt koppling till terapeutisk effekt.

Eye Movement desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR, psychotherapy research has shown to be an effective treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD. By contrast, ögonrörelsestimuleringen, which is the lynchpin of the method, the controversy and its function is not clear.
In the present study were randomized thirty-six healthy subjects to one of three stimulation conditions: eye movement stimulation, tactile stimulation or static visual stimuli (control group). The stimulation was combined with imaginary exposure, negative and positive. The outcome of the experiment were measured in various physiological measurement parameters, and self-estimates of the level of discomfort (SUD). The results showed significantly higher hudkonduktansnivå the eye movement stimulation compared with control group, related to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. No significant group differences were found in the other measurements. The pattern of autonomic activation may indicate that ögonrörelsestimuleringen trigger or reinforce an orientation response, as some theorists suggested is the active mechanism in EMDR. However, further research is needed to understand this effect, as well as access to therapeutic efficacy.

Keywords: Eye Movements Dismantling Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

178. Pagani, M., Nardo, D., Höberg, G., & Larson, S. (2009, November). Gray matter changes in limbic cortex in PTSD are associated with trauma load and EMDR outcome. Presentation at the 25th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Atlanta, GA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Psychophysiological Research
There is converging evidence of gray matter (GM) structural alterations in different limbic structures in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate GM reduction in PTSD in relation to trauma load, and to assess the volumetric differences between responders (R) and non-responders (NR) to EMDR therapy. Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans of 21 subjects exposed to occupational trauma, who developed PTSD (S), and of 22 who did not (NS), were compared by means of an optimized Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) analysis as implemented in SPM. Within S, further comparisons were made between 10 R and 5 NR. A regression analysis between GM density and the Traumatic Antecedents Questionnaire (TAQ) was also performed on all 43 subjects. Results showed a highly significant GM volume reduction in S as compared to NS, bilaterally in posterior cingulate and in the left hemisphere in precuneus, lingual and parahippocampal gyri. Moreover, NR showed a highly significant GM volume reduction as compared to R in bilateral posterior cingulate, as well as insula, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala in the right hemisphere. Regression analysis showed that GM volume reductions positively correlated with trauma load in bilateral anterior and posterior cingulate and right parahippocampal gyrus. In conclusion, GM volume reductions in posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex were associated with PTSD diagnosis, trauma load, and EMDR treatment outcome.

Keywords: Limbic Cortex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Outcome Trauma Load

Accuracy Verified: Yes

179. Nardo, D., Hogberg, G., Looi, J. C., Larsson, S., Hallstrom, T., & Pagani, M. (2010, May). Gray matter density in limbic and paralimbic cortices is associated with trauma load and EMDR outcome in PTSD patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(7), 477-485. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.10.014.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
There is converging evidence of gray matter (GM) structural alterations in different limbic structures in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate GM density in PTSD in relation to trauma load, and to assess the GM differences between responders (R) and non-responders (NR) to EMDR therapy. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans of 21 subjects exposed to occupational trauma, who developed PTSD (S), and of 22 who did not (NS), were compared by means of an optimized Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) analysis as implemented in SPM. Within S, further comparisons were made between 10 R and 5 NR. A regression analysis between GM density and the Traumatic Antecedents Questionnaire (TAQ) was also performed on all 43 subjects. Results showed a significantly lower GM density in S as compared to NS in the left posterior cingulate and the left posterior parahippocampal gyrus. Moreover, NR showed a significantly lower GM density as compared to R in bilateral posterior cingulate, as well as anterior insula, anterior parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala in the right hemisphere. Regression analysis showed that GM density negatively correlated with trauma load in bilateral posterior cingulate, left anterior insula, and right anterior parahippocampal gyrus. In conclusion, a GM lower density in limbic and paralimbic cortices were found to be associated with PTSD diagnosis, trauma load, and EMDR treatment outcome, suggesting a view of PTSD characterized by memory and dissociative disturbances.[Pubmed]

Keywords: Limbic Cortex Posterior Cingulate Posttraumatic Stress PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

180. Pagani, M. (2010, June). Gray matter density is associated with EMDR outcome in PTSD patients. In Research. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
There is converging evidence of gray matter (GM) structural alterations in different limbic structures in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder patients. Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is currently used to treat PTSD but its neurobiological implications are still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate GM density in PTSD relation to trauma load, and to assess the GM differences between responders (R) and non-responders (NR) to EMDR therapy. Structured clinical interviews for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders were carried out before and after EMDR treatment. Those who no longer fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD were classified as R and those who still met the diagnostic criteria of PTSD after treatment were classified as NR. Two scales 0f self-related Trauma Antecedent Questionnaire (‘trauma and neglect’ TAQ-, and ‘resilience factors’ TAQ+), were administered to assess lifelong trauma load and resilience. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans 10 R and of 5 NR were compared before therapy by means of an optimized Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) analysis as implemented in SPM. For group analysis, a threshold of p<0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons at cluster level and an uncorrected threshold of p <0.001 at voxel-level were used. NR subjects showed no significant differences nor in TAQ- scores neither in TAQ+ as compared to R(t=0.140, p+0.891). The contract R>NR exhibited a significant GM lower density in NR as compared to R in three different cluster: the first bilaterally located over posterior cingulate (Brodmann Areas, Bas 23 and 31); the second centered over the left precentral (BA 4), middle and medial frontal gyri (BA 6); the third including anterior insula (BA 13), and the complex anterior parahippocampal gyrus/amygdala, over the right hemisphere. To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating GM alterations with a VBM approach in a sample of PTSD patients respond and non responding to EMDR therapy. Posterior cingulate, parahippocampal and insular lower GM concentrations have been found to relate to responsiveness to EMDR therapy suggesting a high vulnerability of these structures to the effects of stress and trauma. These regions are well known to be implicated in processes such as: integration, encoding and retrieval of autobiographical and episodic memories; emotional processing, interoceptive awareness and sefl-referential conscious experience. Thus, our study supports lower GM densities in limbic and paralimbic cortices as a potential structural basis for memory and dissociative dysfunction in PTSD. Using such methodological approach can contribute to better understand the neurostructural basis for traumatic responses and their treatment. The goals for the audience are: 1. To understand the methodological research principles; 2. To be updated on neurobiological research in EMDR; 3. to be informed on the neural basis of EMDR.

Keywords: Gray Matter Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Research Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

181. Bériault, M., & Larivée, S. (2005). Guérir avec l'EMDR: Preuves et controversies [Healing with EMDR: Evidence and controversies]. Revue de Psychoéducation, 34(2), 355-396.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
L'EMDR est une approche psychothérapie intégrative proposé de traiter un large éventail de troubles psychologiques. Il s'agit de la première revue française de l'efficacité de l'EMDR. L'efficacité EMDR est d'abord montrer par des études de cas non contrôlé qui souffre d'importantes lacunes méthodologiques. études de cas expérimentale des résultats équivoques. Des études contrôlées sont ensuite examinés en fonction du type de contrôle expérimental utilisé et le type de trouble traité. EMDR semble aussi efficace que la thérapie cognitivo-comportementale pour le traitement du trouble de stress post-traumatique, mais la thérapie cognitivo-comportementale reste le traitement de choix pour la phobie spécifique et le trouble panique. En outre, des études montrent que le démantèlement de façon répétée les mouvements oculaires ne sont pas nécessaires à l'efficacité de l'EMDR. Une analyse des différences et des similitudes entre l'EMDR et l'approche cognitivo-comportementale est présentée. pseudoscience éléments intégrés dans le développement de l'EMDR et la diffusion sont également présentées. (Base de données PsycINFO Record (c) 2008 APA, tous droits réservés)

EMDR is an integrative psychotherapy approach proposed to treat a wide range of psychological disorders. This is the first French review of EMDR effectiveness. The EMDR effectiveness is initially show with uncontrolled cases studies that suffers from important methodological weaknesses. Experimental case studies provide equivocal results. Controlled studies are then reviewed as a function of the type of experimental control used and the type of disorder treated. EMDR appears as effective as cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder but cognitive-behavioral therapy remains the treatment of choice for specific phobia and panic disorder. In addition, dismantling studies repeatedly show that eye movements are not necessary for the efficacy of EMDR. An analysis of the differences and similarities between EMDR and the cognitive behavioral approach is presented. Pseudoscience elements embedded in EMDR development and diffusion are also presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Therapy Integrative Psychotherapy Approach Mental Disorders Psychological Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

182. Treadway, D. C. (2008, September). The heart of loving: A new model of couples therapy. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Dr. Treadway’s new model of organizing couples therapy helps the clients design their own treatment plan. This workshop will show how couples choose whether to work on making changes in the here and now, focus on healing from the wounds of their past, or work through their trauma history from their family FRIDAY of origin. Once couples choose whether to focus on the present or the past, this model then has a variety of additional choices for a couple to explore. Couples might decide to work on communications or behavior changes, problem solving or sexual intimacy. And since many of the couples’ issues stem from trauma in their respective childhoods or earlier in their relationship, Dr. Treadway will demonstrate how he explores the healing possibilities of utilizing EMDR adjunctively or independently. This workshop will particularly address ways couples can learn to be intimate and sexual, despite their inevitable tensions and trauma history. Participants will learn practical techniques and exercises for helping couples talk honestly about their sexual preferences and differences, be more playful with each other, and design their own solutions to sexual impasses. Dr. Treadway will also explore how couples can rekindle romance and bring spirituality into their erotic life together.

Keywords: Couples Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

183. van der Does, W. (2006, December). Heeft iedereen gewonnen, en moeten allen prijzen hebben? [Has everyone won, and must all have prizes?]. De Psycholoog, 41(12), 650-657.

Language: Dutch

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
De 'Dodo bird verdict' is al lang de uitkomst van psychotherapie-onderzoek: geen tekort aan behandelingen, maar geen verschillen in effectiviteit. Tegenwoordig (cognitieve) gedragstherapie (CGT) is de behandeling van keuze voor steeds meer en steeds complexere problemen. Van tijd tot tijd, nieuwe oppervlaktebehandeling die claim betere of snellere resultaten. De meeste van deze claims zijn ongegrond en hebben korte halflifes. Echter, EMDR, een behandeling voor Psychotrauma, heeft bereikt mainstream psychologie. Na McNally (1999), een vergelijking is gemaakt met een miraculeuze behandeling die Europa veroverde meer dan twee eeuwen geleden. Geconcludeerd wordt dat EMDR is minder effectief dan wordt beweerd, en dat de effectiviteit ervan is te wijten aan de opname van CBT elementen en de grote rol van placebo factoren in nieuwe behandelingen. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, alle rechten voorbehouden)

The 'Dodo bird verdict' has long been the outcome of psychotherapy research: no shortage of treatments, but no differences in effectiveness. Nowadays (cognitive) behavior therapy (CBT) is the treatment of choice for increasingly more and increasingly complex problems. From time to time, new treatments surface that claim better or faster results. Most of these claims are unfounded and have short halflifes. However, EMDR, a treatment for psychotrauma, has reached mainstream psychology. Following McNally (1999), a comparison is made with a miraculous treatment that conquered Europe more than two centuries ago. It is concluded that EMDR is less effective than has been claimed, and that its effectiveness is due to the incorporation of CBT elements and to the large role of placebo factors in new treatments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Dodo Bird Verdit

Accuracy Verified: Yes

184. Lefèbre, R. (2010, 28 September). Heeft sociaal-maatschappelijke stress een complicerende rol bij klachten na psychotrauma? Een onderzoek onder asielzoekers en vluchtelingen naar de relatie tussen traumablootstelling, psychiatrische klachten en de invloed van sociaal-maatschappelijke stressfactoren [Socio-cultural stress has a role in complicating disorders after psychotrauma? A survey of asylum seekers and refugees into the relationship between trauma exposure, psychiatric symptoms and the influence of socio-cultural stress]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
In onderzoek onder zestig asielzoekers en vluchtelingen met de diagnose PTSS, die in behandeling waren bij Stichting Centrum ’45, is gekeken naar de relatie tussen traumablootstelling en de psychiatrische klachten: depressie-, angst-, en traumaklachten en in het bijzonder naar de mediërende invloed van sociaal-maatschappelijke stressfactoren. Meer traumatische ervaringen bleken samen te hangen met depressieklachten, maar niet met trauma- en angstklachten. Van de sociaal-maatschappelijke stressfactoren bleek stress over lichamelijke klachten samen te hangen met depressieklachten. Stress over het gezinssysteem bleek samen te hangen met angstklachten.Traumablootstelling bleek niet samen te hangen met stress over lichamelijke klachten. Geconcludeerd werd dat sociaal-maatschappelijke stressfactoren geen mediator vormen voor de relatie tussen traumablootstelling en psychiatrische klachten. Voor een behandeling als EMDR, gericht op het traumatisch verleden van de cliënt, zou dit kunnen betekenen dat verdere aandacht aan sociaal-maatschappelijke stressfactoren waarschijnlijk weinig effect zullen sorteren. Ook zet dit vraagtekens bij andere traumabehandelingen als stabilisatietherapie. Mogelijk is deze therapie, die veelvuldig wordt toegepast bij asielzoekers en vluchtelingen, minder zinvol dan gedacht. Daar er sprake was van enkele methodische beperkingen zal vervolgonderzoek moeten uitwijzen of de resultaten generaliseerbaar zijn.

In research among sixty asylum seekers and refugees diagnosed with PTSD, which were pending at Foundation Centrum '45, looked at the relationship between trauma exposure and psychiatric symptoms: depression, anxiety, and trauma symptoms, and in particular to the mediating influence by social stressors. More traumatic experiences were associated with depression symptoms, but not with trauma and anxiety symptoms. The socio-cultural stressors showed stress on physical symptoms correlated with depression symptoms. Stress on the family system was found to correlate with angstklachten.Traumablootstelling was not correlated with stress on physical symptoms. It was concluded that socio-cultural mediator no stress on a relationship between trauma exposure and psychiatric symptoms. EMDR for treatment aimed at the client's traumatic past, this could mean that further attention to socio-cultural stressors unlikely any effect. Also put this question to other treatments such as trauma stabilization therapy. Possible that this therapy is frequently used in asylum seekers and refugees, less useful than expected. Since there were some methodological limitations, further research should reveal whether the results can be generalized.

Keywords: Anxiety Asylum Seekers Depression Symptoms IPTS, Refugees Residency Status Social and Societal Stress Survey Trauma Exposure Trauma Symptoms

Accuracy Verified: Yes

185. Adúriz, M. E., Bluthgen, C., & Knopfler, C. (2009, May). Helping child flood victims using group EMDR intervention in Argentina: Treatment outcome and gender differences. International Journal of Stress Management, 16(2), 138-153. doi:10.1037/a0014719.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A comprehensive group intervention with 124 children who experienced disaster-related trauma during a massive flood in Santa Fe, Argentina, in 2003 is illustrated, utilizing a one-session group eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) protocol. A posttreatment session was done 3 months after the treatment intervention to evaluate results. Results of this one-session treatment procedure, utilizing the EMDR-Integrative Group Treatment Protocol, showed statistically significant reduction of symptoms immediately after the intervention. These statistically significant differences were sustained at posttreatment evaluation 3 months later, as measured by psychometric scales, and by clinical and behavioral observation. Data analysis also revealed significant gender differences. Despite methodological limitations, this study supports the efficacy of EMDR group treatment in the amelioration and prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, providing an efficient, simple, and economic (in terms of time and resources) tool for disaster-related trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Argentina Floods Gender Difference Group Interventions Integrative Group Treatment Protocol Treatment Outcome Victims

Accuracy Verified: Yes

186. de Jongh, A., & ten Broeke, E. (2005, November). Het EMDR protocol: werk in uitvoerig [The EMDR protocol: A work in progress). Presentatie aan de eerste congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Ede, The Netherlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Sinds de introductie van EMDR heeft het basis-protocol veel veranderingen doorgemaakt, zowel in de Verenigde Staten als daarbuiten. Voor een deel waren dat min of meer cosmetische aanpassingen, maar verscheidene aanpassingen zijn ingegeven door culturele, conceptueel-inhoudelijke of technische overwegingen. Een deel van de aanpassingen zijn afkomstig van Shapiro zelf, een ander deel is voortgekomen uit ervaringen in de praktijk. De afgelopen jaren is met name sprake geweest van tekstuele aanpassingen die er op gericht zijn de lastigste stukken in het EMDR-protocol (bijvoorbeeld de vraag: “Welke uitspraak over u zelf past daar het beste bij?”) te vereenvoudigen en (vooral) sneller en doelgerichter te komen tot - wat wij graag noemen - 'scherpstellen'.
Deze workshop is bedoeld voor iedereen die de afgelopen 3 jaar geen oficiele EMDR (basis of vervolg) opleiding heeft gevolgd. Stilgestaan wordt bij de doelstelling, de structuur en (vooral) de actuele, exacte formuleringen in het EMDR-protocol van 2005. Telkens zal worden aangegeven wat de achtergrond van de doorgevoerde aanpassingen is. De verwachting is dat het huidige protocol zich soepeler laat toepassen in de therapeutische praktijk. En dat is goed voor zowel therapeuten als patiënten.

Since the introduction of the basic EMDR protocol made many changes, both in the United States and abroad. In part, some were more or less cosmetic changes, but modifications are motivated by several cultural, conceptual, technical or substantive considerations. Some of the changes come from Shapiro herself, somechanges arose from practical experience. In recent years there has been some particular textual changes at AIM. The most difficult pieces in the EMDR protocol (e.g. the question: "Which statement best fits with yourself about you?") To simplifying and (especially) faster and targeted to achieve - what we like to call it - 'Focus'.
This workshop is for anyone over the past three years of no company EMDR Approved (or basic) education followed. Stood is the objectifying, structuring and (Especially) the current, exact genesis of the EMDR protocol or 2005. Each will be given the background to the adjustments is. The expectation is that the current protocol allows more flexible use in therapeutic practice. And that's good for bone healing therapists and patients.

Keywords: Standard Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

187. Catherall, D. R. (2003, June). How fear differs from anxiety. Traumatology, 9(2), 76-92. doi:10.1177/153476560300900202.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Animal models conceptualize anxiety as a response to potential danger while fear is a response to present danger. The way humans experience anxiety involves our capacity for higher thinking while the human experience of fear appears to be much the same as the animal model. This article examines these differences at both a phenomenological and neurological level and highlights implications for the treatment of conditioned fear in PTSD. The stimuli for human fear are sensory-perceptual, while the stimuli for most forms of anxiety are conceptual-linguistic. Individuals in a state of fear/terror undergo a radical shift from top-down to bottom-up processing in which access to conceptual-linguistic thought processes is severely restricted and the frontal regions of the cortex are no longer able to override impulses from brain stem and midbrain regions. Conditioned fear involves actual neurological changes in the limbic system. To overcome a traumatic memory, the individual must (1) gain some level of access to the bottom-up state in order to habituate or extinguish the conditioned fear response, and (2) also achieve access to the top-down state in order to process the fear. ]Sage Journals]

Keywords: Anxiety Fear Cognitive Neuroscience Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

188. Brivio, R., & Bergamaschi, L. (2008, January). Human and organizational aspects affecting the wellbeing in rescue-working activity: EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing), Mirror Neuron and Stress Inoculation: The role of training methods, practice and simulation for psychological risks prevention and management in emergency workers.. International Workshop Reinforce Rescuers' Resilience by Empowering a well-being Demension Workshop, Turin, Italy .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The wellbeing of rescuers: Relational, organizational and technical aspects that can affect rescuers' wellbeing during rescue activities: Stress inoculation, role playing and the role of mirror neurons in training, also through the use of video recordings. Relaxation techniques, psychological debriefing and EMDR in trainings.

Focus of our intervention is the wellbeing of the rescuer. The study and research on this matter came and were carried out thanks to the activity done both during trainings and simulations of the Civil Protection than real emergencies. Our team work received contribution by some psychologists of OPP (Parma’s Psychologists’ Observatory: A.Sozzi, E.Pedrelli, F.Frati, A. Bocelli, T. Serra). Wellbeing, defined as a subjective and positive emotional state together with a global life satisfaction (Diener, 1984), is strongly at risk during rescuer’s emergency activities and can affect the rescuer both physically and psychologically. The rescuer's capabilities, that we think are technical “know how” and thorough knowledge, are essential to give the best performance according to the complexity and urgency of the intervention. These skills can really contribute to the rescuer's wellbeing, because they can improve the self-efficiency perception. To effectively manage and train rescuers, it is furthermore important to consider and acknowledge the influence of interpersonal relationships on technical performances. It is, in fact, particularly important to recognize and support the typical relationships that can be created in a team with the same task and specialization, as well as in multidisciplinary teams, or teams belonging to different Institutions but operating in the same scenario.

In recent years increasing attention has been given to training activities, even through the use of the role play for interventions in artificial emergency scenarios. To recreate scenarios of massive emergencies, different Civil Protection Associations, as well as First Aid volunteer associations and the local Institutions have been involved. In these simulations, most cases focus on improving technical performances. Lately psychologists have been asked to join the rescuers team. During these simulations, the role-play of emotional and psychological problems occurs thanks to the cooperation between emergency psychologists and the medical team. The introduction of the role and expertise of psychologists allowed to extend and strengthen the attention to cross support and care aspects for the psychological wellbeing of both victims and rescuers. The psychologist must therefore consider the “wellbeing” in all the emergency scenarios and contexts, as a sum of all the components that we talked about here and the ones we will describe during our intervention. He must first of all be aware of the complexity of each intervention in the field, and adopt a kind of approach aimed at creating and recovering wellbeing strategies, that can be used by himself as well. Strategies on how to build, recover and maintain the wellbeing identify stress as the first danger source the rescuer has to face in his training and emergency activity. When external events or stimuli are perceived as difficult to face compared with resources available at that moment, the individual gets stressed. When the person's efforts are not adaptive to the external requests and/or coherent with his performance expectations, he becomes vulnerable to emotional, behavioural, cognitive and physical reactions, which can be even very difficult to manage both in the short and/or in the medium-long term. This can happen when the sources of stress depend on the rescuer’s performance, and it can also happen in case of post traumatic stress, visible in different stages after the event. From the psychologist's specialist background and from the integration of this with the result of field experiences, the demand for a range of different tools to manage the different kinds of stress emerges, and these tools must be applicable both to the individual and to the group. This range is still improving, and the results of our observational activity from past and present experiences lead us to see the opportunity to carry on our research of tools of efficacy. During this speech we would like to underline that approaches like Stress Inoculation Training (SIT, Michenbaum, 1983) and the use of role playing allow the technical appraisal and let the rescuers improve their stress management skills, and all that can lead to a decrease in the risk of PTSD. In past simulations of emergencies, we found out that the use of videotapes for the role plays is a tool that should be taken more into account. We think it is important to evaluate its potential for the rescuers' benefit, because it seems to be not only “a record of technical performances”, but also an observation and learning tool about the rescuer's own defence and adaptive strategies. In fact, during these simulations we found out that the rescuers' psychological and emotional vulnerability emerged in several situations. The fact that even in these artificial situations there were acute stress episodes and O codes urged us to focus more on the matter of mutual influence between technical performance and internal experience of stress. We understand that such acute stress episodes may occur during real life critical events but we can see how role playing and video recordings show that such acute stress episodes affected the simulators themselves even during the simulation. The videos show that even apparently “high immunity” simulators, who are considered 'immune' thanks to their comprehensive and strong experience, experienced acute stress, perhaps because of an incorrect selfevaluation of their own stress management skills. The interest in the use of videos as a training and reprocessing tool for rescuers led some of us to specialize in role playing recording, so as to carry out a more accurate and comprehensive study on those same videos and use them as a mirror of reality and better educational tool through a vicar experience or through “seeing oneself from within the experience” and in the interpersonal dynamics that took place in the scenario. Videotapes are a very known and widely used tool in other kinds of trainings, disciplines and therapies (i.e. Family Therapy and CBT). The discovery of mirror neurons by Rizzolati, Gallese et Al., provides the evidence that when someone observes the same action performed by another person, the neurons "mirrors" the behaviour of that person, as though the observer were itself acting. Thanks to these researchers it is now proven that this can happen thanks to the motor neurons in the pre-motor cortex. Therefore, we would like to underline the role of videos as very useful and versatile training tools, since they expose a situation in an unexpected realistic manner “as if” it were true and “as if” we were really experiencing that situation, with the consequent learning movements at the emotional, cognitive and behavioural level, at the stress management level, as well as at the level of team work dynamics. Visual imagination activates the same brain regions that are active during visual perception and motor imagination activates the same brain regions activated the movement is really happening. More importantly, it was possible for us to verify that the videos recorded by other operators were not focused on showing the important psychological aspects we mentioned for the goal of the trainings, thing that happened instead with the videos recorded by psychologists. We think therefore that the use of videotapes recorded by psychologists should be given more consideration in the trainings of rescuers. During this intervention we will devote part of the time to broadcasting two short videos; the first one shows the role playing of an intervention in an emergency context, and the second one shows a part of an EMDR session (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing). We think it is important to recreate and protect rescuers wellbeing in the post-role playing and post emergency stages too. For years EMDR has been proven effective in improving the individual's coping skills and in reprocessing, wherever necessary, the post traumatic aspects resulting from critical events to whom not only the victims, but also the rescuers too, are exposed during emergencies.

Keywords: Emergency Workers Mirror Neuron and Stress Inoculation Rescue-Working Activity Risk Prevention and Management

Accuracy Verified: Yes

189. Flumeri, F., Salmaso, D., & Pagani, M. (2008, 26-28 Settembre). Impatto dell'EMDR sulle fuzioni e sulla neurobiologia cerebrali [Impact on EMDR and neurobiological brain functions]. In T. Farma (Chair), Simposio, Il modello psicotraumatologico: Un ponte tra indicatori neurobiologici e Psicoterapia. VII Congresso SPR Italia, Modena.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Introduzione:negli ultimi anni il numero di studi condotti nell’ambito dei disturbi causati da eventi traumatici ha subito una forte accelerazione rilevando l’esistenza di alterazioni fisiologiche e morfologiche in specifiche aree cerebrali associate sia alla risposta emotiva al trauma che alla insorgenza dei sintomi della sindrome da stress post-traumatico (PTSD). L’impiego delle tecniche di neuroimmagine ha consentito di fare luce sui correlati neurali della psicoterapia, rivelando i suoi effetti neurobiologici sulla funzione cerebrale. Nell’ambito dei diversi approcci psicoterapeutici, l’EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy) è emerso come promettente risorsa per il trattamento del trauma e di altri disturbi d’ansia, sebbene ancora non sia stata completamente chiarita la sua modalità di azione sui circuiti neurali. Molte ricerche sono state effettuate per valutare l’efficacia dell’EMDR, ma solo un numero esiguo di esse ha indagato il substrato neurobiologico di questa psicoterapia. Le metodiche di neuroimmagini utilizzate finora per studi sull’EMDR sono la Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) e la Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). La prima raccoglie dati sull’attivita’ cellulare cerebrale mentre la seconda riporta dati anatomici strutturali. Gli studi funzionali condotti con SPECT consentono di identificare le variazioni del metabolismo e del flusso ematico cerebrale, suggerendo un ruolo specifico per ciascuna area cerebrale coinvolta nel complesso meccanismo che sottende il processamento delle emozioni; la MRI consente invece di rilevare la presenza di variazioni morfologiche e volumetriche di specifiche strutture cerebrali. Negli ultimi anni, studi SPECT e MRI, volti ad esaminare gli effetti dell’EMDR sulla fisiopatologia cerebrale in pazienti affetti da disturbi d’ansia, hanno riscontrato sostanziali variazioni del flusso ematico ed alterazioni strutturali di alcune regioni cerebrali in seguito a terapia. L’efficacia dell’EMDR nel trattamento del PTSD è stata confermata da uno studio SPECT su sei soggetti ( Lansing et al.) (1) che ha evidenziato dopo terapia una diminuzione del flusso ematico nel lobo occipitale bilateralmente e nel lobo parietale sinistro e un aumento di flusso nel giro frontale inferiore sinistro. Sempre utilizzando la SPECT Oh e Choi (2) hanno riportato una significativa modificazione del flusso cerebrale in seguito ad EMDR, prevalentemente riscontrabile nell’area limbica e nella corteccia prefrontale. Un recente studio con utilizzo di MRI (3) ha inoltre messo in evidenza un aumento di volume dell’ippocampo in seguito a trattamento con EMDR, aumento invece non riportato in un lavoro di Lindauer et al. su 9 soggetti con PTSD, nonostante il successo clinico della psicoterapia eclettica eseguita (4). Obiettivi: il nostro gruppo ha studiato gli effetti a breve e lungo termine dell’EMDR (5, 6) dimostrando la sua efficacia nel trattamento di soggetti traumatizzati sul lavoro, e una stabilità del miglioramento clinico ottenuto in risposta alla terapia, ancora presente a distanza di tre anni. Nell’ambito dello stesso progetto sono state anche studiate le variazioni del flusso ematico cerebrale e della volumetria di alcune strutture cerebrali in relazione alla terapia con EMDR. Un primo studio SPECT ha analizzato la variazione della distribuzione di flusso in 11 soggetti guariti clinicamente da PTSD in seguito a EMDR messi a confronto con 5 soggetti nei quali la terapia non ha avuto effetto (7). Risultati: è stato evidenziato nei soggetti con remissione sintomatologica significative differenze di flusso in 4 aree corticali, alla disfunzione delle quali sono ascrivibili alcuni sintomi presenti in corso di PTSD. Diminuzioni di flusso post-terapia sono state registrate nell’ippocampo, nella corteccia parieto-occipitale e nella corteccia visiva primaria. L’ippocampo e’ sede della memoria a breve termine; la corteccia parieto-occipitale processa il riconoscimento di volti, dei corpi e delle parole; la corteccia visiva primaria custodisce la memoria visiva degli eventi. La mancata inibizione e/o l’iperattivita’ di queste regioni nel PTSD sono responsabili della rivisitazione patologica dell’evento traumatico e della presenza di flashback ed immagini allucinatorie. Inoltre la corteccia frontale dorsolaterale ha dimostrato un aumento di flusso nei soggetti che hanno risposto positivamente alla terapia. Questa regione chiave oltre ad essere deputata ad inibire la risposta patologica a stimoli che ricordano l’evento traumatico e’ essenziale per i processi di attenzione e di autostima, diminuiti in corso di PTSD e recuperati in seguito alla remissione della malattia. In ulteriori studi che combinano indagini funzionali e strutturali utilizzando SPECT e MRI abbiamo messo in evidenza il valore predittivo delle dimensioni dell’ippocampo riguardo all’efficacia della terapia con EMDR (Pagani et al. sottomesso). Conclusioni: gli effetti della terapia con EMDR sono risultati, unitamente ad un consistente miglioramento della sintomatologia e ad una riduzione della iperreattività a stimoli di carattere emotivo, in una normalizzazione funzionale di alcune aree specifiche e in un aumento del volume ippocampale probabilmente ascrivibile a neo-neurogenesi. Questi risultati sono in linea con la pregressa letteratura e con le attuali conoscenze sul PTSD e suggeriscono basi neurobiologiche dell’effetto terapeutico dell’EMDR confermandone l’impatto funzionale su strutture cerebrali coinvolte in patologie ansiogene. Bibliografia: 1. Lansing et al. (2005). J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci;17(4):526-532. 2. Ho DH and Choi J. (2007). J EMDR Pract Res;1(1):24-30. 3. Bossini et al. (2007). J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci; 19(4):475-476. 4. Lindauer et al. (2005). Psychol Med ; 35 :1-11. 5. Hogberg et al. (2007). Nord J Psych; 61(1):54-61. 6. Hogberg et al. (2008). Psych Res; doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.10.019. 7. Pagani et al. (2007). Nuc Med Comm; 28(10):757-65. [Pagani abstract]

Introduction In recent years the number of studies in disorders caused by traumatic events has been greatly accelerated by detecting the existence of morphological and physiological changes in specific brain areas associated with both the emotional response to trauma to the onset of symptoms Post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD). The use of neuroimaging techniques has allowed to shed light on the neural correlates of psychotherapy, revealing the neurobiological effects on brain function. Under the different psychotherapeutic approaches, EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy) has emerged as a promising resource for the treatment of trauma and other anxiety disorders, although still not been fully elucidated its mode of action on neural circuits. Many studies have been carried out to assess the effectiveness EMDR, but only a small number of them have investigated the neurobiological substrate of this psychotherapy. The methods used so far for neuroimaging studies on EMDR are Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The first collects data on 'brain cells while the second contains structural anatomical data. The functional studies performed with SPECT to identify changes in metabolism and cerebral blood flow, suggesting a specific role for each brain area involved in the complex mechanism underlying the processing of emotions, instead of MRI allows detection of morphological changes and volume of specific brain structures. In recent years, MRI and SPECT studies, aimed to examine the effects of EMDR on brain pathophysiology in patients with anxiety disorders, have found substantial variations in blood flow and structural alterations of some brain regions after treatment. The effectiveness of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD was confirmed by a SPECT study in six subjects (Lansing et al.) (1) showed that after treatment reduced blood flow in the occipital lobe bilaterally and in left parietal lobe and a increase of flow in left inferior frontal gyrus. Always using SPECT Oh and Choi (2) reported a significant change of cerebral blood flow after EMDR, mainly found in limbic and prefrontal cortex. A recent study using MRI (3) has also highlighted an increase in volume of the hippocampus after treatment with EMDR, but no increase in reported work of Lindauer et al. on 9 subjects with PTSD, despite the clinical success of eclectic psychotherapy performed (4). Objectives: Our group has studied the effects of short and long term EMDR (5, 6) demonstrating its effectiveness in treating traumatized individuals at work, and stability of clinical improvement obtained in response to therapy, yet this distance three years. Within the same project were also studied changes in cerebral blood flow and volume of certain brain structures in relation to treatment with EMDR. A first SPECT study analyzed the change in flow distribution in 11 subjects clinically recovered from PTSD after EMDR compared with 5 subjects in whom treatment had no effect (7). Results: It was shown in patients with symptomatic remission, significant differences in flow in 4 cortical areas, which are attributable to dysfunction of some symptoms of PTSD being present. Flow decreases post-treatment were recorded in the hippocampus, cortex parietal-occipital and primary visual cortex. The hippocampus and 'seat of short-term memory, the parietal-occipital cortex processes the recognition of faces, bodies and words, the primary visual cortex preserves the visual memory of events. The lack of inhibition and / or 'hyperactivity' of PTSD in these regions are responsible for the pathological review of the traumatic event and the presence of flashbacks and hallucinatory images. Moreover, the dorsolateral frontal cortex showed an increase in flow in subjects who responded positively to therapy. This key region in addition to being appointed to inhibit the pathological response to stimuli that recall the traumatic event and 'essential for the processes of attention and self-esteem, decreased in the course of PTSD and recovered following the remission of the disease. In further studies that combine functional and structural investigations using SPECT and MRI have shown the predictive value of the size of the hippocampus on the effectiveness of EMDR therapy (Pagani et al. Submitted). Conclusion: the effects of EMDR therapy were coupled with a significant improvement in symptoms and a reduction of hyperreactivity to stimuli, emotional, functional in a normalization of some specific areas and an increase in hippocampal volume probably due to neo- neurogenesis. These results are consistent with previous literature and with current knowledge about PTSD and suggest a neurobiological basis of therapeutic EMDR confirming the functional impact on brain structures involved in anxiety-disorders. Bibliography: 1. Lansing et al. (2005). J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci, 17 (4) :526-532. 2. I DH and J. Choi (2007). J EMDR pract Res, 1 (1) :24-30. 3. Bossini et al. (2007). J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci, 19 (4) :475-476. 4. Lindauer et al. (2005). Psychol Med, 35 :1-11. 5. Högberg et al. (2007). Nord J Psych, 61 (1) :54-61. 6. Högberg et al. (2008). Psych Res, doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.10.019. 7. Pagani et al. (2007). NUC Med Comm, 28 (10) :757-65. [Pagani abstract]

Keywords: Brain Functions Neurobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

190. Lichti, J. (2009, August). Improving EMDR consultation: Using practice research to develop best practices. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Atlanta, GA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop is for EMDRIA Approved Consultants, Consultants-In-Training and those seriously considering becoming Approved Consultants. We will review the context of EMDR consultation and identify the differences between therapy, consultation and consultation-of-consultation. The implications of the supervision/consultation literature will be reviewed, and the tools, resources, and recordings from actual consultations will be presented. Original research on the practices of EMDRIA Approved Consultants will be reviewed and Best Practices emerging from the literature and EMDR consultation research will be identified. Participants will use all the above information to analyze their own consultation practices and discuss with peers how to improve their consultation services.

Keywords: Consultation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

191. Frustaci, A., Pozzi, G., Aurigemma, C., La Rosa, C., Lanza, G., Fernandez, I., & Ruggeri, G. (2006, Febbraio). Indicatori di cambiamento in pazienti con disturbi da eventi stressanti: Impiego della heart rate variability [Indicators of change in patients with disorders of stressful events: Use of heart rate variability]. Poster presentato al XI Congresso SOPSI (Società Italiana di Psicopatologia), Roma, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Introduzione: i pazienti traumatizzati presentano alterazioni sintomatiche quali intrusività, evitamento ed aumentato arousal, che ostacolerebbe la possibilità di elaborazione/integrazione delle tracce mnesiche, oltre ad esprimersi a livello periferico. Tecniche specifiche di trattamento sembrano promuovere l’elaborazione/integrazione delle memorie traumatiche, tra cui la Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Nella ricerca valutativa è quindi necessario affiancare alle scale psicologiche un appropriato indicatore biologico di attivazione neurovegetativa. La variabilità della frequenza cardiaca (Heart Rate Variability – HRV) esprime l’integrità funzionale del sistema neurovegetativo in risposta allo stress e può essere misurata nei domini di tempo o di frequenza. Lo studio della HRV è stato applicato in psichiatria ai disturbi d’ansia (panico, DOC, PTSD) e dell’umore (depressione unipolare) in ricerche trasversali (confronto con controlli sani) e longitudinali di trattamento farmacologico (triciclici, SSRIs) ma in pochi casi a trattamenti psicoterapici. Gli AA. valutano l’impiego della HRV come indicatore biologico nel trattamento psicoterapeutico di pazienti con Disturbo dell’adattamento erdurante da oltre un mese dopo l’esposizione ad eventi vitali stressanti (EVS). Metodi: sono stati reclutati 6 soggetti (M/F = 1/5, età 40,5 ± 11,0) esposti ad EVS ed avviati a ciclo di trattamento psicoterapico breve (4-6 sedute a cadenza settimanale) di tipo specifico (EMDR) o generico (colloqui supportivi). Costituivano criteri di esclusione: età < 18 o > 65 anni; comorbilità psichiatrica, neurologica e cardiologica; uso di farmaci interferenti. Le valutazioni psicopatologiche sono state eseguite al reclutamento (TBASE: colloquio anamnestico, MINI, Brief COPE), a inizio e fine ciclo di trattamento (TINI, TFINE: IES, SCL-90-R), a uno e tre mesi di follow-up (T30, T90: IES, SCL-90-R, Brief COPE). Le registrazioni Holter sono state effettuate ad ogni intervallo valutativo coprendo: 60 min. attività libera, 10 min. tilt-test, 3-5 min. ascolto dell’evento traumatico, 30-45 min. seduta psicoterapica. Sono stati impiegati test statistici non parametrici per l’analisi delle correlazioni (Spearman) e delle differenze (Wilcoxon). Risultati preliminari: vengono valutate le correlazioni a TINI e le variazioni T90 vs. TINI. Sono significative le seguenti correlazioni: ansia fobica SCL e SDNN (dev. standard intervalli R-R) [r = + 0,9; p = ,037]; collera-ostilità SCL e SDNN [r = -0,95; p =.014]; depressione SCL e r-MSSD (radice media somma quadrati diff. R-R) [r = + 0,9; p = ,037]; sint. intrusivi IES e LF (basse frequenze) [r = -0,9; p = ,037]. Sono risultate statisticamente significative le seguenti variazioni: IES totale [Z = -1,99; p = ,046], sintomi intrusivi IES [Z = -2,21; p = ,027], sintomi di evitamento IES [Z = -1,99; p = ,046], ideazione paranoide SCL [Z = -2,21; p = ,027]; R-R, LF e LF/HF (rapporto basse/alte frequenze) durante ascolto evento [Z = -2,02; p = ,043]. Discussione: a livello basale gli indicatori HRV di distress vegetativo correlano positivamente con collera-ostilità e sintomi intrusivi, negativamente con ansia e depressione. Anche dopo tre mesi dalla fine del trattamento gli interventi psicoterapeutici tendono a ridurre i punteggi sintomatici, e migliorano il bilancio simpato-vagale durante il riascolto dell’evento traumatico.

Introduction: trauma patients have symptomatic changes such as intrusiveness, avoidance and increased arousal, which hampers the development / integration of memory traces, as well as speak at the peripheral level. Specific techniques of treatment seem to promote the formulation and integration of traumatic memories, including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). In evaluation research is therefore necessary to combine psychological scales appropriate indicator organic autonomic activation. The heart rate variability (Heart Rate Variability - HRV) expresses functional integrity of the autonomic nervous system in response stress and can be measured in time or frequency domains. The study of HRV has been applied in psychiatric disorders anxiety (panic, DOC, PTSD) and mood (unipolar depression) in cross-disciplinary (compared with healthy controls) and longitudinal drug treatment (tricyclic SSRIs), but in a few cases in psychotherapeutic treatment. The AA. evaluate the use of HRV as a biological indicator in the psychotherapeutic treatment of patients with adjustment disorder erdurante more than a month after exposure to stressful life events (EVS). Methods: 6 subjects were recruited (M / F = 1 / 5, age 40.5 ± 11.0) exposed to EVS and initiated treatment cycle psychotherapeutic short (4-6 sessions weekly) type specific (EMDR) or generic (hearing supported). Exclusion criteria were: age <18 or> 65 years, psychiatric comorbidity, neurological and cardiological, use of drugs interfering. Psychopathological assessments were performed at recruitment (TBASE: anamnestic interview, MINI, Brief COPE) at the beginning and end of treatment cycle (TINI, TFINE: IES, SCL-90-R) in a three-month follow-up (T30, T90: IES, SCL-90-R, Brief COPE). Holter recordings were made at each interval evaluation covering: 60 min. free activity, 10 min. tilt-test, 3-5 min. listening to the traumatic event, 30-45 minutes. psychotherapy session. Were used nonparametric statistical tests for analysis correlations (Spearman) and differences (Wilcoxon). Preliminary results: the correlations are evaluated and changes TINI vs. T90. TINI. Significant correlations are the following: SCL phobic anxiety and SDNN (standard dev. RR intervals) [r = + 0.9, p =, 037]; anger-hostility SCL SDNN [r = -0.95, p =. 014]; SCL depression r-mssd (root mean square sum diff. RR) [r = + 0.9, p =, 037]; sint. IES intrusive and LF (low frequency) [r = -0.9, P =, 037]. Were statistically significant, the following changes: IES total [Z = -1.99, p =, 046], IES intrusive symptoms [Z = -2.21, p =, 027], symptoms of avoidance IES [Z = -1.99, p =, 046] , SCL paranoid [Z = -2.21, p =, 027], RR, LF and LF / HF ratio (low / high frequencies) while listening event [Z = -2.02, p =, 043]. Discussion: At baseline HRV indicators of distress correlated positively with growing anger-hostility, and intrusive symptoms, negatively with anxiety and depression. Even after three months of the end of psychotherapeutic treatment interventions aimed at reducing symptom scores and enhance sympathetic vagal balance during the playback of the traumatic event.

Keywords: Heart Rate Variability Poster Stress Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

192. Baldwin, D. (1997). Innovation, controversy, and consensus in traumatology. Traumatology, 3(1), 7-22. doi:10.1177/153476569700300103 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Controversy follows innovation and threats to the status quo in many social domains, including the sciences. This article briefly summarizes information from the philosophy of science and data from studies of conflict in diverse fields. It then introduces two independent contemporary controversies in traumatology -- a new clinical method called EMDR and the Final Report of the APA Working Group on memories of childhood abuse -- and considers them within a broader context of the historical rift between psychological research and practice. The aim is to step outside the frame of specific conflicts and identify differences in philosophical orientation and values that contribute to communication difficulties and associated conflict between partisans. Approaches are offered toward building consensus within the field. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Child Abuse Commentary False Memory Rape Scientific Research Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

193. Yang, Y. (2005, June). An integrated grief-focused intervention after the death of a chief teacher. In Psychotrauma and EMDR in China and Slovakia, Part 1. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
During the SARS outbreak in 2003, a chief middle school teacher in Beijing unfortunately died of the disease. After her death, her students and colleagues fell into a state of emotional and behavioral disturbance. We describe in this paper a grief-focused intervention program offered by the community-based youth hotline crisis intervention group and the school counselor. In particular, the paper focuses on describing in detail a group based intervention program for the affected students, including its administrative structure, therapeutic objectives and interventions, and group process. The intervention protocol was designed by combining cognitive behavior and social therapy with some adapted skills of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). It was found that stabilization and installation were strongly significant in helping the students to recover from this traumatic event by focusing on positive resources. We argue that in the Chinese cultural context, it is most important to build such an integrated crisis intervention scheme to cope with such an event.

Keywords: China Grief Psychotrauma Slovakia Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

194. Forgash, C., & Knipe, J. (2008). Integrating EMDR and ego state treatment for clients with trauma disorders. In C. Forgash & M. Copeley (Eds), Healing the heart of trauma and dissociation with EMDR and ego state therapy (pp. 1-59) New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
In this chapter, we will introduce what we have termed the "cross-training model," an approach that integrates several lines of psychotherapy theory, practice, and research in order to assist clients with complex presentations. This model consists of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), ego state therapy, and dissociative disorder treatment methods. We believe that this model will enable therapists to extend the scope of treatment beyond trauma resolution to include the extensive life issues often faced by clients with complex disorders (Wachtel, 2002) and to have the opportunity to develop mastery and competence in treating these challenging clients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Egp State Therapy Dissociative Disorders Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

195. Talan, B. S. (2007). Integrating EMDR and imago relationship therapy in couple treatment. In F. Shaprio, F. W. Kaslow, & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp. 187-201). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Imago Relationship Therapy (IRT; Hendrix, 1996, 2001) is designed to process negative experiences to heal early wounds of childhood, resolve marital conflict and criticism, and increase connection and intimacy. The goal of treatment is for the partners to become individually whole and conscious and an "intentional couple"; this concept emphasizes the importance of making conscious and deliberate choices rather than being reactive. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1995, 2001) is a psychotherapy created to access and process the disturbing memories and deep wounds of childhood and bring them to adaptive resolution (Shapiro, 2001; Shapiro & Maxfield, 2002). In the integrative therapy approach described in this chapter, IRT is used to organize the approach to therapy, identify unprocessed targets for EMDR processing, facilitate communication between the partners, and help couples become less reactive and more intentional, separate and ultimately more connected. Advantages of integrating EMDR and IRT may include faster and deeper resolution of early childhood wounds and trauma and increased compassion and intimacy, enabling the couple to establish a healing connection, which breaks the symbiosis created in early childhood. Separation due to personal growth allows the couple to honor each other's differences and often results in greater connection. The integration of EMDR with IRT appears to provide more comprehensive desensitization, reprocessing, and healing than either of these therapies might provide individually. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Conflict Couples Couples Therapy Couple Treatment Imago Relationship Therapy Integrative Psychotherapy Integrative Therapy Approach Marriage Counseling

Accuracy Verified: Yes

196. Sherzer, M. (2008, June). Integrating EMDR in family & couple therapy. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In this poster I am going to raise the question of integrating EMDR in family and couple therapy. This is a philosophical question. I actually am asking if it's possible to integrate an individual approach with a systemic one. Those scholars who dealt with this question found some common roots in the attachment period. For example, the Hendrix' IMAGO approach presume that the marital crisis has its roots in the childhood wounds. We can find other approaches that enforce this assumption. The literature that deals with integrating EMDR with couple therapy does not find differences between traumas caused by marital crisis and traumas caused by other stimuli. This brings us to the idea it is possible that EMDR will be useful in a marital crisis also. The novelty was that those therapists who mastered both skills, family therapists and EMDR therapists, started with protocols that integrate EMDR in couple therapy in the presence of both spouses. From the first beginning, Francine Shapiro mentions in her basic book on EMDR that are cases where EMDR is contra-indicated in couple therapy in the presences of both mates. Later on we found that we can classify the cases when to use EMDR in the presence of both spouses and when to use it individually. Of course, this categorization is based on clinical observation. We like to refer this question to the members of this poster presentation if they have some more insights about this

Keywords: Couples Therapy Family Therapy Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

197. Moore, R. H., Dryden, W., Frater, A., Volkman, M., Volkman, V. R., & Gerbode, F. A. (2004). Integrating therapies. In V. R. Volkman (Ed.), Beyond conversations on traumatic incident reduction (pp. 155-179). Ann Arbor, MI: Loving Healing Press. ix, 292 pp.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
"TIR and Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT): A Conversation with Robert H. Moore, Ph.D" / Robert H. Moore / Moore, who is well-versed in Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) provides insights on how lessons learned from TIR can influence an REBT practice. /// "A Conversation with Windy Dryden, Ph.D" / Windy Dryden / Dryden also describes integration of REBT with TIR. /// "Using TIR in a Psychotherapy Practice: A Conversation with Alex Frater" / Alex Frater / Frater describes the use of TIR, REBT, and Thought Field Therapy in a psychotherapy practice. /// "TIR and EFT: A Practitioner's Perspective A Conversation with Marian Volkman" / Marian Volkman / Volkman describes the use of TIR and EFT (emotional freedom technique) in her private practice. /// "TIR and EMDR: Notes from the Field" / Victor R. Volkman / Describes similarities and differences in TIR and EMDR. /// "Comparing TIR and Other Techniques" / Frank A. Gerbode / Gerbode compares TIR with other techniques, such as EMDR, V/KD, DTE (direct therapeutic exposure), and TFT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Behavior Therapy Cognitive Therapy Counseling Multimodal Treatment Approach EFT Emotional Freedom Therapy Emotional Trauma Integrative Psychotherapy Integrative Therapy Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Reduction Psychotherapeutic Processes Psychotherapeutic Techniques Psychotherapy TFT Thought Field Therapy TIR Traumatic Incident Visual/Kinesthetic Dissociation V/KD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

198. Maxfield, L., Kaslow, F. W., & Shapiro, F. (2007). The integration of EMDR and family systems therapies. In F. Shapiro, F. W. Kaslow, & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and Family Therapy Processes (pp. 407-422). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. xxxiii, 470 pp.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
A fundamental tenet of systems theory is that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts (von Bertalanaffy, 1968). Clearly, this basic principle can be applied to the integration of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and family systems therapy (FST): The combined approach has a synergistic effect, with each of the two treatment components intertwining to maximize the individual effects of the other. This integrative treatment approach can result in profound changes for both the individual and the family. This chapter presents a case study of EMDR treatment of Tara, a 15-year-old girl, who was treated successfully with EMDR (for details, refer to Chapter 1; see record 2007-01569-001). This case is summarized here to serve as a foundation for a discussion of similarities and differences among the various FST models, as well as to provide an overview of an integrative FST and EMDR treatment. The authors suggest how the various integrative treatment approaches described in this book could have been used if the parents had been willing to engage in family therapy with Tara. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Family System Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

199. Dunne, T. (2010, June). Integration of EMDR into clinical practice: What therapists are saying. In Training issues. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
40% of Therapists trained in EMDR report difficulties integrating EMDR into their clinical practice. This paper will report on a qualitative study of Therapists who were interviewed as part of my Doctoral research project at the University of Middlesex, London. The paper will explore and report on the types of difficulties which therapists are reporting and the reasons why. It will explore ways forward to resolve these issues including the implications for training, and the need for ongoing clinical supervision post training. Participants will learn of the difficulties in integration of EMDR in clinical practice and the reasons why. Participants will come away with a better understanding of the professional and organizational difficulties involved in integration Participants will also learn how to resolve these issues. This study is unique because it is the first study undertaken with Therapists trained in EMDR outside the USA and because the qualitative nature of the study is counterbalanced with the findings of quantitative data which make the findings more generalizable and cross cultural in nature.

Keywords: Research Symposium Training Issues

Accuracy Verified: Yes

200. Lyhus, K. E. (2003, April). Integration of EMDR with other therapeutic approaches: A survey investigation. Catholic University of America, Washington, DC. AAT 3067496.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The present study examined assimilative integration, i.e., when techniques from various therapeutic approaches are imported into a single, consistent theoretical framework. Specifically, the aim of this study was to investigate how Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), a manualized therapeutic approach originally developed as a treatment for traumatic memories, is incorporated into clinical practice. In assimilative integration, elements of the EMDR protocol would be expected to be conceptualized and possibly modified in ways that are consistent with the therapist's theoretical framework. A survey design, using web-based questionnaires, was implemented to gather information from therapists who use EMDR. Therapists responded to a broad range of questions regarding their theoretical orientation, involvement in EMDR organizations, and practice of EMDR. A large sample (N = 532) was obtained, and results demonstrated that most therapists integrated EMDR with other therapeutic methods. Further, there was some evidence that therapists were practicing assimilative integration. Specifically, therapists typically added methods consistent with their primary theoretical orientation and conceptualized the effective elements of EMDR as those that were most consistent with their orientation. Most therapists reported using most of the elements of the EMDR protocol, perhaps reflecting the high level of interest in EMDR among therapists in the sample. However, there were some differences related to therapists' level of commitment to EMDR. For example, members of the EMDR International Association used more elements of the protocol and were more likely to report that they did not combine other methods with EMDR when compared to nonmembers. The diagnosis of the client was also an important factor in how EMDR was integrated into treatment. For example, therapists treating clients with PTSD were more likely to report on their use of EMDR as the primary therapeutic approach and to integrate cognitive/behavioral methods than were those treating clients with other disorders. This study was among the first to examine the process of assimilative integration. The findings show that psychotherapy integration varies by therapists' base theoretical orientation, client factors, and therapists' commitment to the treatment method being integrated. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 63(10-B), Apr 2003, pp. 4912.

Keywords: Assimulative Integration Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Traumatic Memories

Accuracy Verified: Yes

201. Chang, S. H. & Lee, Y. H. (2006, September). Interference of spontaneous eye movements during recollections changes the vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories?: A crucial test of possible EMDR mechanisms. Presentation at the 36th annual congress of the EABCT (European Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies), Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This study examined possible therapeutic mechanism of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Several studies have reported that bilateral eye movements during imagery could decrease vividness and emotionality of recollections. This study proposed a hypothesis, that was, the reduction of recall was due to the interference of spontaneous eye movements including conjugate lateral eye movements (CLEMs). 110 undergraduate students (47 men, 63 women) recalled two positive and two negative memories (the CLEMs of these memories were recorded by a digital camera at the same time) and rated their vividness and emotionality of the recollections. Next, participants recalled the memories while they were engaging in five between-group conditions (bilateral eye movements, left gaze, right gaze, central gaze, and mere imagery condition). Then participants recalled the event again and rated its vividness and emotionality. The results showed that the bilateral eye movements made autobiographical memories less vivid and less emotive, while mere image increased the vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories (ps < .05). Importantly, there was only one significant Valence × Time interaction effect (p < .05) in the left gaze condition. It showed that right hemisphere involved more negative emotions than positive, whereas left hemisphere involved no differences between negative and positive emotions. With regard to CLEMs, there were no different lateral eye movements between negative and positive memories. The study supported the idea that bilateral eye movements during imagery could decrease vividness and emotionality of recollections, and that interfering spontaneous eye movements changed vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories. The role of eye movements in the EMDR was discussed.

Keywords: Autobiographical Memory CLEM Eye Movements Gaze Direction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

202. Albers, J. (2010, July). The interplay of resourcefulness and resilience in recovery: A six session approach treating addictive behaviour, an extended EMDR protocol. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A structured six-session group therapy has been developed and approved for overcoming craving. The six session protocol can easily be integrated to well-applied EMDR protocols (DeTur from Popky, CravEx from Haase) supported by systematic implementation of cue exposure techniques and guided imagery. The EMDR protocol supported by cue exposure catalyses the recovery process as follows: At the beginning the patients are taught a set of three ideodynamic resources for coping with the urge to drink; “Rewards of sobriety”, “Support of relatives and friends” and “Irrepressible commitment to sobriety”. The patients learn rapid activation of these resources by the use of the “Seven Cue Word Induction–technique” and kinaesthetic bilateral stimulation (SingleblAiR). Then they are exposed to alcohol until the urge to drink reaches it´s peak. At this moment they are taught to initialize resourcefulness - with continued exposure to alcohol. Subsequently, the power of one ideodynamic strategy diminishes the intensity of craving significantly. Craving symptoms finally disappear and are replaced by self-reinforcing thoughts and feelings due to state dependent learning. In addition to this new experience the patients acquire a high level of self-efficacy as well as greater and deeper knowledge about their personal drinking triggers. They also find out which strategy is the most effective one for each specific trigger. After regaining self-control over triggers, the patients are more receptive to working with their core addiction issues, which have now become easier to treat by especially using Desensitization and Reprocessing of the Standard- EMDR protocol. Workshop participants will become acquainted with the six-session protocol by the use of DVD-demonstrations and by practising. In addition they will receive a manual with standardised instructions. Finally they will also be given the opportunity to participate in a cross-cultural research project proving the effectiveness of the six-step program which starts in 2011. This approach is designed to improve the treatment of various types of addiction and can easily be integrated into existing EMDR treatment strategies.

Keywords: Addiction Addictive Behavior Resourcefulness Resilience

Accuracy Verified: Yes

203. Herbert, C. (2004, June). Introduction to a safe place installation protocol for use with clients who have no pre-existing concepts or feelings of safety. Presentation at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, Stockholm, Sweden .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Theoretical background: The teaching of a “safe place installation protocol” forms part of the standard EMDR training and for my EMDR practitioners and consultants alike it belongs to their repertoire of EMDR treatment techniques. Such a protocol requires clients to access and identify with an experienced place of safety in their lives. Complex (i.e., Type II) trauma clients, as well as other clients which have not been able to build a secure, positive sense of inner self, as a result of their unsafe experiences during most of all of their life, however, may find it very difficult to access and identify a safe place, which they can draw on during the use of EMDR safe place installation protocol. The standard safe pace installation protocol therefore frequently does not work for these clients. Yet, it is suggested in this presentation that access to the inner ‘safe place’ resource can be of particular therapeutic benefit for this client group. In recognition of the need for such a resource, Dr. Herbert has developed an alternative version of an EMDR-based safe place installation protocol, which draws on all sensory modalities (involving, cognitive, emotional and somatic systems) that will work with clients who have no known prior access to a place of safety in their lives.
Aim of presentation: The conference audience will have the unique opportunity to experience Dr. Herbert’s safe place installation protocol’ during an in-vivo EMDR demonstration session. Suggested variations of the protocol tailored to individual client differences and clinical applications for the use of such a resource with this client group will also be explored. The latter will include use of the protocol as an inner anchoring point that clients can access and connect to in situations of crisis in their daily life and as an aid to facilitate the rebalancing of nervous system functioning.

Keywords: Complex Trauma EMDR Resource Installation Protocol Safe Place

Accuracy Verified: Yes

204. Dunne, T. (2010, March). An investigation into therapists’ beliefs about how eye movement desensitization & reprocessing (EMDR) works in clinical practice: Do the eyes have it?. Poster presented at the 8th EMDR Association UK & Ireland Annual Conference & AGM, Dublin, Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
These were subject to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Chi-Square tests to examine the relationships between Questionnaire items for significance. A total of 9 subjects agreed to be interviewed regarding their EMDR practice and integration issues. This qualititative data was content analyzed. No differences were found between both groups on Biodata factors, years of experience as a Therapist or years using EMDR which gives further confidence in the results when comparing both cohorts. Results: Respondents endorsed two types of explanation as to why they believed EMDR works (ie) EMDR facilitates communication between the Limbic system and Frontal Lobes (77%) and Adaptive Information Processing (73%). This suggests that Therapists are not just following Shapiro’s AIP model slavishly but are rather making up their own minds. There were no significant differences between Analytic, CBT, Integrative and Humanistic Therapists in terms of explanatory mechanisms endorsed about EMDR’s “active ingredient”. CBT Therapists found it easier to incorporate EMDR into their clinical practice than Analytic or Humanist Therapists. This finding was supported by the results of the qualitative interview data. Indeed, up to 40% of Therapists sampled experienced difficulties in integrating EMDR into their clinical practice, post training. The types of difficulties identified included: Differences in theoretical beliefs, more active style of EMDR, structure of EMDR Protocol, Therapist confidence issues, Organizational issues and hostility from clinical colleagues, bullying, lack of supervision and support post training. Conclusions: The results of this study confirm findings from earlier studies regarding Therapists’ beliefs about EMDR but also extend those finding internationally so that previous findings can now be accepted as universal given that this present study contained respondents from three other continents other than North America. This study also found that up to 40% of Therapists trained in EMDR experienced significant difficulties in integrating EMDR into their clinical practice post-training. Analytic and Humanist Therapists reported the biggest difficulties which included conflict with the Therapists’ original theoretical model, the EMDR Protocol structure itself, Therapist confidence and lack of supervision and support, Organizational and Management issues of opposition to EMDR and Therapist Bullying. The implications for EMDR training are discussed and communicated to relevant EMDR Training Organizations.

Keywords: Poster Research Therapist's Beliefs

Accuracy Verified: Yes

205. Oglesby, C. A. (1999, September). An investigation of the effect of eye movement desensitization reprocessing on states of consciousness, anxiety, self-perception, and coach-perceived performance ratings of selected varsity collegiate athletes. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA. AAT 9921186.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
PTSD experts have recently pointed out that while traumatic events have been the core of cultural tales for centuries, it is highly unlikely today that any individual will avoid the direct experience of a traumatic event during a lifetime. The present study was an initial exploration of the effectiveness of an approach, designed for clinical issues of trauma, in sport; a nonclinical, field study environment marked by consistent high pressure to perform with excellence. The hypotheses of the study called for examination of pre and post treatment scores of control, EMDR, and placebo group subjects on five dependent variables: States of Consciousness During Movement Activity Inventory (SCMAI); State-trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI); Coach-Perceived Performance Rating (CPPR); Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS); and Validity of Cognition Scale (VoC).Collegiate varsity athletes (N = 48) from the sports of field hockey, gymnastics, lacrosse, track and field, and volleyball were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. The control group completed the SCMAI and STAI with 3 to 4 weeks intervening. The placebo group completed the inventories and a week later met with a sport psychology consultant (researcher) for focus on the identified "worst moment in sport." The SUDS and VoC scores were collected during the session. After another week, the inventories were completed for the last time. The pattern for the eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) group was identical to the placebo group except the session followed a basic protocol for EMDR. The focus of the session was, again, the subjects, worst moment in sport. The results revealed no statistically significant pre to post changes in treatment group scores in regard to the SCMAI, STAI, and coach-perceived performance. Results significant p < .02 were found on the SUDS and VoC as the EMDR group reported more favorable gains that did the placebo group. Additionally, descriptive statistics, and qualitative protocol examples, were utilized to illustrate trends of potential individual benefit from the EMDR procedure. This research represented the first study of a potential line of research examining the efficacy of EMDR with athletes and, perhaps, with performers in various peak performance settings. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 60(3-B), Sep 1999, pp. 1292.

Keywords: Athletes College Students Effects Empirical Study Stressors Survivors Treatment Effects

Accuracy Verified: Yes

206. Lytle, R. A. (1993). An investigation of the efficacy of eye-movement desensitization in the treatment of cognitive intrusions related to memories of a past stressful event. Pennsylvania State University. AAT 9334778.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
A novel clinical technique, referred to as "eye-movement desensitization," has recently been reported to rapidly achieve significant reductions in the frequency and intensity of the two primary symptoms of PTSD; cognitive intrusions and the behavioral and emotional avoidance of trauma related fear cues. The current study was intended to provide an experimentally controlled replication of this procedure. The 45 students with the highest scores on a self-report questionnaire were selected for participation in the study and randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions. These conditions included "eye-movement desensitization," "eye-fixation desensitization," and a non-directive control condition.Sessions One and Three consisted of pretest and posttest assessment respectively, administered by questionnaire and behavioral measures of cognitive intrusions relating to the reported trauma. Session Two, consisted of immediate pretest and posttest assessment of information regarding subjective discomfort, perceived validity of adaptive cognitions, and vividness of images related to the reported trauma. The results of this experiment indicated that treatment-related pretest to posttest change was limited to (a) a relative reduction in cognitive intrusions for the eye-fixation group compared to the other treatment conditions, and (b) initial superiority of both desensitization techniques in immediately reducing subject distress, vividness of the initial image (and for eye-fixation, improved validity of an adaptive cognition) in comparison to the non-directive condition. The latter condition, however, then achieved equivalent gains by one-week follow-up. It was concluded that: (a) the relative efficacy of the eye-movement desensitization technique, was not supported in this non-clinical population, (b) to the degree that the outcomes resulting from the two desensitization conditions were at variance from those of the more traditional non-directive technique, those differences appear to have been predominantly transient in character, and (c) the induction of saccadic eye-movements did not demonstrably function as an active component of treatment within this experimental context. It was additionally concluded that further research will be required to satisfactorily resolve the discrepant findings of experimentation and case reports regarding the efficacy of this technique. Specific suggestions for further research were presented. [Truncated Author Abstract] [Pilots]

Keywords: Biologic Markers College Students Intrusive Thoughts Negative Therapeutic Reaction Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Witnesses

Accuracy Verified: Yes

207. Regourd-Laizeau, M., Tarquinio, C., & Martin-Krumm, C. (2012, June). Is McKelvey, (2009) correct, are E.M.D.R. and positive psychology really a “dynamic duo”?. Poster presented at the annual meeting of EMDR Europe, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: Hypothesis: in accordance with McKelvey's (2009)contention, scores from the EMDR group should differ significantly from scores from the discussion group and similarly from the control group for all measures.
Limitations: It is likely that one session of EMDR is insufficient to demonstrate significant differences between the groups. Several further sessions would help in assessing how much more EMDR is required before results reach statistical significance. Sack, Lempa, and Lamprecht (2001) and Maxfield, and Hyer(2002) showed how important is the methodology to assess efficacy of EMDR. This study shows that there is no significant difference between EMDR, and discussion at least in relation to optimism, life satisfaction, and self esteem. It’s nearly the same results in treating PTSD when comparing EMDR and CBT: both therapy methods tend to be equally efficacious (Bisson, et al 2007; Bradley, et al 2005; Davidson, et al. 2001; Seidler & Wagner (2006) ; Van Etten & Taylor,1998) even if EMDR is noticed to be quickest. As Shapiro’s argues it is very important to verify whether intuition can be scientifically demonstrated and is, therefore, valid. In this case, there is no scientific proof that EMDR can significantly improve integration of positive psychology with EMDR, unlike McKelvey contention. However, this is an initial study and it is hoped that future studies will refine the methodology used here.

Keywords: Positive Psychology Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

208. Munder, T., Fluckiger, C., Gerger, H., Wampold, B. E., & Barth, J. (2012, October). Is the allegiance effect an epiphenomenon of true efficacy differences between treatments? A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(4), 631-637. doi:10.1037/a0029571.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Many meta-analyses of comparative outcome studies found a substantial association of researcher allegiance (RA) and relative treatment effects. Therefore, RA is regarded as a biasing factor in comparative outcome research (RA bias hypothesis). However, the RA bias hypothesis has been criticized as causality might be reversed. That is, RA might be a reflection of true efficacy differences between treatments (true efficacy hypothesis). Consequently, the RA-outcome association would not be indicative of bias but an epiphenomenon of true efficacy differences. This meta-analysis tested the validity of the true efficacy hypothesis. This was done by controlling the RA-outcome association for true efficacy differences by restricting analysis to direct comparisons of treatments with equivalent efficacy. We included direct comparisons of different versions of trauma-focused therapy (TFT) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). RA was measured from the research reports. Relative effect sizes for symptoms of PTSD were calculated. Random effects meta-regression was conducted. Twenty-nine comparisons of TFTs from 20 studies were identified. Initial heterogeneity among relative effect sizes was low. RA was a significant predictor of outcome and explained 12% of the variance in outcomes. The true efficacy hypothesis predicted the RA-outcome association to be zero; however, a substantial association was found. Thus, this study does not support the true efficacy hypothesis. Given findings from psychotherapy research and other fields that support a biasing influence of researcher preferences, RA should be regarded as a causal factor and conceptualized as a threat to the validity of conclusions from comparative outcome studies.

Keywords: Comparative Outcome Research Meta-Analyses Researcher Allegiance

Accuracy Verified: Yes

209. Lazzari, D. (2008, Novembre). L'EMDR in ottica PNEI (interazione corpo-mente) [EMDR in optical PNEI (interaction body-mind)]. Presentazione le Applicazioni Cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In questi anni l’EMDR si è affermata come trattamento di evidenza nel più classico e più grave dei disturbi direttamente legati allo stress, cioè il PTSD (Bisson & Andrew, 2007) e sono stati evidenziati i suoi effetti sul SNC. Nonostante questo ed il suo progressivo impiego in una ampia varietà di situazioni sono ancora poche le riflessioni sull’EMDR dal punto di vista dell’integrazione mente-corpo, in particolare utilizzando i dati offerti dal campo di ricerca della PNEI. Nel presente lavoro ci soffermeremo su alcuni di questi aspetti per evidenziare come l’EMDR rappresenta una delle terapie più rispondenti alle nuove evidenze scientifiche ed alle esigenze di una scienza integrata della salute. Tre gli elementi salienti offerti dalla ricerca: 1. La vita ha plasmato nel percorso evolutivo strutture altamente integrate, descrivibili come sistemi complessi a rete in retroazione continua con il contesto. In particolare i sistemi nervoso, endocrino ed immunitario costituiscono nel network psicocorporeo un “super-sistema” di relazione e regolazione in grado di assicurare gli equilibri adattativi incorporando l’esperienza e gestendo la dinamica mantenimento-cambiamento (“regolazione allostatica”). Quindi l’organismo non è una macchina fatta di parti autonome tra loro assemblate, ma una realtà che parte dall’unità (zigote) e mantiene tale carattere unitario in tutte le sue articolazioni. 2. Lo stress non è qualcosa di per sé eccezionale e patologico, deve invece essere visto – all’opposto – come l’espressione di un insieme di processi (un sistema) che modulano la regolazione individuo-contesto a fini adattativi. In sostanza il sistema dello stress è sempre attivo e solo in situazioni di eccesso o di carenza (acute o croniche) produce effetti progressivamente dannosi per l’individuo. Le attività legate allo stress producono un “carico allostatico” (peso biologico, energetico) che – in relazione a fattori soggettivi ed esterni – può divenire “sovraccarico” innescando una catena di successive alterazioni nel funzionamento dell’organismo. Parallelamente vi è un “carico” ed un “sovraccarico psicologico” legati al primo da processi circolari. 3. Nel network corporeo e nel sistema dello stress, ovvero nei processi di regolazione generale interni e individuo-contesto, la mente svolge un ruolo cruciale di modulazione come dimensione nella quale i segnali (interni ed esterni) vengono trasformati in informazioni (assegnazione di significati) in base ai percorsi ed alle esigenze individuali di adattamento. La mente rappresenta così la più alta espressione dell’evoluzione della vita e delle sue strategie adattative e ciò spiega il suo ruolo rispetto al funzionamento complessivo dell’organismo. Le recenti acquisizioni delle neuroscienze hanno mostrato l’interdipendenza tra attività psichica, espressione genica e plasticità cerebrale che rende possibile il ruolo della mente. Il sovraccarico allostatico e psicologico legati allo stress dipendono in gran parte dall’attività mentale e costituiscono il principale fattore di rischio per la salute nelle società occidentali, antecedenti accertati delle patologie più diffuse. Se guardiamo a quanto detto sinora nell’ottica dello sviluppo individuale (fase intrauterina, processi di attaccamento, eventi significativi successivi) possiamo avere una idea di come mente, corpo e contesto interagiscono nella strutturazione dell’individuo ed il ruolo condizionante e de-strutturante delle situazioni e degli eventi che provocano una alterazione da stress. Le ricerche sul rapporto tra stress e sviluppo psicobiologico, tra modalità di attaccamento, strutturazione dei circuiti cerebrali, o tra queste e salute, confermano tali assunti (Lazzari, 2007). Venendo più da vicino all’EMDR, gli studi sulla psicobiologica del PTSD stanno mostrando che siamo di fronte sostanzialmente ad una manifestazione (particolarmente complessa ed accentuata) degli effetti dello stress sul network psicocorporeo (Iribarren et al., 2005). La ricerca sul PTSD (e gli altri disturbi da stress del DSM) deve incrociare necessariamente i filoni di studio sopra richiamati ed utilizzare la cornice concettuale che ne scaturisce. Gli effetti psicobiologici dello stress estremo e del trauma vanno inquadrati nell’ambito delle interazioni mente-corpo e della regolazione allostatica (carico vs sovraccarico allostatico). A nostro avviso, al di là degli specifici effetti sul SNC, l’EMDR si è mostrata efficace nel PTSD in relazione alla sua caratteristica generale di ricercare ed utilizzare come “target” non singoli aspetti di una esperienza, bensì l’esperienza nei suoi diversi aspetti: cognitivi, emotivi, fisiologici e relazionali. Il lavoro dell’EMR va a recuperare una integrazione perduta e lavora su questa. Si deve tenere presente infatti che, in via generale e preminente, lo stress compromette i livelli di integrazione, coerenza e flessibilità del sistema: lo stress cronico per processi progressivi di disregolazione, quello acuto per “rotture”, blocchi e sconnessioni. Pertanto l’elaborazione dell’informazione (e delle conseguenze) legata ad eventi e situazioni stressanti passa attraverso una re-integrazione di tutti gli aspetti psicobiologici correlati per giungere ad una ristrutturazione. Il livello di “penetrazione” (efficacia) di un approccio terapeutico è molto legato alla sua omogeneità con la realtà su cui interviene,cioè al fatto di parlare lo stesso linguaggio. E questo è un punto di forza notevole per l’EMDR. I dati disponibili sono coerenti con quanto enunciato: l’EMDR modifica i parametri fisiologici riducendo ed annullando l’attivazione da stress, spostando la bilancia dall’inibizione simpatica all’attivazione parasimpatica (Sack et al. 2007) e risulta associata l’abbassamento dell’arousal fisiologico, cioè con pattern di attività regolari e trofiche (Sack et al. 2008), mostrando similarità con quanto accade durante il sonno REM (Elofsson et al., 2008). L’EMDR incide altresì su disturbi fisici legati al sistema dello stress, come ad esempio hanno mostrato ricerche su patologie dermatologiche (Gupta, 2002).

In recent years, EMDR has established itself as the treatment of evidence in the most classical and most serious of disorders directly related to stress, that is, PTSD (Bisson & Andrew, 2007) and were highlighted its effects on the CNS. Despite this and its progressive use in a wide variety of situations are still few reflections from the perspective sull'EMDR mind-body integration, in particular using data provided by the search of PNEI. In this work we will focus on some of these issues to highlight how EMDR is one of the therapies are more responsive to new scientific evidence and the needs of an integrated science of health. Three main elements of research are: 1. Life has shaped the evolutionary highly integrated structures, we describe how systems complex feedback network continues with the context. In particular, the nervous, endocrine immune network and provide psycho in a "super-system" of relationship and adjustment able to ensure the balance incorporating adaptive expertise and managing the dynamic maintenance-change ( "regulation allostatica"). Then the body is a machine made of autonomous parts, assembled together, but a reality that leaves the unit (zygote) and maintains that unitary in all its joints. 2. Stress is not something in itself exceptional and pathological, but must be seen - in contrast -- as the expression of a set of processes (a system) that modulate the individual-regulation framework for adaptive. In essence, the system of stress is always on and only in situations of excess or deficiency (acute or chronic) effects progressively damaging to the individual. The Stress-related activity produces a "load allostatico" (weight biological energy) that -- relation to subjective factors and external - can become "overloaded" by triggering a chain of subsequent alterations in the functioning of the organism. In parallel there is a "load" and a "Overload psychological" processes related to the first round. 3. In the network system and body of stress, or in the process of setting general internal and individual-context, the mind plays a crucial role as a dimension of modulation in which signals (internal and external) are transformed into information (assigning meanings) depending on the paths and individual needs of adaptation. The mind is so the highest expression of the evolution of life and its adaptive strategies, which explains its role in relation to the overall functioning of the organism. The recent acquisitions of neuroscience have shown the interdependence of psychic activity, gene expression and plasticity brain that makes the role of the mind. Overload allostatico and psychological stress-related depend in large part by activism mental and constitute the main risk factor for health in Western societies, antecedents established disease spreading. If we look to the foregoing view of personal development (stage intrauterine attachment process, significant events later) we can have an idea of how mind, body and environment interact in the structuring the individual and the role conditioning and de-structuring of situations and events that cause an alteration by stress. Research on the relationship between stress and psychobiological development, including mode of attachment, structure of brain circuits, or between them and health, confirmation of these given (Lazzari, 2007). Coming closer all'EMDR, psychobiological studies of PTSD are showing that we are dealing essentially an event (especially complex and pronounced) the effects of stress on the network psycho (Iribarren et al., 2005). Research on PTSD (and other stress disorders DSM) must necessarily cross the strands study mentioned above and use the conceptual framework that arises. Psychobiological effects of extreme stress and trauma should be classified within mind-body interactions and regulation allostatica (load vs. overload allostatico). In our view, beyond the specific effects on the CNS, EMDR has been shown effective in PTSD in connection with his characteristic broad research and use as a "target" rather than individual aspects of an experience, but experience in its different aspects: cognitive, emotional, physiological and relational. Work dell'EMR goes to retrieve a lost and working on this integration. It should be remembered that, in general, and prominent, stress affects the levels of integration, consistency and flexibility of the system: chronic stress for progressive process of dysregulation, the acute "broken", blocks and disconnections. Therefore processing information (and consequences) related to events and stressful situations through a re-integration of all aspects related to psychobiological reach a restructuring. The level of "penetration" (effectiveness) of a therapeutic approach is very attached to his homogeneity with the reality on which it operates, namely the fact of speaking the same language. And this is a great asset for EMDR. The available data are consistent with the statement: EMDR change physiological parameters reducing and canceling the activation by stress, shifting the balance from the inhibition nice parasympathetic activation (Sack et al. 2007) and is associated with lowering dell'arousal physiological, ie regular patterns of activity and trophic (Sack et al. 2008), showing similarities with what happens during REM sleep (Elofsson et al., 2008). EMDR also impacts on physical ailments related to the system of stress, such as have Show searches on dermatological (Gupta, 2002).

Keywords: Body-Mind Interaction PNEI

Accuracy Verified: Yes

210. Seijo, N. (2011, Julio). La distorsion de la imagen corporal en TCA y EMDR [The distortion of body image in eating disorders and EMDR]. En Aplicación de EMDR en el tratamiento de distintos trastornos (Francisca García Guerrero, Coordinadora). Simposio realizado en el IX Congreso Nacional de Psicología Clínica, San Sebastián, España.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Los trastornos de la conducta alimenticia (TCA), entre los cuales está la anorexia y la bulimia nerviosas, constituyen un problema de salud emergente que tiene un fuerte impacto en nuestra sociedad. La problemática de estos trastornos es tan variada y multifactorial que exige una atención y actuación que incluya los aspectos clínicos, familiares, pero también culturales, sociales y especialmente, educativos. Nos encontramos ante un síndrome diagnóstico de origen complejo y afectación multidimensional, cuyo tratamiento debe ser capaz de llegar desde la superficie al fondo de su etiología. Todo lo que nos han dicho que somos y como nos han dicho que somos se vincula a nuestra imagen, detrás de esto hay todo un significado que en las personas con TCA cobra una relevancia mayor porque se acaba convirtiendo en el centro de sus vidas alrededor de lo que giran, de lo que proyectan sus dolor, su falta de conexión con el mundo y en lo que se acaba convirtiendo en su mundo distorsionado. Los elementos de trabajo que aparecen en el tratamiento de personas con TCA son el deseo de delgadez, el control y la vergüenza, TCC, reacciones defensivas condicionadas, imagen corporal, dificultades de apego, maltrato físico, sexual, negligencia, disociación, descontrol de los impulsos, TCA como anestesia emocional, automutilaciones, necesidad de límites, etiquetas, personaje, figura masculina de apego, familias disfuncionales, etc. (Quílez, 2009). Los profesionales que trabajan con TCA disponen en el EMDR de un modelo psicológico capaz de dar una respuesta eficaz a estos pacientes. El objetivo de esta comunicación es el explicar como se puede trabajar con EMDR para poder tomar conciencia de unos de las partes mas nucleares en el trabajo de los TCA como es la toma de conciencia del cuerpo real y llegar a la aceptación del mismo.

The feeding behavior disorders (ED), one of which is anorexia and bulimia nervosa, are an emerging health problem that has a strong impact on our society. The problem of these disorders is as varied and multifactorial requiring attention and action, including the clinical, family, but also cultural, social and especially educational. We are facing a syndrome diagnosis of complex origin and multidimensional impairment, its treatment should be able to reach from the surface to the bottom of its etiology. All you have told us that we are and how we have been told that we are linking our image, behind this there is a whole meaning that people with TCA charges a higher relevance because it ends up turning into the center of their lives around so they spin, what project their pain, their lack of connection to the world and when it eventually becomes distorted your world. Work items that appear in the treatment of patients with eating disorders are the desire for thinness, control and shame, TCC, conditioned defensive reactions, body image, attachment difficulties, abuse physical, sexual, neglect, dissociation, poor impulse control, emotional eating disorders as anesthesia, self-mutilation, need for limits, labels, character, male figure of attachment, dysfunctional families, etc.. (Quílez, 2009). Professionals working with eating disorders have the EMDR model psychologically able to respond effectively to these patients. The objective of this communication is to explain how EMDR can work with in order to make awareness of some of the most nuclear parts of the TCA work as awareness of the real body and reach acceptance.

Keywords: Eating Disorders Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

211. Capezzani, L. (2010, Novembre). La psicotraumatologia oncologica,Fondamenti, clinica, ricerca, strumenti di intervendo (EMDR), processi di umanizzazione e trasversalità delle aree di supporto alla persona [The psychotraumatology cancer,Foundations, clinical, research, tools intervening (EMDR), and transverse processes of humanization of the areas of support to the person]. Presentazione al "Convegno La psicotraumatologia Oncologica, Roma, Italia .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Recentemente presso l’IRE-ISG di Roma è stata fondata l’Area di Supporto alla Persona la cui mission è tentare di rispondere alle più attuali linee strategiche dei processi di umanizzazione che vogliono riconoscere e soddisfare i bisogni dei pazienti oncologici secondo la definizione che essi medesimi ne danno. A tale scopo l’area si articola in 5 sottoaree, quella dell’Accoglienza e della Preospedalizzazione, quella di Prossimità, quella Clinica, quella della Formazione al personale sanitario e quella della Emergenza Urgenza e della Psicotraumatologia Oncologica. Rispetto alle altre quattro aree quella dell’Emergenza Urgenza e della Psicotraumatologia Oncologica rappresenta l’elemento di novità proponendosi sia come servizio sia come modello di intervento complementare a quello psicooncologico già preesistente. Obbiettivo di questa relazione è: a. presentare i fondamenti teoretici e clinici che sostengono l’area, b. presentare le linee di ricerca che ne mostrano la portata euristica e terapeutica in ambito psicooncologico, c. indicare gli organi funzionali dell’area, articolata in un servizio di emrgenza/urgenza 24/24h che interviene sulla crisi ed in un servizio terapeutico orientato prevalentemente ai disturbi post-traumatici da stress acuti e cronici correlati all’evoluzione della malattia oncologica e ai suoi processi di guarigione, d. presentare gli strumenti terapeutici di cui si avvale, in particolare intervento psicoterapico con EMDR, e le tecniche sensorimotorie e. mostrare la trasversalità funzionale dell’area dell’Emergenza Urgenza e della Psicotraumatologia Oncologica rispetto alla altre quattro sottoaree secondo quei medesimi processi di umanizzazione che mettono la “persona prima di tutto”.

Recently at the IRE-ISG of Rome was founded areas with additional support to the Person whose mission is groped to respond to the most current strategic processes of humanization who want to recognize and meet the needs of cancer patients according to the definition that they they give themselves. For this purpose, the area is divided into 5 sub-areas, and that of welcoming Preospedalizzazione, that of Proximity, the Clinic, that of training the medical staff and that of Urgency and Emergency Psychotraumatology Oncology. Compared to the other four areas that Urgency and Emergency Psychotraumatology Oncology is the new element is presenting itself as a service and as a model of intervention complementary to the already existing psicooncologico. The objective of this report is: a. present the theoretical foundations and supporting the clinical area, b. present the research lines that show the flow heuristic and therapeutic in scope psicooncologico, c. indicate the functional organs of the area, divided into a service Hazard warning / urgent 24/24h who spoke on the crisis and in a therapeutic service oriented mainly to the symptoms of post-traumatic stress related to the evolution of acute and chronic oncologic disease and its healing processes, d. present the therapeutic tools that it uses, in particular psychotherapeutic intervention with EMDR, sensorimotor and techniques and. show the cross-functional area Urgency and Emergency Psychotraumatology Oncology compared to the other four sub-areas according to those same processes of humanization that put the "person first of all."

Keywords: Psychotraumatology Cancer

Accuracy Verified: Yes

212. Zillhardt, P. (2007, Juin). La thérapie EMDR avec les troubles des comportements alimentaires [EMDR therapy with eating disorders]. Document présenté lors de la réunion de l'Institut Français d'EMDR, Paris, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Si les troubles des comportements alimentaires (TCA) sont considérés par de nombreux auteurs comme une pathologie addictive du fait de schémas comportementaux et d’un support neurobiologique comparables aux autres dépendances (substances ou comportements), l’accord paraît unanime pour y voir une réponse spécifique à un modèle biopsychosocial. Un tel modèle implique : des facteurs inducteurs et déclencheurs, et des facteurs facilitants et de pérennisation. Par exemple, des travaux récents mettent l’accent sur la prépondérance de facteurs socio-culturels indissociables des forces médiatiques actuelles. L’importance de ces derniers facteurs se fait particulièrement ressentir depuis la seconde moitié du 20ème siècle et pourrait aller « crescendo ». En outre, la problématique des TCA est rendue plus complexe par l’existence d’une lourde comorbidité dont les éléments pathologiques sont autant causes que conséquences. Notons que 40% des patients souffrant de TCA ont eu, à un moment de leur vie, un PTSD. Nous, praticiens, ne sommes pas étonnés de constater que bon nombre de ces patients souffrent d’une altération notable de leur identité. Le caractère dit « synclétique » de la thérapie EMDR permet une approche intégrative dans le traitement des TCA : un aspect cognitif indéniable, le processus associatif induit par les stimulations alternées met souvent en lumière des matériaux reflétant des conflits intrapsychiques plus ou moins archaïques. Le travail portant sur l’imagerie mentale ou les états dissociés du moi peut aussi être associé dans les cas difficiles de patients souffrant de TCA. Le travail d’anamnèse et l’approche phénoménologique jouent un rôle primordial dans l’approche EMDR des TCA. L’un des aspects forts de la thérapie EMDR est l’identification de « clusters possibles » représentatifs des thématiques inductrices des souffrances et des symptômes inhérents à l’expérience de vie tragique de ces patients. Le plan de la thérapie est bien sûr personnalisé pour chaque patient.

If the eating disorders (TCA) are considered by many authors pathology as a result of addictive patterns behavioral and neurobiological support comparable to other addictions (substances or behavior), the agreement seems unanimous see a specific response to a biopsychosocial model. Such a model implies: inducing factors and triggers, and facilitating factors and sustainability. For example, recent studies emphasize on the balance of socio-cultural factors inseparable forces current media. The importance of these factors is particularly experience since the second half of the 20th century and could go "crescendo". In addition, the problem of TCA is made more complex by the existence of a heavy comorbidity whose elements are all pathological causes the consequences. Note that 40% of patients with TCA had, at some point in their lives, PTSD. We practitioners are not surprised to note that many of these patients suffer a significant change of their identity. The character says "Syncletica" of EMDR provides an integrative approach in the treatment CAW: a cognitive undeniable, the process associative stimulation induced by alternating often sheds light reflecting materials intrapsychic conflicts more or less archaic. The work on mental imagery or statements dissociated ego can also be associated in the case difficult patients with TCA. Work history and the phenomenological approach play an important role in the approach EMDR CAW. One of the strengths of EMDR is identifying "clusters possible" representative inducing themes of suffering and symptoms inherent in the tragic experience of life of these patients. The plan of therapy is of course customized for each patient.

Keywords: Eating Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

213. Robinson, N. S. (2012, June). Legacy informed EMDR. Poster presented at the annual meeting of EMDR Europe, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: Ancestral, familial and cultural influences often become embedded and can lay the foundation of core negative beliefs. We can use EMDR to reprocess legacy sources. Desensitize negatives and mobilize positives. This protocol is clinical, case based and anecdotal.

Keywords: Informed Consent Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

214. Robinson, N. S. (2012, June). Legacy informed EMDR: Promote positive and desensitize negative core beliefs stemming from transgenerational and cultural sources [Legado informado EMDR: Promover positivo y desensibilizar a las creencias negativas que se derivan de las fuentes principales transgeneracionales y cultural]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Ancestral, familial and cultural factors often become embedded and can lay the foundation of core negative beliefs and symptomatology. Legacy informed EMDR introduces the idea that EMDR can be utilized to reconsolidate transgenerational roots of symptomatology. The workshop outlines how to use EMDR to: 1) promote a positive core belief by accessing legacy-based resources 2) desensitize legacy-based maladaptive beliefs, traumatic events and emotional baggage 3)help clients develop an affirming coherent life narrative. This integrative approach is informed by a wide range of recent, notable researchers in the fields of neurobiology, attachment, and family systems (Siegel,1999, 2010; Main,1990; Boszormenyi-Nagy,1984; White, M. & Epston, D,1990). The workshop addresses how to incorporate legacy informed work into the standard 8-phase, 3-pronged protocol. Phase 1 includes an extended genogram. A core positive cognition is elicited and a VOC is taken as part of goal setting. Legacy based resources are developed for preparation and RDI. The standard protocol is used to desensitize traumatic targets. Access to ancestral, familial and cultural beliefs and information is gained with an EMDR time-line similar to that used in Maureen Kitchur’s Strategic Developmental Model (Kitchur, 2005). Clinicians can complete a course of EMDR therapy by reconsolidating threads from the distant past, remembered past, current being and future vision. Material often emerges and is reprocessed relating to race, gender, disabilities, sexual orientation and socio-economic dynamics as well as trauma and oppression. This legacy workshop is practice oriented and is anecdotally based on the presenter’s clinical work.

Factores ancestrales, familiares y culturales en muchas ocasiones se ensamblan y pueden llevar a la formación de creencias irracionales y sintomatología. El Legado informado EMDR introduce la idea de que el EMDR puede ser utilizado para reconsolidar las raíces transgeneracionales de la sintomatología. El taller revisa como usar el EDMR para: (1) Promover las creencias positivas accediendo a los recursos basados en el legado (2) Desensibiliza mediante el legado las creencias desadaptativas, eventos traumáticos y bagaje emocional. (3) Mantener el desarrollo de los clientes y afirmar la coherencia narrativa de la vida. Este enfoque integrativo esta creado a partir de un amplio espectro de recientes e importantes investigaciones en los campos de la neurobiología, apego y sistemas familiares(Siegel,1999, 2010; Main,1990; Boszormenyi-‐Nagy,1984; White, M. & Epston, D,1990). Este taller muestra como incorporar el legado informado al trabajo de las 8 fases, con el protocolo de 3 flancos. La fase uno incluye un árbol genealógico. Una cognición positiva es elicitada y el VOC es cogido como parte de una meta. Los recursos basados en el legado son desarrollados para la preparación y el RDI. El protocolo estándar es usado para desensibilizar los recuerdos diana. Acceder a los recuerdos ancestrales, familiares y culturales y la información proporcionada por el EMDR a tiempo real es similar en la usada por el modelo de desarrollo estratégico de Maureen Kitchur(Kitchur, 2005). Los clínicos pueden completar el curso de EMDR reconsolidando estos enunciados del pasado distante, pasado recordado, presente y visión futura. A menudo el material surge y es reprocesado en función a la raza, genero, discapacidad, orientación sexual y dinámicas socioeconómicas como el trauma y la opresión. Este taller de legado es una práctica orientada y esta basada de manera anecdótica en el trabajo clínico del ponente.

Keywords: Core Beliefs Cultural Transgenerational

Accuracy Verified: Yes

215. Kannan, L. (2010, July). Meditation integrated EMDR: An amalgamation of EMDR with traditional healing methods. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Ancient healing practices like meditation, yoga and pranayama have been found effective with a range of anxiety disorders but also have their limitations. EMDR integrated with such techniques is well adapted to Eastern cultures and is effective and more easily accepted with a range of traumatic events. This workshop will familiarize participants with various cultural adaptations as well as ways to integrate traditional effective methods in dealing with traumatized events. Participants will learn: 1. An overview of techniques derived from ancient Indian scriptures and healing methods like yoga, pranayama (breathing techniques) and Vippasana meditation and their applications in modern psychotherapy. 2. More about research on how this works. 3. Similarities and parallels with EMDR and points of integration 4. How to integrate these strategies into the EMDR protocol 5. Pilot study on the effectiveness of this integrated technique in traumatized individual.

Keywords: Meditation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

216. Suzuki, A., Josselyn, S. A., Frankland, P. W., Masushige, S., Silva, A. J., & Satoshi, K. (2004). Memory reconsolidation and extinction have distinct temporal and biochemical signatures. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(20), 4787–4795. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5491-03.2004.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The article explores the differences between memory reconsolidation and extinction. This new area of investigation is worthy of additional attention. Reconsolidation may prove to be the underlying mechanism of EMDR, as opposed to extinction caused by prolonged exposure therapies. “Memory reconsolidation after retrieval may be used to update or integrate new information into long-term memories . . . Brief exposure … seems to trigger a second wave of memory consolidation (reconsolidation), whereas prolonged exposure . . leads to the formation of a new memory that competes with the original memory (extinction).”

Keywords: Consolidation Extinction Fear Conditioning Reconsolidation Protein Synthesis Spatial Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

217. Usita, A. L. (2012, April). Mental health providers' perspectives on youth trauma services: Usual care and evidence-based practices. University of Hawaii at Hilo. 1511570.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract: Evidence-based practices (EBPs) are a means to improve the quality of care within children's mental health. Currently, little is known about independent practitioners' use of EBPs in treating children who have experienced traumatic events. Qualitative methodology was used to examine clinician's practice patterns, perceptions and knowledge regarding EBPs in treatment of children with trauma histories. Twenty-one interviews were conducted, representing clinicians within the public school, private practice, and third party provider agency settings. Open coding analysis was used to examine relevant themes surrounding youth trauma care. Clinicians identified often utilizing a variety of cognitive, art, play and humanistic therapies. Of note regarding treatment practices, clinicians discussed limited use of Exposure. There was also expressed interest in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing [EMDR] and tapping. Though use of EBPs (or components of EBPs) is one of many approaches within therapists' "toolbox" of interventions to choose from various concerns were voiced regarding EBPs. Interviews indicate that limited use of specific treatments including EBPs may be due to limited training and understanding. Clinicians displayed apprehension in using any one specific treatment practice for all clients with trauma related issues, and were cautious when discussing the term "evidence-based" specifically. Generally, positive attitudes towards EBPs as aiding in accountability and for informing practices have been stated, along with concern over managed care, use of EBPs as guidelines and applicability to varied diverse cultural populations.

Keywords: EBP Evidence-based practices

Accuracy Verified: Yes

218. Alto, C. (2001, November). Meta-analysis of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing efficacy studies in the treatment of PTSD. Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ. AAT 3015591.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new psychological therapy used in the treatment of PTSD and other disorders. EMDR is unique in that it combines sets of therapist-administered eye movements in conjunction with protocol-driven cognitive and affective processing related to past trauma. EMDR has become a controversial technique for reasons including a lack of explanation for why it works and stunning claims made for its efficacy in the literature. Despite a large amount of research over the past decade, EMDR has not before been studied meta-analytically in its own right.The present investigation used meta-analysis to examine the collection of EMDR PTSD studies available in the literature. The literature search resulted in a total of 21 studies, which met inclusion criteria. These primary studies in turn resulted in a collection of 118 effect sizes included in the analysis. Two separate analyses were conducted dependent on whether EMDR was compared to a no treatment control group or an alternative treatment control group. In addition to an overall estimate of the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD represented through an effect size, five sub-hypotheses were investigated. First, it was hypothesized that RMDR would be more efficacious with a non-combat population than with combat-related PTSD. The second sub-hypothesis was that there would be significantly larger treatment effects associated with verbal report measures than with physiological outcome measures used in EMDR PTSD studies. Third, it was hypothesized that earlier EMDR studies would show larger treatment effects than more recent EMDR studies. The fourth sub-hypothesis concerned treatment dosage. It was hypothesized that there would not be significant differences based on the number of treatment sessions administered. Finally, it was hypothesized that the bilateral stimulation component of EMDR therapy would not contribute significantly to treatment effects. The analysis consisted of generating effect sizes in the form of standardized difference scores on the various outcome measures. Effect sizes were then grouped according to independent variable categories and averaged together. Before testing for between-group differences, homogeneity testing was completed. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 62(5-B), Nov 2001, pp. 2474.

Keywords: Empirical Study Meta Analysis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

219. Sugawara Masakazu & Suzuki K (2004, July). Methodological and conceptual issues and tests - EMDR(Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing) and REM sleep. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Australian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment (ASSBI) and the International Neuropsychological Society (INS), Brisbane, Australia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: Desensitisation and Reprocessing) and REM sleep. [Background] Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a new innovative treatment with a high success rate for psychological disturbances rooted in traumatic memory. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms of EMDR have not yet been elucidated. Why is saccadic eye movement effective for the reprocessing of previously established conditioned reflex? [Aims] The present research analysed (i)the topographical changes of EEG (and ERP) and REM sleep after EMDR treatment, and (ii)the subjective units of emotional distress (SUDs) and VOC. [Methods] Subjects (13 males and 20 females) were assigned to three groups according to varied conditions (control, provocational, and EMDR), and engaged in sets of horizontal saccadic-eye movements lasting approximately 30 seconds per set. Topographical changes of EEG and ERP activities were recorded from 14 placements over frontal, central, parietal, temporal and occipital scalp locations in the international 10-20 system with linked mastoides (A1-A2). Electrodes were also placed on the lateral canthus and above the supercillium of the left eye in order to measure the electrooculographic and electromyographic responses. [Results and Conclusions] The statistical significance of topographical EEG differences and REM densities during the pre-0post EMDR treatment situations, were evaluated using an ANONA and Mann-Whitney U test. The neurophysiological and psychological data indicate that the density of eye movement during REM sleep increased after provocation and EMDR, and the left frontal activities might indicate a treatment efficacy. It supports the hypothesis is that REM sleep is intimately involved with the mechanisms of emotional and memory reprocessing.

Keywords: Poster REM

Accuracy Verified: Yes

220. Glans, E., & Dahlberg, U. O. (2004). Minne efter påverkan, Bilateral stimulering och dess effekt på episodiskt minne [Memory after impact: Bilateral stimulation and its effect on episodic memory]. Umeå Universiter, Institutionen för psykologi Psykologprogrammet.

Language: Swedish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Ett kognitivt minnesexperiment med mellangruppsdesign genomfördes i syfte att undersöka auditiv bilateral stimulerings inverkan på episodiskt minne. Bakgrunden till studien var att många kliniska iakttagelser gjorts i den psykoterapeutiska behandlingsmetoden Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, (EMDR) angående den bilaterala stimuleringens effekt på minnesprocesser. Frågeställningen var: Har auditiv bilateral stimulering någon positiv effekt på det episodiska minnet? Ett randomiserat urval bestående av 110 universitetsstuderande försökspersoner (55 kvinnor och 55 män), jämnt fördelade över fem grupper, i åldrarna 19-46 år, deltog. Auditivt stimulus gavs i fyra av grupperna. Den beroende variabeln var episodiskt minnesprestation och mättes med hjälp av meningstest och ordtest. Någon generell effekt av bilateral stimulering på episodiskt minne kunde inte påvisas. Bilateralt stimuli vid inlärning visade dock på signifikanta resultat avseende minnesprestation i förhållande till de två grupper som erhöll bilateralt stimuli vid återgivning. Signifikans erhölls även avseende prestation i förhållande till försökspersonernas upplevelse av stimulus. Resultaten diskuterades utifrån försökspersonernas upplevelse av stimulus samt inflytande av arousal. Avsaknad av emotionella komponenter, som i förlängningen bidragit till skillnader i minnesprocessande, antogs vara huvudsaklig förklaring till utebliven positiv effekt av bilateral stimulering.

A cognitive memory experiment with between group design was conducted to investigate the auditory bilateral stimulation effect on the episode of animal memory. The background to study was that many clinical observations made in the psychotherapeutic treatment Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) regarding bilateral stimulation effect on memory processes. The issue was: Did auditory bilateral stimulation a positive effect on the episodic memory? A randomized sample of 110 university student volunteers (55 women and 55 males), evenly distributed over five groups, aged 19-46 years, participated. Audi TIVE stimulus was given in four groups. The dependent variable was episode-Semitic memory performance and measured with the help of meaningful test and ordtest. A general effect of bilateral stimulation of episode animal memory could not be demonstrated. Bilateral stimuli at learning, however, showed the significant results relating to memory performance in relation to the two groups who received bilateral stimulation at reproducing. Significance was obtained including performance in relation to the trial subject's experience of stimulus. The results are discussed from the trial subject's experience of stimulus and the influence of arousal. Lack of emotional components, which ultimately contributed to differences in memory processing, was adopted as the primary explanation for non - positive effect of bilateral stimulation.

Keywords: Auditory Bilateral Stimulation BLS Episodic Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

221. Spierings, J. J. (1999). Multi-cultural EMDR. New Hope, PA: EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Programs.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
Here is an excerpt: "....I remembered courses and lectures etc. where all you hear is: Our western techniques and therapeutic ways don't work with people from other cultures. But nobody ever tells you what DOES work, or how to connect. So I decided to go on a search systematically, by asking every interpreter, every colleague, and some clients from other cultures to tell me what to do, and how to adapt. From there I developed my own techniques, the material presented here." [EMDR-HAP]

Keywords: Diversity Multi-Cultural

Accuracy Verified: Yes

222. Adler, S. P., & Heber, R. (2002, June). Multimodal approach to trauma with cross-cultural context. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Working with trauma, therapists must be aware of different community fabrics, support systems, cultural metaphors, and belief systems that may be different from their own. Participants will be able to identify Why, How and When combinations of modalities, including EMDR can be tailored for maximum effectiveness to specific populations. Illustrations include Latin American, European and American populations living with trauma as a result of terrorism. Additional vulnerabilities of the therapist who share past trauma histories or work in the same current environment under the threat of terrorism will be addressed.

Keywords: Cross-Cultural Context

Accuracy Verified: Yes

223. Amendolia, R. D. (1998). A narrative constructivist perspective of treatment of posttraumatic stress disorders with Ericksonian hypnosis and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Trauma Response, 13-14.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In a trauma survivor, physiological responses are exacerbated when the affect-laden memories stored in associative networks are triggered by environmental sensory inputs or cues and activate the autonomic nervous system. Recovery from trauma involves not only amelioration of physiological and dissociative symptoms, but also the cognitive rebuilding of a viable assumptive world view which integrates the realms of vulnerability, meaning and self-esteem. This world view is contextualized in cultural idioms and values. From an Ericksonian perspective, persons are usually attempting to problem-solve, even in a dissociative date. A symptom such as an intrusive recollection or recurrent dream of a traumatic event is therefore construed as a request for help in problem-solving. Hypnosis is a structured dissociation which facilitates cognitive flexibility; that is, the broadening of choices of the client' s belief system, rather than direct work on changing affect or behaviors. The goal of Ericksonian hypnosis is to recontextualize the traumatic memory, the affect of fear, and the physiological hyperarousal cued by the traumatic memory. This occurs within a broader context of pride, mastery and courage, and within a context inclusive of other memories and affects, which are positive for the client. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), similarly has as its goal the facilitation of a transfer of traumatic data from the cortical right hemisphere to the left hemisphere. EMDR also utilizes the attainment of a state of heightened awareness, or collaborative structured dissociation, in order to facilitate the orientation of the traumatized client's conscious mind toward "revisiting" traumatic memories. Both interventions can facilitate the self-narrative reconstruction process of trauma survivors by simultaneously modulating the person's hyperarousal while attending to the culturally significant metaphors which form the building blocks of a person' s world of meanings. [AAETS]

Keywords: Eriksonian Hypnosis Narrative Constructionist

Accuracy Verified: Yes

224. Pagani, M., Flumeri, F., Salmaso, D., Nardo, D., Sanchez-Crespo, A., Danielsson, A. M., Brolin, F., Jacobsson, H., Larsson, S. A., & Hogberg, G. (2008, October). Neurobiological changes in post traumatic stress disorder following treatment with eye movement desensitisation reprocessing. Presentation at the European Association of Nuclear Medicine Congress, Munich, Germany, European Journal of Nuclear Medical and Molecular Imaging, 35(Supp 2).

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Background: Only few studies have reported functional or structural modifications in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients following pharmacological treatment or psychotherapy. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a novel eclectic psychotherapy utilising, among other techniques, relaxation and safe place exercises, cognitive restructuring, future projections, and imaginal exposure of the trauma combined with sensory stimulation. The aim of the study was to analyse the differences in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) distribution and in brain volumetry before and after EMDR therapy. Subjects and Methods: Fifteen subjects with chronic PTSD following occupational health hazards were treated with five sessions of EMDR. They were assessed with psychometric scales and diagnostic interviews before and directly after treatment. SPECT, during administration of an individualised trauma script, was performed using 99mTc-HMPAO. After EMDR, the subjects were subdivided into responders (R, n=10) and non-responders (NS, n=5), based on the absence or presence, respectively, of full PTSD diagnosis. SPECT and volumetric data (MRI) analyses were carried out by Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM2). SPECT and MRI data were covaried by age and by time elapsed from trauma to SPECT. SPECT data were further covaried by the amount of grey matter normalised by the total intracranial volume. Results: Immediate significant post-treatment changes towards normality in all scales measuring psychological status were found in responders. As compared to NR, R showed a significantly decreased tracer uptake in parieto-occipital (Brodmann Area, BA, 37, fusiform gyrus) and in primary visual cortex (BA17) and in the hippocampus (p<0.001). The opposite comparison highlighted an increased tracer uptake in left frontal cortex (BA 44; p<0.05). Structural grey matter modifications were found in visual, posterior cingulate and parieto-temporal cortex, paralleling the functional changes. Conclusion: The positive EMDR outcome corresponded to increased 99mTc-HMPAO uptake in the left dorsolateral frontal cortex, processing attention and self confidence and exerting an inhibitory effect on the amygdala whose firing is supposed to be responsible for PTSD. After successful treatment significant decreases were found in primary visual cortex, processing images of traumatic memories and flashbacks; in fusiform gyrus, processing the memories of faces, bodies and words and in the hippocampi, involved in episodic and autobiographical memories. Volumetric changes paralleled the ones in tracer uptake in all regions Taken as a whole these findings suggest that the positive clinical outcome following EMDR therapy causes functional and structural neurobiological changes towards normality.

Keywords: Brain Volumetry Neurobiological Changes Posttraumtic Stress Disorder PTSD rCBF Regional Cerebral Blood Flow

Accuracy Verified: Yes

225. Bergmann, U. (2006, September). The neurobiology of EMDR: Thalamic, cerebellar and pontine/REM processes. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Clinical case reports and a growing body of controlled research suggest that EMDR is equally and perhaps more efficacious when cross-compared with other methods in treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. However, as EMDR was originally an empirically driven method, there has persisted a need for a more defined theoretical model, further scientific validation, and a neurobiological understanding of EMDR's reported robust effects. The possibility that EMDR can effectuate change on a neurobiological level has fueled speculation as to the neural-mechanisms that might underlie EMDR's effects. Brain scans and QEEG's are beginning to shed light on the alterations of brain function that EMDR appears to yield. This presentation will synthesize the existing research with theoretical speculation correlated with Francine Shapiro's model of the Adaptive Information Processing System. Specific attention will be given to recent empirical findings involving the thalamus in information processing and memory integration. This material will be integrated with previously posited theories regarding the cerebellum's involvement in many aspects of information processing and activation processes of the left prefrontal areas and EMDR's activation of the neurophysiology of REM-sleep systems. A neurobiological definition of EMDR serve to further legitimize its usage. It can also potentially enlighten our practice by informing preparation, resourcing and target selection strategies.

Keywords: Cerebellum Neurobiology Thalamus

Accuracy Verified: Yes

226. Figley, C. R. (1998, January). Neurobiology, treatment innovations, and a cyclone in the Cook Islands: Implications for understanding and treating PTSD. Traumatology, 4(1), 41-46. doi:10.1177/153476569800400105.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article is an overview of the three article published in the ejournal, TRAUMATOLOGYe's Volume IV, Issue 1 in 1998. Regarding the issue's first article (Bergmann, 1998), it is noted that recent discoveries make it possible to not only understand brain functions associated with experiencing and recovering from a traumatic experience, but may explain why EMDR works. This article then reviews Gentry (1998), noting the innovative treatment approach and the need for research. The latter part of the article includes a review of Taylor (1998). The author is impressed with the effort to respect cultural differences in providing post-disaster assistance. The final section discusses important research implications in each of the areas represented by these articles.

Keywords: Cook Islands Cyclone Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

227. Olff, M., Nijdam, M., Samuelson, K., Golier, J., Meewisse, M., Marmar, C., Yehuda, R., Gersons, B., & Neylan, T. (2007, November). Neuropsychological Symptoms in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Changes Over Time. Symposium conducted at the 23rd annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Neuropsychological symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder and changes over time: Attention and memory problems are some of the most persisting and debilitating symptoms related to PTSD. This symposium will focus on neuropsychological symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder with particular emphasis on changes over time or changes due to treatment.

Effects of psychotherapy on neuropsychological performance in PTSD: Two of the most common findings in neuropsychological studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are impairments of attention and verbal memory. This presentation addresses whether these impairments improve after trauma-focused psychotherapy. Data are presented from an ongoing randomized controlled trial comparing Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy (n = 70) and Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n = 70). Participants were outpatients diagnosed with PTSD after a type I trauma of different kind. Attention and memory were investigated before and after treatment using the following neuropsychological tests: Trail Making Test, STROOP task, California Verbal Learning Test and Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test. Different versions of the memory tests were administrated at pre- and postassessment in order to control for learning effects. Preliminary results of treatment completers indicate significant improvements of verbal memory and divided attention after both treatments. Differences between the treatments as well as the clinical relevance of the findings will be discussed.

Keywords: Neuropsychological Performance Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

228. Maxfield, L. (2012, April). New advances with EMDR: A summary of interesting new research. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation reviews new advances in EMDR, reporting on recent research studies which have investigated EMDR's application with new problems, new populations, and/or with new protocols. It looks at EMDR treatment of somatic and physical health problems, such as migraine headaches and chronic pain, as well as the role of EMDR in reducing the stressful impact of life-threatening health problems such as cardiac events and neuromuscular disorders. Preliminary research on new EMDR applications is summarized, including treatment of clients with psychosis and individuals with developmental disorders. An effective new protocol for recent critical events is explained and examined, as well as a new protocol for obsessive-compulsive disorder. The presentation also reviews studies investigating the role of eye movements on memory and physiology, and what these findings reveal about possible mechanisms of action in EMDR.
Learning Objectives: 1. Participants will be able to describe applications for EMDR with non-PTSD populations and related supportive research 2. Participants will be able to summarize clinical practice strategies for EMDR treatment of several somatic and physical health problems 3. Participants will be able to explain the new EMDR Protocol for Recent Critical Events and to recount the differences between this and the standard EMDR protocol, and to summarize the research evidence for this intervention 4. Participants will be able to explain the new EMDR Adapted Phobia Protocol for OCD, and to discuss the theoretical implications of this protocol 5. Participants will develop a basic knowledge of research findings regarding the effects of eye movements, and will be able to apply these to an understanding of EMDR’s mechanisms of action.

Keywords: Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

229. Grenough, M. (2012, October). OASIS in the overwhelm: Affect management/stabilization with diverse cultures. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Arlington, VA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This highly participatory workshop will teach four 60-second strategies that can be learned quickly by clinicians and used immediately with clients. The presenter has used these strategies over ten years at an urban Hispanic Clinic, and with children and adults of diverse cultural, economic, educational, and national backgrounds. Because the strategies focus on active physical involvement, they quickly help clients to identify and manage personal sensations and emotions (Phase 2-Preparation), pave the way for clearer gut understanding of (Phase 3) negative and positive cognition’s as well as “Where do you feel it in your body?” and (Phase 6) Body Scan.

Keywords: Affect Management Stabilization

Accuracy Verified: Yes

230. Prattos-Spongalides, T.-A., & Yoeli, F. R. (2003, May). Observing the resurfacing of pre-war embedded anxieities in cross cultural examples and EMDR. Sympsoium presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Rome Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Anxiety Cross Cultural Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

231. Yoeli, F. R., & Prattos-Spongalides, T-A. (2004, June). OCD: Anxiety, rituals, co-morbidity or altered state? Treatment outcomes with EMDR. In anxiety disorders and EMDR (A. de Jongh, Chair). Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of th EMDR Europe Association, Stockholm, Sweden .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Trauma-generated OCD repeats the trauma through its own ritual behavior patterns. This altered state re-traumatizes the core personality through the repetition of rituals similar to the original trauma. The presenters hypothesize that trauma-based OCD is an altered state not co-morbid with diagnosis for dissociative disorders. This OCD persona served the dissociative adult cope with traumatic memories changing and influencing reactions to ongoing trauma, life choices, and other behavior patterns.
This aim of this workshop is to focus on the development of trauma-based, anxiety-motivated dissociative states. Life in the shadow of chronic anxiety stemming from living under constant and consistent life-threatening conditions produces a (sub)-population of persons suffering from PTS/D. The anxiety and fear from elements of unprocessed traumatic events are retained and embedded in the body and are repeatedly triggered in daily life. This PTSD population dissociates into anxiety-based altered states ranging along a continuum from mild tension to phobias, panic attacks, denial, PCD, aggression, indifference and apathy and finally full blown trauma generated OCD.
The presenters provide cross-cultural examples demonstrating how ongoing threat of man-made or natural disasters often leads to a dissociative OCD state. Case examples are explored which demonstrate how processing with EMDR effectively enables resolution and change. EMDR is particularly useful in processing the “anxiety” via current behavior patterns.
Objectives: 1) to examine the co-morbidity aspects of trauma-based OCD and dissociation 2) to present the parallel continuums of types of stress and anxiety (on the intensity and severity axis 3) to compare the differences and similarities in behavioral patterns in different cultures under the stress of constant threat of annihilation (man-made vs. natural threats) 4) to demonstrate the effectiveness of EMDR on trauma induced OCD, through case illustration and discussion.

Keywords: Altered States Anxiety Disorders Co-morbidity Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD Rituals Symposium Treatment Outcomes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

232. Maxfield, L. (2009). On science, orthodoxy, EMDR, and the AIP, H. Lipke, Response from the editor. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(2), 109-112. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.2.109.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The Journal ’s instructions to authors are located inside the back cover of every issue. The relevant passage stated, “Articles that recommend a clinical approach that differs from EMDR’s standard protocol or its foundational Adaptive Information Processing model (Shapiro, 2001) should explain these differences.”The purpose of this instruction was to encourage clarity rather than conformity. It is important for Journal readers, some of whom have not been trained in this method, to know whether the techniques described are standard for eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) or variations on the protocol. For example, the reader of an article describing a technique that combines EMDR with aspects of another psychotherapy approach such as hypnosis could assume that hypnotic inductions were part of standard EMDR unless it was stated clearly which elements were adapted from that method. The request that authors also clarify points of divergence from the adaptive information-processing (AIP) model was similarly intended to generate clarity. It is consistent with the recognition that a common platform for discussion is needed, even if that platform is imperfect. It is also consistent with Shapiro’s teaching of the AIP model as a clinical heuristic that is subject to revision in the face of new data or more compelling models. Rather than thwarting discussion, the request that authors explain points of disagreement was designed to promote deeper consideration of the mechanisms and models underlying EMDR. In response to Dr. Lipke’s letter, the Journal ’s Editorial Board engaged in a thorough review process to examine the value of this instruction and invited responses (see letters above) from Dr. Shapiro and the EMDRIA’s Board of Directors to further illuminate the process. The Editorial Board has a diverse membership, and there were divergent opinions, including some disagreements with the following response. It was decided to modify the identified statement so that it now reads, “Articles that recommend a clinical approach that differs from EMDR’s standard protocol or Shapiro’s (2001) Adaptive Information Processing model should discuss these differences.”

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP Letter Orthodoxy Science

Accuracy Verified: Yes

233. Hogberg, G., Pagani, M., Sundin, Ö., Soares, J., Aberg-Wistedt, A., Tarnell, B., & Hallstrom, T. (2007, February). On treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in public transportation workers – A randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 61, 54-61. doi:10.1080/08039480601129408.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Previous studies on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) investigated a variety of treatments and included mostly patients victims of sexual and combat assault. This study aimed to determine the short-term efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in occupation-based PTSD. Employees of the public transportation system in Stockholm, who had been experiencing a person-under-train accident or had been assaulted at work were recruited. Subjects with trauma exposure since more than 3 months but less than 6 years were included. Twenty-four subjects who fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD were randomized to either EMDR therapy (n=13) or waiting list (WL, n=11). They were assessed pre-treatment and shortly after completion of treatment or WL period. The pre-defined primary outcome variable was full PTSD diagnosis. Secondary outcome variables were the results of various psychometric scales. Twelve participants began and completed five sessions of EMDR and nine completed the WL. After therapy, eight subjects in the EMDR group (67%) and one (11%) in WL did not fulfil the criteria for PTSD diagnosis (difference, P=0.02). Among the secondary outcome variables, there were significant differences post-treatment between the groups EMDR/WL in Global Assessment of Function (GAF) score and Hamilton Depression (HAM-D) score. This study indicates that EMDR has a short-term effect on PTSD in public transportation workers exposed to occupational traumatic events. Such intensive and brief therapy might be further validated in larger samples of exposed workers with longer periods of follow-up.

Keywords: Counter-Conditioning Empirical Study Occupational Health Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Random Control Trial RCT

Accuracy Verified: Yes

234. Krom, M. (2012, Novembro). A origem das crenças em sua relação direta com os mitos pessoais e familiares [The origin of the belief in its direct relationship with personal myths and family]. In EMDR e visão sistêmica. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Diante da importância das crenças e resistências que se apresentam frente às mudanças que se fazem necessárias, encontram-se as crenças pessoais de profundas raízes psíquicas que necessitam ser trabalhadas. Que podem ser mais bem compreendidas, quando podemos aprofundar o olhar através das experiências de vida, e, estendê-lo ao contexto cultural e familiar de onde se originaram. Esta perspectiva pretende colaborar para identificar as várias crenças que se associam e se assemelham, fortalecendo-se mutuamente tanto nos aspectos nocivos e desorganizadores, como nos positivos e organizadores que atuam poderosamente na vida das pessoas. Pode-se oferecer também uma vivência aos participantes, de encontro com alguns elementos de seus mitos e de suas crenças pessoais.

Given the importance of beliefs and resistances that arise before the changes that are necessary, are the personal beliefs of deep psychic roots that need to be worked on. What can be better understood when we look deeper through the experiences of life, and extend it to family and cultural context from which they came. This approach intends to collaborate to identify the various beliefs that associate and resemble, strengthening one another in ways both harmful and disruptive, as well as positive and organizers who work powerfully in people's lives. You can also offer an experience for participants, meeting with some elements of their myths and their personal beliefs.

Keywords: Beliefs Myths Origin

Accuracy Verified: Yes

235. Pagani, M., Nardo, D., Flumeri, F., Salmaso, D., Looi, J., Sanchez-Crespo, A., Larsson, S.A., Sundin, Ö., Hogberg, G., & Bejerot, S. (2009, January). P03-58 volumetric changes in PTSD and in a subgroup of PTSD patients not responding to EMDR psychotherapy. European Psychiatry, 24(Supplement 1), S1057-S1057. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(09)71290-8.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Several studies have reported limbic structures volume decrease in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, in PTSD the effect of therapy on brain structures has seldom been investigated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the grey matter (GM) loss in occupational related PTSD and to assess the volumetric differences between patients responding (R) and non-responding (NR) to psychotherapy. Methods: Pre-EMDR MRI data of 21 train drives who did develop PTSD (S) and 22 who did not develop PTSD (NS) after person-under-the-train accidents were compared. Within S further comparisons were made between 10 R to Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy and 5 NR. Data were analysed by optimised voxel-based morphometry as implemented in Statistical Parametric Mapping. Results: As compared to NS, S showed a significant GM volume reduction in precuneus, lingual gyrus, posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex. The R>NR comparison highlighted a significant GM reduction in NR in bilateral posterior cingulate, left middle frontal cortex and right parahippocampal, insular and temporal cortices. Conclusions: Comparing two large groups of subjects significant GM volumetric reductions were found in PTSD in posterior limbic structures. NR showed, as compared to R, volume reduction in cortical structures including posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex. These latter two structures seem to be the hallmark for both PTSD diagnosis and therapy outcome prediction.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

236. Farrell, D., & Keenan, P. (2013). Participants' experiences of EMDR training in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7(1), 2-16. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.7.1.2.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This research projects spans a 6-year period surveying 485 participants' experiences of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) training in the United Kingdom and Ireland between the periods of 2005 and 2011. This research used a mixed research methodology exploring EMDR training participants' application of EMDR within their current clinical practice. The rationale was to explore potential differences between EMDR-accredited and EMDR-nonaccredited clinicians in relation to retrospective reports of treatment. Results indicate that EMDR-accredited clinicians report better treatment outcomes. An argument is presented that EMDR has progressed from a convergent technique to a divergent psychotherapeutic approach. Consequently, the research explored whether current EMDR training is “fit for purpose.“ A comprehensive model for EMDR training is outlined, proposing the importance of developing more EMDR training in academic institutions.

Keywords: Academic Learning Outcome Teaching Training

Accuracy Verified: Yes

237. MacCulloch, M. (2002, June). Physiological data confirm that EMDR is a unique re-processing therapy: A synergistic theoretical approach to the nature of both EMDR and PTSD. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In 1996, the existence of a cerebral de-arousal reflex was predicted. A suite of computer programs has been developed to administer EMDR and take sequential measurements of changes in PTSD symptoms. Physiological data show that computer-induced eye movements produce de-arousal, causing attitude, and mood changes within and between EMDR treatments. Theories to explain the variation in symptomatology in PTSD in terms of individual differences in "the strength of the nervous system" and the mechanism of EMDR are presented.

Keywords: Cerebral De-Arousal Reflex

Accuracy Verified: Yes

238. Kim, D., Choi, J., Kim, S. H., Oh, D. H., Park, S.C., Lee, S. H. (2010, May). A pilot study of brief eye movement desensitization and reprossessing (EMDR) for treatment of acute phase schizophrenia. Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 17(2), 94-102.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing(EMDR) is a novel, time-limited psychotherapy originally developed for treatment of psychological trauma. The effectiveness of this therapy has been validated only for posttraumatic stress disorder; however, EMDR is often applied to other psychiatric illnesses, including other anxiety disorders and depression. This pilot study tested the efficacy of EMDR added to the routine treatment for individuals with acute stage schizophrenia. Methods: This study was conducted in the acute psychiatric care unit of a university-affiliated training hospital. Inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to either three sessions of EMDR, three sessions of progressive muscle relaxation(PMR) therapy, or only treatment as usual(TAU). All the participants received concurrent typical treatments(TAU), including psychotropic medication, individual supportive psychotherapy and group activities in the psychiatric ward. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale were administered by a clinical psychologist who was blinded to the patients' group assignment. Results: Forty-five patients enrolled and forty patients(89%) completed the post-treatment evaluation. There were no between-group differences in the withdrawal rates of patients during the treatment or at the three-month follow-up session. All three groups improved significantly across each of the symptomatic domains including schizophrenia, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. However, a repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences among the groups over time. Effect size for change in total PANSS scores was also similar across treatment conditions, but effect size for negative symptoms was large for EMDR(0.60 for EMDR, 0.39 for PMR and 0.21 for TAU only). Conclusion: These findings supported the use of EMDR in treating the acute stage of schizophrenia but the results failed to confirm the effectiveness of the treatment over the two control conditions in three sessions. Further studies with longer courses of treatment, more focused target dimensions of treatment, and a sample of outpatients are necessary.

Keywords: Schizophrenia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

239. Ellis, T. L. (1999). Play therapy versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A comparative study examining the treatment effects with school-age children, Homan Elementary School, Fresno, California. California State University, Fresno. AAT 1401332.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study investigated the differences between play therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) when applied to children. Eleven participants from Homan Elementary School, Fresno, California, participated in this study. The treatment consisted of four combinations of varied administrations of play therapy and EMDR. Dependent variables included the self-reporting instruments of the Trauma Reaction Indicators Child Questionnaire (TRICQ), the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS), the Validity of Cognition Scale (VOC), and the Global Feelings Self-Report Scale. Qualitative data included observed changes in behaviors on the educational risk assessment. No clinical significance was demonstrated on the self-report instruments; however, statistical significance was found on the qualitative data using the chi-square goodness-of-fit test on the posteducational risk assessment. Positive changes were reported in the qualitative analysis on the educational risk assessment.

Keywords: Counseling in Elementary Education Play Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

240. Hurley, E. C., & Colelli, G. (2006, September). Post-Katrina disaster response: EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Program (HAP) volunteers discuss post-Katrina recovery work and its comparison with the 9/11 New York City response. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation provides a collective body of knowledge helpful for EMDR clinicians in understanding disaster response at sites both in post-Katrina operations in Louisiana and 911 operations in New York City. The presentation will include information learned by EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Program (HAP) volunteers in establishing an on-site network for trauma recovery clinicians serving in Louisiana. Lessons learned include establishing initial onsite networks, noting key contact persons, and networking with local agencies in providing EMDR services. EMDR Consultation and the importance of daily debriefings of the clinical work will be discussed. Differences in protocols such as EMD, Recent Events Protocol, and EMDR, as they relate to the timing of the trauma will be outlined. The importance of practicing healthy self-care and avoiding burnout will be noted. A summation will include the similarities and differences between the EMDR community-based intervention project in New York City with responders and civilian following 9/11 and the post-Katrina HAP project with first responders in Louisiana.

Keywords: HAP Katrina

Accuracy Verified: Yes

241. Schnyder, U., Gersons, B., Wittmann, L., Nijdam, M., Maercker, A., Mueller, J., & Olff, M. (2008, November). Posttraumatic growth and PTSD symptoms in response to brief eclectic psychotherapy and EMDR. In Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD: New evidence. Symposium/panel conducted at the 24th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD: New evidence: Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP) is a multimodal treatment for PTSD comprising five essentials: psychoeducation; imaginal exposure; writing assignments and mementos; domain of meaning and integration; and a farewell ritual. This symposium presents findings from two recent randomized controlled trials testing BEP versus a minimal attention control group, and versus EMDR.
Posttraumatic growth and PTSD symptoms in response to brief eclectic psychotherapy and EMDR: How posttraumatic growth is related to posttraumatic stress pathology is a matter of ongoing debate. Examining these reactions in response to trauma-focused psychotherapy can help us gain more insight into these phenomena. In this paper, preliminary results are presented from a randomized controlled trial comparing Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n = 70) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR; n = 70). Participants were outpatients who had a diagnosis of PTSD following various kinds of type I trauma. The measures we applied to assess pre-post differences were SI-PTSD, SCID-I/P, IES-R, and PTGI. Preliminary analyses indicate a significant increase in posttraumatic growth and a significant decrease in PTSD symptomatology for both treatment conditions. Relationships between these variables and differences between treatment conditions are discussed.

Keywords: Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy New Evidence Posttraumatic Growth PTSD Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

242. Walte, C. (2010). Posttraumatische belastungsstörung bei kindern und jugendlichen: Traumafokussierte kognitive verhaltenstherapie und eye movement desensitization and reprocessing als mögliche interventionsformen [Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as possible forms of intervention]. University of Hildesheim, Grin, 31. doi:10.3239/9783640733767.

Language: German

Format: Book

Abstract: Abstract: In der Gegenwart erfährt sowohl die Thematik des Traumas bei Kindern, als auch die Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit und eine Reihe von Befunden zeigt, dass ein erheblicher Teil von Kindern nach einem Trauma eine Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung entwickelt, was eine genauere und detaillierte Betrachtung des Störungsbildes und seiner Behandlungsmöglichkeiten erfordert. Besonders die Traumafokussierte kognitive Verhaltenstherapie und die Methode des Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing finden neben anderen Interventionsverfahren in der Fachliteratur vermehrt Beachtung. Auf der Grundlage dieser Aspekte habe ich die folgende Fragestellung entwickelt, die ich in meiner Arbeit untersuche: Durch welche Merkmale sind die Traumafokussierte kognitiv-behaviorale Verhaltenstherapie nach Cohen und das Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing nach Shapiro als mögliche Interventionsformen der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung gekennzeichnet, in welchen Aspekten bestehen Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede beider Therapieformen und welche Therapieform ist aus welchen Gründen wirksam(er)?
Abstract undergoes in the presence of both the issue of trauma in children, as well as post-traumatic stress disorder increased attention and a series of findings indicates that a significant proportion developed by children after a trauma a post-traumatic stress disorder, which is a more accurate and detailed consideration of the disorder and its treatment requires. In particular, the trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy and the method of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing find more in addition to other intervention methods in the literature attention. Based on this, I have developed the following question that I explore in my work: Which features are the trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral behavioral therapy according to Cohen and the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Shapiro characterized as a possible intervention forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, in which Aspects are the similarities and differences between the two forms of therapy and which treatment is effective for any reason(s)?

Keywords: Children Adolescents CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disoder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

243. Commons, M. L. (2000, August). The power therapies: A proposed mechanism for their action and suggestions for future empirical validation. Traumatology, 6(2), 119-138. doi:10.1177/153476560000600205 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Power Therapies claim to achieve rapid results in reducing fear elicited by a large number of situations. This paper presents a theory of how competition among stimuli may be the basis for how the Power Therapies work. The compelling features of these therapies are that they all interrupt old habits and conditioned reflexes and provide new habits and conditioning. Therefore, many of the protocols involve overcoming prior-stimulus dominance. In addition to proposing a mechanism for these therapies, this article also reveals that, despite superficial differences, power therapies fundamentally accomplish the same thing. These therapies reduce the intensify of emotional responses elicited by stimuli associated with trauma. It is proposed that they accomplish this end through working at the subcortical level of brain activity to interrupt the negative emotional responses elicited by the trauma stimuli. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Conditioned Emotional Responses TFT Thought Field Therapy Neurolinguistic Programming NLP: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD TIR: Traumatic Incident Reduction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

244. Ehntholt, K. A., & Yule, W. (2006, December). Practitioner review: Assessment and treatment of refugee children and adolescents who have experienced war-related trauma. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 47(12), 1197-1210. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01638.x.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Increasingly clinicians are being asked to assess and treat young refugees, who have experienced traumatic events due to war and organised violence. However, evidence-based guidance remains scarce. Mthod: Published studies on the mental health difficulties of refugee children and adolescents, associated risk and protective factors, as well as effective interventions, particularly those designed to reduce war-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, were identified and reviewed. The findings are summarised. Results: Young refugees are frequently subjected to multiple traumatic events and severe losses, as well as ongoing stressors within the host country. Although young refugees are often resilient, many experience mental health difficulties, including PTSD, depression, anxiety and grief. An awareness of relevant risk and protective factors is important. A phased model of intervention is often useful and the need for a holistic approach crucial. Promising treatments for alleviating symptoms of war-related PTSD include cognitive behavioural treatment (CBT), testimonial psychotherapy, narrative exposure therapy (NET) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR). Knowledge of the particular needs of unaccompanied asylum-seeking children (UASC), working with interpreters, cross-cultural differences, medico-legal report writing and the importance of clinician self-care is also necessary. Conclusion: More research is required in order to expand our limited knowledge base.

Keywords: CBT Children Cognitive Behaviorial Therapy Literature Review Narrative Exposure Therapy NET Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD War Refugees

Accuracy Verified: Yes

245. Obenchain, J., Rogers, S., Silver, S., & Goss, J. (1999, November). Preliminary results of data comparing EMDR to flooding. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Miami, FL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Preliminary Data was collected on a group of Vietnam veterans from10/20/97 to 9/1/98. All Subjects met criteria for PTSD according to DSM IV utilizing the CAPS scale. Patients were then randonly assigned to either the EMDR group or the Flooding group. One therapist completed one EMDR session on the patient’s Primary Combat Image; another therapist completed one session on the PCI using Flooding technique. The head nurse, blind to the treatment provided, met with each subject prior to group assignment and measured their Blood pressure and pulse using DINAMAP Blood Pressure Monitor. He then asked the subjects to keep a SUDS Scale on their PCI noting frequency and intensity for the next week. He also asked them to complete an Impact of Event Scale on their PCI. Subjects then received one session of EMDR or Flooding and were asked to keep a SUDS Scale on their PCI for another week. Subjects then returned to the head nurse, were asked to recall their PCI and blood pressure, pulse and SUDS and IES were again measured. Because of small cell sizes (EMDR =8, Flooding =10) treatment effects did not always reach Statistical significance. Nonetheless several differences were found between the two groups. ANOVA’s were performed using the changes in blood pressure and heart rate measured at a final assessment period during a baseline period and while recalling their PCI. For systolic blood pressure the EMDR group showed no change while the Flooding group increased by 9.2. For diastolic blood pressure the EMDR group declined an average of 3.3 while the Flooding group increased by 7.6. For heart rate, the EMDR group remained essentially unchanged while the Flooding group increased an average of 6.6. This difference was significant at the (p<.05). The EMDR group reported their PCI memories were less severe during the week following treatment while the Flooding group showed little change. ANOVA analysis found these differences to tend toward statistical significance (p=.10). The EMDR group showed improvement on the SUDS scale amd some subscales of the IES.With prelimiary data suggesting that EMDR is more effective than flooding,further research needs to be pursued.

Keywords: Flooding Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

246. Heitzler, M. (2008, June). The processing body: Integrating EMDR & body psychotherapy. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
My paper presents a model for integrating EMDR with Body Psychotherapy principles and techniques. The model will be illustrated by clinical material from my work with a patient who suffers from complex PTSD as a result of a recent traumatic event which evoked her early developmental trauma. My model of integration is based on what both disciplines share in common: understanding the centrality of the body as the carrier of the trauma and its symptoms, as well as its potential for healing and recovery. At the same time, Body psychotherapy and EMDR offer different ways of utilising the body during the processing phase of the work. My paper will explore some of the similarities and differences of the two approaches. This may shed some light on situations where patients show blocks or resistance to EMDR, and offer complementary ways of working with the EMDR protocol. The paper draws on recent neuro-biological research presented by A. Schore, Bessel v. d. Kolk and others, to highlight the changes that take place in brain function during and after the traumatic event. It will also offer insight into the work of some of the leading experts in the field of body psychotherapy and approaches to trauma work (Pat Ogden’s sensori-motor approach, Babette Rothschild’s Somatic Trauma Therapy, Peter Levine’s traumawork with the body). The clinical material is designed to make the theory accessible and illustrate its relevance.

Keywords: Body Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

247. Gonzalez, A., Mosquera, D., & Seijo, N. (2010, April). Processing dissociative phobias with EMDR. Presentation at the 2nd Bi-Annual International European Society for Trauma and Dissociation Conference, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: The standard EMDR protocol (SP) was designed for the treatment of simple PTSD, and when it´s used on this cases, EMDR is a very powerful therapy. But when SP is applied on complex trauma and dissociative disorders 20% of patients may become de-compensated. The importance of the stabilization phase has been remarked by different authors. The existent proposals are to use interventions coming from different approaches sometimes enhanced with bilateral stimulation. Standard procedures used for simple PTSD must be adapted and modified for working with dissociative disorders. To do this is important to understand from recent research work what we know about the effects of EMDR therapy. We will try to dynamically integrate these features with conceptualizations coming from the EMDR Adaptive Information Processing Model (AIP) and the Theory of the Structural Dissociation of the Personality (TSDP) TSDP emphasizes the importance of working with dissociative phobias prior to trauma work. In the stabilization phase the work on the phobia of dissociative parts and of attachment (and the attachment with the therapist) is the most important one. We will show with clinic cases the effect of this intervention on improving internal communication and collaboration and overcoming therapist-patient relationship problems.
Learning Outcomes For those who are not EMDR therapists this workshop will help to understand how EMDR conceptualizes the work in structural dissociation from the Adaptive Information Processing Model (AIP). For people who are not expertise on Theory of Structural Dissociation of the Personality (TSDP) a brief description of dissociative phobias and their importance in the work with dissociative disorders will be put forward. The assistants will watch videos of therapies with different patients, in which EMDR is applied using dissociative phobias as targets. Differences with ego states therapy without introducing bilateral stimulation and with standard EMDR protocol will be observable in the case-examples and will be explained in detail. This work represents a different way of using EMDR to stabilize the patient and prepare her/him for future traumatic memory processing.

Keywords: Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

248. Gabarra, D. O. (2012, Novembro). A proposição teórica e eficácia do EMDR no tratamento da dor crônica [The theoretical proposition and efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of chronic pain]. In EMDR e dor crônica. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
O presente estudo tem por objetivo apresentar os fundamentos de porque o EMDR funciona no tratamento da dor crônica e apresentar os dados de um estudo piloto que será realizado até a data da apresentação. Diante de uma experiência de dor, o cérebro desenvolve uma rede associativa de memória que pode ficar congelada devido à intensidade e/ou persistência da dor. Aspectos psicológicos associados ao evento disparador ou possíveis ganhos secundários também podem fortalecer o congelamento dessas redes associativas (Grant 2002). Dessa forma, a dor crônica, mesmo que justificada por uma questão física, vem associada à memória da dor que é expressa em sensações corporais. Entendendo que o EMDR trata o trauma psicológico por descongelar e resignificar os eventos passados por meio da reconexão dessas redes associativas com as redes de recursos psíquicos do sujeito, podemos entender que o reprocessamento da rede associativa da dor irá reorganizar essa memória de forma a desconstruir a memória da dor enquanto uma sensação corporal presente (Schneider et al 2008). O Estudo piloto será composto por 4 sujeitos adultos que desenvolveram dor crônica a partir de um trauma físico. Os sujeitos serão submetidos a uma entrevista de linha de base com os seguintes instrumentos traduzidos: MINI (Amorim 2000), Short-Form McGill Melzack Pain Questionnaire (Schneider 2008 e Melzack 1987), Impact of Event Scale (Schneider 2008) e Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist-Revised (Estergard 2008); além do registro das medicações utilizadas. Essa avaliação será realizada em 3 momentos distintos. No início do estudo; após três meses sem intervenção adicional além do tratamento que o sujeito estava previamente submetido e após a intervenção do estudo de um processo de psicoterapia breve de 12 sessões com EMDR fundamentada no Protocolo de Dor (Mark Grant 1998/2009). As diferenças entre a primeira e segunda testagem serão comparadas com a diferença entre a segunda e terceira testagem para verificar a eficácia do tratamento. Espera-se obter uma diferença significativa para fortalecer a tese da eficácia do EMDR nesse tipo de tratamento assim como demonstra a literatura levantada (Bisson et all 2007, Estergard 2008, Friedberg 2004, Grant 2002 e 2009, Schneider et all 2008 e Shapiro 2002).

The present study aims to present the fundamentals of why EMDR works in treating chronic pain and present data from a pilot study that will be held until the date of the presentation. Faced with an experience of pain, the brain develops a network of associative memory that can be frozen due to the intensity and / or persistence of pain. Psychological aspects associated with the event trigger or possible secondary gains can also strengthen the freezing of these associative networks (Grant 2002). Thus, chronic pain, even if justified by a physical issue, comes the pain associated with memory that is expressed in bodily sensations. Understanding the psychological trauma EMDR treats for thawing and reframe past events through the reconnection of these associative networks with the networks of psychological resources of the subject, we can understand that the reprocessing of pain associative network will rearrange this memory in order to deconstruct the memory of pain as a bodily sensation present (Schneider et al 2008). The pilot study will consist of four adult subjects who developed chronic pain from physical trauma. The subjects will undergo a baseline interview with the following instruments translated: MINI (Amorim 2000), Short-Form McGill Melzack Pain Questionnaire (Melzack 2008 and Schneider 1987), Impact of Event Scale (Schneider 2008) and the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist-Revised (Estergard 2008); beyond the record of the medications used. This evaluation will be conducted in three distinct moments. At baseline and after three months without further intervention beyond treatment that the subject was previously submitted to and after intervention study of a process of brief psychotherapy of 12 sessions with EMDR based on the Pain Protocol (Mark Grant 1998/2009). The differences between the first and second test are compared with the difference between the second and third testing to verify the effectiveness of the treatment. It is expected to obtain a difference significant strengthening the argument of effectiveness of EMDR this type of treatment as well as the literature demonstrates raised (Bisson et all 2007, 2008 Estergard, Friedberg 2004, 2002 and 2009 Grant, Schneider et al 2008 and Shapiro 2002) .

Keywords: Chronic Pain Effectiveness of Treatment Theoretical Hypothesis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

249. Monticelli, M. L. (2008, Novembre). Psicoterapia cognitivo costruttivista e EMDR integrati: verso un’evoluzione mente-corpo consapevole e collettiva [Cognitive constructivist EMDR integrated into development mind-body awareness and collective]. Poster presentato al Applicazioni Cliniche dell'EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
I limiti mentali autoimposti acquisiti da copioni familiari reiterati in età evolutiva e da modelli operativi interiori acquisiti dalle autorità societarie attraverso mezzi di comunicazione di massa e regole educativo-lavorative, inducono percentuali sempre più rilevanti della popolazione europea alla vulnerabilità psicopatologica. L’esordio delle sintomatologie psichiche e somatiche di varia entità, avviene già in fasi precoci, nella primissima infanzia e spesso già nelle fasi prenatali, e il limite di età tende percentualmente a essere sempre più sensibile fin dal primo mese di vita. In età scolare si manifestano situazioni comportamentali quali il cosiddetto “bullismo” e fenomeni con campionature rilevanti di sindromi ipercinetiche con deficit attentivo e disturbi del-l’apprendimento. In adolescenza il contesto si complica e gli attacchi di panico, le sindromi depressive e i disturbi alimentari psicogeni dilagano, fino all’esordio di disturbi post-traumatici da stress che si incrementano in seguito alle difficili scelte di orientamento universitario o lavorativo. La vulnerabilità dell’età adulta si manifesta con disturbi somatoformi di diversa natura, disturbi psicocardiologici, sindromi ansioso-depressive, attacchi di panico, disturbi di coppia e relazionali, per citare i più frequenti e limitandomi solo ad accennare l’esistenza della molteplicità di disturbi iatrogeni. In tali soggetti, la consapevolezza di essere indotti in stati di shock che incrementano molteplici disturbi somatoformi e psicopatologici è praticamente assente. Essi, come pazienti, si rivolgono agli specialisti in ambito sanitario con la convinzione, spesso indotta da propagande dei mass-media, che tutto sia solo genetico, e vada "curato" con farmaci per lunghi periodi se non per tutta la vita. Anche da parte degli operatori sanitari vi sono ampie aree di inadeguatezza metodologica: ad esempio, la gravidanza viene gestita come fosse una malattia, riducendo la donna partoriente a una paziente alla quale troppo facilmente si “consiglia” il parto cesareo (statisticamente tra i più frequenti in Italia!) come metodo “veloce e sicuro” di parto, togliendo la competenza materna dell’imprinting alla nascita del bambino con le conseguenze psicologiche che ne derivano per la relazione madre-bambino e per la crescita serena di quest’ultimo, e, sempre a titolo esemplificativo, ignorano quasi del tutto gli aspetti di psicocardiologia, e il loro intervento si riduce a esami medici invasivi e a somministrazione di farmaci. Eppure, la psicoterapia cognitiva costruttivista, e specificamente modelli teorici e tecniche strategiche specialistiche note come EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), l’utilizzo di biofeedback, l’innovativo training emotivo-cognitivo-comportamentale da me ideato nelle due versioni per la psicoterapia e per i gruppi in formazione che incrementa il riconoscimento emotivo e l’implementazione di immagini mentali idonee a modificare cognizioni e comportamenti irrazionali, quando eticamente e competentemente applicati, fanno molto per questi pazienti, sia in quanto si incrementa sensibilmente il livello della loro consapevolezza e della loro capacità di farsi protagonisti nel-l'evoluzione positiva della loro “guarigione”, sia in quanto si può intervenire in modo mirato con sperimentati protocolli per la risoluzione dello stato di trauma psichico in tempi ragionevolmente rapidi e con risultati attendibili e verificabili. Passando dalla dimensione individuale a quella collettiva, ossia alla psicopatologia collettiva cagionata dall’esposizione (anche solo mediatica) ad eventi catastrofici o angoscianti (magari associati a senso di impotenza, insicurezza, precarietà) o a diversi tipi di stress e vulnerabilità, possiamo aggiungere che, analogamente, mediante un lavoro su sistemi di neuroni specchio e sull'attivazione di nuove connessioni di reti neurali con un modello operativo non invasivo, si potrebbe migliorare la condizione di intere popolazioni rispetto a disturbi che, oggettivamente, sono in continua diffusione. Sarebbe opportuno iniziare una sensibilizzazione collettiva partendo dalla formazione per livelli differenziati degli operatori educativi e sanitari, per poi estenderla alla popolazione suddividendola per fasce di età e per territori di appartenenza; purtroppo la consapevolezza non è tra le aspettative primarie di committenti rivolti solo al profitto economico. In un contesto storico-culturale dove l’etica, le relazioni umane, la cooperazione sembrano utopiche fiabe, questa è la sfida di essere una perturbatrice emotivamente orientata ad amplificare la consapevolezza attraverso un nuovo modello psicoterapeutico e formativo integrato, al quale sto lavorando da alcuni anni con risultati incoraggianti e che sarà mia premura esporre dettagliatamente durante il Congresso EMDR 2008.

The self-imposed mental limitations acquired from family scripts repeated age and developmental models inner acquired by the company operating through means of mass communication and educational and working rules, induce percentage increasing as the population of Europe vulnerability to psychopathology. The onset of symptoms of various psychological and somatic entity, is already in the early stages, in early childhood and often known during prenatal and age limit percentage tends to be more sensitive since the first month of life. Age school behavioral situations occur where the so-called "bullying" and phenomena samples relevant syndromes of attention-deficit and hyperactive disorder - learning. In adolescence the context is complicated and panic attacks, the syndromes psychogenic depression and eating disorders are rampant, until onset of post-traumatic disorders stress which increases as a result of difficult choices of university or business orientation. The vulnerability of adulthood is manifested by different types of somatoform disorders, disorders psycho, anxious-depressive syndrome, panic attacks, disorders of torque and relational to cite the most frequent is limited only to mention the existence of multiplicity of disorders iatrogenic. In these subjects, conscious of being led into a state of shock that increase multiple somatoform disorders and psychopathology is virtually absent. They, like patients, addressed to specialists in the health field with the belief, often driven by propaganda media, that everything is just genetic, and must be "cured" with drugs for long periods if not for life. Including by health workers there are large areas of inadequacy methodological: for example, pregnancy is managed as if it were a disease, reducing the woman in labor to a patient which too easily "advise" Caesarean (statistically the most frequent in Italy!) as a method of "fast and safe childbirth, removing the competence of imprinting the birth mother of the child with the psychological consequences that entailed for the mother-child and to the peaceful growth of the latter, and, also example, know little about the aspects of psycho, and their intervention reduces to invasive medical examinations and medication. Yet, cognitive psychotherapy constructivist theoretical models and specific strategic and technical specialists known as EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing), the use of biofeedback, the innovative emotional-cognitive-behavioral training which I designed in two versions for psychotherapy and groups in training that increases the emotional recognition and implementation of mental images likely to change, knowledge and irrational behavior, when ethically and competently applied, do a lot for these patients, both because it increases significantly the level of their awareness and their ability to get players in - the positive development of their "healing", both as it can intervene in a targeted manner with tested protocols for the resolution of the state of psychic trauma in the reasonably rapid and reliable and verifiable results. Moving from individual dimension to that collective, that is caused by exposure to psychopathology group (even the media) to distressing or catastrophic event (perhaps associated with the sense of powerlessness, insecurity, instability) or different types of stress and vulnerability, we can add that, similarly, through a work on systems of mirror neurons and activation of new connections of neural networks with a model operating non-invasive, it could improve the condition of entire populations than disorders that, objectively, are in constant circulation. It would be appropriate to start a collective awareness levels, starting from training differential operators' education and health, then extend it to the population divides by age and territories belonging unfortunately the awareness is not between the expectations primary principals addressed only in profit or loss. In a historical-cultural context where ethics, human relations, cooperation seem utopian fairy tales, this is the challenge of being an emotionally disturbing oriented to amplify the awareness through a new model of psychotherapy and integrated training, which I working for several years with encouraging results and that will spell out my readiness EMDR 2008 during the Congress.

Keywords: Mind-Body Awareness Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

250. Giannantonio, M., & Boldorini. A. L. (2001, Novembre). Psicoterapia ipnotica e eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Influenze, differenze, integrazione [Hypnotic psychotherapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Influences, differences, integration]. In Atti del XII Congresso Nazionale A.M.I.S.I., "Ipnosi del 2000: il pensiero di Milton Erickson edei neo-ericksoniani", (pp 275-284) Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
La storia dell'ipnosi e della psicoterapia ipnotica si caratterizzano per la lunghezza della loro tradizione, senza eguali nella storia della psicoterapia, e per la capacità della psicoterapia ipnotica di influenzare tutti i principali orientamenti psicoterapeutici. Allo stesso modo, la psicoterapia ipnotica ha saputo arricchirsi confrontandosi con altre tradizioni psicoterapiche. Negli ultimi anni si sta assistendo ad un incontro molto stimolante fra psicoterapia ipnotica ed Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).

The history of Hypnosis and Hypnotic Psychotherapy is characterized by a long tradition, which is unique in Psychotherapy’s history, and by the ability of Hypnotic Psychotherapy to influence all main psychotherapeutical approaches. At the same time, Hypnotic Psychotherapy has been able to enrich itself through a continuous comparison with other psychotherapeutical traditions. In the last few years we have been observing an interesting comparison between Hypnotic Psychotherapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).

Keywords: Hypnosis Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

251. Arad, H. (2009, January). Psychoanalysis and EMDR: Can an analyst cross the divide?. Presentation at the Newport Psychoanalytic Institute, Tustin, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Psychoanalysis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

252. Tarquinio, C., Fayard, A., & Mousel, P. (2008, June). Psychological consequences of family violence act in a small group of women victims and EMDR therapy: Preliminary results. Presentation at the 9th annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objective: The present study would expose first results of a study about the consequences of family violence act in a small group of women victims treated by EMDR therapy. Subjects: All of the victims underwent EMDR therapy for seven 90-minute sessions. The subjects were included in the therapeutic project for 12 months and were followed for 6 month after the end of the therapy. Procedure: The victims (n=9) were referred by different associations of victims to consult with two of the authors who took charge of all of the treatments. We have constructed a control group (n=9) with the same characteristics (age, study level,...). After the first consultation a proposal was made to the subjects to be part of a research protocol. The subjects then had to answer questions from Horowitz’s Revised Impact Event Scale (Horowitz & al., 1979) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory –STAI- (Spielberger & al. 1983). In the framework of therapeutic protocol, the subjects had to do a SUDS evaluation. These different measures were administered to all of the subjects before beginning the therapy (T1), after the seven sessions of EMDR (T2), and six months later (T3). Main results: Because of the small size of the sample and a non-normal distribution, the data were processed with nonparametric tests. We show differences between victims and non victims in the beginning of therapy. The victims have higher scores in the IES-R and STAI than the control subjects. Difference continues for the all duration of the experimentation, but the assessments after seven sessions and after six months show fewer differences. It’s important to note that the differences between the pre-test, the postest and the evaluation after six months are shown to be equally very significant, indicating a very positive effect with EMDR on the reduction of intrusive symptoms and avoidance.

Keywords: Family Violence Act

Accuracy Verified: Yes

253. Gillies, D., Taylor, F., Gray, C., O’Brien, L., & D’Abrew, N. (2012). Psychological therapies for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online), 12, CD006726. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006726.pub2.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highly prevalent in children and adolescents who have experienced trauma and has high personal and health costs. Although a wide range of psychological therapies have been used in the treatment of PTSD there are no systematic reviews of these therapies in children and adolescents. Objectives: To examine the effectiveness of psychological therapies in treating children and adolescents who have been diagnosed with PTSD. Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Review Group’s Specialised Register (CCDANCTR) to December 2011. The CCDANCTR includes relevant randomised controlled trials fromthe following bibliographic databases: CENTRAL (the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) (all years), EMBASE (1974 -), MEDLINE (1950 -) and PsycINFO (1967 -). We also checked reference lists of relevant studies and reviews. We applied no date or language restrictions. Selection criteria: All randomised controlled trials of psychological therapies compared to a control, pharmacological therapy or other treatments in children or adolescents exposed to a traumatic event or diagnosed with PTSD. Data collection and analysis: Two members of the review group independently extracted data. If differences were identified, they were resolved by consensus, or referral to the review team. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) for binary outcomes, the standardised mean difference (SMD) for continuous outcomes, and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for both, using a fixed-effect model. If heterogeneity was found we used a random-effects model. Main results Fourteen studies including 758 participants were included in this review. The types of trauma participants had been exposed to included sexual abuse, civil violence, natural disaster, domestic violence and motor vehicle accidents. Most participants were clients of a traumarelated support service. The psychological therapies used in these studies were cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), exposure-based, psychodynamic, narrative, supportive counselling, and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR). Most compared a psychological therapy to a control group. No study compared psychological therapies to pharmacological therapies alone or as an adjunct to a psychological therapy. Across all psychological therapies, improvement was significantly better (three studies, n = 80, OR 4.21, 95% CI 1.12 to 15.85) and symptoms of PTSD (seven studies, n = 271, SMD -0.90, 95% CI -1.24 to -0.42), anxiety (three studies, n = 91, SMD -0.57, 95% CI -1.00 to -0.13) and depression (five studies, n = 156, SMD -0.74, 95% CI -1.11 to -0.36) were significantly lower within a month of completing psychological therapy compared to a control group. The psychological therapy for which there was the best evidence of effectiveness was CBT. Improvement was significantly better for up to a year following treatment (up to one month: two studies, n = 49, OR 8.64, 95% CI 2.01 to 37.14; up to one year: one study, n = 25, OR 8.00, 95% CI 1.21 to 52.69). PTSD symptom scores were also significantly lower for up to one year (up to one month: three studies, n = 98, SMD -1.34, 95% CI -1.79 to -0.89; up to one year: one study, n = 36, SMD -0.73, 95% CI -1.44 to -0.01), and depression scores were lower for up to a month (three studies, n = 98, SMD -0.80, 95% CI -1.47 to -0.13) in the CBT group compared to a control. No adverse effects were identified. No study was rated as a high risk for selection or detection bias but a minority were rated as a high risk for attrition, reporting and other bias. Most included studies were rated as an unclear risk for selection, detection and attrition bias. Authors’ conclusions: There is evidence for the effectiveness of psychological therapies, particularly CBT, for treating PTSD in children and adolescents for up to a month following treatment. At this stage, there is no clear evidence for the effectiveness of one psychological therapy compared to others. There is also not enough evidence to conclude that children and adolescents with particular types of trauma are more or less likely to respond to psychological therapies than others. The findings of this review are limited by the potential for methodological biases, and the small number and generally small size of identified studies. In addition, there was evidence of substantial heterogeneity in some analyses which could not be explained by subgroup or sensitivity analyses. More evidence is required for the effectiveness of all psychological therapiesmore than one month after treatment.Much more evidence is needed to demonstrate the relative effectiveness of different psychological therapies or the effectiveness of psychological therapies compared to other treatments. More details are required in future trials in regards to the types of trauma that preceded the diagnosis of PTSD and whether the traumas are single event or ongoing. Future studies should also aim to identify the most valid and reliable measures of PTSD symptoms and ensure that all scores, total and sub-scores, are consistently reported.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

254. Sánchez-Meca, J., Rosa-Alcázar, A. I., & López-Soler, C. (2011). The psychological treatment of sexual abuse in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 11(1), 67-93.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
By means of a meta-analytic review, the current study investigated the efficacy of the psychological treatment of children and adolescents that have suffered sexual abuse. Thirty-three articles met our selection criteria and, using the group as the analysis unit, the meta-analytic database was composed of 44 treatment groups and 7 control groups. The effect size index was the standardized mean change between the pretest and the posttest means, and it was separately applied for different outcome measures (sexualised behaviours, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, behaviour problems, and other outcomes) and assessment methods (child self-reports, parent reports, and clinician assessments). For all of the outcome measures, the mean effect size for the treatment groups was statistically and clinically significant, whereas the control groups did not achieve a significant improvement. Significant differences among the various psychological treatment approaches were found for the global outcome measure, sexualised behaviours, and behaviour problems. In general, trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural treatments combined with supportive therapy and a psychodynamic element (e.g., play therapy) showed the best results. Finally, the implications for clinical practice and for future research of the results in this field are discussed.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Meta-Analysis Outcome Evaluation Psychological Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

255. Plassmann, R. (2007, November). Psychotherapie traumatisierter patienten: Die arbeit mit der bipolaren EMDR-technik [Psychotherapy of traumatized patients: Working with bipolar technique EMDR]. Trauma und Gewalt, 1(4), 312-321.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Der Artikel beschreibt die Geschichte der modernen Trauma-Therapie seit 1989 und die Entwicklung von der EMDR-Standardprotokoll, um bipolare EMDR. Die letztere Technik wird mit Bezug auf eine Fallgeschichte demonstriert. Im letzten Abschnitt schließlich erweitert die Unterschiede und Ähnlichkeiten zwischen dem psychoanalytischen Modell von Krankheit und Therapie und ihre therapeutischen Trauma-Pendant. Besonderer Hinweis auf die Art und Weise emotionale Aspekte des Umgangs mit ihnen und den Status der psychosomatischen Symptomen aus. [Abstract Autor]

The article describes the history of modern trauma therapy since 1989 and the development from the EMDR Standard Protocol to bipolar EMDR. The latter technique is demonstrated with reference to a case history. The closing section enlarges on the differences and similarities between the psychoanalytic model of illness and therapy and its trauma-therapeutic counterpart. Special reference is made to the way emotional aspects are dealt with and the status of psychosomatic symptoms. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Bipolar Psychoanalysis Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

256. Mevissen, L., & de Jongh, A. (2010). PTSD and its treatment in people with intellectual disabilities: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychological Review, 30(3), 308-316. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.12.005.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Although there is evidence to suggest that people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are likely to suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), reviews of the evidence base, and the potential consequences of this contention are absent. The purpose of this article is to present a comprehensive account of the literature on prevalence, assessment, and treatment of PTSD in people with ID. Some support was found for the notion that people with ID have a predisposition to the development of PTSD. Differences in comparison with the general population may consist of the expression of symptoms, and the interpretation of distressing experiences, as the manifestation of possible PTSD seems to vary with the level of ID. Since reliable and valid instruments for assessing PTSD in this population are completely lacking, there are no prevalence data on PTSD among people with ID. Nine articles involve treatment of PTSD in people with ID. Interventions reported involve those aimed to establish environmental change, the use of medication and psychological treatments (i.e., cognitive behavioral therapy, EMDR and psychodynamic based treatments). Case reports suggest positive treatment effects for various treatment methods. Development of diagnostic instruments for assessment of PTSD symptomatology in this population is required, as it could facilitate further research on its prevalence and treatment. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Assessment Intellectual disability (ID) Learning Disabilities Mental retardation (MR) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Prevalence Psychological trauma Trauma treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

257. Pagani, M., Nardo, D., Flumeri, F., Salmaso. D., Looi, J., Sanchez-Crespo, A., Larsson, S. A., Sundin, Ö., Hogberg, G., Bejerot, S. (2009, January). PW04-01 Volumetric changes in PTSD and in a subgroup of PTSD patients not responding to EMDR psychotherapy. European Psychiatry, 24(Supplement 1), S355. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(09)70588-7.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
(1)Background: Several studies have reported limbic structures volume decrease in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, in PTSD the effect of therapy on brain structures has seldom been investigated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the grey matter (GM) loss in occupational related PTSD and to assess the volumetric differences between patients responding (R) and non-responding (NR) to psychotherapy. (2)Methods: Pre-EMDR MRI data of 21 train drives who did develop PTSD (S) and 22 who did not develop PTSD (NS) after person-under-the-train accidents were compared. Within S further comparisons were made between 10 R to Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy and 5 NR. Data were analysed by optimised voxel-based morphometry as implemented in Statistical Parametric Mapping. (3)Results: As compared to NS, S showed a significant GM volume reduction in precuneus, lingual gyrus, posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex. The R>NR comparison highlighted a significant GM reduction in NR in bilateral posterior cingulate, left middle frontal cortex and right parahippocampal, insular and temporal cortices. (4)Conclusions: Comparing two large groups of subjects significant GM volumetric reductions were found in PTSD in posterior limbic structures. NR showed, as compared to R, volume reduction in cortical structures including posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex. These latter two structures seem to be the hallmark for both PTSD diagnosis and therapy outcome prediction.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

258. Farrell, D. (2010, March). A Q-methodology evaluation of EMDR HAP facilitators training in Pakistan. Poster presented at the 8th EMDR Association UK & Ireland Annual Conference & AGM, Dublin, Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In March 2007 an EMDR Europe HAP project, in conjunction with the University of Birmingham, commenced in Northern Pakistan in the aftermath of the earthquake that occurred in the region October 2005. Presently over 75 mental health workers have now been trained in EMDR. In August 2009 six of these Pakistani mental health workers had successfully completed their EMDR Facilitator training. As a means of evaluating their EMDR training a Q Methodology was utilised. Q-Methodology allows a researcher to explore a complex phenomena from a subject´s point of view by using a distinct approach which rates the value of 25 statements in order from least to most desirable. These statements related to EMDR clinical practice, cultural application of EMDR, EMDR research development, and their experiences of their EMDR training. Results highlighted important issues around their training experience, how cultural sensitivities play an important part in the application of EMDR in Pakistan, and how the EMDR trainings can be adapted and improved for the future.

Keywords: Earthquake Europe HAP Q-Methodology Evaluation Pakistan Poster Research Training

Accuracy Verified: Yes

259. Farrell, D., & Keenan, P. (2010, July). A Q-Methodology evaluation of EMDR HAP facilitators training in Pakistan. Poster presented at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In March 2007 an EMDR Europe HAP project, in conjunction with the University of Birmingham & Edge Hill University, commenced in Northern Pakistan in the aftermath of the earthquake. Presently over 75 mental health workers have now been trained in EMDR. In August 2009 six of these Pakistani mental health workers had successfully completed their EMDR Facilitator training. As a means of evaluating their EMDR training a Q Methodology was utilised. Q methodology provides a foundation for the systematic study of subjectivity, a person’s viewpoint, opinion, beliefs, and attitudes (Brown 1993). It is an inverted form of factor analysis which then considers discourse patterns. Typically, in a Q methodological study people are presented with a sample of statements about a topic called the Q-set. By Q sorting research participants give their subjective meaning to the statements, and by doing so reveal their subjective viewpoint (Smith 2001) or personal profile (Brouwer 1999). These individual rankings (or viewpoints) are then subjected to factor analysis to determine factor solution and interpretation. Results highlighted important issues around the facilitators training experience, how cultural sensitivities play an important part in the application of EMDR in Pakistan, and considered how EMDR trainings can be adapted and improved for the future.

Keywords: Facilitators Q-Methodology Evaluation Pakistan Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

260. Arditi, I. (2009, May). Rafael de Morra: Performance anxiety due to inferiority and cultural difference in "The Bewitched". York University, Toronto, Canada. AAT MR51500.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This thesis is about my primary artistic challenge and how it was addressed in my thesis role, the character Rafael De Morra (the court jester to Carlos II the King of Spain) in the play The Bewitched by Peter Barnes. My artistic challenge was to overcome the performance anxiety and the fear of humiliation that had surfaced during training and performance work at York University. I chose to address my performance anxiety by incorporating internal and external approaches simultaneously. The internal approach I developed to deal with my performance anxiety was a combination of different procedures: defining and analyzing it (and the inferiority complex behind it) through personal practices of psychoanalysis and EMDR Therapy (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), examining the cultural factors that reinforce it, exploring it in other actors, observing it in my studio work, rehearsals and performance and investigating personal practice of Yoga, Feldenkrais and Craniosacral Therapy as tools to work on it. To further prepare for my thesis role Rafael De Morra, I researched the historical period in Spain and Europe between 1600 and 1700, the years during which the play takes place and the origins and significance of court jester tradition at the time. Such research helped me to better understand my character, Rafael De Morra. The external approach, on the other hand included confronting the anxiety by taking risks in my thesis role such as accentuating the more theatrical aspects of Rafael and creating an effective physicality for the character, both of which were difficult for me as an actor. The internal approach and the research I've done about the time period, the playwright and the court jester tradition prepared me for my external approach: taking risks in performing my thesis role. I can conclude that the methodology I devised to overcome my performance anxiety yielded favourable results as I didn't experience extreme versions of it in acting Rafael De Morra in the play The Bewitched by Peter Barnes. At the end of the process I also discovered some other actor challenges that I should be working on in the future.

Keywords: Cultural Differences Performance Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

261. Bloomgarden, A., & Calogero, R. M. (2008, October-December). A randomized experimental test of the efficacy of EMDR treatment on negative body image in eating disorder inpatients. Eating Disorders, 16(5), 418-427. doi:10.1080/10640260802370598.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is being used by some clinicians to treat eating disorders. Although there is anecdotal and case study data supporting its use, there are no controlled studies examining its effectiveness with this population. This study examined the short and long-term effects of EMDR in a residential eating disorders population. A randomized, experimental design compared 43 women receiving standard residential eating disorders treatment (SRT) to 43 women receiving SRT and EMDR therapy (SRT+EMDR) on measures of negative body image and other clinical outcomes. SRT+EMDR reported less distress about negative body image memories and lower body dissatisfaction at posttreatment, 3-month, and 12-month follow-up, compared to SRT. Additional comparisons revealed no differences between the conditions pre to posttreatment on other measures of body image and clinical outcomes. The empirical evidence reported here suggests that EMDR may be used to treat specific aspects of negative body image in conjunction with SRT, but further research is necessary to determine whether or not EMDR is effective for treating the variety of eating pathology presented by eating disorder inpatients.

Keywords: Clinicians Eating Disorders Eating Disorder Inpatients Negative Body Image

Accuracy Verified: Yes

262. Vickerman, K. A., & Margolin, G. (2009, July). Rape treatment outcome research: Empirical findings and state of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(5), 431-448. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.04.004.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article reviews empirical support for treatments targeting women sexually assaulted during adolescence or adulthood. 32 articles were located using data from 20 separate samples. Of the 20 samples, 12 targeted victims with chronic symptoms, 3 focused on the acute period post-assault, 2 included women with chronic and acute symptoms, and 3 were secondary prevention programs. The majority of studies focus on PTSD, depression, and/or anxiety as treatment targets. Cognitive Processing Therapy and Prolonged Exposure have garnered the most support with this population. Stress Inoculation Training and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing also show some efficacy. Of the 4 studies that compared active treatments, few differences were found. Overall, cognitive behavioral interventions lead to better PTSD outcomes than supportive counseling does. However, even in the strongest treatments more than one-third of women retain a PTSD diagnosis at post-treatment or drop out of treatment. Discussion highlights the paucity of research in this area, methodological limitations of examined studies, generalizability of findings, and important directions for future research at various stages of trauma recovery. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Cognitive Therapy Drug Therapy Epidemiology Exposure Therapy Females Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PTSD Rape Survivors Treatment Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

263. Caroppo, E., Muscelli, C., Brogna, P., Paci, M., Camerino, C., & Bria, P. (2009). Relating with migrants: ethnopsychiatry and psychotherapy]. Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanita, 45(3), 331-340.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Dopo avere dato dei cenni storici di antropologia culturale, psichiatria transculturale ed etnopsichiatria si passa ad esaminare la letteratura che descrive gli interventi nel campo della salute mentale effettuati con i migranti. Nella prima parte si prendono in considerazione dei suggerimenti tecnici quando si ha a che fare con pazienti arabi musulmani e si analizzano questioni come differenza genere, individualismo/collettività, stigma, religione. Nella seconda parte si descrivono altre questioni: mediazione culturale, migrazione e intervento rispetto alla famiglia, Disturbo Post Traumatico da Stress per finire ad analizzare il caso in cui ad essere straniero è il terapeuta. Nella conclusione si riflette sull’importanza di tenere in considerazione, oltre alla variabile cultura, anche la peculiarità di ogni singolo paziente e l’universalità della sofferenza umana.

After an historical review of cultural anthropology, transcultural psychiatry and ethno psychiatry, we will examine the literature on intervention with migrants within mental health system. In the first part, we will consider the therapeutic relationship with Arab-Muslim patients and look at specific issues such as gender differences, individualism, sociality, stigma, religion. The second part will be focused on cultural mediation, migration and family intervention and post-traumatic stress disorder and, finally, the experience of being a foreign therapist. Conclusions will discuss the importance of culture, individuality and universality of human suffering, when treating a foreign patient.

Keywords: Cultural Competence Ethnopsychiatry Ethnopsychology Health and Culture Migration Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

264. Maxfield, L. (2000, September). The relationship between efficacy and methodology in EMDR PTSD research studies. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will be able to: 1) explain how the Gold Standards can be applied to evaluate the methodology used in EMDR treatment outcome research studies; 2) describe how differences in outcome are related to differences in methodology, and why better methodology predicts better outcome; and 3) explain how the aggregate evidence demonstrates EMDR's efficacy in the treatment of PTSD.

Keywords: Gold Standards Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

265. Maxfield, L., & Hyer, L. (2002, January). The relationship between efficacy and methodology in studies investigating EMDR treatment of PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 23-41. doi:10.1002/jclp.1127.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The controlled treatment outcome studies that examined the efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of PTSD have yielded a range of results, with the efficacy of EMDR varying across studies. The current study sought to determine if differences in outcome were related to methodological differences. The research was reviewed to identify methodological strengths, weaknesses, and empirical findings. The relationships between effect size and methodology ratings were examined, using the Gold Standard (GS) Scale (adapted from Foa and Meadows). Results indicated a significant relationship between scores on the GS Scale and effect size, with more rigorous studies according to the GS Scale reporting larger effect sizes. There was also a significant correlation between effect size and treatment fidelity. Additional methodological components not detected by the GS Scale were identified, and suggestions were made for a Revised GS Scale. We conclude by noting that methodological rigor removes noise and thereby decreases error measurement, allowing for the more accurate detection of true treatment effects in EMDR studies (Pilots).

Keywords: Literature Review Meta Analysis Methodology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

266. Largo-Marsh, L. K. (1996). The relationships among expectancy, hypnotizability, and treatment outcome associated with eye movement desensitization in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI. AAT 9636868.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Two treatments: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) or structured writing sessions. A standardized diagnostic interview was used to screen subjects and provide diagnosis and symptom profile at intake and one-month follow-up. Standardized self-report measures were used to assess treatment outcomes. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences between the two treatments. Both treatments were effective in significantly reducing post-traumatic symptoms at post-test and follow-up, although slightly different patterns were evident. EMDR subjects tended to evidence a larger reduction in symptoms immediately after treatment, while subjects assigned to the writing condition evidenced more gradual improvement, which continued between post-test and follow-up periods. Measures of subject expectations regarding treatment effectiveness revealed no statistical correlation to treatment outcome. Similarly, hypnotic susceptibility was found to be unrelated to the effectiveness of either treatment. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Empirical Study Hypnotic Susceptibility Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Therapeutic Writing Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

267. Benish, S. G., Imel, Z. E., & Wampold, B. E. (2008 June). The relative efficacy of bona fide psychotherapies for treating post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of direct comparisons. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(5), 746–758. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.10.005..

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Psychotherapy has been found to be an effective treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but meta-analyses have yielded inconsistent results on relative efficacy of psychotherapies in the treatment of PTSD. The present meta-analysis controlled for potential confounds in previous PTSD meta-analyses by including only bona fide psychotherapies, avoiding categorization of psychotherapy treatments, and using direct comparison studies only. The primary analysis revealed that effect sizes were homogenously distributed around zero for measures of PTSD symptomology, and for all measures of psychological functioning, indicating that there were no differences between psychotherapies. Additionally, the upper bound of the true effect size between PTSD psychotherapies was quite small. The results suggest that despite strong evidence of psychotherapy efficaciousness vis-à-vis no treatment or common factor controls, bona fide psychotherapies produce equivalent benefits for patients with PTSD.

Keywords: Comparison Meta-analysis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

268. Holmshaw, M., Hodder, K. I., & Carswell, J. W. (2009, April). The relative efficacy of trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy and EMDR in treating psychological trauma resulting from road traffic accidents. Presentation at the annual British Psychological Society Conference, Brighton, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objectives: Following road traffic accidents (RTAs) psychological problems are common and can cause long-term disability. Whilst both trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) have proved successful in treating such problems there is currently no clear evidence supporting one treatment over the other. Previous comparisons of these treatments have been based on small samples. The present research aimed to explore the relative efficacy of CBT and EMDR in treating psychological trauma resulting from RTAs in a large sample. Design: Patients who had previously been involved in an RTA were referred to a psychological rehabilitation provider and received treatment with either CBT or EMDR by accredited therapists. The treatments were compared on drop-out rate number of sessions required for completion of treatment therapist rating of success and a number of widely used psychometric measures which were administered at assessment and again at the end of treatment. Methods: A total of 1179 referrals were made of which 435 met the inclusion criteria and proceeded to treatment. These patients presented with a range of psychological trauma symptoms resulting from RTAs which had occurred an average of 21 months previously. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was diagnosed in 51 per cent of patients with the remaining patients presenting with travel anxiety depression general anxiety and other psychological conditions. Outcomes were assessed in the whole sample and separately for those with a diagnosis of PTSD. Results: No differences emerged between the treatments on any outcome measure both for patients diagnosed with PTSD and for those with other trauma-related symptoms. Both CBT and EMDR resulted in large improvements in self-rated symptoms as assessed using the psychometric measures and in both groups over 80 per cent of cases were rated by the therapist as successful or having made good progress by the end of treatment. The CBT group required an average of 9.1 sessions and the EMDR group required an average of 9.9 sessions. Reliable change indices showed that over 80 per cent of patients made clinically significant improvements in both treatment groups. Conclusions: In conclusion both CBT and EMDR proved to be effective treatments for psychological trauma resulting from RTAs but no differences emerged between them in terms of efficacy patient compliance and number of sessions required. Psychological trauma following RTAs is eminently treatable in the community when treatment is offered by trained CBT or EMDR therapists.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Road Traffic Accidents

Accuracy Verified: Yes

269. Jenkins, S. (2008, June). Relieving suffering and restoring lives: Understanding and treating sexual abuse survivors. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Without a thorough understanding of the physical, emotional, and spiritual impact of sexual assault and sexual abuse, therapists may reach an impasse with their clients. With this in mind, supplemental to EMDR training, and clinical experience, therapists must be knowledgable of the emotional, physical, developmental, and spiritual impact of sexual assault and sexual abuse. This presentation offers a holistic approach to the treatment of sexual assault and sexual abuse. Attendees will learn specific techniques for identifying, understanding, and treating it, as well as a greater understanding of the emotional, physical, developmental, and spiritual impact of such traumas. The information provided will enable therapists to conduct developmentally appropriate and clinically sound EMDR treatment. Furthermore, to help EMDR therapists facilitate their clients’ integration of traumatic events, information will be given on combining EMDR with a cross cultural shamanic approach to ego splitting or “soul loss.” Information and techniques will be provided on how to further facilitate processing during EMDR, in order to retrieve the parts of the self, the soul, that were “lost” or “split” during the trauma. Without recovering these parts, clients can be left open and unable to integrate their traumatic experiences. They can continue to experience a sense of not being “whole.” With this in mind, attendees will also learn how to further assist clients’ processing of the behavioural, emotional, physical, and cognitive aspects of traumatic events, thus facilitating clients processing via EMDR. Attendees will learn through a combination of case presentations, activities, and case presentations.

Keywords: Sexual Abuse Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

270. Sayer, P. C. (2002, August). Responses of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing or a cognitive-behavioral treatment as mediated by attachment status. Alliant International University, Fresno, CA. AAT 3043018.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The primary focus of this investigation was to evaluate the responses of individuals diagnosed with PTSD to treatment with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). In the event that a participant was unable to tolerate the EMDR approach, an alternative cognitive-behavioral treatment approach was offered. It was anticipated that individuals exhibiting Secure Attachment status as revealed on administration of the Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory (BORRTI) would experience lower scores between pre- and post-intervention administrations of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). 6 individuals took part in the study; 5 completed the EMDR protocol and one completed an alternative cognitive-behavioral therapy program due to problems tolerating the EMDR treatments. Subjects met with the researcher/therapist from 1 to 12 sessions, participating in the assessment, psychoeducational, and treatment components of the protocol. The application of the BORRTI Insecure Attachment (IA) measure resulted in 5 of the participants receiving a designation Secure Attachment status and 1 person an Insecure Attachment status classification. Thus, comparison groups according to attachment status designation could not be formed. Comparisons of group mean differences between the pre- and post-intervention administrations of the SCL-90-R did not reveal statistically significant differences with regard to the five individuals completing the EMDR protocol. Limitations of the study are discussed, as well as implications for future research on the mediating influences of attachment status on the treatment of PTSD. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 63(2-B), Aug 2002, pp. 1047.

Keywords: Attachment Behavior Brief Psychotherapy Clinical Trial Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

271. Jenkins, S. (2009, May). Retrieving the missing pieces: A cross-cultural approach to memory fragmentation. Presentation at the EMDR Canada Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The behavioural, emotional, somatic, and cognitive aspects of traumatic memory often remain fragmented, but present through symptomology. The EMDR practitioner is challenged to process key aspects of clients’ traumatic histories, with incomplete narrative. Ancient cultures, across continents, emphasize the importance of processing dissociated aspects of the self. This presentation explores the relationship between current research, ego state therapy, and cross-cultural approaches to trauma. While staying true to the eight-phase EMDR treatment model, traditional shamanic imageries for processing sensory-motor aspects of trauma are introduced. Attendees will learn interventions including the “Retrieval Interweave,” via case studies, video, interactive activities, and didactic presentations.

Keywords: Cross-Cultural Approaches Ego State Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

272. Lansing, K. (2013, September). The rite of return: Coming back from duty-induced PTSD. High Ground Press.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
The Rite of Return: Coming Back from Duty-Induced PTSD is written for men and women in law enforcement, first response, and the military who are struggling with duty-induced PTSD. In a field-guide format, it presents an overview of a proven treatment approach adapted specifically for this population. The book offers clear teaching on PTSD and its effects on the brain. It also provides practical training in containment techniques for increased control of symptoms and motivation for battling the tendency to isolate. The successful case outcomes described throughout the book give substantive hope for recovery from PTSD. The message throughout is that duty-induced PTSD cannot be resolved in isolation or by reading self-help books. The author’s depth of knowledge and scope of experience evident in every chapter draws the reader confidently into places where the clinical generalist cannot tread. Karen Lansing’s understanding of duty-induced PTSD goes beyond a simply clinical perspective. She has been trained in public order, ridden extensively on patrol, done 48-hour tours of duty with firefighters, and has resided and trained alongside special weapons teams on military bases. She has “kitted up” and been stuck into flashpoint sectors in “exotic places” with tactical advisors in troubled regions. The benefits emerging from that cross-pollination of disciplines are apparent in the author’s respect and understanding of the specific clinical needs of Warriors and Rescuers. It's seen in her identification of and clinical protocol for the treatment of a rare but deadly post-shooting symptom that she refers to as transitory shooter's apraxia. The benefits are also clearly seen in the clinical outcomes of those featured in this book. The Rite of Return presents a powerful argument that PTSD need not lead to an end of mission or tour of duty, or to a lifelong injury. Instead, case account after case account indicates that Lansing's treatment approach leads to quite the opposite: officers consistently emerging stronger. These outcomes are confirmed throughout the book by the testimony of SPECT brain images before and after treatment. Accompanying them are accounts of subjects after treatment responding successfully to incidents very similar to those that had culminated in their PTSD. These unsung heroes recovered, becoming more competent, more tactically skilled and more mentally resilient than they had been prior to its time-limited, but significant, intrusion into their lives. Reading between the lines of this book, it's apparent that careers and lives have been saved because of the author’s innovative approach. Her only regret is that so many have been lost to the devastation of untreated or ill-treated, duty-induced PTSD. The publication of The Rite of Return couldn’t be better timed.

Keywords: Containment Techniques Duty-Induced PTSD Military Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Transitory Shooter's Apraxia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

273. Sharp, I. R. (2003, August). The role of critical thinking skills in practicing psychologists' theoretical orientation and choice of intervention techniques. Drexel University.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Over the past two decades, professional psychology has witnessed a growing movement towards the utilization of psychotherapies that have empirical support. Despite this development, therapies that have not been empirically supported continue to experience widespread use. Concurrently, a collection of novel interventions, known as Power/Energy therapies (P/ET’s), has emerged. Although these therapies are based on questionable theoretical foundations and enjoy little or no empirical support, their popularity with clinicians appears to be strong and growing. There is scant research examining individual differences with respect to the practice habits of professional psychologists. The present study examined whether critical thinking skills are a factor in psychologists’ choice of therapeutic interventions, including their use of P/ET’s. As hypothesized, participants who reported using a number of techniques from Power and Energy therapies scored significantly lower on a measure of critical thinking skills. Also as hypothesized, individuals who reported using a number of cognitive-behavioral techniques scored significantly higher on the measure of critical thinking skills. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

274. Amendolia, R. D., Bressler-Wakesburg, E., & Giles-Monroe, E. (2004, September). The role of culture, ethnicity and spirituality in the treatment of trauma. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montreal, Quebec Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The Narrative Constructivist personal psychology model postulates that traumatized children and adults experience disturbances in cognitive schemata within domains of their psychological and interpersonal functioning: safety, trust, power, esteem and intimacy. Their processing of themselves and the world, which is greatly affected by ethno-cultural and beliefs, becomes rigidified around the "trauma story.” Their responses to stimuli are thus limited to repetitive and intrusive manifestations of fear and withdrawal. Utilizing culturally and spiritually salient metaphors as well as appropriate timing, EMDR facilitates the creation of meaningful narratives about the person's present and future and the world, enhancing sense of self and focused, purposeful behaviors. This symposium will introduce the narrative/cultural context model of trauma, with discussion, film clips and handouts; engage participants in a brief group intervention based on this model, to explore the emotional impact of ethno-cultural issues in regard to trauma and treatment interventions; and present clinical cases treated with EMDR based on cultural-sensitive choice-points and useful metaphors in work with diverse populations.

Keywords: Culture Ethnicity Spirituality Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

275. Amendolia, R. D., & Gemme, J. (2006, September). The role of culture, ethnicity and spirituality in the treatment of trauma. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The Narrative Constructivist personal psychology model postulates that traumatized children and adults experience disturbances in cognitive schemata within domains of their psychological and interpersonal functioning: safety, trust, power, esteem and intimacy. Their processing of themselves and the world, which is greatly affected by ethno-cultural and spiritual beliefs, becomes rigidified around the "trauma story." Their responses to stimuli are thus limited to repetitive and intrusive manifestations of fear and withdrawal. Utilizing culturally and spilitually salient metaphors, as well appropriate timing, EMDR facilitates the creation of meaningful narratives about the person's present and future and the world, enhancing sense of self and focused, purposeful behaviors. This symposium will introduce the narrative/cultural context model of trauma, with discussion, film clips and handouts; engage participants in a brief group intervention based on this model, to explore the emotional impact of ethno-cultural issues in regard to trauma and treatment interventions; and present clinical cases treated with EMDR based on cultural-sensitive choice-points and useful metaphors in work with diverse populations.

Keywords: Culture Ethnicity Spiriturality

Accuracy Verified: Yes

276. Chang, S. H. (2007, September). Role of EM and stimulus valence presentation order in the return of fear: Possible implications for the therapeutic mechanism. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association Conference, Dallas, Texas. (NSC 93-2413-H-002-002-).

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Research background & aims: This study examined possible therapeutic mechanisms of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989, 1995, 2001) in terms of exposure and information processing model. While exposure model contended process of extinction and response habituation, Stickgold (2002) proposed that sleep induced change in associative memory via activation of weak association during REM state and EM functioned as REM sleep to integrate the episodic memory of trauma into general semantic memory. In this study, the effect of EM compared to that of Exposure-Only (non-EM) on process measures of SUDs, ratings of cockroach phobia across sessions, along with outcome measures were examined. Specifically, the degree of return of fear and response habituation was explored. Methods: Thirty-six college students with cockroach phobias were recruited as participants and invited after informed consent for 4 1-week interval treatment sessions and a 1 month follow-up session. The instruments for outcome measures included Cockroach Phobia Questionnaire, fear ratings of cockroach slides, FSS, STAI-S, BDI, short form of SCL-90, the Revised Thought-Action Fusion Questionnaire, White Bear Suppression Inventory, and cognitive tasks for measuring strength of associations. The SUDs, credibility and therapeutic relationship rating, and physiological measures such as HR, HRV, EOG, served as process measures. Due to space limitations, the results of cognitive task and physiological measures were reported elsewhere. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: EM condition (EM vs. Non-EM exposure only) × block order of cockroach theme presentation (negative cognition first vs. positive cognition first). A 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time: pre-assessment and post-assessment for each of the 4 sessions plus 1 month follow-up assessment) mixed factorial design was performed, with time serving as within Ss factor and the other two variables serving as between Ss factors. There were 20 trials in each therapeutic session. The duration of each trial was 30s for both the EM and Exposure-Only conditions. Results: After preliminary analyses for group differences on pretreatment variables, credibility-relationship ratings, and outcome variables were explored, the 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time) ANOVA on SUDs showed that the main effects of time and EM were both significant (p < .001 and p < .034). Subsequently, two 2 (order of valence presentation) × 9 (time) ANOVAs were performed for EM condition and Exposure-Only condition, respectively. The results showed that for EM condition, only time effect was significant (p < .006); while for Exposure-Only condition, there were a significant time effect (p < .001) and an approaching significant valence presentation order effect (p < .065), with the SUDs being higher in negative cognition presented first condition compared to positive cognition presented first condition; whereas the effect was not significant for the EM condition. Using trend analyses and inspection of time effect showed that significant within session SUDs reduction for Exposure-Only conditions. Notwithstanding, the pairwise comparisons for the 9 time points indicated salient phenomena of return of fear among several of the 5 sessions for this condition when comparing the pre-assessment of each session with post-assessment of its previous session. Whereas for EM condition the return of fear between sessions was small and the trend analysis showed a reduction with linear trend. Conclusions & Discussion: Compared to Exposure-Only, EM resulted in less degree of sufferings while participants encountering negative theme which in turn might facilitate further processing of negative memory. In addition, EM might add something beyond the mechanism of pure exposure. The less return of fear indicating that information processing in addition to response inhibition might take place between sessions. The results echoed Shapiro’s Adaptive Information Processing model and Stickgold’s REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, suggesting that EM in EMDR might reflect a shift in associative memory systems by activating different strength of associations of negative semantic nodes for different semantically related words. Given that previous research showed that EM decreased emotionality and also generate greater amount of associations for negative stimuli, the implications of the present results from theoretical and therapeutic point of views and future research possibilities are discussed.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Saccadic Eye Movement Semantic Association

Accuracy Verified: Yes

277. Chang, S. H. (2009). Role of EM and stimulus valence presentation order in the return of fear: Possible implications for the therapeutic mechanism. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Saccadic Eye Movement Sematic Association

Accuracy Verified: Yes

278. Smyth, N. (2003, August). Role of exposure in EMDR treatment of PTSD. Presentation at 111th the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A standard treatment for anxiety disorders involves exposing clients to anxiety eliciting stimuli. Some theorists have argued that exposure is an essential element in the successful treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Exposure therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) are two therapeutic approaches that have been identified as efficacious in the treatment of PTSD. It has been proposed that exposure is the active element in all effective treatments for PTSD, including EMDR. This presentation will address various issues that should be considered in evaluating this proposal. Theories underlying exposure therapies will be summarized and differences between process and mechanism will be discussed. Brief overviews of EMDR and exposure therapies will be provided. Video clips of treatment sessions with exposure therapy and with EMDR will be shown, to illustrate the differences in treatment approaches, clinical focus, and client experience. Shared and unique components will be identified. The use of exposure in EMDR and its possible contribution to treatment outcome will be examined. Unlike prolonged exposure therapy, EMDR uses extremely brief repeated exposures (i.e., 20-50 seconds). Instead of continual and uninterrupted exposure, EMDR repeatedly interrupts the client's focus. Exposure therapy typically maintains a focus on the targeted incident, while EMDR uses a free association process to elicit other related material. Research has shown that high levels of anxiety during sessions of exposure therapy typically predict good outcome with that modality; however in successful EMDR treatment, the client's distress is substantially reduced during the session. Suggestions will be made for future research to identify and investigate mechanisms of action in exposure therapy and EMDR.

Keywords: Exposure Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Outcomes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

279. Devilly, G. J. (2011, July). The role of imagery rehearsal with and without eye movements in the creation of false memories. Psychology, Crime and Law, 17(6), 529-543. doi:10.1080/10683160903397524.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study explored differences in recall accuracy following experimental manipulations of two elements specific to two common approaches to trauma treatment – inducing saccadic eye movements during imagery rehearsal (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing; EMDR) and imagery rehearsal without eye movements (Imaginal Exposure; IE). The study also looked into whether outcome was related to high suggestibility and distress characteristics. The sample consisted of 48 non-clinical adult participants. The results found no significant difference in false recalls between EMDR and IE. While the EMDR group did make more false recognitions, they also made more correct recalls than the IE group. In effect, those in the EMDR group appear to make more true recalls and more false recollections than those in the IE group.Irrespective of treatment condition, fewer positive words were recalled and recognized than neutral and trauma words. As well as all subjects displaying no avoidant encoding style for trauma words overall, we also noted no avoidant encoding style as a function of trauma history or treatment condition. Our results argue against the avoidant encoding hypothesis for those with a history of trauma and also suggest a lowered response criterion following EMDR.; (AN 25481115)

Keywords: Absorption CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Dissociation Exposure False Memory Imagery Rehearsal

Accuracy Verified: Yes

280. Smith, L. E. (2007, September). The role of memory for trauma in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder following traumatic brain injury and research portfolio (Volume I). Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Comparison of referrals found no significant differences in age, gender, trauma type, time from trauma to referral, or attendance rates between services. Significantly more EMDR patients received additional professional support during their treatment.

Keywords: Memory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Research TBI Traumatic Brain Injury

Accuracy Verified: Yes

281. Giovannozzi, G. (2013, June). Safety, regulation, self-regulation and eye contact: New challenges for EMDR therapy. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Geneva, Switzerland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Porges’ polivagal theory of the hierarchical interpretation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), in addition to extending the range of human beings’ possible responses to environmental demands, links the first line ventral-vagal response with the regulation of important viscera as well as that of facial and head muscles, mediating social interactions, and associates its activation with the feeling of safety, identifying this latter condition as essential for a person’s well-being.
Without safety no social relations, physiological regulation or healing are possible. Hence the importance for EMDR therapists to lead their clients to this condition: lacking the activation of the ventral-vagal circuit there can be no processing. EMDR therapists will be provided with tools to keep their clients in safe conditions within the setting.
Clients exposed to trauma and/or insecure attachment do not have a good ANS regulation and maintain inadequate defensive attitudes – as demonstrated by Porges’ results, easily comparable with Schore’s on affective development and with those of several multi-disciplinary scholars.
Exploring this dysfunction provides EMDR therapists with useful elements to guide their clients in the difficult task of confronting what they did not/could not process at that time. We propose a three-pronged cross-sectional assessment, regardless of the pathology, aimed at identifying the defensive arousal state of the ANS needed to face the dysregulating impact at that time, focusing on the prevalent activation style of the client, when meeting environmental challenges, and that emerging in the session. Starting from this assessment, EMDR therapists will be provided with tools to help clients recognize and master their defenses to increase their flexibility.
Using the regulation as a healing instrument and goal, and given the two-directional psychophysiological approach, where psychological and physiological processes meet, a new intervention model, stemming from the AIP-EMDR approach, is proposed, acting directly on the missing or impaired developmental stages of the self-regulation ability, consistently with what Porges hoped for.
The intervention focuses on Eye Contact (EC), because, as confirmed by several scholars, this is a privileged communication pathway, in particular in the mother-child dyad, to learn self-regulating skills and is easily impaired in psychiatric clients.
Learning objectives: Raise EMDR therapists’ awareness of the importance of safety for their clients, based on Porges’ Polyvagal Theory; Provide therapists with tools to maintain clients’ safety during the session; Help EMDR therapist to recognize and modulate clients’ Autonomic Nervous System activation; and Present an EMDR Protocol to regulate Eye Contact

Keywords: Eye Contact Protocol Regulation Safety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

282. Lilienfeld, S. O., & Landfield, K. (2008, October). Science and pseudoscience in law enforcement: A user-friendly primer. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(10), 1215-1230. doi:10.1177/0093854808321526.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Pseudoscience and questionable science are largely neglected problems in police and other law enforcement work. In this primer, the authors delineate the key differences between science and pseudoscience, presenting 10 probabilistic indicators or warning signs, such as lack of falsifiability, absence of safeguards against confirmation bias, and lack of self-correction, that can help consumers of the police literature to distinguish scientific from pseudoscientific claims. Each of these warning signs is illustrated with an example from law enforcement. By attending to the differences between scientific and pseudoscientific assertions, police officers and other law enforcement officials can minimize their risk of errors and make better real-world decisions.

Keywords: Confirmation Bias Falsifiability Law Enforcement Peer Review Police Pseudoscience

Accuracy Verified: Yes

283. Herbert, J. D., Lilienfeld, S. O., Lohr, J. M., Montgomery, R. W., O'Donohue, W. T., Rosen, G. M., & Tolin, D. F. (2000, November). Science and pseudoscience in the development of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Implications for clinical psychology. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(8), 945-971. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00017-3.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The enormous popularity recently achieved by Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as a treatment for anxiety disorders appears to have greatly outstripped the evidence for its efficacy from controlled research studies. The disparity raises disturbing questions concerning EMDR's aggressive commercial promotion and its rapid acceptance among practitioners. In this article, we: (1) summarize the evidence concerning EMDR's efficacy; (2) describe the dissemination and promotion of EMDR; (3) delineate the features of pseudoscience and explicate their relevance to EMDR; (4) describe the pseudoscientific marketing practices used to promote EMDR; (5) analyze factors contributing to the acceptance of EMDR by professional psychologists; and (6) discuss practical considerations for professional psychologists regarding the adoption of EMDR into professional practice. We argue that EMDR provides an excellent vehicle for illustrating the differences between scientific and pseudoscientific therapeutic techniques. Such distinctions are of critical importance for clinical psychologists who intend to base their practice on the best available research.

Keywords: Commentary Review Scientific Research Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

284. Russell, M. C. (2008, December). Scientific resistance to research, training and utilization of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in treating post-war disorders. Social Science & Medicine, 67(11), 1737-1746. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.025.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In this study, Barber's [(1961). Resistance by scientists to scientific discovery. Science, 134, 596-602] analysis of scientists' resistance to discoveries is examined in relation to an 18-year controversy between the dominant cognitive-behavioral paradigm or zeitgeist and its chief rival - eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in treating trauma-related disorders. Reasons for persistent opposition to training, utilization and research into an identified 'evidence-based treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder' (EBT-PTSD) within US military and veterans' agencies closely parallels Barber's description of resistance based upon socio-cultural factors and scientific bias versus genuine scientific skepticism. The implications of sustained resistance to EMDR for combat veterans and other trauma sufferers are discussed. A unified or super-ordinate goal is offered to reverse negative trends impacting current and future mental healthcare of military personnel, veterans and other trauma survivors, and to bridge the scientific impasse.[PUBMED]

Keywords: Adults Americans Health Personnel Attitudes Posttraumatic Stress Disorer PTSD Scientific Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

285. Johnson, S. (2011 March 30). Scientists seek to treat chronically traumatized brains. San Jose: The Mercury News .

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
The experiment was designed to track what happens when human brains take in new information. The lead scientist, Bessel van der Kolk, president of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, wanted to track differences between chronically traumatized and otherwise normal brains.

Keywords: Brain Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

286. Tavanti, M., Bossini, L., Calossi, S., Lombardelli, A., Polizzotto, N., Vatti, G., Galli, R., Pieraccini F., & Castrogiovanni, P. (2008, Febbraio). Sertralina vs EMDR: Effetti sul volume ippocampale [Sertraline vs. EMDR: Effects on hippocampal volume]. Poster presentato al XII Congresso SOPSI (Società Italiana di Psicopatologia), Roma, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Molti dati sperimentali hanno mostrato che la terapia farmacologica con SSRI può incrementare il volume dell’ippocampo, invece il solo studio che ha investigato gli effetti di un tipo di psicoterapia (TEB, Terapia Eclettica Breve) non ha evidenziato alcuna efficacia sul volume ippocampale 1. Scopo del nostro studio è valutare gli effetti del trattamento con EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) sul volume ippocampale, sui sintomi e sulle performances mnesiche di pazienti con Disturbo Post-Traumatico da Stress (DPTS). La EMDR è una terapia la cui efficacia nel DPTS è stata dimostrata in numerosi studi sperimentali. Sono stati selezionati 12 soggetti drug-free con diagnosi di DPTS alla SCID-P, senza comorbidità psichiatrica. Ogni soggetto reclutato è stato sottoposto alla prima visita (Tempo 0, Drug-Free) ad una indagine psicometrica (tramite DTS), ad una indagine neuropsicologica (tramite una batteria di test) e alla misurazione dei volumi cerebrali tramite Risonanza Magnetica. Successivamente, i 12 soggetti sono stati attribuiti in maniera random a due diversi protocolli terapeutici. Sei soggetti hanno effettuato 12 sedute di EMDR della durata di 1,5 ore, mentre sei soggetti sono stati trattati con 100 mg di sertralina. Dopo il trattamento (Tempo 1, Post-Terapia) i soggetti sono stati nuovamente sottoposti alle indagini effettuate al Tempo 0. La seconda valutazione al Tempo 1 è stata effettuata dopo tre mesi nei soggetti trattati con EMDR e dopo 6 mesi nei soggetti trattati con la sertralina, in base ai tempi medi necessari per la remissione cilinica del DPTS riportati in letteratura per i due presidi terapeutici. In questo studio verranno presentati i dati relativi alle differenze volumetriche, ai miglioramenti clinici e alla performance mnesica nei due gruppi di soggetti (soggetti sottoposti ad EMDR e soggetti trattati con sertralina) e un dettagliato confronto dei risultati ottenuti.

Many experimental data have shown that drug therapy with SSRIs may increase the volume of the hippocampus, Instead the only study that has investigated the effects of a type psychotherapy (TEB, Brief Therapy Eclectic) showed no no effect on hippocampal volume 1. Purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of treatment with EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) on hippocampal volume, symptoms and performance mnesic of patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The EMDR is a therapy whose efficacy in PTSD is been demonstrated in numerous experimental studies. Were selected 12 subjects with a diagnosis of drug-free PTSD in the SCID-P, without psychiatric comorbidity. Each recruited subject was submitted to the first visit (Time 0, Drug-Free) at a psychometric investigation (by DTS), a neuropsychological investigation (using a battery test) and measurement of brain volume through Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Subsequently, 12 subjects have been allocated random to two different treatment protocols. Six subjects have carried out 12 sessions of EMDR duration of 1.5 hours, while six patients were treated with 100 mg of sertraline. After treatment (Time 1, Post-Therapy) subjects are were again subjected to the investigations made at the time 0. The second evaluation at Time 1 was made after three months in subjects treated with EMDR and after 6 months in subjects treated with sertraline, based on the average time needed cylinder for the remission of PTSD reported in the literature for the two therapeutic aids. In this study will be presented data on differences displacement, the clinical improvements and performance mnesic in the two groups of subjects (subjects EMDR for patients treated with sertraline) and a detailed comparison of results. Listen Read phonetically Dictionary - View detailed dictionaryGoogle Translate for my:SearchesVideosEmailPhoneChatBusinessAbout Google TranslateTurn off instant translationPrivacyHelp ©2010Business ToolsTranslator ToolkitAbout Google TranslateBlogPrivacyHelp►

Keywords: Hippocampal Volume Poster Sertraline

Accuracy Verified: Yes

287. Edmond, T., Sloan, L., & McCarty, D. (2004, July). Sexual abuse survivors’ perceptions of the effectiveness of EMDR and eclectic therapy. Research on Social Work Practice, 14(4), 259-272. doi:10.1177/1049731504265830.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objective: This article examines survivor perspectives of the effectiveness of two different treatments for trauma symptoms among adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse -- Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and eclectic therapy. Method: Qualitative interviews obtained in the context of a mixed-methods study were conducted with 38 adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Results: Two major differences in outcomes between the two treatment approaches were observed. There were considerable distinctions between the two treatment groups in terms of the importance and effect of the client-therapist relationship, and in terms of the depth of change reportedly caused by the different therapies. Conclusions: Survivors' narratives indicate that EMDR produces greater trauma resolution, while within eclectic therapy, survivors more highly value their relationship with their therapist, through whom they learn effective coping strategies. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Child Abuse Depressive Disorders Empirical Study Females Individual Psychotherapy Mixed Methods Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Quantitative Study Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

288. Matthess, H., & Yang, Y. (2010, July). Social and cultural adaptation. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
We know from research that since neurobiology is the same for humans, then the reaction to stress is the same for all human beings in the world. That is why EMDR works so well with victims of natural disasters and of adverse childhood experiences, including sexual and physical violence and emotional neglect. Because of cognitive functioning, e.g., creating metaphors and images for self-soothing, establishing social contact and/ or personal interpretation, or assigning meaning to stressful experiences, we have to emphasize the importance of cultural influences. We want to invite people from different cultures to join this open meeting to present, share, and discuss their experiences and perhaps difficulties with cultural adaptation of trauma-therapy techniques, including EMDR. For example, we may need to examine where and how the wording of the EMDR-protocol needs to be adapted to recognize and accommodate cultural differences; perhaps we need to look at the language structure and its accessibility. Let us share our ideas and experiences so that we may get new insights on how to more effectively implement our trauma-therapy techniques and spread our knowledge about neurobiology to various cultural backgrounds.

Keywords: Social and Cultural Adaptation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

289. Leitch, M. L. (2007, September). Somatic experiencing treatment with tsunami survivors in Thailand: Broadening the scope of early intervention. Traumatology, 13(3), 11-20. doi:10.1177/1534765607305439.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This exploratory study examines the treatment effects of brief (1 to 2 sessions) Somatic Experiencing with 53 adult and child survivors of the 2004 tsunami in Thailand. Somatic Experiencing’s early-intervention model, now called Trauma First Aide, was provided 1 month after the tsunami. Survivor assessments were done pretreatment, immediately posttreatment, 3 to 5 days posttreatment, and at the 1-year follow-up. Results indicate that immediately following treatment, 67% of participants had partial to complete improvement in reported symptoms and 95% had complete or partial improvement in observed symptoms. At the 1-year follow-up, 90% of participants had complete or partial improvement in reported symptoms, and 96% had complete or partial improvement in initially observed symptoms. Given the small sample size and lack of an equivalent comparison group, results must be interpreted with caution. Nonetheless, the results suggest that integrative mind–body interventions have promise in disaster treatment.

Keywords: Cross-Cultural Research Brief Treatment Disaster Integrative Treatment Mind–Body Psychotherapy Somatic Experiencing Trauma First Aide Tsunami

Accuracy Verified: Yes

290. Kayal, H. (2013, June). Stabilisation techniques in preparation for trauma focused interventions with refugees. Presentation at the 13th annual conference for the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS), Bologna, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A phased model of treatment is recommended for the treatment of people who have experienced repeated and multiple traumas and who may still be facing ongoing stress and threat. Establishing a sense of safety and stability is the first stage of treatment before any exposure work can begin. This can be particularly challenging when treating refugees with complex PTSD presentations. This interactive workshop will explore treatment approaches to establishing a sense of safety and stability in preparation for trauma focused therapy. Case examples of torture survivors, victims of trafficking and domestic abuse will be presented to illustrate some of the difficulties in this stage of treatment and interventions. The workshop will promote an understanding of: •Complex PTSD presentations in refugees and asylum seekers •Stabilisation and symptom management in preparation for trauma focused interventions •Managing dissociative flashbacks, dissociative seizures and sensory/physical flashbacks •Cognitive techniques for managing shame, guilt and self blame which may be barriers to exposure work •How best to work with trauma memories and when to use NET, CBT or EMDR •Cultural considerations •Managing vicarious traumatisation and self care

Keywords: Refugees Stablilization

Accuracy Verified: Yes

291. van der Weele, J., & With, A. (2007, June). Stabilization groups with ethnic minority women after domestic violence: Presentation of a model based on structural theory of dissociation, EMDR, intercultural comunication and expressive artwork. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Alternative to violence has developed a group treatment model structured by the theory of structural dissociation and EMDR trauma treatment theory. Woman with ethnic minority background received short terms group treatment at a shelter for victims of domestic violence at an outpatient clinic and at a domestic violence family treatment center. The groups were supplements to individual therapy/counseling. We have had 10 groups; one with only Pakistani women, several mixed ethnic minority cultural groups with translation and groups in “simple Norwegian.” Recruitment was enhanced by the policy of sharing of symptoms and problems today with no obligation to share about personal past. The model has low drop out rate and therapist working with the individuals report more effective treatment sessions. For some women the group becomes the preferred choice of treatment. We discovered that early phase trauma work can be done in a group format with severely and recently traumatized women. Methods used are resource installation and safe place work, increase awareness of negative/positive cognitions, butterfly hug, nightmare protocol, expressive art therapy techniques as grounding, breathing techniques working with personal borders, working with imagination and playfulness. Structural therapy of dissociation concepts as ANP/EP structures and mental capacity, working from here and now, focusing on the ANP above EP's are woven into how the therapists regulate the group process and plan content. The theory organizes how we handle flashbacks, current acute crisis and how we focus on the womens’ personal trauma. We also teach about the effect of violence in relationships, the need to work on personal safety and the needs of children in the aftermath of violence. Theory from the field of intercultural communication gave us guidelines in working with women from high context, indirect and collectivistic cultures. A workbook for the clients on violence, PTSD symptoms and stabilisation treatment has been developed in the aftermath of these groups and is translated into several languages. We will present the material at the conference in the structure of the early fase trauma treatment group format. Showing in vivo how we apply the theory to severely traumatized women. We will share some of our favorite group exercises, metaphors and group rituals. Our goal is: 1. to show how the theory of structural dissociation serves as guideline for organizing and resulting treatment with severely traumatized clients in groups. 2. Give insight into typical adjustments that have been made to tailor treatment to ethnic minority populations. 3. Explain how expressive art work needs to make adjustments to the population of severely traumatized women. 4. Finally show how the group uses elements from EMDR and enhances individual EMDR work. In our experience, the stabilisation groups have integrated the heart, mind and body in the work of healing with a population that is often found difficult to treat effectively. We hare started to retain other therapists in using the model and are in the process of applying for a research grant.

Keywords: Artwork Domestic Violence Dissociation Ethnic Intercultural Communication Minority Stabilization Women

Accuracy Verified: Yes

292. Devilly, G. J., Spence, S. H., & Rapee, R. M. (1998, Summer). Statistical and reliable change with eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing: Treating trauma within a veteran population. Behavior Therapy, 29(3), 435-455. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(98)80042-7.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
51 war veterans with PTSD symptomatology were randomly allocated to one of three conditions: two sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), an equivalent procedure without EMDR, or a standard psychiatric support control condition. There was an overall significant main effect of time from pre- to posttreatment, with a reduction in symptomatology for all groups. However, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups. Participants in the two treatment conditions were more likely to display reliable improvement in trauma symptomatology than subjects in the control group. By 6-month follow-up, reductions in symptomatology had dissipated and there were no statistical or reliable differences between the two treatment groups. Overall, the results indicated that, with this war veteran population, improvement rates were less than has been reported in the past. Also, where improvements were found, eye movements were not likely to be the mechanism of change. Rather, the results imply that other nonspecific or therapeutic processes may account for any beneficial effects of EMDR. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Australians Empirical Study Follow-up Study Longitudinal Study Males Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Treatment Effectiveness Veterans Vietnam War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

293. Patterson, G. T., & Chung, I. ([2010]). Stress management training and development programs for police officers and recruits. Oslo, Norway: The Campbell Collaboration. Retrieved from www.campbellcollaboration.org on 2/10/2012.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Background and objective of this review (briefly describe the problem and the intervention): A body of knowledge exists that identifies sources of police stress, categories of stress, and the strategies officers and recruits use to cope with stress. It is generally agreed upon that stressful work and life events can have a negative impact on police officers and recruits that can be quite pervasive. Consequently, law enforcement organizations provide a wide variety of interventions to help officers manage stress. The most common intervention is training to help officers recognize the warning signs of stress, and to use individual coping strategies. However, little is known about the efficacy of the wide range of interventions given to police officers and recruits. The objectives of this systematic review are to: assess how stress management and officer development programs are evaluated; examine conceptual differences in interventions; explain variations in interventions; build the connection between the body of knowledge that describes sources and types of police and recruit stress, and interventions; discover reasons for conflicting training effects; and synthesize what is known and not known about the impact of different study designs, research methods, interventions, and data analysis procedures on outcomes.

Keywords: Policemen Recruits Stress Management

Accuracy Verified: Yes

294. Pagani, M. (2008, Novembre). Sub-strato neurobiologico della sindrome da stress post-traumatico e relativo impatto funzionale e strutturale della terapia con EMDR [Neurobiological substrate of post-traumatic stress syndrome and impact on functional and structural therapy with EMDR]. Presentazione le Applicazioni Cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Recenti studi hanno dimostrato come la sindrome da stress post-traumatico (PTSD) possa causare nel cervello cambiamenti sia strutturali che funzionali. Studi di imaging funzionale tramite tomografia ad emissione di fotone singolo (SPECT) e ad emissione di positrone (PET) hanno evidenziato significative variazioni del flusso cerebrale in pazienti con PTSD durante la rivisitazione del trauma. A questo proposito sono stati riportati aumenti e diminuzioni di flusso nell’ippocampo, nell’amigdala, nella corteccia prefrontale mediale, nel cingolo anteriore e posteriore e nella corteccia temporale. Il modello prevalente collega i sintomi del PTSD ad una mancata inibizione dell’ amigdala, iperattivata dalla sensazione di incombente minaccia, da parte della corteccia prefrontale. E’ stato anche proposto che i cambiamenti strutturali dell’ippocampo e del cingolo anteriore rivelati dalla risonanza magnetica strutturale (RM) siano causati dalla risposta neuronale allo stress. L’obiettivo delle nostre ricerche e’ stato quello di analizzare la risposta funzionale e le variazioni strutturali in due gruppi di soggetti esposti a trauma occupazionale che hanno sviluppato (S=sintomatici, n=20) o no (NS=non sintomatici, n=27) il PTSD. Una parte dei S (n=16) è stata trattata con EMDR. La diagnosi di PTSD prima e dopo la terapia è stata basata sia sui criteri del DSM-IV sia su vari test neuropsicologici mirati. La SPECT (n=47) e la RM (n=33) sono state eseguite da 3 mesi a sei anni dal trauma e la prima è stata ripetuta dopo EMDR. I sintomi sono stati provocati da uno script individualizzato che ha riportato alla memoria il trauma e durante il quale è stato iniettato il tracciante di flusso cerebrale. Le analisi eseguite hanno mostrato differenze significative tra S e NS nella risposta del flusso cerebrale allo script. Nei 33 soggetti in cui sono state eseguite sia la SPECT che la RM sono state trovate differenze significative sia funzionali che strutturali nella corteccia temporo-parietale sinistra e nell’ippocampo, regioni nelle quali gli score dei test neuropsicologici correlano significativamente con il flusso cerebrale. Nei soggetti con remissione sintomatologica dopo EMDR (R; n=11) sono state trovate rispetto ai soggetti che non hanno risposto alla terapia (NR; n=5) significative differenze di flusso in 4 aree corticali che processano funzioni deteriorate in corso di PTSD. Diminuzioni di flusso dopo la terapia sono state registrate nei R rispetto ai NR nell’ippocampo, nel giro fusiforme (corteccia parieto-occipitale) e nella corteccia visiva primaria. L’ippocampo è sede della memoria episodica ed autobiografica; il giro fusiforme processa il riconoscimento di volti, dei corpi e delle parole; la corteccia visiva primaria custodisce la memoria visiva degli eventi. La mancata inibizione e/o l’iperattività di queste regioni nel PTSD sono responsabili della rivisitazione patologica figurata e somatica dell’evento traumatico e della presenza di flashback ed immagini allucinatorie. Viceversa la corteccia frontale dorsolaterale ha mostrato un aumento di flusso nei R. Questa regione oltre ad essere deputata ad inibire nel sistema limbico la risposta patologica a stimoli che ricordano l’evento traumatico è essenziale per i processi di attenzione e del “senso di sé”, diminuiti in corso di PTSD e recuperati in seguito alla remissione della malattia. In questi soggetti la RM ha inoltre messo in evidenza il valore predittivo delle dimensioni dell’ippocampo rispetto all’efficacia della terapia con EMDR. I nostri risultati confermano il coinvolgimento della corteccia temporo-parieto-occipitale nel PTSD e sottolineano il valore delle neuroimmagini sia nello svelare gli effetti neurobiologici dell’EMDR che determinare il valore delle indagini strutturali nel predirne l’efficacia.

Recent studies have shown that the post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) may result in both structural and functional brain changes. Imaging studies using functional Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) shown significant changes in cerebral blood flow in patients with PTSD during revisiting the trauma. In this regard have been reported increases and decreases in flow hippocampus, amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate and posterior and temporal cortex. The dominant model linking the symptoms of PTSD to a no inhibition of 'amygdala hyperactivity disorder by the sense of impending threat by the prefrontal cortex. E 'was also proposed that the structural changes of the hippocampus and anterior cingulate revealed by structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are caused by the response neuronal stress. The aim of our research and 'was to analyze the response functional and structural variations in two groups of subjects exposed to occupational trauma that have developed (S = symptomatic, n = 20) or not (NS = non-symptomatic, n = 27) PTSD. Part of S (n = 16) was treated with EMDR. The diagnosis of PTSD before and after the therapy was based on both DSM-IV has on several neuropsychological tests targeting. SPECT (n = 47) and MRI (n = 33) are were performed from 3 months to six years from the trauma and the first was repeated after EMDR. Symptoms were caused by a script individual who reported to the memory of the trauma and during which were injected with a tracer of cerebral blood flow. The analysis performed showed significant differences between S and NS in the response of flow brain to the script. In the 33 subjects in which they were performed both SPECT and MRI were found significant differences in both functional and structural temporo-parietal cortex left hippocampus, regions in which the scores of neuropsychological tests correlate significantly with the flow in the brain. In subjects with symptomatic remission after EMDR (R; n = 11) were found compared with subjects who did not respond to therapy (NR, n = 5) significant differences in flow in 4 cortical areas that process functions deteriorated in the course of PTSD. Decreases in flow after treatment were recorded in R than NR hippocampus, within fusiform (parieto-occipital cortex) and in the primary visual cortex. The hippocampus is the seat of episodic memory and autobiographical, and the processes around the fusiform recognition of faces, bodies and words, the primary visual cortex preserves the memory visual events. The non-inhibition and / or 'hyperactivity of these regions in PTSD are responsible for pathological figured revisiting the traumatic event and physical and presence of flashbacks and hallucinatory images. Contrast, the dorsolateral frontal cortex has showed an increase of flow in R. This region in addition to being deputies to inhibit the system limbic response to pathological stimuli that recall the traumatic event is essential for processes of attention and the "sense of self, decreased in the course of PTSD and recovered following remission. In these subjects, MRI has also highlighted the predictive value the size of the hippocampus compared the efficacy of EMDR therapy. Our results confirm the involvement of the temporo-parietal-occipital cortex in PTSD and emphasize the value of neuroimaging in revealing both the neurobiological effects of EMDR that determine the value of the structural surveys in predicting effectiveness.

Keywords: Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

295. Mendes, D. D., Mello, M. F., Ventura, P., Passarela, Cde. M., Mari, J. de J. (2008). A systematic review on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. International Journal of Psychiatry Medicine, 38(3), 241-259. doi:10.2190/PM.38.3.b.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objective: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most common psychotherapy approach for the treatment of PTSD. Nevertheless, previous reviews on the efficacy of several types of psychotherapy were unable to detect differences between CBT and other psychotherapies. The purpose of this study was to conduct systematic review on the efficacy of CBT in comparison with studies that used other psychotherapy techniques. Method: Databases were searched using the following terms: posttraumatic stress disorder/stress disorder, treatment/psychotherapy/behavior cognitive therapy, randomized trials, and adults. Randomized clinical trials published between 1980 and 2005 and that compared CBT with other treatments for PTSD was included. The main outcomes were remission, clinical improvement, dropout rates and changes in symptoms. Results: The 23 clinical trials included in the review comprised 1,923 patients: 898 in the treatment group and 1,025 in the control group. CBT had better remission rates than EMDR (RR = 0.35; 95%CI: 0.16; 0.79; p = 0.01) or supportive therapies (RR = 0.43; 95%CI: 0.25; 0.74; p = 0.002, completer analysis). CBT was comparable to Exposure Therapy (ET) (RR = 0.90; 95%CI: 0.58; 1.40; p = 0.64), and cognitive therapy (CT) (RR = 1.01; 95%CI: 0.67; 1.51; p = 0.98) in terms of efficacy and compliance. Conclusions: These findings suggest that specific therapies, such as CBT, exposure therapy and cognitive therapy are equally effective, and more effective than supportive techniques in the treatment of PTSD.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Comparative Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Systematic Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

296. Greenwald, R., Maguin, E., Smyth, N. J., Greenwald, H., Johnston, K. G., & Weiss, R. L. (2008, June). Teaching trauma-related insight improves attitudes and behaviors toward challenging clients. Traumatology, 14(2), 1-11. doi:10.1177/1534765608315635.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Effective dissemination of treatment methods requires not only training in high-profile interventions but also in cases of conceptualization and treatment planning skills that facilitate use of the interventions. In a series of six studies, the authors tested one training module with 303 paraprofessionals and mental health professionals in various training settings and five countries. Participants completed self-report ratings in response to a challenging acting-out client, both before and after completing a trauma-informed case-formulation exercise. The training intervention led participants to report decreased distress while considering challenging work-related scenarios, increased empathy and caring toward challenging clients, and increased comfort and confidence in their helping roles. In the final two studies, a trauma-informed treatment planning module was added, yielding additional benefit. At follow-up participants reported that the effects persisted and led to improved behaviors toward the clients. Such empirical validation of training methodologies can lead to more reliably effective dissemination.

Keywords: Case Conceptualization Cross-Cultural Methods/Comparisons Theory Therapist Training Training Methodology Trauma Treatment Planning

Accuracy Verified: Yes

297. Araujo Souza, A. M. N. (2012, Novembro). Técnica grupal integrativa - MGI: Prevenção de TEPT–transtornos de estresse pós-traumático em grupos de crianças Vvítimas de catástrofe [Technical integrative group - MGI: Preventing PTSD disorders-posttraumatic stress in children groups Vvítimas disaster]. In EMDR em traumas. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objetivo: Analisar o uso do Protocolo Grupal Integrativo (MGI) com o EMDR (Método de Dessensibilização e Reprocessamento pelo Movimento dos Olhos), na prevenção do Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (TEPT), em crianças vítimas de catástrofe. Método: Aplicação do Protocolo Grupal Integrativo (MGI- EMDR) em 16 crianças no município de Anchieta-SC, vítimas de tornado. Trata-se de um protocolo de EMDR utilizado em grupos, frente às situações traumáticas e permite que as vítimas entrem em contato com o evento, expressem lembranças traumáticas e sentimentos através de desenhos. Após cada desenho, o grupo foi estimulado a dessensibilizar e reprocessar os sentimentos e imagens perturbadoras através de movimentos bilateralizados do cérebro, sendo esses movimentos oculares, táteis ou sonoros. A técnica de estimulação utilizada foi o “Abraço Borboleta”, técnica desenvolvida por Artigas (2000) que consiste em cruzar as mãos e tocar a região entre a clavícula e o ombro com os dedos (estimulação tátil). A Escala de Unidade Subjetiva de Perturbação (SUDS) foi utilizada para medir o nível de perturbação ao lembrar da catástrofe. Como passo final, foi feita uma checagem corporal para verificar se havia alguma tensão física residual e a instalação de uma crença positiva de futuro. Resultados: houve redução da Escala Subjetiva de Perturbação (SUDS) na maioria das crianças e a qualidade dos sentimentos das mesmas ao entrarem em contato com a situação do tornado – “medo, desespero, tristeza, angústia” – como consequência dos fatos passados, se transformaram ao ser reprocessados em um reconhecimento de que o perigo passou. Os sentimentos se transformaram em “feliz, alívio, muito feliz, alegre“. Conclusão: O uso do MGI com EMDR em situações de catástrofes facilita a expressão da lembrança traumática armazenada no cérebro de forma disfuncional.

Objective: To analyze the use of Group Integrative Protocol (MGI) to EMDR (Desensitization and Reprocessing Method for Eye Movement), the prevention of disorder Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in children victims of disaster. Method: Application Protocol Integrative Group (MGI-EMDR) in 16 children in the municipality of Anchieta-SC, tornado victims. It is a protocol used EMDR in groups, face the trauma and allows victims to contact the event, express traumatic memories and feelings through drawings. After each drawing, the group was encouraged to desensitize and reprocess disturbing images and feelings through movements bilateralizados the brain, and these eye movements, tactile or audible. The stimulation technique used was the "butterfly hug" technique developed by Artigas (2000) which is to cross your hands and touch the area between the collarbone and the shoulder with fingers (tactile stimulation). The Scale of Subjective Unit of Disturbance (SUDS) was used to measure the level of disturbance to remember the disaster. As a final step, we performed a body check to see if there was any residual physical tension and installation of a positive belief in the future. Results: decreased Subjective Disturbance Scale (SUDS) in most children and quality of the same feelings to get in touch with the situation of the tornado - "fear, despair, sadness, distress" - as a result of past events, became to be reprocessed in a recognition that the danger has passed. The feelings became "happy, relieved, happy, happy." Conclusion: The use of EMDR with MGI in disaster situations facilitates the expression of traumatic memories stored in the brain so dysfunctional.

Keywords: Children MGI - Integrative Group Protocol with EMDR Reprocessing Catastrophe

Accuracy Verified: Yes

298. Onofri, A. (2009, Novembre). Tema intervento: EMDR, stimolazione bilaterale ed elaborazione accellerata delle informazioni [Theme areas: EMDR, bilateral stimulation and accelerated development of information]. Presentatie op de 1e Internationale Conferentie Universa vergeleken universum Lipsi, Orvieto, TR, Italië.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
I° Convegno Internazionale universi a confronto. La terapeutica occidentale incontra quella sciamanica andina
Con questo primo Convegno Internazionale UniVerso LiPsi inaugura Universi a confronto, un nuovo e permanente Motore culturale di Ricerca e Dialogo sulle diverse pratiche terapeutiche e su come sviluppare una maggiore integrazione tra le stesse, con l’obiettivo di promuovere il benessere della persona vista nella sua interezza ed unicità, attraverso un percorso di condivisione di conoscenze, esperienze, riflessioni e idee da far confluire in un più ampio bacino cui attingere anche per il reciproco arricchimento umano e professionale

1st International Universi Conference comparing universes comparison. The western therapy compared to the Andean Shamanism. With this first International Conference opens Universes in Universe Lipsi comparison, a new engine, permanent cultural Research and Dialogue on the various therapeutic practices and how to develop greater integration between them, with the objective of promoting the welfare of the person seen in its wholeness and oneness, through a sharing of knowledge, experiences, thoughts and ideas to feed into a wider pool to draw upon for the mutual enrichment of human and professional.

Keywords: Andean Indian Culture Andean Shamanism

Accuracy Verified: Yes

299. Lipke, H. (1995, June). Theoretical understanding of EMDR: Examples from treatment of veterans. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The rapidity and thoroughness of EMDR therapeutic effectiveness, compared to more traditional methods of psychotherapy, calls for a general reconceptualization of the field. As EMDR and, perhaps, other new methods continue to demonstrate what Francine Shapiro has referred to as "accelerated information processing" these new therapeutic effects will undoubtedly become better understood. In an initial effort to systematically integrate EMDR with other methods of treatment, the following four categories of psychotherapeutic activity are proposed: 1. Accessing of present associative networks - the bringing forward of information (distressing, dysfunctional, comforting, adaptive, etc.) already stored in both procedural and non-procedural systems. 2. Introduction of new information - the teaching of facts and skills, which form new or add to old associative networks. 3. Inhibition of information accessing - the tuming of attention away from dysfunctional information, with the goal of decreasing arousal, such as with relaxation training. 4. Facilitation of the processing of information - abstract activity that makes it more likely information networks will connect in an adaptive way, leading to the dissipation of unwarranted negative emotion and the attainment of adaptive understanding. Methods of psychotherapy may be distinguished by the ways in which they use or don't use activities in each of these categories. EMDR like other methods can be so distinguished. While the proposed categorization system can be used to clarify the differences and similarities among the various methods of psychotherapy, more relevantly to clinical practice, this conceptualization may promote more efficient intervention choices when progress during therapy sessions has slowed or stopped. Examples of the theoretical and clinical value of the proposed model are offered, especially in the treatment of combat related psychological trauma.

Keywords: Veterans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

300. Tarquinio, C., Fayard, A., & Tarquinio, P. (2007, Juin). Thérapie EMDR chez des vicimes d'accident d'automobile: Une suivi de 6 mois [A 6 month follow-up if victims of automobile accidents undergoing EMDR therapy]. Présentation à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objectif: présenter les résultats d'une étude réalisée dans le cadre du traitement des victimes de la route. Nous avons fait la distinction entre les sujets qui ont présenté un (complet n = 16) ou une forme partielle (n = 8) du syndrome de stress post-traumatique (définie par la présence de grappes A et B et l'un des groupes C ou D ).
Sujets: Toutes les victimes (âge moyen: 34,3, s = 4,19; 17 hommes et 7 femmes) ont subi une thérapie EMDR pour quatre séances de 90 minutes. Les sujets ont été inclus dans le projet thérapeutique de 18 mois et ont été suivis pendant 6 mois après la fin de la thérapie.
Procédure: Les sujets ont été envoyées par différentes associations de victimes de consulter l'un des auteurs qui ont pris en charge tous les traitements, après la première consultation, une proposition a été faite au sujet de faire partie d'un protocole de recherche. Après des explications ont été données au diagnostic (complet vs partielle SSPT) a été faite par les deux autres co-auteurs qui ont également participé à l'évaluation des différentes phases.
Les sujets devaient ensuite répondre aux questions de l'échelle d'impact de l'événement d'Horowitz (Horowitz et al, 1979) et la State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - STAI (Spielberger et al 1983). Dans le cadre du protocole thérapeutique, les sujets devaient faire une évaluation SUDS (Wolpe, 1990) qui mesure l'état de détresse concevable par le patient, évalué sur un formulaire échelle de 0 (aucun) à 10 (le pire). Ces différentes mesures ont été administrés à tous les sujets avant de commencer le traitement (T1), après quatre séances de l'EMDR (T2), et six mois plus tard (T3).
Principaux résultats: En raison de la petite taille de l'échantillon et une distribution non normale, les données ont été traitées avec des tests non paramétriques (Mann et Whitney pour les groupes indépendants et de Wilcoxon pour les mesures appariées). [Tableau 1 de l'étude des données du Programme de la conférence originale abstraite ne figurent pas ici.]
Les différences entre le prétest, post-test et l'évaluation après six mois sont montrés également très importante, indiquant un effet très positif avec l'EMDR sur la réduction des symptômes intrusifs et d'évitement. Les effets positifs du traitement sur l'anxiété de la victime peuvent également être des notes, ainsi que sur la réduction de la mousse.

Objective: To present the results of a study carried out in the framework of treating road victims. We have made the distinction between the subjects who presented a complete (n=16) or a partial form (n=8) of post-traumatic stress disorder (defined by the presence of clusters A and B and one of the clusters C or D).
Subjects: All the victims (mean age: 34.3, s=4.19; 17 men and 7 women) underwent EMDR therapy for four 90 minute sessions. The subjects were included in the therapeutic project for 18 months and were followed for 6 months after the end of the therapy.
Procedure: The subjects were sent by different associations of victims to consult with one of the authors who took charge of all of the treatments, After the first consultation, a proposal was made to the subject to be part of a research protocol. After explanations were given the diagnosis (complete vs. partial PTSD) was made by the other two co-authors who also participated in evaluations of the different phases.
The subjects then had to answer questions from Horowitz’s Impact Event Scale (Horowitz et al, 1979) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory – STAI (Spielberger et al 1983). In the framework of therapeutic protocol, the subjects had to do a SUDS evaluation (Wolpe, 1990) which measures the state of distress conceivable by the patient, evaluated on a scale form 0 (none) to 10 (the worst). These different measures were administered to all of the subjects before beginning the therapy (T1), after four sessions of EMDR (T2), and six months later (T3).
Main results: Because of the small size of the sample and a non-normal distribution, the data was processed with non-parametric tests (Mann and Whitney for the independent groups and Wilcoxon for the paired measures). [Table 1 of study's data from the original Conference Program abstract not included here.]
The differences between the pretest, the posttest and the evaluation after six months are shown to be equally very significant, indicating a very positive effect with EMDR on the reduction of intrusive symptoms and avoidance. The positive effects of the treatment on the victim’s anxiety can also be notes, as well as on the reduction of the SUDS.

Keywords: Automobile Accident Motor Vehicle Accident

Accuracy Verified: Yes

301. Dexter, B. A. (2007, September). Therapy with military and their families in a time of war. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Dallas, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Numerous military and veteran organizations recognize EMDR as a recommended treatment for PTSD. Rapidly increasing numbers of Active Duty, Reserve and National Guard combat veterans and their families are in need of mental health treatment, and most of that treatment will likely be provided by civilian therapists who may not have personal military experience. Therapists who have not served in the military can develop military cultural knowledge and provide equally high quality service to military individuals and families. We will discuss and develop EMDR targets related to Combat Stress Reactions, narcissism, ‘violations of the social contract’ and other trauma.

Keywords: Military War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

302. Robinson, N. S. (2001). Time-line EMDR. EMDRIA Newsletter, 6(3), 4-5.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
We often find clients who are not satisfied with their life situation, are underfunctioning, or have negative thoughts/ cognitions about themselves. These issues persist in spite of successful lives or significant amounts of therapy. Trauma concerns are either non-existent or resolved. Existing EMDR techniques such as Resource Development and Installation (Deborah Korn, Andrew Leeds), Performance Enhancement (Lendl & Foster, 1997) or doing a “float back” can be tried with these clients. RDI can strengthen clients and increase their ability to cope. Performance protocol can help them improve functioning with mental rehearsals. The float back technique can put them in touch with affect and accompanying bodily sensations which can help identify blocking beliefs or identify early events still impacting current difficulties. These techniques have not always been sufficient for some of my clients. I have turned to my family systems training in order to expand my clinical resources. Family systems reminds us that negative and positive messages, beliefs, loyalties and ways of being are passed down through generations and have a farreaching impact on each of us. I have developed a time-line technique that allows me to use EMDR to tap into historical and cultural sources to help clients clear through blockages as well as discover new personal resources.

Keywords: Genograms Time-Line

Accuracy Verified: Yes

303. Cohen, A., Prattos, T., Birnbaum, A., Yoeli, F. R., Quinn, G., & Lopacka, J. (2006, June). Training EMDR practitioners of another culture and language following a disaster. In Cross-cultural EMDR training following disasters. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Istanbul, Turkey.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR Training Following a Disaster Aims • To identify some of the vital components of a successful EMDR training to take place in a cultural milieu other than that of the presenting team • The differences between EMDR training designed to provide intervention relief following a disaster and regular EMDR training • To develop an EMDR training program sensitive to local culture with support from abroad both in times of emergency and calm [Excerpt]

Keywords: Disasters Symposium Training

Accuracy Verified: Yes

304. Rasolkhani-Kalhorn, T. (2005). Translation and adaption of the EMDR protcol to the Iranian culture. Colorado School of Professional Psychology, Colorado Springs, CO. AAT 3295606.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Francine Shapiro's eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment and training manual (1995, 2001) was translated into Persian and reviewed for cross-cultural adaptation. The EMDR Persian translated edition was clinically tested in the earthquake stricken regions of Bam and Zarand in southern Iran. Therapists using this manual provided feedback in the form of an email questionnaire. According to this feedback, the manual was useful for training therapists to administer EMDR therapy in Iran. A more recent proposal for the neurobiological basis of EMDR therapy, which I have co-authored, is presented in this dissertation project. It addresses EMDR as a physical healing process that will have further acceptance by Iranians and the Iranian medical community. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 68(12-B), 2008, pp. 8409.

Keywords: Empirical Study Eye Movements Quantitative Study Sociocultural Factors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

305. Cashin, J. (2000, June). Trauma and multigenerational trauma caused by genocide and oppression: A comparison of Western and Native American healing methods. Union Institute and University, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 9997330.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This dissertation examines multigenerational trauma that is caused by genocide and oppression. The literature reviewed covers multigenerational trauma , biological origins of traumatic states, trauma transmission, and healing/therapeutic methods including body-centered therapy, Hakomi, and EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 61(12-B), Jun 2001, pp. 6758.

Keywords: American Indians Cross Cultural Differences Emotional Trauma Empirical Study Genocide

Accuracy Verified: Yes

306. Bumke, P. (2011, June). Trauma centered psychotherapy and EMDR in a humanitarian mass disaster: Evaluating the ACEH experience. Keynote presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In a project carried out by Trauma Aid-HAP Germany between 2007 and 2009 and sponsored by Terre des Hommes and the German Official Development Assistance more than 3200 adult and child clients were treated for mental disorders related to traumatic experiences after the Tsunami in 2004 and the civil war in Aceh/ Indonesia. An accompanying monitoring and research component provided detailed diagnostic data before and after therapy. This guided both the therapeutic process, and the training process in psychotraumatology. Also with this component the long term effectiveness of the interventions was assessed. In turn these findings were related to various traumatic events, socio-economic conditions and other non-psychological factors that influenced therapy outcome. Particular attention was paid to a variety of cultural implications entailed in using therapies such as EMDR in a non-Western, deeply religious and traditional context. Main results, implications for further research and future intervention strategies will be addressed.

Keywords: ACEH Disasters Keynote Plenary

Accuracy Verified: Yes

307. Ricci, R. J. (2004). Trauma resolution treatment as an adjunct to standard treatment for sexual offenders. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. AAT 3136393.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study explored the use of adding trauma resolution therapy to standard cognitive-behavioral relapse prevention therapy for sex offenders. Ten adjudicated sex offenders with sexual abuse histories were treated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as an adjunct to standard outpatient sex offender treatment. Data points include self-report, other-report, assessment instruments, session transcripts, research journals, and physiological measures. Systematic treatment research and development methods (Bischoff, McKeel, Moon, & Sprenkle, 1996) resulted in a proposed treatment protocol. Emergent themes from a cross-case, grounded theory data analysis are presented. The data suggests the adjunct treatment provided some benefit both to participants and to the goals of standard sex offender-specific treatment. Implications for treatment providers, marriage and family therapy, and future research are discussed.

Keywords: Sex Offenders Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

308. Chemtob, C. (2001, June). Trauma, culture, and public health. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The field of trauma has made significant strides in the past quarter century. It is now recognized that trauma is a "behavioral toxin" associated wuth a number of significant deleterious psychological and physical consequences for health. A public health informed approach to trauma must address the cultural context in which victimization occurs and must address its cultural roots. In order to achieve our public health agenda, it will be critical to develop conceptual and methodological frameworks requisite to develop knowledge to address trauma's impact on populations.

Keywords: Health Public Health Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

309. Tinker, R., Wilson, S., & Becker, L. A. (1999, June). Trauma-based diagnosis: A framework to predict treatment parameters for EMDR with children and adults. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will learn: 1) to understand and define the term "trauma-based diagonsis;" 2) to detail the differences between trauma-based diagnoses and DSM-IV diagnoses; 3) to detail trauma characteristics that affect treatment length in EMDR; 4) to indicate which trauma characteristics exert a major effect on treatment length in EMDR; 5) to indicate which trauma characteristics exert a minor effect on EMDR treatment length; and 6) to understand risk factors in PTSD and how these factors relate to treatment paramaters in EMDR.

Keywords: Adults Children Trauma-Based Diagonsis Risk Factors in PTSD Treatment Length Treatment Parameters

Accuracy Verified: Yes

310. Qirjako, E. (2007, Feburar). Traumatisierte kinder und jugendliche. Einfluss posttraumatischer belastungsstörung auf psychische auffälligkeiten bei kindern und jugendlichen [Traumatized children and youth. Influence of post-traumatic stress disorder to mental disorders in children and adolescent trauma]. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.

Language: German

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Die Geschichtsbücher über die Kriege zeichnen ein furchtbares Bild des Grauens. Erlebte Realität ist nicht gedruckte Seiten, das wir lesen, sondern die Angst, Schmerz und Leiden, die uns für den Rest unseres Lebens begleiten werden. Tragische Ereignisse wie der Krieg im ehemaligen Jugoslawien haben bei der betroffenen Bevölkerung tiefe seelische Wunden hinterlassen. All das hat das Zusammenleben der verschieden ethnokulturellen Gruppen stark erschüttert und ist meistens nicht mehr möglich. Die Kriegs- und Traumaopfer leiden häufig noch Jahren unter den schlimmen Folgen der Extrembelastungen. Typische „posttraumatische“, psychische Folgen sind das ständige schmerzliche Wiedererleben der durchlittenen Situationen, Alpträume, erhöhte Schreckhaftigkeit, Reizbarkeit sowie Auswirkungen im sozialen Bereich. Diese Symptome werden seit 1980 unter dem Begriff Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (PTB) in den offiziellen Klassifikationsmanualen psychischer Störungen zusammengefasst (DSM-IV-R, 1994).

The history books about the wars paint a terrible picture of horror. Experienced reality is not printed pages, we read, but the fear, pain and suffering that will accompany us for the rest of our lives. Tragic events like the war in former Yugoslavia have left deep emotional scars, the affected population. All this shook the coexistence of different ethno-cultural groups is not strong and more usually possible. The war and trauma victims often suffer for years under the terrible consequences of extreme stress. Typical "post-traumatic", the constant psychological consequences are painful reliving of the artist went through situations, nightmares, increased nervousness, irritability and social impact. These symptoms are grouped together since 1980 under the term Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTB) in the official classification manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV-R, 1994).

Keywords: Adolescents Children Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

311. Trotter, K., Baranowsky, A. B., Carbonell, J., & Figley, C. R. (2004). Traumatology. In V. R. Volkman (Ed). Beyond conversations on traumatic incident reduction (pp. 99-122). Ann Arbor, MI, US: Loving Healing Press.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
This section highlights the stories of several people involved in the ongoing development of traumatology and how well it's being put into practice on the front lines of trauma. This chapter is primarily oriented toward mental health professionals and clinicians. "Traumatology on the front lines with Karen Trotter" / Karen Trotter / This chapter describes Trotter's involvement with the Green Cross project, which provides consultation, information, and education to traumatologists who respond to communities in need. /// "The Green Cross Projects: Who, What, and How" / This information, excerpted from the Green Cross Projects website, describes the organization of the Project, what the Project does, and and how the Project provides services to traumatized communities. /// "Dr. Anna B. Baranowsky and the Traumatology Institute of Canada" / Anna B. Baranowsky / This chapter provides information on Baranowsky's involvement with the Green Cross Project and the Traumatology Institute of Canada. /// "Active Ingredient Study--Preliminary Findings" / Joyce Carbonell / In 1994, TIR, V/KD, EMDR, and TFT were investigated through a systematic clinical demonstration (SCD) methodology at Florida State University. This paper discusses the theoretical, clinical, and methodological implications of this study. /// "TIR in Traumatology: A Conversation with Charles R. Figley, Ph.D" / Charles R. Figley / The article is an excerpt of a brief interview with Figley on the use of TIR in traumatology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Counseling Emotional Trauma Mental Health Personnel Mental Health Services Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes Psychotherapeutic Techniques PTSD Self Concept

Accuracy Verified: Yes

312. Staff. (1997, October 7). Treating pathological gambling with eye movement desensitization/reprocessing. The Wager, 2(40).

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization/reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new treatment that has produced beneficial results for individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder and other anxiety complaints. EMDR is a clinical treatment method developed to stimulate central nervous system information processing which has been disrupted by trauma experiences. A recent study tested whether EMDR was an effective treatment for decreasing gambling events among pathological gamblers. A gambling event was considered to be each separate gambling activity (i.e., buying a lottery ticket, a session of video poker). Pathological gamblers were hypothesized to be viable candidates for EMDR treatment because of the potential existence of unresolved trauma-related anxiety which may drive pathological gambling behavior. That is, pathological gambling may be a way for anxious individuals to cope with and try to control their anxiety. Nineteen clients who met DSM-IV criteria for pathological gambling and reported trauma histories appropriate for EMDR treatment were non-randomly classified into the EMDR treatment group or a control group. There were no significant differences in mean frequency of gambling events between the two groups pre-intervention. The EMDR-treament group received psychotherapy before and after their treament; control subjects received psychotherapy while they were on a wait list for EMDR treatment. The EMDR treatment targeted life events, not gambling-specific events. This study found that among pathological gamblers, EMDR was effective in significantly decreasing the mean frequency of gambling events. In addition, EMDR was significantly more effective in reducing frequency of gambling events than standard psychotherapy. EMDR was more effective among clients who had trauma histories. This study’s author suggests that these preliminary findings support an anxiety-based etiological model for gambling disorders. While EMDR treatment for pathological gambling needs to be further researched, alternative explanations for these findings must be considered. Particularly, the variability of time in therapy pre-EMDR in this study may indicate that simply staying in treatment longer and being committed to change may be driving the successful treatment outcome.

Keywords: Gambling

Accuracy Verified: Yes

313. Lawson, C. A. (2004). Treating the borderline mother: Integrating EMDR with a family systems perspective. In M. M. McFarlane (Ed.), Family treatment of personality disorders: Advances in clinical practice (pp. 305-334). New York: Haworth Clinical Practice Press.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Describes the features borderline personality disorders (BPD) in mothers and the impact it can have the family, then describes the treatment model, which combines Bowen's family systems theory with eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR). Following illustrative case material, the author discusses the treatment model's strengths and limitations, benefits for the family, indications and contraindications, management of transference issues, management of crises and acting-out behavior, integration with psychiatric services and the role of medication, and cultural and gender issues. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Borderline Personality Disorder Bowen's Family Systems Theory Family Therapy Mothers Treatment Model

Accuracy Verified: Yes

314. Dohrmann, M. (2009). Treatment effects of EMDR on risk to re-offend by sexual offenders traumatized as children. Colorado School of Professional Psychology, The University of the Rockies, Colorado Springs. AAT 3344547.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This study examined the effects of EMDR (Shapiro, 2002) and DeTUR (Popky, 2005) on three sexual offenders' risk to re-offend. Participants were given pretests and treatment outcomes were measured post treatment and 90 days thereafter using the IES-R (Weiss & Marmar, 1997), the TSI (Briere, 1995), the SOI (Kafka, 1997), the ACUTE 2007 (Hanson, Harris, Scott, & Helmus, 2007), and the Monarch 21 PPG Assessment (Byrne, 2006). The Reliable Change Index (RCI; Jacobson, Follette, & Revenstorf, 1984; as cited by Wise, 2004) was used to measure reliable differences. The results suggest there was no significant change in the level of trauma symptoms; however there was significant change in deviant arousal which lowered the risk level of two offenders. One offender experienced an increase in his risk level due to an increase in trauma symptoms. [Author abstract]

Keywords: Good Lives Model Recidivism Sex Offenders Sexual Deviance Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

315. Tarrier, N., & Sommerfield, C. (2004, Spring). Treatment of chronic PTSD by cognitive therapy and exposure: 5-year follow-up. Behavior Therapy, 35(2), 231-246. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80037-6.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Patients who had taken part in a randomized clinical trial of the treatment of chronic PTSD by either cognitive therapy or imaginal exposure were reassessed after 5 years. At 5-year follow-up a clear superiority of cognitive therapy over imaginal exposure emerged, although there had been no difference between the two treatment groups up to 12 months posttreatment. The cognitive therapy group showed significant differences on the primary outcome measures: total PTSD symptoms on the CAPS and percentage of PTSD cases. At 5 years no patients who received cognitive therapy were diagnosed with full PTSD compared to 29% of those who received imaginal exposure. All secondary outcomes showed lower scores for cognitive therapy, of which 3 were significant. Those who were not assessed at 5 years scored significantly higher on assessment measures, especially avoidance, at posttreatment.

Keywords: Cognitive Therapy Exposure Therapy, Posttraumatic Stress Disder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

316. Sprowls, C., & Marquis, P. (2012, June). Treatment of OCD [Tratamiento del TOC]. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Will present on the treatment of OCD and OCD Spectrum y Disorders using Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, (EMDR). This treatment is based on clinical research and practice, integrating Anxiety Disorder treatments such as cognitive techniques and response prevention with EMDR. The diagnoses of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Hoarding, Trichotillomania and Skin Picking and their interaction with underlying PTSD will be discussed and standard EMDR treatment protocols presented. This will be presented in the context of the Adaptive Information Processing Model. Theoretical models will be presented. This treatment integrates the use of future template and behavioral feedback for success of anxiety treatment. Participants will learn how to specify EMDR targets for rapid symptom reduction and how clients can integrate self-‐use of bilateral stimulation to increase treatment results. Case examples will be presented. Participants will be encouraged to discuss and receive feedback on OCD cases of their own. Cross-‐cultural applications and understanding will be explored. Dr. Marquis is the Anxiety Team Leader at Kaiser hospital and has been practicing, teaching and training EMDR internationally since 1991. Dr. Sprowls is an expert in PTSD and Anxiety Disorder. She has been practicing, teaching and training EMDR internationally since 1993.

Presentaremos el tratamiento del TOC y trastornos del espectro obsesivo-‐compulsivo usando el reprocesamiento ocular rápido EMDR. Este tratamiento está basado en investigaciones y práctica clínica, integrando tratamientos para los trastornos de ansiedad, como técnicas cognitivas de prevención de respuesta con EMDR. El diagnóstico del trastorno obsesivo compulsivo, más concretamente, la Tricotilomanía y desgaste epitelial y su interacción con un oculto TEPT serán discutidas y los protocolos estándar de tratamiento EMDR serán presentados. Será presentado en el contexto del modelo de procesamiento adaptativo de la información. Los modelos teoréticos serán presentados. Este tratamiento integra el uso de planes de futuro y feedback comportamental para el éxito en el tratamiento de la ansiedad. Los asistentes aprenderán a especificar las dianas del EMDR para una reducción rápida de los síntomas y como el cliente puede integrar el uso de la estimulación bilateral para incrementar los resultados del tratamiento. Ejemplos de caso serán presentados. Animamos a los participantes a discutir y recibir feedback en casos de TOC propios. Las aplicaciones interculturales y el entendimiento del trastorno serán explorados. El Dr. Marquis es el director del equipo de ansiedad en el hospital Kaiser y ha estado practicando y entrenando EMDR de manera internacional desde 1991. La Dra.Sprowls es una experta en TEPT y trastornos de ansiedad. Ha estado practicando, enseñando y formando en EMDR de manera internacional desde 1993

Keywords: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

317. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (2008). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: An assessment of the evidence. Atlanta, GA: The National Academies Press.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Mental disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), constitute an important health care need of veterans, especially those recently separated from service. Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Assessment of the Evidence takes a systematic look the efficacy of pharmacologic and psychological treatment modalities for PTSD on behalf of the Department of Veterans Affairs. By reviewing existing studies in order to draw conclusions about the strength of evidence on several types of treatment, the Committee on the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder found that many of these studies were faulty in design and performance, and that relatively few of these studies have been conducted in populations of veterans, despite suggestions that civilian and veteran populations respond differently to various types of treatment. The committee also notes that the evidence is scarce on the acceptability, efficacy, or generalizability of treatment in ethnic and cultural minorities, as few studies stratified results by ethnic background. Despite challenges in the consistency, quality, and depth of research, the committee found the evidence sufficient to conclude the efficacy of exposure therapies in treating PTSD. The committee found the evidence inadequate to determine efficacy of different types of pharmacotherapies, of three different psychotherapy modalities, and of psychotherapy delivered in group formats. The committee also made eight critical recommendations, some in response to the VA's questions related to recovery and the length and timing of PTSD treatment, and others addressing research methodology, gaps in evidence and funding issues.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

318. Lee, C. W., Gavriel, H., Drummond, P., Richards, J., & Greenwald, R. (2002, September). Treatment of PTSD: Stress inoculation training with prolonged exposure compared to EMDR. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(9), 1071-1089. doi:10.1002/jclp.10039.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The effectiveness of Stress Inoculation Training with Prolonged Exposure (SITPE) was compared to Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). 24 participants who had a diagnosis of PTSD were randomly assigned to one of the treatment conditions. Participants were also their own wait-list control. Outcome measures included self-report and observer-rated measures of PTSD, and self-report measures of depression. On global PTSD measures, there were no significant differences between the treatments at the end of therapy. However on the subscale measures of the degree of intrusion symptoms, EMDR did significantly better than SITPE. At follow-up EMDR was found to lead to greater gains, on all measures. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Australians Cognitive Therapy Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Survivors Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

319. Cohena, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Rogal, S. (2001, January). Treatment practices for childhood posttraumatic stress disorder. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25(1), 123-135. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00226-X.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objective: This study surveyed practices in treating childhood PTSD among child psychiatrists and non-M.D. therapists with self-identified interest in treating traumatized children. Method: An anonymous survey was mailed to 207 child psychiatrists ("medical") [members of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry] and 460 nonphysician ("non-medical") therapists [members of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies] inquiring about current interventions used to treat children with PTSD. Results: 247 responses were received: of 77 medical and 82 nonmedical respondents who currently treat children with PTSD, a wide variety of modalities are used. Most preferred modalities among medical responders were pharmacotherapy, psychodynamic, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Most preferred modalities among nonmedical respondents were cognitive-behavioral, family, and nondirective play therapy. 95% of medical respondents used pharmacotherapy for this disorder; most preferred medications to treat childhood PTSD were selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and alpha-adrenergic agonists. Several significant differences between medical and nonmedical practices were identified. Conclusions: There is little clinical consensus regarding the effectiveness of the many modalities used to treat traumatized children who have PTSD symptoms; empirical research is particularly needed to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacotherapy and EMDR. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents Arousal Avoidance Children Drug Therapy Mental Health Personnel Reexperiencing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

320. Vaughan, K., Armstrong, M., Gold, R., O'Connor, N., Jenneke, W., & Tarrier, N. (1994, December). A trial of eye movement desensitization compared to image habituation training and applied muscle relaxation in post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(4), 283-291. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90036-1 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
36 patients with PTSD were randomly allocated to individual treatment with imaginal exposure (image habituation training - IHT), or applied muscle relaxation (AMR) or eye movement desensitization (EMD). Assessment by a blind independent rater and self-report instrument applied pre and posttreatment and at 3-month follow-up indicated that all groups improved significantly compared with a waiting list and that treatment benefits were maintained at follow-up. Despite a failure to demonstrate differences among groups, there was some suggestion that immediately after treatment EMD was superior for intrusive memories. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Adults Australians Exposure Therapy Longitudinal Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Relaxation Therapy Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

321. Zillhart, P. (2007, Juin). Troubles du comportement alimentaire et EMDR [EMDR and eating behavioral disorders]. Présentation à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Défaut d’intériorsation des objets dans la théorie des relations objectales ou véritable pathologie de la consommation et du changement au carrefour des domains environnementaux et socio-culturels, les TCA constituent un probleme de santé sociale. Leur nature addictive est discutée.
Le problematique des TCA est rendue plus complexe par l’existence d’une lourde comorbidité dont les éléments pathologiques sont autant causes que conséquences. Notons que 40% des patients souffrant de TCA ont eu, à un moment de leur vie, un psychotraumatisme.
La thérapie EMDR permet une approche intégrative dans le traitement des TCA: un aspect cognitif indéniable, le processus associatif unduit par les stimulations alternées met souvent en lumuiere des matériaux reflétant des conflits intrapsychiques plus ou moins archaiques.
Le travail portant sur l’imagerie mentale ou les états dissociés du moi peut aussi etre associé dans les cas difficiles de patients souffrant de TCA Le présent atelier a pour but :
- D’éclairir les points clef des classifications nosographiques actuelles, notamment dans leur incidence thérapeutique, sans oublier les cas l’urgences.
- De présenter les aspects les plus récents du modèle bio-psychosocial des TCA, véritable clef de voute des interventions thérapeutiques, notommanent concernant la therapie EMDR. La therapie EMDR se veut indvidualisée selon l’histoire de vie de chaque patient.
La connaissance profounde de l’histoire de vie des patients avec leurs thématiques existentielles permet la construction de "clusters" multiples. Ceux-ci offrent un mode d’induction privilégié des processus associatifs de restructuration cognitive, émotionnelle, et corporelle proper à la thérapie EMDR.
- Des protocoles sont proposés selon cas et illustrés par quelques exemples et vignettes cliniques.
- De répondre à un maximum de questions durant l’atelier.

Failure intériorsation objects in the theory of object relations or true pathology of consumption and change at the junction of domains environmental and socio-cultural, the CAW is a social health problem. Their addictive nature is discussed. The problematic CAW is complicated by the existence of a significant comorbidity with pathological elements are all causes than consequences. Note that 40% of patients with ABI had, at some point in their life, a psychological trauma. EMDR allows an integrative approach in the treatment of TCA, a cognitive undeniable, the associative process unduit by alternating stimulation is often lumuiere materials reflecting intrapsychic conflicts more or less archaic. The work on mental imagery or dissociated ego states may also be involved in difficult cases of patients with ABI This workshop aims to: - To explain the key points nosographic current classifications, particularly in their therapeutic effect, without forgetting the emergency cases. - Present the most recent aspects of the biopsychosocial model CAW real keystone of therapeutic interventions notommanent on EMDR therapy. The EMDR therapy is meant indvidualisée by life history of each patient. Profound knowledge of the history of life of patients with their existential issues allows the construction of clusters multiple. They offer a privileged mode of induction of associative processes of cognitive restructuring, emotional, and physical Proper to EMDR. - Protocols are proposed under event and illustrated by some examples and clinical vignettes. - To answer many questions as possible during the workshop.

Keywords: Eating Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

322. Meignant, M. (2012, April). Un EMDR d’enfant (Formation EMDR sur la rivière Kwai) [A child of EMDR (EMDR Training on the River Kwai)]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Film de Michel Meignant(en anglais avec sous-titres français suivi d’une discussion en français) (Tous les niveaux)[Film by Michel Meignant (in English with French subtitles followed by a discussion in French
Lors de l’atelier de formation d’EMDR organisé en Thaïlande par Trauma-Aid, HAP Allemagne et Terre des Hommes Allemagne, la psychologue Dagmar Eckers se prépare à traiter par l’EMDR le jeune Indonésien Ooz, victime du Tsunami. Il souffre de cauchemars et de difficultés de concentration. Ce film présente deux séances d’EMDR sur cet enfant de 10 ans. Il montre aussi les efforts des formateurs EMDR qui, avec l’aide des associations caritatives, forment les Birmans, Chinois, Indiens, Indonésiens et Thaïlandais à devenir autonomes dans la pratique et l’enseignement de l’EMDR.

Objectifs d’apprentissage: 1. Comment utiliser l'EMDR pour soulager les conséquences traumatiques d'une catastrophe de la nature 2. L'utilisation d'EMDR auprès d'un enfant dans un contexte social et culturel non-occidental. (les 8 phases de la démarche EMDR dans un tel contexte)

During the training workshop held in Thailand by EMDR Trauma-Aid, PAHs and Germany Terre des Hommes Germany, psychologist Dagmar Eckers prepares to deal with the young Indonesian EMDR OOZ, victims of the Tsunami. He suffers from nightmares and difficulty concentrating. This film has two sessions of EMDR on this 10 year old child. It also shows the efforts of EMDR trainers who, with help from charities, are the Burmese, Chinese, Indians, Indonesians and Thais to become independent in practice and teaching of EMDR.
Learning Objectives: 1. How to use EMDR to relieve the traumatic consequences of a catastrophe of nature 2. The use of EMDR with a child in a social and cultural non-Western. (the 8 phases of EMDR approach in this context)

Keywords: Video

Accuracy Verified: Yes

323. McFarlane, A. (2010, June). Understanding traumatic stress reactions - The linking of phenomenology, aetiology and treatment plan. Preconference presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
One of the most intriguing aspects of traumatic stress has been the repeated learning and forgetting of lessons about its importance as a cause of psychopathology. It remains the case that the broader body of psychiatry and psychology has an ambivalent relationship with the field of traumatic stress and the nature of posttraumatic stress disorder. The origins of this ambivalence and their impact will be discussed. It is important that practitioners in the field of traumatic stress be aware of these barriers and how to address them in a research setting and clinical practice.
The underlying phenomenology of posttraumatic stress disorder will be explored and its neurobiological origins will be highlighted. It is important to deconstruct posttraumatic stress disorder into the different symptom components, as they have substantially different mechanisms underpinning their intensity and presentation. Posttraumatic stress disorder is a dynamic condition in which symptoms fluctuate with time and are substantially influenced by the environmental demands placed upon the individual.
It is often forgotten that somatic symptoms are a core element of the experience of individuals with PTSD. The nature of these somatic dimensions of distress and their significance will be discussed.
The epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder highlights how the prevalence of these conditions is seemingly increasing. However, this reflects the developments in the measurement of the effects of trauma in research settings. This has major implications for clinicians as to how best take a history about exposures to traumatic events. The evidence is that systematic investigation is critical and that unless questions are asked, symptoms will frequently go unreported. Recent evidence suggests that PTSD may be in fact more common than major depressive disorders. Equally, it should not be forgotten that depression is an important dimension of posttraumatic reactions. There is also an associated comorbidity with substance abuse. The risks associated with trauma exposure have a long tale of effect and these will be described.
The challenges of treatment will be discussed in the context of early intervention and workplace intervention. Treatment needs to be a sequential process where there are a variety of strategies, including EMDR, which can be used in treatment. The sequence of these strategies in treatment is a challenging question that has not been systematically addressed in research.
It remains the case that one of the primary issues in treatment is early identification, and this raises questions about the importance of screening in at-risk populations. Again, there are significant differences in opinion; however, the militaries around the world are now regularly screening populations returning from deployment. A recent novel approach to considering the issues of treatment is whether a staging approach should be used for conditions such as PTSD.
In summary, it is critical that clinicians have an explicit model of the mind and its neurobiology. Posttraumatic stress disorder can best be understood as an information processing disorder, which both impacts upon an individual's ability to engage with their day to day environment as well as integrate past experiences as a source of information to influence current behaviour. The integration and modulation of neural systems that manage environmental input is critical to adaptive functioning. The ways that these systems become dysregulated in PTSD will be highlighted and how these underlying deficits can be addressed in treatment will be focused upon.
A further issue that needs to be considered in the treatment of PTSD is the long-term risk of individuals, who have developed this condition, to have relapses after a successful intervention. Some long-term treatment outcome data will be presented.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Traumatic Stress

Accuracy Verified: Yes

324. Nickerson, M. (2011, August). Undoing stigma: EMDR applications for the dismantling of culturally-based internalized oppression and prejudice. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Orange County, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop will depict the nature of internalized oppression and social prejudice as they relate to client difficulties and treatment objectives. Research supported information and theory from the fields of social psychology and social work will be integrated within the AIP model to predict the profound potential EMDR offers for addressing culturally based trauma. Research supported strategies to dismantle internalized oppression and social prejudice will be taught including a more culturally aware psycho-social assessment and case formulation, resource development, target selection and special protocols. Practical strategies will be described with case examples including clinical videos to illuminate points.

Keywords: Cultural-Based Trauma Internalized Oppression

Accuracy Verified: Yes

325. Scott, R. M. (2000). The use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in treating a public speaking anxiety/phobia for individuals of high, moderate, and low absorption ability. Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, San Francisco, CA. AAT 3105575.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new and seemingly effective but controversial therapeutic treatment used primarily for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and related anxiety disorders such as phobias. In this study, EMDR was used to treat a public speaking anxiety or public speaking phobia. It was predicted that EMDR would be an effective treatment but that the efficacy would vary as a function of the absorption ability of the participants. 30 healthy male and female participants between the ages of 18 and 55 were categorized into 3 groups based on their being high (n = 10), moderate (n = 10), or low (n = 10) in absorption ability. Only participants who scored low on the Dissociative Experience Scale (DES) were included in the study. Participants received up to 3 sessions of EMDR and were measured on 9 different outcome variables. Significant decreases in Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) verbal ratings were found from baseline to the end of session 1 for all three groups (ps < .05); no other significant improvements were found after the first session (ps > .10). Confidence in verbal reports of positive cognitions (Validity of Cognition scale; VoC) increased equally over the course of treatment for all absorption groups. Between-group comparisons revealed no significant differences between the absorption groups at the end of treatment on their verbal reports of disturbance (SUDS) and positive cognitions (VoC) regarding past, ongoing, and future projected speaking events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 64(9-B), 2004, pp. 4635.

Keywords: Anxiety Eye Movements Phobias Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Public Speaking Public Speaking Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

326. Keller, M. (2010, July). Using EMDR at each stage of the trauma recovery process. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
“Using EMDR at Each Stage of the Trauma Recovery Process” 1) Introduction and overview of general principles of traumatology. 2) The stages of trauma recovery: a) Safety, b) Self-regulation capacity, c) Social connection, d) Reprocessing traumatic memories, e) Rebuilding a life worth living. 3) Safety: a) Calm/safe place-indications and contraindications, b) EMD, c) RTEP, d) Coping with current lack of safety. 4) Self-Regulation: a) EMDR self-regulation interventions with the whole brain in mind. 5) Social connection: a) Interventions based on client attachment style, b) Enhancing memories of positive relationships, c) Building layers of connection—intimacy, family, community, religious, 6) Reprocessing traumatic memories: a) Considerations for selecting appropriate memory targets, b) A continuum of reprocessing approaches-EMD through EMDR, c) Recent event and more distant past event issues, d) Cultural considerations. 7) Rebuilding a life worth living: a) The positive future template, 8) Conclusion. The presentation will include video examples of interventions at each stage of the trauma recovery process. Audience questions and interactions will be encouraged.

Keywords: Trauma Recovery Process

Accuracy Verified: Yes

327. Paulsen, S. (2006, September). Using EMDR with individuals with austistic spectrum disorders – A protocol. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Individuals with Autism have a number of complex differences that make Trauma processing exceptionally difficult. In order to use the eight step protocol with these individuals, preparation and some modifications are necessary. The process presented in this workshop will provide some general information about the characteristics of autistic individuals, step by step skill training to precede the EMDR process, the use of Carol Gray's Social Stories to help clarify those targets and situations being processed, and the EMDR protocol with slight adaptations for individuals with speech and language impairments. Also included are cautions for using EMDR with this population due to their complex differences. This process has been used successfully with individuals across the Autistic Spectrum as well as individuals with Asperger's Syndrome and other developmental disorders including Williams Syndrome. This has been developed over a 7 year span. This step by step program has been successful with abused individuals with global developtnent delays, significantly impaired speech and language abilities, and significant cognitive disabilities. Following use of the EMDR process, individuals have dcmonstrated a significant reduction in symptoms, increased verbal ability, as well as improved social relationships and self-regulation skills. These improvements have remained over time.

Keywords: Autistic Spectrum Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

328. Rittenhouse, J. (2000, November). Using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing to treat complex PTSD in a biracial client. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 6(4), 399-408 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A biracial client's recovery from PTSD through the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is discussed to illustrate the interaction between ethnicity and phenotype as well as diagnosis and treatment considerations. This case explains a woman's experience of discrimination in and out of her home and her vulnerability to complex PTSD, and it documents the importance of the therapy focusing on experiences of discrimination and prejudice as well as abuse. It shows how the client structures her environment in a personally creative fashion to include representative features of various aspects of her identity, by her choice of where and who she teaches as well as how and with whome she spends her free time. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Assault Battery Case Report Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PSTD Cross Cultural Treatment Empirical Study European Americans Females Mexican Americans Persecution Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PTSD Rural Populations Self Concept Self Esteem Survivors Teacher

Accuracy Verified: Yes

329. Sherwood, D. (2005, September). Using hypnotic tools to potentiate EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Seattle, WA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: H
ypnosis and EMDR are two powerful tools for change. This workshop will focus on enhancing the EMDR clinician's effectiveness through integrating hypnotic principles and techniques derived from the work of Milton Erickson with the EMDR protocol. The presentation will describe essential similarities and differences between the two approaches, and employ rationales for when and how to use each. Ways to integrate hypnotic tools into the EMDR protocol will be described, and two specific protocols for integration will be presented in practicum format. Familiarity and experience with Ericksonian hypnotherapy is desirable, but not essential.

Keywords: Ericksonian Hynosis Hypnosis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

330. Rivlin, E. (2009, March). The utility of psychometric assessment and monitoring within the Context of EMDR with refugee and asylum seeking Children/Adolescents. Symposium conducted at the 7th annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland Association, Manchester, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Accurate neuropsychological/psychological assessment and monitoring are crucial to complex cases of refugee and asylum seeking children and adolescents. These are examined in the context of relevant case vignettes. The limitations and relevance of accurate and therapeutic assessment and monitoring are examined and the utility of psychological instruments. Language and timing of interventions are also considered. The use of a multimodal approach sensitive to individual and intellectual differences and relevance of EMDR is discussed.

Keywords: Asylum Psychometric Assessment Refuges Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

331. Seponski, D. M., Bermudez, J. M., & Lewis, D. C. (2010, July). Utilizing responsive evaluation to explore EMDR as a culturally responsive model of therapy across Asia. Poster presented at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Traditional therapy models often reflect Western values and norms and may be inappropriate for use with many non-Western cultures. Worldwide, therapists are beginning to examine how they can make these models culturally sensitive to minorities, immigrants, and non-Western clients; however, it is time to go beyond “being aware,” understanding and appreciating differences, and adapting individual interventions to actively responding to the needs of their clients by using models that have theoretical underpinnings, underlying assumptions, and basic tenets that are consistent with those of non-Western clients (Carlson, 1999) and promote social justice for those clients, their families, and the surrounding communities. This paper suggests the use of responsive evaluation to explore Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as a culturally responsive therapy. Responsive evaluation can be used to consider each unique client and therapist context, culture, power, needs, and beliefs, and family and individual needs in determining a culturally responsive model of therapy. In this presentation, we provide therapists and scholars a model for offering culturally responsive EMDR therapy and research using responsive evaluation as a framework. An in-depth description of responsive evaluation will be provided, and explanations and examples of how it is consistent with the goals and theories underlying culturally responsive therapy will be given. Finally, concrete suggestions of how EMDR clinicians and scholars can apply this methodology will be provided. As the EMDR continues to be taught and used across Asia, it is crucial that we continue to observe and respond to the needs of clients throughout Asia.

Keywords: Asia Responsive Evaluation Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

332. Laban, C. J., Somers, J. A. G., Gokoel, K., & Minkenberg, E. (2011, April). Van transculturele verwarring, naar kennis en kunde [Of cross-cultural confusion, for knowledge and skills]. Presentatie op het 39ste Voorjaarscongres Nederlandse Vereniging voor Psychiatrie, Amsterdam .

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Toelichting: Hoe vanzelfsprekend is het om even na te slaan wat het onderzoek over discriminatie oplevert (Brondolo 2009), wat de gegevens over uitsluiting toevoegen, wat de ervaring van community health bijdraagt aan de psychiatrische behandeling van een geïmmigreerd persoon of diens nageslacht (De Jong 2010)? Waar vindt de medicus practicus theoretische steun als een patiënt bij hem komt voor een nieuw huis omdat het oude behekst is, wat hij afleidt uit vreemd gedrag van zijn kind dat de arts herkent als paniekstoornis? Hoe kan de psychiater wiens eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) vastloopt, profiteren van de kennis over cultuurverschillen bij emoties? (Mesquita 2003). Hoe helpt het cultureel identiteitsconcept, waarin identiteit wordt gezien als de resultante van een altijd doorgaande onderhandeling, de aanpak van de depressieve oudere die levenslang gezorgd heeft en nu steun van de kinderen moet ontberen? (Wei- Chin Hwang 2010). Vertrekkend vanuit de casus bespreken wij literatuur en keren terug naar de casus. Leerdoel: Aan het einde van de sessie kan de deelnemer sleutelwoorden herkennen die helpen om de verwarring op te heffen van niet overeenkomende appraisal en attributie tussen behandelaar en patiënt. Vervolgens herkent hij hoe deze sleutelwoorden de weg wijzen naar relevant onderzoek en vertaalt hij dat terug naar de behandelpraktijk.

Explanation: How obvious it just to save some research on discriminatory (Brondolo 2009), which Add information about exclusion, what the experience community mental health contributes to treatment of a person immigrated or its progeny (De Jong 2010)? Where medical practitioner finds theoretical support as a patient comes to him for a new home because the old bewitched, he infers the strange behavior of his child that the doctor recognizes as panic disorder? How can the psychiatrist whose Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) freezes, benefit from the knowledge of cultural differences with emotions? (Mesquita 2003). How helps the cultural identity concept, which identity is seen as the result of a unceasing negotiation, addressing the depressed older person who has brought life and now must do without the support of the children? (Wei- Chin Hwang 2010). Starting from the case we discuss literature and return to the case. Objective: At the end of the session The participant can recognize keywords help to eliminate the confusion of not matching between appraisal and attribution practitioner and patient. Then it recognizes how these keywords are relevant to the way research and translates it back to that treatment practices.

Keywords: Cross-Cultural

Accuracy Verified: Yes

333. van der Hart, O. (2012, March). Waarom kennis van dissociatie en de dissociatieve stoornissen noodzakelijk is in EMDR-therapie [Why knowledge of dissociation and dissociative disorders is necessary in EMDR therapy]. Keynote presentatie op de 6e congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Arnhem, Nederland.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Vroeger of laat moeten EMDR-therapeuten mensen met een traumagerelateerde dissociatieve stoornis in behandeling krijgen. De prevalentie van DSM-IV dissociatieve stoornissen onder psychiatrische patiënten is ongeveer 10%, waarvan de helft betrekking heeft op de dissociatieve identiteitsstoornis (DIS), dat wil zeggen, de meest complexe dissociatieve stoornis. De prevalentie van de ICD-10 dissociatieve stoornissen van motoriek en zintuiglijke gewaarwording zijn hier niet in mee gerekend, noch andere stoornissen die door dissociatie gekenmerkt worden. De vraag doet zich voor hoe het mogelijk is dat zelfs ervaren therapeuten kunnen opmerken dat ze nimmer patiënten met een dissociatieve stoornis zijn tegen gekomen. Een van de oorzaken is dat psychiatrisch epidemiologisch en klinisch onderzoek nog al te vaak de screening van dissociatieve stoornissen achterwege laat en dat het gezegde “onbekend maakt onbemind” zeker ook op de psychiatrie van toepassing is. Aan de andere kant maken de specialisten op dit terrein niet-ingewijde collega’s niet gemakkelijk. Over de vraag wat onder dissociatie moet worden bestaan, bijvoorbeeld, bestaan enorme meningsverschillen. En waaraan dissociatieve problematiek kan worden afgelezen, wordt evenmin erg duidelijk gemaakt. De doelen van deze presentatie zijn: (1) helderheid verschaffen over dissociatie; (2) het onderscheid laten zien tussen dissociatie van de persoonlijkheid en de manifestaties hiervan; (3) uitleg van de essentie van de theorie van structurele dissociatie; (4) wetenschappelijke evidentie voor dissociatie van de persoonlijkheid weergeven; en (5) laten zien hoe in EMDR-behandelingen van mensen met complexe traumagerelateerde dissociatie van hun persoonlijkheid betrokken moet worden.

Sooner or EMDR therapists should let people with trauma-related dissociative disorder treatment. The prevalence of DSM-IV dissociative disorders among psychiatric patients is approximately 10%, half of which relates to the dissociative identity disorder (DID), ie, the most complex dissociative disorder. The prevalence of ICD-10 dissociative disorders of motor function and sensation are not counted them, or other disorders that are characterized by their cleavage. The question arises how it is possible that even experienced therapists can observe that they never patients with dissociative disorder have encountered. One reason is that psychiatric epidemiological and clinical studies all too often the screening of dissociative disorders is neglected and that the saying "unknown, unloved 'certainly applies to psychiatry. On the other hand, the specialists in this field uninitiated colleagues is not easy. About what should be under dissociation exist, for example, there are enormous differences of opinion. And dissociative problems which can be read, is not very clear. The goals of this presentation are: (1) clarity about dissociation, (2) show the distinction between dissociation of the personality and manifestations, (3) explanation of the essence of the theory of structural dissociation, (4) scientific evidence for dissociation of personality show, and (5) show how EMDR treatments for people with complex trauma-related dissociation of personality should be involved.

Keywords: Dissociation Dissociative Disorders Keynote

Accuracy Verified: Yes

334. Greenwald, R., Smyth, N., & Maxfield, L. (2008, September). What makes trauma treatment work? Progressive counting research sheds light on EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Progressive Counting (PC) is a recently developed Exposure method that may prove to be as efficient as EMDR and as easy for clients to tolerate. PC is based on the Counting Method and has much in common with EMDR. Participants will learn about the research on PC, including research on mechanisms of effect. Participants will have a chance to try PC with one of their own minor upsetting memories. Then an expert panel will lead a discussion about similarities and differences between PC and EMDR, and possible mechanisms of effect across trauma treatments.

Keywords: Progressive Counting Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

335. Wildwind, L. (1995, June). When something is wrong with me--EMDR and ADHD. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The objectives of this presentation are to define ADHD in the various ways it presents adults, using EMDR cognitions and observations of clients as clues; then, to clarify why and EMDR works differently before, during, and after diagnosis, The presenter will provide background on the biological differences of those with the disorder, some thoughts on why this diagnosis is becoming so frequent at this time and why therapists who use EMDR may be more likely to have the disorder and to see it in their clients. During the workshop participants will explore their own attitudes toward ADHD and learn about how these attitudes influence their ability to identify and assess ADHD symptoms in clients. Values, judgments and common myths about ADHD will be briefly discussed. Specific suggestions about modifying treatment when ADHD is suspected, suggested as a possible diagnosis to the client, and treated will be given, including a list of modified positive cognitions. Treatment planning ideas for clients with a variety of concurrent diagnoses will be offered, with special attention to the problems of resistance to the diagnosis, the medications use for treatment, and the process of adapting patterns to solve specific problems, using a specific example a group treatment planning exercise will be conducted. The actual treatment history of the case will be given clarifying how the treatment goals were reached. There will he time for participants to formulate negative and positive cognitions regarding their attitudes toward ADHD clients and the use of appropriate medications, and to assess the strength those attitudes, SUDS scales will be used. Participants will have an opportunity to ask questions and will obtain a bibliography, a client questionnaire, a list of modified cognitions, and a summary of resources for medical treatment, education and social support.

Keywords: ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

336. Hurley, E. C. (2012, January 27). When veterans come home. Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/e-c-hurley-phd/ptsd-veterans_b_1228541.html on 1/27/2012.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
It's important to remember that there are different types of treatments being used for veterans. There are three evidence-based models of psychotherapy that have been deemed efficacious as a category "A" (top rating) in the treatment of adult trauma. They are Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) and Prolonged Exposure (PE). However, each of these forms of therapy has its unique approach in treating trauma. Those differences can affect the outcomes with individuals seeking therapy. If veterans have had a poor experience in treatment they should not be discouraged but rather seek other options. I'll be discussing the therapies and their differences in the future. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Blog Postraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Veterans War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

337. Muramoto, K. (2001, September). Women's trauma and healing in Japanese culture. Union Institute, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 3007972.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This dissertation explores the reality of women's trauma and the effective treatment for traumatized women in Japanese culture. Current research on PTSD supports the universality of many of the biologically determined components of PTSD experiences, while the importance of considering the cultural aspect of trauma is also stressed. Key research questions were: Can PTSD and trauma-related disorders be diagnosed in Japanese women? To what degree are the trauma theory and treatment methods from the West applicable to Japanese women? The primary research method was a literature review supplemented by interviews with Japanese clinicians and reflections on the author's experience as a psychotherapist.In Japan, the interest in trauma has been rapidly growing in the 1990s, particularly after the year 1995 when the Great Hanshin (Kobe) Earthquake happened. The developing statistics of women's trauma in Japan signify a serious problem to women's mental health, as is found in United States. Although the literature is limited yet, the research indicated that Japanese women suffer almost the same symptoms of PTSD and other trauma-related symptoms as women in the U.S. One distinctive characteristic is that Japanese people tend to complain of physical pain rather than psychological symptoms. The assessment and treatment procedures for traumatized women were not studied enough in Japan. The author illustrated the effective assessment and treatment plan for Japanese women as an example. The Western trauma theories and treatment methods are applicable to Japanese women, requiring some additional devices. Supportive psychotherapy and EMDR seem to be prevalent approaches at present. Creative art therapy and body-centered approaches have the potential to be effective in Japanese culture. Vicarious traumatization in mental health professionals is becoming a serious problem in Japan, too. The author also paid attention to multigenerational trauma in Japanese society. The trauma caused by World War II is reviewed in an effort to suggest the enormity of the task we have in dealing with trauma. It is time for Japanese people to resolve multigenerational trauma so as to stop continuous trauma and to take care of traumatized people. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 62(3-B), Sep 2001, pp. 1591.

Keywords: Adults Cross Cultural Assessment Cross Cultural Treatment Diagnostic Validity Empirical Study Females Japanese Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

338. Maxfield, J. L. (2003). A working memory analysis of the dual attention component of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario Canada. AAT NQ85018.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This dissertation applied the concepts and predictions of working memory theory to a psychotherapeutic approach, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). The overview of EMDR included a description of the treatment, theoretical model, empirical studies, and possible mechanisms of action. The overview of working memory included a summary of concepts and theories, and a comprehensive research review. Seven studies that investigated the related effects of eye movements (EMs) were described in detail. Two experiments were conducted to test predictions from working memory research about the effect of EMs on autobiographical memory. In both Experiments, participants identified 3 negative memories and focused on each for 2 minutes, while simultaneously engaging in 1 of 3 divided attention (DA) conditions: an easy EM task (Slow-EM), a difficult EM task (Fast-EM), and a task with no EM (Control). Measures were pre-post ratings of memory-related image vividness, thought clarity, and emotional intensity. In Experiment 2, participants were also randomly assigned to a focus on image-only or image-thought. Memory recall during Control resulted in significant post-condition increases in all measures, except emotional intensity in Experiment 1. Compared to Control, recall during both Slow-EM and Fast-EM produced significantly smaller scores for image vividness and thought clarity, and, in Experiment 2, for emotional intensity. At post-condition, Fast-EM resulted in significantly lower scores than Slow-EM for image vividness in both Experiments and emotional intensity in Experiment 2. There were no differences in outcomes between focus on image-only and on image-thought. Findings of the current experiments supported a working memory explanation for the effects on visual and thought clarity. The competition of resources during simultaneous EM and memory recall reduced memory quality. The greater degradation of memory components resulting from the more difficult condition, Fast-EM, may be attributed to demands made on visuospatial sketchpad resources. The components of each memory appeared to be linked and to show similar patterns of change, within conditions. Reported levels of pre-task emotional intensity did not predict change in thought clarity and image vividness. Finally, a theoretical application of working memory theory to EMDR was presented and recommendations were made for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 64(10-B), 2004, pp. 5225.

Keywords: Attention Dual Attention Component Empirical Study Eye Movements Short-Term Memory Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

339. Dexter, B. A. (2008, September). Working with active duty, Reserve and National Guard, military, and military organizations. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Rapidly increasing numbers of Active Duty, Reserve and National Guard combat veterans and their families are receiving mental health treatment provided by civilian therapists. Therapists who have not served in the military can develop military cultural knowledge and provide equally high quality service to military individuals and families. We will discuss and develop EMDR targets related to Combat Stress Reactions, narcissism, ‘violations of the social contract’ and other trauma. Participants will receive a large amount of material in handouts and have considerable opportunity for case discussion and more.

Keywords: Combat Military Veterans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

340. Spierings, J. (2004, June). Working with EMDR in the treatments of clients with other (sub)cultures and religions: multi-culti EMDR. Presentation at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, Stockholm, Sweden .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: Working with traumatized clients from other cultures can be very demanding, and even frustrating: many times it just does not work out, despite your compassion and efforts. “Just staying out of the way” many times is not enough to do this job.
Intercultural competence is the ability to expand and translate your therapeutic skills to other cultures. It has both an attitude aspect and a technical aspect: a different style of relating and communications with your client, and different things to ask and explore.
Also in other cultures traumatic events happening to people have a different meaning asking for an approach from another angle in doing EMDR: interpreting traumas a stupid bad luck, Allah’s will, the evil eye, karma, or punishment by the ancestors, will have different (therapeutic) consequences.
This workshop offers not only a systemic way to understand these type of differences, it offers also very practical dos and don’ts, and of course tips and tricks to overcome difficulties.
The presentation puts strong emphasis on the development of resources and the building up of affect tolerance, making use of the healing rituals, objects and symbols of your clients own culture. These resources are utilized both before and during EMDR.
Part of the presentation is a collection of magical; healing objects from other cultures, including your own (maybe forgotten) culture, with ideas how to use them in the EMDR process. This is to inspire participants to develop their own collection.
The presentation follows the 8 phases of the EMDR protocol, describing specific considerations for each of the phases.

Keywords: Africa Asia Diversity Intercultural Competence Intercultural Interweaves Mediterranean Multi-Cultural Refugee Trust-Building Techniques

Accuracy Verified: Yes

341. Richman, A. (2004, June). Workshop refugees and EMDR - EMDR with refugees and victims of torture. Presentation at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, Stockholm, Sweden .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
As trauma therapists we are increasingly encountering the challenge of using EMDR cross-culturally with highly traumatized clients who are refugees from war torn countries and/or oppressive regimes. This presentation seeks to address some of the difficulties of working across cultures, often with the aid of interpreters, who themselves may have been traumatized. EMDR has been found to be a highly effective treatment for refugees, especially where there is a high degree of somatization.

Keywords: Refugees Torture

Accuracy Verified: Yes