Francine Shapiro Library - EMDR Bibliography Links
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1. محمد نريمانی * و سوران رجبی [Narimani, M., Ahari, S. S., & Rajabi, S.] (2010, Winter). مقايسه تاثير روش حساسيت زدايی توام با حرکات چشم و پردازش مجدد (EMDR) با درمان شناختی ـ رفتاری (CBT) در درمان اختلال استرس [Comparison of efficacy of eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing and cognitive behavioral therapy therapeutic methods for reducing anxiety and depression of Iranian combatant afflicted by post traumatic stress disorder]. مجله علوم پزشکی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، واحد پزشکی تهران، 19 (4), 236-245 [Medical Sciences Journal of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, 19(4(58)), 236-245].
Language: Persian
Format: Journal
Abstract:
سابقه و هدف: با توجه به ماهيت علامت محوربودن درمان دارويی، از روش های درمانی حساسيت زدايی توام با حرکات چشم و پردازش مجدد (EMDR) و شناختی- رفتاری (CBT) در درمان اختلال استرس پس از ضربه (PTSD) استفاده می شود. هدف اين مطالعه بررسی تفاوت تاثير دو روش درمانی EMDR و CBT در اختلال استرس است.
روش بررسی: در اين مطالعه مورد شاهدی 51 رزمنده مبتلا به PTSD بستری در بيمارستان ايثار اردبيل يا ساکن در شهر اردبيل به روش نمونه گيری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند و به صورت تصادفی به سه گروه تقسيم شدند.روش مطالعه، آزمايشی گسترش يافته و طرح تحقيق از نوع پيش آزمون ـ پس آزمون چندگروهی بود. ابزارهای مورد استفاده شامل آزمون خاطره های آزاردهنده، مقياس براشفتگی ذهنی، مقياس شناخت واره های مثبت و مقياس اضطراب و افسردگی بيمارستانی بود.
يافته ها: روش های درمانی EMDR و CBT باعث کاهش معنی داری در متغيرهای خاطره های آزاردهنده، اضطراب و افسردگی و برآشفتگی ذهنی شد و ميزان اعتماد به شناخت واره مثبت به طور معنی داری افزايش يافت. روش درمانی EMDR در مقايسه با CBT در کاهش علايم PTSD رزمندگان ايرانی موثرتر بود، با اين وجود هر دو روش در کاهش علايم اين اختلال موثر بودند.
نتيجه گيری: با توجه به اثر درمانی EMDR و CBT در درمان PTSD، پيشنهاد می شود به منظور پيشگيری و کاهش علايم اختلال استرس پس از سانحه جنگ در رزمندگان ايرانی از روش های درمانی فوق در مراکز درمانی استفاده شود.
Background: According to symptom oriented of drug therapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) were increasingly used. The aim of this study was to compare effects of EMDR and CBT in acute stress.
Materials and Methods : In this case-control study of 51 combat PTSD patients admitted to hospital or residing in the sacrifice of Ardabil Ardabil simple random sampling were selected randomly divided into three groups. Methods, expanded testing and research design type were tested before Chndgrvhy test. Test tools used included disturbing memories, anger scale, mental, cognitive scale Varh positive and the hospital anxiety and depression scale.
Results : EMDR and CBT treatments significantly reduced the variables disturbing memories, anxiety and depression and mental frustration and level of confidence in recognizing the positive Varh significantly increased. EMDR therapy compared with CBT in reducing PTSD symptoms was more effective Iranian combatants, however, both methods were effective in reducing symptoms of this disorder.
Conclusion : According to the therapeutic effect of EMDR and CBT in treating PTSD, is recommended to prevent and reduce symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder in war veterans of the Persian mentioned therapies used in treatment centers.
Keywords: Anxiety Anxiety Disorders CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Therapy Depression Depressive Disorders Iranians Middle Aged Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Treatment Effectiveness Veterans War
Accuracy Verified: Yes
2. محمد نريماني ، سوران رجبي [Narimani, M., & Rajabi, S.] (2009). مقايسه ي تأثير روش حساسيت زدايي توأم با حركات چشم و پردازش مجدد در درمان اختلال استرس (CBT) با درمان شناختي رفتاري (EMDR) [Comparison of efficacy of eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing and cognitive behavioral therapy methods in the treatment of stress disorder]. Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad University - Tehran Medical Branch, 19(4), 236-245.
Language: Persian
Format: Journal
Abstract:
سابقه و هدف: با توجه به ماهيت علامت محوربودن درمان دارويي، از روش هاي درماني حساسيت زدايي توأم با حركات چشم و
استفاده مي شود. هدف اين (PTSD) در درمان اختلال استرس پس از ضربه (CBT) و شناختي- رفتاري (EMDR) پردازش مجدد
در اختلال استرس است. CBT و EMDR مطالعه بررسي تفاوت تأثير دو روش درماني
بستري در بيمارستان ايثار اردبيل يا ساكن در شهر اردبيل به PTSD روش بررسي:در اين مطالعه مورد شاهدي 51 رزمنده مبتلا به
روش نمونه گيري تصادفي ساده انتخاب شدند و به صورت تصادفي به سه گروه تقسيم شدند.روش مطالعه، آزمايشي گسترش يافته و
طرح تحقيق از نوع پيش آزمون پس آزمون چندگروهي بود. ابزارهاي مورد استفاده شامل آزمون خاطره هاي آزاردهنده، مقياس
برآشفتگي ذهني، مقياس شناخت واره هاي مثبت و مقياس اضطراب و افسردگي بيمارستاني بود.
باعث كاهش معني داري در متغيرهاي خاطره هاي آزاردهنده، اضطراب و افسردگي و CBT و EMDR يافتهها: روش هاي درماني
CBT در مقايسه با EMDR برآشفتگي ذهني شد و ميزان اعتماد به شناخت واره ي مثبت به طور معني داري افزايش يافت. روش درماني
رزمندگان ايراني مؤثرتر بود، با اين وجود هر دو روش در كاهش علايم اين اختلال مؤثر بودند. PTSD در كاهش علايم
پيشنهاد مي شود به منظور پيشگيري و كاهش علائم اختلال ،PTSD در درمان CBT و EMDR نتيجهگيري: با توجه به اثر درماني
استرس پس از سانحه جنگ در رزمندگان ايراني از روش هاي درماني فوق در مراكز درماني استفاده شود.
Background: According to symptom oriented of drug therapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) were increasingly used. The aim of this study was to compare effects of EMDR and CBT in acute stress.
Materials and methods: In this case-control study, 51 combatants with PTSD hospitalized in Isar Hospital of Ardabil province or were inhabited in Ardabil were randomly divided to three groups. The method was extended test method and study design was multi-group test-retest. Used tools included boring memories test, subjective units of distress or anxiety (SUD) scale, validity of cognitions (VOC) scale and hospital anxiety and depression scale.
Results: EMDR and CBT significantly decreased boring memories, mental distress, anxiety and depression, and also increased positive cognition. Although both EMDR and CBT caused significant reduction of anxiety and depression, EMDR was superior to CBT in reduction of PTSD symptoms of Iranian combatants.
Conclusion: Regarding efficacy of EMDR and CBT in the treatment of PTSD , it is suggested to prevent and decrease symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Keywords: Anxiety Depression CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Subjective Units of Distress SUD Validity of Cognition VOC
Accuracy Verified: Yes
3. محمد جواد احمدى زاده *، حسين اسکندری ، محمدرضا فلسفى نژاد و احمد برجعلی [Ahmadizadeh, M. J., Eskandari, H., Falsafinejad, M. R., & Borjali, A.] (2010, Fall). مقایسه اثر بخشی جنبش چشم "شناختی رفتاری" و " حساسیت زدایی بازفرآوری "مدل های درمان در بیماران مبتلا به جنگ پس از سانحه اختلال استرس [Comparison the effectiveness of “cognitive-behavioral” and “eye movement desensitization reprocessing” treatment models on patients with war posttraumatic stress disorder]. Iranian Journal of Military Medicine, 12(3), 173-178.
Language: Persian
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Aims: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder which can develop after exposure to any
event which results in psychological trauma. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most commonly used
treatment for the disease and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a more rapid,
relatively recent method. This study was designed with the aim of comparing the efficacy of Cognitive-
Behavioral Therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing method on reduction of specific
symptoms and recovery in patients suffering from PTSD due to war.
Methods: This experimental study was performed in year 2008. 45 veterans suffering from PTSD were divided
randomly into three CBT, EMDR and control groups. Each of the mentioned groups contained 15 members. Two
questionnaires including PTSD checklist-military version and symptom checklist 90 revised were applied in
order to collect data. Data was analyzed using inferential statistical tests by SPSS 16.
Results: Scores of CBT group and EMDR group had a significant difference from control group scores.
Conclusion: Both models are effective on reduction of symptoms in PTSD.
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
4. 赵国秋 汪永光 王义强 付素芬 唐济生 曹日芳 [Zhao Guoqiu, Wang Yongguang, Wang Yiqiang, FU Shufen, Tang Jisheng, & Cao Rifang] (发表时间). 胶济铁路交通事故伤员心理危机干预结果分析 [The Analysis of Intervention for Casualties in the Accident on Jiaoji Railway on April 28]. 中国首届心理咨询师大会暨心理危机干预研讨会论文集.
Language: Chinese
Format: Conference
Abstract:
对22名ASD患者进行EMDR治疗，比较EMDR治疗前后的心理行为反应的差异。结果：有22名达到ASD（急性应激障碍）诊断标准，ASD发生率为9.73%，伤员中主要以闯入、警觉性增高表现为主，并伴随着其它的负性情绪体验。女性组心理行为反应结果明显重于男性组，女性组ASD...
(Based on the treatment of EMDR for 22 ASD patients, the comparison of psychological and behavior reaction between and after the treatment is shown. Results: there were 22 patients who reached to the diagnosis standard of ASD (Acute Stress Disorder). The incident rate is 9.73%. The major reaction is the increase of intrusive thoughts and alertness, with some other negative emotional experiences. The result of the psychological and behavior reaction of the female group is evidently stronger than that of the male group. The female group…)
Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD Jiaoji Railway
Accuracy Verified: Yes
5. Wilson, S., Becker, L., & Tinker, R. H. (1995, June). 15-Month follow up of EMDR treatment for traumatic memory. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
We previously reported on the outcomes of a controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
effectiveness in the treatment of traumatic memory (Wilson, Tinker, & Becker, 1994; Wilson, Becker, & tinker, in press). In that
study we found that three, 90-minute sessions of EMDR (Shapiro, 1995) "normalized the psychological functioning of the previously
traumatized participants (g = 80) on all dependent measures. The present study is a 15-month follow up of those participants.
I Method:
The research design is shown in Table 1. Participants were randomly assigned to EMDR or to Delayed EMDR conditions.
Pretreatment measurement occurred at measurement time TI. Participants in the EMDR condition received EMDR between T1 and
T2; those in the Delayed EMDR condition received EMDR between T2 and T3. All participants were tested immediately following
treatment and at 3 months following treatment (at T4). The 15 month, long-term follow up occurred at measurement time T5. An
independent assessor collected all of the following dependent measures: Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS; Wolpe,
1990), Impact of Events Scale (IES; Hmowitz, Wilner, & Alvarez, 1979), State/Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger,
Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983), and the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R, Derogatis, 1992).
[Table 1. The Research Design,
Treatment Condition, Measurement Time:
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5;
EMDR Treatment: 01 x 02 03 04;
Delayed EMDR Treatment 01 02 x 03 04 05;
Note: T = Time of measurement; 0 = Observation; X = Treatment administered.]
II. Results:
Two analyses were performed to assess the impact of EMDR treatment at the 15-month follow up. First, in order to assess the
overall, long-term impact of EMDR, the 15-month follow-up scores were compared with the pretreatment scores. There was
significant improvement on all nine measures at the 15-month follow up: The multivariate effect was significant (Wilk's Lambda =.11, p<.0005) as were all nine of the univariate effects (all p <.0005). Second, in order to assess whether the improvement shown
immediately following EMDR treatment had been maintained over the following year the immediate posttreatment scores were
compared with, the 15-month follow-up scores. The multivariate test was nonsignificant (Wilk's lambda=.74, p=.079), indicating
the improvement shown immediately following EMDR was maintained 15 months later. The univariate analyses indicated
additional improvement for the PTSD symptoms of intrusions (IES Intrusion: F(1,56)=7.71, p=307) and avoidance (IES
avoidance: F_(1,56) -4.44, p=.040). None of the nine measures showed deterioration at the 15-month follow up. Prior to EMDR
treatment 45% (g= 9) of the responders had been diagnosed as PTSD, at the 15-month follow up only 7% (g = 4) were diagnosed
as PTSD (chi-squareo, N=61)= .72, p < .05).
III. Responders Versus Nonresponders at the 15-Month Follow up.:
At the time of writing this abstract, 75% of the participants (g=61) have responded to the 15-month follow up. In general,
measures taken prior to treatment did not differentiate responders fiom nonresponders. Responding at the 15-month follow up was
unrelated to age, gender, marital status or years of education, although the annual income of the responders (Mdn=21,500) was
higher than that of the nonresponders (Mdn = 14,750, Mann-Whitney U=372.5, p=.017). Responding or not at 15 months was
unrelated to the type of trauma experienced, whether or not the participants had been in therapy prior to EMDR treatment, or how
long ago the trauma had occurred. It was also unrelated to the severity of the trauma as measured by the pretreatment scores on the
nine dependent variables and to whether or not the participant met the PTSD diagnosis criteria prior to treatment.
A multiple regression analysis used the immediate posttreatment and 90-day posttreatment scores to predict whether or not the
participant responded at the 15-month follow up. Nonrespondents were more likely to be depressed at 90-days following treatment
than were respondents (R square=.O8, B=-.16, Beta = -.28, F_L1,71)=5.99, p=.017). No other variables entered into the
regression model. IV Discussiona and Conclusion, Tretement effects found immediately following EMDR treatment wer maintained or improved 15 months later and thee was a significant decrease in the number of participants diagnosed as PTSD at the 15 month follow up. The comparison of responders to nonresponders at the 15 month follow up showed that the nonresponders were more depressed than the responders, raising the possiblity that the present results may be favorably biased to some extent. The discussion will include the additional, subjective impressions of participants who did not respond to the follow up. Limitations of EMDR with this population will be discussed, including the influence of comorbidity, multiple traumas, retraumatization after treatment, and spontaneous recurrence of symptoms. V. References: 1) Derogatis, L. R. (1992). SCL-90: Administration Scoring and Procedures Manual II. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research. 2) Horowitz, M. J., Wilmer, N. & Alverez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A Measure of Subjective Distress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218. 3) Shapiro, F. (1995), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures. 4) Speilberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R. D., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press. 5) Wilson, S. A., Tinker, R. A., & Becker, L. A. (1994, November). Efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)Treatment for Trauma Victims. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL. 6) Wilson, S. A., Becker, L. A., & Tinker, R. A. (In press), EMDR, treatment for psychologically traumatized individuals, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.
Keywords: Follow-up Traumatic Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
6. Giannantonio, M., Guzzi, R., Fernandez, I., & Ziveri, D. (2003, May). Advances in EMDR research – Qualitative analysis of EMDR – Efficacy for PTSD. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Rome, Italy.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Research on the efficacy of EMDR as a treatment for PTSD has concentrated its focus mostly on the measurement of quantitative variables. This approach facilitates the application of effective procedures of statistical analysis and the comparison of EMDR efficacy with other treatments. Conversely, important information is not reported like the different levels of efficacy in relation to individual characteristics. During this presentation, through the thorough discussion of 3 experimental cases treated with EMDR, we will review how different analysis tools (clinical interviews, biofeedback measures, tests, self-report, etc.) show evidence of different features of EMDR efficacy. The positive results achieved with EMDR treatment with these three subjects will be compared through biofeedback measures and self-administered tests.
Keywords: Efficacy Qualitative Analysis
Accuracy Verified: Yes
7. Cocco, N. (1995, June). Applications of EMDR to children: EMDR in the treatment of darkness phobia in children. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
EMDR in the treatment of darkness phobia in children:
1. Overview of Darkness Phobia:
A. Assessment of Childhood Phobias;
B. Definition;
C. Prevalence;
D. Consequences.
2. Treatment Literature on Darkness Phobia:
A. Invivo Exposure;
B. Imaginal Desensitization;
C. Modeling Symbolic and Participant;
D. Coping Self Talk;
E. Emotive Imagery.
3. [Preliminary Data on Controlled Comparison Between Emotive Imagery and EMDR:
A. Aims of Study;
B. Method: Subject,
Design,
Procedure: Assessment, Treatment Protocols;
C. Results;
D. Discussion.
4. EMDR Protocol:
A. Assessment of Darkness Phobia;
B. Hero Interview;
C. EMDR Target Selection;
D. Fantasy Based Cognitive Interweave:
Linking Cues/Cognition/Affect Superheros to Change Cognition and Affect.]
Keywords: Children Darkness Phobia
Accuracy Verified: Yes
8. Sack, M., Lempa, W., & Lamprecht, W. (2007). Assessment of psychophysiological stress reactions during a traumatic reminder in patients treated with EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(1), 15-23. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.15.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This study investigates changes of stress-related psychophysiological reactions after treatment with EMDR. 16 patients with PTSD following type I trauma underwent psychometric and psychophysiological assessment during exposure to script-driven imagery before and after EMDR and at 6-month follow-up. Psychophysiological assessment included heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) during a neutral task and during trauma script listening. PTSD symptoms as assessed by questionnaire decreased significantly after treatment and during follow-up in comparison to pretreatment. After EMDR, stress-related HR reactions during trauma script were significantly reduced, while HRV indicating parasympathetic tone increased both during neutral script and during trauma script. These results were maintained during the follow-up assessment. Successful EMDR treatment may be associated with reduced psychophysiological stress reactions and heightened parasympathetic tone. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Germans Manual-Based Treatments Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiology PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
9. Kirsch, A., & Seidler, G. H. (2004). Ausdruck und erleben von emotionen bei der posttraumatischen belastungsstörung: Erste ergebnisse einer studie mit gewaltopfern [Expression and experience of emotion in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: First result of a study with victims]. Zeitschrift für Psychotraumatologie und Psychologische Medizin, ZPPM 2(1), 45-60.
Language: German
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Emotionale Betäubung (EN) in PTSD ist ein Cluster von schwächenden Symptomen mit Problemen in der Erfahrung und dem Ausdruck von Emotionen. EN ist in drei separate diagnostischen Kriterien dargestellt: deutlich vermindertes Interesse an wichtigen Aktivitäten, Gefühle der Ablösung oder Entfremdung von anderen, und eingeschränkte Bandbreite des Affekts. Die funktionale Beziehung zwischen anderen Klassen von PTSD Symptome und EN ist nicht gut verstanden. In diesem Artikel werden verschiedene Studien diskutiert werden. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass Patienten mit psychischen Erkrankungen eine spezifische Wechselwirkung Muster implementieren, die in der Gesichts-affektiven Ausdruck und äußerte sich vor allem in Gesichts-affektiven Mikro-Verhalten. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Pilot-Studie war die Analyse von Gesichts-affektive Verhalten von Patienten mit PTSD im Vergleich zu gesunden Personen. Erste Ergebnisse der ersten EMDR-Sitzungen auf Video aufgezeichnet von Patienten und psychodynamischen Interviews von gesunden Personen (keine psychische / psychiatrische Störungen nach ICD-10) wurden mit dem codierten Emotional Facial Coding System Acting, ein Instrument zur Erfassung von mimischen mit emotionaler Bedeutung. Danach wurden diese Analysen mit Blickverhalten verbunden. PTSD Patienten zeigten eine Verringerung der gesamten Mimik und eine verminderte Häufigkeit von Gesichts wirkt im Vergleich zu gesunden Personen. Unter dem Blickverhalten in Betracht, wurde es offensichtlich, dass PTSD Patienten zeigten Anteil sank gegenseitigen Blick im Vergleich zu gesunden Personen. Außerdem war der Gesichtsausdruck affektiven Ausdruck von vier Patienten (Eltern, die durch den gewaltsamen Tod ihrer Kinder beraubt) erste und letzte EMDR-Sitzung verglichen. Eine leichte Erhöhung des Gesichts affektiven Ausdruck gefunden wurde. [Autor Summary)
Emotional numbing (EN) in PTSD is a cluster of debilitating symptoms involving problems in the experience and expression of emotion. EN is represented in three separate diagnostic criteria: markedly diminished interest in significant activities, feelings of detachment or estrangement from others, and restricted range of affect. The functional relationship between other classes of PTSD symptoms and EN is not well understood. In this article different studies will be discussed. It is assumed that patients with mental diseases implement a specific interaction pattern, that is expressed in the facial affective expression and particularly in facial-affective micro-behaviours. The aim of the presented pilot-study was the analysis of facial-affective behaviour of patients with PTSD in comparison to healthy persons. First results of videotaped first EMDR sessions of patients and psychodynamic interviews of healthy persons (absence of mental/psychiatric disorder according to ICD-10) were coded using the Emotional Facial Acting Coding System, an instrument for the registration of facial movements with emotional relevance. Afterwards these analyses were connected with gazing behaviour. PTSD patients showed a reduction of overall facial expressions and a reduced frequency of facial affects in comparison to healthy persons. Taking the gazing behaviour into consideration, it became obvious that PTSD patients showed decreased portion of mutual gaze compared to healthy persons. Furthermore, the facial affective expression of four patients' (parents bereaved by the violent deaths of their children) first and last EMDR session was compared. A slight increasing of facial affective expression was found. [Author Summary]
Keywords: Crime Emotional Numbing Interpersonal Interaction Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Survivors
Accuracy Verified: Yes
10. Anchisi, R., Guzzi, R., Fernandez, I., Giannantonio, M., & Ziveri, D. (2001, October). Biofeedback measures in EMDR treatment. In Collegium Internationale Activitatis Nervosae Superioris; International Association for Integrative Nervous Functions, Neurobiology of behaviour and Psychosomatics, (pp 141-148). Palermo, Italy.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
We compared the pre and post therapeutic treatment data using standard EMDR, using a lool such as biofeedback, capable of measuring certain physiologcail parameters in an objective way. The goal was to check variations in the physiological indices and subjective evaluations of well being and discomfort in the subjects.
Some psychotherapists will select subjects using an initial telephone screening followed by a battery of suitable tests. Using such tools, subjects affected by PTSD without comorbidity will be chosen. Independent assessors
will evaluate them again after six weeks (blind design). After this assessment, subjective data will be collected using the SUD scale and objective data will be collected using the SPR, Thermo, Heart Rate, EMG of the biofeedback channels. After exposure the subjects will be randomly assigned to an experimenta1 group, they will be going to meet in six sessions using the EMDR standard protocol and carried out by therapits recognized by the Association EMDR Italy; the other half of the sample will
represent the control group in a waiting list. Once more, all the subjects will be exposed to the trauma, this time listening to the recording of their description of the traumatic event. The SUD and biofeedback values will be then measured again. The comparison of the data of the SUD scale with the data of the biofeedback
channels, in particular the SPR channel, plus the evaluation of the group of independent clinicians using the above-mentioned tests, will provide the co-ordinates for an evaluation (both subjetive and physiological) of the clinical results of the EMDR therapy.
Keywords: Biofeedback Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
11. Lopacka, J., & Phoeun, B. (2010, July). Building on experience: Post-typhoon trauma EMDR work in Cambodia utilising the lessons learned from Thailand's post-tsuname programme. Symposium (Carolyn L. Neunuebel, Chair) conducted at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
On September 26th 2009 Typhoon Ketsana wrought devastation on parts of the Philippines, Vietnam and Cambodia. Mindful
of the hard lessons learned running a tsunami trauma programme in Thailand in 2005/06 Jane Lopacka, an EMDR therapist
and training facilitator and director of Phnom Penh Counselling Centre, led and supervised a team of Cambodian MA in
Clinical Psychology students who were trained in Part 1 EMDR to provide EMDR treatment to Ketsana victims. The purpose
of this paper is to demonstrate the scope, assessment methods, treatment programme, constraints, financial issues, and
challenges of the programme whilst utilising the lessons learned from Thailand’s Tsunami EMDR trauma programme. The
results regarding the efficacy of EMDR in a Cambodian context will be examined using pre and post treatment data. The
results include a comparison of 4 months post-treatment evaluation compared to an assessment of an equivalent random
number of Ketsana victims from the same and neighbouring villages who did not receive treatment (to be completed in June
2010 as the farming season dictates). This paper will also demonstrate the utilisation of the lessons learned from Thailand’s
Tsunami EMDR programme in a typhoon trauma treatment programme in Cambodia. Also, this being the students’ first
exposure to trauma work using EMDR, this paper will record the experiences of the students involved. By way of conclusion
this paper will identify further lessons learned in Cambodia along with recommendations regarding future feasible and
manageable post-trauma work with limited resources and a small budget in a Southeast context.
Keywords: Cambodia Thailand Tsunami Typhoon
Accuracy Verified: Yes
12. Falaschi, R., & Tizzani, E. (2001, October). Changes in electroencephalographic quantitative analysis in patients treated with EMDR. In International CIANS Conference (CIANS: Collegium Internationale Activitatis Nervosae Superioris; International Association for Integrative Nervous Functions, Neurobiology of behaviour and Psychosomatics), (p 159) Palermo.
Language: English
Format: Other
Abstract:
EMDR’s basic working theory assumes that traumatic memories remain unprocessed because the innate information processing system is stuck by the psychophysiological effects of trauma. Traumatic events are stored in their original form, and the recall of traumatic memories causes a high level of disturbance.
Left-right rhythmic stimulations of EMDR seem to remove the block in the traumatic memories processing and help memories storing mechanism function at an adaptive level. In recent years, many scientific researches have focused on the opportunity to assess the functional connection between different brain areas through quantitative analysis of EEG.
According to the aim of this presentation, our attention was drawn to the correlation between slow bands (4- 7 Hz) and the activity in the sub-cortical areas involved in working memory and, also, high frequency ranges (> 36 Hz) and cortical activities during sensorial stimuli processing. There are a few quantitative EEG studies on patients with PTSD. The EEG analysis of subject with childhood abuse histories revealed less synchronization in the two hemispheres functioning compared to normal control subjects.
EEG quantitative analysis in abused children showed a higher intra-hemispheric left coherence and a lower intra-hemispheric right coherence in comparison with normal control subjects. According to these results, the aim of this presentation is to test if there are recordable changes in the intra and inter hemispheric synchronization between brain areas where information processing occurs (limbic system, prefrontal cortical area, and posterior cortical areas) in patients with PTSD after EMDR treatment.
Keywords: EEG Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
13. Oh, D. H., & Choi, J. (2007). Changes in the regional cerebral perfusion after eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A SPECT study of two cases. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(1), 24-30. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.24.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has emerged as a promising new treatment for trauma and other anxiety-based disorders. However, the neurobiological mechanism of EMDR has not been well understood. This study reports changes in the resting regional cerebral blood flow after successful EMDR treatment in 2 patients with PTSD. Brain 99mTc-ECD-SPECT (Technetium 99m-ethyl cysteinate dimmer-single photon emission computerized tomography) was performed before and after EMDR, and, in addition, a pre- and posttreatment comparison was made with 10 non-PTSD participants as a control group. After EMDR, cerebral perfusion increased in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and decreased in the temporal association cortex. The differences between participants and normal controls also decreased. Changes appeared mainly in the limbic area and the prefrontal cortex. These results are in line with current understanding of neurobiology of PTSD. EMDR treatment appears to reverse the functional imbalance between the limbic area and the prefrontal cortex. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Brain Imaging Females Koreans Motor Traffic Accidents Neuroimaging Neurophysiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychiatric Inpatients PTSD Rape RCBF Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
14. Opdyke, D. C. (1995, May). Clinical efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Georgia State University. AAT 9608510.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has gained notoriety as a brief treatment for PTSD. In EMDR, clients repeatedly bring up traumatic events in memory and visually track stimuli moving back and forth in front of them. Previous group studies of EMDR have had methodological problems, however. The present study attempted to (1) assess EMDR's effectiveness compared to an Eye Focus treatment controlling for eye movement; (2) compare both treatments to a wait-list control; and (3) rate therapist characteristics to check experimenter bias.20 participants suffering from PTSD were randomly assigned to either EMDR or Eye Focus (EF) treatments, and immediate treatment or wait-list conditions. After two 90-minute treatment sessions, outcomes were assessed on subjective measures of anxiety (SUDs) and cognitive beliefs (VOCs). The mean SUDs pre-post differences on matched pairs t-tests indicated significant reduction of disturbance for both the EMDR group, p < .001, and the Eye Focus group, p < .001. VOC ratings showed similar treatment gains. Two-factor analyses assessed changes across groups (2 administrations x 2 treatment groups) on two standardized measures, the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the Modified PTSD Symptom Scale (MPSS). The IES showed a main effect for treatment F (2, 18) = 16.45, p < .001, while wait-list remained unchanged F (2, 18) = 1.09, p > .05. A significant interaction F (2, 18) = 6.69, p < .05 supported treatment efficacy. EMDR and EF participants improved equally on the IES, i.e., no differences for type of treatment, F (2, 18) = 0.54, p > .05. The MPSS also showed a main effect for treatment, F (2, 18) = 6.46, p < .05, with wait-list unchanged, F (2, 18) = 0.27, p > .05. This interaction was not significant, p =.10. Further, both EMDR and EF groups demonstrated improvement on the MPSS. Results suggest that (1) EMDR and Eye Focus are both effective in reducing some self-reported PTSD symptoms; (2) EMDR and Eye Focus scores improved significantly compared to wait-list; and (3) ratings of experimenter bias suggested that the EMDR and Eye Focus participants were treated equally by the therapist. Future comparison studies should use larger samples, independent assessors, and equally-trained independent therapists. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 56(11-B), May 1996, pp. 6402
Keywords: Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
15. Splete, H. (2005, January). Clinical Psychiatry news’ top stories of 2004: Development on antidepressant labeling, psychologist prescribing could affect the specialty. Clinical Psychiatry News, 33(1), 14.
Language: English
Format: Newspaper
Abstract:
Biologic and psychosocial treatments of
posttraumatic stress disorder were equally
effective in their first direct comparison
("Psychotherapy May Offer More Benefits
for PTST," June 2004, p. 20). In addition,
psychotherapy patients were more likely to
remit or even become asymptomatic, according
to the study of 88 adults randomized
to fluoxetine, placebo, or an exposure
therapy method known as eye movement
desensitization reprocessing (EMDR).
Patients in the EMDR group ininally responded
to the treatment with psychophysiologic
arousal and appeared to relive
the trauma. But they ultimately
improved significantly more than did the
placebo group and continued to improve
at 2 and 6 months' follow-up, when the
fluoxetine group remained stable.
Keywords: Efficacy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
16. Lakey, J. (2007, February). Cognitive behavioral therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A comparative analysis for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. St. Gregory’s University.
Language: English
Format: Other
Abstract:
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is the primary mental health issue resulting in
tours of duty in combat operations. The soldiers returning home from these operations
often require treatment in dealing with many of their physical and emotional changes.
The therapist who treats these brave men and women needs to understand the treatment
methods available for the successful recovery of their clients. After identifying the terms
necessary to understand the principles and the historical and etiological background of
the disorder and the treatments available, this paper will illuminate several treatment
modalities and their success rates in the treatment of PTSD. Cognitive Behavioral
Therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing will be the primary focus
of comparison through out this work.
Keywords: Comparative Analysis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
17. Hogan, W. A. (2001, August). The comparative effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of depression. Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN. AAT 3004753.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a unique, short-term therapy shown to be effective in the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Application of EMDR to the treatment of depression was considered based upon the relationship between negative life experience and symptom onset, a pattern common to both PTSD and depression. Evaluation of the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of depression was accomplished via a comparison with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Because EMDR has been shown to be effective in the treatment of PTSD, the impact of EMDR and CBT upon symptoms comorbid to depression was investigated. EMDR was also compared to CBT assessing the participants' satisfaction. The participants, 15 per treatment group, received either one session of EMDR or cognitive behavioral therapy within the first four sessions. Pre and posttreatment assessment utilized two standardized instruments evaluating self-report of depressive and global symptoms. Participant satisfaction was assessed using a rating scale at posttreatment. Both treatment groups reported significant reductions in depressive symptoms and global symptoms. There were no statistical differences between groups on the symptom measures at posttreatment. Four participants in the EMDR group reported near complete remission of depressive symptoms and large reductions in global symptoms. No participants in the CBT group exhibited this pattern of symptom reduction. Regarding participant satisfaction, participants perceived EMDR to be less negative than CBT primarily due to the increased awareness of negative thoughts common to cognitive behavioral therapy but not experienced in EMDR treatment. The similarity in symptom reduction reported for both groups suggested the undue influence of non-specific treatment effects. The marked remission of symptoms reported by the four participants in the EMDR group parallels the symptom reductions noted in EMDR studies of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 62(2-B), Aug 2001, pp. 1082.
Keywords: Comorbidity CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Therapy Depression Empirical Study Major Depression Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
18. Sharpley, C. F., Montgomery, I. M., & Scalzo, L. A. (1996). Comparative efficacy of EMDR and alternative procedures in reducing the vividness of mental images. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy, 25(1), 37-42. doi:10.1080/16506079609456006.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Nordisk Tidskrift för Beteendeterrapi: Data evaluating the effectiveness of EMDR suggest that, although it appears to be an effective treatment for many types of PTSDs, the major support comes from limited-subject case studies. To further investigate this issue, the relative efficacy (in comparison to simpler procedures) of EMDR for reduction of the vividness of subjects' memories was investigated in a non-clinical sample. Results indicated that EMDR was more successful than comparable techniques in reducing the intensity of subjects' mental images. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Australians Empirical Study Males Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial Young Adults
Accuracy Verified: Yes
19. Abyar Hosseini, A., Vaziry, S., & Lofti, F (2010, July). Comparison between combine EMDR and drug with drug only in reduction symptoms and severity of obsessive compulsive disorder. Poster presented at the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology, Melbourne, Australia.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: This study was a comparison between the effects of combine eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and drug, with drug only, in the reduction of symptoms and severity obsessive compulsive disorder. Thirty patients that were assessed as suffering OCD by a psychiatrist were divided in two groups randomly (experimental and control groups). All subjects have been tested by Maudsley obsessive compulsive inventory (MOCI) and Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS). The experimental group learned EMDR and across 8 weeks, when they experienced disturb thought, used EMDR without compulsive behavior. During the 8 weeks, the control group just used drugs. Results showed a significant reduction of symptoms and severity of OCD in both groups but in the experimental group, the reduction was more effective and significant. Thus, to conclude, although EMDR has been used for PTSD symptom reduction, the present study revealed that this technique is also effective for the reduction of symptoms and the severity of OCD.
Keywords: Drug Treatment Obsessive Compilsive Disorder OCD Poster
Accuracy Verified: Yes
20. Simon, M. J. (2000, September). A comparison between EMDR and exposure for treating PTSD: A single-subject analysis. the Behavior Therapist, 23(8), 172-175.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
The intent of this study is to use a single-subject analysis to compare the efficacy of EMDR to imaginal exposure for the treatment of PTSD. More specifically, this study compared exposure and EMDR for treating symptoms associated with the traumatic memories reported by two subjects diagnosed with PTSD. Standardized assessments were used to measure severity of trauma-related intrusive thoughts and sleep disturbances, whereas levels of symptoms were tracked throughout treatment and at 3-month follow-up. [Text, p. 173] [Pilots]
Keywords: Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Females Posttraumtic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
21. Jaberghaderi, N., Dolatabadi, S., Zand, S. O., Greenwald, R., & Rubin, A. (2002, June). A comparison of CBT and EMDR for sexually abused girls in Iran. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behaviorial Therapy Iran Poster Sexual Abuse
Accuracy Verified: Yes
22. Jaberghaderi, N., Greenwald, R., Rubin, A., Zand, S. O., & Dolatabadim, S. (2004, September-October). A comparison of CBT and EMDR for sexually abused Iranian girls. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11(5), 358-368. doi:10.1002/cpp.395.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
14 randomly assigned Iranian girls ages 12-13 years who had been sexually abused received up to 12 sessions of CBT or EMDR treatment. Assessment of post-traumatic stress symptoms and problem behaviours was completed at pre-treatment and 2 weeks post-treatment. Both treatments showed large effect sizes on the post-traumatic symptom outcomes, and a medium effect size on the behaviour outcome, all statistically significant. A non-significant trend on self-reported post-traumatic stress symptoms favoured EMDR over CBT. Treatment efficiency was calculated by dividing change scores by number of sessions; EMDR was significantly more efficient, with large effect sizes on each outcome. Limitations include small N, single therapist for each treatment condition, no independent verification of treatment fidelity, and no long-term follow-up. These findings suggest that both CBT and EMDR can help girls to recover from the effects of sexual abuse, and that structured trauma treatments can be applied to children in Iran. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Brief Psychotherapy CBT Child Abuse Cogntiive Behavorial Therapy Cognitive Therapy Elementary School Students Empirical Study Females Incest Iranians Manual-Based Treatments Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Preadolescents PTSD Quantitative Study Rape Random Clinical Trial RCT Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
23. Jaberghaderi, N., Greenwald, R., Rubin, A., Dolatabadi, S., & Zand, S. O. (2002, November). A comparison of CBT and EMDR for sexually abused Iranian girls. Poster presented at the 18th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Baltimore, MD.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Fourteen randomly assigned Iranian girls ages 12-13 who had been sexually
abused received up to 12 sessions of CBT or EMDR treatment.Assessment
of post-traumatic stress symptoms and problem behaviors were completed
at pre-treatment and 2 weeks post-treatment. Both treatments showed very
large effect sizes on the post-traumatic symptom outcomes, and a modest
effect size on the behavior outcome, all statistically significant. A non-significant
trend on self-reported post-traumatic stress symptoms favored EMDR
over CBT.Treatment efficiency was calculated by dividing effect size by number
of sessions; EMDR was significantly more efficient. Limitations include small
N, single therapist for each treatment condition, and lack of long-term followup.
These findings suggest that both CBT and EMDR can help girls to recover
from the effects of sexual abuse, and that structured trauma treatments can
be applied to children in other cultures.
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Girls Iran Poster Sexual Abuse
Accuracy Verified: Yes
24. Narimani, M., Ahari, S. S., & Rajabi, S. (2008). Comparison of efficacy of eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing and cognitive behavioral therapy therapeutic methods for reducing anxiety and depression of Iranian combatant afflicted by post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(10), 1932-1937. doi:10.3923/jas.2008.1932.1937.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This research aims to determine efficacy of two therapeutic methods and compare them: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for reduction of anxiety and depression for Iranian combatant afflicted with Post traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after imposed war. Statistical population of current study includes combatants afflicted with PTSD that were hospitalized in Isas Hospital of Ardabil province or were inhabited in Ardabil. These persons were selected through simple random sampling and were randomly located in three groups. The method was extended test method and study design was multi-group test-retest. Used tools include hospital anxiety and depression scale. This survey showed that exercise of EMDR and CBT has caused significant reduction of anxiety and depression. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Anxiety Anxiety Disorders CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Therapy Depression Depressive Disorders Iranians Middle Aged Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Treatment Effectiveness Veterans War
Accuracy Verified: Yes
25. Vienot, R. C. (1999, June). A comparison of EMDR and biofeedback/stress inoculation training in treating test anxiety. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Participants will: 1) be able to identify issues and problems in treating test anxiety; 2) be able to identify the basic components of both the EMDR and biofeedback/stress inoculation training protocols used in this study; 3) learn the EMDR protocol used in treating test anxiety; 4) learn how EMDR, biofeedback/stress inoculation training, and a no-treatment group compare in treatment effect size on six dependent variables; and 5) learn how EMDR, biofeedback/stress inoculation trainlng and a no-treatment group compare in clinical significance on five dependent variables.
Keywords: Biofeeback Stress Inoculation Test Anxiety
Accuracy Verified: Yes
26. Devilly, G. J. (1999, July). A comparison of EMDR and CBT: Evidence for treatment of choice?. Presentation at the Joint Annual Conference of The National Centre For War-Related PostTraumatic Stress Disorder and The Australian Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.
Language: English
Format: Other
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behaviorial Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
27. McFarlane, A. (2000, November). Comparison of EMDR with CBT in PTSD patients. In B. A. Van Der Kolk, (Chair) Current research on EMDR. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Miami, FL.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behaviorial Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
28. MacFarlane, A. (2000, November). Comparison of EMDR with CBT in PTSD patients. In B. A. van der Kolk (Chair), Current Research on EMDR. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Traumatic Stress, San Antonio, TX.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behaviorial Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
29. McFarlane, A. (1999, November). Comparison of EMDR with CBT in PTSD patients. Presentation the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Miami, FL .
Language: English
Format: Conference
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behaviorial Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
30. Holmshaw, M., Carswell, J. W., & Allan, J. (2006, June). A comparison of EMDR, CBT or a combined approach (CBT & EMDR) in the treatment of psychological trauma following road accidents. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Istanbul, Turkey.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Road Accidents Traffic Accidents
Accuracy Verified: Yes
31. Cook-Vienot, R., & Taylor, R. J. (2012). Comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and biofeedback/stress inoculation training in treating test anxiety. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(2), 62-72. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.6.2.62 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and Biofeedback/Stress Inoculation Training (B/SIT)
treatment and no treatment (NT) were compared in reducing test anxiety. Thirty college students with high
test anxiety were randomly assigned to each condition. Pre-post assessments were conducted using the
Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Rational Behavior Inventory (RBI), and
Autonomic Perception Questionnaire (APQ). Treatment therapists were licensed professionals with at least
2 years experience in their respective modality. Statistical analysis using a two-way analysis of variance with
repeated measures found significant interactions between time (pre-post) and treatment conditions for all
measures except the RBI. Post hoc Newman–Keuls analyses were conducted on the change scores, indicating
that both EMDR and B/SIT significantly reduced test anxiety. EMDR generally outperformed B/SIT.
Keywords: Biofeedback Stress Inoculation Test Anxiety
Accuracy Verified: Yes
32. Oncley, P. R. (1992). A comparison of eye movement desensitization and implosion-like therapy with adult victims of sexual abuse. Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, CA. AAT 9302718.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is a recently developed technique that has been reported in the literature to be effective in treating many of the symptoms associated with PTSD. This study investigated the role of saccadic eye movements in this technique by utilizing a multiple-baseline, across subjects design with 4 adult victims of childhood sexual abuse.Eye movement desensitization conditions (EMD) were compared to non saccadic eye movement conditions (NM) utilizing a Latin square design over one treatment session. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-R) and the PTSD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III (SCID) were used for initial diagnosis and screening. Treatment effectiveness between the intervention phase and 1 week follow-up was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the PTSD Symptom Checklist. Skin conductance response (SCR), heart rate, and subjective units of distress (SUDS) were assessed during pretreatment, treatment, posttreatment, and follow-up phases. Results showed no significant differences across subjects among SCR, heart rate, and SUDS between the EMD and NM conditions. IES and PTSD Symptom Checklist follow-up data showed symptom improvement for 3 of the 4 subjects. One subject's intrusive symptoms worsened. All subjects displayed less physiological reactivity to the traumatic imagery at follow-up. Mechanisms that contribute to the effectiveness of EMD and recommendations for future study were discussed. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Arousal Child Abuse Exposure Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
33. Vienot, R. C. (1998, July). A comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and biofeedback/stress inoculation training in treating test anxiety. Union Institute and University, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 9822000.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment, Biofeedback/Stress Inoculation Training (B/SIT) treatment, and no treatment (NT) were compared in treating test anxiety. Subjects (30) reporting test anxiety were randomly assigned to EMDR, B/SIT or NT. Treatment consisted of three 90 minute sessions using B/SIT and one 45 minute session/three 75 minute sessions using EMDR. Treatment therapists were licensed psychologists, counselors or social workers with two to twenty years experience using EMDR or B/SIT. Subjects in the NT group were offered treatment following the study. Six dependent variables were measured pre/post: trait and state anxiety (State Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI-T.S.), test anxiety (Test Anxiety Inventory, TAI-T.W.E.), rationality of personal beliefs (Rational Behavior Inventory, RBI), negative self statements (TAI-W) and self report of physiological response (Autonomic Perception Inventory, APQ) using.05 level. ANOVAs were performed followed by a Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparison. There was a significant interaction between pre-post tests and type of group on all dependent measures except the RBI. EMDR showed a tendency toward greater improvement from pre to post test than B/SIT and NT. There were no significant differences between groups on the pre test. Post group means indicated: (a) STAI-S, there was no difference between the groups; (b) STAI-T and APQ, EMDR and B/SIT had a greater reduction than NT; (c) TAI-E, EMDR showed more reduction than B/SIT and NT; (d) TAI-T and W, there were differences between all three groups with EMDR showing the most reduction. A meta-analysis was performed to determine clinical significance. Prior to treatment all three groups were above the normative effect size of 1 SD. The NT group showed no change on post tests. The EMDR group showed a larger reduction in effect size than B/SIT. Based on the data both EMDR and B/SIT reduced test anxiety with EMDR generally outperforming B/SIT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 59(1-B), Jul 1998, pp. 0430.
Keywords: Biofeedback/Stress Biofeedback Training Empirical Study Inoculation Training Stress Management Test Anxiety Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
34. Alexander, R. J. (1998, September). Comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and hypnosis. Washington State University, Pullman, WA. AAT 9825908.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is being used in the treatment of numerous disorders. This research focused on EMDR and hypnosis to gain insight into whether the EMDR procedure is a hypnotic phenomenon. Ten high (SHSS:C = 10-12) and ten low hypnotizables (SHSS:C = 0-3) from a northwestern university were exposed to EMDR treatment based on Shapiro's procedure (1995). Responses to a post hypnotic suggestion given before the installation phase of EMDR were measured. Mann Whitney U results revealed a significant difference between low and high hypnotizable participants' responses suggesting that there is a hypnotic phenomenon present in EMDR. ANOVA results for Subject Units of Disturbance (SUDS) and Validity of Cognition (VOC) measures revealed significant treatment effects for both highs and lows pre- to posttreatment. Comparison of high and low hypnotizable groups on the posttreatment outcome scores of SUDS revealed that highs experienced significantly lower levels of disturbance than lows. Comparison of high and low hypnotizables on the posttreatment outcome scores of the VOC revealed no significant difference between groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 59(3-B), Sep 1998, pp. 1357.
Keywords: Hypnosis Empirical Study Psychotherapeutic Techniques
Accuracy Verified: Yes
35. Nazari, H., Momeni, N., Jariani, M., & Tarrahi, M. J. (2011, November). Comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with citalopram in treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 15(4), 270-274. doi:10.3109/13651501.2011.590210.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Objective. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the chronic anxiety disorders that interfere with routine individual life, occupational and social functions. There is controversy about the first choice of treatment for OCD between medication and psychotherapy. Aim. the aim was to investigate the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) compared with medication by citalopram in treatment of OCD. Methods. This randomized controlled trial was carried out on 90 OCD patients that randomly were assigned into two groups. They either received therapeutic sessions of EMDR or citalopram during 12 weeks. Both groups blindly were evaluated by the Yale-Brown scale before and after the trial period. Results. Pretreatment average Yale-Brown score of citalopram group was about 25.26 as well as 24.83 in EMDR group. The after treatment scores were 19.06 and 13.6, respectively. There was significant difference between the mean Yale-Brown scores of the two groups after treatment and EMDR was more effective than citalopram in improvement of OCD signs. Conclusion. It is concluded that although both therapeutic methods (EMDR and Citalopram) had significant effect in improving obsessive signs but it seems that in short term EMRD has better effect in improvement of final outcome of OCD.
Keywords: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
36. Jaberghaderi, N., Dolatabadi, S., & Zand, S. O. (2002, Winter). A comparison of eye movement desensitzation and reprocessing and stress inoculation training (SIT) for sexually abused girls. Advances in Cognitive Science, 3(4), 16-26.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Fourteen sexually abused girls aged 12-13, were randomly assigned to receive either EMDR or SIT. Participants and their parents completed Child Report of Post Traumatic Symptoms (CROPS), and Parent Report of Post Traumatic Symptoms (PROPS), pre and post treatment.
Results indicated that there was significant influence only on the PROPS. But there was a significant impact on both these instrument (CROPS & PROPS), with EMDR. In evaluating CROPS and PROPS, factor analysis with SIT illustrated that, externalizing and internalizing symptoms in PROPS and avoidance thoughts and behaviors in CROPS were treated. Further the results gathered from factor analysis with EMDR, showed that internalizing and somatic symptoms in PROPS and self harm, depression feelings and also somatic symptoms in CROPS improved as well. Clinical findings also suggested that EMDR and SIT did not have any significant differences in treating posttraumatic symptoms. Factor analysis found that, EMDR was more effective than SIT in treating somatic symptoms of sexually abused girls.
Keywords: Iran Sexual Abuse SIT Stress Inocculation Training
Accuracy Verified: Yes
37. Khosropour, F., Ebrahiminejad, G. H. Baniasadi, H., & Faryabi, M. (2012, Spring). Comparison of false memory among patients with post traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) based on the received psychological treatment. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, 17(2),154-160.
Language: Persian
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Background & Aims: False memory is more prevalent among PTSD patients. This memory can be affected by group and intensifies the symptoms of the disorder. Psychological Debriefing (PD) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) are widely used for the treatment of PTSD patients. The efficacy of these treatments is controversial. Method: A total of 219 PTSD patients were randomly selected and divided into three groups based on the received treatment type (EMDR, PD, control group). All groups were evaluated and compared by using Rodiger & McDremott False Memory Scale.
Results: The EMDR group in comparison to the PD and control groups and the control group in comparison to the PD group showed lower rates of false memory (PConclusion: Considering lower level of false memory in EMDR group compared with other groups and the negative effects of false memory in identification of PTSD, EMDR is better than PD in the treatment of PTSD patients.
Keywords: False Memory Treatment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
38. Garsen, B. (2005). A comparison of post traumatic stress disorder treatment modalities for adolescents. California State University, Long Beach, CA. AAT 1426939.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to explore treatment modalities for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) for adolescents. This study examined current research on the treatment of PTSD by analyzing the content of books and articles written within the past 10 years.
The study was a descriptive content analysis of currently used treatment modalities for PTSD. Data analysis involved a recursive process in which themes were identified and developed over numerous readings.
The findings of this study indicated that PTSD symptomology was significantly reduced when adolescents were treated with cognitive behavioral methods. Controlled studies were located only for cognitive behavioral interventions. Pharmacological interventions were widely used to treat PTSD symptoms. However, there have been neither controlled nor open-label drug studies conducted regarding this population. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a promising new form of treatment that has yet to be examined in a rigorous manner. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) sometimes exacerbated PTSD symptoms in this population.
The results of the study indicated that more controlled research needs to be generated targeting adolescents with PTSD.
Keywords: Adolescents Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
39. Hunt, V. C. S. (2006). A comparison of qEEG changes associated with trauma treatment using EMDR and talk therapy. Argosy University, Chicago, IL.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Keywords: QEEG Change Trauma Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
40. Ironson, G., Freund, B., Strauss, J., & Williams, J. (2002, January). Comparison of two treatments for traumatic stress: A community-based study of EMDR and prolonged exposure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 113-128. doi:10.1002/jclp.1132.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This pilot study compared the efficacy of two treatments for PTSD: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Prolonged Exposure (PE). Data were analyzed for 22 patients from a university-based clinic serving the outside community (predominantly rape and crime victims) who completed at least one active session of treatment after three preparatory sessions. Results showed both approaches produced a significant reduction in PTSD and depression symptoms, which were maintained at three-month follow-up. Successful treatment was faster with EMDR as a larger number of people (7 of 10) had a 70% reduction in PTSD symptoms after three active sessions compared to 2 of 12 with PE. EMDR appeared to be better tolerated as the dropout rate was significantly lower in those randomized to EMDR versus PE (0 of 10 vs. 3 of 10). However all patients who remained in treatment with PE had a reduction in PTSD scores. Finally, Subjective Units of Distress (SUDS) ratings decreased significantly during the initial session of EMDR, but changed little during PE. Postsession SUDS were significantly lower for EMDR than for PE. Suggestions for future research are discussed. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Empirical Study Meta Analysis Methodology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prolonged Exposure PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
41. Kristjánsdóttir, K., & Lee, C. W. (2011). A comparison of visual versus auditory concurrent tasks on reducing the distress and vividness of aversive autobiographical memories. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(2), 34-41. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.2.34.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This study investigated the benefits of eye movement similar to that used in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on reducing the vividness and emotionality of negative autobiographical memories. It was hypothesized, based on the working memory model, that any task that disrupts working memory would reduce the vividness and emotionality of distressing memories. In addition, it was predicted that the more visual a memory, the greater the reduction in vividness by a concurrent visual task over an auditory task (counting). Thirty-six nonclinical participants were asked to recall an unpleasant autobiographical memory while performing each of three dual-attention tasks: eye movement, listening to counting, or control (short exposure). Results showed that vividness and emotionality ratings of the memory decreased significantly after eye movement and counting, and that eye movement produced the greatest benefit. Furthermore, eye movement facilitated greater decrease in vividness irrespective of the modality of the memory. Although this is not consistent with the hypothesis from a working memory model of mode-specific effects, it is consistent with a central executive explanation. Implications for enhancing exposure treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are discussed.
Keywords: Autobiographical Memory Counting Method Eye Movement Vividness Working Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
42. Simon, M. J. (1997, November). A comparison study of EMDR and exposure on posttraumatic stress disorder: A single-subject design. Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI. AAT 9734215.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Exposure has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of PTSD. Recent claims have been made regarding the comparative and perhaps even superior efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD.The comparative effectiveness was tested using two subjects, a multiple baseline design, targeting two distinct trauma-related images per subject. Standardized and objective assessment measures of diagnostic criteria were administered at baseline, post-treatment, and at follow-up. Order of treatment was reversed for the second subject. Results of the study showed that EMDR and Exposure were comparable treatments of PTSD. EMDR demonstrated more rapid overall symptom reduction than Exposure. Both Exposure and EMDR generalized across traumas. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(5-B), Nov 1997, pp. 2700.
Keywords: Adults Clinical Trial Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
43. de Roos, C. J. A. M., Noorthoorn, E. O., Greenwald, R., & de Jongh, A. (2004, June). A controlled comparison of EMDR and CBT for children and adolescents exposed to the Enschede fireworks disaster in the Netherlands. In children and EMDR (J. Morris-Smith). Symposium conducted at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, Stockholm, Sweden.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
In May 2000, a firework depot exploded in the city of Enschede (The Netherlands), leaving 22 people dead, 947 injured, more than 500 houses destroyed, and about 1500 houses significantly damaged. In total, 4, 163 people were affected, including many children and adolescents. Children with chronic posttraumatic stress reactions were referred for treatment to the Ambulant Mental Health Care team un Enschede.
A randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the relative efficacy of EMDR versus a CBT approach for reducing children’s symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety and behavior problems, All participants treated from 2001 to 2003 were included. They received 4 sessions of EMDR and 4 sessions CVBT. Moreover, four sessions of parent guidance were included in both groups. The final N was 57 children (age 3-18).
Assessment took place prior to the intervention, immediately after the intervention and at 3 month follow-up. The main outcome measures were: UCLA PTSD Index (parent, child, and adolescent version), Child Report of Post-traumatic Symptoms (CROPS), the Parent Report of Post-traumatic Symptoms (PROPCS), the Problem Rating Scale (PRS), the Birleson Depression Scale and the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASQ, anxiety).
Also parent-reported psychosocial dysfunction and teacher-reported problems were assessed (Child Behavior Check List: parent form and teacher form and for children aged 11 and older; self-report form). For the youngest (0-6 years) the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC) was included. The date was gathered but not yet analyzed is currently underway.
Keywords: Adolescents CBT Children Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Controlled Comparison Disaster Enschede Fireworks Disaster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium The Netherlands
Accuracy Verified: Yes
44. McGoldrick, T., Brown, K., & Power, K. (2003, May). A controlled comparison of EMDR vs. exposure plus cognitive restructuring vs. waiting list in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. In Advances in EMDR research. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Rome, Italy.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Keywords: Cognitive Restructuring Exposure Symposium Waiting List
Accuracy Verified: Yes
45. Greenwald, R., McClintock, S. D., & Bailey, T. D. (2012, October). A controlled comparison of eye movement desensitization & reprocessing (EMDR) and progressive counting (PC). Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Arlington, VA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
EMDR is the most effctive (Ho & Lee, 2012) and efficient (Greenwald et al, 2012) of the established trauma treatments and it is well tolerated by clients. However, EMDR is complex, making dissemination challenging and expensive (Greenwald, 2066a). PC is simplet, more qickly learned, and had shown promise in case stuidies (Greenwald, 2008a, 2008b) and open trials (Greenwald & Schmidt, 2010). If PC is comprable to EMDR, then dissemination of top-tier trauma treatment can be more economical.
Keywords: Poster Progressive Counting
Accuracy Verified: Yes
46. Power, K. G., McGoldrick, T., & Brown, K. W. (1999). A controlled comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring versus waiting list in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Report to the Scottish Home and Health Department, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Language: English
Format: Publication
Keywords: Adults Brief Psychotherapy British Cognitive Therapy Exposure Therapy Females Males Posttraumatic Stress DIsorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
47. Power, K., McGoldrick, T., Brown, K., Buchanan, R., Sharp, D., Swanson, V., & Karatzias, A. (2002, August). A controlled comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring, versus waiting list in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 9(5), 299-318. doi:10.1002/cpp.341.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
A total of 105 patients with PTSD were randomly allocated to eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) (n = 39) versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring (E + CR) (n = 37) versus waiting list (WL) (n = 29) in a primary care setting. EMDR and E + CR patients received a maximum of 10 treatment sessions over a 10-week period. All patients were assessed by blind raters prior to randomization and at end of the 10-week treatment or waiting list period. EMDR and E + CR patients were also assessed by therapists at the mid-point of the 10- week treatment period and on average at 15 months follow-up. Patients were assessed on a variety of assessor-rated and self-report measures of PTSD symptomatology including the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Impact of Events Scale (IOE) and a self-report version of the SI-PTSD Checklist. Measures of anxiety and depression included the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A measure of social function, the Sheehan Disability Scale, was also used. Drop-out rates between the three groups were 12 EMDR, 16 E + CR, and 5 WL. Treatment end-point analyses were conducted on the remaining 72 patients. Repeated measures analysis of variance of treatment outcome at 10 weeks revealed significant time, interaction, and group effects for all the above measures. In general there were significant and substantial pre-post reductions for EMDR and E + CR groups but no change for the WL patients. Both treatments were effective over WL. The only indication of superiority of either active treatment, in relation to measures of clinically significant change, was a greater reduction in patient self-reported depression ratings and improved social functioning for EMDR in comparison to E + CR at the end of the treatment period and for fewer number of treatment sessions for EMDR (mean 4.2) than E + CR (mean 6.4) patients. At 15 months follow-up treatment gains were generally well-maintained with the only difference, in favour of EMDR over E + CR, occurring in relation to assessor-rated levels of clinically significant change in depression. However, exclusion of patients who had subsequent treatment during the follow-up period diminished the proportion of patients achieving long-term clinically significant change. In summary, at end of treatment and at follow-up, both EMDR and E + CR are effective in the treatment of PTSD with only a slight advantage in favour of EMDR. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Brief Psychotherapy British Cognitive Therapy Exposure Therapy Females Males Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
48. Bauman, W., & Melnyk, W. (1994, Mar). A controlled comparison of eye movements and finger tapping in the treatment of test anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 29-33. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90060-4.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
15 pairs of introductory statistics students, matched on initial test anxiety, were randomly assigned to eye movement desensitization (EMD) or control (finger tapping) conditions to test whether EMD effectively treats test anxiety and, if so, whether eye movement is the critical factor. Both groups had significant decreases in subjective units of disturbance during treatment, suggesting that another source of attenuation of elicited anxiety may be as effective as eye movement in reducing anxiety. There was a significant decrease in Test Anxiety Inventory Emotionality Scale scores from pretest to follow up for both groups, but mixed results on the Worry Scale and total anxiety scores. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Anxiety Disorders College Students EMD Life Experiences Survivor Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
49. Greenwald, R., McClintock, S. D., & Bailey, T. D. (In press). A controlled comparison of progressive counting and eye movement desensitization & reprocessing. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma.
Language: English
Format: Other
Abstract:
Ten therapists who were already trained and experienced in eye movement desensitization
& reprocessing (EMDR) received training in progressive counting (PC), a newer trauma
resolution method. Nineteen volunteers with single-incident trauma or loss were assigned to a
therapist and then randomized to treatment condition; 15 completed treatment to termination
criteria or until the fourth session. Participants in both conditions experienced significant
reductions in PTSD symptoms, memory-related distress, and presenting problems at one week
post-treatment, maintained at 12-week follow-up, with no significant differences in outcomes,
treatment efficiency, or dropout rate. The preliminary findings of this pilot study suggest that PC
is an efficient, well-tolerated, and effective trauma treatment that is relatively easy for therapists to
master.
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Exposure Loss Progressive Counting Trauma Treatment
Accuracy Verified: No
50. Karatzias, T., Power, K., Brown, K., McGoldrick, T., Begum, M., Young, J., Loughran, P., Chouliara, Z., & Adams, S. (2011, June). A controlled comparison of the effectiveness and efficiency of two psychological therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing vs. emotional freedom techniques. Journal of Nervous Mental Disease, 199(6), 372-378. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31821cd262.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The present study reports on the first ever controlled comparison between eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and emotional freedom techniques (EFT) for posttraumatic stress disorder. A total of 46 participants were randomized to either EMDR (n = 23) or EFT (n = 23). The participants were assessed at baseline and then reassessed after an 8-week waiting period. Two further blind assessments were conducted at posttreatment and 3-months follow-up. Overall, the results indicated that both interventions produced significant therapeutic gains at posttreatment and follow-up in an equal number of sessions. Similar treatment effect sizes were observed in both treatment groups. Regarding clinical significant changes, a slightly higher proportion of patients in the EMDR group produced substantial clinical changes compared with the EFT group. Given the speculative nature of the theoretical basis of EFT, a dismantling study on the active ingredients of EFT should be subject to future research.
Keywords: EFT Emotional Freedom Technique Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
51. Heijmans, S. (2008, Januari). Controversie rondom EMDR, Een literatuuronderzoek naar de effectiviteit van EMDR [Controversy surrounding EMDR, a literature review on the effectiveness of EMDR]. Universiteit van Tilburg, Netherlands.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Over de effectiviteit van EMDR bestaat veel controversie. Deze thesis bevat een
kritisch overzicht van de literatuur met betrekking tot de effectiviteit van EMDR. Er wordt
gekeken naar de procedure die EMDR handhaaft en er worden mogelijke verklaringen
gegeven voor de werking van EMDR. Vervolgens wordt de effectiviteit van EMDR
onderzocht bij verschillende soorten aandoeningen en vergeleken met andere
behandelingsvormen. Onderzoek laat zien dat EMDR effectief is bij de behandeling van
PTSS. Ook bij fobieën is EMDR gedeeltelijk effectief. Hier wordt echter voornamelijk een
afname geconstateerd op cognitief niveau en niet gedragsmatig. In vergelijking met
cognitieve gedragstherapie lijkt EMDR evenredig effectief te zijn. Wanneer EMDR echter
vergeleken wordt met exposure therapieën is het niet geheel duidelijk welke
behandelingsvorm het meest effectief is. Exposure therapie is effectiever in de afname van
herbeleving en vermijdingsgedrag, maar EMDR gaat efficiënter te werk. In de discussie
worden vervolgens aanbevelingen gegeven voor toekomstig onderzoek.
There is a lot of controversy about the effectiveness of EMDR. This thesis consists of
a critical overview of the literature concerning the effectiveness of EMDR. First this thesis
will look at the procedure that EMDR maintains and possible explanations for how EMDR
works will be given. Next the effectiveness of EMDR will be researched to see if it differs
between the different diseases. EMDR will also be compared to other treatments. Research
shows that EMDR is an effective treatment when treating PTSD. When treating phobias,
EMDR is partly effective. The effectiveness here is mainly a decrease on a cognitive level and
not a behavioural one. In comparison to CBT EMDR seems to be equally effective. But when
we compare EMDR to exposure treatment it is not fully clear which treatment is the most
effective. Exposure therapy is more effective when it comes to a decrease in reliving and
avoidance, but EMDR has a greater efficiency. At last there will be given recommendations
for future research.
Keywords: Literature Review
Accuracy Verified: Yes
52. Spector, J., & Read, J. (1999, July). The current status of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 6(3), 165-174. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199907).
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR) has increasingly been proposed as an effective therapeutic procedure for post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental health problems. However, views on EMDR in the research literature have been polarized. Reasons for this are explored as is the nature and theoretical basis of EMDR. Fifteen controlled studies thus far published on EMDR and PTSD are reviewed, and it is concluded that (i) EMDR is an effective psychotherapy, (ii) EMDR's relative efficacy in comparison to behavioural exposure therapies has yet to be established, (iii) the role of eye movements and laterality in attentional focus remains controversial and (iv) a direct link between the theoretical basis of the therapy and observable psychological and neurobiological changes has yet to be established. [Wiley]
Keywords: Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Reprocessing Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
53. Rijken, T. A. (2012). De werkzaamheid van eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Ondersteuning voor een afleidingstheorie [The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Support for a theoretical derivation]. Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
De eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) interventie wordt veelvoudig gebruikt in de gezondheidszorg en is een van de meest onderzochte interventies voor posttraumatische stress-stoornis. De populariteit van deze interventie kan mede worden toegeschreven aan de aangetoonde werkzaamheid van EMDR voor het verminderen van traumasymptomen. EMDR is een behandeling die bedoeld is om de helderheid en aversiviteit van traumaherinneringen te verminderen. Tijdens de interventie staat het ophalen van traumatische herinneringen en tegelijkertijd het maken van oogbewegingen centraal. De laatste jaren zijn labstudies toegepast om te achterhalen hoe EMDR precies werkt. Uit deze studies blijkt dat de belasting van het werkgeheugen door een duale taak een belangrijk component van EMDR is. Het werkgeheugen heeft namelijk een beperkte capaciteit. Dit zorgt ervoor dat er minder capaciteit beschikbaar is voor de traumatische herinnering wanneer deze tijdens de behandeling wordt belast met een taak (bv. oogbewegingen). De werkgeheugentheorie is bruikbaar, maar er is wellicht een simpelere verklaring voor de werkzaamheid van EMDR: afleiding. Het is praktisch te weten hoe EMDR werkt zodat er meer duidelijkheid ontstaat over hoe EMDR precies moet worden toegepast. Daarnaast is het begrip van de werking van EMDR belangrijk voor het vaststellen van eventuele bruikbaarheid bij meerdere stoornissen. Het doel van huidig experiment is het kritisch onderzoeken of er een verschil is tussen het ophalen van een negatieve herinnering met een visuele afleidingstaak en het ophalen van een negatieve herinnering met het maken van oogbewegingen op de mate van levendigheid en emotionaliteit. Daarnaast dient het onderzoek als replicatie van Kavanagh et al. (2001) die hetzelfde beoogde te onderzoeken, maar geen rekening hield met de cognitieve belasting van de taken. Uit de resultaten van het huidige onderzoek blijkt dat de oogbewegingstaak en de visuele afleidingstaak verschillen in de mate van vertraging op de reactietijdtaak. De oogbewegingen leiden tot een grotere vertraging. Desondanks laten de resultaten van het experiment zien dat tijdens het toepassen van de interventies de visuele ruis tot grotere reductie van zowel levendigheid als emotionaliteit leidt in vergelijking met de oogbewegingen en het niets doen. Oogbewegingen laten intermediaire resultaten zien. Het lijkt er op dat de resultaten in strijd zijn met de gangbare werkgeheugentheorie en de ‘afleidingstheorie’ ondersteunen als verklaring voor de werkzaamheid van EMDR. Het is wellicht afleiding dat voldoende zou kunnen zijn om de werkzaamheid van EMDR te bewerkstelligen. Meer onderzoek is nodig om deze resultaten te ondersteunen.
The Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) intervention is multiple used in health care and is one of the most studied treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. The popularity of this intervention may also be attributed to the demonstrated efficacy of EMDR for reducing trauma symptoms. EMDR is a treatment designed to reduce the brightness and aversiviteit memories of trauma reduction. During the intervention is retrieving traumatic memories while making eye movements centrally. In recent years labstudies used to determine how EMDR works. These studies show that the load on working memory by a dual task is an important component of EMDR. The memory has a limited capacity ie. This ensures that there is less capacity available for the traumatic memory during treatment when it is subjected to a task (eg eye movements). The working memory theory is useful, but there may be a simpler explanation for the efficacy of EMDR: distraction. It is practical to know how EMDR works so that more clarity about exactly how EMDR should be applied. In addition, the concept of the operation of EMDR important for determining the potential usefulness in multiple disorders. The purpose of the present experiment is to critically examine whether there is a difference between getting a negative memory with a visual distraction task and retrieval of a negative memory making eye movements on the degree of vividness and emotionality. Research must also as a replication of Kavanagh et al (2001) that the same was intended to investigate, but took no account of the cognitive load of the tasks. The results of the present study show that the oogbewegingstaak and visual distraction task differences in the extent of delayed response task. The eye movements lead to a longer delay. Nevertheless, the results of the experiment show that while applying the intervention visual noise to greater reduction in both vividness and emotionality results in comparison with the eye movements and do nothing. Eye movements show intermediate results. It seems that the results are contrary to the usual working memory theory and the "distraction theory 'support as an explanation for the efficacy of EMDR. It might distractions that may be sufficient to establish the efficacy of EMDR to achieve. More research is needed to support these results.
Keywords: Theory Derivation Working Memory Theory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
54. Wagner, F. (2004). Die wirksamkeit von eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) bei der posttraumatischen belastungsstorung im vergleich zu kontrollbedingungen und kognitiv-behavioralen therapien: Eine metaanalytische untersuchung [Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for post-traumatic stress disorder compared with control conditions, and cognitive-behavioral therapies]. Zugl: Heidelberg. doi:volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5803 . --.
Language: German
Format: Book
Abstract:
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Metaanalyse war es, die Wirksamkeit von EMDR und kognitiv-behavioralen Therapieverfahren bei der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung mit dem aktuellen Stand an Publikationen metaanalytisch zu untersuchen. In einer umfassenden Literaturrecherche wurden hierfür sowohl publizierte Originalarbeiten als auch unpublizierte Manuskripte recherchiert. Insgesamt gingen 32 Originalstudien in die Metaanalyse ein. 13 der Studien waren reine EMDR-Studien; 7 untersuchten sowohl eine Gruppe mit EMDR als auch eine Gruppe mit kognitiv-behavioraler Therapie. 12 Studien waren reine kognitiv-behaviorale Therapiestudien. Darüber hinaus sollte die Wirksamkeit unter dem Gesichtspunkt der verschiedenen PTSD- und komorbiden Symptomatiken betrachtet werden. In einem weiteren Schritt wurde EMDR direkt mit kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Behandlungsmethoden verglichen.
Effektstärken wurden sowohl für die PTSD-Symptomkategorien Intrusionen, Vermeidung und erhöhtes Arousal als auch für die komorbiden Symptome Angst und Depression berechnet. Die Berechnung der Effektstärken erfolgte anhand von standardisierten Mittelwertsvergleichen. Neben dem direkten Vergleich von EMDR mit kognitiv-behavioralen Therapieansätzen bzw. von EMDR und kognitiv-behavioraler Therapie mit Kontrollgruppen (Post-/Post-Vergleich) wurden auch die Veränderungen innerhalb der Behandlungsgruppen berechnet (Prä-/Post-Vergleich). In den Post-/Post-Vergleich gingen nur kontrollierte und randomisierte Originalstudien ein. In den Prä-/Post-Vergleich hingegen wurden auch Ein-Gruppen-Studien aufgenommen. Als Effektmaß wurde Hedges´d verwendet.
Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass sowohl EMDR als auch die kognitiv-behaviorale Therapie wirksam in der Behandlung der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung sind. Beide Verfahren reduzieren in klinisch bedeutsamem Umfang, sowohl unmittelbar als auch lang anhaltend, die PTSD-Symptomatiken Intrusionen, Vermeidung und erhöhtes Arousal. Darüber hinaus führen beide Behandlungsmethoden auch zu einer Reduktion der komorbiden Symptomatiken Angst und Depression. Die Effektivität beider Verfahren zeigt sich hierbei sowohl im Prä-/Post-Vergleich als auch im direkten Post-/Post-Vergleich mit einer Kontrollbedingung. Darüber hinaus ergibt sich eine ähnlich hohe Wirksamkeit von EMDR und kognitiv-behavioraler Therapie, sowohl im Vergleich der Prä-/Post-Effektstärken als auch im direkten Post-/Post-Vergleich. Dennoch scheint es unterschiedliche Einflussfaktoren zu geben, welche die Therapieeffektivität sowohl bei EMDR als auch bei kognitiv-behavioraler Therapie beeinflussen. Aufgrund der geringen Studienzahl lassen sich diese Faktoren jedoch nicht näher untersuchen. Des Weitern zeichnen sich Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Effizienz der beiden Therapieformen ab: So beträgt die durchschnittliche Behandlungsdauer bei EMDR 5 Sitzungen, bei der kognitiv-behavioralen Therapie hingegen 8 Sitzungen. Darüber hinaus ist die Expositionsdosis bei den kognitiv-behavioralen Therapien höher als bei EMDR.
Die Befunde zur Wirksamkeit der bilateralen Stimulation sind hingegen weniger eindeutig. Allerdings sind Studien, welche den Versuch unternehmen, die Augenbewegungen bei Personen mit PTSD isoliert zu betrachten, oftmals von erheblichen methodischen Mängeln gekennzeichnet. Einzelne Befunde und Modellvorstellungen zur Rolle der bilateralen Stimulation beim EMDR werden im Diskussionsteil erörtert.
The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the efficacy of EMDR and cognitive-behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder with the current meta-analysis of publications. In a comprehensive literature search for this original work, both published and unpublished manuscripts were researched. A total of 32 original studies were included in the meta-analysis. 13 of the studies were pure EMDR studies; 7 examined both a group and a group with EMDR with CBT. 12 studies were purely cognitive-behavioral therapy studies. Moreover, the effectiveness should be considered in the light of various PTSD and comorbid symptomatology. In a further step EMDR was compared directly with cognitive-behavioral treatment methods. Effect sizes were calculated for both the PTSD symptom categories intrusions, avoidance and increased arousal as well as the comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression. The calculation of effect sizes was based on standardized mean comparisons. In addition to the direct comparison of EMDR with cognitive-behavioral therapy approaches and EMDR and CBT with control groups (Post-/Post-Vergleich) and the changes within the treatment groups were calculated (Prä-/Post-Vergleich). In the only controlled and randomized Post-/Post-Vergleich original studies were submitted. In contrast Prä-/Post-Vergleich also single-group studies were included. Hedges'd was used as a measure of effect. The results suggest that both the EMDR and cognitive-behavioral therapy are effective in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Both methods reduce in clinically relevant extent, both immediate and long lasting, the PTSD symptomatology intrusions, avoidance and increased arousal. In addition, both treatments lead to a reduction in comorbid anxiety and depression symptomatology. The effectiveness of both methods is shown here both in Prä-/Post-Vergleich as well as direct Post-/Post-Vergleich with a control condition. Moreover, there is a similar level of effectiveness of EMDR and CBT, both in comparison to the Prä-/Post-Effektstärken as well as direct Post-/Post-Vergleich. Nevertheless, there seems to be different factors that influence the effectiveness of both EMDR therapy as well as cognitive-behavioral therapy. Due to the small number of studies, these factors can, however, examine in detail. Weitern the distinguished differences in the efficiency of the two forms of therapy from: Thus, the average duration of treatment with EMDR is 5 sessions in cognitive-behavioral therapy, however, 8 sessions. In addition, the exposure dose in the cognitive-behavioral therapies is higher than EMDR.
The findings on the effectiveness of bilateral stimulation, however, are less clear. However, studies that attempt to isolate the eye movements with PTSD in persons often characterized by significant methodological flaws. Individual findings and concepts on the role of bilateral stimulation in EMDR are discussed in the discussion section.
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
55. Baardseth, T. P. (2012, May). Direct comparisons of cognitive-behavioral treatments and bona fide non-cognitive-behavioral treatments for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Despite growing evidence that all treatments intended to be therapeutic (i.e., bona fide
treatments) are equally efficacious, the question of relative efficacy persists. In fact, cognitivebehavioral
treatments (CBT) have gained a more favorable status over non-CBT treatments for
adult anxiety disorders. However, the assertion that CBT treatments are superior is premature
due to conceptual and methodological issues affecting the extant CBT research. This metaanalysis
addressed these limitations by consensually identifying CBT treatments and determining
the true relative efficacy of bona fide CBT and bona fide non-CBT treatments for adult anxiety
disorders. The study employed strict inclusion criteria to identify randomized clinical trials that
contained at least one direct comparison of a bona fide CBT treatment and a bona fide non-CBT
treatment. Additionally, 91 CBT experts from the Association of Behavioral and Cognitive
Therapists (ABCT) were surveyed to identify the bona fide treatments as CBT or non-CBT.
Thirteen clinical trials met inclusion criteria. CBT treatments and non-CBT treatments were
found to be equally efficacious across targeted and non-targeted outcome measures. Additional
analyses revealed that researcher allegiance did not account for the significant heterogeneity. The
results are consistent with the increasing evidence for uniform efficacy among treatments
intended to be therapeutic, and stand in contrast to assertions for the superiority of CBT
treatments for adult anxiety. This meta-analysis contributes to the growing body of research
revealing that a particular therapeutic approach is not more effective than another treatment
when intended to be therapeutic.
Keywords: Adults Anxiety Disorders Meta-Analysis
Accuracy Verified: Yes
56. de jongh, A., & ten Broeke, E. (2007, Februrari). Een cursus in pseudowetenschap [A course in pseudoscience]. De Psycholoog, 42(2), 87-89.
Language: Dutch
Format: Magazine
Abstract:
In het decembernummer van De Psycholoog, maakte Willem van der Does een vergelijking tussen de miraculeuze negentiende-eeuwse behandelmethode van het 'dierlijk magnetisme' en het hedendaagse Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Met onderstaande bijdrage geven De Jongh en Ten Broeke te kennen dat zij zich in het geheel niet kunnen vinden in Van der Does' betoog.
In the December issue of The Psychologist, Willem van der Does was a comparison between the nineteenth-century miraculous treatment method of "animal magnetism" and the contemporary eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). To give the following contribution Jongh and Ten Broeke indicated that they are completely unable to find Van der Does' case.
Keywords: Pseudoscience
Accuracy Verified: Yes
57. Lee, C. W., & Drummond P. D. (2008, June). Effects of eye movement versus therapist instructions on the processing of distressing memories. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(5), 801-808. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.08.007.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The effectiveness of components of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was tested by randomly assigning 48 participants to either an eye movement or an eye stationary condition and to one of two types of therapist instructions (reliving or distancing). Participants were university students (mean age 23) who were asked to recall a personal distressing memory with measures of distress and vividness taken before and after treatment, and at follow-up. There was no significant effect of therapist's instruction on the outcome measures. There was a significant reduction in distress for eye movement at post-treatment and at follow-up but overall no significant reduction in vividness. Post hoc analysis revealed a significant reduction in vividness only for the eye movement and distancing instruction condition. The results were consistent with other evidence that the mechanism of change in EMDR is not the same as traditional exposure.
Keywords: Empirical Study Eye Movement Follow-Up Study Quantitative Study Randomized Comparison
Accuracy Verified: Yes
58. Largo-Marsh, L. K., & Spates, C. R. (2002, December). The effects of writing therapy in comparison to EMD/R on traumatic stress: The relationship between hypnotizability and client expectancy to outcome. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 33(6), 581-586. doi:10.1037//0735-7028.33.6.581.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Many psychologists encourage clients to engage in journal writing to supplement individual psychotherapy. Empirical evidence supports the use of writing when targeted at traumatic memories. The most thoroughly researched writing strategy suggests that writing is most effective when it targets a specific memory along with the emotional components of that memory. Effective writing therapy is thus procedurally similar to effective exposure therapy for fear and traumatic memories. This investigation examined structured writing as a self-contained treatment by comparing it to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and it was found to be effective. [Adapted from Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Therapeutic Writing Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
59. Lee, C. (2006, May). Efficacy and mechanisms of action of EMDR as a treatment for PTSD. Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
The first aim of this thesis was to describe the characteristics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and to elucidate its place as a symptom disorder that sometimes develops when people are exposed to a traumatic event. The current major theoretical approaches to account for why some people who are exposed to trauma develop PTSD and the mechanisms by which this occurs were described. Three classes of theories were reviewed: conditioning/learning approach; information processing theories with a particular focus on the meaning of the trauma event; and biological models with an emphasis on recent neurocircuitry and neurochemistry models.
Successful treatment approaches were then reviewed which indicated two major contenders for the most efficacious treatment for PTSD: traditional cognitive behaviour therapies (CBT) using either stress inoculation or prolonged exposure; and eye movement desensitisation and processing (EMDR). Prior to the first study (Lee, Gavriel, Drummond, Richards, and Greenwald, 2002), a review of the literature indicated equivalent effects for EMDR and CBT. There had been very few direct comparison studies and each had serious methodological flaws, particularly with respect to random assignment and treatment fidelity. Therefore, the first study ensured adequate attention to these areas and involved a direct comparison between the two procedures using a sample of 24 participants diagnosed with PTSD. EMDR and stress inoculation training with prolonged exposure were found to lead to similar symptom improvement at the end of treatment, apart from a slight advantage for EMDR on intrusion symptoms. Both treatments led to significantly greater symptom reduction than a wait list control condition. At follow-up, EMDR led to greater gains on both self-report and observer rated measures of PTSD and self-report measures of depression. Overall, the findings were similar to those described in previously published studies, with a suggestion that EMDR was slightly more efficient than the standard CBT approach.
Given that the evidence suggested that EMDR was a more efficient treatment, it became critical to understand the underlying processes. A process study was undertaken that examined the responses of people with PTSD receiving EMDR treatment (Lee, Taylor, and Drummond, 2006). Guided by process studies of other treatments and theories that might account for why EMDR is effective, participants' responses were examined to see which models better accounted for symptom improvement. The main analysis tested whether or not the responses were consistent with processes that occurred during traditional CBT treatment, which prior research had identified as reliving, or whether they were more consistent with Shapiro's proposal that enhanced information processing occurs because there is a dual focus of attention (that is, the person simultaneously focuses on an external stimulus and on the traumatic memory) (Shapiro, 1995). The responses made by 44 participants were coded by an independent rater according to whether they were primarily reliving, distancing, affect or material other than the primary trauma. The coding system was found to have satisfactory inter-rater reliability. Greatest improvement occurred when the participant processed in a more detached or distant manner, whereas reliving responses were not associated with improvement. Cross-lagged panel correlations suggested that processing in a more detached manner was a consequence of the EMDR procedure rather than a measure that co-varied with improvement. The findings underscored a difference in the processes that underlie EMDR and traditional CBT.
The major question left unanswered from this second study was what causes this distancing process? Competing views were that it was facilitated by eye movement; alternatively, the therapist's instructions to participants might have precipitated this distancing phenomenon. The third study tested these ideas by randomly assigning 48 participants to either an eye movement or a no eye movement condition under two types of therapist instructions (reliving or distancing). Participants recalled personal distressing memories, and measures of distress and vividness were taken after treatment and at follow up. Only the eye movements made a significant difference to people's level of distress.
This conclusion appeared at odds with some of the previous literature that had tested the effects of eye movement on levels of distress. A meta-analysis of some of this research had suggested that there was no significant advantage of including eye movement in EMDR treatment unless the person had been diagnosed with PTSD. However, a close examination of this meta-analysis indicated some major methodological flaws in the computation; therefore, this was recalculated. The conclusion from this fourth study was consistent with study three in that EMDR with eye movement was found to lead to significantly greater improvement that EMDR without eye movement.
The results of these four studies were then discussed in terms of their implications for the theoretical models presented in Chapter 1. Aspects of learning theory that might account for EMDR efficiency were discussed as well as the failure of this model to account for treatment gains following EMDR. Information processing models were seen to better account for some of the phenomena observed in EMDR and for the findings from the four studies. Some suggestions of how eye movements might facilitate improved information processing were presented.
Finally, the relative merits of EMDR and CBT treatments were discussed and suggestions made for when to combine approaches. The conclusions highlight the point that EMDR appears to be the most promising treatment for PTSD.
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
60. Sellers, J. L. (1997, October). Efficacy of the eye movement desensitization procedure as compared to accelerated massed desensitization in the treatment of test anxiety. California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA. ATT 9729659.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
The Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) procedure had been widely promoted as an effective anxiety reducing treatment, yet the methodology of many studies has not been adequate to clearly investigate the procedure (Lohr, Kleinknecht, Conley, Dal Cerro, Schmidt, & Sonntag, 1992) and comparison treatments have been inappropriately applied (Lohr, Kleinknecht, Tolin & Barrett, 1995). This study compared EMDR and Accelerated Massed Desensitization (AMD), which has been empirically supported as a short term intervention in the treatment of test anxiety. All participants were screened for participation and 38 were determined test anxious, according to the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI; Spielberger, 1980). No subjects were involved in any form of relaxation training or taking any medications to reduce anxiety at the time of their participation. All participants were recruited from college and university classes in the Orange and San Bernardino counties and were paid $10 for their participation. Six therapists and the primary investigator conducted therapy sessions for both treatments. All therapists completed the EMDR training, completed relevant reading materials for the AMD procedure, and followed protocols for both procedures throughout the therapy sessions. Participants were randomly assigned to either the EMDR or AMD treatment condition and a therapist. Participants completed the state portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger, 1983) and the Subjective Units of Distress scale (SUD; Wolpe, 1982) measures at pre and post treatment and at pre and post in-class exam. Participants received two sessions of treatment for each of the conditions. This study hypothesized that the EMDR treatment would significantly reduce anxiety as measured by the STAI and the SUD as compared to the AMD treatment. This study also hypothesized that EMDR would significantly reduce anxiety in both treatment and in vivo settings. Supplementary hypotheses predicted that the AMD treatment would reduce anxiety in both the treatment and in vivo settings. Results indicated that students in the AMD condition experienced more anxiety reduction than students in the EMDR condition. However, both treatments were effective in reducing anxiety in both the treatment and in vivo setting, as measured by the STAI and SUD scales. These results suggest that both treatments may be effective for reducing anxiety. However, the AMD treatment led to greater reductions in anxiety, as compared to the EMDR treatment. It is suggested that further research of the EMDR procedure include suitable comparison groups in order to assess its effectiveness and allow clinicians to choose appropriate treatments based on empirical support. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(4-B), Oct 1997, pp. 2139.
Keywords: College or University Students Identified As Test Anxious Efficacy of Eye Movement vs Accelerated Massed Desensitization for Treating Test Anxiety Psychotherapeutic Techniques Sellers Test Anxiety
Accuracy Verified: Yes
61. Greenwald, R. (2002, December). An efficiency statistic for treatment studies. EMDRIA Newsletter, 7(4), 3.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
I recently developed a simple new statistic that can increase the
power to detect the actual effects of EMDR (or any treatment) in a
treatment study. Most treatment studies now report effect sizes,
which, on the specific outcome measure being evaluated, provide a
standardized way of conveying the impact of the treatment, the amount
of the change in the outcome measure. In treatment comparison studies
in which the design specifies that the treatment ends when symptom
reduction criteria are met, the number of sessions to termination is
normally reported. Although these are appropriate outcomes to examine,
when treatment efficiency is divided into two separate findings, the
effect is watered down and may be insufficient for statistical significance.
Thus, mere trends favoring EMDR (or any treatment) cannot be
interpreted with confidence.
Keywords: Treatment Studies
Accuracy Verified: Yes
62. Solomon, R. M., & Shapiro, F. (2008). EMDR and the adaptive information processing model - Potential mechanisms of change. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(4), 315-325. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.315.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapeutic approach guided by the adaptive
information processing (AIP) model. This article provides a brief overview of some of the major
precepts of AIP. The basis of clinical pathology is hypothesized to be dysfunctionally stored memories,
with therapeutic change resulting from the processing of these memories within larger adaptive networks.
Unlike extinction-based exposure therapies, memories targeted in EMDR are posited to transmute during
processing and are then again stored by a process of reconsolidation. Therefore, a comparison and contrast
to extinction-based information processing models and treatment is provided, including implications
for clinical practice. Throughout the article a variety of mechanisms of action are discussed, including
those inferred by tenets of the AIP model, and the EMDR procedures themselves, including the bilateral
stimulation. Research suggestions are offered in order to investigate various hypotheses.
Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model AIP Information Processing Mechanism of Change Psychotherapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
63. Renssen, M. (2000, May 6). EMDR compared with imaginary exposure. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
According to Spector and Read (1999), “EMDR is an effective therapeutic procedure. More direct comparisons are needed with exposure therapies which up till now have generally been considered the most effective approaches to PTSD.” They further state that, “Direct comparisons with exposure therapies would be particularly meaningful and revealing if they were compared with EMDR, if the subjects were single trauma PTSD case and if EMDR were applied both with and without bilateral stimulation” (Spector & Read, 1999, the Current Status of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy).
In this presentation, results of a study will be shown in which EMDR was compared with the imaginary exposure procedure. Twenty-five traffic accident victims with trauma complaints were randomly allocated to either EMDR or imaginary exposure. Ten victims received imaginary exposure according to a protocol of Dancu and Foa, 1992 (translated by Arnst, 1997), while ten participants were treated with EMDR based on the PTSD protocol of Shapiro, 1995 (translated by de Jongh, 1996). In the EMDR group, people were exposed to bilateral sounds. The results were compared with an additional group consisting of 5 trauma clients who were exposed to sounds which were simultaneously presented
Keywords: Comparison Imaginary Exposure
Accuracy Verified: Yes
64. Faretta, E. (2012, March-April). EMDR e la terapia cognitivo-comportamentale nel trattamento del disturbo di panico: Un confronto [EMDR and cognitive-behavioural therapy in the treatment of panic disorder: A comparison]. Rivista di Psichiatria, 47(Supplement 1), 19S-25S. doi: 10.1078/1071.11735.
Language: Italian
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Un confronto tra due trattamenti utilizzati nel disturbo di panico: EMDR, un metodo evidence-based per il PTSD, e la Terapia Cognitivo Comportamentale (CBT), che è oggi considerato l'approccio più efficace psicoterapeutico per questo disordine. Metodo. Al fine di valutare eventuali miglioramento ottenuto dal trattamento adottato, un'analisi descrittiva attraverso l'uso del software SPSS è stata effettuata, su un campione di 20 soggetti, divisi in due gruppi (EMDR e CBT). Risultati. Dai dati ottenuti, una tendenza a migliorare è già chiaro dalla prima valutazione (dopo 12 sedute), in tutte le prove proposte. Il progresso sintomatica è risultato essere molto simile nei due gruppi a confronto. EMDR trattamento sembra però avere un progresso più veloce nella riduzione dei sintomi che viene mantenuta nel tempo, come evidenziato al follow-up. Conclusione. Dai risultati hanno mostrato, è possibile confermare che entrambi i trattamenti sono efficaci per la risoluzione di un disturbo di panico, anche se alcune differenze tra i due terapie sono chiari, sia dal sintomatico e un punto di vista temporizzazione. Così, si suggerisce di portare avanti la ricerca in questo settore di interesse.
A comparison between two treatments used in the Panic Disorder: EMDR, an evidence-based method for PTSD, and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), which is nowadays considered the most effective psychotherapeutic approach for this disorder. Method. In order to evaluate any improvement obtained from the adopted treatment, a descriptive analysis through the use of the SPSS software has been carried out, on a sample of 20 subjects, divided in two groups (EMDR and CBT). Results. From the data obtained, a tendency to improve is already clear from the first evaluation (after 12 sessions), in all the proposed tests. The symptomatic progress turned out to be quite similar in the two compared groups. EMDR treatment however seems to have a faster progress in symptom reduction which is maintained over time, as evidenced at follow-up. Conclusion. From the showed results, it is possible to confirm that both treatments are effective for the resolution of a Panic Disorder, even if some differences between the two therapies are clear, both from a symptomatic and a timing point of view. So, it is suggested to carry on the research in this area of interest.
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Panic Disorder
Accuracy Verified: Yes
65. Goldstein, A. J., de Beurs, E., Chambless, D., & Wilson, K. (2000, December). EMDR for panic disorder with agoraphobia: Comparison with waiting list and credible attention-placebo control conditions. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 68(6), 947-956.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
In a randomized controlled trial, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) was compared with both waiting list and credible attention-placebo control groups. EMDR was significantly better than waiting list for some outcome measures (questionnaire, diary, and interview measures of severity of anxiety, panic disorder, and agoraphobia) but not for others (panic attack frequency and anxious cognitions). However, low power and, for panic frequency, floor effects may account for these negative results. Differences between EMDR and the attention-placebo control condition were not statistically significant on any measure, and, in this case, the effect sizes were generally small (eta2 = .00-.06), suggesting the poor results for EMDR were not due to lack of power. Because there are established effective treatments such as cognitive-behavior therapy for PDA, these data, unless contradicted by future research, indicate EMDR should not be the first-line treatment for this disorder. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults African Americans Asian Americans Empirical Study European Americans Panic Disorder Phobia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
66. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N. L., & Muroaka, M. Y. (1995, June). EMDR in combat-related PTSD: A controlled study. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
In view of potential, but largely undocumented benefits of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as an intervention for PTSD in combat veterans, in our laboratory a study of EMDR treatment included (1) randomized patient assignment, (2) clinically appropriate comparison (treatment and control) groups, (3) a 12-session EMDR protocol administered by experienced, EMDR trained clinicians, and (4) extensive clinical assessment, including physiological evaluation at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Thirty-five veterans who met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD completed an extensive multimodal assessment protocol. Assessment instruments included: The Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD, the Impact of Events Scale (IES), the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), a self-rating of overall severity of "PTSD symptoms," the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventories (STAI). In addition, each subject completed a Stressful Scene Construction Questionnaire (SSCQ) in which scripts of specific traumatic combat incidents were prepared for presentation during psychophysiological assessment. Following pre-assessment, a subset of the subjects constituted a waiting list control (CON, N = 12). Routine clinical care for these subjects was available at the VA Medical Center. Seven of these subjects also participated in group sessions for discussion of PTSD designed as an attentional control. There were no differences between the two control subgroups and their data was combined for all subsequent analyses. For the treatment groups, subjects assigned to the EMDR (EMD, N = 10) and relaxation (RXT, N = 13) groups were seated in a semi-reclined chair and continuous measures were taken of muscle tension levels (four sites), hand temperature, skin conductance levels, heart rate, and blood pressure. For all subjects, there were 20 minutes in each of the baseline sessions with no additional stimuli presented. At the end of session 2 of baseline, the patients remained in the experimental room and were assessed for an additional 20 minutes (pre-treatment) during which the SSCQ scripts also were presented. There were two sessions per week with a minimum of one day between sessions. Each subsequent treatment session for the EMD and RXT subjects was approximately 60 minutes in duration, allowing for set-up time and briefing. In the EMD group, a standard protocol for the EMDR interventions was administered, including periodic SUDS ratings and VoC scaling of combat and related images and cognitions (cf Shapiro, 1995). In the RXT group, home relaxation tapes and biofeedback on four sites (face, neck, arm, and back) to assist lowered muscle tension were provided. Following 12 treatment sessions (post-treatment), and again after three months (follow-up) the psychometric instruments and psychophysiological assessment were readministered using the format outlined above. Relative to the other conditions, the EMDR treatment produced substantially more positive clinical effects at post-treatment and follow-up. Comparing the EMD group to the CON group, significant effects (p<.05 or better) were obtained on measures of PTSD including the Mississippi and PTSD symptoms self-rating, and on the Beck and STAI-Trait. Comparing the EMD group to the RXT subjects, significant differences were found on the Mississippi, the IES-Intrusion scale, the CAPS, PTSD symptoms ratings, and the STAI-Trait scale. No differences were obtained on any of the physiological measures. Therefore, the present results support the effectiveness of EMDR with combat veterans with chronic PTSD. The data strongly suggest that some previous negative results obtained when EMDR was applied to chronic and severe combat PTSD may have resulted from methodological artifacts, such as inadequate amount of treatment and therapist inexperience. While the failure to find physiological effects is consistent with results of other controlled treatment exposure trials in PTSD, this finding raises clinical and conceptual questions with respect to the arousal component of the disorder.
Keywords: Combat Controlled Study
Accuracy Verified: Yes
67. Jarero, I., Amaya, C., Givaudan, M., & Miranda, A. (2013). EMDR individual protocol for paraprofessional use: A randomized controlled trial with first responders. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7(2), 55-64. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.7.2.55.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) individual protocol for paraprofessional use in acute trauma situations (EMDR-PROPARA) is part of a project developed at the initiative of Dr. Francine Shapiro. This randomized clinical trial examined the effectiveness of the protocol administered by experienced EMDR therapists. There were 39 traumatized first responders on active duty randomly assigned to receive two 90-min sessions of either EMDR-PROPARA or of supportive counseling. Participants in the EMDR-PROPARA group showed benefits immediately after treatment, with their scores on the Short PTSD Rating Interview (SPRINT) showing further decreases at 3-month follow-up. In comparison, supportive counseling participants experienced a nonsignificant decrease after treatment and an increase in the SPRINT scores at the second follow-up. The significant difference between the two treatments provides preliminary support for EMDR-PROPARA's effectiveness in reducing severity of posttraumatic symptoms and subjective global improvement. More controlled research is recommended to evaluate further the efficacy of this intervention.
Keywords: Acute Trauma Early Psychological Intervention First Responders Peer Support
Accuracy Verified: No
68. Bossini, L., Tavanti, M., & Costrogiovanni, P. (2008, June). EMDR treatment for PTSD: Effect on hippocampal volume. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Animal and human subjects studies have shown that psychotropic drugs promote hippocampus neurogenesis
and block or modulate the effects of stress on the hippocampus. However, the only study that has investigated
the effects of psychotherapy on hippocampus volume failed to show any volumetric increase (1). Purpose of the
Study: Aim of the study is to assess the effects of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
treatment on hippocampal volume and on PTSD symptoms in ten drug-free patients with Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD). Methods Used: First, we have compared hippocampal volumes of 10 drug-free patients with
chronic PTSD to 10 case-matched non-PTSD comparison subjects. PTSD diagnosis and severity were established
by the administration the Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale (CAPS) (Phase 1). Second,
we have assessed the effect of three months of EMDR treatment on hippocampal volumes and on PTSD
symptoms of 10 outpatients with PTSD (Phase 2). Results: Phase 1 -A p less than .05 was chosen to indicate
statistical significance. The results showed that patients had significantly smaller hippocampal volumes at
baseline compared to the control subjects. Phase 2 - EMDR treatment resulted in a significant increase of right
and left hippocampal volumes and in a significantly decrease of CAPS total score. Conclusions: The first part of
this study confirmed that PTSD patients have smaller hippocampal volumes if compared to comparison subjects.
The second part suggests that EMDR treatment is associated with a significant improvement of PTSD symptoms
and an increase in hippocampal volumes.
Keywords: Hippocampal Volume Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
69. Rogers, S. (2003, September). EMDR versus CBT: A comparison of effect size and treatment time. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Effect Size Poster Treatment Time
Accuracy Verified: Yes
70. Hornsveld, H. (2008, Maart). EMDR werkt! Maar hoe? [EMDR works! But how?]. Presentatie op de derde conferentie van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Ede, Nederland.
Language: Dutch
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Het leidt geen enkele twijfel dat EMDR een effectieve behandelvorm is. EMDR is opgenomen in de guidelines van de International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) waarbij zowel EMDR als Imaginaire Exposure (IE) als ‘treatment of choice’ bij de behandeling van PTSS gelden. Ook in de Nederlandse GGZ-richtlijnen (Trimbos Instituut, 2003) worden EMDR en imaginaire exposure (IE) genoemd als superieure behandelvormen voor PTSS. Rechtstreekse vergelijking van CGt en EMDR leverde echter wisselende resultaten op. Over het geheel genomen kan worden gesteld dat wat betreft effectiviteit er geen duidelijk verschil is vastgesteld tussen CGt en EMDR.
Dit is opvallend, omdat de procedures en de veronderstelde werkingsmechanismen bij IE en EMDR duidelijk verschillen. Bij IE wordt reliving essentieel geacht en bij EMDR distancing. Hier is echter nog nauwelijks expliciet onderzoek naar gedaan; het meeste onderzoek heeft zich tot nu toe gericht op de effectiviteit van EMDR en op de rol van de BLS. In deze presentatie zullen drie eigen experimenten worden besproken die worden uitgevoerd met masterstudenten van de Universiteit Utrecht naar het effect van reliving versus distancing. Het onderzoek bouwt voort op het werk van de Chris Lee en zijn collega’s. (Lee et al 2006)
In het onderzoek worden 3 experimenten uitgevoerd, waarbij de variabele distancing en reliving worden gevarieerd. Verondersteld wordt (vanuit de EMDR visie) dat responses tijdens de desensitisatiefase, die getuigen van distancing leiden tot meer verbetering dan responses die getuigen van reliving. Een tweede onderzoeksvraag die wij beogen te beantwoorden is of dit verschil groter is voor narigheid uit het domein “zelfwaardering” dan voor narigheid uit het “domein controle en machteloosheid”. Een derde onderzoeksvraag betreft de vraag of een verhoogde parasympatische (arousal onderdrukkende) activiteit (een reeds aangetoond effect van BLS) samengaat met veranderingen in SUD-niveau en levendigheid van de herinneringen.
De workshop is bedoeld voor therapeuten die geïnteresseerd zijn in de achtergronden van EMDR. Op zo eenvoudig mogelijke wijze zal een overzicht worden gegeven van de “state of the art” met betrekking tot de veronderstelde werkingsmechanismen. Dit zal worden geïllustreerd met bovengenoemd onderzoek en videomateriaal. Aan het eind van de workshop zal de therapeut zijn cliënten en collega’s iets meer kunnen zeggen dan “ dat EMDR de verwerking stimuleert door de linker en de hersenhelften beter te laten samenwerken, waardoor gevoel en verstand beter met elkaar verbonden raken.”
There is no doubt that EMDR is an effective form of treatment. EMDR is included in the guidelines of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) where both EMDR and imaginal exposure (IE) as treatment of choice in the treatment of PTSD are. Also in the Dutch mental health care directives (Trimbos Institute, 2003) are EMDR and imaginal exposure (IE) identified as superior forms of treatment for PTSD. Direct comparison of CBT and EMDR yielded mixed results, however. Overall it can be stated that in terms of effectiveness there is no clear difference observed between CBT and EMDR.
This is striking because the procedures and mechanisms assumed by IE and EMDR markedly different. When IE is reliving considered essential to EMDR and distancing. There is still little research has been done explicitly, most research has hitherto focused on the effectiveness of EMDR and the role of the BLS. This presentation will discuss three own experiments conducted with master students of the University of Utrecht to the effect of relieving versus distance. The research builds on the work of Chris Lee and his colleagues. (Lee et al 2006)
In the study, three experiments, with variable distancing and reliving be varied. It is assumed (from the EMDR vision) that responses during desensitisatiefase, evidence of distancing lead to more improvement than responses that show reliving. A second research question we seek to answer is whether this difference is in trouble from the domain "esteem" than for trouble from the "domain control and powerlessness". A third research question concerns whether an increased parasympathetic (arousal suppressive) activity (an effect already demonstrated BLS) is associated with changes in SUD level and vividness of the memories.
The workshop is designed for therapists interested in the backgrounds of EMDR. In the simplest possible manner, an overview of the state of the art "regarding the supposed mechanisms of action. This will be illustrated with the above study and video material. At the end of the workshop, the therapist will have clients and colleagues can say little more than "that EMDR stimulates the processing by the left and the brain work better together, making sense and intellect more interrelated."
Accuracy Verified: Yes
71. Solomon, R. M., & Shapiro, F. (2010). EMDR y el modelo de procesamiento adaptativo de la informacion (PAI) mecanismos potenciales de cambio [EMDR and adaptive model of information processing (AIP) potential mechanisms of change]. Revista de Psicopterapia, 20(80), 17-37.
Language: Spanish
Format: Journal
Abstract:
La desensibilización y reprocesamiento mediante movimientos oculares (EMDR) es un abordaje terapéutico que está guiado por el modelo de procesamiento adaptativo de la información (PAI). Este artículo proporciona una breve visión de conjunto de algunos de los principales preceptos del PAI. Se plantea la hipótesis de que la base de la patología clínica radicaría en los recuerdos almacenados disfuncionalmente, derivándose los resultados terapéuticos obtenidos del procesamiento de tales recuerdos dentro de redes adaptativas mayores. A diferencia de las terapias de exposición basadas en la extinción, se postula que los recuerdos considerados como diana en el EMDR pueden sufrir la transmutación durante el procesamiento para ser luego almacenados nuevamente durante el proceso de reconsolidación. Por ello, se proporciona una comparación y un contraste con los modelos de procesamiento de la información basados en la extinción como así también el tratamiento, que incluye las repercusiones que puede tener para la práctica clínica. A lo largo del artículo se comenta una diversidad de mecanismos de acción, incluidos aquellos que se deducen de los principios del modelo PAI como de los propios procedimientos del EMDR, entre los que figura la estimulación bilateral. A fin de investigar las diversas hipótesis, se ofrecen sugerencias de investigación.
"Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapeutic approach guided by the adaptive information processing (AIP) model. This article provides a brief overview of some of the major precepts of AIP. The basis of clinical pathology is hypothesized to be dysfunctionally stored memories,with therapeutic change resulting from the processing of these memories within larger adaptive networks. Unlike extinction-based exposure therapies, memories targeted in EMDR are posited to transmute during processing and are then again stored by a process of reconsolidation. Therefore, a comparison and contrast to extinction-based information processing models and treatment is provided, including implications for clinical practice. Throughout the article a variety of mechanisms of action are discussed, including those inferred by tenets of the AIP model, and the EMDR procedures themselves, including the bilateral stimulation. Research suggestions are offered in order to investigate various hypotheses."
Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP Mechanisms of Change
Accuracy Verified: Yes
72. 謝馨儀.[Xie Xinyi] (1999, 2011). EMDR介入PTSD治療歷程與效果之個案研究 [EMDR treatment of PTSD intervention process and the effect of case studies]. National Taiwan Normal University, Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, Taiwan.
Language: Chinese
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
視為一個較新起源於西方國家，眼動脫敏和再加工治療（EMDR）已被證明效率大量的研究。然而，由於這樣的事實，在台灣沒有太多的相關研究，這項研究的目的是在心理治療，EMDR的申請在台灣未來的探索實踐。通過客戶的積極治療和比較 EMDR的干預之前和之後的創傷後應激障礙（PTSD）治療的結果，預計 EMDR將實行更在心理治療領域，從而分散在台灣。 （作者摘要）
Regarded as one newer therapy originated from Western countries, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been proven efficient by numerous researches. However, due to the fact that there is not much related research in Taiwan, this study aims at a psychological therapy practice applying EMDR in Taiwan for the future exploration. Via a client’s positive result from the therapy and the comparison before and after the intervention of EMDR to the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) therapy, it is anticipated that EMDR will be practiced more in the psychotherapeutic field and thus dispersed in Taiwan. (Author abstract)
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
73. Cuijpers, A. (2012). EMDR: Experimentele studie naar de werkgeheugentheorie en introductie van de afleidingstheorie [EMDR: Experimental study of the working memory theory and introduction of the distraction theory]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement and Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) is al jaren een veelgebruikte
behandelmethode voor Post-traumatische Stresstoornis (PTSS). In voorgaande
onderzoeken werd een verklaringsmechanisme voor het effect van EMDR aangetoond, de
werkgeheugentheorie. Deze studies lieten zien dat de kenmerkende oogbewegingen (EM)
van EMDR als secundaire taak, tijdens het ophalen van de negatieve herinnering, zorgen
voor een afname van emotionaliteit en levendigheid. Dit doordat beide taken competeren
voor het werkgeheugen welke slechts een beperkte capaciteit heeft. Deze studie
onderzoekt een nieuwe theorie, de afleidingstheorie, welk gebruik maakt van visuele ruis
(VN) als alternatieve secundaire taak. Huidig onderzoek richt zich op de vraag of EMDR
verklaard kan worden volgens de actieve werkgeheugen belasting van de EM-taak of
volgens de passieve belasting van de VN-taak. Om beide condities te vergelijken werd
middels een pilot de mate van cognitieve belasting gelijk gemaakt. Aan deze pilot namen
10 participanten deel. Uit de resultaten bleek dat een vertraagde cyclus van 8 seconde
voor een gelijke belasting zorgde voor alle condities.
In totaal namen er 30 participanten aan dit onderzoek deel. Het eerste deel van het
onderzoek bestond uit een reactietijdtijdtaak (RT) bestaande uit RT alleen, RT+EM en
RT+VN. Het tweede deel bestond uit het ophalen van de herinnering alleen,
herinneren+EM en herinneren+VN. Tijdens het tweede deel werd tevens bij iedere meting
de emotionaliteit en levendigheid van de herinnering gemeten. De werkgeheugentheorie
voorspelt dat (a) na de interventie de mate van levendigheid en emotionaliteit bij
herinneren + EM significant lager zal zijn voor de interventie en dat (b) de gemiddelde
daling van de score van herinneren + EM in vergelijking met de andere twee condities
groter zal zijn. De afleidingstheorie voorspelt dat (a) na de interventie de mate van
levendigheid en emotionaliteit bij herinneren + VN significant lager zal zijn voor de
interventie en dat (b) het gevonden effect groter is dan herinneren alleen en gelijk aan
herinneren + EM.
Uit de resultaten blijkt dat beide hypothesen niet bevestigd kunnen worden. Er is te zien
dat visuele ruis in vergelijking met de voor- en nameting, tegen de verwachting in, bij
zowel emotionaliteit als levendigheid voor een grotere daling van de scores zorgt in
vergelijking met oogbewegingen en de controleconditie. Wanneer er werd gekeken naar de
tussenmetingen was er te zien dat de scores van visuele ruis (oogbewegingen +
levendigheid) in het midden lagen tussen herinneren alleen en oogbewegingen in.
Verklaringen en aanbevelingen worden besproken.
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been a commonly used method of treatment for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In previous studies, an explanation mechanism for the effect of EMDR demonstrated the working memory theory. These studies showed that the characteristic eye movements (EM) of EMDR as a secondary task during retrieval of negative memories, ensuring a reduction of emotionality and vividness. This is because both tasks compete for the main memory to which only has a limited capacity. This study examines a new theory, the theory derivation, which uses visual noise (UN) as alternative secondary task. Current research focuses on the question whether EMDR can be explained by the active working memory load of the EM task or by the passive load of the UN mission. In order to compare both conditions was a pilot held the degree of cognitive load equal. 10 participants in this pilot took part. The results showed that a delayed cycle of 8 seconds for an equal load caused all conditions. In total there are 30 participants in this study. The first part of the study consisted of a reaction time task (RT) consisting of RT alone, RT + RT + EM and UN. The second part consisted of retrieving the memory only, recall + EM and recall + UN. During the second part was also in each measurement the emotionality and vividness of the memory were measured. The working memory theory predicts that (a) after the intervention the degree of vividness and emotionality in recall + EM significantly lower for the intervention and (b) the average decrease of the score of recall + EM compared to the other two conditions greater will be. The derivation theory predicts that (a) after the intervention the degree of vividness and emotionality in recall + UN significantly lower for the intervention and (b) the observed effect is greater than and equal to only remember remind + EM. The results show that both hypotheses can not be confirmed. It can be seen that visual noise in comparison with the pre-and post-test, contrary to expectation, both emotionality and vividness to a larger decrease in the scores causes compared with eye movements and the control condition. When it was examined between the measurements was to see that the scores of visual noise (eye movements + vividness) in the middle layer between recall and eye movements only in. Statements and recommendations are discussed.
Keywords: Distraction Memory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
74. Hornsveld, H. K., Landwehr, F., Stein. W., Stomp, M. P. H., Smeets, M. A. M., & van den Hout. M. A. (2010). Emotionality of loss-related memories is reduced after recall plus eye movements but not after recall plus music or recall only. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(4), 106-112. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.3.106.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Numerous studies have shown that eye movements during recall of negative memories reduce their emotionality.
We investigated whether these findings can be extended specifically to negative memories of loss.
Sixty undergraduate students participated and recalled a negative autobiographical memory of loss and
performed—in counterbalanced order—three types of tasks: recall-plus-eye-movements, recall-only, and
recall-plus-relaxing-music. Recall-plus-music was added to investigate whether reductions in emotionality
are associated with relaxation. Levels of emotionality, relaxation, and concentration were assessed before
and after each stimulus condition. Participants reported a greater decline in emotionality and concentration
after eye movements in comparison to recall-only and recall-with-music. It is concluded that eye
movements are effective when negative memories pertain to loss and grief, suggesting possibilities for
treatment intervention in individuals suffering from complicated grief.
Keywords: Eye Movements Grief Loss Mechanism of Action Relaxation Working Memory Grief
Accuracy Verified: Yes
75. Crystal, S. (2010, March). Evidence based practice and practice based evidence: Improving effectiveness and efficiency in EMDR practice. Presentation at the 8th EMDR Association UK & Ireland Annual Conference & AGM, Dublin, Ireland.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
There have been over five “gold standard” studies supporting the importance of routine
measurement of outcome in clinical practice. However, no measures that take more than 5
minutes would appeal to clinicians. The Outcome Rating Scale (ORS or Child ORS) and the
Session Rating Scale (SRS or Child SRS) are both four-item measures developed to track
outcome and the therapeutic alliance, respectively. The measures have been tested and
correlated to other reputable measures for their robust reliability, validity and most
importantly feasibility. In addition, these measures are a clinical tool for the EMDR
practitioner as, it takes under a minute to score and, it helps to focus each session on what
is relevant for the client; giving us the opportunity to tailor and pace the protocol to a
better” fit” for each particular client; offering us a chance to improve our drop out rates.
Learning points:
1) Updated research information on the importance of using client’s feedback in
everyday practice;
2) Introduction of brief measures that can have immediate application in your EMDR
practice.
3) Learn about a system that can help you learn about and increase your
effectiveness as a therapist in comparison to a normative data of thousands of
practitioners.
4) How to download for free and to use routine outcome measures to monitor the
quality of the therapeutic relationship and to inform the fit between the EMDR
and the clients’ perceptions.
Keywords: Client Feedback ORS Outcome Measures Outcome Rating Scale Research Session Rating Scale SRS Gold Standard
Accuracy Verified: Yes
76. Renssen, M. R., & Winkel, F. W. (1999). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) bij verkeersslachtoffers met chronische whiplash-klachten: Een exploratieve studie naar het verzachten va traumasymptomen [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in road casualties with chronic whiplash injuries: An exploratory study to alleviate symptoms of trauma]. Directieve Therapie, 19(4), 148-156. doi:10.1007/BF03060223.
Language: Dutch
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Dit onderzoek bij verkeersslachtoffers met whiplash-klachten maakte deel uit van een omvangrijker studie naar de kwaliteit van hulpverlening aan slachtoffers van verkeersongevallen, in het kader van het Achmea-project ‘Kwaliteit Slachtofferhulp’. Gerapporteerd wordt een viertal gevalsbeschrijvingen van patiënten met chronische whiplash-klachten. Vier vrouwen die gemiddeld 22 maanden geleden bij een auto-ongeval betrokken waren, werden tweemaal anderhalf uur behandeld met Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Voor en na de behandeling werden de Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) en de Schokverwerkingslijst (SVL) afgenomen. Vergelijking van voor- en nameting toonde een duidelijke afname van klachten, onder meer op Herbeleving en Vermijding (SVL) en Somatisatie, Angst, Depressie, Slaapproblemen, Wantrouwen en Interpersoonlijke Sensitiviteit (SCL-90). Deze resultaten zijn hoopgevend: EMDR bleek bij te dragen aan een verzachting van traumasymptomen. In verder onderzoek zouden de effecten en onderliggende mechanismen van emdr bij een grotere groep chronische whiplash-patiënten bestudeerd moeten worden.
This study of road accident victims with whiplash injuries was part of a larger study on the quality of assistance to victims of traffic accidents, as part of the Achmea project 'Quality Victim'. Reported four case reports of patients with chronic whiplash injuries. Four women who averaged 22 months ago in a car accident, were two and a half hours with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Before and after treatment were the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) and Shock Treatment List (SVL) decreased. Comparison of pre-and post-test showed a significant reduction of complaints, including the re-experiencing and Avoidance (IES) and Somatization, Anxiety, Depression, Insomnia, Distrust, and Interpersonal Sensitivity (SCL-90). These results are encouraging: EMDR appeared to contribute to an alleviation of trauma symptoms. In further research, the effects and underlying mechanisms of EMDR in a larger group of chronic whiplash patients should be studied.
Keywords: Motor Vehicle Accidents Road Casualties Whiplash
Accuracy Verified: Yes
77. Giannantonio, M. (2001, Augusto). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) e psicoterapia del disturbo post-traumatico da stress: Considerazioni critiche e linee di tendenza [EMDR and PTSD psychotherapy: Critical evaluations and current trends]. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 7(1), 5-23.
Language: Italian
Format: Journal
Abstract:
L'Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) è una forma di psicoterapia relativamente recente nota soprattutto per la sua discussa efficacia nella psicoterapia del Disturbo Post-Traumatico da Stress (PTSD), ma anche per l'accesa polemica che ruota attorno ad essa. Nel presente articolo viene valutata la più recente letteratura sull'efficacia dell'EMDR nella psicoterapia del PTSD, prestando una particolare attenzione alla comparazione con altre forme di psicoterapia ed alle critiche concettuali e metodologiche che sono state rivolte a questa metodica. Una review della letteratura porta con un ragionevole grado di certezza ad affermare l'efficacia dell'EMDR nella psicoterapia del PTSD. È invece necessaria ancora molta ricerca per dipanare le incertezze relative ai meccanismi specifici sui quali si basa l'efficacia dell'EMDR. Vengono infine accennate alcune attuali linee di tendenza nell'evoluzione dell'EMDR.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively recent model of psychotherapy known especially for its controversial effectiveness in PTSD psychotherapy, but also for the intense polemic centred on it. In the present article the most recent literature about effectiveness of EMDR in PTSD psychotherapy is evaluated, paying a particular attention to the comparison with other forms of psychotherapy and to the conceptual and methodological criticisms addressed to this psychotherapeutic approach. A review of literature leads to assert -- with a reasonable degree of certainty -- EMDR efficacy. On the contrary, extensive research is still required to dispel doubts concerning the specific mechanisms on which the efficacy of EMDR is based. Finally, some of the current trends in EMDR development are mentioned. [Author Summary]
Keywords: Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
78. Vyas, K. J. (2008, April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) to decrease human immunodefiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors among Latino men who have sex with men (MSM). Presentation at the National Conference on Undergraduate Research, Salisbury University, MD.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Among Latino MSM, those who have reported early childhood sexual abuse continually report high levels of HIV risk behaviors. The objective of this study was to test if EMDR can be more effective as an HIV risk reduction behavioral intervention than a non-trauma based comparison, the Explore Study intervention. At a university-based outpatient clinic, 35 Latino MSM were randomized into Explore (n=13) and EMDR (n=22). The main outcome measure was a self-report questionnaire assessing unprotected anal sex, number of sexual partners, and use of substances before or during sexual activity during the previous month. Sexual risk behaviors were assessed at baseline, before randomization, and at one week post-intervention. Compared to baseline rates, participants who didn’t report unprotected receptive anal intercourse increased by 11% in Explore and decreased by 12% in EMDR. The corresponding comparisons for number of sexual partners were a 4% increase for Explore and a 41% decrease in EMDR. Explore and EMDR participants showed an increment of 25% and 9%, respectively, in those who denied having used alcohol or drugs before or during sexual activity. Follow-up data at 2 and 6 months post-intervention are being collected. This preliminary analysis suggests that certain HIV risk behaviors can be reduced by EMDR, while others can be equally reduced by more conventional interventions.
Accuracy Verified: No
79. Deen, M. L., & Droogendijk, J. S. (2008, Juli). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Effect van therapeutinstructies op psychologische en fysiologische maten [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Effect of therapist instructions on psychological and physiological measures]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Op basis van eerder onderzoek door Lee en Drummond (2007) heeft dit onderzoek onderzocht de invloed
van de aard van de therapeut instructies (herbeleven en afstand) op de verwerking van pijnlijke herinneringen.
De hypothese was dat afstand instructies, instructies ten opzichte van herbeleven, zou leiden tot een
sterkere daling van subjectieve angst en nowness van het evenement. Bovendien was de verwachting dat
de levendigheid van het evenement zou afnemen tijdens de sessie, ongeacht de instructies. In elke
onder de sympathische en parasympathische activiteit van het zenuwstelsel wordt gemeten. Het was
verondersteld dat de sympathische activiteit zou een sterkere daling in de afstand conditie moet beschikken
in vergelijking met de toestand herbeleven. Een sterkere stijging werd verwacht voor de parasympathische activiteit
in de afstand staat, in vergelijking met de toestand herbeleven. Bovendien, aan het begin van de
zitting van de sympathische activiteit hoger zou zijn in het herbeleven conditie dan in de afstand
voorwaarde dat, in tegenstelling tot de parasympathische activiteit. Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd door en onder
universitaire studenten. Een gedetailleerd protocol - gebaseerd op de originele Eye Movement en Desensibilisatie
Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989) protocol - werd gebruikt. De deelnemers (12 mannen en 24 vrouwen,
gemiddelde leeftijd 22,4 jaar) werden gevraagd om een pijnlijke herinnering roepen, waarna de inhoud van de
geheugen was gedesensibiliseerd door een herbeleving of afstand instructies. De resultaten tonen geen verschil in
doeltreffendheid (Suds, Nowness-Scale en levendigheid) tussen afstand en herbeleven voorwaarden.
Er was ook geen significant verschil gevonden in het sympathische (PEP) en parasympathische (HR-en
RMSSD) activiteit. Mede op basis van de gebruikte maatregelen kan worden geconcludeerd dat de manipulatie van de
voorwaarden is mislukt. Voor toekomstig onderzoek wordt aanbevolen dat het protocol worden uitgebreid en het toevoegen van een
controle conditie aan het onderzoek. [Auteur abstracte]
Based on previous research by Lee and Drummond (2007) this research has examined the influence
of the type of therapist instructions (reliving and distancing) on the processing of distressing memories.
It was hypothesized that distancing instructions, compared to reliving instructions, would cause a
stronger decrease in subjective distress and nowness of the event. Furthermore it was expected that
the vividness of the event would decrease during the session, regardless of the instructions. In every
subject the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity of the nervous system is measured. It was
supposed that the sympathetic activity would have a stronger decrease in the distancing condition
compared to the reliving condition. A stronger increase was expected for the parasympathetic activity
in the distancing condition, in comparison with the reliving condition. Moreover, at the beginning of the
session the sympathetic activity would be higher in the reliving condition than in the distancing
condition, in contrast to the parasympathetic activity. The research has been conducted by and among
university students. A detailed protocol – based on the original Eye Movement Desensitization and
Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989) protocol – was used. Participants (12 males and 24 females,
mean age 22.4 year) were asked to recall a distressing memory, after which the content of the
memory was desensitized by either reliving or distancing instructions. Results show no difference in
effectiveness (SUDS, Nowness-Scale and Vividness) between reliving and distancing conditions.
There was also no significant difference found in the sympathetic (PEP) and parasympathetic (HR and
RMSSD) activity. Partly based on the used measures it can be concluded that the manipulation of the
conditions failed. For future research it is recommended that the protocol be expanded and to add a
control condition to the research. [Author abstract]
Keywords: Physiological Measures Psychological Measures Therapist's Instructions
Accuracy Verified: Yes
80. Shepherd. J., & Stein, K. (1998). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder. Development and Evaluation Committee (Report No. 91). Bristol, UK: South and West Regional Health Authority [Southampton]: Wessex Institute for Health Research and Development.
Language: English
Format: Publication
Abstract:
Objective/Purpose: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new form of psychotherapy designed to alleviate symptoms of anxiety, depression, avoidance of trauma related thoughts and intrusive memories associated with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Under therapist instruction, the patient makes rhythmic eye movements while imagining the traumatic event, designed to facilitate cognitive reprocessing to alleviate stress. Methods: Electronic searching of Medline, PsyClit, Health Star, CCTR, The National Research Register and a range of other databases was conducted. Once trials had been identified, data were extracted and methodological quality assessed. Cost-utility was estimated indirectly through consultation with expert clinicians. Costs per Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) gained were also calculated. Results: 12 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified, comparing EMDR to alternative psychotherapy treatments; variants of EMDR; and to delayed treatment groups in various combinations. The trials are generally small, with partial blinding of outcome assessors, and in some cases with high attrition. Results suggest the EMDR may be effective at reducing symptoms up to 3 months after treatment in comparison to delayed treatment groups. Two studies suggest that EMDR is as effective as other psychotherapy treatments for PTSD, and 3 claim greater effectiveness. Cost per QALY ranged from Pounds 983 to Pounds 20,568. CONCLUSIONS: Further trials are needed with larger samples, and longer post-intervention measurement to assess maximum length of treatment effect, as well as to ascertain the effectiveness of different treatment components.
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
81. Shepherd. J., Stein, K., & Milne, R. (2000, July). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A review of an emerging therapy. Psychological Medicine, 30(4), 863-871.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Background: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new form of psychotherapy for PTSD. We critically reviewed randomized controlled trials of EMDR. Methods: A wide range of electronic databases and reference lists of articles obtained were searched and relevant experts were consulted. Studies were critically appraised according to established criteria. Results: We found 16 published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing EMDR with alternative psychotherapy treatments, variants of EMDR, and with delayed treatment groups. Studies were generally small (mean number of patients = 35) and of variable methodological quality, with only 5 reporting blinding of outcome assessors to treatment allocation, and in some cases with high loss to follow-up. In most cases EMDR was shown to be effective at reducing symptoms up to 3 months after treatment. In one case benefit was maintained up to 9 months and in another (uncontrolled) followup treatment effect was present at 15 months. 2 studies suggest that EMDR is as effective as exposure therapies, 3 claim greater effectiveness in comparison to relaxation training, and 3 claim superiority over delayed treatment groups. Of the studies examining specific treatment components, 2 found that treatment with eyes moving was more effective than eyes fixed, while 3 studies found the two procedures to be of equal effectiveness. CONCLUSION: The evidence in support of EMDR is of limited quality but results are encouraging for this inexpensive, simple therapy. Further research is warranted in larger samples with longer periods of follow-up. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Health Care Costs Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
82. Tye, J. A. (2001, August). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychological traumas: A decade of research in review. United States International University, San Diego, CA. AAT 3006172.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new complex treatment method that incorporates salient aspects of many of the major therapeutic modalities as a treatment for PTSD and other psychological trauma in a civilian population. One of the basic underlying principles is elucidated in the Accelerated Processing Model which posits the ability to access and process dysfunctional perceptions that were stored at the time of the traumatic event. These state-dependent perceptions are considered the primary cause of posttraumatic stress symptomatology.The purpose of this review was to investigate whether the EMDR method is an efficacious treatment for individuals diagnosed with PTSD, as reflected in a critical review of the literature from the initial study conducted in 1989 through 2000. The review included the history and background, development, and research to date of EMDR as a method of treatment for PTSD. A description was provided of the psychometric instruments utilized in the assessment; diagnosis; and measurement of the presence, absence, and level of severity of PTSD symptomatology, as described in the research literature of EMDR. Of special concern was the discrepancy between the diagnostic criteria and the presence, absence, and level of severity of PTSD symptomology as described in the treatment outcomes presented in the literature. Included were criteria for assessment instrument comparison, as well as the current limitations in assessment conformity and methodology which restrict the generalizability and assumptions about the way in which traumatic experiences manifest and influence treatment outcomes. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Empirical Study Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
83. Edmond, T. E. (1998, August). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Evaluating its effectiveness in reducing trauma symptoms in adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. University of Texas at Austin. AAT 9824929.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
The purpose of the study was to evaluate, through the use of a randomized experimental design, the effectiveness of EMDR in reducing trauma symptoms in adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. No EMDR research to date has been exclusively comprised of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, a historically difficult treatment population. Additionally, while numerous clinical accounts of treatment with sexual abuse survivors have been published, controlled treatment research has rarely been done. Of the studies found that examine treatment efficacy exclusively with this population, none involved the use of random assignment.A sample of 60 adult female sexual abuse survivors were selected and randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) individual EMDR treatment; (2) individual eclectic treatment; or (3) delayed treatment control group. The participating survivors' trauma symptoms were measured in pretests and posttests on standardized as well as subjective instruments that measured anxiety, posttraumatic stress, depression, negative beliefs about the sexual abuse, emotional distress and desired positive self beliefs. The survivors in the study assigned to the experimental or comparison treatment groups received six 90 minute individual sessions of either EMDR or eclectic therapy. The delayed treatment control group subjects were pretested, asked to delay treatment for six weeks, and after being post tested were assigned a therapist with which to work. Data analysis consisted primarily of multivariate and univariate analysis of variance. The posttest results indicated that EMDR was very effective in reducing the targeted trauma symptoms compared to the control group. Eclectic therapy at posttest was also found to be very effective, resulting in a lack of statistically significant differences between the experimental and comparison treatments. However, analysis conducted at the three month follow-up revealed that EMDR was significantly more effective than eclectic therapy at maintaining therapeutic gains. The results of this study suggest that while both EMDR and eclectic therapy, when applied as brief psychotherapy models of treatment for survivors, can produce significant alleviation of trauma symptoms, EMDR may provide more enduring resolution. These findings have important implications for both survivors and the service providers available to them. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. 59(2-A), Aug 1998, pp. 0617.
Keywords: Adults Child Abuse Empirical Study Females Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
84. Arnold, A. (2004). Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing and specific state anxiety in female gymnasts. Union Institute and University, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 3122853.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Forty-two female gymnasts ages 10-16 participated in a study to determine the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on state anxiety. Each subject identified excessive anxiety on a gymnastics element resulting from a fall, injury, observed fall, or debilitating repetitive thought process. Subjects were divided into random treatment and control groups. The treatment groups received up to 3 sessions of EMDR. Both process and outcome measures were analyzed using the Subjective Units of Disturbance scale, Validity of Cognitions scale, Sport Competition Anxiety Test, and Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory-2. EMDR was found effective in reducing cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and increasing self-confidence on the targeted element. Comparison over time from pretest to follow-up revealed no significant differences in trait anxiety for either the control or experimental group. Treatment effects of reduced cognitive anxiety, reduced somatic anxiety, and increased validity of positive cognitions were maintained for 90-days following EMDR treatment. Results indicated four processesing patterns facilitating trauma resolution: methodological, transitional object, unfinished business, and insight oriented processing. Recommendations for future research include the use of EMDR with physiological measures of state anxiety, and the replication of the four distinct processing styles found in this research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 65(2-B), 2004, pp. 1020.
Keywords: Anxiety Empirical Study Female Gymnasts Quantitative Study
Accuracy Verified: Yes
85. van der Kolk, B. A. (2010, July). Frontiers of trauma treatment. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
On September 26th 2009 Typhoon Ketsana wrought devastation on parts of the Philippines, Vietnam and Cambodia. Mindful
of the hard lessons learned running a tsunami trauma programme in Thailand in 2005/06 Jane Lopacka, an EMDR therapist
and training facilitator and director of Phnom Penh Counselling Centre, led and supervised a team of Cambodian MA in
Clinical Psychology students who were trained in Part 1 EMDR to provide EMDR treatment to Ketsana victims. The purpose
of this paper is to demonstrate the scope, assessment methods, treatment programme, constraints, financial issues, and
challenges of the programme whilst utilising the lessons learned from Thailand’s Tsunami EMDR trauma programme. The
results regarding the efficacy of EMDR in a Cambodian context will be examined using pre and post treatment data. The
results include a comparison of 4 months post-treatment evaluation compared to an assessment of an equivalent random
number of Ketsana victims from the same and neighbouring villages who did not receive treatment (to be completed in June
2010 as the farming season dictates). This paper will also demonstrate the utilisation of the lessons learned from Thailand’s
Tsunami EMDR programme in a typhoon trauma treatment programme in Cambodia. Also, this being the students’ first
exposure to trauma work using EMDR, this paper will record the experiences of the students involved. By way of conclusion
this paper will identify further lessons learned in Cambodia along with recommendations regarding future feasible and
manageable post-trauma work with limited resources and a small budget in a Southeast context.
Keywords: Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
86. Langwig, K. E. (2008, December). A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy on post-traumatic stress disorder car accident patients: A pilot study. Union College, Schenectady, N.Y.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is a novel therapy that has been effective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Few studies have explored the neurological underpinnings of EMDR effectiveness. Utilizing a symptom provocation study design, this study assessed non-PTSD car accident patients. These pilot participants were scanned for comparison to PTSD patients and to explore the task design effectiveness for the future study of PTSD patients. One pilot participant exhibited activation in the left precuneus, and left medial temporal gyrus, and also in the left medial frontal gyrus. In PTSD patients the medial prefrontal cortex is often hypoactive, and inversely correlated with a hyperactive amygdala. The robust activation of medial frontal gyrus in the pilot subject with a corresponding inactivation of the amygdala indicates the participant's normal processing of the car accident trauma tic memories, and that task design and study parameters are being effectively implemented.
Keywords: Automobile Accidents Car Accidents fMRI Pilot Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
87. van der Does, W. (2006, December). Heeft iedereen gewonnen, en moeten allen prijzen hebben? [Has everyone won, and must all have prizes?]. De Psycholoog, 41(12), 650-657.
Language: Dutch
Format: Magazine
Abstract:
De 'Dodo bird verdict' is al lang de uitkomst van psychotherapie-onderzoek: geen tekort aan behandelingen, maar geen verschillen in effectiviteit. Tegenwoordig (cognitieve) gedragstherapie (CGT) is de behandeling van keuze voor steeds meer en steeds complexere problemen. Van tijd tot tijd, nieuwe oppervlaktebehandeling die claim betere of snellere resultaten. De meeste van deze claims zijn ongegrond en hebben korte halflifes. Echter, EMDR, een behandeling voor Psychotrauma, heeft bereikt mainstream psychologie. Na McNally (1999), een vergelijking is gemaakt met een miraculeuze behandeling die Europa veroverde meer dan twee eeuwen geleden. Geconcludeerd wordt dat EMDR is minder effectief dan wordt beweerd, en dat de effectiviteit ervan is te wijten aan de opname van CBT elementen en de grote rol van placebo factoren in nieuwe behandelingen. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, alle rechten voorbehouden)
The 'Dodo bird verdict' has long been the outcome of psychotherapy research: no shortage of treatments, but no differences in effectiveness. Nowadays (cognitive) behavior therapy (CBT) is the treatment of choice for increasingly more and increasingly complex problems. From time to time, new treatments surface that claim better or faster results. Most of these claims are unfounded and have short halflifes. However, EMDR, a treatment for psychotrauma, has reached mainstream psychology. Following McNally (1999), a comparison is made with a miraculous treatment that conquered Europe more than two centuries ago. It is concluded that EMDR is less effective than has been claimed, and that its effectiveness is due to the incorporation of CBT elements and to the large role of placebo factors in new treatments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Dodo Bird Verdit
Accuracy Verified: Yes
88. Lamprecht, F., Sack, M., & Lempa, W. (2002, November). Improved regulatory capacities after successful treatment of PTSD. Poster presented at the 18th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress, Baltimore, MD.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
We assessed the effects of psychotherapeutic treatment on psychophysiological
hyperarousal and self-regulation during confrontation with a traumatic
reminder in 15 subjects with PTSD before, shortly after EMDR-treatment
and at 6-month follow-up.All subjects underwent a psychphysiological evaluation
with a modified traumascript paradigm including assessment of scriptprovoked
heart rate changes and heart rate variability. Respiratory sinus
arrhythmia (RSA) as the component of heart rate variability closely related
to vagal tone was derived from the time-series of inter-beat intervals via
polynomial band-pass filtering (Porges 1992). Psychometric instruments (IES,
PDS, SUD-Scale) were used to assess treatment outcome.We found a significant
overall reduction in psychometric measures of PTSD-symptomatology
as well as significantly decreased levels of script provoked HR-acceleration
after EMDR-treatment (11.3 ± 10.8 bpm vs. 5.1 ± 5.7 bpm, p < .03). As
expected, traumascript presentation suppressed RSA-levels reflecting the
effect of stress on vagal regulation. In comparison pre- vs. follow-up RSA
increased significantly during baseline (5.06 ± .98 vs. 5.86 ± 1.2, p < .004) as
well as during traumascript (4.55 ± 1.26 vs. 5.55 ± 1.23, p < .02). Our findings
of higher RSA-levels in combination with reduced HR reactions on a traumatic
reminder after successful psychotherapy can be interpreted as a therapy
mediated enhancement of biologically determined self regulation capacities.
Keywords: Poster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
89. Diehle, J., Boer, F., & Lindauer, R. (2012, November). The intact research: Investigating treatments for adolescents and children after trauma – First results from a randomized controlled trial of TFCBT and EMDR. Symposium conducted at the 28th Annual Meeting of the ISTSS, Los Angeles, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Every day, children are exposed to traumatic events. As a result, a significant subgroup of these children
develops post-traumatic stress symptoms and co-morbid problems. Although Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD) is a major problem in children and adolescents, European treatment outcome studies
are still scarce in this population.
The current study is a randomized controlled trial of the Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
(TF-CBT) protocol as designed by Cohen, Mannarino, and Deblinger; and the Dutch eye movement
desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) protocol for children (de Roos, Beer, de Jongh en ten Broeke).
Up to now a direct comparison of these treatment protocols is lacking.
Children between the age of 8 and 18 years with (partial) PTSD were randomly assigned to either 8
sessions TF-CBT or 8 sessions EMDR. In this presentation we will present first results from our trial.
Treatment results will be presented on outcome measures including PTSD-symptoms, co-morbid
symptoms and cognitions.
Keywords: Adolescents Children Randomized Control Trial RCT Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
90. Marcus, S. (2006, September). Integrated EMDR headache treatment. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Forty-three individuals diagnosed with classic or
common migraine were randomly assigned to
either Integrated EMDR treatment or a medication
treatment. lntegrated EMDR combines
diaphragmatic breathing, cranial compression and
EMDR for abortive migraine treatment. Various
abortive medications were used in the comparison
group including Demerol, DHE, oral triptans,
Excedrin, Florinal, Percoset, Toradol and Vicodin.
Participants were treated during mid to late stage
acute migraine and assessed by an Independent
evaluator at pretreatment, post treatment, 24
hours, 48 hours and 7 days for migraine pain level. Both medication and Integrated EMDR treatment
groups demonstrated reduced migraine pain levels
at post treatment, 24 hours, 48 hours and 7 days.
Howevei lntegrated EMDR treatment showed
significantly greater improvement compared to
medication at post treatment. Also, lntegrated
EMDR reduced or eliminated migraine pain level
with greater rapdity than medications. This study
introduces lntegrated EMDR as a new abortive
behavioral treatment for acute migraine episodes.
Keywords: Headache
Accuracy Verified: Yes
91. Cottencin, O. (2008, Juin). Intérêt de l’EMDR dans la prise en charge du traumatisme psychiques [Interest of EMDR in the treatment of psychic trauma]. In J. Geneste (Moderateur) Ivresse et trauma: Un autre regard, Un document présenté a la 10es Journées Scientifiques Internationales des Cump, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
Language: French
Format: Conference
Abstract:
L’EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) est aujourd’hui de plus en
plus inscrite dans le traitement psychothérapeutique de l’état de stress post
traumatique (ESPT) et le monde anglo-saxon nous donne à lire de nombreuses études
contrôlées qui montrent la preuve de son efficacité même en comparaison d’autres
types d’intervention (psychothérapeutiques ou médicamenteuses).
Nous présentons ici les résultats d’une étude Cochrane au sujet de l’efficacité de
cette thérapie. Puis nous exposons l’EMDR tant sur un plan théorique que pratique et
ses parentés avec l’hypnothérapie au regard de son histoire au sein de l’école de Palo
Alto et des liens cliniques et historiques de l’hypnose avec le traumatisme psychique.
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing and) is now more
longer registered in the psychotherapeutic treatment of posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) and Anglo-Saxon gives us to read many studies
controlled evidence showing its effectiveness even in comparison with other
types of interventions (psychotherapeutic or drug).
We present here the results of a Cochrane review on the effectiveness of
this therapy. Then we expose EMDR as a theory and practice and
its kinship with hypnotherapy in terms of its history in the Palo
Alto and links clinical and history of hypnosis with the psychological trauma.
Keywords: Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
92. Kamari, A. Sahragard, M., Zinati, A. (2011, July). The investigating of the effectiveness of eye movmement desensitization and reprocessing on war veterans with PTSD. Poster presentation at the 12th European Congress of Psychology, Istanbul, Turkey.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
The aim of his study was to examine the effectiveness of treatment of Eye Movement
Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on war veterans with Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder. In this Rresearch 14 war veterans with PTSD were selected availability
sampling and divided into 2 groups of: Treatment of EMDR (N=7) and control group
(N=7). Three treatment sessions were individually hold by use of EMDR method, while
control group was waiting. All of the subject was evaluated PTSD Symptom
Scale_Interview (PSS_I) sefore and after the treatment. Analysis of data showed that
comparison with control group the said treatment EMDR Caused a Decrease In PTSD
syndrome. It can be generally noted that experimental groups has been found to be
effective on PTSD among Iranian war veterans.
Keywords: Poster Posttraumatic Stress Disoders PTSD Veterans War
Accuracy Verified: Yes
93. Lytle, R. A. (1993). An investigation of the efficacy of eye-movement desensitization in the treatment of cognitive intrusions related to memories of a past stressful event. Pennsylvania State University. AAT 9334778.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
A novel clinical technique, referred to as "eye-movement desensitization," has recently been reported to rapidly achieve significant reductions in the frequency and intensity of the two primary symptoms of PTSD; cognitive intrusions and the behavioral and emotional avoidance of trauma related fear cues. The current study was intended to provide an experimentally controlled replication of this procedure. The 45 students with the highest scores on a self-report questionnaire were selected for participation in the study and randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions. These conditions included "eye-movement desensitization," "eye-fixation desensitization," and a non-directive control condition.Sessions One and Three consisted of pretest and posttest assessment respectively, administered by questionnaire and behavioral measures of cognitive intrusions relating to the reported trauma. Session Two, consisted of immediate pretest and posttest assessment of information regarding subjective discomfort, perceived validity of adaptive cognitions, and vividness of images related to the reported trauma. The results of this experiment indicated that treatment-related pretest to posttest change was limited to (a) a relative reduction in cognitive intrusions for the eye-fixation group compared to the other treatment conditions, and (b) initial superiority of both desensitization techniques in immediately reducing subject distress, vividness of the initial image (and for eye-fixation, improved validity of an adaptive cognition) in comparison to the non-directive condition. The latter condition, however, then achieved equivalent gains by one-week follow-up. It was concluded that: (a) the relative efficacy of the eye-movement desensitization technique, was not supported in this non-clinical population, (b) to the degree that the outcomes resulting from the two desensitization conditions were at variance from those of the more traditional non-directive technique, those differences appear to have been predominantly transient in character, and (c) the induction of saccadic eye-movements did not demonstrably function as an active component of treatment within this experimental context. It was additionally concluded that further research will be required to satisfactorily resolve the discrepant findings of experimentation and case reports regarding the efficacy of this technique. Specific suggestions for further research were presented. [Truncated Author Abstract] [Pilots]
Keywords: Biologic Markers College Students Intrusive Thoughts Negative Therapeutic Reaction Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Witnesses
Accuracy Verified: Yes
94. Lanting, J. M. (2012). Is EMDR imagination deflation? Een onderzoek naar de effecten van oogbewegingen en geconcentreerde imaginatie op herinneringen [Is EMDR imagination deflation? A study on the effects of eye movements and concentrated on memories imagination]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is een veelgebruikte, effectieve therapievorm die onder andere voor posttraumatische stressstoornis (PTSS) gebruikt wordt. Imagination Inflation (II) kan optreden na het toepassen van geconcentreerde imaginatie op een herinnering. Bij EMDR worden herinneringen minder levendig en minder emotioneel. Het omgekeerde gebeurt bij II; door geconcentreerde imaginatie lijken herinneringen juist levendiger en emotioneler te worden. De vraag is of EMDR begrepen kan worden als inverse van II. De effecten van EMDR zijn goed te modelleren onder laboratoriumcondities. Als II het omgekeerde is van EMDR dan zouden onder dezelfde labcondities, maar met het vervangen van oogbewegingen door geconcentreerde imaginatie, er omgekeerde effecten op moeten treden van EMDR. Namelijk een toename van levendigheid en emotionaliteit van herinneringen.
Methoden; 60 proefpersonen hebben deelgenomen aan het onderzoek, verdeeld over twee groepen. De eerste groep werd gevraagd twee negatieve herinneringen op te halen en participeerde met de ‘’alleen ophalen conditie’’ en ‘’ophalen + oogbewegingen’’. De tweede groep werd gevraagd om twee neutrale herinneringen op te halen en nam deel aan de ‘’alleen ophalen conditie’’ en ‘’ophalen + geconcentreerde imaginatie’’.
Resultaten; Bij oogbewegingen zijn geen significante resultaten gevonden. Geconcentreerde imaginatie liet een toename in de levendigheid van de herinnering zien ten opzichte van de controlegroep, maar liet geen verandering in de emotionaliteit zien.
Conclusie; Aangezien er geen effect gevonden is van oogbewegingen kan er niet gesteld worden dat II het tegengestelde is van EMDR. Echter in eerder onderzoek is de werking van EMDR aangetoond en in deze studie is er bij II een effect gevonden, daarom is verder onderzoek noodzakelijk.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a much used and effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Imagination Inflation (II) could occur after making use of concentrated imagery on a memory. Memories become less vivid and emotional after EMDR. The opposite happens with II; with concentrated imagery memories seem to become more vivid and emotional. It is the question whether EMDR can be understood as the reverse of II. EMDR effects are easily modeled under lab conditions. If II is the reverse of EMDR under the same lab conditions, except for the replacement of eye movements with concentrated imagery, then reverse effects of EMDR could be expected. For II the expectation is an increase of vividness and emotionality of memories.
Methods; 60 participants took part in this research, they were divided into two groups. The first group was asked to recollect two negative memories and participated in the ‘’recall only’’ condition and ‘’recall + eye movements’’ condition. The second group was asked to recollect two neutral memories and participated in the ‘’recall only’’ condition and ‘’recall + concentrated imagery’’ condition.
Results; No significant results were found for eye movements. The vividness of the memory increased with concentrated imagery in comparison to the control condition, no effect was found on emotionality.
Conclusion; Based on the fact that there were no results found for eye movements, it cannot be stated that II is the opposite of EMDR. Nevertheless, earlier research proved the effects of EMDR and this research showed an effect of II, therefore more research is necessary.
Keywords: Eye Movements Imagination
Accuracy Verified: Yes
95. Baiocchi, P. (2006). L'applicazione dell'EMDR nell'approccio della psicpterapia della gestalt [The comparison of EMDR to Gestalt psychotherapy]. In M. Balbo (a cura). EMDR: Uno strumento di dialogo fra le psicoterapie [EMDR: A tool for dialogue among the psychotherapies] 1e edizione, (pp. 151-181). Milano, Italy: McGraw-Hill.
Language: Italian
Format: Book Section
Keywords: Gestalt
Accuracy Verified: Yes
96. Zimmermann, P., Biesold, K. H., Barre, K., & Lanczik, M. (2007, May). Long-term course of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in German soldiers: Effects of in patient eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy and specific trauma characteristics in patients with non-combat-related PTSD. Military Medicine, 172(5), 456-460 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Objective: In this study, we retrospectively evaluated a patient population of 89 German soldiers who received inpatient treatment for PTSD at the German Armed Forces Hospital in Hamburg from 1998 to 2003. Methods: Patients were nonrandomly assigned to a treatment group who received eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and a comparison group with general hospital treatment and relaxation training. Follow-up information was obtained 29 months post-treatment. Trauma-related symptoms were assessed using the Impact of Event Scale and the Post-Traumatic Stress Scale (PTSS-10) as parameters of improvement. Results: The Impact of Event Scale showed that inpatient trauma therapy with EMDR significantly improved the course of PTSD. In addition, the Impact of Event Scale indicated a significantly poorer long-term outcome for patients who had been confronted with death during their traumatic experience. Other factors tested were of no significant influence. CONCLUSIONS: These results may influence further treatment strategies for traumatized German soldiers. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Army Personnel German Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Psychiatric Inpatients Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
97. Pagani, M., Flumeri, F., Salmaso, D., Nardo, D., Sanchez-Crespo, A., Danielsson, A. M., Brolin, F., Jacobsson, H., Larsson, S. A., & Hogberg, G. (2008, October). Neurobiological changes in post traumatic stress disorder following treatment with eye movement desensitisation reprocessing. Presentation at the European Association of Nuclear Medicine Congress, Munich, Germany, European Journal of Nuclear Medical and Molecular Imaging, 35(Supp 2).
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Background: Only few studies have reported functional or structural modifications in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients following pharmacological treatment or psychotherapy. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a novel eclectic psychotherapy utilising, among other techniques, relaxation and safe place exercises, cognitive restructuring, future projections, and imaginal exposure of the trauma combined with sensory stimulation. The aim of the study was to analyse the differences in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) distribution and in brain volumetry before and after EMDR therapy.
Subjects and Methods: Fifteen subjects with chronic PTSD following occupational health hazards were treated with five sessions of EMDR. They were assessed with psychometric scales and diagnostic interviews before and directly after treatment. SPECT, during administration of an individualised trauma script, was performed using 99mTc-HMPAO. After EMDR, the subjects were subdivided into responders (R, n=10) and non-responders (NS, n=5), based on the absence or presence, respectively, of full PTSD diagnosis. SPECT and volumetric data (MRI) analyses were carried out by Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM2). SPECT and MRI data were covaried by age and by time elapsed from trauma to SPECT. SPECT data were further covaried by the amount of grey matter normalised by the total intracranial volume.
Results: Immediate significant post-treatment changes towards normality in all scales measuring psychological status were found in responders. As compared to NR, R showed a significantly decreased tracer uptake in parieto-occipital (Brodmann Area, BA, 37, fusiform gyrus) and in primary visual cortex (BA17) and in the hippocampus (p<0.001). The opposite comparison highlighted an increased tracer uptake in left frontal cortex (BA 44; p<0.05). Structural grey matter modifications were found in visual, posterior cingulate and parieto-temporal cortex, paralleling the functional changes.
Conclusion: The positive EMDR outcome corresponded to increased 99mTc-HMPAO uptake in the left dorsolateral frontal cortex, processing attention and self confidence and exerting an inhibitory effect on the amygdala whose firing is supposed to be responsible for PTSD. After successful treatment significant decreases were found in primary visual cortex, processing images of traumatic memories and flashbacks; in fusiform gyrus, processing the memories of faces, bodies and words and in the hippocampi, involved in episodic and autobiographical memories. Volumetric changes paralleled the ones in tracer uptake in all regions Taken as a whole these findings suggest that the positive clinical outcome following EMDR therapy causes functional and structural neurobiological changes towards normality.
Keywords: Brain Volumetry Neurobiological Changes Posttraumtic Stress Disorder PTSD rCBF Regional Cerebral Blood Flow
Accuracy Verified: Yes
98. Pagani, M. et al (2012, June). Neurobiological correlates of EMDR monitoring - An EEG study [Correlatos neurobiológicos y monitorización EMDR – un estudio con EEG]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Background:
Eye
Movement
Desensitization
and
Reprocessing
(EMDR)
is
a
recognized
first-‐line
treatment
for
psychological
trauma.
However
its
neurobiological
bases
have
not
been
disclosed
yet.
Methods:
Electroencephalography
was
used
for
the
first
time
to
fully
monitor
neuronal
activation
during
whole
EMDR
sessions
including
the
autobiographical
script.
Ten
clients
with
major
psychological
trauma
were
investigated
during
the
first
EMDR
session
and
during
the
last
one
performed
after
processing
the
index
trauma.
Comparisons
between
the
EEG
of
the
first
and
last
EMDR
session
and
between
the
EEG
of
the
clients
at
the
first
session
and
those
of
10
controls
undergoing
the
same
EMDR
procedure
were
performed.
Results:
During
both
script
listening
and
bilateral
stimulation
EEG
showed
significantly
higher
activity
in
the
prefrontal
limbic
cortex
(Brodmann
Areas,
BA
9-‐
10)
at
the
first
as
compared
to
the
last
EMDR
session.
The
opposite
comparison
showed
a
shift
of
the
prevalent
activity
towards
temporal,
parietal
and
occipital
cortical
regions
(BAs
20,
21,
22,
37,
17,
18,
19)
with
leftward
lateralization.
The
comparison
between
the
10
clients
and
the
10
controls
confirmed
the
maximal
activation
in
the
limbic
cortex
in
the
clients
before
processing
the
trauma.
Conclusions:
The
implemented
methodology
made
possible
to
image
for
the
first
time
the
specific
activations
associated
with
the
therapeutic
actions
contemplated
by
EMDR.
The
findings
suggested
cognitive
processing
of
traumatic
events
following
successful
EMDR
therapy
supporting
the
evidence
of
distinct
neurobiological
patterns
of
brain
activations
during
bilateral
ocular
stimulation
associated
with
a
significant
relieve
from
negative
emotional
experiences.
Antecedente
Teórico:
La
desensibilización
y
reprocesamiento
por
el
movimiento
ocular
(EMDR)
es
una
reconocida
primera
línea
para
el
tratamiento
del
trauma
psicológico.
Sin
embargo
sus
bases
neurobiológicas
no
han
sido
descifradas
todavía.
Método:
La
electroencefalografía
ha
sido
usada
por
primera
vez
para
monitorizar
completamente
la
activación
neuronal
durante
sesiones
enteras
de
EMDR
incluyendo
el
guión
autobiográfico.
10
Clientes
con
traumas
psicológicos
mayores
fueron
investigados
durante
la
primera
sesión
de
EMDR
y
durante
la
última
después
del
procesamiento
del
trauma
raíz.
Las
comparaciones
entre
los
EEG
de
la
última
y
primera
sesión
y
las
de
EEG
de
los
clientes
en
la
primera
sesión
y
10
controles
realizando
el
mismo
procedimiento
de
EMDR
fueron
realizadas.
Resultados:
Durante
ambos
procesos,
la
escucha
y
la
estimulación
bilateral,
el
EEG
mostró
una
actividad
significativamente
mayor
en
el
córtex
límbico
prefontral
(Brodmann
Areas,
BA
9-‐10)
al
principio
comparadas
con
la
última
sesión
de
EMDR.
La
comparación
opuesta
muestra
un
cambio
en
la
actividad
fundamental
entre
las
regiones
corticales
temporal,
parietal
y
occipital
(BAs
20,
21,
22,
37,
17,
18,
19)
con
lateralizaciones
hacia
la
izquierda.
La
comparación
entre
los
10
clientes
y
los
controles
confirman
la
activación
máxima
de
la
corteza
límbica
en
los
clientes
antes
de
procesar
el
trauma.
Conclusiones:
La
metodología
usada
hizo
posible
visualizar
la
neuroimagen
por
primera
vez
de
las
activaciones
cerebrales
asociadas
con
las
acciones
terapéuticas
que
acontecen
en
el
EMDR.
Los
hallazgos
sugieren
que
el
procesamiento
cognitivo
de
los
eventos
traumáticos
seguidos
de
una
terapia
EMDR
exitosa
apoyan
la
evidencia
de
un
patrón
neurobiológico
diferenciado
en
las
activaciones
del
cerebro
durante
la
estimulación
ocular
bilateral
asociados
con
una
acumulación
un
experiencias
emocionales
negativas.
Keywords: EEG Study
Accuracy Verified: Yes
99. Krause, R., Sachsse, S., & Spang, J. (2008, April). Nonverbal behavior in traumatized patient: Comparison between childhood onset versus acutely adult onset trauma. Presentation at the European Society for Trauma and Dissociation First Bi-Annual Conference, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Objective: In the present study we examined the facial affective behavior of acutely adult
onset traumatized patients in comparison to childhood onset traumatized patients.
Furthermore we analyzed as a moderator variables psychic complains, amnesia and
derealization.
Methods: The facial affective behavior was coded with the Emotional Facial Acting Coding
System, an instrument for the registration of facial movements with emotional relevance.
The facial affective behavior of the patient’s first and last EMDR session was videotaped
and compared. The first 5 min of each session were coded by an independent rater
(certified FACS user). The psychic complains were measured with the SCL-90-R
(German version of Symptom Checklist-90-R), amnesia and derealization with the FDS
(German version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale).
Results: Childhood onset and acutely adult onset traumatized patients showed the same
reduction of overall facial activity. We found significantly higher psychic complains (global
severity index) (SCL-90-R) in childhood onset traumatized patients and no difference in
amnesia (FDS) between the two groups. Childhood onset traumatized patients showed
higher values of derealization (FDS).
Conclusions: Acutely adult onset traumatized patients showed the same facial affective
reduction as childhood onset traumatized patients in comparison to a healthy control
group. Additionally childhood onset traumatized patients showed more psychic complains
and derealization.
Keywords: Nonverbal Behavior
Accuracy Verified: Yes
100. Pagani, M., Di Lorenzo, G., Verardo, A. R., Nicolais, G., Lauretti, G., Russo, R., Cogolo, P., Niolu, C., Ammaniti, M., Siracusano, A., & Fernandez, I. (2012, January). P-1162 Pre- intra- and post-treatment EEG imaging of EMDR - neurobiological bases of treatment efficacy. European Psychiatry, 27(Supplement 1), 1-1. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(12)75329-4.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Aim: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a recognized first-line treatment for psychological trauma. However its neurobiological bases have not been disclosed yet. Methods: Electroencephalography was used for the first time to fully monitor neuronal activation during whole EMDR sessions including the autobiographical script. Nine clients with major psychological trauma were investigated during the first EMDR session and during the last one performed after processing the index trauma. Comparisons between the EEG of the first and last EMDR session and between the EEG of the clients at the first session and those of 9 controls undergoing the same EMDR procedure were performed. Results: During both script listening and bilateral stimulation EEG showed significantly higher activity in the prefrontal limbic cortex (Brodmann Areas, BA 9–10) at the first as compared to the last EMDR session. The opposite comparison showed a shift of the prevalent activity towards temporal, parietal and occipital cortical regions (BAs 20, 21, 22, 37, 17, 18, 19) with leftward lateralisation. The comparison between the 9 clients and the 9 controls confirmed the maximal activation in the limbic cortex in the clients before processing the trauma. Conclusions: The implemented methodology made possible to image for the first time the specific activations associated with the therapeutic actions contemplated by EMDR. The findings suggest cognitive processing of traumatic events following successful EMDR therapy supporting the evidence of distinct neurobiological patterns of brain activations during bilateral ocular stimulation associated with a significant relieve from negative emotional experiences.
Keywords: EEG Imaging Neurobiology
Accuracy Verified: Yes
101. Pagani, M., Nardo, D., Flumeri, F., Salmaso, D., Looi, J., Sanchez-Crespo, A., Larsson, S.A., Sundin, Ö., Hogberg, G., & Bejerot, S. (2009, January). P03-58 Volumetric changes in PTSD and in a subgroup of PTSD patients not responding to EMDR psychotherapy. European Psychiatry, 24(Supplement 1), S1057-S1057. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(09)71290-8.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Background: Several studies have reported limbic structures volume decrease in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, in PTSD the effect of therapy on brain structures has seldom been investigated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the grey matter (GM) loss in occupational related PTSD and to assess the volumetric differences between patients responding (R) and non-responding (NR) to psychotherapy.
Methods: Pre-EMDR MRI data of 21 train drives who did develop PTSD (S) and 22 who did not develop PTSD (NS) after person-under-the-train accidents were compared. Within S further comparisons were made between 10 R to Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy and 5 NR. Data were analysed by optimised voxel-based morphometry as implemented in Statistical Parametric Mapping.
Results: As compared to NS, S showed a significant GM volume reduction in precuneus, lingual gyrus, posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex. The R>NR comparison highlighted a significant GM reduction in NR in bilateral posterior cingulate, left middle frontal cortex and right parahippocampal, insular and temporal cortices.
Conclusions: Comparing two large groups of subjects significant GM volumetric reductions were found in PTSD in posterior limbic structures. NR showed, as compared to R, volume reduction in cortical structures including posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex. These latter two structures seem to be the hallmark for both PTSD diagnosis and therapy outcome prediction.
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
102. Marcus, S. V. (2008). Phase 1 of integrated EMDR: An abortive treatment for migraine headaches. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(1), 15-25. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.1.15.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Forty-three individuals diagnosed with classic or common migraine headache were randomly assigned
to either phase 1 of integrated eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) treatment or a
standard care medication treatment. Integrated EMDR combines diaphragmatic breathing, cranial
compression, and EMDR for abortive migraine treatment. The comparison standard care medication
group received various abortive medications, including Demerol, DHE, oral triptans, Excedrin, Fiorinal, Percocet, Toradol, and Vicodin. Participants were treated during mid- to late-stage acute migraine and assessed by an independent evaluator at pretreatment, posttreatment, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 7 days for migraine pain level. Both standard care medication and integrated EMDR treatment groups
demonstrated reduced migraine pain levels immediately at posttreatment, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 7 days. However, integrated EMDR treatment reduced or eliminated migraine pain with greater rapidity and showed signifi cantly greater improvement compared to standard care medication immediately posttreatment. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Headache Treatment Medication Migraine Headache
Accuracy Verified: Yes
103. Hurley, E. C., & Colelli, G. (2006, September). Post-Katrina disaster response: EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Program (HAP) volunteers discuss post-Katrina recovery work and its comparison with the 9/11 New York City response. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This presentation provides a collective body of
knowledge helpful for EMDR clinicians in
understanding disaster response at sites both in
post-Katrina operations in Louisiana and 911 operations in New York City. The presentation will
include information learned by EMDR
Humanitarian Assistance Program (HAP)
volunteers in establishing an on-site network for trauma recovery clinicians serving in Louisiana.
Lessons learned include establishing initial onsite networks, noting key contact persons, and
networking with local agencies in providing
EMDR services. EMDR Consultation and the
importance of daily debriefings of the clinical
work will be discussed. Differences in protocols
such as EMD, Recent Events Protocol, and
EMDR, as they relate to the timing of the trauma
will be outlined. The importance of practicing
healthy self-care and avoiding burnout will be
noted. A summation will include the similarities
and differences between the EMDR community-based
intervention project in New York City with
responders and civilian following 9/11 and the
post-Katrina HAP project with first responders in
Louisiana.
Accuracy Verified: Yes
104. Giannantonio, M., & Boldorini. A. L. (2001, Novembre). Psicoterapia ipnotica e eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Influenze, differenze, integrazione [Hypnotic psychotherapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Influences, differences, integration]. In Atti del XII Congresso Nazionale A.M.I.S.I., "Ipnosi del 2000: il pensiero di Milton Erickson edei neo-ericksoniani", (pp 275-284) Milano, Italia.
Language: Italian
Format: Conference
Abstract:
La storia dell'ipnosi e della psicoterapia ipnotica si caratterizzano per la lunghezza
della loro tradizione, senza eguali nella storia della psicoterapia, e per la capacità della
psicoterapia ipnotica di influenzare tutti i principali orientamenti psicoterapeutici. Allo
stesso modo, la psicoterapia ipnotica ha saputo arricchirsi confrontandosi con altre
tradizioni psicoterapiche. Negli ultimi anni si sta assistendo ad un incontro molto
stimolante fra psicoterapia ipnotica ed Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
(EMDR).
The history of Hypnosis and Hypnotic Psychotherapy is characterized by a long
tradition, which is unique in Psychotherapy’s history, and by the ability of Hypnotic
Psychotherapy to influence all main psychotherapeutical approaches. At the same time,
Hypnotic Psychotherapy has been able to enrich itself through a continuous comparison
with other psychotherapeutical traditions. In the last few years we have been observing an
interesting comparison between Hypnotic Psychotherapy and Eye Movement
Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).
Keywords: Hypnosis Psychotherapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
105. Sack, M., Nickel, L., Lempa, W., & Lamprecht, F. (2003). Psychophysiologische regulation bei patienten mit PTSD: Veränderungen nach EMDR-behandlung [Psychophysiological regulation in patients with PTSD: Improvement after EMDR-treatment]. Zeitschrift für Psychotraumatologie und Psychologische Medizin (ZPPM), 1(3), 47-57.
Language: German
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Behandlung psychotraumatischer belastungsstörungen mit EMDR
Uns interessierte die Frage, ob die EMDR-Behandlung bei Patienten mit Posttraumatischer Belastungsstörung (PTSD) neben einer Symptomreduktion auch mit einer verbesserten psychophysiologischen Regulationsfähigkeit einhergeht. 15 Patienten (9 w, 6 m) mit PTSD nach Einzeltraumatisierung wurden vor und nach einer EMDR- Behandlung sowie in einer 6-Monate Katamnese per Fragebogen (PDS, IES, STAI, SCL-90-R) sowie mit psychophysiologischen Parameter (HR, HRV) während Konfrontation mit der individuellen traumatischen Erinnerung (Traumaskript) untersucht. Im Vergleich Prä-/Post, sowie Prä-/Katamnese kam es zu einer signifikanten Abnahme der Beschwerden in allen Symptombereichen. Gleichzeitig konnte nach Behandlung und in der Katamnese eine signifikante Verminderung des Anstiegs der Herzfrequenz während Konfrontation mit dem Traumaskript beobachtet werden. Der HF-Anteil der Herzratenvariabilität als Indikator für den Parasympathikotonus nahm im Vergleich Prä-/Katamnese unter Ruhebedingungen sowie während Traumaskript signifikant zu. Die EMDR-Behandlung erwies sich als wirksam hinsichtlich einer Reduktion der traumaassoziierten Symptomatik und einer Reduktion des psychophysiologischen Arousals bei Konfrontation mit der belastenden Erinnerung. Die Zunahme der HRV im Behandlungsverlauf im Sinne eines höheren Parasympathikotonus lässt auf eine Verbesserung der psychophysiologischen Regulationsfähigkeit schließen.
Our question was whether PTSD-patients would show a decrease of trauma associated symptoms as well as improved psychophysiological regulatory capacities after EMDR-treatment. 15 patients (9 female, 6 male) with PTSD after single traumatizations underwent psychometric assessment including questionnaires (PDS, IES, STAI, SCL-90-R) and psychophysiological variables (HR, HRV) during presentation of their individual trauma script before and after treatment and in a 6-month follow-up. Pre-/post as well as pre-/follow-up comparison showed significant decreases in all symptom measures. At the same time HR acceleration during trauma script decreased significantly after treatment. HF-HRV, an indicator for parasympathetic tone, increased significantly during baseline as well as during trauma script in pre-/post comparison. EMDR treatment led to an effective and lasting symptom reduction as well as to a reduction of the psychophysiological arousal associated with the traumatic memory. Enhancement of HRV after treatment in terms of a higher parasympathetic tone might be the result of improved psychophysiological regulatory capacities after successful EMDR treatment. [Author Summary]
Keywords: Adults Effects Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiology PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
106. Nijdam, N. J., Gersons, B. P. R., Reitsma, J. B., de jongh, A., & Olff, M. (2012). Psychotherapie voor posttraumatische stressstoornis: Directe vergelijking van twee behandelingen [Psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: Direct comparison of two treatments]. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie, 54(4), 397-398.
Language: Dutch
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Waarom dit onderzoek? Uit vele studies en meta-analyses
komen traumagerichte cognitieve gedragstherapie (cgt) en eye
movement desensitization and reprocessing (emdr-therapie) naar voren
als de effectiefste interventies voor de behandeling van de posttraumatische
stressstoornis (ptss). Deze behandelingen zijn nooit
direct met elkaar vergeleken in een gerandomiseerde effectstudie
met voldoende onderscheidingsvermogen (statistische power). Ook
hebben slechts enkele studies het beloop van de symptomen tijdens
de interventies onderzocht.
Why this research? Many studies and meta-analyzes are trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR Therapy) forward be the most effective interventions for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These treatments are never directly compared in a randomized clinical study with sufficient discernment (statistical power). also have only a few studies the evolution of symptoms during the interventions studied.
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Research
Accuracy Verified: Yes
107. Sherman, C. (2004, June). Psychotherapy may offer more benefits for PTSD. Clinical Psychiatry News, 32(6), 20.
Language: English
Format: Newspaper
Abstract:
New York — In what was described as the first direct comparison of biologic and psychosocial treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder, both modalities were effective in this patient population. [Elsevier]
Accuracy Verified: Yes
108. Mevissen, L., & de Jongh, A. (2010). PTSD and its treatment in people with intellectual disabilities: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychological Review, 30(3), 308-316. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.12.005.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Although there is evidence to suggest that people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are likely to suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), reviews of the evidence base, and the potential consequences of this contention are absent. The purpose of this article is to present a comprehensive account of the literature on prevalence, assessment, and treatment of PTSD in people with ID. Some support was found for the notion that people with ID have a predisposition to the development of PTSD. Differences in comparison with the general population may consist of the expression of symptoms, and the interpretation of distressing experiences, as the manifestation of possible PTSD seems to vary with the level of ID. Since reliable and valid instruments for assessing PTSD in this population are completely lacking, there are no prevalence data on PTSD among people with ID. Nine articles involve treatment of PTSD in people with ID. Interventions reported involve those aimed to establish environmental change, the use of medication and psychological treatments (i.e., cognitive behavioral therapy, EMDR and psychodynamic based treatments). Case reports suggest positive treatment effects for various treatment methods. Development of diagnostic instruments for assessment of PTSD symptomatology in this population is required, as it could facilitate further research on its prevalence and treatment. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Assessment Intellectual disability (ID) Learning Disabilities Mental retardation (MR) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Prevalence Psychological trauma Trauma treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
109. St-André, E. (2007, June). PTSD secondary to Fournier's grangrene: 1-Comparison of two eye modalities, 2-Legal and ethical issues. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
G. G., a man in his mid 30s was brought to medico-legal service to assess fitness to stand trial, and criminal responsibility, after a brief appearance in court: He was charged with death threats.
G. G. was quite angry about his situation, and argumentative against health and justice systems. Physically, he was short stature, extremely lean, his body was leaning forward.
He was living alone, has a girl of thirteen, which he saw once in a while.
He was not working for few years, after two major events; he lost his garage after a huge fire (from which he escaped alive and safe), and was few months earlier, found almost dead by a neighbor. Brought to the hospital, he had more than ten surgeries in a few days, to lance many wound, as he as suffering of Fournier’s disease. He was left with his body leaning forward about 45 degrees, 4 cm thick scar around his abdomen, a severely deformed genitalia, and chronic pain. Another surgery was performed later which permitted the man to be less leaned forward.
Before those events, he wasn’t known from psychiatry. He had a life that he considered, “okay,” even though he was separated. He has his own garage, a social life. He admitted some alcohol and drugs use in the past. After the illness and the fire, he was seen more often in psychiatry. Specialists concluded from time to time to chronic adjustment disorder, and drug addiction, and oriented him to resources for his problem. No follow-up in psychiatry.
G. G. was so much in pain that he took cocaine repeatedly for few minutes’ relief.
With this story and symptoms description, severe PTSD diagnosis was made and treatment initiated accordingly, with introduction of ISRS, and later, seroquel, to decrease dissociative episode he was still experimenting. With informed consent, we had three sessions of EMI, which helped him in various ways; The nightmares decreased of 50%, after the first treatment, he was less angry and afraid of hospital and care, and was more in control of dissociative episodes. Sleep improved, so did his mood. He was eve able to go for correction of his deformed genitalia. Even though still on medication, he felt that the therapy helped him much to recover. After his discharge and end of court process, he was able to go back home. We were at the time unable to do more treatments, as he was involved in his physical rehabilitation. He had at least 2 other reconstructive surgeries.
This case allows discussion about similarities, pros and cons of EMI and EMDR, in their theories and practice. More importantly, this case raises important ethical and legal questions about adequate diagnosis and treatment of PTSF which include powerful tools as EMDR. This tool is yet relatively unknown from general population, and available mainly (in Quebec, Canada) through private facilities. From ethical standpoint, it should be more readily available – without fees – in public services.
Keywords: Case Report Ethical Issues Fournier's Gangrene Legal Issues
Accuracy Verified: Yes
110. Soderlund, J. (2000, September/October). Putting the pieces together: The rise of integrative psychotherapy. New Therapist, 9, 8-9.
Language: English
Format: Magazine
Abstract:
A typical integrative brand of therapy is Eye
Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing,
(EMDR), about which its originator, Francine Shapiro,
speaks to New Therapist in the coming pages of
this edition (see page 18).
But the history of EMDR is illustrative of the very
problem to which Rapp is alluding in her comments
about the advance of integrationism: That of the
emergence of discrete new schools which then have
to define their allegiances in the modality wars, much
in the same way Jung broke from Freud in the early
history of psychoanalysis.
The history of EMDR has been dogged by controversy
which makes other, more traditional modality
wars look tame by comparison. Those opposed to the
method have slated the lack of evidence and theoretical
grounds for its claimed efficacy (see page 16).
In response, its proponents have scrambled for more
research-based evidence of its value and recruited
thousands of practitioners as trainees and advocates of
the method.
Keywords: Integrative Psychotherapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
111. Pagani, M., Nardo, D., Flumeri, F., Salmaso. D., Looi, J., Sanchez-Crespo, A., Larsson, S. A., Sundin, Ö., Hogberg, G., Bejerot, S. (2009, January). PW04-01 Volumetric changes in PTSD and in a subgroup of PTSD patients not responding to EMDR psychotherapy. European Psychiatry, 24(Supplement 1), S355. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(09)70588-7.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
(1)Background:
Several studies have reported limbic structures volume decrease in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, in PTSD the effect of therapy on brain structures has seldom been investigated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the grey matter (GM) loss in occupational related PTSD and to assess the volumetric differences between patients responding (R) and non-responding (NR) to psychotherapy.
(2)Methods:
Pre-EMDR MRI data of 21 train drives who did develop PTSD (S) and 22 who did not develop PTSD (NS) after person-under-the-train accidents were compared. Within S further comparisons were made between 10 R to Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy and 5 NR. Data were analysed by optimised voxel-based morphometry as implemented in Statistical Parametric Mapping.
(3)Results:
As compared to NS, S showed a significant GM volume reduction in precuneus, lingual gyrus, posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex. The R>NR comparison highlighted a significant GM reduction in NR in bilateral posterior cingulate, left middle frontal cortex and right parahippocampal, insular and temporal cortices.
(4)Conclusions:
Comparing two large groups of subjects significant GM volumetric reductions were found in PTSD in posterior limbic structures. NR showed, as compared to R, volume reduction in cortical structures including posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex. These latter two structures seem to be the hallmark for both PTSD diagnosis and therapy outcome prediction.
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
112. de Roos, C., Greenwald, R., den Hollander-Gijsm, M., Noorthoorn, E., van Buuren, S., & de Jongh, A. (2011). A randomised comparison of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) in disaster-exposed children. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2, 1-11. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.5694 .
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Background: Building on previous research with disaster-exposed children and adolescents, a randomised
clinical trial was performed in the treatment of trauma-related symptoms. In the current study two active
treatments were compared among children in a broad age range and from a wide diversity of ethnic
populations.
Objective: The primary aim was to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
(CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR).
Design: Children (n52, aged 418) were randomly allocated to either CBT (n26) or EMDR (n26) in a
disaster mental health after-care setting after an explosion of a fireworks factory. All children received up to
four individual treatment sessions over a 48 week period along with up to four sessions of parent guidance.
Blind assessment took place pre- and post-treatment and at 3 months follow-up on a variety of parent-rated
and self-report measures of post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology, depression, anxiety, and
behaviour problems. Analyses of variance (general linear model repeated measures) were conducted on the
intention-to-treat sample and the completers.
Results: Both treatment approaches produced significant reductions on all measures and results were
maintained at follow-up. Treatment gains of EMDR were reached in fewer sessions.
Conclusion: Standardised CBT and EMDR interventions can significantly improve functioning of disasterexposed
children.
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Diaster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Randomized Controlled Trial RCT
Accuracy Verified: Yes
113. Smyth, N., Maxfield, L., & Rogers, S. (2003, September). Recent research evaluating the role of eye movements in EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Findings of component studies are summarized, with a review of studies which reported that EMs reduced memory vividness and emotiveness. The results of three recent studies are presented. 1) A study evaluated the effects of EMs on the components of memory to test working memory explanations of EMDR; 2) a study using participants with dental phobia determined if memories of disturbing dental events,and related dental anxiety, were influenced by EMs; 3) A large-N comparison with combat veterans, compared EMDR and a non-eye-movement analog to evaluate the effect of EMs on treatment outcome, process and changes in trauma narratives.
Keywords: Eye Movements Research
Accuracy Verified: Yes
114. Benish, S. G., Imel, Z. E., & Wampold, B. E. (2008 June). The relative efficacy of bona fide psychotherapies for treating post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of direct comparisons. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(5), 746–758. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.10.005..
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Psychotherapy has been found to be an effective treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but meta-analyses have yielded inconsistent results on relative efficacy of psychotherapies in the treatment of PTSD. The present meta-analysis controlled for potential confounds in previous PTSD meta-analyses by including only bona fide psychotherapies, avoiding categorization of psychotherapy treatments, and using direct comparison studies only. The primary analysis revealed that effect sizes were homogenously distributed around zero for measures of PTSD symptomology, and for all measures of psychological functioning, indicating that there were no differences between psychotherapies. Additionally, the upper bound of the true effect size between PTSD psychotherapies was quite small. The results suggest that despite strong evidence of psychotherapy efficaciousness vis-à-vis no treatment or common factor controls, bona fide psychotherapies produce equivalent benefits for patients with PTSD.
Keywords: Comparison Meta-analysis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
115. Sayer, P. C. (2002, August). Responses of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing or a cognitive-behavioral treatment as mediated by attachment status. Alliant International University, Fresno, CA. AAT 3043018.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
The primary focus of this investigation was to evaluate the responses of individuals diagnosed with PTSD to treatment with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). In the event that a participant was unable to tolerate the EMDR approach, an alternative cognitive-behavioral treatment approach was offered. It was anticipated that individuals exhibiting Secure Attachment status as revealed on administration of the Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory (BORRTI) would experience lower scores between pre- and post-intervention administrations of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). 6 individuals took part in the study; 5 completed the EMDR protocol and one completed an alternative cognitive-behavioral therapy program due to problems tolerating the EMDR treatments. Subjects met with the researcher/therapist from 1 to 12 sessions, participating in the assessment, psychoeducational, and treatment components of the protocol. The application of the BORRTI Insecure Attachment (IA) measure resulted in 5 of the participants receiving a designation Secure Attachment status and 1 person an Insecure Attachment status classification. Thus, comparison groups according to attachment status designation could not be formed. Comparisons of group mean differences between the pre- and post-intervention administrations of the SCL-90-R did not reveal statistically significant differences with regard to the five individuals completing the EMDR protocol. Limitations of the study are discussed, as well as implications for future research on the mediating influences of attachment status on the treatment of PTSD. [Author Abstract]
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 63(2-B), Aug 2002, pp. 1047.
Keywords: Attachment Behavior Brief Psychotherapy Clinical Trial Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
116. Smith, L. E. (2007, September). The role of memory for trauma in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder following traumatic brain injury and research portfolio (Volume I). Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Comparison of referrals found no significant differences in age, gender, trauma
type, time from trauma to referral, or attendance rates between services.
Significantly more EMDR patients received additional professional support during
their treatment.
Keywords: Memory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Research TBI Traumatic Brain Injury
Accuracy Verified: Yes
117. Scheck, M. M., Schaeffer, J. A., Gillette, C. S., & van der Kolk, B. A. (1996, June). Scientific investigations into EMDR (Part I) - Brief psychological intervention with young high-risk females: A comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with active reflective listening. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Keywords: Americans Battery Child Abuse Effects Emotional Abuse Females Incest Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial Rape RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Young Adults
Accuracy Verified: Yes
118. Tavanti, M., Bossini, L., Calossi, S., Lombardelli, A., Polizzotto, N., Vatti, G., Galli, R., Pieraccini F., & Castrogiovanni, P. (2008, Febbraio). Sertralina vs EMDR: Effetti sul volume ippocampale [Sertraline vs. EMDR: Effects on hippocampal volume]. Poster presentato al XII Congresso SOPSI (Società Italiana di Psicopatologia), Roma, Italia.
Language: Italian
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Molti dati sperimentali hanno mostrato che la terapia farmacologica
con SSRI può incrementare il volume dell’ippocampo,
invece il solo studio che ha investigato gli effetti di un tipo
di psicoterapia (TEB, Terapia Eclettica Breve) non ha evidenziato
alcuna efficacia sul volume ippocampale 1. Scopo
del nostro studio è valutare gli effetti del trattamento con EMDR
(Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) sul
volume ippocampale, sui sintomi e sulle performances mnesiche
di pazienti con Disturbo Post-Traumatico da Stress
(DPTS). La EMDR è una terapia la cui efficacia nel DPTS è
stata dimostrata in numerosi studi sperimentali.
Sono stati selezionati 12 soggetti drug-free con diagnosi di
DPTS alla SCID-P, senza comorbidità psichiatrica.
Ogni soggetto reclutato è stato sottoposto alla prima visita
(Tempo 0, Drug-Free) ad una indagine psicometrica (tramite
DTS), ad una indagine neuropsicologica (tramite una batteria
di test) e alla misurazione dei volumi cerebrali tramite
Risonanza Magnetica.
Successivamente, i 12 soggetti sono stati attribuiti in maniera
random a due diversi protocolli terapeutici. Sei soggetti
hanno effettuato 12 sedute di EMDR della durata di 1,5
ore, mentre sei soggetti sono stati trattati con 100 mg di sertralina.
Dopo il trattamento (Tempo 1, Post-Terapia) i soggetti sono
stati nuovamente sottoposti alle indagini effettuate al Tempo
0.
La seconda valutazione al Tempo 1 è stata effettuata dopo
tre mesi nei soggetti trattati con EMDR e dopo 6 mesi nei
soggetti trattati con la sertralina, in base ai tempi medi necessari
per la remissione cilinica del DPTS riportati in letteratura
per i due presidi terapeutici.
In questo studio verranno presentati i dati relativi alle differenze
volumetriche, ai miglioramenti clinici e alla performance
mnesica nei due gruppi di soggetti (soggetti sottoposti
ad EMDR e soggetti trattati con sertralina) e un dettagliato
confronto dei risultati ottenuti.
Many experimental data have shown that drug therapy
with SSRIs may increase the volume of the hippocampus,
Instead the only study that has investigated the effects of a type
psychotherapy (TEB, Brief Therapy Eclectic) showed no
no effect on hippocampal volume 1. Purpose
of our study was to evaluate the effects of treatment with EMDR
(Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) on
hippocampal volume, symptoms and performance mnesic
of patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD). The EMDR is a therapy whose efficacy in PTSD is
been demonstrated in numerous experimental studies.
Were selected 12 subjects with a diagnosis of drug-free
PTSD in the SCID-P, without psychiatric comorbidity.
Each recruited subject was submitted to the first visit
(Time 0, Drug-Free) at a psychometric investigation (by
DTS), a neuropsychological investigation (using a battery
test) and measurement of brain volume through
Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
Subsequently, 12 subjects have been allocated
random to two different treatment protocols. Six subjects
have carried out 12 sessions of EMDR duration of 1.5
hours, while six patients were treated with 100 mg of sertraline.
After treatment (Time 1, Post-Therapy) subjects are
were again subjected to the investigations made at the time
0.
The second evaluation at Time 1 was made after
three months in subjects treated with EMDR and after 6 months in
subjects treated with sertraline, based on the average time needed
cylinder for the remission of PTSD reported in the literature
for the two therapeutic aids.
In this study will be presented data on differences
displacement, the clinical improvements and performance
mnesic in the two groups of subjects (subjects
EMDR for patients treated with sertraline) and a detailed
comparison of results.
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Keywords: Hippocampal Volume Poster Sertraline
Accuracy Verified: Yes
119. Maxfield, L., & Melnyk, W. (2000, April). Single session treatment of test anxiety with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). International Journal of Stress Management, 7(2), 87-101. doi:10.1023/A:1009580101287.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
One session of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) appeared to be an effective treatment for test anxiety, reducing reported physiological distress, worry, and fears of negative evaluation. The research design included two components: a comparison study, comparing Immediate Treatment and Wait List groups, and a replication study comparing the treatment response of Immediate and Delayed (Treated Wait List) groups. 17 test anxious university students were randomly assigned to one session of EMDR or Wait List. At post-test, the Immediate group demonstrated significant improvement, compared to the Wait List group, on the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) and Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Treatment effects were maintained at follow-up. The Wait List group received treatment after post-measures were taken. Treatment of the Delayed group replicated effects. Improvement was reflected by large treatment effect sizes and a decrease in percentile ranking on the TAI from the 90th to the 50th percentile (Pilots).
Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Brief Psychotherapy College Students Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Test Anxiety Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome
Accuracy Verified: Yes
120. Richardson, P., Williams, S. R., Hepenstall, S., Gregory, L., McKie, S., & Corrigan, F. (2009). A single-case fMRI study: EMDR treatment of a patient with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(1), 10-23. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.1.10.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This study assessed the effects of a session of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with auditory alternating bilateral stimulation (ABS) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of brain activations. A case study was conducted with a female participant who was suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder following a severe assault. The fMRI scan began with safe-place imagery, for purposes of comparison, and then attention to the trauma memory without ABS. After this, ABS was provided as she began using EMDR procedures to process the traumatic memory. At postsession, the traumatic memory showed robust and significant changes on self-report measures. The initiation of the EMDR protocol with provision of ABS was associated with a marked change in brain activation within the prefrontal cortex demonstrating a ventromedial shift. The authors argue that the structure of the EMDR protocol encourages such a ventromedial activation, which is then intensified by ABS to overcome the block to information processing that has been preventing natural healing from occurring spontaneously.
Keywords: fMRI Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Single Case
Accuracy Verified: Yes
121. Leitch, M. L. (2007, September). Somatic experiencing treatment with tsunami survivors in Thailand: Broadening the scope of early intervention. Traumatology, 13(3), 11-20. doi:10.1177/1534765607305439.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This exploratory study examines the treatment effects
of brief (1 to 2 sessions) Somatic Experiencing with 53
adult and child survivors of the 2004 tsunami in
Thailand. Somatic Experiencing’s early-intervention
model, now called Trauma First Aide, was provided
1 month after the tsunami. Survivor assessments were
done pretreatment, immediately posttreatment, 3 to
5 days posttreatment, and at the 1-year follow-up.
Results indicate that immediately following treatment,
67% of participants had partial to complete improvement
in reported symptoms and 95% had complete or
partial improvement in observed symptoms. At the 1-year
follow-up, 90% of participants had complete or partial
improvement in reported symptoms, and 96% had
complete or partial improvement in initially observed
symptoms. Given the small sample size and lack of an
equivalent comparison group, results must be interpreted
with caution. Nonetheless, the results suggest
that integrative mind–body interventions have promise
in disaster treatment.
Keywords: Cross-Cultural Research Brief Treatment Disaster Integrative Treatment Mind–Body Psychotherapy Somatic Experiencing Trauma First Aide Tsunami
Accuracy Verified: Yes
122. Saverio, L. I. (2008, June). State of consciousness & paradigm: A comparison between two descriptions of the processes of change observed in a psychotherapy integrated with EMDR and some contributions on a unified theory of psychotherapy. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Conference, London, England UK.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This presentation compares two different descriptions: Paradigm and State of Consciousness, of the changes,
observable in a psychotherapy integrated with EMDR, to establish which of the two descriptions is the most likely
and consistent. Applying the method of the double description it will seek to identify contributions that may be
25
useful for the construction of a Unified Theory of Psychotherapy. At first, attention is focused upon the necessity
to construct a bridge-language between the different dialects of psychotherapies. Short specialized definitions,
such as Paradigm and State of Conscience, could be examples of the complex concepts, here denominated
synthetic �t� metaphors, transtheorical or Tran disciplinal, to be researched for constructing a common language
between the plurality of psychotherapies. Some implications of the methodological innovation carried on by
EMDR in psychology, psychotherapy, and in other disciplines are then analysed and proposed. In particular, the
easy integration of traditional psychotherapeutic methodologies with EMDR and the discovery of new target of
psychotherapy, have led to looking at all psychological activities in terms of a spatial metaphor. On the basis of
this a general map of the psychological territories of �sapiens sapiens� has been drafted. This general map is
divided in two main areas: A -the psychological territories of the individual, B -the psychological territories of the
species, This species map has some specific characteristics; since �sapiens sapiens� are social animals, their
relations have clear functions of social and environmental group interface too. These maps will be illustrated. In
its original meaning, the definition of Paradigm will be found within the maps and consequently analysed in its
variations. The amplified theory of State of Conscience will be presented and analysis, similar to the previous
one, will be carried out. A description of EMDR, that may be useful for implementing its understanding, will be
proposed at the end.
The title link is to an Introduction in Italian.
Keywords: Poster Unified Theory of Psychotherapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
123. Lo Iacono, S. (2008, Novembre). Stato di coscienza e paradigma: Un confronto tra 2 descrizioni sistemiche dei processi di cambiamento osservati in una psicoterapia integrate con EMDR [State of consciousness and paradigm: A comparison between 2 descriptions - Systemic change processes observed in psychotherapy integrated with EMDR]. Poster presentato al Applicazioni Cliniche dell'EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.
Language: Italian
Format: Conference
Abstract:
In questa presentazione la psicoterapia integrata con EMDR viene definita sulla base delle due tecniche principali di questa metodologia clinica:
1. le attivit� di Focalizzazioni Mentali Multiple su immagini, cognizioni e sensazioni corporee e sul qui ed ora della relazione terapeutica
pi�.
2. la Stimolazione Bilaterale Alternata su un canale sensoriale.
Vengono, quindi, confrontate due differenti descrizioni sintetiche, Paradigma e Stato di Coscienza, dei processi di cambiamento osservati nel paziente in una psicoterapia con EMDR. La descrizione sintetica come cambiamento di Paradigma viene effettuata in stretto parallelo con le definizioni originali di Paradigma date dallo stesso Kuhn.
La seconda descrizione sintetica degli stessi processi di cambiamento viene effettuata dopo aver definito un modello di Stato di Coscienza come prodotto di tre fattori: stato fisico chimico dell'organismo, stato mentale dell'organismo e condizioni fisiche e sociali dell'ambiente. Nelle conclusioni si evidenzia come la descrizione sintetica di Salto di Paradigma possa render conto solo dei cambiamenti di ambito cognitivo mentre restano escluse da questa descrizione i cambiamenti inerenti le emozioni e le sensazioni corporee che si osservano in una psicoterapia integrata con EMDR.
La descrizione sintetica come cambiamento dello Stato di Coscienza potrebbe, invece, essere utile a comprender meglio i modi in cui il cambiamento � indotto ed a distinguere il ruolo delle attivit� di Focalizzazioni Mentali Multiple da quello della Stimolazione Bilaterale Alternata e quindi a riflettere e ad intervenire, sia in contesti clinici che di ricerca, sulle due tecniche prevalenti della psicoterapia con EMDR.
In this presentation, the integrated psychotherapy with EMDR is defined on the basis of two Main technical methodology of this trial: 1. Multiple Mental activities focusing on images, cognitions and bodily sensations and on the here and now of the therapeutic relationship more. 2. Alternating Bilateral Stimulation on a sensory channel. Are then compared two different brief descriptions, model and state of consciousness, processes of change observed in the patient in psychotherapy with EMDR. Description summarized as a change of paradigm is carried out in close parallel with the definitions original paradigm given by Kuhn. The second summary description of these processes of change is made after a model for state of consciousness as the product of three factors: state
physical chemist body, mental body and physical and social environment. In conclusions noted as a concise description of paradigm shifts can realize only of changes in the cognitive field and are excluded from this description the Changes related emotions and bodily sensations that are observed in psychotherapy integrated with EMDR. The outline as a change of consciousness, but it could be useful to understand better the ways in which change is induced and to distinguish the role of activities Focus from that of the Multiple Mental Stimulation alternative two and then
reflect and act, whether in clinical research, the two prevailing techniques psychotherapy with EMDR.
Accuracy Verified: Yes
124. Shapiro, F. (1992, May). Stray thoughts. EMDR Network Newsletter, 2(1), 1-2.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
Questions have arisen about the use
of EMDR in the courts and the
comparison to hypnosis. So far
EMDR is not well enough known to
have been tested in court; it is simply
described under the rubric of cognitive-
behavioral techniques (as it is
for insurance purposes). However, I
want to make sure everyone realizes
that just because a scene emerges
during an EMDR session, does not
mean that it is "true" in a literal
sense. Things can be "truly experienced
without having actually happened.
Keywords: Cancer Patients Protocol Courts Hypnosis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Severe Illness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
125. Mendes, D. D., Mello, M. F., Ventura, P., Passarela, Cde. M., Mari, J. de J. (2008). A systematic review on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. International Journal of Psychiatry Medicine, 38(3), 241-259. doi:10.2190/PM.38.3.b.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Objective: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most common psychotherapy approach for the treatment of PTSD. Nevertheless, previous reviews on the efficacy of several types of psychotherapy were unable to detect differences between CBT and other psychotherapies. The purpose of this study was to conduct systematic review on the efficacy of CBT in comparison with studies that used other psychotherapy techniques. Method: Databases were searched using the following terms: posttraumatic stress disorder/stress disorder, treatment/psychotherapy/behavior cognitive therapy, randomized trials, and adults. Randomized clinical trials published between 1980 and 2005 and that compared CBT with other treatments for PTSD was included. The main outcomes were remission, clinical improvement, dropout rates and changes in symptoms. Results: The 23 clinical trials included in the review comprised 1,923 patients: 898 in the treatment group and 1,025 in the control group. CBT had better remission rates than EMDR (RR = 0.35; 95%CI: 0.16; 0.79; p = 0.01) or supportive therapies (RR = 0.43; 95%CI: 0.25; 0.74; p = 0.002, completer analysis). CBT was comparable to Exposure Therapy (ET) (RR = 0.90; 95%CI: 0.58; 1.40; p = 0.64), and cognitive therapy (CT) (RR = 1.01; 95%CI: 0.67; 1.51; p = 0.98) in terms of efficacy and compliance. Conclusions: These findings suggest that specific therapies, such as CBT, exposure therapy and cognitive therapy are equally effective, and more effective than supportive techniques in the treatment of PTSD.
Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Comparative Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Systematic Review
Accuracy Verified: Yes
126. Dieffenbach, I. (2010, June). TAFO study II (Task force) long-term evaluation of specific therapeutic early interventions following acute strain among children and adolescents with multiple trauma experience. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Existing research into the after effects of
traumatic experiences with regard to children and adolescents
is scanty. Early intervention is intended to prevent or at least
reduce chronic manifestation of acute traumatic strain (Zehnder,
Hornung & Lanolt, 2006) since such strain has a negative
impact on the child's day-to-day quality of life and overall development, including the development and functioning of the
brain (Cohen, Perel, DeBellis, Friedman & Putnam, 2002).
Studies of multiple trauma among adults and adolescents have
shown that the severity of any impairment upon their psychological
health must be seen in relation to the number of traumatic experiences
that took place during childhood (Turner RJ, Lloyd DA
1995, Finkelhor D, Omrod RK, Turner HA 2007-1, Finkelhor D,
Omrod RK, Turner HA 2007-11, Holt MK. Finkelhor D, Kantor CK
2007). In this process, interpersonal traumatic experiences such
as accidents or severe illnesses can adversely affect development
as much as traumatic exposure connected to elements of crime.
Objectives: Interventions following acute traumatic strain will
be examined with regard to the symptoms and the mental
health of children and adolescents with multiple trauma experience
in the long term. The study will examine whether early
intervention has a positive effect on symptoms and whether
such effects are of a short or long-term nature.
The study should show whether gender specific and/or age
specific correlation can be identified in the development of
symptoms according to specific types of trauma, and whether
risk groups can be identified as a result.
The study will examine whether there exists an independent sub-group of children with multiple trauma under the age of 6,
whose symptoms correspond to a developmental trauma disorder
(van der Kolk 2005).
Methods: The study will be divided into a retrospective and
prospective part. The retrospective part will contain an examination of the treatment results of 150 children and adolescents
with multiple trauma experiences in the Vestische Children's
Clinic in Datteln between 2002 and 2009. This will be followed
by an evaluation of the treatment results by way of a newly
developed telephone catamnesis, based on validated questionnaires
(CRIES-13, ILK, Telekat) for measurement points TI-T3
Results: First results of the retrospective examination of children
and adolescents with multiple trauma experience will be presented
in comparison to the results of the evaluation of specific
therapeutic early interventions following acute strain among
children and adolescents with mono trauma experience.
Keywords: Acute Stress Adolescents Children Early Intervention Multiple Trauma Incidents Symposium TAFO
Accuracy Verified: Yes
127. Dieffenbach, I. (2009, June). TAFO study(Task Force): Evaluation of early in situ psychotraumatological intervention (named Task-force) for acutely traumatised children and adolescents in comparison to treatment on offer from outpatient clinics for victim protection. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Keywords: Poster Task Force
Accuracy Verified: Yes
128. Onofri, A. (2009, Novembre). Tema intervento: EMDR, stimolazione bilaterale ed elaborazione accellerata delle informazioni [Theme areas: EMDR, bilateral stimulation and accelerated development of information]. Presentatie op de 1e Internationale Conferentie Universa vergeleken universum Lipsi, Orvieto, TR, Italië.
Language: Italian
Format: Conference
Abstract:
I° Convegno Internazionale universi a confronto.
La terapeutica occidentale incontra quella sciamanica andina
Con questo primo Convegno Internazionale UniVerso LiPsi inaugura Universi a confronto, un nuovo e permanente Motore culturale di Ricerca e Dialogo sulle diverse pratiche terapeutiche e su come sviluppare una maggiore integrazione tra le stesse, con l’obiettivo di promuovere il benessere della persona vista nella sua interezza ed unicità, attraverso un percorso di condivisione di conoscenze, esperienze, riflessioni e idee da far confluire in un più ampio bacino cui attingere anche per il reciproco arricchimento umano e professionale
1st International Universi Conference comparing universes comparison.
The western therapy compared to the Andean Shamanism. With this first International Conference opens Universes in Universe Lipsi comparison, a new engine, permanent cultural Research and Dialogue on the various therapeutic practices and how to develop greater integration between them, with the objective of promoting the welfare of the person seen in its wholeness and oneness, through a sharing of knowledge, experiences, thoughts and ideas to feed into a wider pool to draw upon for the mutual enrichment of human and professional.
Keywords: Andean Indian Culture Andean Shamanism
Accuracy Verified: Yes
129. Kapfhammer, H.-P. (2008, December). Therapeutische möglichkeiten nach traumatischen erlebnissen [Therapeutic possibilities after traumatic experiences]. Psychiatria Danubina, 20(4), 532-545.
Language: German
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Acute Belastungsstörung (ASD) und Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (PTSD) sind häufige, aber nicht zwingend psychologische Folgeerscheinungen nach einem Trauma. Eine wichtige Untergruppe der Patienten vor einer chronischen Verlauf der Erkrankung mit einem erhöhten psychiatrischen Komorbidität und erhebliche Beeinträchtigungen in psychosozialen Anpassung assoziiert. Der typische psychopathologische Symptome von ASD und PTSD werden am besten in einem multifaktoriellen Modell der Integration sowohl neurobiologische und psychosoziale Einflüsse beschrieben. Die komplexen Ätiopathogenese von akuten und posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung begünstigt multimodalen Ansätzen in der Behandlung. Differential psychotherapeutische und pharmakologische Strategien zur Verfügung stehen. In einer kritischen Studie über empirische Studien, können psychologische Debriefing nicht als einen positiven Ansatz betrachtet werden, als allgemeine vorbeugende Maßnahme in der unmittelbaren posttraumatischen Phase empfohlen werden. Positive Auswirkungen der kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Interventionen kann für ASD eingerichtet werden. Psychodynamische Psychotherapie, kognitive Verhaltenstherapie und EMDR zeigen viel versprechende Ergebnisse bei der Behandlung von PTSD. Wesentliche klinische Einschränkungen der Patienten innerhalb von speziellen Probenahmen Forschungseinrichtungen, jedoch nicht gestatten, eine bedingungslose Verallgemeinerung dieser Daten zu psychiatrischen Routineversorgung. In einer empirischen Analyse der SSRIs sind die meisten und am besten untersuchten Medikamente für ASD und PTSD. Im Vergleich zu trizyklischen Antidepressiva SSRIs zeigen ein breiteres Spektrum an therapeutischen Wirkungen und sind besser verträglich. Die Substanzklassen der SNRI, DAS, SARI und NaSSA sind als Medikamente der zweiten Wahl angesehen werden. Sie versprechen eine therapeutische Wirksamkeit der SSRI gleichwertig, wobei bisher nur in offenen Studien untersucht. MAO-Hemmer können eine positive therapeutische Potenzial verfügen, müssen ihr Profil der Nebenwirkungen geachtet, jedoch werden. Mood-Stabilisatoren und atypische Neuroleptika können in Anspruch genommen werden und vor allem im Add-On-Strategien. Benzodiazepine sollten nur mit Vorsicht erhöht für eine kurze Zeit in den Staaten der akuten Krise eingesetzt werden. In frühen Interventionen, die blockierende Substanzen norepinephric Hyperaktivität scheinen vielversprechende Alternativen. Stress Dosen von Hydrocortison kann als experimentelle pharmakologische Strategie betrachtet so weit sein. [PubMed]
Acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are frequent, but not obligatory psychological sequelae following trauma. A major subgroup of patients face a chronic course of illness associated with an increased psychiatric comorbidity and significant impairments in psychosocial adaptation. The typical psychopathological symptoms of ASD and PTSD are best described within a multifactorial model integrating both neurobiological and psychosocial influences. The complex etiopathogenesis of acute and posttraumatic stress disorder favours multimodal approaches in the treatment. Differential psychotherapeutic and pharmacological strategies are available. In a critical survey on empirical studies, psychological debriefing cannot be considered as a positive approach to be recommended as general preventive measure during the immediate posttraumatic phase. Positive effects of cognitive-behavioral interventions can be established for ASD. Psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy and EMDR show promising results in the treatment of PTSD. Major clinical restrictions of patient sampling within special research facilities, however, do not allow an unconditional generalization of these data to psychiatric routine care. In an empirical analysis the SSRIs are the most and best studied medications for ASD and PTSD. In comparison to tricyclic antidepressants SSRIs demonstrate a broader spectrum of therapeutic effects and are better tolerated. The substance classes of SSNRI, DAS, SARI and NaSSA are to be considered as drugs of second choice. They promise a therapeutic efficacy equivalent to the SSRIs, being investigated so far only in open studies. MAO-inhibitors may dispose of a positive therapeutic potential, their profile of side effects must be respected, however. Mood stabilizers and atypical neuroleptics may be used first and foremost in add-on strategies. Benzodiazepines should be used only with increased caution for a short time in states of acute crisis. In early interventions, substances blocking the norepinephric hyperactivity seem to be promising alternatives. Stress doses of hydrocortisone may be considered as an experimental pharmacological strategy so far.[PUBMED]
Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
130. Cashin, J. (2000, June). Trauma and multigenerational trauma caused by genocide and oppression: A comparison of Western and Native American healing methods. Union Institute and University, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 9997330.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This dissertation examines multigenerational trauma that is caused by genocide and oppression. The literature reviewed covers multigenerational trauma , biological origins of traumatic states, trauma transmission, and healing/therapeutic methods including body-centered therapy, Hakomi, and EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 61(12-B), Jun 2001, pp. 6758.
Keywords: American Indians Cross Cultural Differences Emotional Trauma Empirical Study Genocide
Accuracy Verified: Yes
131. Esslinger, K. (1998). Traumaexposition zur traumasynthese traumazentrierte psychotherapie: Kognitive verhaltenstherapie und EMDR im vergleich [Trauma exposition aiming at trauma synthesis. Trauma-centered psychotherapy: A comparison between cognitive behavior therapy and EMDR]. Persoenlichkeitsstoerungen Theorie und Therapie, 2, 59-76.
Language: German
Format: Journal
Keywords: CBT Cogntive Behavior Therapy Trauma-Centered Psychotherapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
132. Zandvoort, J. (2013, April). Traumagerichte psychotherapie bij kinderen en jongeren: een gerandomiseerde vergelijking (RCT) tussen EMDR en Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy bij kinderen en jongeren met posttraumatische stress klachten [Trauma-focused psychotherapy for children and adolescents: a randomized comparison (RCT) between EMDR and Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress symptoms]. In Onderzoek track 1 and 2. Presentatie op Het congres EMDR Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Nijmegen, Nederland.
Language: Dutch
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Trauma en posttraumatische stress klachten komen ook bij kinderen en jongeren (hierna kinderen) frequent voor. Trauma gerelateerde symptomen bij deze leeftijdsgroepen kunnen leiden tot verminderde schoolprestaties, problemen in het sociale functioneren en een verstoring van (hersen) ontwikkeling. In de afgelopen decennia zijn er talloze onderzoeken uitgevoerd naar de behandeling van trauma klachten bij kinderen. Trauma gerichte cognitieve gedragstherapie (TF-CBT) en EMDR zijn het meest onderzocht. In het merendeel van de kinderen dat wordt behandeld met één van de therapieën verminderen de traumaklachten aanzienlijk of verdwijnen de klachten in het geheel, echter bij een deel van de kinderen persisteren klachten ook na behandeling. Studies waarin TF-CBT en EMDR direct met elkaar worden vergeleken zijn zeer schaars. Dit terwijl de resultaten van dergelijke vergelijkende studies op de lange termijn een belangrijke bijdrage kunnen leveren aan het vooraf bepalen welke behandeling bij welk kind de meeste kans van slagen heeft.
In de afgelopen twee jaar zijn kinderen tussen de 8 en 18 jaar, die met een (partiële) posttraumatische stressstoornis werden gediagnosticeerd bij het trauma centrum van de Bascule, gevraagd om deel te nemen aan een vergelijkende behandelstudie (INTACT studie). Onderzoeksdeelnemers werden at random toegewezen aan ofwel 8 geprotocolleerde TF-CBT sessies ofwel 8 geprotocolleerde EMDR sessies. In totaal werden 48 kinderen gerandomiseerd. Uitgebreide traumadiagnostiek vond plaats voor behandeling, 1 week na behandeling, 6 maanden na behandeling en 1 jaar na behandeling.
In de huidige voordracht zullen de behandelresultaten worden gepresenteerd. De presentatie zal zich toespitsen op behandeleffecten op postraumatische stress symptomen gemeten door middel van de CAPS-CA. Er zal verder worden stilgestaan bij het potentiële belang van de onderzoeksresultaten voor de klinische praktijk en vooruitgekeken worden op toekomstig (neurobiologisch) vervolgonderzoek.
Trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms also occur in children and adolescents (hereafter children) frequently. Trauma-related symptoms in these populations may lead to decreased school performance, problems in social functioning and disruption (brain) development. In recent decades there have been numerous studies on the treatment of trauma symptoms in children. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) and EMDR are the most studied. In the majority of children being treated with any of the therapies significantly reduce trauma symptoms or the symptoms disappear altogether, however, some of the children symptoms persist even after treatment. Studies in which TF-CBT and EMDR directly be compared are very scarce. This while the results of such comparative studies on the long term a significant contribution to the pre-treatment to determine which child the best chance of success.
During the past two years, children between 8 and 18 years, with a (partial) post-traumatic stress disorder were diagnosed in the trauma center of the Bascule, asked to participate in a comparative treatment study (INTACT study). Research participants were randomly assigned to either 8 protocolled TF-CBT sessions or 8 protocolled EMDR sessions. A total of 48 children were randomized. Extensive trauma diagnosis occurred before treatment, 1 week after treatment, 6 months after treatment and 1 year after treatment.
In the current proposal, the treatment results are presented. The presentation will focus on treatment effects on post-traumatic stress symptoms measured by the CAPS-CA. There will also be given to the potential importance of the findings for clinical practice and are looking ahead to future (neurobiological) follow-up study.
Keywords: Adolescents Chidren Posttraumatic Stress Disoreder PTSD Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
133. Goldstein, A. J., de Beurs, E., Chambless, D. L., & Wilson, K. A. (2001, June). Treating panic disorders with EMDR. Clinician's Research Digest, 19(6), 3.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
Summary comments on: the research which appeared in "EMDR for panic disorder with agoraphobia: Comparison with waiting list and credible attention-placebo control conditions," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 947-956. In this study, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was superior on some measures to a wait-list control group but no different on any measures from an attention-placebo control group when used to treat clients diagnosed with panic disorder with agoraphobia.
Keywords: Panic Disorder With Agoraphobia Treatment Outcomes
Accuracy Verified: Yes
134. de Roos, C., Veenstra, A., de Jongh, A., den Hollander-Gijsman, M., van der Wee, N., Zitman, F., & van Rood, Y. R. (2010, March/April). Treatment of chronic phantom limb pain using a trauma-focused psychological approach. Pain Research & Management, 15(2), 65-71.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Background: Chronic phantom limb pain (PLP) is a disabling chronic pain syndrome for which regular pain treatment is seldom effective. Pain memories resulting from long-lasting preamputation pain or pain flashbacks, which are part of a traumatic memory, are reported to be powerful elicitors of PLP. Objective: To investigate whether a psychological treatment directed at processing the emotional and somatosensory memories associated with amputation reduces PLP. Methods: Ten consecutive participants (six men and four women) with chronic PLP after leg amputation were treated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Pain intensity was assessed during a two-week period before and after treatment (mean number of sessions = 5.9), and at short- (three months) and long-term (mean 2.8 years) follow-up. Results: Multivariate ANOVA for repeated measures revealed an overall time effect (F[2, 8]=6.7; P<0.02) for pain intensity. Pairwise comparison showed a significant decrease in mean pain score before and after treatment (P=0.00), which was maintained three months later. All but two participants improved and four were considered to be completely pain free at three months follow-up. Of the six participants available at long-term follow-up (mean 2.8 years), three were pain free and two had reduced pain intensity. Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that, following a psychological intervention focused on trauma or pain-related memories, substantial long-term reduction of chronic PLP can be achieved. However, larger outcome studies are required.
Keywords: Phantom Limb Pain
Accuracy Verified: Yes
135. Mevissen, L. (2011, June). Treatment of people with developmental disabilities. How far can we go?. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Vienna, Austria.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
There is evidence to suggest that people with developmental disabilities are at greater risk to suffer from the disruptive effects of traumatic events. However, parents, teachers, caregivers and even clinicians who offer specialized outpatient treatments often lack awareness of this. In general, emotional and behavioural problems are attributed to other diagnosed disorders such as genetic syndromes, cognitive impairments, ADHD or autism. Taking history with regard to behavioural changes following overwhelming events appears not to be a common practice at all. Moreover, the expression of trauma symptoms as well as the interpretation of distressing experiences often differs in comparison with the general population. Furthermore, because of their limited communication skills, common treatment methods are not appropriate. As a result, this patient category seldom receives treatment for exposure to disturbing events, including apparent symptoms of PTSD.
Preliminary research findings illustrate that EMDR, because of its strongly non-verbal character, seems to be an applicable, effective and efficient treatment method for this patient category. But how far can we go? During this workshop these findings will be presented, illustrated by many video clips of treatments of patients carried out in a centre for child and adolescent psychiatry and an outpatient treatment of adults with mental health problems. Special attention is given to creative adaptations of the EMDR protocol and the cooperation with parents, who are often traumatized themselves and have to be treated as well, either to make them able to function as a co-therapist or to strengthen their skills in educating a child with special needs.
Learning objectives:
After this workshop attendees will be aware of the specific expression of PTSD symptoms in people with various serious developmental disabilities and the various possibilities of EMDR treatment in this population.
Keywords: Developmental Disabilities Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
136. Lee, C., & Gavriel, H. (1998, July). Treatment of PTSD: A comparison of stress inoculation training with exposure (SITE) and EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Participants will: 1) be able to understand the importance of the above study; 2) learn about the relative effectiveness of each procedure in the study undertaken; and 3) be aware of limitations of the above study and the directions for future research.
Keywords: Exposure SITE Stress Inoculation Training With Exposure
Accuracy Verified: Yes
137. Silver, S., Brooks, A., & Obenchain, J. (1995, April). Treatment of Vietnam war veterans with PTSD: A comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, biofeedback, and relaxation training. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(2), 337-342. doi:10.1007/BF02109568.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Analyses of scaled self-report data from Vietnam War veterans receiving inpatient treatment for PTSD drawn during a program evaluation study suggested inpatient treatment as provided by the program resulted in significant improvement in the areas of anxiety, anger, depression, isolation, intrusive thoughts (of combat experiences), flashbacks, nightmares (of combat experiences), and relationship problems. Comparing the relative effects of the incremental addition of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), relaxation training, and biofeedback found that EMDR was for most problems the most effective extra treatment, greatly increasing the positive impact of the treatment program. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Americans Biofeedback Training Empirical Study Males Non-Randomized Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychiatric Inpatients PTSD Relaxation Therapy Treatment Effectiveness Veterans Vietnam War
Accuracy Verified: Yes
138. Triscari, M. T., Faraci, P., D’Angelo, V., Urso, V., & Catalisano, D. (2011). Two treatments for fear of flying compared: Cognitive behavioral therapy combined with systematic desensitization or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors, 1(1), 9-14. doi:10.1027/2192-0923/a00003.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This study aimed to test a combined treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), compared with CBT integrated with systematic desensitization, in reducing fear of flying. Participants were patients with aerophobia, who were randomly assigned to two experimental groups in a before- and after-treatment research design. The Flight Anxiety Situations Questionnaire (FAS) and the Flight Anxiety Modality Questionnaire (FAM) were used. The efficacy of each program was evaluated comparing the pre- and post-treatment levels of fear of flying within subjects. A comparison of the post-treatment scores between subjects was also conducted. Results showed the effectiveness of each model with a significant improvement in the examined psychological outcomes in both groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved
Keywords: Air Transportation Phobias Psychotherapeutic Techniques Psychotherapy Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation
Accuracy Verified: Yes
139. Taylor, S. (2000, July 14). University of British Columbia UBC psychologists offer free post-trauma stress therapy. PressWire.
Language: English
Format: Other
Abstract:
In the first direct comparison study ever done, researchers who are also qualified therapists will evaluate the effectiveness of two traditional therapies (exposure therapy and relaxation training) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR).
EMDR, a controversial treatment created in the mid-1980s, combines conscious rapid eye movement and thoughts of the trauma. Although shown to be effective, it has not been directly compared to traditional treatments.
Keywords: Trauma Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
140. Thompson, P. (1995, June). Using EMDR with adolescents: Life changes for adlescents - an empowerment tool. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This presentation describes an EMDR protocol for working with an adolescent in such a way as to enhance their self-empowerment
capabilities. As a preliminary, a medical and developmental history of the adolescent is taken from the parents, as well as obtaining
their view of present problems. Using this infomation and a subsequent history obtained from the adolescent provides the basis for
what may prove to be targets later.
I will talk about how, in early discussions with adolescents, when my aim is to gain rapport, I often go back over some of the
information their parents provided so as to obtain the teenager's views and feelings, idenfying the highs and lows in their view of
their life so far. I look for where they have felt successful and powerful, and where they have suffered trauma, loss and sadness with
reference to themselves as individuals and also in their family relationships. I seek to refine targets from both parental and
adolescent information. I also seek to understand what the teen would like in their life and begin to introduce the idea that they can
give direction to their life.
I believe it is important to provide the adolescent with new or clarified information about him or her. I use psychological tests to
assist in this process. I will cover briefly ways that I use the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC), as well as other
assessment instruments such as the Strong Interest Inventory, Rorschach and Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory (MAPI), to
give both the adolescent and me important information. Because the information stems from a comparison with the general
population, I can present it more objectively than if it were solely my assessment of them. The adolescent decides what fits them
and what doesn't. This process allows us jointly to identify problems and to look for ways to handle them. Emphasis is always
placed on the adolescent having the power - the information about themselves is power. What they choose to do with it breeds
power. They are in control. This process usually leads to a further explanation of EMDR and how they might choose to work with
me using EMDR.
In summary, I will cover :
Helping the adolescent look at choices as giving freedom Presenting EMDR as a way of having more choices; Looking at behavior problems as habits that can be changed if desired. Encouraging the use of imagination, imaging, finding a
safe place and helping make changes; Taking the position of being their coach for their effort to develop the kind of life they want.
Looking at what they think stands in their way and what they can do to change it.
Identifying negative cognition from these blocks.
Using EMDR in the context of what they want.
Building Self Esteem through goal attainment-EMDR as a tool for performance.
Coaching for positive change and clear thinking.
Teaching self direction and organization reinforcing with EMDR.
Teaching self coaching.
Keywords: Adolescents Self Coaching
Accuracy Verified: Yes
141. Kemp M., Drummond P., & McDermott B. (2010, January). A wait-list controlled pilot study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for children with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms from motor vehicle accidents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 15(1), 5-25. doi:10.1177/1359104509339086.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The present study investigated the efficacy of four EMDR sessions in comparison to a six-week wait-list control condition in the treatment of 27 children (aged 6 to 12 years) suffering from persistent PTSD symptoms after a motor vehicle accident. An effect for EMDR was identified on primary outcome and process measures including the Child Post-Traumatic Stress - Reaction Index, clinician rated diagnostic criteria for PTSD, Subjective Units of Disturbance and Validity of Cognition scales. All participants initially met two or more PTSD criteria. After EMDR treatment, this decreased to 25% in the EMDR group but remained at 100% in the wait-list group. Parent ratings of their child's PTSD symptoms showed no improvement, nor did a range of non-trauma child self-report and parent-reported symptoms. Treatment gains were maintained at three and 12 month follow-up. These findings support the use of EMDR for treating symptoms of PTSD in children, although further replication and comparison studies are required.
Keywords: Childhood Controlled Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
142. Morris-Smith, J. (2007, June). What can we learn from using EMDR with children on the autistic spectrum?. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Assocation, Paris, France.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Children suffering from Autistic Spectrum Disorders have fundamental impairments in their understanding of social relationships, emotions and understand the perspectives of others. They also have impairment in their communicative abilities. They can be frequently traumatized by their daily living experiences whilst living in a world in which their understandings are impaired. This paper aims to open up the discussion and stimulate research into and about just how far their deficits in understanding their worlds extends and to what extent these might be addressed or ameliorated during EMDR therapy. The paper will consider the cases of 10 ASD children when EMDR was used and its affects. ASD is a spectrum of disorders subsumed under a single diagnostic category. This paper also hopes to shed some light on these and will also offer some directions for parental differential diagnosis of different forms of ASD and whether EMDR therapy might be efficacious for these. Recent research in ASD suggests that the corpus callosum may be affected and also included in this paper, for comparison, are two cases of children who have agenesis of the corpus callosum who also receive EMDR. The paper will be illustrated by the use of video clips.
Accuracy Verified: Yes