Francine Shapiro Library ~ EMDR Bibliography

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1. マーフィ重松, 村川治彦 [Shigematsu Mafi, and Murakawa Haruhiko]. (2001年12月). 第4巻トラウマ治療のためのＥＭＤＲ [EMDR treatment for trauma, Volume 3]. 心理療法のための日本語研究所：東京 [Japanese Institute for Psychotherapy: Tokyo].

Language: Japanese

Format: Video

Abstract:
ＥＭＤＲ（眼球運動による脱感作と再処理法）は認知的、行動的、精神力動的、生理学的、相互作用的といった主要な心理療法の様々な要素を含む複雑な治療的アプローチである。これまで眼球運動の刺激の面だけが注目を集めてきたが、ＥＭＤＲには８つの段階の介入法があり、クライアントが比較的落ち着いた状態のままできるだけ短い期間で深く総合的な治療の効果をあげることを目指している。

EMDR (and re-treatment of eye movement desensitization) is a cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, physiological, and therapeutic approaches for a complex variety of elements such as the main interactive psychotherapy. The plane had just paid attention to this eye movement stimulation, EMDR has a eight-step interventions, the overall effect of treatment remains deeply as possible in a short period comparatively calm clients It aims to give.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

2. Everly, G. S. Jr., & Lating, J. M. (2002). A clinical guide to the treatment of the human stress response, 2nd ed. Springer Publishing Company.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
This updated edition of A Clinical Guide to the Treatment of the Human Stress Response reflects the dramatic changes in this field over the past decade. This edition covers a range of new topics, including stress and the immune system, post-traumatic stress and crisis intervention, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD), Crisis Management Briefings in response to mass disasters and terrorism, Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM), spirituality and religion as stress management tools, dietary factors and stress, and updated information on psychopharmacologic intervention in the human stress response. As with the previous edition, this volume is designed as a comprehensive and accessible guide to both the clinically relevant physiology and treatment of the human stress response. Discussion of treatment protocols, using selected behavioral treatment strategies, is purposefully brief and clinically targeted. Supplemental information for practitioners includes a flow chart on the nature of stress physiology, a relaxation report form, specific protocols for teaching the relaxation response, a self-report checklist designed for health education purposes, and over 700 references. [Springer] Springer Series on Stress and Coping

Keywords: Human Stress Response

Accuracy Verified: Yes

3. Tsuchimochi, S. (2010, July). The possibility of EMDR use with juvenile delinquents. Poster presented at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of EMDR use with juvenile delinquents, such as improvements of physical and mental mal-adjustment, emotion control, self-recognition and attitudes toward others. It also examined under which conditions in the judicial proceedings, it is possible to apply the EMDR therapy to juveniles. Methods: Three delinquents whose cases were in the Family Court process, were selected as participants in view of effectiveness, safety and validity. The measurement scales are as follows: (a)IES-R, (b)the Life Gram ( a wavy line drawn by the participant to describe one’s own life from the birth to present in the range of +10 and -10.), (c)SUDs, VOC, (d)self-reported impression by the participant, and (e)observation by the writer. Self-tapping on knees under the instruction by the writer was used as the bilateral stimulation. Each participant was interviewed four or five times during 4 weeks. Baseline measurements were done on 1st or 2nd interview, while post measurements were done on 4th or 5th interview after the EMDR session was held on 3rd or 4th time. Results: Results showed clear improvements by one EMDR intervention in two cases out of three. Insufficient care could be the reason for the absence of improvement with one participant. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the EMDR is effective for the improvements of the various symptoms and problems of the juvenile delinquents, if being properly applied on the certain guidelines set for them.

Keywords: Juvenile Delinquents Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

4. 国秋汪永光王义强付素芬曹日芳 [Zhao Guo-Qiu, Wang Yong-Guang, Wang Yi-Qiang, Fu Shu-Fen, & Fang Tsao]. (2008, August). "4•28"胶济铁路交通事故伤员心理危机的干预 [Psychological intervention in the casualties of 4 · 28 train crash on the Jiao-Ji railway line]. 中華急診醫學雜誌 17卷8期 (2008/08), 800-803 [Chinese Journal of Emergency Medicine], 17(8), 800-803 .

Language: Chinese

Format: Journal

Abstract:
目的　分析淄博铁路交通事故伤员心理行为反应特点以寻找救治交通事故后患者的心理的有效方法。方法　采用心理危机结构式访谈问卷，对2008年4月28日发生的山东淄博胶济铁路重大交通事故中的226伤员进行心理状态评估，并对22名ASD患者进行眼动脱敏再加工(eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, EMDR)治疗，比较EMDR治疗前后的心理行为反应的差异。结果　有22名达到ASD（急性应激障碍）诊断标准，本次铁路交通事故中ASD的发生率为9.73%，伤员中主要以闯人、警觉性增高表现为主，并伴随着其他的负性情绪体验。女性组ASD的发生率(14.85%)高于男性组(5.60%)，P<0.05。女性组心理行为反应结果明显重于男性组(P<0.05)，EMDR能够显著改善ASD患者的闯入、警觉性增高症状(P<0.01)，但愤怒情绪没有显著改善((P=0.227))。结论　铁路交通事故后，女性比男性更容易发生ASD。EMDR可有效地解决ASD患者除愤怒以外的心理危机。

Objective: To investigate the psychological characteristics in the casualties of 4.28 train crash on the Jiao-Ji railway track and to find a effective way to relieve the psychological crisis induced by traffic accident. Method: A total of 226 casualties were assessed in respect of psychological crisis with interview questionnaire after 4.28 train track on Jiao-ji railwayine. Twenty-two casualties meeting acute stress disorder (ASD) criteria from DSM-IV were treated with EMDR. The therapeutic effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on ASD were assessed. Results: The incidence of ASD was 9.73% (22 casualties). The major psychological consequences in casualties were intrusive symptoms, symptoms of hyperarousal, and negative emotional symptoms. Significant differences on gender had been found in incidence rate of ASD female 14.85% and male 5.60%, P < 0.05. The women manifested more severe psychological consequences than men in this train crash accident. Significant treatment effect was found in EMDR on ASD. EMDR can significantly improve the intrusive symptoms and symptoms of hyperarousal (P < 0.05), but can not significantly improve negative emotional symptoms (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The women showed more severe psychological consequences than men after train crash accident. EMDR was effective treatment on ASD but negative emotional symptoms.

Keywords: Accident Acute Stress Disorder ASD: Crsis Intervention Psychological Crisis Intervention Traffic Accident Train Collision Train Crashes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5. Robertson, J. M., & Williams, B. W. (2010). "Gender aware therapy" for professional men in a day treatment center. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 47(3), 316–326. doi:10.1037/a0021163.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
High accountability men in the medical, legal, corporate, and mental health professions sometimes engage in behavior that violates their fiduciary responsibilities. These highly skilled men may engage in disruptive or explosive behavior, cross sexual boundaries with clients or patients, abuse substances, or have other psychiatric problems that compromise their workplace performance. When this occurs, licensing boards, professional societies, or supervising executives often require the dysregulated man to seek assistance. This article reports on ways the Professional Renewal Center incorporates recommendations from “Gender Aware Therapy” in developing a male-friendly approach to conducting comprehensive multidisciplinary psychological assessments, and to providing intensive, multimodal, weeks-long treatment services.

Keywords: Assessment Masculinity Professionals Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

6. Ouellette, D. W. (2007, September-October). "Getting the war out:" New paradigms for healing post-traumatic stress. Natural Life News & Directory.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
EMDR is a psychotherapeutic approach developed by Francine Shapiro that uses dual attention stimulation, such as eye movements, bilateral sound, or bilateral tactile stimulation, to resolve symptoms resulting from exposure to a traumatic or distressing event. Clinical trials have demonstrated EMDR's efficacy in the treatment of PTSD. It has shown to be more effective than some alternative treatments and equivalent to cognitive behavioral and exposure therapies.Although some clinicians may use EMDR for various problems, its research support is primarily for disorders stemming from distressing life experiences.

Keywords: Combat Veterans War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

7. Oz, S. (2005). The "wall of fear": The bridge between the traumatic event and trauma resolution therapy for childhood sexual abuse survivors. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 14(3), 23-47. doi:10.1300/J070v14n03_02.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A multitude of published books and papers on child sexual abuse (CSA) describe symptoms, long-term effects, and therapy for survivors of abuse. However, the parallels between the nature of the sexual trauma event(s) as originally experienced by the victim and the therapeutic process into which the survivor later becomes engaged have not been reported. This paper attempts to fill that gap and proposes that the concept of a "Wall of Fear" is the bridge connecting the two. In the first part of the paper, a model of the CSA experience based upon Furniss will be explained in order to point out the basis for the dissociation and other symptomology demonstrated by the CSA victim. Following that, the stages of therapy will be mapped out, with special attention to the concept of the Wall of Fear and traumatic memory resolution (abreactions) and with reference to the experience of the original traumatic events. Therapist fear of decompensation will be addressed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Child Abuse Rape Survivors Effects Psychotherapeutic Processes Adults Body Psychotherapy TIR Traumatic Incident Reduction

Accuracy Verified: No

8. Dibajnia, P., Reza Zahirodin, A., & Gheidar, Z. (2012). اثر حساسيت زدایي چشمي حرکتي بر اختلال استرس پس از سانحه [Eye-movement desensitization influence on post-traumatic stress disorder]. Pejouhandeh Journal, 16(7), 322-326.

Language: Persian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
چکيده سابقه و هدف: ا ختلال پس از سانحه ) Post traumatic stress disorder ( با شيوع 5 تاا 15 درصادي در واول زنادگي 3( ماي تواناد اثرات سوء و زيانباري بر فرد و جامعه وارد كند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي اثرحساسيت زداياي شایي حركتاي Eye movement desensitization reprocessing ( در كاهش نشانه هاي PTSD در اين دسته از بيیاران انجام شده است. مواد و روشها: تعداد 13 بيیار مبتلا به PTSD به وور تصادفي انتخاب و بوسيله روش EMDR تحت درماان رارار گرفتناد. اولاعاات جیعيت شناختي و نوع يادآوري حادثه به وسيله دو پرسشنامه محقق ساخته جیع آوري گرديد. هیچنين ميازان ضاربان رلاف، فشاار خون و تعداد تنفس اين بيیاران ربل و بعد از EMDR اندازه گيري گرديد. داده هاا باه وسايله نارم افازار SPSS.16 و روشاهاي آمااري توصيفي و مجذوركا مورد تجزيه و تحليل ررار گرفتند. یافته ها: 50 % گروه مورد مطالعه در رده سني 19 تا 19 سال ررار دارند و 10 % را زنان تشكيل ميدهند. EMDR به وور باارزي ناوع و گونگي يادآوري سانحه را تغيير داد. ميزان فشار خون، ضربان رلف و تعداد تنفس به وور معناداري هیراه با يادآوري ساانحه افازايش

Background: The 5% to 25% prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during life-time can cause irrefutable harms an individuals and society. This research carried out to examine; or not eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment can improve PTSD symptoms. Materials and methods: 71 patients (56 females and 15 males) have been selected randomly. Demographic and kind of trauma-reminding information were collected by two questionnaires. Blood pressure, Heart beating and Breathing numbers before and after EMDR were measured. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistic and Q2 using SPSS software version 16. Results: 59% of patients were under 20-30 years old. 79% were females. According to the results, EMDR resulted to significant reduction of trauma reminding. Blood pressure, heart beating and breathing increased by trauma reminding significantly. ‍Conclusion: EMDR techniques promote improvement of negative symptoms of PTSD.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

9. محمد نريمانی * و سوران رجبی [Narimani, M., Ahari, S. S., & Rajabi, S.] (2010, Winter). مقايسه تاثير روش حساسيت زدايی توام با حرکات چشم و پردازش مجدد (EMDR) با درمان شناختی ـ رفتاری (CBT) در درمان اختلال استرس [Comparison of efficacy of eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing and cognitive behavioral therapy therapeutic methods for reducing anxiety and depression of Iranian combatant afflicted by post traumatic stress disorder]. مجله علوم پزشکی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، واحد پزشکی تهران، 19 (4), 236-245 [Medical Sciences Journal of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, 19(4(58)), 236-245].

Language: Persian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
سابقه و هدف: با توجه به ماهيت علامت محوربودن درمان دارويی، از روش های درمانی حساسيت زدايی توام با حرکات چشم و پردازش مجدد (EMDR) و شناختی- رفتاری (CBT) در درمان اختلال استرس پس از ضربه (PTSD) استفاده می شود. هدف اين مطالعه بررسی تفاوت تاثير دو روش درمانی EMDR و CBT در اختلال استرس است. روش بررسی: در اين مطالعه مورد شاهدی 51 رزمنده مبتلا به PTSD بستری در بيمارستان ايثار اردبيل يا ساکن در شهر اردبيل به روش نمونه گيری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند و به صورت تصادفی به سه گروه تقسيم شدند.روش مطالعه، آزمايشی گسترش يافته و طرح تحقيق از نوع پيش آزمون ـ پس آزمون چندگروهی بود. ابزارهای مورد استفاده شامل آزمون خاطره های آزاردهنده، مقياس براشفتگی ذهنی، مقياس شناخت واره های مثبت و مقياس اضطراب و افسردگی بيمارستانی بود. يافته ها: روش های درمانی EMDR و CBT باعث کاهش معنی داری در متغيرهای خاطره های آزاردهنده، اضطراب و افسردگی و برآشفتگی ذهنی شد و ميزان اعتماد به شناخت واره مثبت به طور معنی داری افزايش يافت. روش درمانی EMDR در مقايسه با CBT در کاهش علايم PTSD رزمندگان ايرانی موثرتر بود، با اين وجود هر دو روش در کاهش علايم اين اختلال موثر بودند. نتيجه گيری: با توجه به اثر درمانی EMDR و CBT در درمان PTSD، پيشنهاد می شود به منظور پيشگيری و کاهش علايم اختلال استرس پس از سانحه جنگ در رزمندگان ايرانی از روش های درمانی فوق در مراکز درمانی استفاده شود.

Background: According to symptom oriented of drug therapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) were increasingly used. The aim of this study was to compare effects of EMDR and CBT in acute stress. Materials and Methods : In this case-control study of 51 combat PTSD patients admitted to hospital or residing in the sacrifice of Ardabil Ardabil simple random sampling were selected randomly divided into three groups. Methods, expanded testing and research design type were tested before Chndgrvhy test. Test tools used included disturbing memories, anger scale, mental, cognitive scale Varh positive and the hospital anxiety and depression scale. Results : EMDR and CBT treatments significantly reduced the variables disturbing memories, anxiety and depression and mental frustration and level of confidence in recognizing the positive Varh significantly increased. EMDR therapy compared with CBT in reducing PTSD symptoms was more effective Iranian combatants, however, both methods were effective in reducing symptoms of this disorder. Conclusion : According to the therapeutic effect of EMDR and CBT in treating PTSD, is recommended to prevent and reduce symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder in war veterans of the Persian mentioned therapies used in treatment centers.

Keywords: Anxiety Anxiety Disorders CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Therapy Depression Depressive Disorders Iranians Middle Aged Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Treatment Effectiveness Veterans War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

10. محمد نريماني ، سوران رجبي [Narimani, M., & Rajabi, S.] (2009). مقايسه ي تأثير روش حساسيت زدايي توأم با حركات چشم و پردازش مجدد در درمان اختلال استرس (CBT) با درمان شناختي رفتاري (EMDR) [Comparison of efficacy of eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing and cognitive behavioral therapy methods in the treatment of stress disorder]. Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad University - Tehran Medical Branch, 19(4), 236-245.

Language: Persian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
سابقه و هدف: با توجه به ماهيت علامت محوربودن درمان دارويي، از روش هاي درماني حساسيت زدايي توأم با حركات چشم و استفاده مي شود. هدف اين (PTSD) در درمان اختلال استرس پس از ضربه (CBT) و شناختي- رفتاري (EMDR) پردازش مجدد در اختلال استرس است. CBT و EMDR مطالعه بررسي تفاوت تأثير دو روش درماني بستري در بيمارستان ايثار اردبيل يا ساكن در شهر اردبيل به PTSD روش بررسي:در اين مطالعه مورد شاهدي 51 رزمنده مبتلا به روش نمونه گيري تصادفي ساده انتخاب شدند و به صورت تصادفي به سه گروه تقسيم شدند.روش مطالعه، آزمايشي گسترش يافته و طرح تحقيق از نوع پيش آزمون پس آزمون چندگروهي بود. ابزارهاي مورد استفاده شامل آزمون خاطره هاي آزاردهنده، مقياس برآشفتگي ذهني، مقياس شناخت واره هاي مثبت و مقياس اضطراب و افسردگي بيمارستاني بود. باعث كاهش معني داري در متغيرهاي خاطره هاي آزاردهنده، اضطراب و افسردگي و CBT و EMDR يافتهها: روش هاي درماني CBT در مقايسه با EMDR برآشفتگي ذهني شد و ميزان اعتماد به شناخت واره ي مثبت به طور معني داري افزايش يافت. روش درماني رزمندگان ايراني مؤثرتر بود، با اين وجود هر دو روش در كاهش علايم اين اختلال مؤثر بودند. PTSD در كاهش علايم پيشنهاد مي شود به منظور پيشگيري و كاهش علائم اختلال ،PTSD در درمان CBT و EMDR نتيجهگيري: با توجه به اثر درماني استرس پس از سانحه جنگ در رزمندگان ايراني از روش هاي درماني فوق در مراكز درماني استفاده شود.

Background: According to symptom oriented of drug therapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) were increasingly used. The aim of this study was to compare effects of EMDR and CBT in acute stress. Materials and methods: In this case-control study, 51 combatants with PTSD hospitalized in Isar Hospital of Ardabil province or were inhabited in Ardabil were randomly divided to three groups. The method was extended test method and study design was multi-group test-retest. Used tools included boring memories test, subjective units of distress or anxiety (SUD) scale, validity of cognitions (VOC) scale and hospital anxiety and depression scale. Results: EMDR and CBT significantly decreased boring memories, mental distress, anxiety and depression, and also increased positive cognition. Although both EMDR and CBT caused significant reduction of anxiety and depression, EMDR was superior to CBT in reduction of PTSD symptoms of Iranian combatants. Conclusion: Regarding efficacy of EMDR and CBT in the treatment of PTSD , it is suggested to prevent and decrease symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Keywords: Anxiety Depression CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Subjective Units of Distress SUD Validity of Cognition VOC

Accuracy Verified: Yes

11. محمد جواد احمدى زاده *، حسين اسکندری ، محمدرضا فلسفى نژاد و احمد برجعلی [Ahmadizadeh, M. J., Eskandari, H., Falsafinejad, M. R., & Borjali, A.] (2010, Fall). مقایسه اثر بخشی جنبش چشم "شناختی رفتاری" و " حساسیت زدایی بازفرآوری "مدل های درمان در بیماران مبتلا به جنگ پس از سانحه اختلال استرس [Comparison the effectiveness of “cognitive-behavioral” and “eye movement desensitization reprocessing” treatment models on patients with war posttraumatic stress disorder]. Iranian Journal of Military Medicine, 12(3), 173-178.

Language: Persian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Aims: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder which can develop after exposure to any event which results in psychological trauma. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most commonly used treatment for the disease and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a more rapid, relatively recent method. This study was designed with the aim of comparing the efficacy of Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing method on reduction of specific symptoms and recovery in patients suffering from PTSD due to war. Methods: This experimental study was performed in year 2008. 45 veterans suffering from PTSD were divided randomly into three CBT, EMDR and control groups. Each of the mentioned groups contained 15 members. Two questionnaires including PTSD checklist-military version and symptom checklist 90 revised were applied in order to collect data. Data was analyzed using inferential statistical tests by SPSS 16. Results: Scores of CBT group and EMDR group had a significant difference from control group scores. Conclusion: Both models are effective on reduction of symptoms in PTSD.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

12. 杜鹃 [Du Juan] ( 发表时间). 创伤后应激反应的相关因素分析及眼动疗法干预研究 [The analysis of related factors of post-traumatic stress and the research on EMDR intervention]. 山东大学.

Language: Chinese

Format: Book

Abstract:
5EMDR未来的方向对EMDR治疗持不乐观的文献亦较多，如有人指出目前关于EMDR的对照研究没有严格遵照科学的原则，故其有效性有待进一步考证〔34j。另外，关于EMDR在处理创伤的生理学症状所起的作用和机制的探讨，还不是很清楚，缺乏更多的实证研究。...

[2.1.5. The future of EMDR. There are also many articles which hold negative attitudes on EMDR treatment. Some people pointed that the current control study of EMDR does not follow strictly the scientific rules. Thus, proofs of its effectiveness are needed. Moreover, the exploration of the function and mechanism of EMDR in the treatment of traumatic physiology symptoms is still unclear and yet to be proved…]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

13. 平岡篤武 [Hiraoka Atsutake]. (2006年5月). 加害的性逸脱行動を行った男児(被害者)にEMDRを導入した心理ケア (特集〔日本子ども虐待防止学会〕第11回学術集会(北海道大会)) [Perpetrators were male gender deviant behavior (victim) was introduced to the psychological care EMDR (Special Child Abuse Prevention Association of Japan] [11th Annual Meeting (Conference Hokkaido))]. 児童虐待とネグレクト、8（1）、29から38 [Child Abuse and Neglect, 8(1), 29-38].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Keywords: Male Gender Deviant Behavior Perpetrators

Accuracy Verified: Yes

14. 陈维樑 [Chen Wei-Liang]. (2008, 年10月[October]). 复杂哀伤,EMDR和“人格结构性解体”理论 [Complicated grief, EMDR and the "structural disintegration of personality" theory]. Proceedings of the 5th World Congress for Psychotherapy, Beijing, China.

Language: Chinese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Presentation will address the therapeutic issues of a complex bereavement case with traumatized history in a bicultural society. EMDR as an integrative psychotherapeutic approach and theory like the "Structural Dissociation of the Personality" as proposed by Nijenhuis, Van der Hart, Steele complements each other in working with complex bereavement. The Presentation outlines the conceptualization of the case based on this theory, the working process and milestones. As the individual grieves, various aspects of structural dissociation are observed. Symptoms are understood in light of the "Apparently Normal and the Emotional Parts of the Personality". The working procedures within the EMDR framework involve processing materials from different aspects of structural dissociation. A reduction of trauma-related symptoms (i.e. depression, phobia, anxiety) over the course of EMDR treatment was observed. Finally, treatment issues as related to attachment, traumatic memory, and daily functioning are discussed in the context of a bicultural urban city. (Presented in English)

Keywords: Complication Grief Personality Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

15. 大河原美以 [Mii Ogawara]. (2008年6月). 子どもの心理治療にEMDRを利用することの意味―感情制御の発達不全と親子のコミュニケーション―大河原美以 [Clinical meaning of EMDR for psychological treatment of children: Failure of development in emotional control and parent-child communication]. こころのりんしょう第27巻02号 [Clinical Psychology: Various Aspects, 27(2), 293-298] .

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Keywords: Children Emotional Control Failure to Develop Parent-Child Communication

Accuracy Verified: Yes

16. Hofmann, A. (2008年10月). 心理创伤治疗的新发展及作为新疗法的EMDR(眼动脱敏再加工疗法) [New developments in the treatment of psychological trauma and EMDR as a new treatment method]. 第五届世界心理治疗大会论文 [Presentation at the 5th World Congress for Psychotherapy, Beijing, China].

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR（眼动脱敏再加工疗法）就是其中一种新兴的治疗方法。该方法是加利福尼亚的研究者弗朗辛•夏皮罗博士于1987年至1990年间发展出来的，即当病人面临其创伤记忆时，使用诸如眼动的双侧刺激。控制组研究表明，EMDR是治疗创伤障碍的最为行之有效的方法之一，而...

EMDR is one of the new treatments. This approach was developed by a California researcher Dr. Francine Shapiro between 1987 and 1990, i.e. when a patient is in the processing of the trauma memories, bilateral stimulation is used, such as eye movements. A control study indicates that EMDR is one of the most effective treatments of PTSD, but…

Keywords: Advances Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

17. 有村達之, 高瀬元治, 早川洋, 久保千春 [Arimura Tatsuyuki, Takase Motoharu, Hayakawa Hiroshi, and Kubo Chiharu ]. （2000年6月）. 心理的外傷体験にEMDRを用いて改善した二例(パニック) [Two improved cases with EMDR for psychological trauma experience]. 心身医学：日本誌、40（サプリメント）、144 [Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 40(Supplement), 144].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Keywords: Case Study Panic

Accuracy Verified: Yes

18. 市井雅哉, 熊野宏昭 [Ichii Masaya & Kumano Hiroaki]. (1996). 急性ストレス障害の阪神・淡路大震災被災者に対する眼球運動による脱感作法(EMD)の適用ブリーフサイコセラピー研究 [Eye movement desensitization by Kobe earthquake victims with acute stress disorder (EMD) application]. ブリーフサイコセラピー、5、53-70の日本人会 [Japanese Association of Brief Psychotherapy, 5, 53-70].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Abstract:
著者らは、EMDを（眼球運動脱感作）阪神淡路大震災から受けたとのASD（急性ストレス障害）の生存者として1ヶ月と診断地震次の2つの女性に適用されます。セッションの中で、彼らの恐れが減少した。その結果、EMDには、ASDクライアントのPTSDを防ぐために使用できることを示した。 25歳焦がすの女性は当初、外傷に関連する画像（例えば、火）、8の初期SUDにレベルを訴えた。眼球運動（EM）の苦痛のレベルの4つの後に0に減少した。眼球運動の7番目のセット後、彼女はそれが終わると、"として完全に本当だった認知"を評価した。 5ヵ月後には、これらの治療の変更が症状のいずれか再発することなく維持された。関連は、この場合、二次的利得と自己使用で議論された。また、結婚28歳の女性、EMDの治療のセッション中に恐怖感の強いreexperienced地震に関連する症状。迅速SUDには0のレベルに減少したEMの11セットの後に恐れている。同時に、彼女は彼女が望ましい認知または"すべては疑いの余地なくすべての権利"は信じられないと報じた。方法はEMDを適用することで画像や正認知の治療に議論された。また、症状の適用範囲やEMDとEMDRの違いが議論された。

Authors applied EMD (Eye Movement Desensitization) to two women who suffered from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and diagnosed as ASD (Acute Stress Disorder) survivors one month following the earthquake. Within a session, their fears were diminished. The result showed that EMD can be used for ASD clients to prevent PTSD. A 25 year-old singe woman initially complained of trauma-related imagery (e.g., fire) with an initial SUD level of eight. After four sets of Eye Movement (EM) the level of distress decreased to 0. After the seventh set of eye movement, she rated the cognition "it was over," as completely true. Five months later, these therapeutic changes were maintained without any relapse of symptoms. Associated with this case, secondary gain and self use were discussed. In addition, a married 28-year-old woman, reexperienced earthquake-related symptoms with a strong sense of fear during the therapy session of EMD. The fear quickly decreased to a level of 0 on SUD after the eleventh set of EM. At the same time she reported that she could believe a desirable cognition or "everything is all right" without any doubt. The way to treat imagery and positive cognition in applying EMD was discussed. Furthermore, an applicable range of symptoms, and the differences between EMD and EMDR were discussed.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD Earthquake Kobe

Accuracy Verified: Yes

19. 陈维樑, 吴薇莉 [Chen Wei-Liang & Li Wu-Wei]. 2010年第05期. 我所认识的EMDR陈维樑 [I know EMDR]. 西華大學學報(哲學社會科學版) 29卷5期 [West China University (Social Science Edition, 29(5))]. doi:cnki:sun:cdsf.0.2010-05-002 .

Language: Chinese

Format: Journal

Abstract:
EMDR是一种对治疗PTSD和其他创伤经历的心理治疗方法,这种方法的有效性得到了大量实证研究的支持。本文讨论了一些人们常问及的关于EMDR的基本问题,同时引用了一些案例和相关研究来帮助人们更好地理解和学习EMDR。

EMDR is the treatment of PTSD and other psychological treatment of traumatic experiences, the effectiveness of this approach are a lot of empirical research support. This article discusses some of the people often asked basic questions about EMDR, but cited a number of cases and related research to help people better understand and learn EMDR.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Efficacy Studies Information Processing of Adaptability Study of Curative Effect

Accuracy Verified: Yes

20. Qian Ge (2009). 汶川震后心理危机的早期干预:文献综述与评价 [Early mental crisis intervention to post-disaster in Wenchuan Earthquake: Literature review and evaluation]. 兰州学刊 2009年第03期.

Language: Chinese

Format: Journal

Abstract:
四）眼动脱敏再加工技术（Eye Movement Desensitizationand Reprocessing，EMDR）EMDR是一种可以在短短数次晤谈之后，便可在不用药物的情形下，有效减轻心理创伤程度及重建希望和信心的治疗方法。其治疗程序包括了八个阶段，具体见表4：表4眼动脱敏再加工技

(Fourthly, EMDR is a treatment which can effectively alleviate the psychological trauma and rebuild hope and confidence after a short period of time for treatment without medication. The treatment procedure includes eight stages, which are shown in details in the table.)

Keywords: Crisis Intervention Literature Review: Wenchuan Earthquake

Accuracy Verified: Yes

21. 孙海霞，杨蕴萍 [Sun Hai Xia, Yang Yun Ping]. (2004, August). 眼动脱敏与再加工治疗现状 [The psychotherapy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing]. 中国临床心理学杂志，2004，12（3）：324 [Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 12(3), 324-326].

Language: Chinese

Format: Journal

Abstract:
眼动脱敏与再加工(Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing ,以下简称EMDR) 由Francine Shapiro 于1987 年创立,最初仅为眼动脱敏( EMD) ,1991 年发展为眼动脱敏与再加工,其中眼动脱敏仅是EMDR 中双侧刺激的一种,而双侧刺激是EMDR 操作中众多组分的一部分。EMDR 是一种整合的心理疗法,它借鉴了控制论(cybernetics) 、精神分析、行为、认知、生理学等多种学派的精华,建构了加速信息处理的模式,帮助患者迅速降低焦虑,并且诱导积极情感、唤起患者对内的洞察、观念转变和行为改变以及加强内部资源,使患者能够达到理想的行为和人际关系改变[1 ] 。本文拟对EMDR 的有关机理与实践应用作一综述。

(Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, hereinafter referred to as EMDR) Francine Shapiro in 1987 by the creation of an initial eye movement desensitization only (EMD), 1991 years of development for the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, which EMDR eye movement desensitization only in a bilateral stimulation, and EMDR bilateral stimulation is part of the operation of many components. EMDR is an integrated psychological therapy, which draw on the control theory (cybernetics), psychoanalysis, behavioral, cognitive, physiological, and other schools of the essence of information processing to speed up construction of the model, to help patients rapidly reduce anxiety, and induce positive affect, arouse patients insight into the internal, the concept of change and behavior change and the strengthening of internal resources, so that patients can achieve the desired changes in behavior and interpersonal relationships [1]. This paper about the mechanism of EMDR reviews the application and practice.

Keywords: Mechanism of Action Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

22. 周宁刘将 [Zhou Ning & Liu Jiang] (2009). 眼动脱敏与再建治疗的回顾与展望 [Retrospect and prospect of EMDR]. 中国医疗前沿 2009年第07期.

Language: Chinese

Format: Journal

Abstract:
相比其他传统心理疗法，EMDR疗法有着巨大的优势，如治疗时间短、可操作性强，费用低廉等。与此同时，也存在着一些对EMDR治疗待批评性的观点，如：有些学者指出EMDR的眼动效应似乎过于表面化，因此质疑其疗效的稳定性。有人指出EMDR仅是目前比较成熟的...
(Compared to other traditional psychological treatment, EMDR has many advantages, such as it only requires a short period of time for treatment, it is easy to operate, its cost is low, etc. At the same time, there are some criticisms against EMDR. For example, some researchers pointed that the effect of the eye movement of EMDR seems to be too shallow, thus they questioned the stability of its treatment effect. Some people said that EMDR…)

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

23. 陳致豪 [Chen Chih-Hao]. (2004). 眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效 [The efficacy of eye movement and positive cognition components of EMDR in the treatment of cockroach phobia]. 國立台灣大學心理學研究所 [National Taiwan University Graduate Institute of Psychology].

Language: Chinese

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
陳致豪眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效
眼動減敏訊息再處理法（Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing; EMDR）是Shapiro（1989a, 1989b）所發展的一套治療方法，最早被用來治療創傷後壓力疾患（post traumatic stress disorder; PTSD，後來也被認為對其他心理疾患具有療效。雖然Shapiro認為眼動程序可以加速訊息處理並降低個案的焦慮與困擾，不同治療變項的療效仍待由控制性研究法進一步釐清。本研究以部分減除（dismantling）的方式，運用實驗法來探討「眼動」與「正向認知」對懼蟑症治療效果的影響。藉2（有眼動、無眼動）× 2（正向認知、減敏延長）受試者間設計，探討單一治療次對懼蟑症者的治療效果。受試者為自大樣本篩選出的40名懼怕蟑螂的大學女生。研究結果顯示治療程序的主要效果顯著，四組的療效相當。在治療階段中，受試者主觀害怕程度、對負向認知之相信程度皆呈顯著的線性下降；對正向認知之相信程度則僅眼動組呈顯著線性上升。雖然生理指標（心跳速率）在前測時顯著較基線時高，而在後測時回復至接近基線水準，但就微觀歷程分析，治療階段中各組之心跳速率變化為，在第一階段內逐漸上升，階段間休息時心跳速率略為降低，在第二階段開始又逐漸上升。本研究結果亦顯示，就微觀的治療歷程（micro process）而言，在正向認知的治療情境中，僅眼動組的受試者對正向認知之相信程度逐漸提高。在治療效果上，雖曝露法（exposure）本身便具有療效；但眼動能夠進一步促進受試者第二階段中正向認知的相信程度（可能藉由促進訊息處理）。就巨觀的療效指標而言，雖然單一治療次在各組皆有顯著的療效，但是正向認知對療效的影響無組別差異，該療效指標可能需要較多的治療次始能反映出來。本研究亦就研究結果所顯示的意義與未來的研究方向提出討論

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989a, 1989b) was initially used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and later has been thought to be effective in treating other psychological disorders also. Shapiro suggested that eye movement procedure could accelerate information processing and further reduced the client’s anxiety and disturbance. However, psychotherapy evaluation regarding crucial therapeutic parameters awaits elucidation. This dismantling study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of eye movement and positive cognition on phobias. Specifically, via a 2×2 between subject design, with “eye movement/non eye movement” and “treatment process” being two independent variables, a total of 40 female university students with fear of cockroaches were screened and recruited from introductory psychology class to explore the treatment effect of those two components. The results showed that, according to macro therapeutic indices, the effect of therapy was significant, and was not significantly different among groups. As to micro treatment process, while the participants’ SUDs decreased linearly, and so did the negative cognition VOCs, the positive cognition VOCs increased linearly only for the eye movement condition. In addition, while for macro index, the physical index, heart rate, was significantly higher at pre-test than at baseline and returned to baseline at post-test, the process measures indicated that heart rate increased during the first treatment stage, returned during rest period, and increased again during the second treatment stage. According to the micro process, the results also suggested that when presented with positive cognition participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions increased only for the eye movement condition. As to the therapeutic effects, although exposure by itself might be effective, eye movement could further promote participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions at the second treatment stage, probably by facilitating information processing. Nonetheless, regarding macro therapeutic index, there were equal therapeutic effects across groups within one-session therapy, and the superiority of positive cognition installation remained obscure, which implied that to become obvious more sessions might be called for. The implications of the present results and further research possibilities are postulated.

Keywords: Cockroach Phobia Eye Movement Phobia Positive Cognition Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

24. 陳致豪張素凰 [Chen Zhi-Hao, & Chang Sue-Hwang]. (2004年9月). 眼動減敏訊息再處理法中「眼動」與「正向認知」成分對於懼蟑症之療效國立台灣 [The efficacy of eye movement and positive cognition components of EMDR in the treatment of cockroach phobias]. 紙發表於第43屆年會台灣心理學會會議上，研討會焦慮症：心理素質，調解員和治療問題。政治大學，台北，台灣 [Presentation at the 43rd Annual Conferences on Taiwan Psychological Association, Symposium on Anxiety Disorders: Diatheses, Mediators and Therapeutic Implications. Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan].

Language: Chinese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
眼動減敏訊息再處理法（Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing; EMDR）是Shapiro（1989a, 1989b）所發展的一套治療方法，最早被用來治療創傷後壓力疾患（post traumatic stress disorder; PTSD，後來也被認為對其他心理疾患具有療效。雖然Shapiro 認為眼動程序可以加速訊息處理並降低個案的焦慮與困擾，不同治療變項的療效仍待由控制性研究法進一步釐清。本研究以部分減除（dismantling）的方式，運用實驗法來探討「眼動」與「正向認知」對懼蟑症治療效果的影響。藉2（有眼動、無眼動）× 2（正向認知、減敏延長）受試者間設計，探討單一治療次對懼蟑症者的治療效果。受試者為自大樣本篩選出的40 名懼怕蟑螂的大學女生。研究結果顯示治療程序的主要效果顯著，四組的療效相當。在治療階段中，受試者主觀害怕程度、對負向認知之相信程度皆呈顯著的線性下降；對正向認知之相信程度則僅眼動組呈顯著線性上升。雖然生理指標（心跳速率）在前測時顯著較基線時高，而在後測時回復至接近基線水準，但就微觀歷程分析，治療階段中各組之心跳速率變化為，在第一階段內逐漸上升，階段間休息時心跳速率略為降低，在第二階段開始又逐漸上升。本研究結果亦顯示，就微觀的治療歷程（micro process）而言，在正向認知的治療情境中，僅眼動組的受試者對正向認知之相信程度逐漸提高。在治療效果上，雖曝露法（exposure）本身便具有療效；但眼動能夠進一步促進受試者第二階段中正向認知的相信程度（可能藉由促進訊息處理）。就巨觀的療效指標而言，雖然單一治療次在各組皆有顯著的療效，但是正向認知對療效的影響無組別差異，該療效指標可能需要較多的治療次始能反映出來。本研究亦就研究結果所顯示的意義與未來的研究方向提出討論。

[Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989a, 1989b) was initially used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and later has been thought to be effective in treating other psychological disorders also. Shapiro suggested that eye movement procedure could accelerate information processing and further reduced the client’s anxiety and disturbance. However, psychotherapy evaluation regarding crucial therapeutic parameters awaits elucidation. This dismantling study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of eye movement and positive cognition on phobias. Specifically, via a 2×2 between subject design, with “eye movement/non eye movement” and “treatment process” being two independent variables, a total of 40 female university students with fear of cockroaches were screened and recruited from introductory psychology class to explore the treatment effect of those two components. The results showed that, according to macro therapeutic indices, the effect of therapy was significant, and was not significantly different among groups. As to micro treatment process, while the participants’ SUDs decreased linearly, and so did the negative cognition VOCs, the positive cognition VOCs increased linearly only for the eye movement condition. In addition, while for macro index, the physical index, heart rate, was significantly higher at pre-test than at baseline and returned to baseline at post-test, the process measures indicated that heart rate increased during the first treatment stage, returned during rest period, and increased again during the second treatment stage. According to the micro process, the results also suggested that when presented with positive cognition participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions increased only for the eye movement condition. As to the therapeutic effects, although exposure by itself might be effective, eye movement could further promote participants’ VOCs of positive cognitions at the second treatment stage, probably by facilitating information processing. Nonetheless, regarding macro therapeutic index, there were equal therapeutic effects across groups within one-session therapy, and the superiority of positive cognition installation remained obscure, which implied that to become obvious more sessions might be called for. The implications of the present results and further research possibilities are postulated.]

Keywords: Cockroach Phobia Eye Movement Phobia Positive Cognition Psychotherapy Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

25. 市井雅哉 [Ichii Masaya]. (1997年12月). 眼球運動による脱感作と再処理法(EMDR)の急性ストレス障害(ASD)を示した阪神淡路大震災被災者への適用 : ストレス障害に対するストレスの少ない治療法 [Application of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) to ASD survivors of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Treatment with less stress for stress disorder]. バイオフィードバック研究、（24）、38から44 [Japanese Journal of Biofeedback Research, (24), 38-44].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Abstract:
市井雅哉眼球運動による脱感作と再処理法(EMDR)の急性ストレス障害(ASD)を示した阪神淡路大震災被災者への適用: ストレス障害に対するストレスの少ない治療法バイオフィードバック研究日本バイオフィードバック学会
阪神・淡路大震災の被災者で急性ストレス障害を呈した2名の女性に対して震災1ケ月後にEMDRを適用した.いずれも1セッションで地震への恐怖感は消失した.EMDRをPTSDやASDといったストレス障害の治療に用いることの有効性が示された.治療技法としてのEMDRの特徴として、即効性,クライエント・治療者双方に対してのストレスの少なさを指摘し,作用機序についてこれまで提唱されている仮説について紹介した.

The Author applied EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) to two women survivors, who suffered from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and diagnosed as ASD one month following the earthquake. Within a session, their fears of the earthquake were diminished. The results showed that EMDR is effective for stress disorders like ASD or PTSD. A 25-year-old single woman initially complained of trauma-related imagery (e.g. fire) with an initial SUD level of eight. After four sets of eye movement (EM) the level of distress decreased to zero. After the seventh set of EM, her rating of cognition as "it was over" went up to "completely true." Five months later, these therapeutic changes were maintained without any relapse of symptoms. A married 28-year-old woman, re-experienced earthquake-related symptoms with a strong sense of fear during a therapy session of EMDR. The fear quickly decreased to a level of zero on SUD after the eleventh set of EM. At the same time she reported that she could believe a desirable cognition or that "everything is all right" without any doubt. The author pointed out that the therapeutic characteristics of EMDR are rapid effectiveness and less stress for both clients and therapists. Also some hypotheses of working mechanisms of EMDR were introduced.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder Clinical Case Study Earthquake Empirical Study Females Natural Disasters Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

26. 小川栄一 , 橋元佑美 , 岩本崇志 , 矢守誉史 , 岸本真希子 , 福本拓治 , 和田健 , 志和資朗 , 佐々木高伸 [Eiichi Ogawa, Hiromi Hashimoto, Takashi Iwamoto, Takafumi Yamori, Makiko Kishimoto, Takuzi Fukumoto, Ken Wada, Shiro Shiwa, and Takanobu Sasaki]. (2009年2月). 眼球運動による脱感作と再処理法(EMDR)を用いた心理的介入の実際(シンポジウム,第31回日本心身医学会中国・四国地方会演題抄録) [Eye movement desentization and reprocessing (EMDR) practice of using psychological interventions (Symposium, Western Regional Meeting Abstracts Abstracts 31th Japanese Society of Psychosomatic Medicine)]. 心身医学：日本誌、49（2）、172 [Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 49(2), 172].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Keywords: Practice Symposium Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

27. 張素凰、 [Chang Sue-Hwang]. (2008年3月). 眼球運動中的作用機制 EMDR的治療：證據為基礎的研究 [Role of eye movements in the therapeutic mechanisms of EMDR: Evidence-based research]. 論文發表於2008年TACP（台灣臨床心理學協會）年度會議（第三次大會），專題討論會以證據為基礎研究在台灣第1節心理障礙，3月8-9日，政治大學，台北，台灣。（國科會91 -2413 - H型009 -鹽度-;國科會92 -2413 - H型002 -024-;國科會93 -2413 - H型002 -002-） [Presentation at the 2008 TACP (Taiwan Association of Clinical Psychology) Annual Conference (Third General Meeting), Symposium on Evidence-Based Research in Taiwan; Section of Mental Disorders, March 8-9, Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan. (NSC 91-2413-H-009-SSS-; NSC 92-2413-H-002-024-; NSC 93-2413-H-002-002-)].

Language: Chinese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
研討會以證據為基礎的研究，在台灣，部分精神疾病。（國科會 91 - 2413 - H的009 -量表中文），國家安全委員會 92 - 2413 - H的- 002 - 024 -）;國家安全委員會 93 - 2413 - H的- 002 - 002 -）眼動脫敏和再加工（EMDR;夏皮羅，1989 ，1995，2001）最近聲稱要有效地紓緩創傷後應激障礙的症狀，恐怖疾病。眼運動（電磁）是一種治療的關鍵因素，其治療機制有待澄清。在這個談話的目的是要研究系列報告，從我們的實驗室就EM的作用，治療機制 EMDR。具體來說，在EMDR程序被簡單地描述，EM的功效及工藝相比，暴露了問題。此外，對影響電磁情緒變化和生動的圖像或自傳記憶，改變數量和強度的語義協會的報告。此外，關於如何EMDR問題可能的工作，無論是電磁沒有添加任何超出了純粹接觸機制和電磁相互作用，價的刺激，他們的陳述順序進行了討論。最後，在EM的作用方面提出的刺激價為了從理論的角度來看，其臨床意義，提出和未來研究的可能性進行了討論。

Symposium on Evidence-Based Research, in Taiwan; Section of Mental Disorders. (NSC 91-2413-H-009-SSS-); NSC 92-2413-H-002-024-); NSC 93-2413-H-002-002-) Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989, 1995, 2001) has recently been claimed to be effective in ameliorating the symptoms of PTSD and phobic disorders. Eye movement (EM) was one of the crucial treatment elements, of which the therapeutic mechanisms await elucidation. The aims of this talk were to report series of studies from our lab regarding the role of EM in the therapeutic mechanism of EMDR. Specifically, after EMDR procedure being briefly described, the efficacy of EM and its process compared to exposure were addressed. Further, the effects of EM on changes of emotionality and vividness of images or autobiographic memories, and changes of amount and strength of semantic associations were reported. Also, the issues regarding how EMDR might work, whether EM did add anything beyond the mechanisms of pure exposure, and the interplay of EM, valence of stimuli, and their presentation order were discussed. Finally, the role of EM in terms of stimulus valence presentation order from theoretical point of view and its clinical implications are proposed, and future research possibilities are discussed.

Keywords: Eye Movement Exposure Symposium Therapeutic Mechanism

Accuracy Verified: Yes

28. スペイツ C.リチャードコッチエレン I. [Spates, C. R., and Koch, E. I.] (2003). 眼球運動脱感作と再処理(Reprocessing)から表出(Exposure)セラピーまで : 共通するメカニズムへの証拠に対する再考と概観 [From eye movement desensitization and reprocessing to exposure therapy: A review of the evidence for shared mechanisms]. 行动分析学研究18（2）、62から76 [Japanese Journal of Behavior Analysis, 18(2), 62-76].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Abstract:
心的外傷後ストレス障害は、（心的外傷後ストレス障害）のすべての文化と生涯を通じて人々に影響を与える条件である。診断実践心的外傷後ストレス障害の導入以来、多くの研究は、疫学、病態生理、心理的、生理的メカニズムだけでなく、その治療に対処しています。障害の行動製剤は、分野の研究をリードの間に浸透して、効果的な治療につながるなど、暴露療法するヒューリスティックを証明されています。眼球運動脱感作は、サービス（EMD/ R）の再処理は、この定式化から出発すると主張している最近開発された介入は、その有効性の実証的な支持を受けています。本記事では、眼球運動脱感作と再処理の行動策定を支持する証拠をレビューし、それが暴露療法と行動の一般的なメカニズムを共有していることを示唆している。以上の研究関心は心的外傷後ストレス障害より寛容と、クライアントと実務に受け入れられるのレンダリング露出ベースの治療法の検討方法に与えられるべきである。

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that affects people in all cultures and throughout the lifespan. Since the introduction of posttraumatic stress disorder into diagnostic practice, a great deal of research has addressed its epidemiology, pathophysiology, and psychological and physiological mechanisms, as well as its treatment. A behavioral formulation of the disorder has prevailed among leading researchers in the field, and has proved heuristic in leading to efficacious treatments, e.g., exposure therapy. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMD/R), a recently developed intervention that claims to be a departure from this formulation, has received empirical support for its efficacy. The present article reviews the evidence supporting a behavioral formulation of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and suggests that it shares common mechanisms of action with exposure therapy. Greater research attention should be given to examining ways of rendering exposure-based therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder more tolerant and acceptable to clients and practitioners. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Exposure Therapy Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

29. 赵国秋汪永光王义强付素芬唐济生曹日芳 [Zhao Guoqiu, Wang Yongguang, Wang Yiqiang, FU Shufen, Tang Jisheng, & Cao Rifang] (发表时间). 胶济铁路交通事故伤员心理危机干预结果分析 [The Analysis of Intervention for Casualties in the Accident on Jiaoji Railway on April 28]. 中国首届心理咨询师大会暨心理危机干预研讨会论文集.

Language: Chinese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
对22名ASD患者进行EMDR治疗，比较EMDR治疗前后的心理行为反应的差异。结果：有22名达到ASD（急性应激障碍）诊断标准，ASD发生率为9.73%，伤员中主要以闯入、警觉性增高表现为主，并伴随着其它的负性情绪体验。女性组心理行为反应结果明显重于男性组，女性组ASD...

(Based on the treatment of EMDR for 22 ASD patients, the comparison of psychological and behavior reaction between and after the treatment is shown. Results: there were 22 patients who reached to the diagnosis standard of ASD (Acute Stress Disorder). The incident rate is 9.73%. The major reaction is the increase of intrusive thoughts and alertness, with some other negative emotional experiences. The result of the psychological and behavior reaction of the female group is evidently stronger than that of the male group. The female group…)

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD Jiaoji Railway

Accuracy Verified: Yes

30. 김 [Kim, D.] (2009). 직장 스트레스로 악화된 뚜렛 장애의 EMDR： 단일 증례 연구 [A single case study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with tourette’s disorder aggravated by stress at work]. Mental Health Research, 28, 14-20.

Language: Korean

Format: Journal

Abstract:
뚜렛 장애(Tourette’s disorder)는 다발성 운동 틱과 한 개 이상의 음성 틱이 1년 이상 나타나며 틱이 없는 기간이 3개월 이하일 때 진단된다.1) 이 장애는 만성적인 경과를 밟 으며, 많은 환자들이 성인기에 접어 들면 증상이 호전되지만 더 심해지는 경우도 있어 그 개인차가 크다.2) 또한 틱증상이 악화되었다가 호전되는 패턴이 삽화처럼 존재하기 때문에 약 물치료의 시작하는 시점이나 그 효과 판별에 주의를 요한다. 예를 들어, 악화기엔 어떠한 약물도 그 효과가 적기 때문에 이 시점에서 유용성을 판단하기 어렵다.3) 뚜렛 장애의 치료는 약물치료가 1차 선택 치료이지만 많 은 환자들이 원치 않는 부작용 때문에 약물복용을 거절하거 나 중단한다. 또한 일부는 약물의 효과가 없으며, 있다고 해 도 그 효과는 제한적이다.4) 한 연구에 의하면 평균적인 약물 반응은 틱 증상의 50% 전도 감소라고 한다.5) 따라서 약물 치료와 병용할 수 있는 효과적인 정신치료의 필요성이 요구 되고 있다. 뚜렛이나 틱 장애의 대표적인 정신치료는 습관 반전(habit reversal) 이라는 행동치료이다.6) 그외에도 인식 훈련, 자기 주장 훈련, 인지치료, 이완치료 등이 있다.4) 현재까지 가장 효과의 준거가 강한 것은 습관반전이며7) 그 외 정신치료에 대한 연구 축적은 부족한 실정이다. 뚜렛장애에 대한 정신치 료는 증상의 완화 뿐 아니라 질환을 이해시키고, 자존감을 높이며 사회적 기능을 향상시키는 데 중요한 역할은 한다.8) 비교적 최근 심리적 외상 치료로 개발된 안구운동 민감소실 및 재처리 요법(Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprecessing, EMDR)이 여러 임상 영역에 활발하게 쓰이면서 그 관심을 받고 있다.9) 외상후 스트레스 장애 외의 불안장애에 부터 보다 최근에는 우울증과 정신분열병에 까지 시도되고 있는 실정이다.10,11) 이 증례는 직장 스트레스로 악화된 뚜렛 환자에게 EMDR을 사용하여 성공적으로 치료한 경험을 공 유하고자 작성되었다.

This single case report involves a 24 year-old woman with Tourette’s syndrome who experienced exacerbation of tic symptoms after stressful events at work. After eight months of unsuccessful pharmacotherapy, the five sessions of EMDR was tried targeting the events, which resulted in significant reduction in tic and stress symptoms to previous level. In fact, she felt so good that she discontinued her medication after two sessions but maintained her improvement throughout treatment period. Two years after termination of treatment she was reported to have been doing great at work although she continued to display her tics at usual, mild level.

Keywords: Tic Disorder Tourette’s Disorder Psychotherapy Stress

Accuracy Verified: Yes

31. Βεντουράτου, Δ. [Ventouratos, D.]. (2009). Εισαγωγή στην ψυχοτραυματολογία και στην τραυματοθεραπεία. : Η μέθοδος - EMDR [Introduction to psychotraumatology and trauma treatment and EMDR]. Πεδίο εφαρμογής Εκδόσεων, Αθήνα, Ελλάδα [Field Publications, Athens, Greece] .

Language: Greek

Format: Book

Abstract:
Συχνά, όταν βρισκόμαστε αντιμέτωποι με μια αιφνίδια στρεσογόνο εμπειρία, νιώθουμε απειλή και ανημπόρια. Αν οι προσπάθειές μας να την ξεπεράσουμε ψυχικά δεν επαρκούν, δημιουργούνται μέσα μας εσωτερικά ρήγματα. Συνήθως παγώνουμε ή απωθούμε κάθε ανάμνηση και κάθε συναίσθημα που σχετίζονται με το τραυματικό βίωμα. Οι συνέπειες αυτής της απώθησης είναι διάφορα ψυχοσωματικά συμπτώματα, φοβίες ή κατάθλιψη.
Το βιβλίο εισάγει για πρώτη φορά τον αναγνώστη στα εξειδικευμένα πεδία της ψυχοτραυματολογίας και της τραυματοθεραπείας, που ασχολούνται με την αντιμετώπιση και εξάλειψη των τραυματικών βιωμάτων στους ανθρώπους: η ψυχοτραυματολογία συμμαχεί με το υγιές εγώ και χτίζει με προσοχή μια θεραπευτική σχέση εμπιστοσύνης με στόχο την επεξεργασία και αφομοίωση του τραυματικού βιώματος.
Στο βιβλίο εξετάζεται ειδικότερα η πρωτοποριακή μέθοδος ΕΜDR της Francine Shapiro, που αποτελεί ένα πολύ ισχυρό εργαλείο στα χέρια του έμπειρου κλινικού με θεαματικά αποτελέσματα. Με τη μέθοδο αυτή το τραυματικό βίωμα νοηματοδοτείται και παίρνει τη θέση του σαν ένα ακριβό μαργαριτάρι στον θησαυρό των εμπειριών του ατόμου.

Often, when faced with a sudden stressful experience, one feels threatened and helpless. If our efforts to overcome psychologically inadequate, created through our internal divides. Usually freeze or repelled every memory and every emotion associated with the traumatic experience. The effect of this repulsion is different psychosomatic symptoms, phobias or depression. The book introduces for the first time the reader to specific areas of psychotrafmatologias and trafmatotherapeias, dealing with the treatment and elimination of traumatic experiences in people: the psychotrafmatologia allies with a healthy ego and carefully builds a therapeutic relationship of trust with the aim of treatment and assimilation of traumatic experiences. In particular the book examines innovative method of EMDR Francine Shapiro, which is a very powerful tool in the hands of an experienced clinician with spectacular results. With this method, the traumatic experience and arises only takes its place as an expensive pearl in the treasure the experience of the individual.

Keywords: Psychotraumatology Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

32. Lanius, U. (2005, April). 'Dissociative processes' and EMDR - Staying connected. Presentation at 3rd Annual Conference of the EMDR Association of UK and Ireland, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: D
issociative processes, common in a wide variety of psychological disorders (e.g., PTSD, Anxiety Disorders, Personality Disorders, Dissociative Disorders, etc.) can interfere with effective EMDR treatment. The information processing system gets overwhelmed and shuts down, thereby barring the integration and resolution of traumatic experience. The workshop presents a model, based on recent developments in neuroscience and the neurobiology of dissociation, that guides therapeutic interventions in general and EMDR treatment in particular. Treatment planning, target selection, the use of both body-oriented (bottom-up processing) versus cognitive and ego-state (top-down processing), and other interventions are discussed. Participants will become familiar with specific interventions designed to minimize dissociative symptoms, as well as techniques that aid clients in becoming reconnected once dissociative processes have occurred. A comprehensive therapeutic approach is described that aids clients with dissociative symptoms to stay connected and thereby enhance the likelihood of efficient information processing during EMDR treatment.

Keywords: Dissociation Dissociative Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

33. Wilson, S., Becker, L., & Tinker, R. H. (1995, June). 15-Month follow up of EMDR treatment for traumatic memory. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
We previously reported on the outcomes of a controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) effectiveness in the treatment of traumatic memory (Wilson, Tinker, & Becker, 1994; Wilson, Becker, & tinker, in press). In that study we found that three, 90-minute sessions of EMDR (Shapiro, 1995) "normalized the psychological functioning of the previously traumatized participants (g = 80) on all dependent measures. The present study is a 15-month follow up of those participants. I Method: The research design is shown in Table 1. Participants were randomly assigned to EMDR or to Delayed EMDR conditions. Pretreatment measurement occurred at measurement time TI. Participants in the EMDR condition received EMDR between T1 and T2; those in the Delayed EMDR condition received EMDR between T2 and T3. All participants were tested immediately following treatment and at 3 months following treatment (at T4). The 15 month, long-term follow up occurred at measurement time T5. An independent assessor collected all of the following dependent measures: Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS; Wolpe, 1990), Impact of Events Scale (IES; Hmowitz, Wilner, & Alvarez, 1979), State/Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983), and the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R, Derogatis, 1992). [Table 1. The Research Design, Treatment Condition, Measurement Time: T1 T2 T3 T4 T5; EMDR Treatment: 01 x 02 03 04; Delayed EMDR Treatment 01 02 x 03 04 05; Note: T = Time of measurement; 0 = Observation; X = Treatment administered.] II. Results: Two analyses were performed to assess the impact of EMDR treatment at the 15-month follow up. First, in order to assess the overall, long-term impact of EMDR, the 15-month follow-up scores were compared with the pretreatment scores. There was significant improvement on all nine measures at the 15-month follow up: The multivariate effect was significant (Wilk's Lambda =.11, p<.0005) as were all nine of the univariate effects (all p <.0005). Second, in order to assess whether the improvement shown immediately following EMDR treatment had been maintained over the following year the immediate posttreatment scores were compared with, the 15-month follow-up scores. The multivariate test was nonsignificant (Wilk's lambda=.74, p=.079), indicating the improvement shown immediately following EMDR was maintained 15 months later. The univariate analyses indicated additional improvement for the PTSD symptoms of intrusions (IES Intrusion: F(1,56)=7.71, p=307) and avoidance (IES avoidance: F_(1,56) -4.44, p=.040). None of the nine measures showed deterioration at the 15-month follow up. Prior to EMDR treatment 45% (g= 9) of the responders had been diagnosed as PTSD, at the 15-month follow up only 7% (g = 4) were diagnosed as PTSD (chi-squareo, N=61)= .72, p < .05). III. Responders Versus Nonresponders at the 15-Month Follow up.: At the time of writing this abstract, 75% of the participants (g=61) have responded to the 15-month follow up. In general, measures taken prior to treatment did not differentiate responders fiom nonresponders. Responding at the 15-month follow up was unrelated to age, gender, marital status or years of education, although the annual income of the responders (Mdn=21,500) was higher than that of the nonresponders (Mdn = 14,750, Mann-Whitney U=372.5, p=.017). Responding or not at 15 months was unrelated to the type of trauma experienced, whether or not the participants had been in therapy prior to EMDR treatment, or how long ago the trauma had occurred. It was also unrelated to the severity of the trauma as measured by the pretreatment scores on the nine dependent variables and to whether or not the participant met the PTSD diagnosis criteria prior to treatment. A multiple regression analysis used the immediate posttreatment and 90-day posttreatment scores to predict whether or not the participant responded at the 15-month follow up. Nonrespondents were more likely to be depressed at 90-days following treatment than were respondents (R square=.O8, B=-.16, Beta = -.28, F_L1,71)=5.99, p=.017). No other variables entered into the regression model. IV Discussiona and Conclusion, Tretement effects found immediately following EMDR treatment wer maintained or improved 15 months later and thee was a significant decrease in the number of participants diagnosed as PTSD at the 15 month follow up. The comparison of responders to nonresponders at the 15 month follow up showed that the nonresponders were more depressed than the responders, raising the possiblity that the present results may be favorably biased to some extent. The discussion will include the additional, subjective impressions of participants who did not respond to the follow up. Limitations of EMDR with this population will be discussed, including the influence of comorbidity, multiple traumas, retraumatization after treatment, and spontaneous recurrence of symptoms. V. References: 1) Derogatis, L. R. (1992). SCL-90: Administration Scoring and Procedures Manual II. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research. 2) Horowitz, M. J., Wilmer, N. & Alverez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A Measure of Subjective Distress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218. 3) Shapiro, F. (1995), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures. 4) Speilberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R. D., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press. 5) Wilson, S. A., Tinker, R. A., & Becker, L. A. (1994, November). Efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)Treatment for Trauma Victims. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL. 6) Wilson, S. A., Becker, L. A., & Tinker, R. A. (In press), EMDR, treatment for psychologically traumatized individuals, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.

Keywords: Follow-up Traumatic Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

34. 小川栄一 , 橋元佑美 , 和田健 , 日域広昭 , 波田紫 , 佐々木高伸 , 志和資朗 [Eiichi Ogawa, Hiromi Hashimoto, Ken Wada, Hiroaki Hiiki, Murasaki Hada, Takanobu Sasaki, and Shiro Shiwa]. (2009年9月). 22.EMDR(眼球運動による脱感作と再処理法)の実施が心理生理反応に及ぼす影響(第28回日本心身医学会中国・四国地方会演題抄録,地方会抄録,学会報告) [22.EMDR (treatment of eye movement desensitization and re-) effect of the implementation of psychological physiological responses (Abstract Title: The 28th Chugoku-Shikoku Regional Meeting of the Japanese Society of Psychosomatic Medicine)]. 心身医学、46の日本誌（9）、836〜837 [Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 46(9), 836-837].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Keywords: Physiological Responses

Accuracy Verified: Yes

35. Koshal, A. (2010, June). The 4-fields-technic in the traumatherapy of complex traumatized and drug-addicted people (in methadone-treatment). In Addictions. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Nowadays several international studies demonstrate that the problem of drug-addiction is very often found in combination with complex traumatization in early childhood and youth. (Felitti. 2903; Kufner et al. 2000; Langeland et al. 2006; Schmidt, 2000 etc.) As we all know PTSD and the other trauma symptoms cause a lot of psychophysical dysregulation. So the psychiatrist Khantrian postulated already 1985 the "self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders". Janina Fisher, Trauma Center Boston, 2000, called this assumed combination of trauma-consequences and drug-addiction, "compensatory strategies aimed at self-regulation" In many years of working with drug-addicted people it became very obvious that a high percentage of this people are using drugs, for example to calm down after being aggressive, may be caused by an argue: or to reduce strong inner tensions; to sleep without nightmares, to alleviate the feeling of helplessness and fear etc. Drugs and alcohol do reduce all the mentioned symptoms for a while. To learn to cope in another, more adaptive way, the addicted people need to learn alternatives strategies for a good functioning self-regulation. After stabilization, the trauma therapy can start, so the patient can reduce some of the sources of psychophysiological dysregulation. Even when the addicted people still get methadone psychotherapy is possible. Practical experience over a long time. started 1990, did show a lot of successful treatments and that methadone does not interfere a traumatherapy. The 4-Fields-Technic is a special method of EMDR that was developed by Jarero et al. 1997 in Mexico after a hurricane disaster. Dorothee Lansch modified the group method into a therapy-setting for single persons. For complex traumatized and drug-addicted people this technic is very helpful. The focus is more easy to keep in mind, - in front of the eyes. In the 4-Fields-Technic the patient focuses on a self-painted picture, that represents the worst part of a trauma experience. The patient keeps his focus on this picture, combined with bilateral stimulation, till he feels the picture should be changed. And so the process is going on till finished. The participant will be able to learn: - about the correlation between complex trauma and drug-addiction - that drug-addicted people who get methadone are able to do trauma therapy -the 4-Fieids-Technic as a method to create resources. Psychotherapy and specially psychotraumatherapy with drug-addicted people who are as well in a methadone-treatment is for many therapists still controversial. This presentation will give you an idea how good it can work, based on various case series.

Keywords: 4-Fields-Technic Complex Trauma Drug Addiciton Methodone Treatment Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

36. Koshal, A. (2012, June). The 4-fields-technique in the trauma therapy of complex traumatized and addicted patients [La técnica de 4-‐Campos en la terapia de trauma complejo y pacientes adictos, incluso en tratamiento de metadona]. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop will employ lecture and demonstration of several case studies. The 4-‐Field-‐Technique is a special method of EMDR that was developed by Jarero et al. 1997 in Mexico. For complex traumatized and drug addicted people this method is very helpful. The risk to trigger other trauma clusters is quite minor, because the patient’s concentration is focused on his specific picture and situation. Several international studies demonstrate that addicted people are very often complex traumatized. (Felitti et al., 2003; Schmidt, 2000 etc.) PTSD and other trauma symptoms cause a lot of psychophysical deregulation. The psychiatrist Khantzian realized 1985, that addicted people suffer a lot from different symptoms and try to reduce the unbearable inner tension in using drugs. So Khantzian postulated the “self-‐medication hypothesis of addictive disorders”. Janina Fisher, Trauma Center Boston, 2000, interpreted the correlation of early traumatization and drug-‐addiction as “compensatory strategies aimed at self-‐ regulation”. 20 years of psychotherapeutic work revealed, a high percentage of addicted patients use drugs to influence their emotional states. Drugs and alcohol do short term reduce the mentioned symptoms. Addicted patients need to learn to cope in another, more adaptive way to get a better functioning self-‐regulation. After stabilization, trauma-‐therapy can start. So the patient can reduce his psycho-‐ physiological deregulation. Even when addicted patients are still in a methadone-‐ treatment trauma-‐therapy is effective. Practical experiences show a lot of successful treatments.

Este taller empleará la presentación y demostración de muchos estudios de caso. La técnica de 4 campos es un método especial de EMDR que fue desarrollado por Jarero et al. 1997 en Méjico. Para gente con traumas complejos y adictos este método resulta ser muy adecuado. El riesgo de disparar grupos de traumas es menor, debido a que la concentración del paciente está centrada en una sola imagen y situación. Muchos estudios demuestran que los adictos son muy a menudo traumatizados de manera compleja. (Felitti et al., 2003; Schmidt, 2000 etc.) El TEPT y otros síntomas del trauma causan muchas desregulaciones psicofisiológicas. El psiquiatra Khantzian se dio cuenta en 1985, que la gente que sufre de adicción sufren también muchos otros síntomas diferentes e intentan reducir su tensión interna a través del uso de sustancias. Por ello Khantzian postuló “ La hipótesis de la automedicación en trastornos adictivos” Janina Fisher, Trauma Center Boston, 2000, interpretó la correlación de la traumatización temprana y la adicción a la drogas como “ Estrategias compensatorias dirigidas a la autorregulación”. 20 años de trabajo psicoterapéutico muestran que un gran porcentaje de pacientes adictos usan drogas para modificar sus estados emocionales. Las drogas y el alcohol reducen a corto plazo los síntomas mencionados. Los pacientes adictos necesitan aprender a afrontar de manera más adaptativa su autorregulación. Después de la estabilización, la terapia del trauma puede empezar. Por ello el paciente puede reducir su desregulación psicofisiológica. Incluso cuando aún están sometidos a un tratamiento de metadona la terapia del trauma es efectiva. Las experiencias en la práctica muestran una gran cantidad de tratamientos exitosos.

Keywords: 4-Fields-Technique Addiction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

37. Opperman-Schmid, F. (2010, June). 5 years of EMDR in a general practioners practise. In Treatment of children/acute stress. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This study describes the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in clients suffering from posttraumatic stress symptoms after recent traumatic experience. Between November 2003 and July 2009, 45 clients of a general medicine practise with stress reactions and inability to work after a recent traumatic event were treated with EMDR. The number of active EMDR sessions varied from 1 to 5 sessions. After this short time of active treatment, everyone of these clients was free of symptoms and able to take up work again. After a three months period, those clients were reinvestigated. Up to this time, none of them had suffered from symptoms of distress or accumulation of trauma memories or inability to go to work. The study shows an interesting aspect in EMDR treatment: general practitioners are the first to be consulted by clients with recent trauma. EMDR is shown to be very effective in treatment of stress symptoms after recent trauma. Consequently, an early intervention with EMDR reduces stress symptoms and the period of inability. This is to promote interest and awareness specially among general practitioners with psychotherapy training.

Keywords: Acute Stress Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

38. Beccari, A. (2008). Abuso sessuale sui minori: Il sostegno alle giovani vittime [On child sexual abuse: Support for young victims]. Universita Degli Studi di Parma, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract: Il filo conduttore di questo report sarà il trauma. La prima parte sarà incentrata sulla definizione di trauma, sulle risposte adattive e su quelle patologiche di fronte ad un evento negativo e sulle variabili individuali e soggettive che determinano nell’individuo un vissuto traumatico. Quest’ultimo aspetto, infatti, sappiamo essere fondamentale per capire la differenza che intercorre tra le diverse reazioni (emotiva, cognitiva e comportamentale) delle persone che si trovano ad essere esposte anche al medesimo evento disturbante. La seconda sezione sarà invece dedicata al trauma dei bambini e alle diverse modalità di condurre un assessment adeguato. La terza parte si concentrerà, nello specifico, sul trauma da abuso sessuale: ne prenderà in considerazione la definizione, le conseguenze a breve e medio-lungo termine nonchè le possibilità di sostegno alle giovani vittime di abuso sessuale intra ed extra familiare. Inoltre verrà trattata una tecnica piuttosto recente dimostratasi efficace nel trattamento del Disturbo Post-traumatico da Stress negli adulti come nei bambini: l’EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing).

The theme of this report is trauma. The first part will focus on the definition of trauma, and those on adaptive responses pathological in the face of a negative event and the individual variables and subjective determine in the individual a traumatic experience. This latter aspect, in fact, we know be crucial to understand the difference between the different reactions (emotional, cognitive and behavioral) of persons who are to be presented on the same event disturbing. The second section will be devoted to the trauma of children and the different modes of conduct a proper assessment. The third part will focus specifically on the trauma of sexual abuse: it will take consider the definitions, the short-and medium-long term as well as the possibility of support for young victims of sexual abuse within and outside the family. also will be treated fairly new technique proved effective in treating the disorder Post-traumatic Stress in adults as in children: EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing).

Keywords: Children Sexual Abuse

Accuracy Verified: Yes

39. Tarrier, N., Liversidge, T., & Gregg, L. (2006, November). The acceptability and preference for the psychological treatment for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(11), 1643-1656. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.11.012.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The acceptability and preference of psychological treatments is important in understanding patient treatment seeking, choice, engagement and attrition and possibly treatment response in health care. The acceptability of, and preference for, 14 different types of psychological treatment for PTSD were investigated in a student population through invitation to participate in a web-based survey. Respondents were asked to rate each treatment on 10 scales and to rank the treatments in order of preference. Respondents were also asked whether they would seek treatment themselves, recommend treatment to friends and family, feel stigmatised by suffering from PTSD, had any prior knowledge of the treatments and if this had been positive or negative, and whether they had a history of psychological problems or treatment. A total of 330 respondents completed the survey. A past or current history of psychological problems and treatment was surprisingly high. Almost all respondents indicated that they would seek or recommend treatment in spite of high levels of stigmatisation. Factor analysis of the 10 scales indicated two factors: Endorsement and Discomfort. Rank ordering on preference and Endorsement scores was highly consistent. The highly preferred and endorsed treatments involved cognitive therapy, exposure, or psycho-education in spite of high levels of discomfort anticipated with exposure. Treatments involving new technologies, EMDR, and psychodynamic psychotherapy received the lowest Endorsement and preference. There was a modest influence of prior knowledge of a treatment. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy Cognitive Therapy Exposure Therapy College Students Computer Assisted Psychotherapy Empirical Study Family Therapy Group Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Preference Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Psychological Treatment Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Quantitative Study Relaxation Therapy Treatment Acceptability Virtual Reality Exposure Web-Based Survey

Accuracy Verified: Yes

40. Lee, C. W., Taylor, G., & Drummond, P. D. (2006, March-April). The active ingredient in EMDR: Is it traditional exposure or dual focus of attention?. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13(2), 97-107. doi:10.1002/cpp.479.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Very little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the therapeutic effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). This study tested whether the content of participants' responses during EMDR is similar to that thought to be effective for traditional exposure treatments (reliving), or is more consistent with distancing, which would be expected given Shapiro's proposal of dual process of attention. The responses made by 44 participants with PTSD were examined during their first EMDR treatment session. An independent rater coded these responses according to whether they were consistent with reliving, distancing, or focusing on material other than the primary trauma. The coding system was found to have satisfactory inter-rater reliability. Greatest improvement on a measure of PTSD symptoms occurred when the participant processed the trauma in a more detached manner. Cross-lagged panel correlations suggest that processing in a more detached manner was a consequence of the EMDR procedure rather than a measure that covaried with improvement. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Attention Australians Cognitive Processes Empirical Study Mechanism of Action Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Quantitative Study Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

41. Hogberg, G., & Hallstrom, T. (2008). Active multimodal psychotherapy in children and adolescents with suicidality: Description, evaluation and clinical profile. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13(3), 435-448. doi:10.1177/1359104507088348.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate the clinical pattern of 14 youths with presenting suicidality, to describe an integrative treatment approach, and to estimate therapy effectiveness. Fourteen patients aged 10 to 18 years from a child and adolescent outpatient clinic in Stockholm were followed in a case series. The patients were treated with active multimodal psychotherapy. This consisted of mood charting by mood-maps, psycho-education, wellbeing practice and trauma resolution. Active techniques were psychodrama and body-mind focused techniques including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. The patients were assessed before treatment, immediately after treatment and at 22 months post treatment with the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. The clinical pattern of the group was observed. After treatment there was a significant change towards normality in the Global Assessment of Functioning scale both immediately post-treatment and at 22 months. A clinical pattern, post trauma suicidal reaction, was observed with a combination of suicidality, insomnia, bodily symptoms and disturbed mood regulation. We conclude that in the post trauma reaction suicidality might be a presenting symptom in young people. Despite the shortcomings of a case series the results of this study suggest that a mood-map-based multimodal treatment approach with active techniques might be of value in the treatment of children and youth with suicidality.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Suicide

Accuracy Verified: Yes

42. Bergmann, U. (2011, August). Acute, chronic and complex PTSD: Exploring their neuroendocrinology and relationship to medically unexplained symptoms. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Orange County, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
What exactly happens on a neuroendocrine level in acute, chronic and complex PTSD? Is there a relationship between this unusual neuroendocrine profile and a number of medical disorders of unknown origin which, often, do not respond to traditional symptomatic medical treatment? This seminar will review and examine the results of extensive neuroendocrine research relative to these trauma-induced disorders. The data from these research bases will be integrated with neuroendocrine research findings regarding autoimmune compromises associated with chronic trauma. Anomalous conditions, such as Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD), Systemic Lupus Erythematosis, Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, Sjogren’s Syndrome, and Rheumatoid Arthritis will be examined. This presentation will illustrate the neuroendocrine and causal relationship between the various forms of PTSD and these medical disorders. Accordingly, the implications for treatment will be examined.

Keywords: Acute PTSD Chronic PTSD Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD Medically-Unexplained Sysmptoms Neuroendocrinology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

43. Bergmann, U. (2012, October). Acute, chronic and complex PTSD: Exploring their neuroendocrinology and relationship to medically unexplained symptoms. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Arlington, VA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Acute PTSD Chronic PTSD Complex PTSD Medically Unexplained Symptoms Neuroendocrinology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

44. Barreda-Hanson, C. (2012, Septiember). Adaptación del EMDR y terapia breve centrada en el cliente para cambiar percepciones negativas y traumaticas [EMDR adaption of brief client-centered therapy to change negative and traumatic perceptions]. Presentación en la 70 Conferencia Anual del International Council of Psychologist(ICP), Sevilla, España.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
El estrés subsiguiente después de un traumatismo, representa un trastorno disfuncional – tanto interno como externo – que se manifiesta en alteraciones en el reconocimiento cognitivo y en los comportamientos, llevando además asociados síntomas somáticos, afloramiento de problemas inconscientes y ansiedades. Pues una de las características del estrés post-traumático, es precisamente la pérdida de equilibrio entre el mundo interno y externo de quien lo sufre. Por eso, ante la complejidad de las respuestas post-traumáticas, éstas se pueden catalogar en gran medida dentro de las perturbaciones psicopatológicas. El estrés psicológico surge por una situación estresante “real”, externa, tangible y la reacción ante esta difícil experiencia, evoca un conjunto bastante universal y coherente de síntomas y respuestas que provocan reacciones primitivas relacionadas con temores inconscientes ante las amenazas a la vida, que hacen aflorar incipientemente fantasías e impulsos abrumadores. Los resultados son los pensamientos disfuncionales que conducen a las respuestas y a los comportamientos desadaptativos. Objetivos: el taller está diseñado para proporcionar a estudiantes y profesionales de la Psicología – que trabajan o desean trabajar en esta área del trauma y el cambio de comportamientos -, la habilidad para utilizar eficaz y rápidamente intervenciones breves, que puedan poner en practicar incluso en casa. En el taller se estudiará la forma inicial de evaluar, tanto al trauma como a la clientela. Se trabajará la historia del trauma y se profundizará en sus consecuencias y en cómo diseñar las intervenciones breves para hacerles frente. También se centrará en averiguar qué cambios quieren los y las clientes a través de relatos y visualizaciones, utilizando una adaptación de las terapias EMDR y la Solución Enfocada tanto a crear el cambio deseado, como a mantenerlo. En consecuencia el taller es de particular interés para quienes trabajan con personas que han sufrido cualquier tipo de trauma, o quienes perciben acontecimientos de la vida, experiencias, etc. que les afectan de forma negativa en su día a día. También es útil para las personas que sufren de TOC, sobre todo trastornos del pensamiento. Los aspectos más útiles de las dos técnicas que se han adaptado junto con otras innovaciones de la autora, guardan relación con la creación de un ambiente seguro, no-traumático, que actúa rápidamente y que además, se puede realizar en casa sin peligro de consecuencias negativas. Objetivos específicos: 1. Ser capaz de describir e identificar las manifestaciones del trauma. 2. Aprender y describir dos técnicas terapéuticas breves en el tratamiento del trauma 3. Definir una técnica breve terapéutica que puede ser utilizada para fomentar el cambio 4. Destacar el rol del o de la terapeuta durante el tratamiento de los traumatismos 5. Ser capaz de describir, diseñar y establecer metas de la terapia y promover cambios mediante el uso de técnicas de terapia breve. Métodos: la Desensibilización y Reprocesamiento por Movimientos Oculares (EMDR), es un método complejo e integrador de la psicoterapia individual, mediante el que se guía al cliente utilizando un procedimiento para acceder a sus experiencias y resolver sus problemas conductuales y emocionales. El EMDR utiliza elementos de múltiples orientaciones psicoterapéuticas tanto psicodinámicas, como cognitivo- conductuales, enfoques centrados en el cliente, gestalt y bioenergéticos. La premisa subyacente de EMDR es que las experiencias de pánico y ansiedad se procesan de forma diferente por el cerebro que las experiencias habituales. La teoría subyacente es que durante el estrés, la memoria grava en una parte del cerebro responsable de las emociones de modulación (la amígdala) y se cierra temporalmente otra parte del cerebro (el hipocampo), responsable de procesamiento de la memoria normal. La experiencia traumática queda atrapada en el exterior y potencialmente no forma parte del procesamiento normal del cerebro, y el EMDR permite a la persona acceder a la experiencia y transformarla en memoria declarativa en el hipocampo. Con el método EMDR, el hipocampo se puede abrir a las emociones evocadas por la experiencia para que el/la cliente pueda soportarlas mientras se realiza el tratamiento. La distracción y la atención a la estimulación bilateral, desempeñan un importante papel que ayuda al cliente a experimentar las emociones como tolerables. Aunque cómo la distracción bilateral en concreto, facilita el procesamiento de las experiencias dolorosas, sea algo que todavía no se termina de entender. Por otra parte, las Intervenciones Breves de Terapias enfocadas al Cliente se centran en las excepciones del problema, pensando que a continuación se desarrollará un cambio natural en el comportamiento. Es una especie de visión orientada no en las formas tradicionales, sino hacia el futuro, sin profundizar demasiado en la “patología” sino más bien centrándose en lo que el sistema puede hacer para adaptarse a ella, puesto que ambos pueden decidir si esa “patología” es un problema o no lo es. Las Intervenciones de Terapia Breve enfocadas al Cliente se utilizan para resolver una variedad de problemas de comportamientos y actitudes, mediante el uso de los propios recursos de los y las clientes y las observaciones de las estrategias que utilizan para alcanzar los resultados deseados, en sus situaciones vitales habituales. Se trata de una buena técnica para establecer y mantener un contexto de cambio en el que los pequeños, pero útiles cambios, se anticipan y se buscan. En definitiva, la combinación de ambas técnicas con algunas variaciones desarrolladas por la Dra. Barreda-Hanson, han demostrado ser una herramienta poderosa para mejorar la respuesta al tratamiento en un período de tiempo más corto, teniendo también la ventaja de permitir practicar los ejercicios en casa. Aplicaciones: la aplicación habitual del EMDR ha sido el tratamiento de trastornos emocionales relacionados con eventos muy perturbadores o traumáticos. Pero también se usa para trabajar síntomas preocupantes como la ansiedad, la depresión, la culpa y la ira. E igualmente, se puede utilizar para mejorar recursos emocionales tales como la confianza y la autoestima. Procedimientos: - El taller se impartirá en español y el alumnado recibirá amplios folletos complementarios. - Se realizará en una única jornada, en sesión de mañana para teoría y de tarde para prácticas, trabajando cada modelo por separado. - Se espera que quienes asistan lleven una cuestión-problema sobre la que trabajar utilizando las diversas técnicas, pues aunque se utilizarán múltiples ej. de casos reales, se alentará a quienes participen a traer sus propias experiencias e ideas para debatir y trabajar sobre ellas.

The subsequent stress after trauma represents a dysfunctional disorder - internal and external - that is manifested in alterations in cognitive recognition and behavior, besides being associated somatic symptoms outcrop unconscious problems and anxieties. As one of the characteristics of post-traumatic stress, is the loss of balance between internal and external world of the sufferer. Therefore, given the complexity of post-traumatic responses, they can be categorized largely into psychopathological disturbances. Psychological stress arises from a stressful situation "real" external, tangible and reaction to this difficult experience, quite evokes a universal and consistent set of symptoms that cause reactions and responses primitive unconscious fears related to threats to life, which bring out fantasies and impulses incipiently overwhelming. The results are the thoughts that lead to dysfunctional responses and maladaptive behaviors. Objectives: The workshop is designed to provide students and psychology professionals - who work or want to work in this area of trauma and behavior change - the ability to quickly and efficiently use brief interventions, which may put in practice even in house. The workshop will explore how to evaluate initial both trauma as to clients. It will work history of trauma and its consequences will deepen and how design brief interventions to address them. It will also focus on finding out what changes customers want and through stories and views, using an adaptation of EMDR therapy and Solution Focused both to create the desired change, and to keep it. Thus the workshop is of particular interest to those working with people who have suffered any kind of trauma, or who perceive life events, experiences, etc.. that negatively affect them in their day to day. Also useful for persons suffering from OCD, especially disorders of thought. The most useful of the two techniques that have adapted along with other innovations of the author, are related to the creation of a safe, non-traumatic, acting quickly and also can be done at home without fear of consequences negative. Specific objectives: 1. Be able to describe and identify the manifestations of trauma. 2. Learn and describe two brief therapeutic techniques in the treatment of trauma 3. Define a short therapeutic technique that can be used to promote change 4. Outline the role of the therapist or during treatment of injuries 5. Be able to describe, design and establish goals of therapy and promote change through the use of brief therapy techniques. Methods: Desensitization and Reprocessing Eye Movement (EMDR), is a complex and inclusive method of individual psychotherapy, which is guided by the client using a procedure to access their experiences and address their behavioral and emotional problems. The EMDR uses multiple elements of both psychodynamic psychotherapeutic approaches as cognitive-behavioral, client-centered approaches, gestalt and bioenergy. The underlying premise of EMDR is that experiences panic and anxiety are processed differently by the brain than normal experiences. The underlying theory is that during stress, gravel memory part of the brain responsible for emotions modulation (amygdala) and temporarily closes another part of the brain (hippocampus), responsible for normal memory processing. The trapped traumatic experience abroad and potentially not part of the normal brain processing, and EMDR allows people access to the experience and transform it into declarative memory in the hippocampus. With EMDR, the hippocampus can be opened to the emotions evoked by the experience that he / the client is able to bear while performing the treatment. Distraction and attention to bilateral stimulation, play an important role to help the client to experience emotions as tolerable. Although bilateral distraction how specifically facilitates the processing of painful experiences, is something that is not yet fully understood. Moreover, brief interventions focused Customer Therapies focus on the exceptions of the problem, thinking that then will develop a natural change in behavior. It is a kind of non-oriented view on traditional forms, but to the future, without going too deeply into the "pathology" but rather focus on what the system can do to adapt to it, since both can decide whether this "pathology "is a problem or not. Brief therapy interventions focused Customer are used to solve a variety of problem behaviors and attitudes, using their own resources and comments from customers and the strategies used to achieve the desired results in their situations normal life. This is a good technique to establish and maintain a context of change in that small but useful changes, anticipate and seek. In short, the combination of both techniques with some variations developed by Dr. Barreda Hanson, have proved a powerful tool for improving the response to therapy in a shorter period of time, having also the advantage of allowing in practice exercises house. Applications: the routine application of EMDR has been the treatment of emotional disorders associated with very disturbing or traumatic events. But also used to work worrying symptoms such as anxiety, depression, guilt and anger. And also, can be used to enhance emotional resources such as confidence and self-esteem. Procedures: - The workshop will be taught in Spanish and students will receive extensive additional brochures. - Will be held in a single day, in morning session and afternoon theory to practice, working each model separately. - Who are expected to attend with a question-problem on which to work using various techniques, for example, although multiple use. real cases, those involved are encouraged to bring their own experiences and ideas to discuss and work on them.

Keywords: Brief Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

45. Miller, R., & Tay, K. H. (2009, August). Adapting the standard EMDR protocol for clients with mild mental retardation: Some guidelines and implications. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Atlanta, GA .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR as a psychotherapeutic approach has been shown to be effective. However, there is a paucity of studies examining the efficacy of EMDR for clients diagnosed with mild mental retardation. The DSM-IV defines mild mental retardation as below average intelligence (IQ between 70 and 55) along with some deficiencies in adaptive functioning skills demonstrated before age 18. The purpose of our clinical project was to explore the applicability of EMDR for our adult clients (n = 12; mean age 22.5) diagnosed with mild mental retardation by adapting the standard protocol. Studies showed that individuals with mental retardation learn and retain information more effectively when materials are presented to them in a visual, concrete, and interactive manner while utilizing the principles of positive reinforcements.
The prevalence of mental health problems and the wide range of clinical symptoms among these individuals have been reported in several studies. Additionally, these adults are misunderstood as being overly limited in their ability to reap any therapeutic benefit from counseling interventions. Prout and Strohmer (1998), for instance, argued that adults with mental retardation do benefit from counseling interventions. However, they stressed the need for more sophisticated or modified use of psychotherapeutic interventions. Psychotherapeutic techniques and models should be modified, if feasible, in regards to language and cognitive levels commensurate with the clients’ background.
Based on our clinical observations, the following are some examples of proposed guidelines to assist the EMDR clinicians in thinking more creatively when adapting the standard protocol.
1) Considerable amount of preparation at the onset of EMDR is necessary, as it plays a pivotal role in ensuring a successful outcome.
2) Visual depiction of the SUDs and VOCs on a scale of 0 through 5, or 0 through 10, depending on the client’s cognitive abilities is beneficial. Use of “faces” to depict concretely various levels of distress should be made.
3) The concepts of PC and NC may be too abstract for some in this population. We assist clients by operationally defining those concepts with the list of commonly used PCs and NCs in simpler language.
4) Coping resources are sometimes limited for these adults. Clients will benefit from having multiple reinforcements of self-soothing skills thorough the installation of the “safe place” and “resources”.
5) Positive reinforcements (e.g., frequent verbal reminders) should be used regularly in sessions throughout treatment. However, be mindful of clients’ desire to please the clinician.
6) Role-playing should be used when feasible throughout treatment, e.g., during the installation of future templates, as it heightens more sensory, affective, and behavioral modes of learning rather than verbal modality alone.
Based on the treatment outcomes reported by our clients, EMDR is an effective treatment option, as evidenced by sustained reduction in their level of distress to traumatic memories. Findings from this clinical project have practice and research implications. First, the standard protocol should be adapted for use with adults with mild mental retardation to achieve optimal gain. Second, empirical research is needed to provide further evidence for the efficacy of EMDR for adults with mild mental retardation.

Keywords: Mental Retardation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

46. Cotraccia, A. J. (2012). Adaptive information processing and a systemic biopsychosocial model. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(1), 27-36. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.6.1.27.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Shapiro's (2001) adaptive information processing (AIP) model portrays an innate healing system hypothesized to be composed of neurophysiological mechanisms of action causally related to the resolution of disturbing life experiences. The author expands the model to include psychosocial mechanisms and suggests that a model of a biopsychosocial system can best depict causal properties related to positive outcomes of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Teleofunctionalist and evolutionary perspectives are applied: the first, to explain the inclusion of the psychological and social features highlighted in the updated model; the second, to support the hypothesis that AIP is a goal of the human attachment system. It is posited that bonding, following a disturbing life experience, facilitates the access of information related to previous states, thus allowing an update of self/world models. These interactions are analogous to psychotherapeutic encounters, with multiple levels of information processing at subpersonal, personal, and interpersonal levels. Analysis of the causal properties of personal and interpersonal levels supports a broader understanding of AIP's scope in conceptualizing psychopathology and informing treatment applications and research.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP Biopsychosocial Internal Working Models Teleofunctionalism

Accuracy Verified: Yes

47. Molero-Zafra, M., & Perez-Marin, M. (2011, Julio). Adopcion: Un protocolo basado en EMDR, terapia familiar narrativa y la teoria del apego [Adoption: A protocol based on EMDR, family therapy, narrative and attachment theory]. En Aplicación de EMDR en el tratamiento de distintos trastornos (Francisca García Guerrero, Coordinadora). Simposio realizado en el IX Congreso Nacional de Psicología Clínica, San Sebastián, España .

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
La adopción es un tema actual, cuyo interés crece progresivamente. Su vigencia social resulta incuestionable si atendemos al incremento exponencial de niños adoptados por familias españolas, especialmente en adopciones internacionales. La Ley de Adopción vigente en España contempla la adopción como un recurso de protección para aquellos niños/as que no puedan permanecer en su propia familia. Para que se cumpla este objetivo deben arbitrarse todos los mecanismos necesarios que garanticen al niño una familia capaz de asegurar las atenciones propias de la función parental (atención, desarrollo y educación). Los niños adoptados pueden sufrir trastornos como cualquier otro niño, ahora bien, sus experiencias de vida anteriores pueden afectar en mayor grado su desarrollo emocional, social y familiar. Las experiencias vinculares durante la infancia, influyen significativamente en la capacidad para formar relaciones íntimas y emocionalmente saludables. Asimismo, para la formación y cambio de actitudes a lo largo de nuestra vida, van a ser fundamentales nuestros grupo de referencia, siendo la familia uno de los más importantes (López et al., 1999). La empatía, el afecto, el deseo de compartir, el inhibirse de agredir, la capacidad de amar y ser amado y un sinnúmero de características de una persona asertiva, operativa y feliz, están asociadas a las capacidades medulares de apego formadas en la infancia y niñez temprana (Punset, 2008). El objetivo de esta comunicación es presentar un protocolo de abordaje psicológico ante las dificultades que afectan a las familias con problemas de adaptación en casos de adopción. Partiendo de la perspectiva conceptual de la teoría del apego, intentamos promover en estas familias una base de apego seguro, mediante el uso de herramientas terapéuticas de la terapia familiar narrativa y el EMDR. Se presenta el protocolo elaborado para tal fin y un caso para la comprensión de la aplicación del tratamiento.

Adoption is a current issue, whose interest grows gradually. Its validity social is unquestionable if we consider the exponential increase of adopted children Spanish families, especially in international adoptions. The Adoption Act force in Spain provides for the adoption as a source of protection for those children / as not to remain in their own family. To fulfill this objective must be put all the necessary mechanisms to guarantee the child a family able to secure the attentions of parenting (care, development and education). Adopted children may suffer from disorders like any other child, however, previous life experiences can affect their development to a greater extent emotional, social and family life. Relational experiences during childhood influence significantly in the ability to form intimate and emotionally healthy. Also, for the formation and change of attitudes throughout our lives, will be essential to our reference group, the family being one of the most important (Lopez et al., 1999). Empathy, affection, desire to share, the inhibited of attack, the ability to love and be loved and a host of features of a assertive person, operational and happy, are associated with the core competencies of attachment formed in infancy and early childhood (Punset, 2008). The aim of this paper is to present a protocol of psychological approach to the difficulties affecting families with adjustment problems in cases of adoption. From the conceptual perspective of attachment theory, we try in these families to promote a secure attachment base through the use of tools therapeutic narrative family therapy and EMDR. We present a protocol developed for this purpose and a case for understanding the application of the treatment.

Keywords: Adoption Attachment theory Family Therapy Narrative Theory Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

48. Molero-Zafra, M., & Pérez-Marín, M. (2009, June). Adopción: Un protocolo basado en EMDR, terapia familiar narrativa y la tería del apego [Adoption: a protocol base on EMDR, narrativ family therapy and the theory of attachment]. Mosaico, 42, 20-27.

Language: Spanish

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
El objetivo e nuestro articulo es plantear un protocolo de abordaje psicológico ante las dificultades que afectan a las familias con problemas de adaptación en casos de adopción. Partiendo de la perspectiva conceptual de la teoría del apego, intentamos promover en estas familias una base de apego seguro, mediante el uso de herramientas terapéuticas de la terapia famliar narrativa y el EMDR.

The goal and our article is to propose a protocol of psychological approach to the difficulties affecting families with problems of adjustment in cases of adoption. From the conceptual perspective of attachment theory, these families are trying to promote a secure attachment base, through the use of therapeutic tools of traditional family narrative therapy and EMDR.

Keywords: Adoption Attachment Family Narrative Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

49. Schubert, S., & Lee, C. W. (2009). Adult PTSD and its treatment with EMDR: A review of controversies, evidence, and theoretical knowledge. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(3), 117-132. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.3.117.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article provides an overview of selective issues relating to adult posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). The article begins by providing a historical overview of PTSD, and debates about the etiology and definition of PTSD are discussed. The most predominant theories of PTSD are summarized by highlighting how they have evolved from traditional behavioral accounts based on the assumption that PTSD is an anxiety disorder to theories that now incorporate information-processing models. This article then examines the development of EMDR and the corresponding body of research that clearly demonstrates its efficacy for the treatment for adult PTSD. The underlying mechanisms of EMDR are discussed, with a focus on the importance of the eye movement component and how the therapeutic processes in EMDR differ from those of traditional exposure therapy. Finally, the adaptive information-processing (AIP) model that underlies EMDR is outlined, and evidence for the model is summarized. The article concludes by suggesting future research based on questions raised about PTSD and its treatment with EMDR when the AIP model is compared to other information-based theories of PTSD.

Keywords: Adult Mechanism of Action Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

50. Adler-Tapia, R., & Settle, C. (2008, September). Advanced applications of EMDR in child psychotherapy. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation is for therapists who have learned the basic EMDR protocol and are interested in expanding their skills in using EMDR in individual treatment with children. The presentation is focused on teaching therapists to use EMDR with specific childhood diagnoses or presenting problems, including children who are gifted and children who present with symptoms consistent with ADHD, dissociation, anxiety, attachment disorders, and sexual reactivity. Therapists will also learn how to use EMDR with regulatory issues in children including sleep issues and toilet training, as well as with behavioral issues, such as school phobias within AIP Theory.

Keywords: Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

51. Vogelmann-Sine, S., Popky, A. J., Lazrove, S., Sine, L., Speare, J., Wade, D., & Wade, T. (1995, June). Advanced clinical applications of EMDR to addictive behaviors. Symposium conducted at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop addresses the application of standard and modified EMDR treatment protocols to addictive and compulsive behaviors including substance abuse/dependence, overeating, smoking, love addiction. Individuals with addictive and compulsive behaviors frequently have suffered from childhood trauma and neglect resulting in developmental arrests, as well as a variety of maladaptive behaviors which are trauma-related and serve to minimize pain. The successful implementation of EMDR to addictive behaviors requires that EMDR be used as part of an overall treatment program carefully addressing the needs of individuals who have been traumatized and are exhibiting addictive behaviors. A thorough diagnostic work up is needed aimed at assessing comorbidity, dissociation, and a detailed trauma history covering childhood traumas and traumas suffered as adults including traumas that occur as a consequence of addictive behaviors. Careful client preparation is essential to assist individuals in coping adequately with the high levels of emotion experienced during EMDR Clients' readiness to stop compulsive/addictive behaviors needs to be carefully evaluated. A decision tree aimed at determining the appropriateness of EMDR to individuals diagnosed with addictive behaviors is presented which assists clinicians in minimizing the premature use of EMDR. EMDR is a client centered method, and thus, careful pacing is needed with this population to reprocess underlying traumatic issues. This frequently implies utilizing a modified EMDR treatment protocol with only partial resolutions of underlying traumatic material. Guidelines will be discussed to assist clinicians in selecting EMDR targets for optional results which relate to the stages of recovery. EMDR can be used at all stages of recovery to neutralize the negative impact of memories contributing to problematic behaviors, such as urges to use, ambivalence about treatment, fear of facing painfull feelings from the past. EMDR also has the power to install templates for future actions which assist individuals with skill deficits in more rapidly acquiring necessary skills for a successful recovery. Examples of cognitive interweaves are presented which take into consideration clients' readiness, as well as the need to accelerate the recovery process. EMDR has a unique role in the recovery of traumatized individuals with addictive and compulsive behaviors since the accelerated processing of negative experiences and the installation of positive adaptive cognitions assist clients in more rapidly overcoming barriers throughout the recovery process. It also challenges rigid approaches to recovery which frequently stress that trauma work should not be attempted before abstinence has been accomplished for a specified period of time. EMDR is especially valuable in processing core issues which center around shame and manifest in cognitions, such as "I am defective," "There is something wrong with me," "I am not good enough," "I am not quite right," "I don't belong," "I don't deserve to live." Case examples will be given as to how such core issues can be targeted to accelerate the recovery process. A.J. Popky has developed a specialized EMDR treatment protocol which targets levels of urges of addictive/compulsive behaviors directly and installs a positive internal state of feeling empowered without relying on compulsive and addictive behaviors. Case examples fiom clinical practice indicate that when levels of urges are targeted directly, underlying traumas frequently emerge without increasing clients' usage. The symposium addresses the application of this protocol to a range of addictive and compulsive behaviors. The Wades' integrative psychotherapy combines ego-state therapy and EMDR in a psychosocial developmental context. Their substance use disorders treatment program incorporates specialized applications of their integrative psychotherapy, which includes both individual and group therapy and employs hypnosis as well as EMDR Their presentation focuses on applications of the standard EMDR protocol in individual therapy, which is limited primarily to desensitization of dysphoric affect and reprocessing negative cognitions associated with grief and trauma. Their conceptual framework of substance use disorders proceeds from a goal of reducing the harm caused by substance use and a primary distinction between functional and autonomous use (rather than the DSM conceptualizations of "dependence" or "abuse") because this guides interventions. Initial treatment planning depends upon external constraints (e.g., lack of support for positive change, hostile environment), internal limitations (e.g., severity of substance use and its effects, neurocognitive deficits, inadequate "ego strength," lack of skills, disrupted psychosocial development, psychological trauma) and the nature of the substance use disorder (i.e., functional, autonomous, or both). Methods include education about substance use disorders and processes of change, group therapy to develop skills and obtain feedback and support, individual therapy to correct disrupted development and resolve traumatic stress reactions, and exercises to apply what is learned in real-life situations. The standard EMDR protocol is applied to disrupted development involving grief and to resolve psychological trauma that lead to substance use. Case vignettes in which such applications of the standard EMDR protocol were employed are presented in detail.

Keywords: Addictions Substance Abuse Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

52. Edgerson, L. D. (2012). Advanced trauma training: Integration of EMDR and clinical hypnosis for the effective resolution of post-traumatic stress disorder. The University of the Rockies, Colorado Spring, CO. 3539756.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Currently, the statistics associated with PTSD are staggering. Countless numbers of men, women, and children around the world are impacted every moment of every day by this extremely disruptive disorder. PTSD is very difficult to live with and can be even more challenging to resolve. A primary reason that the resolution of traumatic memories is such a challenge to treat is the fact that whenever any ounce of negative experience connected to the initial sensitizing event is sensed, the victim immediately reacts in a self-protective fashion by avoiding the experience any way he or she can. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) appears to be the treatment of choice for many mental health clinicians who attempt to help patients recover from their traumatic memories. This author believes that CBT offers some benefit with regard to an understanding of the mechanism behind post-traumatic stress, as well as offer numerous ways to manage stress related symptoms. However, it does poorly in terms of completely resolving multiple traumas or working with chronic complex cases. In addition, a CBT approach has the proclivity to make the disorder more challenging by further increasing insult on the already malfunctioning autonomic nervous system of the victim. Instead, this manual suggests the combined use of EMDR and hypnosis as a more healthy and effective therapeutic modality model that can assist most individuals who suffer from even the most severe post-traumatic stress. The combination of EMDR and hypnosis takes a holistic approach towards healing by working with the defensive systems and the complete neuroanatomical system of the human being, as opposed to against.

Keywords: Anxiety Clinical Hypnosis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Traumatic Stress

Accuracy Verified: Yes

53. Taylor, S. (2004, July). Advances in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Cognitive-behavioral perspectives.. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
Are behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapies sufficiently broad in their effects on trauma-related psychopathology and related factors? This volume considers many of the complexities in treating PTSD, and emphasizes evidence-based approaches to treatment. A useful resource for clinicians, trainees, as well as investigators doing research into the treatment of PTSD.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

54. Blore, D. C. (2005). Affect and traumatised traincrew: Using an integrated CBT/EMDR approach to facilitate an early return to work. Integrating Affect into the Practice of CBT with EMDR. Symposium conducted at the XXXVth EABCT Conference, Thessalonica, Greece.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Symposium Trainmen

Accuracy Verified: Yes

55. Nielsen, T. (1991). Affect desensitization: A possible function of REMs in both waking and sleeping states. Sleep Research, 20, 10.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Recent evidence (1) that rapid eye movements (REMs) elicited systemically during psychotherapy (Eye Movement Desensitization/Reprocessing (EMD/R) produce immediate and lasting alleviation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms suggests that the REMs of REM sleep may serve a similiar affect desensitization function (1.2). Although little is known about how EMD/R works, preliminary, positive results from an independent replication (3) and several independent clinical case studies (4.5) have been reported. Exploration of the relationships between EMD/R and REM sleep may thus prove useful in understanding how both RE/R and REM sleep function to modify affect.

Keywords: Affect Rapid Eye Movements REM

Accuracy Verified: Yes

56. Colelli, G. (2003, September). After the World Trade Center disaster – Use of EMDR recent events protocol. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The Recent Events Protocol was used extensively in the treatment of World Trade Center survivors, first responders and recovery workers. In this workshop we will review the Recent Events Protocol and discuss the utilization in treating Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The workshop will describe when it is appropriate to modify the Recent Events Protocol. Clinical examples for civilian and non-civilian personnel will be presented. Specific techniques will be described on how to reprocess PTSD symptoms in 5 sessions or less even when the client has significant previous traumatic memories. The contrast in using the protocol for PTSD symptoms as compared to grief will be discussed.

Keywords: 9/11 Recent Events September 11th World Trade Center WTC

Accuracy Verified: Yes

57. Edalatian-McCain, N. (2008, September). AIP model and treatment of clients with dissociative symptoms or disorders. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Principles derived from Adaptive Information Processing, the theoretical basis of EMDR that are particularly relevant to working with clients with dissociation are discussed. These include principles that explain the development of dissociation, as well as those that inform treatment. Using case vignettes, these principles are applied to all phases of EMDR treatment, from case conceptualization to re-processing of traumas. It is shown how AIP informs the therapist of the prerequisites for successful trauma processing, needed resources, in-session tools, how to guide the client through reprocessing of the traumatic material in an adaptive way, and how to prevent re-traumatization.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model AIP Model Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Symptoms

Accuracy Verified: Yes

58. Sack, M. (2006). Aktuelle befunde zu wirkfaktoren der EMDR-behandlung [Recent findings on effective factors of EMDR treatment]. Sack Website.

Language: German

Format: Other

Abstract:
Das EMDR-Behandlungsverfahren (EMDR= eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) wurde von der amerikanischen Psychologin Francine Shapiro entwickelt und seit 1989 als manualisiertes Therapieverfahren zur Behandlung von Patienten mit Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen (PTSD) und anderen traumabezogenen Symptomen eingesetzt. Die Grundvorgehensweise besteht darin, dass der Patient in der Sicherheit einer haltgebenden therapeutischen Beziehung eine Konfrontation mit seinen traumatischen Erinnerungen erlebt. Ziel der Traumabearbeitung ist die Integration von kognitiven, emotionalen und körperlichen Reaktionen auf das Trauma indem die Erinnerungen wiederbelebt, wahrgenommen und verarbeitet werden. Anders formuliert, wird die durch das Trauma induzierte Dissoziation wieder aufgehoben. Die in der traumatischen Situation unterbrochene Verbindung zwischen Wahrnehmungen, Gedanken, Emotionen und Körperreaktionen wird wieder hergestellt. Danach erfolgt eine Bearbeitung von dysfunktionalen Kognitionen, wie z.B. von Schuldgefühlen, die auf unrealistischen Einschätzungen der traumatischen Situation beruhen (Shapiro 1998). Abweichend von der klassischen verhaltenstherapeutischen Traumaexposition werden im EMDR die Traumaexpositionsphasen nur relativ kurz (30 – 90 sec) durchgeführt und durch bilaterale Stimulierung in Form von Augenbewegungen (der Hand des Therapeuten mit den Augen folgen) oder durch alternative Berührungsreize auf die linke und rechte Hand (sog. Tapping) oder durch alternativ dargebotene Töne ausgelöst.

The EMDR treatment process (EMDR = eye movement desensitization and Reprocessing) was developed by psychologist Francine Shapiro of the American developed and since 1989 as a manualized therapies for the treatment of Patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other traumabezogenen symptoms used. The basic approach is that the patient in the safety of a therapeutic relationship haltgebenden a confrontation with traumatic memories experienced. The aim of the Trauma treatment is the integration of cognitive, emotional and physical Reactions to the trauma memories revived by the perceived and processed. In other words, is induced by the trauma Dissociation rescinded. The interrupted in the traumatic situation Link between perceptions, thoughts, emotions and Reaction of the body is restored. This is followed by a treatment of dysfunctional cognitions, e.g. feelings of guilt, based on unrealistic Assessments of the traumatic situation are based (Shapiro 1998). Notwithstanding are from the classical behavioral trauma exposure in EMDR the phases of trauma exposure is relatively short (30-90 sec) and conducted by bilateral stimulation in the form of eye movements (the hand of the therapist follow with the eyes) or by alternative tactile stimuli on the left and right hand (so-called tapping) or alternatively Helping sounds triggered.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

59. Seidler, G. H. (2002). Aktuelle therapieansätze in der psychotraumatologie [Psychotraumatology: Recent therapy approaches]. Zeitschrift für Psychotraumatologie und Psychologische Medizin, 48(1), 6-27.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Psychologische Behandlung von traumatischen Belastungsstörungen mit EMDR
Heutige Therapieansätze in der Psychotraumatologie Zentrum rund um das Problem der effektiven Zugang zu spezifischen Trauma-Symptome: Einbrüche; affektive Abstumpfung und Vermeidungsverhalten, Übererregung. Unter seinem Lager aus dem deutschen und amerikanischen Leitlinien PTSD-Therapie, skizziert der Artikel die wichtigsten Therapiemethoden und bewertet sie im Hinblick auf die relevanten Qualitätskriterien. EMDR, kognitiv-behavioralen Ansätzen, modifizierte psychodynamische Methoden und Trauma-adaptierten stationären Psychotherapie können so lange empfohlen werden, da sie in Verbindung mit stabilisierenden Elemente-Therapie eingesetzt werden. Normalerweise sind weitere therapeutische Interventionen auch notwendig, Zeichnung auf traditionelle Methoden für die Integration des Traumas in den Patienten-Biographie. [Abstract Autor]

Present-day therapy approaches in psychotraumatology center around the problem of effective access to specific trauma symptoms: intrusions; affective blunting and avoidance behaviors; hyperarousal. Taking its bearings from the German and American PTSD therapy guidelines, the article outlines the most important therapy methods and assesses them in terms of relevant quality criteria. EMDR, cognitive/behavioral approaches, modified psychodynamic methods, and trauma-adapted inpatient psychotherapy can be recommended as long as they are used in conjunction with stabilizing therapy elements. Normally, further therapeutic interventions are also necessary, drawing on traditional methods for integrating the trauma into the patient's biography. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PTSD Review Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

60. Sinici, F., Erden, H. G., & Yurttas, Y. (2009, October). Akut stres bozuklu¤unda bir müdahale tekni¤inin uygulanabilirli¤i: Göz hareketleri ile duyars›zlaflt›rma ve yeniden ‹flleme (EMDR) [Applicability of an intervention technique in acute stress disorder: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)]. Yeni Symposium Journal, 47(4), 178-186.

Language: Turkish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Akut stres bozukluğu, Türkiye'de giderek artan ve kişinin hayat kalitesini oldukça bozabilen bir sorundur. Bu konuyla ilgili olarak yapılan çalışmalarda hangi tedavi şeklinin daha yararlı olduğu konusunda kesin bir karara varılamamıştır. Göz Hareketleri ile Duyarsızlaştırma ve Yeniden İşleme [Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: EMDR] tekniği, travmatik anıların birkaç uygulama oturumunda çözümlenebileceğini ifâde eden bir yaklaşımdır. EMDR oturumlarında hastadan yaşadığı bir travma sahnesi hayâl etmesini, olumsuz benlik imajı, travma ile ilgili olumsuz duyguları ve beden duyumlarını aklında tutması istenmektedir. Hastaya çift taraflı uyarı verilmektedir [gözün sağa sola hareketi, sağ ve sol kulağa verilen ses veya sağ ve sol ele verilen titreşim vb.]. Daha sonra danışana ortaya çıkan görüntü, duygu ve fiziksel duyumları anlatmaktadır. Bu tekrarlanan işlemler hastadaki olumsuz düşünce ve duygular duyarsızlaşıncaya kadar devam etmektedir. Olumsuz duygu ve düşüncelerin yerini olumlu duygu ve düşünceler almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı hastaların hayat kalitelerini bozan ve travma sonrasındaki ilk 4 hafta içinde aşırı korku, çaresizlik veya duygusal tepkisizlikle beraber, diğer belirtilerin de görülebildiği akut stres bozukluğunun tedavisinde yeni bir yöntem olan ve 2 yıldır aktif olarak uyguladığımız göz hareketleri ile duyarsızlaştırma ve yeniden işleme [EMDR] tekniği konusunda yazılmış literatür bilgilerini gözden geçirerek bu konuda son yaklaşımların ortaya konulmasını sağlamaktır. Bununla birlikte EMDR tekniğinin yaygınlaştırılarak faâl olarak kullanılması hem hastalar hem de uygulayıcılar açısından büyük yararlar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Acute stress disorder is a syndrome that significantly disturbs the quality of life and has been increasingly observed in Turkey. Although there are many studies on this subject, there is no consensus about the best treatment choice. Eye Movements Desensitization and Reprocessing [EMDR] technique is a novel approach that helps to resolve traumatic memories in a few sessions. In EMDR sessions, patients are asked to think about the trauma scene that has occurred and keep the negative self image and negative feelings about the trauma and bodily feelings in mind. Bilateral stimulation is presented to the patient [right and left movement of the eye, sound to right and left ear and vibration to right and left hand etc]. Later arising images express the feelings and physical sensations. This procedure is repeated until desensitization to negative thought and feelings are achieved. Negative thought and feelings are replaced by positive thought and feelings. Purpose of this study is to review the studies in literature and describe the up-to-date approaches about EMDR technique which is a novel method in treatment of acute stress disorder that disturbs patient quality of life and presents with excessive fear, desperation, emotional desensitization and other symptoms within 4 weeks following the trauma and we have been using this treatment method frequently for more then 2 years. Nevertheless widespread and effective use of EMDR will provide considerable benefit for both patients and the performers.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD: Behavior Therapy Emotional Disorder Eye Movement Fear Human Memory Disorder Psychologic Assessment Quality of Life Review Stimulation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

61. Swedish Council on Technology Assessment (2001, April). Alert: EMDR - Psychotherapy in posttraumatic stress syndrome in young people - early assessment briefs. Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU).

Language: English

Format: Publication

Abstract:
Findings by SBU Alert, Version: 1,
METHOD AND TARGET GROUP: EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a new psychotherapeutic method aimed at processing memories of traumatic events, thereby ameliorating the psychological consequences of these memories. EMDR involves elements from several different psychological approaches. It is uncertain which of the treatment elements are effective. Clients with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are the main target group for EMDR treatment. Although both children and adults have been treated with EMDR, this document is aimed particularly at children and adolescents.
PATIENTS BENEFITS, RISKS AND SIDE EFFECTS: Published studies of EMDR mainly cover adults with PTSD. There are two randomized and controlled studies, one of which has yet to be published, of EMDR treatment in 47 children and adolescents. One of the studies suggests that EMDR yields a better treatment outcome in the short term compared to the control treatment (active listening). In the second study, no significant difference was found between EMDR treatment in combination with standard treatment and standard treatment alone as regards reduction in avoidance and invading thoughts. However, the PTSD symptom of behavioral disorders declined significantly in the EMDR group. Furthermore, numerous case studies suggest that EMDR has a positive treatment effect in children and adolescents with PTSD. No harmful effects have been reported.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS: There are no economic assessments of EMDR. Limited data suggest that fewer treatments are needed to achieve the desired outcome with EMDR compared to other psychotherapeutic methods. This suggests that EMDR is a potentially cost-effective method in relation to the alternatives, under the assumption that the effects of treatment are permanent.
CURRENT SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE: There is moderate* scientific evidence to show the benefits of EMDR treatment in children and adolescents. There is no* documentation concerning the cost-effectiveness or effects beyond 6 months. Since the scientific documentation is limited, the effects of EMDR treatment in both the short and long term should be compared in studies with other treatment alternatives, including standard treatment. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of the method should be studied under Swedish conditions. *This assessment by SBU Alert uses a 4-point scale to grade the quality and evidence of the scientific documentation. The grades indicate: (1) good, (2) moderate, (3) poor, or (4) no scientific evidence on the subject. This summary is based on a report prepared at SBU in collaboration with Kerstin Bergh Johannesson, Lic. Psychol., Akademiska Hospital, Uppsala and has been reviewed by Prof. Mats Fredriksson, Uppsala University, Uppsala.
REFERENCES: 1.) Cahill SP, Carrigan MH, Frueh BC. Does EMDR work? And if so, why? A critical review of controlled outcome and dismantling research. J Anxiety Disord 1999;13(1-2):5-33. 2.) Chemtob CM, Nakashima J, Hamada R, Carlson J. Brief treatment for elementary school children with disaster-related PTSD: a field study. J Clin Psychol, in press. 3.) Chemtob et al. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. In: Foa EB, Keane TM, Friedman MJ, eds. Effective treatments for PTSD. New York: Guilford, 2000. 4.) Devilly GJ, Spence SH. The relative efficacy and treatment distress of EMDR and a cognitive-behavior trauma treatment protocol in the amelioration of posttraumatic stress disorders. J Anxiety Disord 1999;13(1-2):131-57. 5.) Lovett J. Small Wonders: Healing childhood trauma with EMDR. New York: Free Press, 1999. 6.) Macklin ML, Metzger LJ, Lasko NB, Berry NJ, Orr SP, Pitman RK. Five-year follow-up study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for combat-related post traumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2000;41(1),24-27. 7.) Puffer MK, Greenwald R, Elrod DE. A treatment outcome study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with traumatized children and adolescents. Presented at the annual conference of the EMDR International Association, Denver, June 1996. 8.) Renfrey G, Spates CR. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A partial dismantling procedure. J Behav Ther Experiment Psychiatr 1994;25:231-239. 9.) Scheck MM, Schaeffer JA, Gilette CS. Brief psychological intervention with traumatized young women: The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. J Trauma Stress 1998;11:25-44. 10.) Shapiro F. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols and procedures. New York: Guilford Press, 1995. 11.) Stallard P, Velleman R, Baldwin S. Prospective study of post-traumatic stress disorder in children involved in road traffic accidents. BMJ 1998;317:1619-1623. 12.) Soberman GB, Greenwald R, Rule DL. A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for boys with conduct problems. J Aggression Maltreatment Trauma, in press. 13.) Tinker RH, Wilson SA. Through the Eyes of a Child: EMDR with children. New York: Norton & Co, 1999. 14.) van der Kolk B. Biological response to psychic trauma. In: Wilson JP, Raphael B, eds. International Handbook of Traumatic Stress Syndromes. New York: Plenum Press, 1993:25-33. 15.) van der Kolk B, Burbridge J, Susuki J. The psychobiology of traumatic memory; clinical implications of neuroimagery studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1997;821:99-113. 16.) van Etten M, Taylor S. Comparative efficacy of treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother 1998;5:126-144. 17.) Wilson SA, Becker LA, Tinker RH. Fifteen-month follow-up of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological trauma. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997;65(6):1047-1056. 18.) Wilson SA, Tinker RH, Hoff.
Alert is a joint effort by the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU), the Medical Products Agency, the National Board of Health and Welfare, and the Federation of Swedish County Councils. The complete report is available in Swedish only.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Practice Guidelines PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

62. Phillips, M. (2002, June). All for one and one for all: Integrating EMDR, ego-state therapy and energy psychology. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
One of the most challenging barriers to healing from past trauma is the inner conflict triggered by dissociative fragmentation. This workshop presents several ways of synthesizing ego-state therapy, EMDR and energy psychology methods to resolve competing inner needs and reactions and promote more integrated functioning within a comprehensive four stage model. Specific protocols incorporating ego-state work, EMDR and meridian (energy) techniques will be demonstrated and practiced. Special emphasls will be given to the resolution of mind/body symptoms that interface with trauma.

Keywords: Ego State Therapy Energy Psychology Meridian Therapy Mind/Body

Accuracy Verified: Yes

63. Formenti, L. (2008, Novembre). Alleanza terapeutica nel trattamento di bambini vittime di disastri collettivi [Therapeutic alliance in the treatment of child victims of mass disasters]. Presentazione Le applicazioni cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Nel lavoro verrà trattata la centralità dell’alleanza terapeutica in un intervento sul trauma effettuato su bambini vittime di disastri collettivi. L’autore illustrerà come tale alleanza risulta essere propedeutica al trattamento con EMDR e quanto sia fondamentale, per una piene riuscita della terapia, la creazione di un’alleanza allargata, che raggiunga anche i genitori e più in generale tutte le figure di accudimento che ruotano attorno ai bambini. Offrire supporto psicologico e EMDR ai genitori, infatti, accresce l’efficacia del trattamento nei bambini in quanto: • L’accordo con i genitori sulle attività terapeutiche che verranno svolte e sugli obiettivi di tale intervento, facilita il lavoro del terapeuta nella fase di preparazione del bambino. • La psicoeducazione fatta al genitore permette a quest’ultimo di aiutare il proprio bambino nello sviluppo di risorse aggiuntive per il contenimento emotivo, utili sia in fase di preparazione che durante la vera e propria elaborazione del trauma. • Il benessere del genitore porta ad una risoluzione più rapida della sintomatologia del bambino, spesso determinata o aggravata proprio dall’intuizione del bambino circa il disagio del genitore e dal suo tentativo di porvi rimedio. Tutto ciò verrà esposto con l’ausilio di due casi clinici di bambini trattati a seguito dell’incidente avvenuto in data 8 maggio 2007 a Stroppiana (VC) nel quale un pullman contenente tutti i bambini della scuola elementare si è ribaltato. 39 bambini sono sopravvissuti, 2 hanno perso la vita.

The work will be treated the centrality of the therapeutic alliance in a speech carried on trauma on child victims of collective disaster. The author illustrates how this alliance appears to be preparatory treatment with EMDR and the fundamental for a full success of therapy, the creation of an enlarged alliance, which also reaches parents and more generally all caregivers that revolve around children. Offer psychological support and EMDR to Parents, in fact, increases the effectiveness of treatment in children because: • The agreement with parents about therapeutic activities to be carried out and the objectives of such intervention, the therapist facilitates the work in preparing the child • The parent psychoeducation made to allow him to help your child development of additional resources for emotional content, useful both during preparation and during the actual processing of the trauma • The welfare of the parent leads to a more rapid resolution of symptoms of child, often determining or increasing the child's own intuition about the inconvenience the parent and its attempt to remedy. This will be explained with the help of two clinical cases of children treated after incident occurred on 8 May 2007 Stroppiana (VC) in which a bus containing all primary school children was overturned. 39 children survivors, 2 have died.

Keywords: Children Mass Disaster Therapeutic Alliance

Accuracy Verified: Yes

64. Sukirna, S. (2010, July). Alleviating physical tension and pain using EMDR. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: This paper describes the utilization of EMDR for physical pain and tension suffered by three tsunami survivors. Physical pain can be conceptualized as caused by trauma, a reaction to trauma, may be exacerbated by trauma or a cause of trauma. Even if it is purely physical, pain apparently impacts psychological aspect of a person e.g. emotion, cognition. EMDR was used to process physical pain due to motorbike accidents and severe headache that presumably related to high blood pressure or sun stroke. During desensitization phase the patients focused mainly on their pain or part of the body that was dysfunctional, while simultaneously attended to the sensation of tapping. All of the patients admitted that the pain were completely alleviated and positive change of cognition occurred after one session of 25-35 minute (desensitization phase with tapping) EMDR. The effect of these one-session EMDR treatments on those patients maintained for months later.

Keywords: Pain Physical Tension

Accuracy Verified: Yes

65. Leeuwenkamp, J. (2005). Als tijd niet heelt [If time does not heal]. Beter, 5, 58-59,61.

Language: Dutch

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Tijd heelt niet alle wonden. De moeder die haar eigen kidn zag voronglukken. Het kind dat meerdeere malen s misbruikt. Het moment dat de overvaller de een mes op de keel drukte. Herinneringen die zo anstaanjagend of verdrietig zijn, dat ze j eleven depalen. De radeloze angst, woede, paniek, het blokkeert je voledig. Geen therapie die helpt. Of toch wel? Over een methode waarbij het verdriet blijft, maar de klachten verdwijnen.

Time heals all wounds is not. The mother saw her own kidn voronglukken. The child s more deere times abused. When the robber of a knife pressed to the throat. Memories so anstaanjagend or sad, they j depalen Eleven. The desperate anxiety, anger, panic, it blocks your full dot LDC. No therapy helps. Or is it? A method whereby the grief remains, but the symptoms disappear.

Keywords: Anxiety Panic

Accuracy Verified: Yes

66. de Roos, C., & Went, M. (2011, April). Als woorden tekort schieten: EMDR bij preverbaal trauma [When words fail: EMDR for pre-verbal trauma]. Presentatie op de 5e jaarlijkse conferentie van EMDR Vereniging, Nijmegen, Nederland.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Infants (0-4 jarigen) kunnen allerlei traumatische gebeurtenissen meemaken zoals intrusieve medische handelingen, een ongeluk, seksueel misbruik en andere vormen van mishandeling. Daarnaast zijn er negatieve ervaringen die niet duidelijk identificeerbaar zijn zoals chronische oorpijn- of buikpijn. Ook deze ervaringen beinvloeden de ouder-kind interactie/ hechtingsrelatie en hebben daarmee hun weerslag op het vermogen tot emotieregulatie en het gedrag. Herinneringen aan deze gebeurtenissen zijn preverbaal en dus niet op bewust nivo toegankelijk. Daardoor worden zij gemakkelijk over het hoofd gezien als mede-oorzaak of instandhoudende factor van emotionele of gedragsproblematiek in de basisschoolleeftijd. Na aanmelding bij de Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg wordt behandeling daarom vaak gericht op de aanpak van de huidige gedragsproblematiek (symptoombestrijding). Onze ervaring is dat EMDR hier een goede aanvulling biedt. Deze methode richt zich immers op de ‘onderlaag’ van de problematiek door negatieve ervaringen die hieraan gerelateerd zijn te verwerken. Daarna kan een inhaalslag gemaakt worden met betrekking tot de emotieregulatie waardoor zowel gedrag als de ouder-kind interactie verbeteren. Aan de hand van casuïstiek van infants en schoolkinderen wordt de indicatiestelling en toepassing getoond van het EMDR protocol bij de behandeling van kinderen die in de eerste 4 levensjaren getraumatiseerd zijn. In de presentatie wordt geillustreerd hoe de ‘verhalenmethode’ geintegreerd kan worden in een breder behandelaanbod. Werkvorm In de presentatie worden theorie en praktijk gecombineerd. Videobeelden ondersteunen het verhaal.

Infants (0-4 years), all kinds of traumatic experience as intrusive medical procedures, accidents, sexual abuse and other forms ofof abuse . There are also negative experiences that are not clearly identifiable as chronic ear pain or abdominal pain. These experiences affect the parent-infant interaction / attachment relationship and thus have their impact on the capacity for emotion regulation and behavior. Memories of these events are preverbal and not accessible on a conscious level. Thus they are easily overlooked as a cause or co-maintaining factor of emotional or behavioral problems in primary school. After reporting to the Mental Health Treatment is therefore often aimed at addressing the current behavioral problems (symptoms). Our experience here is that EMDR provides a good addition. This method is focused on the 'layer' of the problem by negative experiences related to this process. Then caught up with regard to both behavior and emotion regulation allowing the parent-child interactions improve. Through case studies of infants and schoolchildren being shown the indication and application of the EMDR protocol in the treatment of children who are traumatized life on April 1. The presentation illustrated how the 'stories'method can be incorporated into a broader range of treatment. Form In the presentation combines theory and practice. Video images support the story.

Keywords: Infants Children Pre-Verbal Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

67. Staff. (2002, November/December). Alternative treatments for anxiety disorders: EMDR. Triumph Newsletter.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract: The alternative therapy addressed in this article is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) developed by Francine Shapiro, Ph.D. in 1987. One day, while walking in a park, Dr. Shapiro made a connection between her involuntary eye movements and the reduction of her negative thoughts. She decided to explore this link and began to study eye movements in relation to the symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by the development of symptoms after exposure to a traumatic event. Symptoms can include re-experiencing the event - either in flashbacks or nightmares - avoidance of reminders of the event, feeling jumpy, having difficulty sleeping, having an exaggerated startle response, and experiencing feelings of detachment.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

68. Lovett, J. M. (1998). Am I real?: Mobilizing inner strength to develop a mature identity. In P. Manfield (Ed.), Extending EMDR: A casebook of innovative applications, (1st ed.) (pp. 191-216). New York: Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Chris was a 44-year old woman who had extremely low self-esteem, depression, panic attacks, and symptoms of dissociation when she began EMDR-facilitated therapy. Eye movement was used initially to reinforce healthy beliefs, physical sensations, and feelings related to experiences of safety, competence, well-being, and success based on prior learning. EMDR was then employed to target painful memories of childhood scenes with her parents, as well as erroneous beliefs and feelings of intense anxiety. Although none of the memories targeted occurred before age 5, the "white empty feeling" that was targeted seemed to represent the earlier deprivation. The desired positive cognition "I am significant" became the "umbrella cognition" containing various "sub-cognitions" (such as "I am loveable," "I deserve respect," and "I can take care of my needs").As Chris reprocessed traumatic childhood memories with EMDR, more and more of these sub-cognitions were integrated. Progress was not linear, but reprocessing the client's issues as she presented them gradually led to a more stable, flexible, and resilient sense of self. Eventually, the negative self-assessments dissipated. After 18 sessions Chris felt strong and confident, fully present, and eager to be involved in intimate relationships that were based on mutual respect. [Text, pp. 215-216] [Pilots]

Keywords: Adults Americans Anxiety Disorders Case Report Child Abuse Cognitive Therapy Depressive Disorders Females Life Experiences Neglect Psychotherapeutic Processes Self Esteem Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

69. Wartik, N. (1994, Aug 7). The amazingly simple, inexplicable therapy. Los Angeles Magazine, 9.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
I've just seen a demonstration taped during the course of a recent study, of what's probably the most controversial psychotherapy in use today. In 1989, the first articles about an improbable-sounding tech nique for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (F'ISD) appeared in the psychological literature. PTSD. an anxiety disorder with a multitude of mental and physical symptoms, strikes after an ordeal such as rape. combat. chid abuse or natural disaster and can permanently scar a psyche. But with little more than a wave of the hand, it seemed, Eye Movement Desensitizatior. and Reprocessing (EMDR) could undo trauma's tormenting effects in a remarkably short time, sometimes in a single session. The procedure, originated by psychologist Francine

Keywords: General Mary Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

70. Becker, C. B., Darius, E., & Schaumberg, K. (2007, December). An analog study of patient preferences for exposure versus alternative treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(12), 2861-2873. DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2007.05.006 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Although several efficacious treatments for PTSD exist, these treatments are currently underutilized in clinical practice. To address this issue, research must better identify barriers to dissemination of these treatments. This study investigated patient preferences for PTSD treatment given a wide range of treatment options in an analog sample. 160 individuals, with varying degrees of trauma history, were asked to imagine themselves undergoing a trauma, developing PTSD, and seeking treatment. Participants evaluated 7 different treatment descriptions, which depicted treatment options that they might encounter in a clinical setting. Participants rated their most and least preferred treatments along with their personal reactions to and the perceived credibility of each treatment. Participants also completed a critical thinking skills questionnaire. Participants predominantly chose exposure or another variant of cognitive-behavioral therapy as their most preferred therapy, and those who chose exclusively empirically supported treatments evidenced higher critical thinking skills. The present study contributes to a growing literature indicating that patients may be more interested in these therapies than indicated by utilization rates. The problem of underutilization of empirically supported treatments for PTSD in clinical practice may be due to therapist factors. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Cognitive Processes Cognitive Therapy College Students Evidence Based Treatment Exposure Empirically Supported Treatment Patient Preference Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Stressors Survivors TFT Thought Field Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

71. Tibaldi, M. (1996, June). Analytical psychology and EMDR: “active imagination” and “eye movements” in Jungian practice. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In this paper I shall be talking about the integration of eye movements in Jungian analysis. I am going to open my paper with a short historical premise, in order to frame Carl Gustav Jung's analytical psychology within the broader context of depth psychologies; then I shall be describing the most important concepts of Jungian model and the methodology of active imagination, explaining, to the end, through a short clinical example, the reasons why I have been induced to integrate 'eye movements' and 'active imagination' in the analytical setting, to process, in particular, 'opaque' somatic symptoms. The aim of this paper is to point out, on the one hand, the surprising affinity among some aspects of the Jungian model, EMDR and the results of contemporary neuro-scientific trauma researchs and to show, on the other hand, the synergic effect of eye movements and active imagination in enlightening and unconscious sufferings.

Keywords: Analytical Psychology Jung

Accuracy Verified: Yes

72. Selvig, A. L. (2004). Analyzing individual patterns of change in two treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. University of Georgia.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Two therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have received considerable support in the clinical literature: prolonged imaginal exposure (PE) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Although PE is empirically supported, its critics purport that it causes symptom exacerbation. In contrast, proponents of EMDR claim that its response pattern is characterized by rapid decline in symptoms. The current investigation aimed to study and compare the patterns of symptom change during PE and EMDR using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). HLM avoids many shortcomings inherent in traditional longitudinal analyses by focusing on trajectories of change rather than group means. 62 women with PTSD following rape were randomly assigned to 9 sessions of PE or EMDR. Results indicated that neither group experienced symptom exacerbation nor rapid symptom decline. The patterns of symptom change in the two groups were not significantly different. The strengths and limitations of HLM and the studys design were discussed.

Keywords: Patterns of Change PE Prolonged Exposure

Accuracy Verified: Yes

73. Kahveci, S., Erdogan, T., Karakus, D., Dogaroglu, S., Aydemir, S., Sen, G., Serpel, A., Kakan, N., & Ozgun S. (2010, June). Analyzing the effect of EMDR on pre-post menstrual disturbance. In Female issues. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Description of the study: Traumatic experiences may lead to body sensations. Some illnesses such as Migraine, ulcer and fibromyalgia which causes body disturbance have psychological roots. Steven Marcus also shows the relation between traumatic event and migraine in his studies. This study is inspired by the relationship between body disturbance related illnesses and traumatic experiences. In this study, physical and emotional disturbances experienced by women during the MDR menstrual cycle is studied by the use of EMDR. Participants in this study will receive a (max) 12 session EMDR treatment. All participants are going to fill a battery of tests consisting of Beck Depression Scale, STAI, Life Events Check List, Subjective Pain Level before and after the study and keep a diary of disturbance during the study. EMDR and the study: It is hypothesized that females who have more traumatic experiences related to menstrual cycle will experience disturbances during the menstrual cycle and after 12 first session of EMDR treatment there will be a decrease in reported disturbance levels. It is also hypothesized that the more negative cognitions a women has related to her gender/sexuality, the more disturbance she experiences. Learning objectives: Showing the way EMDR can be used in PMS and Dismenore Establishing the relationship between Pre- Post Menstrual Disturbances and negative & irrational beliefs related to gender identity. Enhancing the knowledge on the effect of previous negative life events on somatic sensations in the long term. Our study suggests that: Despite the fact that premenstrual Disturbances and Dismenore are quite common among the women, it is rarely studied by psychotherapists. In this study we reviewed the relevant literature and tried to show that these problems can be studied by using EMDR.

Keywords: Female Issues Pre Menstrual Post Menstrual Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

74. de Jongh, A. (2005, November). Angstjes, angsten en fobieën: Hoe pak je het simpel aan met EMDR? [Anxiety, fears and phobias: How to go about it simple with EMDR?]. Presentatie op de eerste congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Ede, Nederland.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is een gevalideerde behandelmethode voor psychisch trauma. Maar niet altijd leidt het meemaken van een vervelende gebeurtenis tot PTSS: angsten of fobieën zullen veel vaker het gevolg zijn. In veel gevallen is de behandeling van een fobische stoornis zelfs een stuk lastiger dan van een PTSS. Dit komt omdat er meer geheugenrepresentaties moeten worden bewerkt. Een complicerende factor in de behandeling kan verder zijn dat we te maken hebben lastig, ingesleten vermijdingsgedrag (bijv. bij sociale angst) of dat een bepaalde stimulussituatie objectief vervelende kantjes heeft (bijv. bij sommige medische angsten). In deze workshop leren de deelnemers:
- een handige manier om angsten te diagnosticeren en casuïstiek te conceptualiseren in termen van EMDR - te beslissen in welke gevallen EMDR is aangewezen, wanneer een cognitief gedragstherapeutische aanpak (of een combinatie) beter geschikt is en hoe deze behandeling eruit ziet - gericht angsttargets te identificeren en snel tot de juiste NCs en PCs te komen - cliënten voor te bereiden op moeilijke of relatief onveilige stimulussituaties
Het materiaal wordt gepresenteerd aan de hand van videobeelden, demonstraties en oefeningen. De workshop is geschikt voor ervaren en minder ervaren behandelaars, zowel op het terrein van volwassenen als kinderen en jeugd.

EMDR is a validated treatment for psychological trauma but does not require the experience of an unpleasant event for PTSD: fear or phobias are more often the result. In many cases, the treatment of a phobic disorder even more difficult than one PTSD. This is because more memory representations should be modified. A complicating factor in treatment may also be that we are facing difficult ingrained avoidance behavior (e.g. social anxiety) or that a certain objective stimulussituatie nasty lace has (e.g. some medical fears). In this workshop participants learn:
- A convenient way to diagnose anxiety and case studies to conceptualize in terms of EMDR - To decide cases in which EMDR is appropriate when a cognitive behavioral approach (or a combination) is more suitable and how this treatment looks - Terror targets aimed to identify and quickly correct the NCS and PCs to come - Clients to prepare for difficult or relatively unsafe stimulussituaties
The material is presented on the video footage, demonstrations and exercises. The workshop is suitable for experienced and less experienced practitioners, both in the field of adults and children and youth.

Keywords: Anxiety Fears Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

75. Darker-Smith, S. (2008, June). Anorexia nervosa: CBT versus EMDR (A preliminary study). Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In treating clients with Anorexia Nervosa, what does appear to be consistent is the general view (e.g. Waller; Treasure; Brewer) that recovery will take on average between 1 to 2 years with many clients suffering from this disorder never making a full or complete recovery. 16 clients with a previous diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and under medical supervision with a BMI of between 16.5 ï¿½ 18 and still meeting criteria of Anorexia Nervosa (DSM IV) were offered either EMDR (N.10) or CBT (N. 6). No therapeutic emphasis was placed directly on food in either the CBT or the EMDR group (e.g. Fairburn). Those receiving EMDR recovered substantially quicker once the target memory precipitating the Anorexic Onset was identified. Interestingly, food intake and weight increased without needing to be targeted as a separate matter, once the ï¿½feeder-memoryï¿½ had been adapted in 8 out of the 10 EMDR clients. Whilst the CBT group did improve, they continued to fluctuate in terms of active anorexic patterns of behaviour and their weight or food intake did not appear to improve significantly. Although this is only a preliminary study, the EMDR group reached ï¿½recoveryï¿½ at around the 3 ï¿½ 4 month mark, compared to the CBT group, who still reported phobic reactions to both body-image and food at the 4 month mark. At the initial 1- month follow-up post-study, the CBT group were still exhibiting symptoms of mental pre-occupation with diet / weight compared to the EMDR group, who had reached normal BMI ranges (N. 9) and all reported little to no pre-occupation with diet / weight. It would appear, on the basis of this preliminary study that the precipitators to the development of Anorexia respond well to EMDR treatment targeting the precipitant memory. Furthermore, 6 of the EMDR group reported using the safe-space imagery to reduce their anxieties surrounding food and this may have been a contributory factor in their recovery.

Keywords: Anorexia Nervosa CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

76. Lupo, W., Plans, B., & Seijo, N. (2010, Abril). Aplicación de EMDR en el tratamiento del Trauma (PTSD) [EMDR in the application of trauma treatment (PSTD)]. In EMDR: Un abordaje integral de la personalidad traumatizada (Francisca García Guerrero, Coordinadora). Simposio realizado en el Congreso Internacional sobre Avances en Tratamientos Psicológicos, Granada, Spain .

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR es un modelo de terapia, que se basa en el procesamiento adaptativo de la información (AIP). Además de desensibilizar, se trata de transformar la memoria afectada por el trauma, en la que las experiencias disfuncionales queden definitivamente en el pasado e integrarlas al presente de una forma adaptativa. En el trastorno de estrés postraumático y en el DESNOS, encontramos una memoria fragmentada, con un alto nivel de activación psicofisiológica, una dificultad en regular los afectos y con los síntomas intrusivos y evitativos vinculados a las experiencias. El procedimiento de EMDR, consta de 8 fases y mostraremos su aplicación en la presentación de un caso clínico de Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático.

EMDR therapy is a model that is based on adaptive processing information (AIP). Desensitize addition, it is transformed memory affected by trauma, which experiences dysfunctional are definitely in the past to the present and integrate adaptive way. In posttraumatic stress disorder and in the DESNOS, found a fragmented memory, with a high level of activation psychophysiological a difficulty in regulating emotions and intrusive and avoidant symptoms linked to experiences. The EMDR procedure consists of eight phases and show its application in presenting a case of PTSD.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

77. Lupo, W., Plans, B., & Seijo, N. (2010, Abril). Aplicación de EMDR en el tratamiento del Trauma (PTSD) [EMDR in the application of trauma treatment (PSTD)]. In EMDR: Un abordaje integral de la personalidad traumatizada (Francisca García Guerrero, Coordinadora). Simposio realizado en el Congreso Internacional sobre Avances en Tratamientos Psicológicos, Granada, Spain .

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

78. Mestanza, R. (2007). Aplicación de terapia cognitivo conductual individual, grupal y EMDR, en adolescentes de 11 a 13 anos con altos nivelesde ansiedad del 8º ano de educación básica de la red educativia Helena Cortes Bedoya, en la ciudad de Quito, ano lectivo 2006-2007 [Application of individual and group cognitive behavioral EMDR therapy to 11 to 13 year old adolescents with high levels of anxiety in the 8th year of the Helena Cortes Bedoya educational network, City of Quito School Year 2006-2007]. Universidad Central Del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Psicologicas, Instituto Superior de Postgrado, Quito, Ecuador.

Language: Spanish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo general, verificar si la Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual individual, grupal y EMDR disminuyen la ansiedad en adolescentes de 11 a 13 años del 8º año de Educación Básica de la Red Educativa Helena Cortes Bedoya, Sector Carapungo de la ciudad de Quito, en el año lectivo 2006-2007. Se tomó como referencia que la Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual , es el conjunto de técnicas terapéuticas que han resultado del empleo sistemático del método experimental en la Psicología y demás disciplinas afines, empleados con el propósito de modificar pensamientos y conductas desadaptativas . En tanto que EMDR consiste en la Desensibilización y Reprocesamiento por medio del Movimiento Ocular u otras estimulaciones bi-hemisféricas especialmente para trabajar sobre recuerdos traumáticos. La investigación a realizarse fue de tipo explicativo con diseño cuasi- experimental con un grupo de sujetos estimado del 30 al 50 % del total de la población de adolescentes evaluados con el test ISRA-J. Con ISRAJ (Inventario de Situaciones y Respuestas de Ansiedad – Jóvenes ) se evaluó a 70 estudiantes de 8º Año de Educación Básica obteniendo 14 con alto nivel de ansiedad, a los cuales se les invitó a participar en el taller “ Jóvenes en Aprendizaje” durante 12 sesiones. Al grupo se realizó la evaluación pre y post tratamiento, para verificar si la Terapia Cognitivo Conductual individual y en grupo + EMDR, son efectivos para bajar niveles de ansiedad y considerando el género saber que grupo fue beneficiado en mayor medida. Verificada su efectividad, el programa anteriormente señalado, se aplicará para bajar niveles de ansiedad a todos los adolescentes que luego de ser evaluados con el test ISRAJ obtenga un puntaje directo de 51 a 75, con indicación de tratamiento necesario y de 76 a 100 con necesidad de terapia urgente.

The present research aimed generally verify whether cognitive behavioral therapy individual, group and EMDR decrease anxiety in adolescents 11 to 13 years of Grade 8 Basic Education Educational Network Helena Cortes Bedoya, Sector Carapungo of Quito, in the academic year 2006-2007. The reference used was that cognitive behavioral therapy, is the set of therapeutic techniques that have resulted from the systematic use of the experimental method in psychology and other disciplines, employees with the aim of changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors. While EMDR is Desensitization and Reprocessing Eye Movement or other bi-hemispheric stimulation specifically to work on traumatic memories. The research was carried out explanatory type quasi-experimental design with a group of subjects estimated 30 to 50% of the total population of adolescents assessed with the ISRA-J test. With ISRAJ (Inventory of Situations and Responses of Anxiety - Young) was assessed 70 students from Year 8 Basic Education getting 14 with high anxiety, to which were invited to participate in the workshop "Young People in Learning" for 12 sessions. The group evaluation was performed before and after treatment, to verify if the individual and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy + EMDR group, are effective in lowering anxiety levels and considering the genre know that group was benefited most. Verified its effectiveness, the program noted above will apply to lower levels of anxiety to all adolescents be evaluated after the test will score ISRAJ live 51 to 75, indicating the necessary treatment and from 76 to 100 with need Urgent therapy.

Keywords: Adolescents Helena Cortes Bedoya Educational Network Group Behavioral Therapy Quito

Accuracy Verified: Yes

79. Tarquinio, C., Houbre, B., Fayard, A., & Tarquinio, P. (2009, October-December). Application de l’EMDR au deuil traumatique après une collision de train [EMDR applied for traumatic bereavement after train collision]. L’Evolution Psychiatrique, 74(4), 567-580. doi:10.1016/j.evopsy.2009.09.004.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Cette étude exploratoire a pour objectif de tester l’application de la thérapie Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) dans le cadre de la prise en charge du deuil traumatique. Le deuil traumatique, qui correspond à la perte brutale d’un autre significatif, répond à un tableau clinique précis dont les principales caractéristiques sont les pensées intrusives concernant le défunt et des difficultés d’ajustement face à la perte (sentiment de vide, difficultés à reconnaître le décès, irritabilité, absence de réactivité, etc.). Les huit participants de l’étude sont tous des membres de la famille des victimes de la collision de train qui a eu lieu le 12 octobre 2006 à Zoufftgen. Les sujets, âgés en moyenne de 35,2 ans (S.D. = 11,1) et comprenant 75%de femmes, ont suivi entre huit à 15 séances (m = 10,75 ; S.D. = 2,21) répondant au protocole EMDR. L’efficacité de la thérapie a été évaluée à partir de plusieurs critères comprenant la mesure du deuil traumatique, de l’anxiété, de la dépression et de la détresse psychologique. Cinq évaluations ont été réalisées : avant la prise en charge (T0), après six séances (T1), à la fin de la prise en charge (T2), puis à trois mois (T3) et 12 mois (T4) après la fin de la thérapie. Les principaux résultats semblent indiquer une efficacité de la prise en charge EMDR. En effet, on note une diminution de tous les indicateurs entre le début (T0) et la fin de la prise en charge (T2). En outre, lorsque cette diminution ne se poursuit pas à trois et à 12 mois, elle reste, au minimum, stable à un an. Ces premières observations sont d’autant plus encourageantes que 10 à 15% des patients endeuillés peuvent développer une dépression chronique.

The aim of this exploratory study is to test the application of therapy EMDR in case of traumatic bereavement. The traumatic bereavement, which corresponds to the brutal loss of “significant other”, answers a precise clinical picture whose principal characteristics are the intrusive thoughts concerning the late one and of the difficulties of adjustment to the loss (feeling of vacuum, difficulties of recognizing the death, irritability, lack of reactivity, etc). The eight participants all of this study are of the members of the family of the victims of the train collision, which took place on October 12, 2006 in Zoufftgen. The subjects, old on average 35.2 years (S.D. = 11.1) and including 75% women, followed between eight to 15 meetings (m = 10.75, S.D. = 2.21) answering protocol EMDR. The effectiveness of the therapy was evaluated starting from several criteria including traumatic bereavement, anxiety, depression and psychological distress. Five evaluations were carried out: before the therapy (T0), after six meetings (T1), at the end of the therapy (T2), then in three months (T3) and 12 months (T4) after the end of the therapy. The principal results seem to indicate an effectiveness of the therapy EMDR. Indeed, we observe a reduction in all the indicators between the beginning (T0) and the end of the therapy (T2). Moreover, when this reduction does not continue to three and 12 months, it remains, at least, stable at one year. These observations are very encouraging especially when it is known that 10 to 15% of the patient develops a chronic depression.

Keywords: Affective Disorder Anxiety Depression Traumatic Bereavement

Accuracy Verified: Yes

80. Grozdanko, G., & Simonovic, M. (2003, May). The application of EMDR in different stages of the evolution of the PSTD symptoms. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Rome, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Poster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

81. Srivastava, U., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2008, September). Application of EMDR in the treatment of major depressive disorder: A case study. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35(2), 163-172.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article presents a case study applying Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in major depressive disorder. The study describes the application of Shapiro’s Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model in the treatment of major depressive disorder and explores the use of EMDR with a 30 year old woman experiencing depressive symptoms with 3 suicidal attempts in 5 years. Due to strong negative reactions to psychiatric medicines, her treatment was discontinued several times and she was referred for psychotherapeutic intervention. After 9 EMDR treatment sessions, her depression was completely cured; her coping improved and other symptoms of anxiety and social withdrawal were completely controlled. Effects were checked and found maintained up to 6 months follow up. The clinical implications of application of EMDR have been explored.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP Bilateral Stimulation BLS Case Study Depression EMs Eye Movements Major Depressive DIsorder Somatic Symptoms BHUJ experience.

Accuracy Verified: Yes

82. Manfield, P., & Shapiro, F. (2003). The application of EMDR to the treatment of personality disorders. In J. F. Magnavita (Ed.), Handbook of Personality Disorders: Theory and Practice (pp. 304-330). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Since its inception in 1987, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has evolved into an integrated approach to psychotherapy that synthesizes aspects of the major psychological orientations. As such, its comprehensive treatment effects span cognitive, somatic, and affective domains (Shapiro, 2002). Although most widely used to process single or multiple incident traumatic memories, it can be used effectively to treat many conditions. In this chapter, we describe the theoretical foundations of this approach and how it is used to treat personality disorders. A fundamental principle of the Adaptive Information Processing Model is that present disturbance and dysfunctional characteristics have their origins in past events; these antecedents, whether identified or not, can be processed to an adaptive resolution using EMDR. In treating personality disorders, the EMDR approach integrates procedures from many other orientations to stabilize clients and equip them to address their source memories. The accelerated processing of disturbing memories that takes place during EMDR makes it possible for clients to address and resolve their issues relatively rapidly. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Personality Disorders Psychotherapeutic Processes Theories

Accuracy Verified: Yes

83. Darker-Smith, S. (2007, June). Application of mindfulness for impulse control and self harm. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Self harm presents a risk in using EMDR with emotionally vulnerable clients, due to the dangers of their immediate behaviours. However, often these behaviours are in response to deep-seated memories linked to traumas, which with the help of EMDR could safely be processed once the impulsive and risky behaviours are controlled. Mindfulness has been utilised by the Author as a stabilisation method of reducing dissociation in clients, prior to trauma processing (CEP conference – Darker-Smith, 2005). More recently, the author has discovered that the application of mindfulness and imagery techniques work more effectively for clients with tendencies for self-harm, compared to alternative behavioural techniques designed to distract from or substitute for impulsive desires to self-harm (e.g.., the use of ice cubes or elastic bans, to create a distraction from the impulse). Two groups were studied in the process of treating co-morbid symptoms for alternative conditions with EMDR, ranging from eating disorders, anxiety disorders, and trauma, prior to EMDR processing. For clinical reasons, clients with depression, personality disorders and other Axis 2 disorders were not included in this study due to contraindications in current research relating to Mindfulness. Participants self-harming behaviours related to superficial cutting, punching, and burning. Group 1 consisted of six clients who were offered alternative behavioural techniques (e.g., elastic bands or ice cubes) to distract or substitute for the desire for self-harm. Group 2 consisted of eight clients who were offered mindfulness techniques, including imagery meditations to distract or substitute for the desire to self harm. The groups were distributed as evenly as possible and no major emphasis was placed on the treatment of self-harming behaviours, instead being placed on the major problems (anxiety, eating disorder or trauma).
The Group (1)[consisted of 6 persons:(3 with Anxiety, 3 with Eating Disorders, 1 with Trauma)] who were offered suitable behavioural techniques utilised them effectively when their distress levels were mild (between 1-4 on a 0-8 behavioural scale), however, reverted back t self harming behaviours (e.g., cutting, burning, pinching) when distress levels reached 5 or higher. The Group (2)[consisted of 8 persons: (3 with Anxiety, 4 with Eating Disorders, 1 with Trauma)] who were offered aspects of Mindfulness training to facilitate tolerance of distressing emotions and being aware of the active moment did not tend (on average) to revert back to self-harming behaviours, choosing instead to utilise mindfulness methods (such as 3-minute breathing space).
Conclusion: Mindfulness is more effective as impulse control for self-harming behaviours than behavioural alternative strategies and can be utilised as a form of stabilisation in combination with controlling impulsive behaviours, prior to EMDR.

Keywords: Impulse Control Mindfulness Poster Self Harm

Accuracy Verified: Yes

84. De Divitiis, A. M. (2010, June). Application of resource development and installation (RDI) in delivery preparation in order to prevent post partum depression. In Female issues. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
According to the latest statistical evidence Post-Partum Depression develops in approximately 13% of women during the second -third month after childbirth with symptoms lasting between few weeks and a year and risks of relapse. Unlike the Baby Blues (affecting 70% of mothers, with onset in the 3'd - 6" day after delivery and spontaneous recovery within approximately two weeks), likely to be caused basically by hormone modifications in the immediate aftermath of childbirth. PPD development would seem to be solely determined by psychological factors: the experience of childbirth, the surfacing of unresolved problems in the relationships with attachment figures, the change in the woman's role both in the social sphere and within the couple relationship, the fear of being unable to adequately attend to the new responsibilities (both in terms of skills and of the ability to cope with the additional workioad), etc. Consequently, women experiencing childbirth as a traumatic experience are more destabilized by the event, and therefore. at a higher risk of developing PPD. Childbirth requires the deployment of many personal resources. A woman in labor must be able to bear the pain, while having to "push", 1.e. contrast the automatic antalgic reaction (which would close the delivery channel) and "meeting the pain", during the "expulsion" phase. Considering that "Peak Performances" require moving out of a person's comfort zone and stretching a person's boundaries, childbirth experience can be rightfully considered a "Peak Performance". This work describes RDI application times and modes during Delivery Preparation in order to strengthen the different personal resources needed by pregnant women to experience her childbirth as an ego syntonic experience. In this sense, RDI associated with EMDR can be considered an actual Primary Prevention intervention, capable of teaching women something positive about themselves, thus effectively offsetting the onset of PPD. Furthermore the results of the application of this technique collected during the Post-Partum phase on 48 women will be discussed. Learning objectives: 1 identification of the specific issues predisposing the development of PTSD due to Childbirth and of Post-Partum Depression. 2. Framing Childbirth as a Peak Performance. 3 Learning RDI (Resource Development and Installation) application through Bilateral Stimuli during Delivery Preparation Courses.

Keywords: Delivery Preparation Female Issues Resource Development and Installation RDI Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

85. De Divitiis, A. M. (2008, Novembre). Applicazione dello sviluppo e installazione delle risorse (RDI) nella psicoprofilassi al parto finalizzata alla prevenzione delle depressione post partum (DPP) [Application of resource development and installation (RDI) in psychoprophylaxis geared to the prevention of postpartum depression(DPP)]. Presentazione le Applicazioni Cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Dagli ultimi dati statistici risulta che la Depressione Post Partum viene sviluppata da circa il 13% delle puerpere nel corso del secondo – terzo mese successivi al parto e la durata dei sintomi varia da qualche settimana ad un anno, con rischi di recidiva. A differenza del Baby Blues (colpisce il 70% delle puerpere, insorge in III – VI giornata e si risolve spontaneamente nell’arco di un paio di settimane), imputabile essenzialmente alle fisiologiche modificazioni ormonali (calo degli estrogeni e progesterone) dell’im-mediato post partum, lo sviluppo della DPP sembrerebbe invece essere determinata da fattori di natura strettamente psicologica: l’esperienza del parto, il riemergere di problematiche irrisolte nelle relazioni con le figure di attaccamento, il cambiamento di ruolo della donna sia nell’ambito sociale che all’interno della coppia, il timore di non essere in grado di attendere adeguatamente alle nuove responsabilità (sia sul piano delle proprie capacità, che del nuovo carico di fatica fisica), ecc. Le donne che hanno vissuto il parto come esperienza traumatica risultano essere maggiormente destabilizzate da tale evento e quindi maggiormente esposte allo sviluppo della DPP. Il parto richiede alla donna il reclutamento di molteplici risorse personali. Nel corso del “travaglio” la donna deve riuscire a contenere il dolore, mentre nella fase dell’“espulsione” le viene richiesto inoltre di “spingere”, ossia di contrastare una reazione antalgica automatica (che chiuderebbe il canale da parto) per andare invece “incontro al dolore”. Se consideriamo che le “Prestazioni di Picco” si caratterizzano per essere “al di fuori” del proprio ambito di sicurezza, di agio e di conforto, nel tentativo di oltrepassare il limite estremo delle proprie capacità, l’esperienza del parto può essere inscritta a pieno titolo nelle “Prestazioni di Picco”. Nel presente lavoro vengono descritte le modalità e i tempi di applicazione del RDI nel corso della Preparazione al Parto, finalizzata al rafforzamento delle diverse risorse personali di cui ogni gestante ha bisogno per poter vivere il parto come esperienza egosintonica. In tal senso l’RDI, tramite EMDR, è da considerarsi un vero e proprio Intervento di Prevenzione Primaria, in grado di insegnare alle donne qualcosa di positivo riguardo sé stesse, contrastando efficacemente l’insorgere della DPP. Verranno esposti, inoltre, i risultati dell’applicazione di tale tecnica su 48 gestanti, raccolti nella fase del Post Partum.

The latest statistics show that postpartum depression is developed by about 13% of mothers during the second to third months after delivery and the duration of symptoms varies from few weeks to a year, with risks of recurrence. Unlike the Baby Blues (affects 70% of mothers, occurs in III - VI day and resolves spontaneously within a couple of weeks), largely because of the physiological hormonal changes (decline in estrogen and progesterone) of IM-mediated post-partum, the development of the DPP seems to be determined by factors strictly psychological: the experience of childbirth, the resurgence of unresolved issues in relations with attachment figures, the changing role of women both in social the couple, the fear of not being able to wait adequately to new responsibility (both in terms of its ability, that the new burden of physical labor, etc.). Women who have experienced childbirth as a traumatic experience become more undermined by this event and, therefore, at greater risk of developing the DPP. The birth of the woman requires the recruitment of many personal resources. During the "Labor" the woman must be able to contain the pain, while in phase the 'expulsion' is the also required to "push", i.e. a reaction to counter analgesic automatic (which close the channel by birth) to go instead "to meet the pain." If we consider that "Peak Performance" are characterized by being "outside" the extent of its security, ease and comfort, in an attempt to go beyond the bounds of their abilities, experience delivery can be fully inscribed in the "peak performance". The present paper describes the methods and timing of application of RDI during the preparation for childbirth, which aims to reinforce the various personal resources which each pregnant woman needs to live the experience of childbirth as ego syntonic. In this sense, the RDI, through EMDR is considered true primary prevention interventions that can teach women something positive about themselves to effectively counter the rise DPP. Will be exposed, in addition, the results of applying this technique on 48 pregnant women, collected at the stage of post-partum.

Keywords: Postpartum Depression RDI Resource Development and Installation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

86. Villa, M., & Sangiovanni, L. (2008, Novembre). Applicazione dell’EMDR ad una nuova popolazione: I pazienti posturali con dolore cronico e con deficit percettivi [Applying EMDR to a new population: Patients postural with chronic pain and perceptual deficits]. Presentazione al Applicazioni Cliniche dell'EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Lo studio riguarda l’applicazione dell’EMDR ai Pazienti affetti da “Sindrome da deficit posturale” (Da Cuña). Il problema coinvolge il 10% della popolazione, di cui il 15% è sintomatico. È di difficile inquadramento, dato che i sintomi somatici che presenta coinvolgono tutti e tre i versanti delle regolazioni automatiche: dolori muscolo-scheletrici migranti, derivanti da disordini posturali; pseudovertigini, da deficit di localizzazione spaziale; disturbi cognitivi (fino alla dislessia), da alterata integrazione percettiva. Le modalità compensatorie a tali deficit possono investire la sfera psicologica (senso profondo di inadeguatezza, ansia, depressione...), sviluppare atteggiamenti strategici di evitamento (agorafobia da deficit di orientamento spaziale), spingere a interpretare reazioni fisiche come se fossero psicologiche (attacchi di panico, enuresi notturna…). Proprio il sottile intreccio tra aspetti somatici e psicologici rende complessa la diagnosi; può capitare infatti che un paziente con problemi di questa natura si rivolga a un terapista somatico (posturologo, osteopata…), che non coglie il problema. Abbiamo così messo a punto un sistema diagnostico che riconosca se l’aspetto psichico sia conseguenza di un vero disturbo somatico o se invece sostenga una serie di somatizzazioni tendenzialmente derivanti da traumi. Nell’uno o nell’altro caso, l’utilizzo dell’EMDR può essere risolutivo: evidentemente sul versante traumatico, ma pure per la desensibilizzazione delle convinzioni negative derivate dalle strategie psicologiche reattive al deficit somatico. Metodi. La valutazione diagnostica e le variazioni sintomatologiche sono state effettuate con DSMIV, SWAP-200, SCL90-R, TAS 20, VAS, anamnesi posturologica, kinesiologia, posturodinamica, riflessi primitivi e sensoriali, valutazione osteopatica, Maddox, stabilometria basale e con challenges). Risultati. Gli interventi su misura hanno ridotto la sintomatologia, come è rappresentato dalle rilevazioni effettuate e dai feedback dei pazienti. La conoscenza integrata, sia che il primo approccio sia psicologico o posturale, consente una diagnosi accurata e dunque una strategia terapeutica sinergica efficace che permette di sbloccare terapie cronicizzate.

The study concerns the application of EMDR in patients with "postural deficiency syndrome" (Da Cuna). The problem affects 10% of the population, of which 15% are symptomatic. It is classification difficult, because the somatic symptoms presenting involving all three sides automatic adjustments: musculoskeletal pain migrants from postural disorders; pseudovertigini, spatial localization deficit, cognitive problems (up to dyslexia), from altered perceptual integration. The methods compensatory these deficits can invest the ball psychological (deep sense of inadequacy, anxiety, depression ...), develop attitudes strategic avoidance (agoraphobia deficit spatial orientation), push to interpret physical reactions as if they were psychological (panic attacks, nocturnal enuresis ...). Just the subtle interplay between somatic and psychological aspects makes it difficult to diagnose and can in fact happen that a patient with problems of this nature, please ask a somatic therapy (Posture, osteopath ...), who misses the problem. We have thus developed a diagnostic system that recognize if the appearance is the result of a true mental disorder or whether it supports somatic a series of somatization tendency resulting from trauma. In either case, use EMDR can be resolutely on the side obviously traumatic, but also for desensitization of the negative beliefs derived from psychological strategies responsive to deficit somatic. Methods. The diagnostic evaluation and symptom changes are were made with DSMIV, SWAP-200, SCL90-R, TAS 20, VAS, history Posture, kinesiology, posturodinamica, primitive reflexes and sensory evaluation osteopathic, Maddox, stabilometry baseline and challenges). Results. Tailored interventions have reduced symptomatology, as represented by the surveys conducted and feedback from patients. The integrated knowledge, whether the first approach is psychological or postural, allows a diagnosis accurate and therefore a therapeutic strategy that allows you to unlock synergistic effective therapies chronic.

Keywords: Chronic Pain Perceptual Deficits

Accuracy Verified: Yes

87. De Sensi Fontera, A. (2008, Novembre). Applicazione dell’EMDR i soggetto di 9 anni affetto da ADHD [Applying EMDR the subject of 9 years with ADHD]. Poster presentato al Applicazioni Cliniche dell'EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
L’EMDR è stato applicato in un caso di una ragazza d’anni nove, Iris, affetta da ADHD (DSM – IV F90. 0). L’EMDR è stato integrato in un percorso di psicoterapia classica e con interventi sull’interazione dei sistemi Famiglia, Sanità, Scuola. L’EMDR è stato rivolto anche alle figure parentali per elaborare alcuni degli eventi traumatici che avevano contribuito allo sviluppo del disturbo nella bambina e, in particolare, per la madre sulla diagnosi. Il ruolo dell’EMDR è stato significativo nella risoluzione dei sintomi e ha contribuito all’efficacia dell’intervento complessivo. E’ stato particolarmente efficace per la risoluzione della “coazione a ripetere” e per l’integrazione intrapsichica della personalità d’Iris.

EMDR has been applied in a case of a girl of nine years, Iris, who suffers from ADHD (DSM -- IV F90. 0). EMDR has been integrated into a course of psychotherapy and classical interventions interaction of the family system, Health, School. EMDR has been addressed also to the figures parental to process some of the traumatic events that had contributed to the development of disorder in children and, in particular, for the mother on the diagnosis. The role of EMDR was significant in the resolution of symptoms and has contributed to the effectiveness of the intervention overall. It 'been particularly effective for the resolution of the "repetition compulsion" and Integration Intrapsychic personality of Iris.

Keywords: ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

88. De Marco, A. (2008, Novembre). Applicazione dell’EMDR nel lutto complicate-resoconto di un caso clinico [Application EMDR in complicated grief-reporting of clinical case]. Poster presentato al Applicazioni Cliniche dell'EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
L’articolo si propone di evidenziare l’efficacia dell’EMDR nei casi di lutto, in particolare quando questo evento implica un trauma psicologico, che interferisce con il normale processo di elaborazione della perdita. Si delinea allora una situazione definita “lutto complicato o traumatico”, che determina una elaborazione complessa dell’evento luttuoso bloccandone la sua risoluzione. Una perdita traumatica sconvolge le capacità di coping della persona e pregiudica le sue facoltà di adattamento, aumentando il disagio e complicando l’elaborazione dell’evento. Laddove il lutto acuto è dominato dal trauma, l’impiego dell’EMDR facilita il passaggio il passaggio attraverso le varie fasi dell’elaborazione del lutto e favorisce l’assimilazione e l’adattamento alla perdita. Ad illustrare quanto enunciato dal punto di vista teorico viene presentato un caso clinico, nel quale un lutto complicato, strettamente connesso a sintomi depressivi, viene sbloccato e ricondotto ad un normale processo di elaborazione grazie all’applicazione dell’EMDR su un solo targhet specifico. La paziente, una giovane donna di 24 anni, presentava un disturbo distimico di gravità moderata, con spunti ansiosi. Non prendeva psicofarmaci. Qualche anno prima le era stato diagnosticato un disturbo di panico con agorafobia e aveva assunto Lexotan per un certo periodo. Sono stati somministrati appositi test psicologici, all’inizio e al termine della terapia finalizzata all’elaborazione del lutto. Un altro re-test è stato fatto a distanza di un anno circa.

The article aims to highlight the effectiveness of EMDR in cases of bereavement, particularly when this event involves a psychological trauma, which interferes with the normal process of elaboration of the loss. It then outlines a situation as "complicated grief or traumatic, determines a complex event processing mournful blocking its resolution. A traumatic loss upsets the coping skills of the person and impairs his ability to adaptation, increasing the discomfort and complicating the development of the event. where the mourning is dominated by acute trauma, the use EMDR facilitates the passage through the various stages of mourning and promotes assimilation and adaptation to loss. Illustrate what is stated by the theoretical point of view is presented a clinical case in which a complicated grief, which is closely linked to depressive symptoms, is unlocked and returned to a normal process by applying EMDR on one target specific. The patient, a young woman of 24 years, had a dysthymic disorder of moderate severity, with ideas anxious. Not taking psychotropic drugs. A few years earlier had been diagnosed with panic disorder with agoraphobia and had taken Lexotan for a certain period. Appropriate psychological tests were administered at the beginning and end of therapy aimed elaboration of mourning. Another re-test was done at a distance of about one year.

Keywords: Complicated Grief Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

89. Verzolatto, N. (2008, Novembre). Applicazioni patriche dell'EMDR in ambito ospedaliero [Applications practice EMDR in hospitals]. Presentazione le Applicazioni Cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In ambito ospedaliero l’intervento psicologico presenta peculiarità che rispondono ad alcune caratteristiche come : - la velocità di intervento; - l’ esigenza di applicare protocolli rapidi ed efficaci. La necessità della rapidità è data dal fatto che il paziente allettato è generalmente in sofferenza fisica (spesso è presente dolore) oltre che psicologica e quindi non disponibile ad indagini ed interventi di tipo tradizionale (come assesment prolungati o studio approfondito della biografia); l’efficacia è intesa nel senso che gli strumenti devono centrare la domanda dell’inviante, che solitamente non è il paziente ma il reparto di degenza, e devono intervenire sul disagio del paziente che spesso esprime sintomi specifici. Generalmente i motivi per i quali vengono richieste le consulenze sono ascrivibili ad alcune precise categorie diagnostiche quali: -PTSD e PTSD sottosoglia. Riguardano generalmente: le comunicazioni di diagnosi gravi e/o prognosi infausta, sia nel paziente che nel familiare; eventi traumatici quali la violenza sessuale e domestica, traumi per incidenti, traumi per ricoveri in reparti particolari come le Stroke Unit o le Unità di Rianimazione). -disturbi d’ansia e DAP. Rientrano in questa categoria le consulenze per le fobie per sala operatoria, per l’anestesia, la paura del non risveglio e i timori per esiti del post-interveto (per es. nel caso di prostatectomie o laringectomie). Nei casi sopra citati l’uso dell’EMDR diventa spesso lo strumento d’elezione per le peculiarità proprie che rispondono perfettamente alle caratterizzazioni sopra citate. Nell’workshop si confronterà l’esperienza di tale attività e si discuterà di come l’uso dell’EMDR risponda per efficacia e velocità alle esigenze sopra esplicitate.

Psychological intervention in the hospital has special features that meet certain characteristics such as: - The speed of intervention; - 'S need to implement protocols for rapid and effective. The need for speed is the fact that the patient is usually bedridden physical suffering (pain is often present) as well as psychological and therefore not available to traditional investigations and interventions (such as prolonged or assesment study of the biography); effectiveness is understood that the instruments must hit dell'inviante demand, which is usually not the patient but the ward and must act on the discomfort of the patient often expresses specific symptoms. Usually the reasons for which are claimed are attributable to some specific advice diagnostic categories such as: -PTSD and subthreshold PTSD. Generally relate to: the Communications Diagnostic serious and / or poor prognosis, both in the patient in family trauma such as sexual and domestic violence, trauma caused by accidents, trauma admissions to particular departments as the Stroke Unit or the Intensive Care Unit) . -Anxiety disorders and CAD. This category includes advice for phobias to the operating room, anesthesia, fear of not waking up and fears of post-surgical outcomes (eg. In the case of prostatectomy or laryngectomy). In the above cases the use EMDR is often the tool of choice for the special features that perfectly meet the above characterizations. Nell'workshop you compare the experience of this activity and will explore how to use EMDR effectiveness and speed to meet the requirements spelled out above.

Keywords: Hospitals Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

90. Sukirna, S., Sadatun, T. I., & Direzkia, Y. (2008, June). Applying EMDR for tsunami survivors with severe PTSD in a disaster region with minimum mental health facilities. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Tsunami that hit Aceh on the 26th of December 2004 taken approximately 150,000 lives has changed the region into a devastated area. Although health services and facilities had been re-established and some NGOs started delivering psychosocial and mental health services, only a few of them focussed on effective trauma therapy while the number of survivors who need the treatment are enormous. Tsunami survivors in this region are more likely to suffer from complex PTSD because of years of armed-conflict had been going on in this region. A survey conducted by Crisis Centre of the Faculty of Psychology University of Indonesia in collaboration with Terre des Hommes Germany showed high incidents of various psychological disorders amongst child survivors.. The program of trauma therapy and EMDR organized by Indonesian Psychological Association and TdH Germany funded by BMZ Germany since 2006 has treated a good number of tsunami survivors with severe PTSD. Hyperarousal, flashbacks and bad dreams, avoidance, and somatisation are common. There has been no indication whether there has been a natural process of recovery among those who were not treated. Starting in February 2008 a controlled study on the effectiveness of EMDR is conducted with 30 tsunami survivors with PTSD that will be randomized into two groups of 15. The treatment group will be given EMDR therapy until April 2008 and waitlist group will be given EMDR in May 2008. The effectiveness of EMDR will be measured using IES, HTQ, DES pre and post treatment with EMDR. First follow up will be collected until June 2008.

Keywords: Disasters Poster Tsumani

Accuracy Verified: Yes

91. Lovett, J. M. (1996, June). Applying EMDR to physical illness, injury, and symptoms in adults and children: Applications of EMDR in treating medical conditions in children. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Adults Children Injury Physical Illness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

92. Casadaban, A. (1996, June). Applying EMDR to physical illness, injury, and symptoms in adults and children: EMDR protocol for the assessment and treatment of physical phenomena with selected applications. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Level I. Targeting of Physical Symptoms or Triggers. Installing of Positive States Use this level when: client readiness and safety factors are met. the experience of the symptom(s) is distressing to the client. a limited number of therapy sessions is available. the client does not necessarily have an awareness of the causes or functions of the symptoms. the client is not aware of a trauma related to the symptom. w the assessment does not reveal trauma related to the symptom. w trauma or other complicating issues are identified but the client's stability or circumstances does not tolerate Level I1 or 111, and client and therapist can devise ways to contain upsetting issues which may come up. the client wants to try for symptom relief without deeper processing. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Injury Physical Illness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

93. Klaus, P. (1996, June). Applying EMDR to physical illness, injury, and symptoms in adults and children: The use of EMDR to unlock the potential for healing. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Adults Children Injury Physical Illness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

94. Klaus, P., & Casadaban, A. (1996, June). Applying EMDR to physical illness, injury, and symptoms in adults and children: The use of EMDR with physically challenged individuals. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Injury Physically Challenged Individuals Physical Illness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

95. Greenwald, R. (1994, Winter). Applying eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) to the treatment of traumatized children: Five case studies. Anxiety Disorders Practice Journal, 1(2), 83-97.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a recently developed psychotherapy method that appears to increase efficiency in treating traumatized psychological disturbance. Applications to child treatment were explored in five case studies of children suffering from post-traumatic symptoms several months after Hurricane Andrew. Subjects were treated with one or two EMDR sessions, until Subjective Units of Disturbance (SUDS) went to 0. Follow-up parent interviews at one and four weeks post-treatment found all subjects returning to pre-trauma levels of functioning, with additional improvement in some cases. Further study is recommended. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Americans Females Hurricane Andrew (1992) Hurricanes Males School Age Children Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

96. Piffaut, A. M. (2007, Juin). Apport de l'EMDR dans le traitement de l'hyperacousie, des vertiges et des acouphenes, ORL psychosomatique [EMDR in the treatment of hypercousy, vertigo, and acouphens. Psychosomatic ORL]. Présentation à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Je voudrais partager avec vous mon bonheur de pratiquer l'EMDR et de la communication des résultats dans ma spécialité (ORL Ear Nose Throat) associée à une compétence dans phoniatrique. Je n'ai jamais réussi à guérir des patients présentant une hyperacousie douloureuse à l'aide de l'analyse transactionnelle et de la thérapie comportementale et cognitive. Ces personnes ont tendance à s'isoler, cesser de travailler, devenir ou sont socialement phobique. J'ai reçu des patients dans l'incapacité de travail. Ils sont obligés de porter un casque pour se protéger des bruits extérieurs. Leur situation est aggravée par l'acouphène, car si elles s'isoler pour se protéger contre le bruit qu'ils perçoivent encore plus leurs acouphènes.
Depuis que j'utilise l'EMDR, ces personnes ne guérir. L'autre jour, une personne qui avait souffert de l'hyperacousie pendant douze ans et même dû arrêter de travailler à cause d'elle, m'a fait écrire un document dans lequel je l'ai noté sous sa dictée qu'elle se trouva guérie. Ce certificat a été destiné à son médecin de l'entreprise afin d'éviter l'incapacité, un processus qui était en cours. Depuis, elle a pu circuler dans un train dans la zone entre deux voitures (pas loin de 100 dB) et n'a pas souffert. Un enfant, même crié à côté d'elle et elle n'a pas non plus se sentir quelque chose de désagréable. Elle est étonnée et je le suis aussi
L'objectif était de supporter le bruit intense d'une formation en passant sur un pont alors qu'elle était sous le pont. Il a été la pire situation pour elle parce que la plus intense en termes de décibels. Elle étudie plusieurs canaux dans sa mémoire jusqu'à ce qu'elle se souvenait d'un avortement horrible. Les bruits, les mots de l'équipe médicale, tous les souvenirs audience ont été poignées. C'est seulement avec l'EMDR que j'ai réussi à traiter les hyperacousie jusqu'à disparition. J'ai reçu cette personne 7 fois ¾ d'heure. Avant l'EMDR, j'ai parfois reçu jusqu'à deux ans, ces patients à la vitesse d'une session tous les deux pue et il a eu, au mieux, une amélioration de leur confort. Le bonheur de ce dernier patient était telle que j'ai eu à le partager. Depuis, elle va sur les forums de discussion pour encourager les personnes qui souffrent de ce trouble.

I would like to share with you my happiness to practice EMDR and to notice it results in my specialty ENT (Ear Nose Throat) associated to a competence in Phoniatric. I never managed to cure patients presenting a painful hyperacusis by using the transactional analysis and the behavioral and cognitive therapy. These persons tend to isolate themselves, stop working, become or are socially phobic. I received some patients in incapacity to work. They are obliged to wear a helmet to protect themselves from outside noises. Their situation is aggravated by tinnitus because if they isolate themselves to protect themselves from the noise they perceive even more their tinnitus.
Since I use EMDR, these persons do cure. The other day, one person that had been suffering of hyperacusis for twelve years and even had to stop working because of it, made me write a document where I noted under her dictation that she found herself cured. This certificate was intended for her company doctor to avoid the incapacity, a process that was in progress. Since then, she was able to circulate in a train in the zone between two cars (not far from 100 DB) and did not suffer. A child even screamed next to her and she also didn’t feel anything unpleasant. She is astonished and so am I.
The target was to bear the intense noise of a training passing on a bridge while she was under the bridge. It was the worst situation for her because the most intense in terms of decibels. She investigates several canals in her memory until she remembered a horrible abortion. The noises, the words of the medical team, all the hearing recollections were handles. It is only with EMDR that I managed to treat the hyperacusis until it disappearance. I received this person 7 times ¾ of an hour. Before the EMDR, I sometimes received up to two years these patients at the rate of a session every two reeks and it led to at best an improvement of their comfort. The happiness of this last patient was such that I had to share it. Ever since, she goes on forums of discussion to encourage the persons who suffer from this disorder.

Keywords: Hyperacusis Vertigo

Accuracy Verified: Yes

97. Tardy, J., & El Farricha, M. (2007, Juin). Approache Ericksonienne du traumatisme psychique et thérapie EMDR [Ericksonian approach of trauma]. Présentation à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Les techniques d’hypnose éricksonienne sont des outils très utiles au cours d’une psychothérapie, spécialement avec les personnes ayant connu des traumatismes répétés dans l’enfance. En effect, par le biais d’une dissociation thérapeutique, patient et thérapeute on accès à la mémoire traumatique neurobiologique et psychologique et le patient pourra (ré)experimenter la confiance dans ses propres forces naturelles.
Cependant, manié avec peu de précaution l’hypnose risqué d’aggraver la dissociation pathologique. L’association des techniques éricksoniennes et du protocole de la thérapie EMDR augmente les capacitiés de l’espirt et du corps et offre au paitent un meilleur contrôle émotionnel et un amélioration del la (ré)orientation à la réalité.
Le travail des auteurs est a situé dans le cadre de la psychothérapie brève des victimes et s’appuie sur une approche éricksonienne du traumatisme psychique et la thérapie EMDR en tant que novelle méthode thérapeutique efficace pour l’ESPT.
Mohammed El Farricha et Josette Tardy psychologues cliniciens, présenteront un apercu d’un programme de traitement psychothérapique expérimenté avec des patients en ambulatoire ces dix dernières années.
Dans cet atelier l’accent sera plus particulièrement mis sur l’apport des techniques d’hypnose éricksonienne qui semblent cliniquement efficaces et peuvent venir renforcer le protocole EMDR au cours des phases: evaluation et terminaison.
Il s’agira par exemple de démontrer comment, lors de l’évaluation, guider la personne vers la concentration interne nécessaire à une desensitisation complete? Ou encore comment mieux projeter le patient dans un future <> des limitations du traumatisme?

Ericksonian hypnosis techniques are useful tools in the course of psychotherapy, especially with people who have experienced repeated trauma in childhood. In effect, through a separation treatment, patient and therapist is memory access neurobiological and psychological trauma for the patient to (re) experiment confidence in its own natural forces. However, handled with some caution hypnosis risked aggravating the pathological dissociation. The combination of Ericksonian techniques and EMDR protocol extends the capabilities of espirt and body and offers better paitent emotional control and improvement del (re) orientation to reality. The authors' work is situated in brief psychotherapy of victims and an approach based on Ericksonian of psychic trauma and EMDR as an effective therapeutic method novella for PTSD. Mohammed El Farricha and Josette Tardy clinical psychologists, will present an overview of a program of psychotherapy experimented with outpatients in the last ten years. In this workshop the emphasis will be placed on the contribution of Ericksonian hypnosis techniques that seem clinically effective and can reinforce the EMDR protocol in phases: evaluation and termination. Some examples demonstrate how, during the evaluation, guide the person towards the internal concentration required for a complete desensitisation? Or how to better plan the patient in a future <> limitations of trauma?

Keywords: Erickson Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

98. de Jongh, A. (2000, May 6). Approaches to using EMDR for the treatment of phobias. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop focuses on the clinical application of EMDR with specific phobias. There are a number of advantages in using EMDR for the treatment of specific phobias compared to other approaches, such as exposure in vivo. One of the most important advantages seems to be the possibility to utilize EMDR under circumstances where the critical elicitors cannot be reproduced or simulated in real life (e.g., certain sexual, illness or death situations) or, more generally, for which phobic stimuli are hard to obtain. However, unlike patients suffering with PTSD, after deconditioning of an anxiety associated with a traumatic incident, phobic individuals till have to anticipated future anxiety evoking situations. This has important implications for treatment. For example, contrary to its application with PTSD, the treatment of specific phobias with EMDR should not be concluded until clients are prepared for future interactions with (former) anxiety-eliciting stimuli or situations. This may involve acquisition of adaptive coping skills, such as mental strategies to relax or to distract oneself, and the use of exposure (in vivo) techniques. Participants of this workshop will learn when and how to apply EMDR with specific phobias and integrate this into general (cognitive-behavioral) treatment approach. This approach is illustrated by several videotaped treatments.

Keywords: Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

99. Bossini, L., Fernandez, I., & Mantero, M. (2006 Settembre-Dicembre). Approcci psicoterapeutici specifici [Specific psychotherapeutic approaches]. NÓOς, 12(3), 221-230.

Language: Italian

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Verrà illustrata l’applicazione delle principali metodiche d’intervento psicoterapeutico come l’approccio cognitivo-comportamentale e la psicoterapia ad orientamento psicodinamico nel trattamento del Disturbo post-traumatico da stress (DPTS). Particolare rilievo verrà dato alla illustrazione di interventi psicoterapeutici specifici e all’Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) che si è rivelato uno degli interventi più mirati al nucleo psicobiologico del DPTS.

The application of main psychotherapeutic approaches, such as cognitive behavioral and psychodynamic therapies, in the field of post-traumatic stress Disorder (PTSD) is described. A particular stress is put on approaches specific to PTSD. Among them Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is considered as a mean of intervantion closely aimed to the psychobiological core of the disorder.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

100. Grecchi, V., & Grecchi, A. (2004, Novembre). Approccio psicoterapeutico integrato EMDR-Terapia psicobiologica nella depressione maggiore ricorrente [Approaching psychotherapeutic integrated EMDR – Psychological therapy in major recurrent depression]. Comunicazione al Congresso EMDR e Integrazione delle Psicoterapie, Bologna, Italia .

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Keywords: Major Depression, Recurrent

Accuracy Verified: Yes

101. de Jongh, A., ten Broeke, E., & Meijer, S. (2011). Approche des deux méthodes: Un modèle de conceptualisation de cas dans le contexte de l’EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(1), 12–21. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.1.E12.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Cet article décrit un modèle complet qui permet d’identifier des souvenirs cibles essentiels pour le traitement EMDR. L’“Approche des deux méthodes” peut s’appliquer à la conceptualisation et à la réalisation du traitement pour une large gamme de symptômes et de problèmes autres que ceux qui sont directement en lien avec l’ESPT. Le modèle se compose de deux types de conceptualisation de cas. La Première méthode s’applique aux symptômes permettant de préciser de manière significative les événements étiologiques ou aggravants sur une ligne du temps. Elle est principalement destinée à la conceptualisation et au traitement de troubles de l’Axe I du DSM-IV-TR. La Seconde méthode est utilisée pour identifier les souvenirs qui sous-tendent les croyances fondamentales dysfonctionnelles. Cette méthode est principalement destinée à traiter les formes plus graves de psychopathologie, comme la phobie sociale sévère, l’ESPT complexe ou les troubles de la personnalité. Les deux méthodes de conceptualisation de cas sont expliquées point par point, en détail, et sont illustrées par des exemples de cas.

This article describes a comprehensive model that identifies key target of memories for the treatment EMDR. The "approach of the two methods " can be applied to the conceptualization and implementation treatment for a wide range of symptoms and problems other than those directly related PTSD. The model consists of two types of case conceptualization. First method applies to specific symptoms for significantly Events causative or aggravating on a timeline. It is mainly intended for the conceptualization and treatment of disorders of Axis I DSM-IV-TR. The second method is used to identify memories that underlie dysfunctional core beliefs. This method is primarily intended to address the more serious forms of psychopathology such as social phobia severe complex PTSD or personality disorders. Both methods of conceptualizing cases are explained point by point in detail and are illustrated by case examples.

Keywords: Case Conceptualization Model

Accuracy Verified: Yes

102. Sautai, G. (2007, Juin). Approche des patient poly-traumatisés par immersion EMDR [Approach of poly traumatised patients with EMDR immersion]. Présentation à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Certains patients présentent "traumatisme poly» ou «empoisonnement psychique» tel que décrit par Jacques Roques dans «Guérir Avec l" EMDR. "Souvent, il s'agit d'un environnement socio culturel a commencé pendant l'enfance. Sur la base de l'hypothèse formulée par Francine Shapiro que le traumatisme peut engendrer des «bloqué les réseaux neuronaux," nous supposons une mise en forme "pourrait se produire au cours de la petite période d'apprentissage.
Exposés à un traumatisme insidieux et répétitifs, un jeune cerveau Virgin Stores réseaux neuronaux liés à la vulnérabilité des enfants en tant que mécanisme de défense. Cela pourrait être obstrué par des perturbations répétitives créer une souffrance psychologique. En tant qu'adulte, ce réseau neuronal inhibiteur, stimulée par déclenchement d'exprimer des comportements excessifs et une forte émotion que nous avons appelé le «non adapté en forme» (NAF).
Nous savons combien il est difficile de prendre ce type d'intoxication »en charge des séances de thérapie EMDR traditionnels en raison de l'interférence des composants multimodal. Habituellement, ils participent émotions mixtes liés à la sécurité, l'estime de soi et le libre choix. Par conséquent, nous avons développé une modalité particulière: EMDR immersion qui est un cours intensif de 10 jours consécutifs de traitement par le patient. «L'objectif clinique est de traiter les dimensions de la croissance personnelle et le développement ainsi que l'élimination de plus de la souffrance» (Francine Shapiro).
Notre expérience comprend 24 patients avec un niveau élevé de troubles psychologiques liés à la NAF. Seuls les patients avec expérience dissociative échelle score inférieur à 25 ont été considérés.
Nous utilisons l'approche thérapie EMDR suivant les 8 étapes du protocole standard.
Nous recevons toute l'histoire chronologique du patient, «de la naissance à aujourd'hui», permet nous permet d'identifier une moyenne de sept objectifs principaux.
Pour être capable de transmuer la NAF à une résolution d'adaptation, nous introduisons un des noms de ressources notamment l '«archaïsme», définie comme «la partie de l'être humain en charge de Live principe de préservation."
Nous l'accès au réseau d'information dysfunctionally stockée par le biais des objectifs.
Nous stimulons le système de traitement de l'information et de la maintenir en forme dynamique avec tactiles et autres additifs stimulations bilatérales. Nous passons l'information par le suivi du processus de libre-association et de lancement des procédures pour s'assurer que la cible transmue à une résolution adaptative.
Comme mesure psychométrique et méthode d'évaluation, nous utilisons l'échelle PCL-S sur les traumatismes exprimé par le patient au début de MED immersion. Le score moyen est de 70 degrés avant l'immersion elle à 28 deux mois plus tard et à 26 six mois plus tard.
En ce qui concerne les résultats encourageants, nous décidons de partager l'expérience afin de mettre à jour.

Some patients present with “poly traumatism” or “psychic poisoning” as described by Jacques Roques in “guérir avec l”EMDR.” Often it is a socio cultural environment started during childhood. Based on the hypothesis formulated by Francine Shapiro that trauma could engender “blocked neuronal networks,” we assume a “formatting” could occur during the childhood learning period.
Exposed to insidious and repetitive trauma, a virgin young brain stores neuronal networks related to the child vulnerability as defense mechanism. That could get blocked by repetitive disturbances creating psychological pain. As an adult, this blocker neuronal network, stimulated by trigger express excessive behaviors and strong emotion we called the “Non Adapted Formatting” (NAF).
We know how difficult it is to take this “poisoning” in charge with traditional EMDR sessions because of the multimodal components interfering. Usually, they involved mixed emotions related to security, self esteem and free choice. Therefore, we developed a particular modality: EMDR Immersion that is an intensive, 10 consecutive days of therapy with the patient. “The clinical goal is to address the dimensions of personal growth and development along with the elimination of over suffering” (Francine Shapiro).
Our experience includes 24 patients with a high level of psychological disturbance related to the NAF. Only patients with Dissociative Experience Scale score less than 25 were considered.
We use EMDR therapy approach following the 8 phases of the standard protocol.
We receive the complete chronological story of the patient, “from birth to now,” allows allows us to identify an average of seven main targets.
To be able to transmute the NAF to an adaptive resolution, we introduce a particular resource names “Archaism” defined as “Part of the human being in charge of Live Principle Preservation.”
We access the dysfunctionally stored information network through the targets.
We stimulate the information-processing system and maintain it in dynamic form with tactile and additive alternative bilateral stimulations. We move the information by monitoring the free-association process and initiating procedures to make sure that the target transmutes to an adaptive resolution.
As psychometric measurement and method evaluation, we use PCL-S Scale on the traumatisms expressed by the patient at the beginning of MED Immersion. The average score is at 70 before Immersion it degrees to 28 two months later and to 26 six months later.
Regarding the encouraging results, we decide to share the experiment in order to upgrade it.

Keywords: EMDR Immersion

Accuracy Verified: Yes

103. Weiner, M., & Mullaney, D. (2006). Are 'the basics' more important than innovation?. Addiction Professional, 4(2), 1-58.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Behavioral Health of the Palm Beaches (BHOPB) is a residential alcoholism and drug abuse treatment facility in Lake Worth, Florida. The desire to provide the best possible treatment for our patients has led us to seek innovative treatment interventions. Examples include Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for patients with symptoms of trauma and acupuncture for patients with chronic pain. Tailored interventions are also available for addicts with co-occurring chronic anxiety, unresolved anger, or grief issues. The desire to discover how well our patients have done led us to track a random sample of 90 patients for one year. Data were collected between August 2002 and December 2004. We were eager to determine an overall success rate, as well as the impact of our innovative interventions. Patients were contacted by telephone three months, six months, nine months, and one year from their date of discharge. We learned that 53% of the sample completed one year of continuous recovery. We believe these results understate patients' overall success. The essentials for treatment are discussed.

Keywords: Alcoholism Drug Abuse Drug Rehabilitation Health Care Services Residential Care Institutions

Accuracy Verified: Yes

104. Royle, L., & Kerr, C. (2010, March). Are EMDR therapists at greater risk of developing secondary traumatic stress disorders?. Presentation at the 8th EMDR Association UK & Ireland Annual Conference & AGM, Dublin, Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Therapists who come into contact with traumatised individuals are at risk of absorbing their distress resulting in their own psychological injury. There is a variety of factors that increase the likelihood of this happening and it can be argued that the EMDR therapist is exposed to many more of these factors than the generic therapist or counsellor. The presenters hope to raise awareness of these risks as the first step in addressing them and reducing the stigma in admitting to secondary trauma. As well as being provided with a theoretical overview of secondary trauma, participants in this workshop will be encouraged to consider their own level of risk and practical steps they can take to reduce this. The workshop will provide an overview of psychological injury constructs including Compassion Fatigue, Vicarious Trauma and Burnout along with a description of signs and symptoms of secondary trauma. Current recommendations for treatment options are outlined and an example is given of how EMDR can be used to successfully treat secondary trauma in the therapist.

Keywords: Burnout Compassion Fatigue Vicarious Trauma Secondary Traumtic Stress

Accuracy Verified: Yes

105. Haycock, R. D. (2009). Arming commanders to combat PTSD: A time for change – Attacking the stressors vice the symptoms. School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Arming Commanders to Combat Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by COL Robert D. Haycock, US Army, 53 pages. Just as war is not a new phenomenon, neither are the issues associated with the mental and emotional scars combat brings to those who fight a nation’s wars. Historically, the United States has assumed a reactive vice proactive posture as it relates to coping with the fiscal, and humanistic challenges that manifest within a nation at war, and those who experience the trauma of combat. The Army has proven slow to respond to the need to train and educate its leaders and instead has devoted vast capital on the assessment and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), attacking the symptoms as they arise, vice attacking the stressors which cause the affliction. The invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan and the deployment of forces throughout the world to combat terror, however, have created conditions whereby PTSD is again in the lime-light. This monograph examines PTSD from a historical perspective reviewing the manner in which the Army viewed, assessed, and treated those afflicted with PTSD as well its methods for training and educating those honored with the opportunity to lead these warriors in battle. This monograph highlights existing shortfalls in assessment, training, doctrine, and education as it relates to those commanding at the battalion-level. The Army does not properly prepare battalion commanders for the complexities of coping with PTSD in their units nor arm them with the tactics, techniques, and procedures necessary to mitigate the effects of PTSD on the combat effectiveness of their units and the soldiers that fill the ranks. The Army should implement more rigorous assessment programs for units deployed to identify those at risk of PTSD or demonstrating stress-related symptoms before the mental well-being of the soldier is dramatically affected and treatment becomes more difficult. Further, the Army should review and update existing doctrine and training techniques (Battlemind training) to focus specifically on commanders at the battalion level. The Army must demonstrate a linkage between doctrine, training and education, enhance efforts to consolidate PTSD resources for ease of access, and revise strategic communications procedures to reduce stigmas associated with PTSD. The Army must arm its tactical commanders with the tools to address the stressors associated with PTSD in order to preserve the force and ensure its effectiveness in the ambiguous and complex environment which appears to best characterize the way ahead.

Keywords: Combat Military Monograph Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

106. Solomon, R. M. (2007, June). The art of EMDR: Dealing with abreactions. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The overall objective of this workshop is to enable the EMDR therapist to deal more effectively, and comfortably, with intense client affect. Treatment of complex trauma, where dissociation prevents the integration of traumatic emotions, often involved the processing of intense emotions. The abreaction can be quite shocking to the therapist who may then engage the client in talking therapy, utilize resource installation, or provide an interweave to lower the level of intensity. While this can, at times, be appropriate and helpful, often it is counter indicated and a perceived resolution may be short lived and/or needlessly circumscribed. It is important to recognize the markers of treatment, and what choices are appropriate. Ironically, it is often the therapist who is uncomfortable with the level of client affect, rather than the client being unable to deal with the intense emotion.
The hallmark of EMDR is “staying out of the way” if the dysfunctionally stored information is moving. An inherent value of EMDR is to facilitate natural processing and the client’s natural healing patterns. Assuming client readiness and preparation to deal with emotional material, an interweave (which elicits other neural networks), or resource installation (which initiates a state change) or prolonged talking (which initiates an interpersonal process) – though often useful – can interfere with the client’s own internal processing and take the client away form their natural and unique resolution and integration. The therapist can enable the client to process intense material utilizing a) strong attunement skills to hold the client one’s therapeutic presence, b) recognition of behavioral manifestations of processing to guide speed, rate and tempo of bilateral stimulation to maximize processing, c) using different rate, speed and tempo to control emotional intensity of the processing, d) and knowing when to verbally intervene and when to “stay out of the way.”
This workshop will focus on:
a) Assessment of client readiness
b) Therapeutic clinical presence and attunement skills
c) Detecting behavioral manifestations of processing and calibrating bilateral stimulation to the client in order to maximize processing and control intensity
d) Therapeutic choice points concerning verbal interventions and “staying out of the way."
Demonstration and video tapes will be used to illustrate teaching points. (Participants should be aware that the videos have intense emotional content).

Keywords: Abreactions Intense Affect

Accuracy Verified: Yes

107. Solomon, R. M. (2006, September). The art of EMDR: Dealing with abreactions. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The overall objective of this workshop is to enable the EMDR therapist to deal more effectively, and comfortably, with intense client affect. Treatment of complex trauma, where dissociation prevents the integration of traumatic memories, often involves the processing of intense emotions. The abreaction can be quite shocking to the therapist who may then engage the client in verbal interventions (e.g. interweave, resource installation, talking therapy). While this can indeed be appropriate and helpful, it is often the therapist who is uncomfortable with the level of & client affect, rather than the client being unable to deal with the intense emotions. The hallmark of EMDR is "staying out of the way" if the dysfunctionally stored information is moving. An inherent value of EMDR is to facilitate natural processing and the client's natural patterns. Assuming client readiness and preparation to deal with emotional material, an interweave (which elicits other neural networks), or resource installation (which initiates a state change) or prolonged talking (which initiates an interpersonal process) - though often useful - can interfere with the client's own internal processing and take the client away from their natural and unique resolution and integration. The therapist can enable the client to process intense material utilizing a) strong attunement skills to hold the client in one's therapeutic presence, b) recognition of behavioral manifestations of processing to guide speed, rate, and tempo of bilateral stimulation to maximize processing c) using different rate, speed, and tempo to control emotional intensity of processing; d) and knowing when to verbally intervene and when to "stay out of the way". Hence, more important than the mechanics of bilateral stimulation is the way EMDR is delivered. EMDR is a "dance" between client and therapist with the therapist interacting through bi-lateral stimulation even more than through verbal communication. This workshop will focus on dealing with intense affect with EMDR (the dance) and include discussjon of 1) How to assess client readiness for dealing with intense material, both before and during EMDR processing. 2) Therapist clinical presence and attunement skills. 3) Detecting behavioral manifestations of processing and calibrating bilateral stimulation to the client in order to maximize processing, and control intensity of processing. 4) Therapeutic choice points concerning verbal interventions and "staying out of the way". Demonstration and video tapes will be used to illustrate teaching points. (Participants should be aware that the videos have intense emotional content).

Keywords: Abreactions

Accuracy Verified: Yes

108. Puliatti, M., Fiacchi, S., & Silipigni, F. (2007, July-September). Aspetti psicologici e psicoterapia delle donne con cistite interstiziale. Terapia cognitivo-comportamentale e EMDR: Un approccio integrate [Psychological aspects and psychotherapy of women affected by interstitial cystitis. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and EMDR: An integrated approach]. Medicina Psicosmatica, 52(3), 101-104.

Language: Italian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
La cistite interstiziale, malattia cronica e rara, si presenta con gli stessi sintomi della cistite “classica”: bruciore, dolori al basso ventre, necessità di urinare di frequente (fino a 60 volte tra giorno e notte), urgenza minzionale spesso associata ad incontinenza, algie vaginali tali da provocare un’impossibilità ad avere rapporti sessuali. Viene quindi coinvolto tutto l’apparato uro-genitale ed il pavimento pelvico, il dolore risponde difficilmente in modo soddisfacente ai più comuni antidolorifici. La cistite interstiziale è una sindrome multifattoriale, in cui convergono eventi stressanti, sintomi psicologici e disordini della funzione urinaria. L’approccio terapeutico dovrebbe quindi essere di tipo integrato urologico, ginecologico, fisico-riabilitativo e psico-sessuologico.In questo lavoro viene presentato un modello di trattamento che integra l’approccio cognitivo comportamentale e l’EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). Questi due approcci se usati in sinergia garantiscono un trattamento ad ampio raggio dei fattori disfunzionali che favoriscono e mantengono tale sintomatologia.

Interstitial cystitis, chronic and rare disease, shows the same symptoms as cystitis "classic" burning, lower abdominal pain, frequent need to urinate (up to 60 times between day and night), urgency often associated with incontinence , vaginal pains which cause an inability to have sex. It then involved the entire apparatus urogenital and pelvic floor, the pain difficult to respond satisfactorily to the most common painkillers. Interstitial cystitis is a multifactorial syndrome, which converge in stressful events, psychological symptoms and disorders of the urinary function. The therapeutic approach should be integrated type of urology, gynecology, physical rehabilitation and psycho-sessuologico.In this paper we present a treatment model that integrates cognitive behavioral el'EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing). These two approaches when used together provide a wide-ranging treatment of the factors that foster and maintain this dysfunctional symptoms.

Keywords: Interstitial Cystitis Women

Accuracy Verified: Yes

109. Puliatti, M., Fiacchi, S., & Silipigni, F. (2007). Aspetti psicologici e psicoterapia delle donne con cistite interstiziale. Terapia cognitivo-comportamentale e EMDR: un approccio integrato [Psychological and psychotherapy for women with interstitial cystitis. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and EMDR: An integrated approach]. Medicina Psicosomatica, 52(3), 111-117. .

Language: Italian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
La cistite interstiziale, malattia cronica e rara, si presenta con gli stessi sintomi della cistite “classica”: bruciore, dolori al basso ventre, necessità di urinare di frequente (fino a 60 volte tra giorno e notte), urgenza minzionale spesso associata ad incontinenza, algie vaginali tali da provocare un’impossibilità ad avere rapporti sessuali. Viene quindi coinvolto tutto l’apparato uro-genitale ed il pavimento pelvico, il dolore risponde difficilmente in modo soddisfacente ai più comuni antidolorifici. La cistite interstiziale è una sindrome multifattoriale, in cui convergono eventi stressanti, sintomi psicologici e disordini della funzione urinaria. L’approccio terapeutico dovrebbe quindi essere di tipo integrato urologico, ginecologico, fisico-riabilitativo e psico-sessuologico.In questo lavoro viene presentato un modello di trattamento che integra l’approccio cognitivo comportamentale e l’EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). Questi due approcci se usati in sinergia garantiscono un trattamento ad ampio raggio dei fattori disfunzionali che favoriscono e mantengono tale sintomatologia.

Interstitial cystitis, chronic and rare disease, shows the same symptoms as cystitis "classic" burning, lower abdominal pain, frequent need to urinate (up to 60 times between day and night), urgency often associated with incontinence , vaginal pains which cause an inability to have sex. It then involved the entire apparatus urogenital and pelvic floor, the pain difficult to respond satisfactorily to the most common painkillers. Interstitial cystitis is a multifactorial syndrome, which converge in stressful events, psychological symptoms and disorders of the urinary function. The therapeutic approach should be integrated type of urology, gynecology, physical rehabilitation and psycho-sessuologico.In this paper we present a treatment model that integrates cognitive behavioral EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing). These two approaches when used together provide a wide-ranging treatment of the factors that foster and maintain this dysfunctional symptoms.

Keywords: Interstitial Cystitis Women

Accuracy Verified: Yes

110. Edmond, T., & Rubin, A. (2004). Assessing the long-term effects of EMDR: Results from an 18-month follow-up study with adult female survivors of CSA. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 13(1), 69-86. doi:10.1300/J070v13n01_04.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This 18-month follow-up study builds on the findings of a randomized experimental evaluation that found qualified support for the short-term effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in reducing trauma symptoms among adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). The current study provides preliminary evidence that the therapeutic benefits of EMDR for adult female survivors of CSA can be maintained over an 18-month period. Furthermore, there is some support for the suggestion that EMDR did so more efficiently and provided a greater sense of trauma resolution than did routine individual therapy. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Child Abuse Empirical Study Females Follow-up Study Quantitative Study Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

111. van der Kolk, B. A. (1999, November). Assessment and treatment of complex PTSD. Specialty training course presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Miami, FL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
While most research on PTSD has studied subjects exposed to single trauma, in clinical practice the vast majority of treatment seeking patients have histories of multiple traumas, usually interpersonal, abuse. This gives rise to complex clinical pictures, of which PTSD is just one dimension. The Trauma Center in Boston is a large, multidisciplinary, developmentally focused Clinic which specializes in the treatment of traumatized children and adults. Our clinic uses a developmentally based assessment tool which helps in the staging of appropriate treatment interventions. Special emphasis is placed on providing patients with skills to deal with complex trauma-based symptoms, such as dissociation, by teaching stablization with DBT techniques, psychoeducational groups, resource installation, SIT, and body-oriented methods, in which patients are taught skills to increase their internal locus of control. We will review the rationale for various psychopharmacological interventions and the role of groups to enhance the capacity for mutual relationships. All treatment occurs on the foundation of continuity of care with one individual therapist who follows the patient’s progress,explores life issues, helps deal with re-enactment behaviors, and does trauma-specific treatment, such as EMDR or CBT for alleviation of trauma-specific symptoms. This conference will explore these issues in depth and discuss in detail the staging and applications of various treatment techniques in clinical practice.

Keywords: Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PSTD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

112. Carter, A. (2007, June). Assessment and treatment of complex PTSD and dissociative disorders in childhood and adolescence, the role and use of EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Damage occurs to a child’s self in the context of relationship when raised in an environment of abuse and neglect. This damage to self is manifested through disruptions in development. A child or adolescent will be unable to perform tasks a non-traumatized child or adolescent has not difficulty mastering. These tasks may be physical, emotional, intellectual, sexual, social, or spiritual. When these disruptions become manifest in the environment with which the child or adolescent is interacting, home, school, or community, conflict arises. The conflict is both internal with self and external in relationship, behavioral, and biological. This is generally when a child or adolescent is brought into therapy for intervention Caregivers are not always aware of the impact traumatic events have on a child’s life or may not want to deal with the impact and the long term implications. The therapeutic relationship is a context outside of the system where the child was traumatized that provide the potential environment and relationship which can facilitate healing for the child, adolescent, and possible, the system in which they live.
Children and adolescents with a complex PTSD will often employ the use of dissociation as a way to cope with overwhelming events or chronically dysfunctional lifestyles. The degree and way in which the child dissociates to self regulate internal systems will determine behavioural and neurological trajectories in their life such as, how the child will cope, rupture of developmental task attainment, and it will determine what type of attachment process the child experiences. Also determined are: impulse control, sleep regulation, meta cognitive functioning, neurobiological processes and the integrative processes of self. When there is no therapeutic intervention, the self which emerges as a result of these processes is a “traumatic self” organization, that is a self structural in response to traumatic experience determined to avoid the repetition of the traumatic experience “at all costs.” The biological body that emerges is the traumatized body organized for avoidance in the forms of fighting, fleeing, or freezing and submitting.
The assessment phase of therapy will map for the therapist and client where the internal dysregulation occur, what are the maladaptive response which have been developed, and what the negative beliefs are which all contribute to the construction of the “traumatic self." There are a variety of assessment tools specifically designed for this purpose.
Once the map is established, a plan can be developed to use with children and adolescents and family for therapy and for EMDR. There are a variety of models which have been developed to use with children and adolescents to process bad memories, negative cognitions and to strengthen internal resources. EMDR can also be used to facilitate state change, strengthen self regulatory capacities, and promote integrative processes of authentic self, facilitating healing throughout self, body, and relational systems.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD Dissociative Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

113. Sack, M., Lempa, W., & Lamprecht, W. (2007). Assessment of psychophysiological stress reactions during a traumatic reminder in patients treated with EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(1), 15-23. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.15.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study investigates changes of stress-related psychophysiological reactions after treatment with EMDR. 16 patients with PTSD following type I trauma underwent psychometric and psychophysiological assessment during exposure to script-driven imagery before and after EMDR and at 6-month follow-up. Psychophysiological assessment included heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) during a neutral task and during trauma script listening. PTSD symptoms as assessed by questionnaire decreased significantly after treatment and during follow-up in comparison to pretreatment. After EMDR, stress-related HR reactions during trauma script were significantly reduced, while HRV indicating parasympathetic tone increased both during neutral script and during trauma script. These results were maintained during the follow-up assessment. Successful EMDR treatment may be associated with reduced psychophysiological stress reactions and heightened parasympathetic tone. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Germans Manual-Based Treatments Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiology PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

114. Pham, T., & Willocq, L. (2005, June). Assessment of traumatic stress among incarcerated homicide perpetrators. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Homicide perpetrators present a high prevalence of major mental disorders, particularly major depression associated with a substance diagnostic, and schizophreny (Cote & Hodgins, 1992). Recently, it has been suggested that the homicide behaviour itself may be conceived as a traumatic event generating multiple symptoms (Gray, et a1., 2003; Pollock. 1999}. This study assesses the relations between homicide and traumatic stress in a Belgian prison population, on the basis of a self-report questionnaire (SASRQ). Therapeutic implications of the results and relevance of EMDR practice in homicide populations will be discussed.

Keywords: Homicide Incarceration Perpetrators Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

115. Cavazos, M. A. (2012, June). Atracción al mismo sexo no deseada como sintomatología de memorias traumáticas: presentación de tres casos tratados con EMDR [Not desire same sex attraction as traumatic memories symptomatology: Three cases treated with the EMDR approach]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The cases presented show three patients that searched for clinical help, since they lived their sexual attraction as something dysfunctional and ego dystonic. The therapist clinically conceptualized this symptomatology as a probable result of traumatic memories, conceptualization which was finally adequate. This presentation will show three not desired sexual attraction cases treated with the EMDR approach. Cases follow-up - two months to one year and a half after treatment completion- is presented in a testimonial video from each client. Treatment phases 1,3,5,7 and 8 will clearly show similarities in the three client’s symptoms as well as the process evolution through traumatic memories reprocessing.

Los casos que se presentan se refieren a tres pacientes que llegaron a consulta debido a que vivían su atracción sexual como algo disfuncional y ego-‐ distónico, de ahí que la terapeuta conceptualizó clínicamente que esa sintomatología se podría deber a memorias traumáticas, conceptualización que resultó ser acertada. Estos pacientes fueron tratados con el abordaje psicoterapéutico EMDR, con un seguimiento -‐que va desde los 2 meses al año y medio de haber terminado su proceso psicoterapéutico. Se presentará un video testimonial de cada uno de los pacientes y se hablará sobre las fases 1, 3,5,7, y 8 del tratamiento, en donde se podrán observar con claridad la similitud y coincidencia en la sintomatología de los tres pacientes, así como la evolución del proceso a través del reprocesamiento de las memorias traumáticas con EMDR.

Keywords: Same Sex Attraction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

116. Richman, S., & O'Connor, M. (2013, March). Attachment and trauma. Presentation at the annual workshops EMDR Association UK & Ireland and AGM, Newcastle.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Presents case studies of children and adults who have experienced early attachment disruptions that have adversely affected their development and relationships in childhood and later life. They will discuss the consequences of early attachment disruptions on relationships and learning and the ways in which the 8 phases of the EMDR protocol have to be adjusted to accommodate different attachment styles. They will discuss treatment strategies stemming from the eight-phase EMDR protocol for clients of all ages suffering from attachment disruptions, linking the effect of attachment trauma to dissociative symptoms and other developmental problems. They will also give attention to how the Adaptive Information Processing Theory addresses the impact of attachment trauma.

Keywords: Attachment Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

117. Liotti, G. (2012, June). Attachment, psychotherapy and EMDR [Apego, psicopatología y EMDR]. Keynote presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The defense system (freezing-‐fight-‐flight-‐feigned death), that is set into motion in every individual by the exposure to any event that threatens life or bodily integrity in the self or in significant others, is terminated after the event is over by mental and interpersonal processes involving the soothing and security-‐ seeking system (attachment). If the functions of the attachment system are hindered by memories (internal working model, IWM) of early attachment interactions with neglecting or abusive caregivers, the defense system may remain active for long periods of time after the traumatic event is over. Insecure and especially disorganized IWMs of early attachments, together with the unavailability of social support after the trauma, are thus risk factors for developing the symptoms of post-‐traumatic stress disorders. This lecture dwells on the main features of attachment disorganization, on the negative interference of attachment disorganization in the therapeutic relationship, and on the reasons why the characteristic patient-‐therapist relationship in EMDR interventions can be instrumental in by-‐passing such negative interference.

El sistema de defensa (respuesta de inmovilización-‐lucha-‐huída-‐muerte fingida) que se pone en marcha en toda persona por la exposición a cualquier incidente que amenaza su vida o la integridad física o las de sus allegados llega a su fin tras el incidente mediante procesos mentales e interpersonales implicados en el sistema de tranquilizar y la búsqueda de seguridad (apego). Si las funciones del sistema de apego se ven impedidas por los recuerdos (el modelo del funcionamiento interno, IWM, por sus siglas en inglés) de interacciones precoces de apego con cuidadores negligentes o abusivos, es posible que el sistema de defensa permanezca activo durante períodos prolongados después de que el evento traumático haya terminado. Así, los IWM inseguros y especialmente desorganizados del apego temprano, junto con la falta de apoyo social tras el incidente traumático, se convierten en factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de síntomas de los trastornos postraumáticos. Esta conferencia se centra en los rasgos esenciales de la desorganización del apego, en la interferencia negativa de la desorganización del apego en la relación terapéutica y en los motivos por los cuales la relación característica entre paciente y terapeuta en las intervenciones con EMDR pueden ser instrumentales para puentear dicha interferencia negativa.

Keywords: Attachment Keynote

Accuracy Verified: Yes

118. El Khoury-Malhame, M., Lanteaume, L., Beetz, E. M., Roques, J., Reynaud, E., Samuelian, J. C., Blin, O., Garcia, R., & Khalfa, S. (2011, September). Attentional bias in post-traumatic stress disorder diminishes after symptom amelioration. Behavior Research and Therapy, 9(11), 796-801. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.08.006.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Avoidance and hypervigilance to reminders of a traumatic event are among the main characteristics of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Attentional bias toward aversive cues in PTSD has been hypothesized as being part of the dysfunction causing etiology and maintenance of PTSD. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cognitive strategy underlying attentional bias in PTSD and whether normal cognitive processing is restored after a treatment suppressing core PTSD symptoms. Methods: Nineteen healthy controls were matched for age, sex and education to 19 PTSD patients. We used the emotional stroop and detection of target tasks, before and after an average of 4.1 sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Results: We found that on both tasks, patients were slower than controls in responding in the presence of emotionally negative words compared to neutral ones. After symptoms removal, patients no longer had attentional bias, and responded similarly to controls. Conclusion: These results support the existence of an attentional bias in PTSD patients due to a disengagement difficulty. There was also preliminary evidence that the disengagement was linked to PTSD symptomatology. It should be further explored whether attentional bias and PTSD involve common brain mechanisms.

Keywords: Attentional Bias Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

119. Krause, R., & Kirsch, A. (2006, Oktober). Auf das verhältnis zwischen traumatisierung, amnesie und symptom stress - Eine empirische pilotstudie [On the relationship between traumatization, amnesia and symptom stress - An empirical pilot study]. Zeitschrift für Psychotraumatologie und Psychologische Medizin, 52 (4), 392-405.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Ziele: In der vorliegenden Studie untersuchten wir mimisches Verhalten bei akut traumatisierten Patienten, EMDR-Therapie. Darüber hinaus untersuchten wir, ob eine Abnahme der emotionalen Betäubung wurde aufgrund einer Verringerung der Symptome. Amnestische Tendenzen waren als Moderator-Variable benutzt. Methode: Das mimisch affektive Verhalten wurde kodiert mit dem Emotional Facial Coding System Acting, ein Instrument zur Erfassung von mimischen mit emotionaler Bedeutung. Die Gesichts-affektive Verhalten der Patienten das erste und letzte EMDR-Sitzung wurde verglichen. Ergebnisse: Ein signifikanter Anstieg in Mitten affektive Verhalten sowie eine Zunahme der psychischen Beschwerden gefunden. Darüber hinaus hat die Reduzierung der amnestischen Tendenzen nicht zu einer Verringerung der Symptome führen. Schlussfolgerungen: Unter dem Einfluss der Behandlung ist es möglich, den Zugang zu episodische affektive Gedächtnis zu verbessern. Dennoch kann einen positiven Einfluss nicht am Ende der Behandlung bezeichnet werden.

Objectives: In the present study we examined facial affective behavior in acutely traumatized patients undergoing EMDR therapy. Furthermore, we analyzed Whether a decrease in emotional numbing was due to a reduction of symptoms. Amnestic tendencies were used as a moderator variable. Methods: The facial affective behavior was coded using the Emotional Facial Acting Coding System, an instrument for the registration of facial movements with emotional relevance. The facial affective behavior of the patient's first and last EMDR session was compared. Results: A significant increase in facial affective behavior as well as an increase in mental complaints were found. Furthermore, the reduction in amnestic tendencies did not result in a reduction of symptoms. Conclusions: Under the influence of the treatment it is possible to improve access to episodic affective memory. Nevertheless, a positive influence can not be denoted at the end of the treatment.

Keywords: Amnesia Empirical Study Facial Affective Behavior Facial Expressions Memory Quantitative Study Trauma Traumatization Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

120. Kirsch, A., & Seidler, G. H. (2004). Ausdruck und erleben von emotionen bei der posttraumatischen belastungsstörung: Erste ergebnisse einer studie mit gewaltopfern [Expression and experience of emotion in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: First result of a study with victims]. Zeitschrift für Psychotraumatologie und Psychologische Medizin, ZPPM 2(1), 45-60.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Emotionale Betäubung (EN) in PTSD ist ein Cluster von schwächenden Symptomen mit Problemen in der Erfahrung und dem Ausdruck von Emotionen. EN ist in drei separate diagnostischen Kriterien dargestellt: deutlich vermindertes Interesse an wichtigen Aktivitäten, Gefühle der Ablösung oder Entfremdung von anderen, und eingeschränkte Bandbreite des Affekts. Die funktionale Beziehung zwischen anderen Klassen von PTSD Symptome und EN ist nicht gut verstanden. In diesem Artikel werden verschiedene Studien diskutiert werden. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass Patienten mit psychischen Erkrankungen eine spezifische Wechselwirkung Muster implementieren, die in der Gesichts-affektiven Ausdruck und äußerte sich vor allem in Gesichts-affektiven Mikro-Verhalten. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Pilot-Studie war die Analyse von Gesichts-affektive Verhalten von Patienten mit PTSD im Vergleich zu gesunden Personen. Erste Ergebnisse der ersten EMDR-Sitzungen auf Video aufgezeichnet von Patienten und psychodynamischen Interviews von gesunden Personen (keine psychische / psychiatrische Störungen nach ICD-10) wurden mit dem codierten Emotional Facial Coding System Acting, ein Instrument zur Erfassung von mimischen mit emotionaler Bedeutung. Danach wurden diese Analysen mit Blickverhalten verbunden. PTSD Patienten zeigten eine Verringerung der gesamten Mimik und eine verminderte Häufigkeit von Gesichts wirkt im Vergleich zu gesunden Personen. Unter dem Blickverhalten in Betracht, wurde es offensichtlich, dass PTSD Patienten zeigten Anteil sank gegenseitigen Blick im Vergleich zu gesunden Personen. Außerdem war der Gesichtsausdruck affektiven Ausdruck von vier Patienten (Eltern, die durch den gewaltsamen Tod ihrer Kinder beraubt) erste und letzte EMDR-Sitzung verglichen. Eine leichte Erhöhung des Gesichts affektiven Ausdruck gefunden wurde. [Autor Summary)

Emotional numbing (EN) in PTSD is a cluster of debilitating symptoms involving problems in the experience and expression of emotion. EN is represented in three separate diagnostic criteria: markedly diminished interest in significant activities, feelings of detachment or estrangement from others, and restricted range of affect. The functional relationship between other classes of PTSD symptoms and EN is not well understood. In this article different studies will be discussed. It is assumed that patients with mental diseases implement a specific interaction pattern, that is expressed in the facial affective expression and particularly in facial-affective micro-behaviours. The aim of the presented pilot-study was the analysis of facial-affective behaviour of patients with PTSD in comparison to healthy persons. First results of videotaped first EMDR sessions of patients and psychodynamic interviews of healthy persons (absence of mental/psychiatric disorder according to ICD-10) were coded using the Emotional Facial Acting Coding System, an instrument for the registration of facial movements with emotional relevance. Afterwards these analyses were connected with gazing behaviour. PTSD patients showed a reduction of overall facial expressions and a reduced frequency of facial affects in comparison to healthy persons. Taking the gazing behaviour into consideration, it became obvious that PTSD patients showed decreased portion of mutual gaze compared to healthy persons. Furthermore, the facial affective expression of four patients' (parents bereaved by the violent deaths of their children) first and last EMDR session was compared. A slight increasing of facial affective expression was found. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Crime Emotional Numbing Interpersonal Interaction Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

121. Forbes, D., Creamer, M., Phelps, A., Bryant, R., McFarlane, A., Devilly, G. J., Lynda Matthews, L., Raphael, B., Doran, C., Merlin, T., & Skye N. (2007, August). Australian guidelines for the treatment of adults with acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41(8), 637-648. doi:10.1080/00048670701449161.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Over the past 2-3 years, clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder (ASD) have been developed in the USA and UK. There remained a need, however, for the development of Australian CPGs for the treatment of ASD and PTSD tailored to the national health-care context. Therefore, the Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health in collaboration with national trauma experts, has recently developed Australian CPGs for adults with ASD and PTSD, which have been endorsed by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). In consultation with a multidisciplinary reference panel (MDP), research questions were determined and a systematic review of the evidence was then conducted to answer these questions (consistent with NHMRC procedures). On the basis of the evidence reviewed and in consultation with the MDP, a series of practice recommendations were developed. The practice recommendations that have been developed address a broad range of clinical questions. Key recommendations indicate the use of trauma-focused psychological therapy (cognitive behavioural therapy or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in addition to in vivo exposure) as the most effective treatment for ASD and PTSD. Where medication is required for the treatment of PTSD in adults, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor antidepressants should be the first choice. Medication should not be used in preference to trauma-focused psychological therapy. In the immediate aftermath of trauma, practitioners should adopt a position of watchful waiting and provide psychological first aid. Structured interventions such as psychological debriefing, with a focus on recounting the traumatic event and ventilation of feelings, should not be offered on a routine basis. [InformaWorld]

Keywords: ASD Guidelines Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

122. Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health (2007, February). Australian Guidelines for the treatment of Adults with Acute Stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Melbourne, Victoria: ACPMH.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
The Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health in collaboration with national trauma experts, has recently developed Australian CPGs for adults with ASD and PTSD, which have been endorsed by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). In consultation with a multidisciplinary reference panel (MDP), research questions were determined and a systematic review of the evidence was then conducted to answer these questions (consistent with NHMRC procedures). On the basis of the evidence reviewed and in consultation with the MDP, a series of practice recommendations were developed. The practice recommendations that have been developed address a broad range of clinical questions. Key recommendations indicate the use of trauma-focused psychological therapy (cognitive behavioural therapy or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in addition to in vivo exposure) as the most effective treatment for ASD and PTSD. Where medication is required for the treatment of PTSD in adults, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor antidepressants should be the first choice. Medication should not be used in preference to trauma-focused psychological therapy. In the immediate aftermath of trauma, practitioners should adopt a position of watchful waiting and provide psychological first aid. Structured interventions such as psychological debriefing, with a focus on recounting the traumatic event and ventilation of feelings, should not be offered on a routine basis. [InformaWorld]

Keywords: Treatment Guidelines

Accuracy Verified: Yes

123. Leiner, A. S., Kearns, M. C., Jackson, J. L., Astin, M. C., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2012, January). Avoidant coping and treatment outcome in rape-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,80(2), 317-321. doi: 10.1037/a0026814.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract: Objective: This study investigated the impact of avoidant coping on treatment outcome in rape-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Adult women with rape-related PTSD (N = 62) received 9 sessions of prolonged exposure (PE) or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). The mean age for the sample was 34.7 years, and race or ethnicity was reported as 67.7% Caucasian, 25.8% African American, 3.2% Latina, and 3.2% other. PTSD was assessed with the PTSD Symptom Scale–Self-Report (Foa, Riggs, Dancu, & Rothbaum, 1993), and avoidant coping was assessed using the Coping Strategies Inventory–Disengagement subscale (CSI-D; Tobin, Holroyd, Reynolds, & Wigal, 1989). Results: Pretreatment avoidant coping was negatively associated with posttreatment PTSD symptom severity even when controlling for initial severity of total PTSD symptoms and when removing PTSD avoidance symptoms from the analysis to account for potential overlap between avoidant coping and PTSD avoidance symptoms: ΔR2 = .08, b = −0.31, 95% CI [−0.17, −0.01], t(60) = −2.27, p = .028. The CSI-D pretreatment mean score of 100 predicted a 96% likelihood of experiencing clinically significant change (CSC) during treatment. A CSI-D pretreatment score of 61 was associated with a 40% likelihood of experiencing CSC. Conclusions: PE and EMDR appear to be beneficial for women who frequently engage in avoidant coping responses following rape. A small subset of women with initially low levels of avoidant coping are unlikely to experience a therapeutic response from PE or EMDR. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Rape Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

124. Chillot, R., & Smith, S. (1994, December). Banish nightmarish memories with the wave of a hand. Prevention, 46(12), 73-75.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Discusses the alternative psychological therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Its use for people suffering from post-traumatic stress-disorder; Francine Shapiro, Ph.D., developer of EMDR; Why patients watch a waving hand while focusing on the troubling memory; Research in EMDR's favor that was presented at the American Psychological Association convention in August 1994.

Keywords: General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

125. Sachsse, U., & Tumani, V. (1999, November). Be borderline! A successful inpatients’ treatment program for (type II) traumatized female patients with PTSD/DES/BPD and the symptom of self-mutilation. Presentation at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Miami, FL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Using therapeutic experiences from the USA (Herman, Putnam, Ross) and the Netherlands (Olthuis, van der Hart) Luise Reddemann (Bielefeld) and Ulrich Sachsse(Goettingen) developed an inpatients’ program for female and some male patients with symptoms, that result from type II traumata, fulfill the phenomenological criteria of BPD and are understood as chron. PTSD/DES. The program utilizes the coping strategies of the patients for stabilisation: splitting (building up an only good world of safety, support and shelter against the only bad, demonized world of trauma); derealisation, dissociation(imagery); depersonalisation (Qi Gong, Feldenkrais). We tell and teach our patients: Be Borderlines- but inside, not in your outer social life or your therapeutic relationship! Trauma-synthesis is done after stabilisation by trauma-exposition every two weeks (EMDR, screen-technique). The patients stay for 3-5 month, sometimes twice, with very good results.

Keywords: BPD Borderline Personality Disorder DES Females Inpatient Treatment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Self-Mutiliation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

126. Laing, D. (2002, April 23). Beat trauma in a blink. London, England: The Times, Features.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
A therapy which mimics Rapid Eye Movement during deep sleep is proving highly effective in the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and repressed psychological pain. Denise Laing reports

Keywords: General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

127. Diehle, J., Beer, R., Boer, F., & Lindauer, R. J. L. (2011, April). Behandeleffecten van traumagerichte cognitieve gedragstherapie en eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) [Treatment effects of trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR)]. Symposia op het 39ste Voorjaarscongres Nederlandse Vereniging voor Psychiatrie, Amsterdam.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Achtergrond: Dagelijks raken veel kinderen betrokken bij ongelukken, brand, (seksueel) geweld, pesten, of andere ingrijpende gebeurtenissen. Het meemaken van dergelijke gebeurtenissen kan leiden tot een posttraumatische stressstoornis (PTSS). ptss gaat gepaard met hoge comorbiditeit, slechtere schoolprestaties en heeft een negatieve invloed op het lichamelijk herstel van kinderen (Winston 2003). In internationale richtlijnen wordt traumagerichte cognitieve gedragstherapie (TG-CGT) voor de behandeling bij kinderen aanbevolen en eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) is beoordeeld als veelbelovend (nice 2005). Onderzoeksresultaten naar de effecten van deze behandelingen bij kinderen zijn nog steeds schaars (Stallard 2006). Doel: Binnen een pilotonderzoek worden de behandeleffecten van TG-CGT en EMDR bij kinderen vastgesteld. Methoden: Op een poliklinische afdeling zijn gegevens verzameld van 20 kinderen tussen de 8 en 18 jaar met posttraumatische stressklachten en van hun ouders. Van deze kinderen hebben 10 een behandeling met TG-CGT ondergaan en 10 een behandeling met emdr. Bij kinderen en ouders zijn zowel voor als na de behandeling behandeling de klachten in kaart gebracht met behulp van een diagnostisch interview en verschillende vragenlijsten. Voor het stellen van de diagnose ptss en comorbide diagnosen is het Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for dsm-iv-Child Version (adis-c) afgenomen. Tevens werden de Children’s Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13), de Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version (RCADS) en de Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) afgenomen om angstklachten en gedragsproblemen te meten. Resultaten: Traumaklachten zijn zowel in de EMDR-groep alsook in de TF-CBTgroep afgenomen. Gedetailleerdere resultaten worden tijdens het congres besproken. Conclusie Zowel TG-CGT als emdr blijkt effectief te zijn bij het verhelpen van ptssklachten bij kinderen.

Background: Daily affects many children involved in accidents, fires, (sexual) violence, bullying, or other major events. The experience of such events can lead to a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is associated with high comorbidity, poorer school performance and has a negative impact on the physical recovery of children (Winston 2003). International guidelines is trauma-focused Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-TG) recommended for the treatment of children and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been rated as promising (Nice 2005). Research the effects of these treatments children are still scarce (Stallard 2006). Purpose: In a pilot investigation the treatment effects of TG-CBT and EMDR in children established. Methods: In an outpatient department Data were collected from 20 children between 8 and 18 years with post traumatic stress symptoms and their parents. Of these children have a treatment with 10 undergoing TG-CBT 10 and treatment with EMDR. In children and parents before and after treatment treatment complaints mapped using a diagnostic interview and several questionnaires. For the diagnosis of PTSD comorbid diagnoses and the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV-Child Version (ADIS-C) decreased. Also, the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13), the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version (RCADS) Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and (SDQ) were administered to measure anxiety and behavioral problems. Results: Trauma Complaints are both in the EMDR group and the TF-CBT-groep decreased. More detailed results be discussed during the congress. Conclusion: Both TG-CBT and EMDR appear to be resolving the ptssklachten in children.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

128. Veenstra, S., & de Roos, C. (2005, November). Behandeling van chronische pijn met EMDR [Treating chronic pain with EMDR]. Presentatie aan de eerste congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Ede, The Netherlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In deze lezing staat de toepassing van EMDR bij de behandeling van chronische pijn centraal. Na een introductie over ‘pijn in het brein’ wordt aandacht besteed aan indicatiestelling: waarom en wanneer is EMDR geïndiceerd als behandeling voor chronische pijnpatiënten. Verder worden de resultaten van een pilot-studie (drs. C. de Roos, Rivierduinen, Leiden; drs. A.C. Veenstra, St. Elisabeth Ziekenhuis, Tilburg; dr. Y.R. van Rood, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden) gepresenteerd. Deze studie werd uitgevoerd om het effect van Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing op chronische fantoompijn -na amputatie van een been- te onderzoeken. Tien patiënten werden behandeld tussen oktober 2003 en november 2004. Alle tien patiënten reageerden niet op eerdere pijnbehandelingen. Metingen vonden plaats voor en na de behandeling en bij een follow-up na 3 maanden. Het derde deel van deze lezing is toegespitst op de toepassing van het EMDR pijnprotocol. Casuïstiek van patiënten met fantoompijn of post-whiplash klachten wordt geïllustreerd met videofragmenten.

In this lecture, the application of EMDR in the treatment of chronic pain center. After an introduction on "pain in the brain" focuses on needs assessment: why and when EMDR is indicated as a treatment for chronic pain patients. Furthermore, the results of a pilot study (Drs C. Roos, Rivierduinen, Leiden, Dr AC Veenstra, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, Dr YR van Rood, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden) presented. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing of chronic phantom pain after amputation of a leg to investigate. Ten patients were treated between October 2003 and November 2004. All ten patients did not respond to previous pain treatments. Measurements were performed before and after treatment and a follow-up after 3 months. The third part of this lecture focuses on the application of the EMDR protocol pain. Case histories of patients with phantom pain or post-whiplash symptoms is illustrated with video clips. Contribute a better translation Thank you for contributing your translation suggestion to Google Translate. Contribute a better translation: In this lecture, the application of EMDR in the treatment of chronic pain center. After an introduction on "pain in the brain" focuses on needs assessment: why and when EMDR is indicated as a treatment for chronic pain patients. Furthermore, the results of a pilot study (Drs C. Roos, Rivierduinen, Leiden, Dr AC Veenstra, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, Dr YR van Rood, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden) presented. This study was conducted to investigate and evaluate the effect of Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing of chronic phantom pain after amputation of a leg. Ten patients were treated between October 2003 and November 2004. All ten patients did not respond to previous pain treatments. Measurements were performed before and after treatment and a follow-up after 3 months.The third part of this lecture focuses on the application of the EMDR protocol pain. Case histories of patients with phantom pain or post-whiplash symptoms is illustrated with video clips.

Keywords: Chronic Pain

Accuracy Verified: Yes

129. Gorisse, E., de Jongh, A., & Hassan, B. (2010). Behandeling van idiopathische aangezichtspijn na plaatsing implantaat [Treatment of idiopathic facial pain following implant placement]. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd, 117(2), 75-78.

Language: Dutch

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Een 39-jarige vrouw had een chronische vorm van atypische aangezichtspijn en klachten behorende bij een posttraumatische stressstoornis. De pijn was ontstaan na chirurgische verwijdering van een wortelrest onder een implantaat en haar klachten waren daarvan een gevolg. Uiteindelijk had deze problematiek geleid tot ontslag door haar werkgever en problemen in het gezin. Een periodiek mondonderzoek door haar huistandarts was vanwege extreme angst onmogelijk. Medicamenteuze behandeling, accupunctuur, homeopathie en hypnotherapie hadden geen verbetering gegeven. Behandeling met een aanpak gericht op de verwerking van herinneringen aan tandheelkundige behandelingen door middel van ‘eye movement desensitization and reprocessing’ leidde uiteindelijk tot vermindering van klachten. Deze casus maakt duidelijk hoezeer dit type orale problematiek het dagelijks leven van patiënten kan ontwrichten en hoe psychotherapie een aanvulling op de orale of medicamenteuze behandeling kan zijn.

A 39-year-old woman suffered from chronic atypical facial pain and complaints associated with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The pain originated from the surgical removal of a residual tooth root under an oral implant and the stress symptoms were the consequences of the pain. Eventually, these problems had led to dismissal from work and family problems. She was unable to attend her dentist for a periodic oral survey due to extreme fear. Pharmacologic treatment, acupuncture, homeopathy and hypnotherapy had not improved her condition. Treatment aimed at coping with the memories of the oral treatment using 'eye movement desensitization and reprocessing' ultimately led to decline of complaints. This case report demonstrates that an oral problem may disrupt a patient's life and how psychotherapy can complete medical treatment.

Keywords: Oral Implant Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Tooth Root

Accuracy Verified: Yes

130. von Knorring, L., Thelander, S., & Pettersson, A. (2005, November 21-27). Behandling av angestsyndrom. En systematisklitteraturaversikt. SBUs sammanfattning och slutsatser [Treatment of anxiety syndrome: A systematic literature review. Summary and conclusions by the SBU]. Lakartidningen , 102(47), 3561-3562, 3565-3566, 3569.

Language: Swedish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
En rapport från det svenska rådet för medicinsk utvärdering (SBU) har gått igenom, klassificeras och utvärderas den vetenskapliga litteraturen om behandling av panik-syndrom, specifika fobier, social fobi, tvångssyndrom syndrom (OCD), generaliserat ångestsyndrom (GAD) och posttraumatiskt stressyndrom (PTSD). Översynen ingår behandling av barn, ungdomar och vuxna. Rapportens slutsats är att det finns effektiv behandling tillgänglig för alla ångest syndrom. Men i allmänhet, är effekten ofta måttliga och symtomen återkommer när behandlingen perioden avbryts. För vuxna, stödjer vetenskapliga bevis användning av paroxetin och sertralin för alla syndrom utom specifika fobier. För övriga SSRI-preparat Det finns också bevis för användning av Fluoxetin i OCD och PTSD, för fluvoxamin i social fobi och tvångssyndrom och för escitalopram i social fobi. Andra antidepressiva läkemedel med ett starkt vetenskapligt stöd är venlafaxin i social fobi och GAD, imipramin i panik syndrom och chlomipramine i panik syndrom och tvångssyndrom. Bland de psykologiska behandlingar, det finns vetenskapliga bevis för kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT) för behandling av panik-syndrom, specifika fobier, social fobi, PTSD och GAD. Exponering, med eller utan andra psykoterapeutiska interventioner har vetenskapligt stöd för effekt vid paniksyndrom (både i termer av antalet panikattacker och agorafobi för), specifika fobier, tvångssyndrom och PTSD. Användning av ögonrörelser desensibilisering och upparbetning (EMDR) har vetenskapligt stöd för behandling av PTSD.

A report by the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU) has reviewed, classified and evaluated the scientific literature on treatment of panic syndrome, specific phobias, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive syndrome (OCD), generalized anxiety syndrome (GAD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The review included treatment of children, adolescents and adults. The report concludes that there is effective treatment available for all anxiety syndromes. However in general, the effect is often moderate and symptoms reappear when the treatment period is discontinued. For adults, scientific evidence supports the use of paroxetine and sertraline for all syndromes except specific phobias. For the other SSRI's there is also evidence for the use of fluoxetin in OCD and PTSD, for fluvoxamine in social phobia and OCD and for escitalopram in social phobia. Other antidepressant drugs with a strong scientific support is venlafaxin in social phobia and GAD, imipramin in panic syndrome and chlomipramine in panic syndrome and OCD. Among psychological treatments, there is scientific evidence for cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for treatment of panic syndrome, specific phobias, social phobia, PTSD and GAD. Exposure, with or without other psychotherapeutic interventions, has scientific support for efficacy in panic disorder (both in terms of number of panic attacks and for agoraphobia), specific phobias, OCD and PTSD. Use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has scientific support for treatment of PTSD.

Keywords: Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

131. Kraft, S., Schepker, R., Goldbeck, L., & Fegert, J. M. (2006). Behandlung der posttraumatischen belastungsstörung bei kindern und jugendlichen. Eine übersicht empirischer wirksamkeitsstudien [Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents -- A review of treatment outcome studies]. Nervenheilkunde: Zeitschrift für interdisziplinaere Fortbildung, 25(9), 709-716.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Basierend auf einer systematischen Literaturrecherche wird der aktuelle Stand des Wissens über die Wirksamkeit von pharmakologischen und psychotherapeutischen Behandlung der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen zusammengefasst und bewertet. Neunzehn kontrollierten randomisierten klinischen Studien wurden für die Psychotherapie gefunden, und keiner für die Pharmakotherapie. Die Wirksamkeit von kognitiver Verhaltenstherapie Programme erhärtet worden ist, mit der Teilnahme der Eltern oder Betreuer in die Behandlung zu sein scheint vorteilhaft. Es gibt vielversprechende Studien für Eye Movement Desensitizafion und die Wiederaufbereitung (EMDR) und für Multisystemische Familientherapie. Aufgrund der kleinen Fallzahlen und fehlenden Replikation, haben ihre Ergebnisse als vorläufig zu betrachten. Bis jetzt gibt es keine kontrollierten klinischen Studien zu pharmakologischen Therapien für traumatisierte Kinder und Jugendliche. Weitere Studien zu diesem zahlenmäßig relevant und zum Teil erheblich beeinträchtigt Gruppe sind, geltend gemacht werden. Untersuchungen zur differentiellen Indikation von verschiedenen Behandlungsansätze und über die Wirksamkeit von Kombinationstherapien, die Psychotherapie plus Pharmakotherapie, fehlen. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, alle Rechte vorbehalten)

Based on a systematic literature search, the current state of knowledge on the efficacy of psychotherapeutic and pharmacologic treatment of posttraumatic stress disorders in children and adolescents is summarized and reviewed. Nineteen randomized controlled clinical trials were found for psychotherapy, and none for pharmacotherapy. The efficacy of cognitive behavioral treatment programs has been substantiated, with the participation of a parent or caretaker in the treatment seeming to be beneficial. There are promising studies for Eye Movement Desensitizafion and Reprocessing (EMDR) and for Multisystemic Family Therapy. However, because of small sample sizes and lacking replication, their results have to be regarded as provisional. Up to now, there are no controlled clinical trials on pharmacological treatments for traumatized children and adolescents. More studies on this numerically relevant and partly severely impaired group are to be claimed. Studies on differential indication of different treatment approaches and on the efficacy of combination treatments, as psychotherapy plus pharmacotherapy, are lacking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adolescent Psychiatry Child Psychiatry Drug Therapy Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy Treatment Outcomes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

132. Lamprecht, F. (2003). Behandlung psychotraumatischer Belastungsstörungen mit EMDR [Psychological treatment of traumatic stress disorders with EMDR]. Heidelberg, Germany: Asanger Verlag.

Language: German

Format: Book

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

133. Zengin, F. (2006). Behandlung von hörsturz und tinnitus mit EMDR-therapie [Treatment of acute hearing loss and tinnitus with EMDR therapy]. EMDRIA Deutschland e.V. Rundbrief, 7, 45-53.

Language: German

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Es wurden 17 an Tinnitus leidende PatientInnen mit EMDR behandelt. Behandlung und Nachuntersuchung fanden in der Zeit von Juni 2002 bis Juni 2005 in meiner psychiatrischen und psychotherapeutischen Praxis in Solingen statt. Mit Ausnahme von zwei Patienten kamen alle Behandelten persönlich zur Kontrolluntersuchung im Folgejahr der Behandlung (88,2 %). 82,4 % aller Patienten (14) waren nach der 5-stündigen EMDR-Behandlung beschwerdefrei, 3 beklagten weiterhin (eher geringe) Beschwerden, die durch 2 weitere EMDR-Therapie- Sitzungen zum Abklingen gebracht werden konnten Ein Patient hatte nach Therapieabschluss einen Verkehrsunfall, der eine PTBS auslöste. Er wurde mit traumazentrierter Psychotherapie behandelt, die auch die Tinnitus-Symptome zum Abklingen brachte.

It treated 17 patients suffering from tinnitus with EMDR. Treatment and Follow-up found in the period from June 2002 to June 2005 in my psychiatric and psychotherapeutic practice, held in Solingen. With the exception of two patients were all patients personally for a check in the following year of treatment (88.2%). 82.4% of all patients (14) were symptom-free after 5 hours of EMDR treatment, 3 defendant continued (rather small) complaints by two other EMDR Therapy Sessions could be brought to subside after a patient had completed therapy a traffic accident that caused PTSD. He was with trauma-centered psychotherapy treated, which also brought the tinnitus symptoms to subside.

Keywords: Hearing Loss Tinnitus

Accuracy Verified: Yes

134. Zengin, F. (2009). Behandlung von hörsturz und tinnitus mit EMDR-therapie [Treatment of hearing loss and tinnitus with EMDR therapy]. In R. Plassmann, (Hg.) Im eigenen rhythmus, die EMDR-behandlung von essstörungen, bindungsstörungen, allergien, schmerz, angststörungen, tinnitus und süchten, (pp. 155-164), Giessen, Psychosozial-Verlag.

Language: German

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Es wurden 17 an Tinnitus leidende Patienten mit der EMDR- Therapie behandelt. Behandlung und die Kontrolluntersuchungen fanden in der Zeit von Juni 2002 bis Juni 2005 in meiner psychiatrischen und psychotherapeutischen Praxis in Solingen statt. Mit Ausnahme von zwei Patienten kamen alle Behandelten persönlich zur Kontrolluntersuchung im Folgejahr der Behandlung( 88,2 %). 82,4 % waren 14 Patienten nach der 5-stündigen EMDR-Behandlung beschwerdefrei, 3 beklagten weiterhin (eher geringe) Beschwerden, die durch 2 weitere EMDR-Therapie- Sitzungen zum Abklingen gebracht konnten. Ein Patient hatte nach Therapieabschluss einen Verkehrsunfall, der eine PTBS auslöste. Er wurde mit traumazentrierter Psychotherapie behandelt, die auch die Tinnitus-Symptome zum Abklingen brachte.

It treated 17 patients suffering from tinnitus with the EMDR therapy. Treatment and control tests were held in the period from June 2002 to June 2005 in my psychiatric and psychotherapeutic practice in Solingen. With the exception of two patients, all patients were personally check-in the following year of treatment (88.2%). 82.4% were 14 patients after 5-hour EMDR treatment of symptoms, three defendants remain (rather small) complaints which could by 2 other EMDR therapy sessions brought to subside. One patient had completed therapy after an accident which triggered a PTSD. He was treated with traumazentrierter psychotherapy, which also brought the tinnitus symptoms to subside.

Keywords: Hearing Loss Tinnitus

Accuracy Verified: Yes

135. Jordan, J., Titscher, G., & Kirsch, H. (2011, September). Behandlungsmanual zur psychotherapie von akuten und posttraumatischen belastungsstörungen nach ICD-mehrfachschocks [Treatment manual for psychotherapy of acute and posttraumatic stress disorders after multiple ICD shocks]. Herzschrittmachertherapie + Elektrophysiologie, 22(3), 189-201.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Angesichts der steigenden Zahl implantierter Defibrillatoren in allen Industrienationen wächst auch die Zahl derjenigen Menschen, die sog. Mehrfachschocks („electrical storm“, ES) erleiden. Häufige Beschwerden sind starke und ständig wiederkehrende massive Ängste, Panikattacken, Todesangst, Hilf- und Hoffnungslosigkeit, Depressionen, Nervosität und Gereiztheit, sowie Rückzugs- und ausuferndes Vermeidungsverhalten, Intrusionen, Albträume, Flashbacks, Schlaflosigkeit und die Unfähigkeit der Gefühlsempfindung sowie eine eingeschränkte Zukunftsperspektive. Da Menschen mit einem ICD häufig körperlich (sehr) krank und nach den ICD-Mehrfachschocks zusätzlich massiv verunsichert sind, scheint es wesentlich, dass die stationäre Behandlung in einer Einrichtung durchgeführt wird, die über eine enge Anbindung an und räumliche Nähe zu einer kardiologischen Abteilung verfügt. Basis der Diagnostik ist die klinische Anamnese und die systematische Exploration der traumatischen Situation und der resultierenden Beschwerden. Als zusätzliche diagnostische Elemente sollten testpsychologische Verfahren zur Erfassung der Kernsymptomatik zum Einsatz kommen (Angst, Depression, Traumasymptome). Zur Diagnostik sollte eine testpsychologische Untersuchung gehören, damit am Ende der Behandlung auch für den Patienten sichtbar wird, welche Veränderungen eingetreten sind. Im Mittelpunkt der stationären Behandlung steht die tägliche intensive Psychotherapie. In ihrem Rahmen finden Elemente tiefenpsychologisch fundierter Psychotherapie und verhaltenstherapeutisch orientierte Angsttherapie sowie kognitive Umstrukturierung und Elemente des EMDR ihren Platz. Eine Nachuntersuchung innerhalb von 4 Monaten nach den Mehrfachschocks ist angeraten, weil PTSD Symptome zuweilen erst mit großer Latenz auftreten.

In view of the inceasing number of implanted defibrillators in all industrial nations, the number of people who have suffered so-called multiple shocks (electrical storm, ES) also increases. Common complaints are severe and continuously recurrent massive anxiety, panic attacks, fear of death, helplessness and hopelessness, depression, nervosity and irritability as well as reclusive and uncontrollable avoidance behaviour, intrusions, nightmares, flashbacks, sleeplessness and the inability to show feelings and limitation of future perspectives. Because people with an ICD are often physically (very) ill and after multiple ICD shocks are additionally very insecure, it would seem logical if the inpatient treatment would be carried out in an institution which has close connections and is also spatially close to a cardiology department. The basis of the diagnostics is the clinical anamnesis and a systematic exploration of the trauma situation and the resulting complaints. As an additional diagnostic element psychological test procedures should be implemented to determine the core symptomatic (anxiety, depression, trauma symptoms). Psychological test procedures should be included in the diagnostics so that at the end of treatment it is obvious even to the patient which alterations have occurred. The core element of inpatient treatment is daily intensive psychotherapy and includes deep psychologically well-founded psychotherapy and behavioral therapeutic-oriented anxiety therapy as well as cognitive restructuring and elements of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). A follow-up examination within 4 months of the multiple shocks episode is recommended because symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder often occur after a long latent time period.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder Anxiety ASD Cardiology Depression ICD Shocks Internal Medicine Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Manual

Accuracy Verified: Yes

136. Staff. (1998, April). Behavioral therapy works well for PTSD, according to a new meta-analysis. APA Monitor, 29(4).

Language: English

Format: Other

Keywords: General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

137. Flint, R. T. (1992, December). Behavioral validation of EMDR: Two PTSD cases. EMDR Network Newsletter, 2(2), 5-6.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract: Clinicians trained in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) often describe approaching the method with great skepticism that transforms into enthusiasm and a desire to proselytize. This enthusiasm is often mixed with the lament that more behavioral validation studieshave not been performed. This note records two cases in which people suffering from chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms demonstrated striking behavioral changes after a single brief EMDR treatment.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

138. Hurley, E. C. (2012, February 28). Being a veteran can be hazardous to your health. Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/e-c-hurley-phd/ptsd-veterans_b_1299884.html on 2/28/2012.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
What are effective treatments for chronic pain? Due to the multi-dimensional aspects of pain, a number of treatment approaches have been used. They take into account the cognitive, affective, behavioral, social, and physical aspects of pain. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), hypnosis, acupuncture, and biofeedback training have all been used. While EMDR therapy was originally utilized in the treatment of PTSD the neurobiological similarities with PTSD patients and chronic pain disorders has led therapists to use EMDR in the treatment of a broad range of disorders including chronic pain, anger, anxiety, and depression (Silver, Rogers, & Russell, 2008). Studies have found EMDR effective in the treatment of chronic pain (Mazzola, Calcagno, Goicochea, Pueyrredon, Leston, & Salvat, 2009; Shapiro, 2012) [Excerpt]

Keywords: Blog Military Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stress Veterans War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

139. Landgrebe, B. (2005, Februr). Beiträge der fachtagung, diagnose, therapie und berufliche rehabilitation von jungen menschen mit traumen in der lebensgeschichte [Contributions to the symposium diagnosis, therapy and vocational rehabilitation of young people with trauma in the life history]. Berufsbildungswerk Abensberg, Deutschland.

Language: German

Format: Other

Abstract:
Bevor ich die Traumabehandlung und den Prozess der Traumabewältigung auf meiner Abteilung darstelle, möchte ich diese für die Behandlung so wesentlichen Differenzierungen etwas aufführen. Wir Menschen haben ein natürliches Verarbeitungssystem für traumatische Erfahrungen. Nicht jeder Traumatisierte entwickelt eine PTSD! (nur ca. 10 – 12 %). Bei der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung der Störung spielen neben dem traumatischen Ereignis auch psychologische, biologische und soziale Faktoren eine Rolle.

Before I describe the process of trauma care and trauma to my department, I would like to perform this treatment for something so essential distinctions. We humans have a natural system for processing traumatic experiences. not each developed a traumatized PTSD! (only about 10 - 12%). In the formation and maintenance the disorder play next to the traumatic event and psychological, biological and social factors play a role.

Keywords: Trauma Vocational Rehabilitation Young People

Accuracy Verified: Yes

140. Chen, L. (2008, June). Bereavement, EMDR & structural dissociation of the personality theory. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The Poster Presentation will address the therapeutic issues of a complex bereavement case with traumatized history in a bicultural society. EMDR as an integrative psychotherapeutic approach and theory like the “Structural Dissociation of the Personality” as proposed by Nijenhuis, Van der Hart, & Steele complements each other in working with complex bereavement. The Presentation outlines the conceptualization of the case based on this theory, the working process and milestones. As the individual grieves, various levels of structural dissociation are observed. Symptoms are understood in light of the “Apparently Normal and the Emotional Parts of the Personality”. The working procedures within the EMDR framework involve processing materials from different levels of structural dissociation. A reduction of trauma-related symptoms (i.e. depression, phobia, anxiety) over the course of EMDR treatment was observed. Finally, treatment issues as related to attachment, traumatic memory, and daily functioning are discussed in the context of a bicultural urban city. [Note: Poster and Word Versions]

Keywords: Dissociation Personality Theory Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

141. ter Heide, F. J. J. (2008). Berichten uit het veld: Stabiliseren of verwerken? [Reports from the field: Stabilize or process?]. Cogiscope, 4(3), 39.

Language: Dutch

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Onder behandelaars van getraumatiseerde asielzoekers en vluchtelingen wordt soms hevig gediscussieerd over de vraag met welke interventies deze patiënten het beste geholpen zijn. Bijvoorbeeld: een vluchtelinge, slachtoffer van oorlogsgeweld, durft niet te slapen uit angst voor nachtmerries en heeft geen dagstructuur. Helpen we haar eerst om haar dagstructuur te verbeteren, zodat ze een traumagerichte therapie daarna beter aankan? Of behandelen we eerst haar traumatische herinneringen met EMDR of cognitieve gedragstherapie, zodat ze weer kan slapen en zelf haar dagen kan structureren? Of misschien moeten we deze benaderingen combineren in een dagklinische behandeling? Kortom, wat is de beste inhoud en timing van onze interventies? [Excerpt]

Among practitioners of traumatized asylum seekers and refugees is sometimes fierce discussed the question with which interventions these patients are best helped. For example, a refugee, victim of war, afraid to sleep for fear for nightmares and has no daily structure. We help her to her first day structure improve, so they trauma-focused therapy after better handle? or treating we first her traumatic memories EMDR or cognitive behavioral therapy, so they weather can sleep and can structure itself? her days Or maybe we need these approaches combine in a partial hospitalization treatment? In short, what is the best content and timing of our interventions? [Excerpt]

Keywords: Reprocessing Stabilization

Accuracy Verified: Yes

142. Aurora, R. N., Zak, R. S., Auerbach, S. H., Casey, K. R., Chowdhuri, S., Karippot, A., Maganti, R. K., Ramar, K., Kristo, D. A., Bista, S. R., Lamm, C. I., & Morgenthaler, T. I. (2010, August). Best practice guide for the treatment of nightmare disorder in adults. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 6(4), 389-401.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Prazosin is recommended for treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)-associated nightmares. Level A. Image Rehearsal Therapy (IRT) is recommended for treatment of nightmare disorder. Level A. Systematic Desensitization and Progressive Deep Muscle Relaxation training are suggested for treatment of idiopathic nightmares. Level B. Venlafaxine is not suggested for treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares. Level B. Clonidine may be considered for treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares. Level C. The following medications may be considered for treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares, but the data are low grade and sparse: trazodone, atypical antipsychotic medications, topiramate, low dose cortisol, fluvoxamine, triazolam and nitrazepam, phenelzine, gabapentin, cyproheptadine, and tricyclic antidepressants. Nefazodone is not recommended as first line therapy for nightmare disorder because of the increased risk of hepatotoxicity. Level C. The following behavioral therapies may be considered for treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares based on low-grade evidence: Exposure, Relaxation, and Rescripting Therapy (ERRT); Sleep Dynamic Therapy; Hypnosis; Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR); and the Testimony Method. Level C. The following behavioral therapies may be considered for treatment of nightmare disorder based on low-grade evidence: Lucid Dreaming Therapy and Self-Exposure Therapy. Level C No recommendation is made regarding clonazepam and individual psychotherapy because of sparse data.

Keywords: Nightmares Posttruamatic Stress Disorder PSTD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

143. Paulsen, S. L., & Watkins, J. G. (2005, November). Best resourcing, affect regulation & abreaction techniques: From the armamentaria of hypnoanalytic, EMDR, somatic experiencing, and cognitive behavioral sources. Presentation at the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Abreaction Techniques Affect Regulation Techniques

Accuracy Verified: Yes

144. Paulsen, S. L., & Watkins, J. G. (2005, November). Best techniques from the armamentarium of hypnoanalytic, EMDR, somatic psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral methods. Presentation at the annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation. Fall Conference, Toronto, Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Best Techniques

Accuracy Verified: Yes

145. Stein, D., Rousseau, C., & Lacroix, L. (2004, March). Between innovation and tradition: The paradoxical relationship between eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and altered states of consciousness. Transcultural Psychiatry, 41(1), 5-30. doi:10.1177/1363461504041351.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new form of psychotherapy to emerge in the West. Using both a case analysis and literature review we situate EMDR within the use of altered states of consciousness (ASCs) in psychological healing practices across times and cultures. We discuss EMDR's unique predicament as a therapy that draws upon techniques common to most therapeutic ASCs, while at the same time distancing itself from this tradition through its pseudoscientific language and technologic aesthetic. Our conclusion attempts to shed light on this paradox and raise questions for further study.

Keywords: Altered States of Consciousness Consciousness States Psychological Healing Review Transcultural Psychiatry

Accuracy Verified: Yes

146. Gomez, A. (2008, September). Beyond PTSD: Treating depression in children and adolescents using EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Traumatized children frequently exhibit symptoms of disorders other than PTSD. There is evidence of comorbidity between PTSD, depression and other behavioral disorders and a large overlap in symptom criteria between PTSD and depression in children and adolescents. The first part of this presentation explores what current research has identified as the key factors for the development of depression in children and adolescents. The evidence linking trauma, stress and PTSD to some forms of depression and the relationship between disorders of attachment, difficulties with affect regulation and the development of depression in children and adolescents will be explored. The second part of this presentation will introduce preliminary evidence that EMDR can be a potentially effective treatment for depression in children and adolescents through a series of case studies and anecdotal reports. The presentation will conclude with an overview of strategies for working with depressed children and adolescents across the eight phases of the EMDR protocol. Even though this presentation will focus on working with pediatric depression, it will provide a foundation for understanding and treating adult depression as well. Video clips of sessions will be shown to provide a concrete and tangible experience for clinicians.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Depression

Accuracy Verified: Yes

147. Giti, S. M. (2011, May). Beyond social phobia: A review of the background, manifestations and varied therapeutic approaches for performance anxiety. Alliant International University, Los Angeles, California. 3503418.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Performance anxiety is ubiquitous in our present culture and is considered one of the most prevalent forms of anxiety. The famous actor and comedian Jerry Seinfeld once joked, “ At a funeral, most people would rather be in the casket than giving the eulogy!” While nearly eighty percent of people experience some form of anxiety when they are the center of attention, individuals who experience performance anxiety are severely distressed and debilitated by their anxiety (Plaut, 1990). In most cases, performance anxiety threatens to restrain an individual’s profession, goals, education, relationships or daily life activities. While the phenomenon of acute anxiety is commonly labeled as stage fright in the world of the performing arts, in psychological literature it is rarely specified or considered a diagnosable mental health disorder. It is often clustered with specific phobias or social phobia. Indeed, performance anxiety is not an experience solely limited to actors, musicians, singers and dancers. It affects athletes, politicians, writers, students, professionals, leaders, and individuals in all walks of life. For this reason, it is essential that clinicians become educated in the etiology, symptoms, manifestations and therapeutic approaches of performance anxiety.

Keywords: Socia Phobia Performance Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

148. Leuenberger, R. (2007, November). Beziehungen zwischen dem modell der ersten personal-existentiellen grundmotivation in der existenzanalyse und der EMDR-methode [Relationships between the model of the first personal-existential basic motivation in the existence and analysis of the EMDR method]. Alfried Längle, Internationale Gesellschaft für Logotherapie und Existenzanalyse, Wien, Austria.

Language: German

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
In dieser Arbeit soll gezeigt werden, dass aufgrund der während vier Jahren in einer ärztlichen Grundversorgerpraxis mit der EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprozessing)- Methode gesammelten Erfahrungen zur Behandlung psychisch traumatisierter Patienten mit einem PTBS (posttraumatische Belastungsstörung)) über die gängigen, zum Teil hypothetischen neurobiologischen Erklärungsversuche hinaus, die Existenzanalyse sehr viel zum psychologischen wie auch philosophischen Verständnis dieser Methode beitragen kann. Aus den verbalen Äusserungen der Patienten vor, während und nach der Behandlung kann geschlossen werden, dass von den betroffenen Defiziten der vier Grundmotivationen der Existenzanalyse die der ersten Grundmotivation am meisten Bedeutung haben. Anhand von 23 Krankengeschichten werden die Wirkfaktoren der EMDR-Methode mit den Begriffen der ersten Grundmotivation existenzanalytisch verstehbar.

In this work we will show that during the due four years in a primary care medical practice with EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprozessing) - Method for treating mental experience traumatized patients with PTSD (post traumatic Stress disorder)) on the common, partly hypothetical neurobiological explanations addition, the Existential analysis very much a psychological as well as philosophical May contribute to understanding this method. from the verbal expressions of patients before, during and after treatment may be concluded that by affected the deficits of the four basic motivations of Analysis, the existence of the first basic motivation most Meaning. Be the basis of 23 case histories the impact factors of EMDR with the terms the first basic existential analytical understandable motivation.

Keywords: Basic Motivation Existenital Analysis Method

Accuracy Verified: Yes

149. Christman, S., & Garvey, K. (2001, June). Bilateral eye movements reduce cortical activation asymmetries. Presentation at the 2001 EMDR International Association Conference, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Alternating left-right eye movements (EMs) have been shown to enhance episodic memory recall (Christman & Garvey, 2000). In turn, enhanced recall of episodic, or autobiographical, memories has been linked to increased interhemispheric interaction (Christman & Propper, 2001; Propper & Christman, 1997). Since leftward versus rightward EMs induce right versus hemisphere activation, respectively (Bakan & Svorad, 1969), bilateral EMs may facilitate interhemispheric interaction by balancing hemispheric activation levels. In other words, asymmetries in cortical activation may impair interhemispheric communication. Christman and Garvey (2000), however, demonstrated only that bilateral EMs enhance episodic memory performance; they did not directly measure hemispheric activation. To test this hypothesis directly, participants were administered two behavioral tests that are sensitive to variations in hemispheric activation. The Chimeric Faces Test (Levy, Heller, Banich, & Burton, 1983) involves mirror-image pairs of faces, with one smiling hemiface and one neutral hemiface, presented under conditions of free viewing. Participants are asked to judge which member of a pair looks happier. Right versus left hemiface biases are associated with relative increases in left versus right hemispheric activation. Line bisection tasks also tap into hemispheric activation, with leftward versus rightward bisection errors reflecting increased right versus left hemisphere activation. Bisection tasks, however, are also influenced by premotor asymmetries (e.g., Luh, 1995), and thus represent a less pure measure of hemispheric activation.
METHODS Participants performed blocks of chimeric face and line bisection trials. They then engaged in 30 seconds of alternating left-right saccades (2 eye movements per second). Participants then performed a second block of trials for both tasks.
RESULTS Results showed that behavioral asymmetries in the chimeric face task were significantly reduced after the EMs (p<.029). This supports the hypothesis that bilateral EMs reduce hemispheric activation asymmetries. Performance on line bisection task, however, was unaffected by EMs (F<1), perhaps reflecting the fact that this task is a less direct measure of hemispheric activation.
DISCUSSION These results provide further insight into mechanisms underlying EMDR therapy used for PTSD patients. Reduction in hemispheric activation asymmetry arising from bilateral EMs employed in the current study (and in EMDR) may enhance interhemispheric communication. This interpretation is consistent with Ramachandran (1995), who showed that vestibular stimulation (inducing optokinetic nystagmus and resulting in involuntary left-right EMs) reduces the denial of deficit found in anosagnosia patients. Ramachandran (1995) suggested that the procedure benefits the hypoaroused right hemisphere, bringing its activation level up to par with the left hemisphere. Similarly, EMs used in EMDR may balance hemispheric activation levels, in turn enhancing interhemispheric communication and retrieval of episodic memories.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Eye Movements

Accuracy Verified: Yes

150. van Deusen, K. M. (2004, Summer). Bilateral stimulation in EMDR: A replicated single-subject component analysis. the Behavior Therapist, 27(4), 79-86.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
This study attempted to determine whether the eye movement component of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was necessary to account for positive treatment effects in subjects with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A single-subject alternating treatments design was replicated across four subjects to compare the effectiveness of EMDR with the effectiveness of a modified EMDR procedure in which the eyes remained in a natural state. The comparative procedure was chosen to eliminate the contribution of distraction and the addition of any other form of bilateral stimulation. The first hypothesis was supported. Subjects showed statistically significant pre- (baseline) to posttreatment improvement following EMDR and the modified EMDR procedure (without eye movements). The second hypothesis was not supported. While subjects significantly improved following both EMDR and the modified, without-eye-movements EMDR procedure, there were no statistically significant differences between treatments on within- or between-session measures. Instead, both treatments were found to be effective in reducing trauma and global symptoms in the four female subjects who participated in the study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Empirical Study Quantitative Study Single-Subject Componnent Analysis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

151. Cotraccia, T. (2010, September/October). Bio-psychosocial adaptive information processing. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Minneapolis, MN.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The role of neurobiological structures in Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) is becoming more understood. This workshop considers specific psychological and social components of the AIP model. Attunement and internal working models of self and world are suggested as additional components of a systemic AIP model. The psychotherapy relationship is conceptualized as a dynamic feedback system modeled after a securely attached caregiver-child dyad. This workshop draws from affective neuroscience, information theory, philosophy of mind and general systems theory to consider how components interact at multiple levels to resolve disturbing life experiences and enhance bio-psychosocial functioning. The additions to the model will be used to highlight clinical phenomenon relevant to EMDR practice.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP

Accuracy Verified: Yes

152. Solomon, E. P., & Heide, K. M. (2005, January). The biology of trauma: Implications for treatment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(1), 51-60. doi:10.1177/0886260504268119.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
During the past 20 years, the development of brain imaging techniques and new biochemical approaches has led to increased understanding of the biological effects of psychological trauma. New hypotheses have been generated about brain development and the roots of antisocial behavior. We now understand that psychological trauma disrupts homeostasis and can cause both short and long-term effects on many organs and systems of the body. Our expanding knowledge of the effects of trauma on the body has inspired new approaches to treating trauma survivors. Biologically informed therapy addresses the physiological effects of trauma, as well as cognitive distortions and maladaptive behaviors. The authors suggest that the most effective therapeutic innovation during the past 20 years for treating trauma survivors has been Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), a therapeutic approach that focuses on resolving trauma using a combination of top-down (cognitive) and bottom-up (affect/body) processing. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents Child Abuse Children Criminal Behavior Forensic Evaluation Literature Review Neglect Neuroendocrinology Neurophysiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

153. Heide, K. M., & Solomon, E. P. (2006, May-June). Biology, childhood trauma, and murder: Rethinking justice. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 29(3), 220-233. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2005.10.001.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article reviews recent findings in the developmental neurophysiology of children subjected to psychological trauma. Studies link extreme neglect and abuse with long-term changes in the nervous and endocrine systems. A growing body of research literature indicates that individuals with severe trauma histories are at higher risk of behaving violently than those without such histories. This article links these two research areas by discussing how severe and protracted child abuse and/or neglect can lead to biological changes, putting these individuals at greater risk for committing homicide and other forms of violence than those without child maltreatment histories. The implications of these biological findings for forensic evaluations are discussed. Based on new understanding of the effects of child maltreatment, the authors invite law and mental health professionals to rethink their notions of justice and offender accountability, and they challenge policymakers to allocate funds for research into effective treatment and for service delivery. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents Attachment Brain Development Child Abuse Criminal Behavior Child Neglect Children Criminal Responsibility Forensic Evaluation Homicide Juvenile Offenders Literature Review Mitigating Factors Murder Neglect Neuroendocrinology Neurophysiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Sociopathy Survivors Trauma Violence

Accuracy Verified: Yes

154. Sinici, E., Maden, O., Ak, M., Bozkurt, A., & Ozsahin, A. (2012, February). Bir cinsel tecavuz vak'asinda emdr uygulamasi: Vak'a sunumu [EMDR application on a sexual rape case: Case report]. Yeni Symposium Journal, 50(1), 58-60.

Language: Turkish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Travmatik bir deneyim oldu hemen herkes yoğun stres belirtileri gösterebilir. Bu tecavüz edildi, özellikle halk arasında post-travmatik stres belirtileri görmek mümkündür. Son zamanlarda, tecavüz insanlara danışmanlık sağlamak için çabalar yaygın hale gelmiştir.EMDR tedavisi bellek (duygusal, bilişsel ve fiziksel), rahatsız edici olaylara ulaşmak fonksiyonları hızlandırmak ve öğrenme sürecini iyileştirmek için kadar duyusal birimleri üzerinde duruluyor. Bu EMDR tedavisi tecavüz birinin travma sonrası stres belirtileri hafifletir düşünülmektedir. 90 dakikalık EMDR seansları uygulandı. Beck Depresyon Ölçeği (BDÖ), Beck Anksiyete Envanteri (BAE), Durumluk ve Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri-I (STAI-I) ve Olaylar ScaleRevision (IES-R) Etkisi öncesi ve tedavi ve 1 ay sonra kontrol sonrası uygulanmıştır. Bu tecavüz kişinin stres belirtileri kısa bir süre sonra arasında, EMDR tedavisi öncesi azaltmak ve 1 ay sonra kontrol ettiği görülmektedir.Çalışmada bir olgu ile gerçekleştirilmiştir rağmen, sonucu cinsel travma hastalar için, EMDR uygulaması yararlı olabilir olmasıdır.

Almost anyone who had traumatic experience might show intense stress symptoms. It is possible to see post-traumatic stress symptoms among people especially who were raped. Recently, the efforts to provide counseling for raped people have become common. The EMDR treatment focuses on the sensorial units of the memory (emotional, cognitive and physical) to reach the disturbing events, accelerate functions and to improve the learning process. It is thought that EMDR treatment relieves the post traumatic stress symptoms for the raped one. 90 minute EMDR sessions were applied. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory-I (STAI-I) and Impact of Events ScaleRevision (IES-R) were applied before and after treatment and 1 month-later control. It is seen that the raped one's stress symptoms decrease before the EMDR treatment, among shortly after and 1 month later controls. Although the study was conducted with one phenomenon, the result is that for patients who had sexual trauma, EMDR application might be beneficial.

Keywords: Rape Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

155. Klaus, P. (2005, June). Birth trauma - Causes, effects, methods to heal: An EMDR approach. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Events at birth are traumatic and create feelings of powerlessness when they are actually or appear life-threatening to self or loved ones, are sudden, change quickly from "normal" to dangerous without explanation, and when the situation appears overwhelming. There is no time to prepare, no way to plan an escape or to prevent something from happening. A number of events during labor or birth such as unplanned interventions, serious problems in the mother, physical damage, a sick infant, and separation from the baby can be classified as traumatic. Major trauma for a woman occurs in childbirth when she has inordinate fear and is in a situation where she has no control. Other aspects of trauma are more subjective and relate to how a woman is treated and how she perceives the experience, often causing humiliation and stigma. Trauma during the prenatal period can affect the parents' perception of the baby, their own self-concept, their relationship, and can impair bonding and attachment. Early trauma can have both immediate and long-range effects on the parents and the infant and may create later in the adult psychological and somatic conditions and a negative self-concept. Equally important is the history the parents bring to this event as well as the quality of their relationship. Birth is a magnet for unresolved issues to emerge. Clinicians will learn about the causes and effects of these early traumas as well as methods, including EMDR to uncover, resolve, and heal them.

Keywords: Birth Defects

Accuracy Verified: Yes

156. Klaus, P. (2007, June). Birth trauma: Causes, effects, methods to heal with EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Clinicians will gain an understanding of the types of events that create psychological and physiological distress and trauma both at birth and afterward. Many conditions have their origin during this early period where generational messages as well as traumatic events surrounding birth and the early period of life can have negative effects. Participants will learn methods to work within the infant mind/body memory to retrieve early trauma and the subsequent events that reinforced it as well as facilitate healing through the life path of the individual. Clinicians can benefit by recognizing the elements that influence these situations, and with EMDR and other adjunctive techniques learn to resolve these very early experiences to help clients reach a higher level of adaptation for health. Objectives: 1.Identify the characteristics of traumatic or negative birth experiences. 2.Recognize the risk factors that affect the birth and can be projected onto the infant. 3.Identify the effects of early trauma on parent-infant relationships, bonding, the marital relationship, and on the infant. 4.Learn about long-term psychological and somatic sequelae of perinatal trauma on the adult individual. 5.Describe, demonstrate, and practice psychotherapeutic methods with EMDR to help resolve and heal these experiences.

Keywords: Birth Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

157. Smith. T. C. (2010, April). Bloody Sunday - Surviving post traumatic stress disorder with EMDR. Lulu.com.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
Bloody Sunday is an honest and riveting look into the rarely exposed vulnerabilities of the author. His attempts to understand and honestly convey the physical, emotional, and psychological consequences on him and his family as a result of a tramatic event, offer a perspective to the reader that most people would never be exposed to in their own life. Bloody Sunday is a true story that will both expose the human side of our heroes that put their life on the line everyday in the service of others. It also gives hope to those who are dealing with Post Tramatic Stress Disorder themselves or with a loved one.

Keywords: Police Shootings Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: No

158. Fisher, J. (2007, September 29). The body as a shared whole: Somatic interventions for working with trauma and dissociation. Presentation at the Quarterly Meeting Program of The New England Society for the Treatment of Trauma and Dissociation.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
To stabilize overwhelming symptoms, integrate memories, and overcome the terror of intimacy, traumatized clients must establish sufficient safety in the body that they do not continue to recreate the unsafe world of childhood. Otherwise, the “child in the nightmare” from decades ago remains lost in time, demoralized by internal critics and terrified by the threats of hypervigilant internal protectors. Because the body is the container for all past and present experience and for all parts of the self, somatically oriented approaches can address the intense and often baffling reactions of these patients in a way that is both simple and effective. This workshop will demonstrate bodyoriented interventions for working with traumatized and dissociative patients drawn from Sensorimotor Psychotherapy and easily integrated into EMDR, IFS, and traditional talking therapies. Through the use of lecture, videotape, and demonstration, participants will have the opportunity to observe somatically informed solutions to a number of common clinical challenges encountered in trauma treatment. Capitalizing on recent advances in the research on attachment and trauma, the workshop will also provide a context for understanding how to use the therapeutic relationship to provide a safe “container” for both patient and therapist in the challenging work of trauma treatment.

Keywords: Dissociation Somatic Interventions Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

159. Levine, P. A. (2003, September). The body bears the burden: Somatic expressions of traumatic stress. Plenary presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Developed over the past thirty years, "Somatic Experiecing" (SE) has gained increasing recognition as a powerful body-based therapy that can awaken one's innate self-regulative response to overwhelm. Based on a naturalistic understanding of how animals in the wild "shake off" repeated exposure to life threatening events, SE has produced surprising results with a variety of difficult symptoms This model will be presented towards enhancing EMDR practice.

Keywords: SE Plenary Somatic Experiencing

Accuracy Verified: Yes

160. Brown, K. W., McGoldrick, T., & Buchanan, R. (1997). Body dysmorphic disorder: Seven cases treated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 25(2), 203-207. doi:/10.1017/S1352465800018403.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Body dynamic disorder is an illness of generally chronic course which can lead to significant impairment of social functioning, unnecessary plastic surgery and even suicide. It is little understood and treatment regimens have been of uncertain efficacy. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a newly developed psychotherapeutic procedure used in the treatment of PTSD, grief reactions and generalized anxiety. In this paper we describe its use in seven consecutive cases of body dysmorphic disorder. Improvements were obtained in six of the seven patients, five of whom had a complete resolution of their symptoms (Pilots).

Keywords: Adults Case Report Clinical Case Study Empirical Study Females Males Somatoform Disorders Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

161. Lendl, J. (2002, June). Brain performance and possible EMDR intervention. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
New brain imaging technologies are giving a clearer picture of how memories are stored and how effective treatment may alter brain function. Neuroimaging researchers Bessel van der Kolk and Daniel Amen are investigating EMDR treatment effects. Van der Kolk is studying how traumatic memories differ from memories of ordinary events, while Amen concentrates on evaluating difficult psychiatric cases, ADD, head trauma, memory problems, dementia, aggression, and exposure to toxic substances. This workhop will focus on Amen's research regarding frequently found patterns of brain performance, including specific area functions and problems from a clinician's view. Significant attention will be devoted to integrating EMDR with the Amen multi-discipline intervention approach for problem brian areas.

Keywords: Amen Brain Performance van de Kolk

Accuracy Verified: Yes

162. Amen, D. G. (2003, September). Brain SPECT imaging in PTSD and EMDR. Preconference presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Brain SPECT provides a window into brain activity and helps us understand the underlying physiology of many neurological and psychiatric illnesses. Specific psychological and medical treatments enhance or change our brain function. In this lecture, Dr. Amen will describe his extensive clinical experience and research into postraumatic stress disorder and EMDR. He has been involved in performing before and after brain SPECT scans for PTSD patients for several years and recently completed a formal research project with Karen Lansing on PTSD and EMDR. The results of this study will also be discussed.

Keywords: SPECT Brain

Accuracy Verified: Yes

163. Isermann M., & Diegelmann, C. (2000, September). Breast cancer: PTSD symptoms, EMDR and quality of life. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) learn about current research on psychological aspects of breast cancer; 2) learn about relevant dimensions of quality of life in breast cancer patients; 3) learn about the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of breast cancer patients; and 4) learn about adaptations of the standard protocol to criteria for using EMDR in the treatment of breast cancer patients.

Keywords: Breast Cancer Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

164. Watson, C., Davis, R., & Heimonen, T. (2010, September/October). Bridging the gap between clinical practice and research with EMDR. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Minneapolis, MN.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a trauma treatment with origins date back to 1987 by its founder Francine Shapiro. EMDR is based on an information-processing model and is being used to treat traumatic symptoms. Clinicians in many types of clinical settings worldwide employ EMDR for a board range of treatment issues including grief, depression, anxiety, physical and sexual abuse. Although there is evidence that EMDR is effective in treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, more research needs to be done in clinical practice settings to contribute to the much needed research base about effective of EMDR with other issues.
Therapists working with trauma are often dealing with high caseloads and administrative requirements of the agencies that they work with. The clinicians involved in this research have observed that there have been some encouraging developments in their community which have served to build bridges for clinicians to increase their confidence in the world of research. In 2007, an intiative called Research Skills Development Program offering mentoring in research skills development was offered in association with Lakehead University and Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Ontario, Canada.
Completion of this 1-year program proved to be the first step in make the transition from clinician to researcher. From there, partnerships were formed within the agency and community. With the support of our agency, researchers were able to gain access to testing and computer software that made data collection and data anaylsis possible with least disruption to our clinical services.
The clinicians were encouraged by previous results from our first study in 2007 (n=6) to continue systematic data collection with more clients (n=6). Approval for this recent study was received by the Ethics Committee of St. Joseph's Care Group.

Keywords: Poster Practice Research Research Skills Development Program

Accuracy Verified: No

165. Borstein, S. S. (2009). Brief adjunctive EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(3), 198-204. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.3.198.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Question: How can I provide brief adjunctive EMDR as a consultation service to other therapists’ clients? ANSWER FROM SUZANNE S. BORSTEIN: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and its application to other psychological problems has been documented as well (Maxfi eld, 2007). As the effectiveness of EMDR is increasingly documented not only in the professional literature but also in the popular press, therapists and clients alike have become curious about whether EMDR might be helpful in their work. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Brief Adjunctive

Accuracy Verified: Yes

166. Nijdam, M. J., Gersons, B. P. R., Reitsma, J. B., de Jongh, A., & Olff, M. (2012, March). Brief eclectic psychotherapy v. eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(3), 224-231. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.099234.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Trauma-focused cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy (EMDR) are efficacious treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but few studies have directly compared them using well-powered designs and few have investigated response patterns. Aims: To compare the efficacy and response pattern of a traumafocused CBT modality, brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD, with EMDR (trial registration: ISRCTN64872147). Method: Out-patients with PTSD were randomly assigned to brief eclectic psychotherapy (n = 70) or EMDR (n = 70) and assessed at all sessions on self-reported PTSD (Impact of Event Scale – Revised). Other outcomes were clinician-rated PTSD, anxiety and depression. Results: Both treatments were equally effective in reducing PTSD symptom severity, but the response pattern indicated that EMDR led to a significantly sharper decline in PTSD symptoms than brief eclectic psychotherapy, with similar drop-out rates (EMDR: n = 20 (29%), brief eclectic psychotherapy: n = 25 (36%)). Other outcome measures confirmed this pattern of results. Conclusions: Although both treatments are effective, EMDR results in a faster recovery compared with the more gradual improvement with brief eclectic psychotherapy. Declaration of interest: A.d.J. teaches and supervises clinical psychologists and psychiatrists in psychological trauma and its treatment by means of seminars, workshops and conferences, for which the participants pay a fee. He is also director and shareholder of a trauma treatment unit. For both activities he has the formal permission of the executive board of the University of Amsterdam to which he is affiliated.

Keywords: BEP Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Randomized Controlled Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

167. Rossello-Mir, J., Revert-Vidal, X., Obrador, P., & Cardell, E. (2007, June). Brief EMDR protocol versus bilateral stimulation in the treatment of spider phobia. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR, that includes bilateral stimulation, causes the desensitization and reprocessing of traumatic memories, thus reducing anxiety, distress, fear, and other symptoms related with several anxiety disorders. Previous results show it is effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD, panic disorder, public speaking anxiety, etc. Relying on some previous results we think that a brief EMDR protocol could be applied to relieve symptoms of specific phobias.
To investigate this issue, we study the efficacy of a new brief EMDR protocol in the treatment of spider phobia. Furthermore, our design tries to clarify the controversy about which components of the EMDR procedure are relevant for patient’s improvement. More specifically, we compare the effectiveness of our brief procedures with that of simple bilateral stimulation that is, without eye movements, which necessity to obtain therapeutic outcome has been questioned.
We randomly assign twenty volunteers, female university students with spider phobia to one of three groups. We applied the brief EMDR protocol to the first one and bilateral stimulation to the second one, being the third group the control one. To assess the effectiveness of both treatments, in addition to apply traditional questionnaires, we designed a specific emotional Stroop task in order to make use of this tool to evaluate, before and after each treatment, the selective attentional biases, that seem to play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. We discuss the differences found in our results in reference to the controversy aforementioned and how they can help to understand the EMDR mechanism of action.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Brief EMDR Spider Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

168. Hettiarachchi, M. (2007). Brief intervention for post traumatic stress disorder with combined use of cognitive behaviour therapy and eye movement desensitisation reprocessing. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 6(1), 1-5.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This case study is of a 23 year old female diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Sri Lanka, six months following the Asian Tsunami of December 2004. The intervention was conducted in a village clinic on the southern coast of the country. Treatment involved the use of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR). The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was used to monitor levels of anxiety. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) was administered to assess level of intrusion and avoidance (Horowitz, Wilner & Alvarez, 1979). Subjective Units of Distress Scores (SUDS) were obtained to assess level of distress and the Validity of Cognition Scale (VOC) used to assess accuracy of positive beliefs (Shapiro, 2001). A significant reduction in trauma symptoms, levels of distress, intrusion and avoidance were noted at post-treatment. Treatment gains were maintained at one month and nine month follow-up. The combined treatment protocol may be an effective brief intervention to use in situations that require rapid treatments to alleviate personal psychological distress in the aftermath of large scale disasters.

Keywords: Asian Tsunami Brief Intervention Clinical Case Study Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive Therapy Emotional Trauma Natural Disasters Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

169. Scheck, M. M., Schaeffer, J. A., & Gillette, C. (1998, January). Brief psychological intervention with traumatized young women: The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(1), 25-44. doi:10.1023/A:1024400931106.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
To study the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with traumatized young women, 60 women between the ages of 16 and 25 were randomly assigned to 2 sessions of either EMDR or an active listening (AL) control. Factorial ANOVA interaction effects and simple main effects for outcome measures (Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Penn Inventory for PTSD, Impact of Event Scale, Tennessee Self-Concept Scale) indicated significant improvement for both groups and significantly greater pre-post change for EMDR-treated participants. Pre-post effect sizes for the EMDR group averaged 1.56 compared to 0.65 for the AL group. Despite treatment brevity, the posttreatment outcome variable means of EMDR-treated participants compared favorably with nonpatient or successfully treated norm groups on all measures. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Americans Battery Child Abuse Effects Emotional Abuse Females Empirical Study Follow-up Study Incest Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial Rape RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Young Adults

Accuracy Verified: Yes

170. Chemtob, C., Nakashima, J., & Carlson, J. (2002, January). Brief treatment for elementary school children with disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A field study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 99-112. doi:10.1002/jclp.1131.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Effective psychological intervention is needed to help children recover from disaster-related PTSD. This controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of a brief intervention for disaster-related PTSD. At one-year follow-up of a prior intervention for disaster-related symptoms, some previously treated children were still suffering significant trauma symptoms. Using a randomized lagged-groups design, we provided three sessions of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment to 32 of these children who met clinical criteria for PTSD. The Children's Reaction Inventory (CRI) was the primary measure of the treatment's effect on PTSD symptoms. Associated symptoms were measured using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Treatment resulted in substantial reductions in both groups' CRI scores and in significant, though more modest, reductions in RCMAS and CDI scores. Gains were maintained at six-month follow-up. Health visits to the school nurse were significantly reduced following treatment. Psychosocial intervention appears useful for children suffering disaster-related PTSD. Conducting controlled studies of children's treatment in the postdisaster environment appears feasible. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Americans Brief Psychotherapy Child Treatment Disasters Elementary School Students Empirical Study Follow-up Study Health Care Utilization Hurricanes Hurricane Iniki Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT School Age Children Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Victim Service

Accuracy Verified: Yes

171. Kip, K. E., Sullivan, K. L., Lengacher, C. A., Rosenzweig, L., Hernandez, D. F., Kadel, R., Kozel, F. A., Shuman, A., Girling, S. A., Hardwick, M. J., & Diamond, D. M. (2013). Brief treatment of co-occurring post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms by use of accelerated resolution therapy. Front Psychiatry, 4(11). doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00011.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This uncontrolled prospective cohort study evaluated the use of accelerated resolution therapy (ART) for treatment of comorbid symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder. Twenty-eight adult subjects, mean age of 41years (79% female, 36% Hispanic), received a mean of 3.7±1.1 ART treatment sessions (range 1–5). ART is a new exposure-based psychotherapy that makes use of eye movements. Subjects completed a range of self-report psychological measures before and after treatment with ART including the 17-item PCL-C checklist (symptoms of PTSD) and 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). For the PCL-C, the pre-ART mean (±standard deviation) was 62.5 (8.8) with mean reductions of −29.6 (12.5), −30.1 (13.1), and −31.4 (14.04) at post-ART, 2-month, and 4-month follow-up, respectively (p<0.0001 for comparisons to pre-ART score). Compared to pre-ART status, this corresponded to standardized effect sizes of 2.37, 2.30, and 3.01, respectively. For the CES-D, the pre-ART mean was 35.1 (8.8) with mean reductions of −20.6 (11.0), −18.1 (11.5), and −15.6 (14.4) at post-ART, 2-month, and 4-month follow-up, respectively (p≤0.0001 compared to Pre-ART score). This corresponded to standardized effect sizes of 1.88, 1.58, and 1.09, respectively. Strong correlations were observed at 2-month and 4-month follow-up for post-treatment changes in PTSD and depression symptom scores (r=0.79, r=0.76, respectively, p≤0.0002). No serious treatment-related adverse effects were reported. In summary, ART appears to be a promising brief, safe, and effective treatment for adults with clinically significant comorbid symptoms of PTSD and depression. Future controlled and mechanistic studies with this emerging therapy are warranted, particularly given its short treatment duration, and in light of current heightened emphasis on health care cost constraints.

Keywords: Accelerated Resolution Therapy ART Brief Treatment Depression Exposure Therapy Eye Movements Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychological Trauma PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

172. Zaghrout-Hodali, M., Alissa, F., & Dodgson, P. (2008). Building resilience and dismantling fear: EMDR group protocol with children in an area of ongoing trauma. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(2), 106-113. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.2.106.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A number of studies indicate that EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) may be efficacious in treatment of children and young people with symptoms of posttraumatic stress. However, reports are limited in the use of the EMDR psychotherapy approach in situations of ongoing violence and trauma. This case study describes work with 7 children in an area of ongoing violence who were subject to repeat traumas during the course of an EMDR psychotherapy intervention, using a group protocol. Results indicate that the EMDR approach can be effective in a group setting, and in an acute situation, both in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic and peritraumatic stress and in "inoculation" or building resilience in a setting of ongoing conflict and trauma. Given the need for such applications, further research is recommended regarding EMDR's ability to increase personal resources in such settings. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder Cognitive Processes Conflict Intifada Group Psychotherapy Multiple Traumatic Events Palestinians Psychotherapeutic Processes Recent Events Resilience Group Therapy Survivors School Age Children Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

173. Shapiro, F. (2012, November). Building sustainable mental health services in war-torn and disaster-affected areas. Presentation at the 28th Annual Meeting of the ISTSS, Los Angeles, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The after effects of trauma can be transmitted across generations, resulting in ongoing cycles of violence and pain that affect individuals, families and societies. For those people and organizations working in countries in need of significant conflict prevention, mediation, reconstruction and reconciliation, these unprocessed memories can present a grave challenge. EMDR therapy is an empirically supported treatment for trauma. Since it does not demand a description of the event, it has proved successful in those cultures where self-disclosure is problematic. Since it does not need homework, it can also be implemented on consecutive days, making it amenable to the use of field teams after both natural and manmade disasters. Program evaluations have documented positive and rapid treatment effects using both individual and group protocols. The EMDR-Humanitarian Assistance Programs (HAP) is a global network of volunteer educator/clinicians working to prevent and/or remediate the psychological aftereffects of trauma. HAP projects worldwide have provided education about trauma and stabilization techniques, and taught local clinicians how to provide both individual and group treatment in war-torn and disaster-affected areas. The primary goal is to train clinicians to build sustainable mental health services that will meet not only immediate crisis needs, but also comprehensively serve future generations.

Keywords: Disasters War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

174. Waters, F. S., Potgieter, R., & Yehuda, N. (2011, November). But they are too young to be traumatized!. Presentation at the 28th annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation, Montreal, Quebec.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
All too often it is assumed that infants or young children are too young to remember frightening, painful, and confusing experiences, and therefore will not suffer harm because they are too young to be traumatized. Clinical experience; however, as well as research on neurobiology of trauma, child development, and attachment, tell a different story. While very often not verbalized, overwhelming early experiences are nonetheless remembered implicitly. As such they tend to find expression in a myriad of debilitating emotional and somatic symptoms across a persons life span; even into adulthood. Understanding how early trauma can affect the child developmentally, and how it might be expressed, is crucial not only to clinicians treating children but also to those working with adults. It is through understanding early traumatic markers and the subtle, often coded signs, sometimes rooted as far back as infancy, that one can begin the process of untangling these symptoms and freeing the individual from a lifetime of pain, suffering, and failed relationships. This workshop will examine the types of early traumamedical, severe neglect, all forms of abuse, disrupted attachmentand how these traumatic experiences impact the young child from birth to five years. The signs and symptoms of traumatized and dissociative children, as well as available research on the topic will be described, along with case examples. The need for careful interpretation of often convoluted and subtle symptoms will be explained. Accurate interpretation of a childs presentation relies on understanding the neurobiology of trauma and dissociation. That, as well as understanding the impact on child development and attachment is crucial for effective intervention. Strategies such as Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) and involvement of caregivers in the therapy will be described. Videoed sessions and artwork describing the young traumatized child's inner world and recovery process will augment the presentation.

Keywords: Children Infants

Accuracy Verified: Yes

175. Feske, U., & Goldstein, A. J. (1998). Can EMDR be used to treat panic disorder?. Clinician's Research Digest, 16(5), 3.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract: 43 outpatients with DSM-III-R panic disorder were randomly assigned to receive 6 sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), the same treatment but omitting the eye movement, or to a waiting list. Posttest comparisons showed EMDR to be more effective in alleviating panic and panic-related symptoms than the waiting-list procedure. Compared with the same treatment without the eye movement, EMDR led to greater improvement on 2 of 5 primary outcome measures at posttest. However, EMDR's advantages had dissipated 3 months after treatment, thereby failing to firmly support the usefulness of the eye movement component in EMDR treatment for panic disorder. [Author Abstract].
Examined whether eye movement desensitization and reprocessing can be used to treat panic disorder. This research appeared in Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 1026-1035.

Keywords: Panic Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

176. Sabey, A. (2001, May). Can EMDR be used within a client-centred (non-directive) play therapy sessions?. Poster presented at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, London, UK .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The purpose of this exploratory study was to see whether EMDR could he incorporated into a Client-Centred model of Play Therapy, to enable children and adolescents to more rapidly process traumatic memories, thereby enhancing the therapeutic process. The Client-Centred (non-directive) Play Therapy model is now well recognised as a way of helping children and adolescents who have experienced psychological trauma to work through their experiences in a way that is both empowering and non-threatening. It is based on Rogerian principles (Rogers 1951), with the philosophy that given the right therapeutic conditions the children, like adults, have an innate drive towards health. The child leads the way, and the therapist follows. I have struggled to see how EMDR can fit comfortably within a client-centered play therapy model, although I recognise that Shapiro describes the model as client-centred. To test a hypothesis that EMDR could be integrated into a client-centred play therapy approach, three children were identified. All 3 were waiting for some regular weekly client-centred play therapy sessions, within the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, in West Yorkshire. The subject of the study were two girls, one aged 8 years old and the other aged 14 years with a mild learning disability, and a boy who was 13 years old. All three had experienced complex psychological trauma including sexual abuse. My dilemma was whether it was in fact possible to introduce EMDR within the sessions, and if so, how to do this in a way that enhanced the therapeutic process and did not intrude. The sessions were set up introducing the EMDR protocol alongside setting up the client-centred play therapy sessions. Each child was offered 10-12 weekly sessions. In this presentation I will summarise my findings and hope to show how possible ways the two approaches can be integrated.

Keywords: Children Play Therapy Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

177. Larson, J., & Rodriguez, C. (2000, September). Can EMDR bring about a remission in Parkinsonism?. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) understand the neurophysiology of Parkinsonism; 2) learn current theories about the cause of Parkinsonism; 3) understand a new hypothesis about psychological causation; 4) identify how EMDR might remove blocks in neuronal pathways; 5) learn how to measure changes in Parkisonism severity; 6) experience from a case how EMDR can be used in treatment and 7) see how Parkinsonism improved with the use of EMDR.

Keywords: Parkinsonism

Accuracy Verified: Yes

178. Rodriguez, T. (2013, January/February). Can eye movements treat trauma?. Scientific American Mind, 23(6), 9-9.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
The article focuses on the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research supports the concept of using eye movements in reducing the symptoms of PTSD. Researchers note that eye movements strip the patients' troubling memories of vividness and its distress. They discover the outperformed tones of eye movements in mitigating memories' vividness and emotional intensity level.

Keywords: Eye Movements Memory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

179. Forgash, C., Leeds, A., Stramrood, C. A. I., & Robbins, A. (2013). Case consultation: Traumatized pregnant woman. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7(1), 45-49. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.7.1.45.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Case consultation is a new regular feature in the Journal of EMDR Practice and Research in which a therapist requests assistance regarding a challenging case and responses are written by three experts. In this article, Amy Robbins, a certified eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapist from Atlanta, Georgia, briefly describes a challenging case in which a pregnant woman seeks treatment for trauma suffered in a tornado. The clinician asks if it is advisable to provide EMDR treatment and what concerns she should be aware of. The first expert, Carol Forgash, provides some general information about pregnancy and psychotherapy and outlines considerations, concerns, and contraindications for proceeding with EMDR. She recommends that if treatment is chosen, the therapist proceed with a recent trauma protocol to specifically target the traumatic memories of the recent tornado. The second expert, Andrew Leeds, comments on the absence of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or other scientific reports exploring the safety of EMDR treatment of pregnant women. He states that pregnant women with symptoms of posttraumatic stress should understand that there is a high probability that EMDR will improve maternal quality of life and that the risks of adverse effects on stability of pregnancy are probably low, but that these remain unknown. The third expert, Claire Stramrood, explains that the few case studies that evaluated EMDR during pregnancy have found positive effects but pertained to women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following childbirth. She asserts that once obstetricians have been consulted, women have been informed about possible risks and benefits, and, given their informed consent, they should be able to choose to commence EMDR therapy during pregnancy.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Pregnancy PTSD Tornado

Accuracy Verified: Yes

180. Bower, R. D., & Bernstein, M. A. (2004). Case presentation of a tattoo-mutilated, Bosnian torture survivor. Torture, 14(1), 16-24.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Torture is used to create fear, destroy individuals and communities, and to suppress unwanted political or religious views. The survivor of torture often endures significant physical and psychological trauma. The basis for treating this trauma varies according to individual needs, community resources, programme designs, and cultural acceptance. The case presented here focuses on torture occurring during the Bosnian conflict of 1992 and demonstrates how the utilisation of a community-based, multidisciplinary network model can be effective in helping survivors through the recovery process. The unique circumstances of the study identify factors of imprisonment, rape, deprivation, physical violence and, particularly, body mutilation through tattooing. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Bosnians Case Report Cognitive Therapy Depressive Disorders Disfigurement Drug Therapy Females Generalized Anxiety Disorder Middle Aged Muslims Plastic Surgery Treatment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Refugees Survivors Torture Yugoslav of Secession

Accuracy Verified: Yes

181. Fang, L. (2005, June). Case presentation: “Relative mild negative situations” - 2 single session cases using the standard EMDR protocol. In "EMDR in action." Part 2. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
It has proven that EMDR is successful in helping people who have experienced psychological difficulties that originate from some kind of traumatic experience. I used standard EMDR protocol successfully in single session for two persons who experience short negative moments. One client was a young man who had intrusive recalls of the male acquaintance telling him about oral sex intercourse between men that happened 38 hours before he asked for psychological help. The other client was a young nurse, one of my colleagues, who was scolded and threatened by the husband of a patient less than 2 hours ago before I did EMDR for her. They both had moment of trauma was very precise and very short: the moment the words were spoken. The recent events don't have several hot spots (difficult affect laden moments in the experience), but just one clearly shocking moment. So I used standard protocol and it helped stabilizing them very quickly, they both retouched their resources quickly. Two months later, I followed up my colleague. She was still stable and had the same positive cognition about the negative moment.

Keywords: China Psychotrauma Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

182. Lovett, J. M. (1994). Case report: Treating a toddler with EMDR. EMDR Network Newsletter, 4(3), 10.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
A 20-month-old Chinese boy was referred to me by his pediatrician because of symptoms which began immediately after an automobile accident. The accident occurred when a car spun out of control on the freeway and smashed into the side of a car driven by the child's uncle. All of the doors of the car were temporarily jammed, and the family panicked when they could not get out. The uncle sustained some physical injuries, but did not require hospitalization. The toddler was examined by his pediatrician and did not have any signs of a physical injury. However, for the month following the accident, the toddler awakened crying several times nightly. During the day he was irritable, cried easily, and was frequently angry.

Keywords: Children Toddler

Accuracy Verified: Yes

183. Kim, D., & Kim, K-I. (2004, January). A case series of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in 30 psychiatric patients: Korean experience. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 43(1), 113-118.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an emerging psychotherapeutic technique for posttraumatic stress disorder and other conditions associated with psychological trauma. The effectiveness of this technique has been reported among North American and European populations; however, research on it's effectiveness among other ethnocultural groups is sparse. This is the first clinical study of EMDR in Korea with 30 Korean psychiatric patients in two clinical settings. METHODS: Diagnostically heterogeneous group of 30 psychiatric patients underwent a mean of 3.13 (95%CI=2.54-3.73) sessions of EMDR. The Clinical Global Impression-Change scale (CGI-C) was administered one week and six months after the termination of treatment. Results: Participants had a mean CGI-C score of 1.80 (95%CI=1.44-2.16). We designated as 'responders' those who were 'very much improved' or 'much improved' on the CGI-C, 23 (77%) After six months, 19/23 (83%) still characterized as remaimed responders. All the patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, phobia, and grief reaction were responders, and those with personality disorder nonresponders. Results for depressive and other disorders were mixed. Conclusion: Despite methodological limitations, results from this study suggest that the EMDR can be applied to Korean psychiatric patients.

Keywords: Korea Psychiatric Patients

Accuracy Verified: Yes

184. Bae, H., Kim, D., & Ahn, J. (2006, September). A case series of post-traumatic obsessive compulsive disorder: A six month follow-up evaluation. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 45(5), 476-480.

Language: Korean

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A number of recent case reports and series indicate that obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) can develop after traumatic experience as a comorbid conditon to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These descriptive studies consistently addressed that those patients respond poorly to treatments and had an unfavorable outcome. However, this conclusion was not supported by prospective follow up with objective measurement of symptomatology. This report presents three single trauma-related PTSD patients who developed full-blown OCD concurrently with or after the initiation of PTSD. These patients represent 10% of new PTSD outpatients at a PTSD clinic during one year period and 25% of PTSD patients who had been admitted. In all three cases compulsion seemed to distract or serve as avoidance to intrusive symptoms of PTSD. Despite Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and/or exposure therapy for PTSD together with at least two antidepressant trials for PTSD and OCD, at six month follow-up PTSD partially improved and OCD remained unchanged. This finding is consistent with previous reports from western literature (KoreaMed).

Keywords: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder OCD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

185. Lipke, H., & Botkin, A. (1992, Winter). Case studies of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 29(4), 591-595. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.29.4.591.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Five hospitalized Vietnam combat veterans with chronic PTSD were treated with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), a new psychotherapeutic procedure. Changes in previously refractory symptoms of intrusiveness and arousal were noted for some subjects. The variability of effects was examined in terms of subject variables and therapist training with the procedure. REM sleep findings and studies of cognitive concomitant of waking eye movement were considered in efforts to understand EMDR effects. The overall results suggest that: (1) EMDR can be a powerful clinical tool in the treatment of PTSD, and (2) further research is strongly recommended. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults African Americans Empirical Study European Americans Males Middle Aged Psychiatric Inpatients PTSD Veterans Vietnam War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

186. Cartwright, L. (2000, September-October). Case Studies: Expanding our tool kit: A new technique that compliments TFT and EMDR. Family Therapy Networker, 24(5), 71-82.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
In recent years, increasing numbers of therapists have discovered the effectiveness of neurologically based therapy techniques, such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Thought Field Therapy (TFT), not only for trauma, but for a wide range of problems, including anxiety, anger, grief and phobias. Like most therapeutic approaches, however, they provide remarkable results for one client and little or no results for another, no matter how skilled the therapist. Even more mysterious, they can significantly help a client with one problem, but not with a different problem. For instance, Sarah, age 40, had been suffering from depression for five years. The depression was triggered by the death of her father, loss of a good-paying job due to downsizing and her fiance's breaking off their engagement--all within a one-year period. After six months of increasing anxiety and worsening depression (accompanied by low energy, disinterest in life and withdrawal from social situations), Sarah entered therapy. Biweekly sessions for the next three years, which frequently included EMDR, significantly reduced her anxiety, but did not alleviate the depression. Nor did antidepressants. Years before, I had had a similar experience. EMDR had sharply reduced my obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but didn't help my depression. TFT eliminated recurring anger, but also didn't help my depression.

In the course of five years of research into neurologically based approaches, I happened upon a working hypothesis that explains such inconsistent results. The side-to-side eye movements of EMDR that activate the left and right hemispheres of the brain seem to help people resolve problems based on a lack of communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. The tapping, or front/back stimulation of acupuncture points, in TFT is effective when there is a lack of communication between the front and back of the nervous system (controlled by the energy center, well known to acupuncturists and martial artists, that lies below the navel). And since we are three-dimensional creatures, I hypothesized that some problems stem from a lack of communication between the top and bottom of the nervous system as well, which I correlate with the brain and the enteric nervous system of the digestive tract (the source of gut feelings). Working from this hypothesis, I have also developed processes to reintegrate the top/bottom dimension.

I have found that although certain emotions tend to be based within a given neurological dimension (indecisiveness is often in left/right, anxiety in front/back and depression in top/bottom, for example), a client may experience any emotion as a block within any dimension or combination of dimensions. As a result, depending upon both the client and the specific problem being addressed, a therapist might need to use techniques that facilitate integration of the left/right, front/back and/or top/bottom dimensions of the nervous system. When a client is blocked within two or three dimensions of the nervous system, working within just one dimension will sometimes activate healing across the entire nervous system. If this does not happen, it is then necessary to work in the remaining dimensions.

From these hypotheses I developed a system called Shifting Consciousness through Dimensions (SCtD), which provides therapists ways to assess the dimension(s) the client is blocked in, processes to identify, if necessary, which dimension to start with and specific integrating techniques for each dimension.

Keywords: TFT Thought Field Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

187. Mackey, C. (2008年10月). Case study of psychological treatment including EMDR for a PTSD associated with witnessing a fatal accident 目击致命意外的PTSD患者的心理治疗(包括EMDR)个案研究(英文)]. 論文發表在第五屆世界心理治療大會論，北京，中國 [Presentation at the 5th World Congress for Psychotherapy, Beijing, China].

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Presented in English
Treatment interventions were offered within a cognitive-behavioural framework and included psychoeducation and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprogramming.

治疗是在以认知行为疗法，内含的心理教育和眼动脱敏再加工疗法的框架下进行的…

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Vicarious Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

188. Mackey, C. (2008, April). Case study of psychological treatment including EMDR for PTSD associated with witnessing a fatal accident. Presentation at the annual meeting for the European Society for Trauma and Dissociation, Belfast, Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Motor Vehicle Accident Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Road Accident

Accuracy Verified: No

189. Loris, M., & Johnson, D. R. (2001, December). Case study: Client treatment preference and imaginal exposure in three cognitive behavioral PTSD treatment. Poster presented at the 17th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: This case discussion will examine the intervention of EMDR (Shapiro, 1989), Prolonged Exposure (Foa, Rothbaum, Riggs & Murdock, 1990), and the Counting Method (Ochberg, 1996) on three adult female patients with PTSD symptoms. A recent treatment outcome study of 40 female trauma victims (Johnson and Lubin, 2001 in press) comparing these three treatments finds that the efficacy of the three treatments is supported and that the element of imaginal exposure may be the critical therapeutic factor. The presentation of these three cases focuses on the issue of client’s treatment preference and client personality traits as factors which may interface with imaginal exposure in treatment efficacy.

Keywords: Counting Method Prolonged Exposure Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

190. Cohen, A. (1997, October). Case study: EMDR in hospital intervention. EMDRIA Newsletter, 2(5), 7, 13-16.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
The therapeutic effectiveness of EMDR has bee well document since 1989, but the technique is far from reaching optimal utilization in the clinical and psychological world. The following is a case in which the improvement of the patient was rapid, possibly even astounding to those who are unfamiliar with EMDR. The implications of this treatment for me, however, were much further reaching. Many of the points outlined in the theoretical training sessions were brought home most strongly and many more priceless pieces of advice for those who wish to be of assistance to someone involved in a traumatic incident were made clearly apparent.

Keywords: Hospital Intervention

Accuracy Verified: Yes

191. Rosental, V. (2009, Febrero 3). Caso clínico de horacio (Pedro). Trastorno por estrés postraumático crónico [Case report of Horace (Peter). Chronic PTSD]. DePsicoterapias S.R.L. Retrieved from http://www.depsicoterapias.com/articulo.asp?IdArticulo=469 4/6/2010.

Language: Spanish

Format: Other

Abstract:
Paciente que consulta a los 36 años de edad. Al momento de la consulta estaba realizando tratamientos psiquiátrico y psicológico sin resultados desde el año 1995, con un diagnóstico de Ataque de Pánico. El comienzo del problema es después de la guerra de las Malvinas. Es en el año 1985 cuando él decide consultar por primera vez porque no se sentía bien, se encontraba muy nervioso e irritable. El médico clínico, después de varios exámenes de rutina le manifiesta que se encuentra bien, aunque le prescribe un ansiolítico, psicofármaco que tomo por 11 años, hasta el año 1996. En ese año es derivado a un psiquiatra y a un psicólogo por sus reiteradas visitas a la guardia. Había estado en la guerra de las Malvinas como conscripto. Al volver, no podía concentrarse, por lo cual decidió abandonar sus estudios terciarios faltándo un año para recibirse. Se aisló además de todos sus amigos. Se casa con su vecina con quien tiene dos hijos. Presentaba dificultades maritales e inestabilidad laboral.

Patient refers to the 36 years of age. At the time of the consultation being conducted psychiatric and psychological treatments with no results since 1995, with a diagnosis of Panic Attack. The beginning of the problem is after the Falklands war. It was in 1985 when he choose to go first because he felt well, was very nervous and irritable. The clinician, after several routine tests it shows that he's fine, but prescribed an anxiolytic, psychoactive drug that took for 11 years until 1996. In that year is referred to a psychiatrist and a psychologist for his repeated visits to the emergency. He had been in the Falklands war as a conscript. Upon returning, he could not concentrate, so it decided to abandon their tertiary studies a year to graduate. Was isolated in addition to all his friends. He married his neighbor with whom he has two children. Had marital difficulties and job instability.

Keywords: Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Chronic PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

192. ten Broeke, E. (2009). Casus 11 – ‘Ze moeten me niet… en dat is terecht’: Zelfbeeldreparatie bij een sociaal angstige jonge vrouw [Case 11 - “They do not like me ... and rightly so": Self-image repair in a a socially anxious young woman.]. In H. K. Hornsveld & S. Berendsen (Eds.), Casusboek EMDR, 25 voorbeelden uit de praktijk (1st Ed.), (pp. 169-178). Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum. doi:10.1007/978-90-313-7358-1_17.

Language: Dutch

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Suzanne is 30 jaar als ze zich aanmeldt voor behandeling van al lang bestaande en zich steeds verder uitbreidende angst en onzekerheid in het contactmet mensen. Het is niet de eerste keer dat zij behandeling zoekt. Een aantal jaren eerder werd zij behandeld met een min of meer geprotocolleerde cognitieve gedragstherapie binnen een Riagg. De resultaten vielen echter tegen en hoewel zij een aantal zinvolle gedragsveranderingen doorvoerde en zich had getraind in een meer realistische manier van denken, staakte zij teleurgesteld de behandeling. Niet in het minst omdat de behandelaar geen mogelijkheden zag de behandeling aan te passen aan het specifieke van Suzannes klachten. Nu zoekt Suzanne opnieuw hulp. Ze heeft via-via gehoord dat EMDR – in combinatie met cognitieve gedragstherapie – vaak goede resultaten geeft bij (sociale) angst.

Suzanne is 30 years when they register for treatment of longstanding and ever expanding contactmet fear and insecurity in people. It is not the first time they seeking treatment. A few years earlier she was treated with a more or less within a manualized cognitive behavioral Mental Health. The results were, however, opposed and even though they had implemented a number of meaningful changes in behavior and had trained in a more realistic way of thinking, disappointed they stopped the treatment. Not least because the therapist saw no possibility of treatment to suit the specific complaints of Suzanne. Now looking for help again Suzanne. She has heard through-via EMDR - in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy - often with good results (social) anxiety.

Keywords: Self-Image Social Anxiety Women

Accuracy Verified: Yes

193. Groenendijk, M. (2009). Casus 14 – Ik! Ben! Goed!: Een cliënte van 55 jaar met een dissociatieve identiteitsstoornis (DIS) [Case 14 - I! Am! Good!: A woman of 55 years with a dissociative identity disorder (DIS)]. In H. K. Hornsveld & S. Berendsen (Eds.), Casusboek EMDR, 25 voorbeelden uit de praktijk (1st Ed.), (pp. 205-222). Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum. doi:10.1007/978-90-313-7358-1_21.

Language: Dutch

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Miranda is 55 jaar en getrouwd met Peter, garagehouder. Zij hebben twee volwassen kinderen (een zoon en een dochter) en twee kleinkinderen. Miranda woont in een klein dorp in het noorden van het land. Tot acht jaar geleden werkte ze als administratief medewerkster op een kantoor, maar zij kwam in de ziektewet wegens problemen op het werk en in haar huwelijk. Ze meldde zich aan voor behandeling en bij haar werd als diagnose gesteld: reactieve depressie en sociale fobie bij een persoonlijkheid met ontwijkende trekken. Na een ambulante start werd ze aangemeld voor klinische psychotherapie en gedurende deze opname kwam voor het eerst haar geschiedenis met ernstig seksueel misbruik ter sprake. Op de deeltijdbehandeling die daarop volgde, kreeg ze steeds meer last van dissociatieve klachten. Ook thuis namen deze klachten toe en kreeg ze woedeaanvallen. Ze ging's nachts geregeld zwerven. Ze werd heropgenomen en nu werd de diagnose DIS gesteld. In de kliniek werden in het kader van traumaverwerking enkele EMDR-sessies gedaan, maar dit had weinig resultaat. Miranda herinnert zich er nauwelijks iets van.

Miranda is 55 years and married to Peter, mechanic. They have two grown children (a son and a daughter) and two grandchildren. Miranda lives in a small village in the north of the country. Until eight years ago she worked as an administrative assistant at an office, but she was on sick leave due to problems at work and in her marriage. She signed up for treatment and was considered its diagnosis: reactive depression and social phobia with avoidant personality in a draw. After a patient start, she was signed up for clinical psychotherapy and during this recording first came her history with sexual abuse seriously discussed. On the day hospital treatment that followed, she was increasingly suffering from dissociative symptoms. Also took home these complaints, and she rages. She went regularly roam at night. She was re-recorded and now the diagnosis was made DIS. In the clinic under some EMDR trauma processing sessions done, but this had little effect. Miranda remembers hardly anything.

Keywords: DID Dissociative Identity Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

194. Struik, A. (2009). Casus 18 – Getraumatiseerd door een eigen misdrijf: Behandeling van een 15-jarig meisje dat vrijkomt uit de jeugdgevangenis [Case 18 – Traumatized by my own crime: Treatment of a 15-year-old girl who is realeased from a youth detention center]. In H. K. Hornsveld & S. Berendsen (Eds.), Casusboek EMDR, 25 voorbeelden uit de praktijk (1st Ed.), (pp. 259-264). Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum. doi:10.1007/978-90-313-7358-1_26.

Language: Dutch

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Gea is een meisje van 15 jaar met PDD-NOS (een stoornis in het autistisch spectrum; zie kader in de inleiding bij deel VI), waarvoor ze in behandeling is binnen de kinder- en jeugdpsychiatrie. Ze heeft gesprekken met een van mijn collega's waarin psycho-educatie centraal staat. Haar ouders hebben ouderbegeleiding omte leren omgaanmet de handicap van hun dochter. Gea leeft in haar eigen wereld en het is voor haar moeilijk om zich in te leven in gedachten en gevoelens van de mensen om haar heen. Ze reageert vaak vanuit haar eigen behoeften en gevoelens op anderen.

Gea is a girl of 15 years with PDD-NOS (a disorder in the autistic spectrum, see box in the introduction to Part VI), which it is pending in the juvenile and adolescent psychiatry. She talks with one of my colleagues that psychological education is central. Her parents learn to parent guidance omte omgaanmet their daughter's disability. Gea lives in her own world and it is difficult for her to act to live in thoughts and feelings of the people around her. She often responds from its own needs and feelings to others.

Keywords: Adolescents Crime Detention Center PDD-NOS

Accuracy Verified: Yes

195. Verster, M (2009). Casus 22 – Vage kinderherinnering als sleutel naar herstel: Vaginismeklachten bij een jonge vrouw [Case 22 – A vague childhood memory as the key to recovery: Vaginismus symptoms in a young woman]. In H. K. Hornsveld & S. Berendsen (Eds.), Casusboek EMDR, 25 voorbeelden uit de praktijk (1st Ed.), (pp. 305-311). Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum. doi:10.1007/978-90-313-7358-1_32.

Language: Dutch

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Eva wordt naar mij verwezen nadat verschillende behandelingen in verband met vaginisme geen resultaat hadden. Eva is 24 jaar en heeft zolang zij zich kan heugen problemen met vrijen. Vanaf haar eerste seksuele ervaring toen zij 16 jaar was heeft zij last van pijn bij het vrijen en lukt het haar niet om geslachtsgemeenschap te hebben. Eva heeft sinds viereneenhalf jaar een vaste relatie en woont sinds een jaar samen. Eva is tevreden over haar relatie, al is seksualiteit sluimerend altijd een beladen onderwerp tussen hen beiden gebleven.

Eve is referred to me after several treatments related to vaginismus had not produced. Eva is 24 years and as long as they can remember problems with sex. From her first sexual experience when she was 16 she in pain during sex and she managed not to have sexual intercourse. Eva has been four and a half years a steady relationship and has lived together one year. Eva is happy about her relationship, though dormant sexuality is always a charged issue between them remained.

Keywords: Vaginismus Women

Accuracy Verified: Yes

196. Kok, W. (2009). Casus 23 – Op leeftijd: Een 70+-dame met gestagneerde rouw en een beroerte in de voorgeschiedenis [Case 23 - Elderly: A 70 + lady with complicated mourning and a stroke in her medical history], (pp 313-318. In H. K. Hornsveld & S. Berendsen (Eds.), Casusboek EMDR, 25 voorbeelden uit de praktijk (1st Ed.), (pp. 313-318). Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum. doi:10.1007/978-90-313-7358-1_33 .

Language: Dutch

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Mevrouw Akersloot is een vrouw van in de zeventig. Zij werd verwezen door haar neuroloog, in verband met slaapproblemen en irrationele angsten. De klachten hielden verband met traumatische gebeurtenissen. In 2004 was zij opgenomen op de afdeling Neurologie in verband met een CVA (cerebrovasculair accident; een beroerte). Zij herstelde daar goed van en er bleken geen tekenen van een beginnende dementie aanwezig te zijn. Ook de fysiotherapeutische behandeling die zij kreeg in verband met instabiliteit bij het staan en lopen, had goed geholpen.

Ms. Akersloot is a woman in her seventies. She was referred by her neurologist, because of sleeplessness and irrational fears. The complaints were related to traumatic events. In 2004 she was included in the Department of Neurology associated with a stroke (cerebrovascular accident, a stroke). She recovered well and there were no signs of an incipient dementia present. The physiotherapy treatment they received in connection with instability when standing and walking, had good help.

Keywords: Grief Complicated Mourning Old Age Elderly Stroke

Accuracy Verified: Yes

197. Went, M. (2009). Casus 8 – Ik kijk echt met andere ogen!: Via moeder worden de problemen met haar 3-jarige dochter behandeld [Case 8 - I really look with new eyes! Through the mother the problems with her 3-year-old daughter are treated]. In H. K. Hornsveld & S. Berendsen (Eds.), Casusboek EMDR, 25 voorbeelden uit de praktijk (1st Ed.), (pp. 129-141). Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum. doi:10.1007/978-90-313-7358-1_13.

Language: Dutch

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Yvonne en Robert, ouders van dochter Eva van ruim 3 jaar en zoon Koen van ruim 1 jaar, melden hun dochter aan in verband met ernstige gedragsproblemen. Ze verleidt hen de hele dag tot een verbale strijd. Zij is in het gezin allesbepalend en erg negatief tegen haar broertje. Ze is snel overspoeld bij drukte en onverwachte gebeurtenissen. Eva krijgt woedebuien waarmee ze haar ouders angstig maakt. ‘Ze kijkt dwars door je heen.’

Yvonne and Robert, parents of daughter Eva and son Koen than 3 years of over one year, send their daughter associated with severe behavioral problems. She seduces them all day until a verbal battle. It determines everything in the family and very negative against her brother. She's soon overwhelmed by crowds and unexpected events. Eva gets her rage rainfall which makes parents anxious. 'She looks right through you. "

Keywords: Children Daughters Mothers

Accuracy Verified: Yes

198. McFarlane, A. (2003, October-November). CBT vs. EMDR in the treatment of PTSD. In B. A. van der Kolk (Chair), Treatment outcome studies of PTSD. Symposium conducted at the 19th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Treatment Outcome Studies of PTSD: This symposium presents three large carefully controlled treatment outcome studies using four different treatment modalities (CBT, EMDR, psychopharmacology and Cognitive Processing) and presents data on comparative efficacy, treatment responsiveness and resistance, effects on comorbidity, quality of life, and biological changes that accompany symptom improvement.

CBT vs. EMDR in the treatment of PTSD: 114 subjects were randomized into the study, but only 45 completed up to week 10. The subjects in the study comprise 45 sufferers of Post traumatic stress disorder as defined by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) (caps score > 50, and who satisfied criteria A,B,C and D for PTSD diagnosis) and the PCL-C (PCL-C>50). All subjects were victims of a traumatic experience and were recruited through newspaper or radio advertisements, referrals from private practitioners (18 subjects) or through the State Government Insurance Commission (SGIC) (27 subjects). Subjects were randomised into one of three treatments. Fourteen subjects received EMDR, 21 received CBT and 10 were control subjects. The mean age of the sample was 41.38 (SD=11.55) with the minimum age of 19 and the maximum age of 61. Sixteen of the subjects were male and 29 were female. During the treatment period 17 of the subjects were taking antidepressants and 6 were taking anxiolytics. Approximately half of the sample was married (22 subjects 48.9%), 12 had never married, 4 were separated, 1 was defacto and 6 were divorced. The mean number of treatment sessions for the entire sample was 8.53 (SD 1.65). Out of the 45 participants in the study, 26 had suffered only one single trauma in their lives, 11 had experienced several single traumas, 3 had suffered one ongoing trauma and 5 individuals had suffered at least one ongoing and one specific trauma. The following results were performed on the treatment groups (total 35 subjects), with the control group being excluded from all analyses. All subjects, were aged between 18 and 65, lived in metropolitan Adelaide and had an adequate command of English (reading and writing).All subjects gave informed consent to the study and expressed their willingness to comply with the protocol. Subjects with a history of adult seizure disorder, organic brain disease or who were assessed to be at significant suicide risk (a score of 3 or more on suicide question in HAM-D), were excluded from the study, as were subjects taking psychotropic drugs (anticonvulsive/ antipsychotic) or sedatives more than 4 times a week. All assessment and treatment sessions were conducted at the University of Adelaide Department of Psychiatry at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital. Assessment sessions were conducted by trained research assistants and all therapy sessions were conducted by a clinical psychologist, trained in both EMDR and CBT. Subjects were assessed for suitability to enter the study via an initial screening instrument (sent out to subjects in the post) and an initial screening interview. Patients were further evaluated at week 0 (baseline/immediately prior to commencement of treatment), 3, 4, 6, 8 10, 20 (10 week followup).

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

199. Herbert, C. (2002, June). A CBT-based therapeutic alternative to working with complex client problems. European Journal of Psychotherapy, Counseling & Health, 5(2), 135-144.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This paper offers a therapeutic alternative to working with complex client problems, based on a cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) approach, which is informed by a combination of schema-focussed cognitive behavioural therapy (McGinn and Young 1996; Young 1994; Padesky 1994; Pretzer and Fleming 1989), specialized cognitive behaviourally-focussed trauma therapy (Herbert 1996, 2001, 2002a, 2002b; Herbert and Wetmore 1999, 2001), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing techniques (EMDR - Shapiro 1995) and mindfulness techniques (Bennett-Goleman 2001; Teasdale et al. 1995; Kabat-Zinn 1994; Linehan 1993). This paper attempts to illustrate how such an approach might be applied to working with complex client problems, such as Tracey's, by addressing some of the therapeutic issues that have been highlighted in the original case study of Tracey by her therapist and introducing an alternative understanding of these.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Countertransference Distress Phenomenology Physical Manifestations Psychoanalysis Psychotherapy Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Psychological Distress Psychosomatic Phenomena Self Destructive Behavior Self Harm Somatoform Disorders Thinking Trauma Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

200. Herbert, C. (2002, May). A CBT-based therapeutic alternative to working with complex client problems. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Frankfurt, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: This paper offers a therapeutic alternative to working with complex client problems, based on a cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) approach, which is informed by a combination of schema-focussed cognitive behavioural therapy (McGinn and Young 1996; Young 1994; Padesky 1994; Pretzer and Fleming 1989), specialized cognitive behaviourally-focussed trauma therapy (Herbert 1996, 2001, 2002a, 2002b; Herbert and Wetmore 1999, 2001), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing techniques (EMDR - Shapiro 1995) and mindfulness techniques (Bennett-Goleman 2001; Teasdale et al. 1995; Kabat-Zinn 1994; Linehan 1993). This paper attempts to illustrate how such an approach might be applied to working with complex client problems, such as Tracey's, by addressing some of the therapeutic issues that have been highlighted in the original case study of Tracey by her therapist and introducing an alternative understanding of these.[Taylor-Francis]

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Counseling Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

201. McLaughlin, D. F., McGowan, I. W., Paterson, M. C., & Miller, P. W. (2008, September). Cessation of deliberate self harm following eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing: A case report. Cases Journal, 1, 177-180. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-1-177.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
We present a case report of an eighteen year old female patient presenting with a psychological trauma related complaint. Part of the manifestation of the complaint included acts of self cutting over a number of years. Following two sessions of Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing with one of the authors (DM) her self cutting ceased. This is maintained at thirteen months follow up. We conclude that Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing may be an effective treatment option in reducing repeat self harm where traumatic events are noted to be the precursor to deliberate self harm.[Author abstract]

Keywords: Self Harm

Accuracy Verified: Yes

202. Miller, P., McGowan, I., McLaughlin, D., & Paterson, M. (2010, April). Cessation of symptoms associated with dissociative schizophrenia following EMDR. Presentation at 2nd Bi-Annual International European Society for Trauma and Dissociation Conference, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: Background: Despite over a 100 years experience with schizophrenia it is still only a minority of individuals who make a full recovery. Schizophrenia is a severe enduring mental illness (SMI) and the weight of burden falls with regard to legal problems, stigma and life expectancy: life expectancy in this group of individuals is reduced by 10 years, mostly as a consequence of suicide.
Aim: The aim of the presentation is to highlight the potential of EMDR as a treatment option in patients displaying symptoms associated with dissociative schizophrenia. Using a case study approach we will demonstrate the effectiveness of EMDR in relieving the symptoms of dissociative schizophrenia.
Case Study: In Patient ‘M’ using an EMDR paradigm integration was achieved using only outpatient therapy – 12 sessions, over the course of one year. Medication was used initially but made no impact on the psychotic phenomena; even when used within normally efficacious levels and duration. Naltrexone was used to help manage dissociation (Frewen & Lanius, 2006) and to facilitate Patient ‘M’ in engaging in EMDR. Patient ‘M’ is now nearly three years symptom free and medication free.
Conclusion: EMDR is effective in symptoms associated with dissociative symptoms.
Learning Outcomes By the end of the session participants will be able to; Gain an greater understanding of the clinical presentation of dissociative schizophrenia Discuss the potential of EMDR as a treatment option in patients displaying symptoms associated with dissociative schizophrenia

Keywords: Dissociative Schizophrenia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

203. Allen, J. G. (2003). Challenges in treating post-traumatic stress disorder and attachment trauma. Current Women’s Health Reports, 3, 213–220.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Treating women suffering from trauma poses significant challenges. The diagnostic prototype of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is based on single-event trauma, such as sexual assault in adulthood. Several effective cognitivebehavioral treatments for such traumas have been developed, although many treated patients continue to experience residual symptoms. Even more problematic is the complex developmental psychopathology stemming from a lifetime history of multiple traumas, often beginning with maltreatment in early attachment relationships. A history of attachment trauma undermines the development of capacities to regulate emotional distress and thereby complicates the treatment of acute trauma in adulthood. Such complex trauma requires a multifaceted treatment approach that must balance processing of traumatic memories with strategies to contain the intense emotions this processing evokes. Moreover, conducting such treatment places therapists at risk for secondary trauma such that trauma therapists also must process this stressful experience and implement strategies to regulate their own distress.

Keywords: Attachment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

204. Burns, M. (2009, March). The challenges of using EMDR with refugee and asylum seeking children/adolescents. Symposium conducted the 7th annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland Association, Manchester, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This paper discusses the use of EMDR with refugee and asylum seeking children and adolescents using clinical case examples and shares the clinician’s own personal reflections on the lessons learned. The challenges of working with this group are explored drawing on research findings as well as the clinician’s experiences. Language and cultural differences can act as barriers to assessing children’s mental health or their suitability for EMDR even though in some cases it might be thought of as the treatment of choice. Working with Interpreters is often a key feature of this therapeutic work. The challenges are discussed with direct reference to The British Psychology Society’s recently published guidelines. There are ongoing stresses for these children and young people associated with displacement and their current situation in the UK. These stresses contribute to their psychological distress. Fear of being sent home or mistrust may also prevent them from providing full and accurate information hindering the clinician from obtaining an accurate assessment or trauma history. The importance of good therapeutic skills as the basis of an EMDR Approach is highlighted drawing upon a host of interventions (behavioural, physical, cognitive and motivational) to support clients in building up their own resources so that they can manage their distress between sessions. The therapist’s role in managing expressed emotions within the sessions is examined, not forgetting the impact of this on the therapist.

Keywords: Adolescents Asylum Children Refugees Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

205. Wesselmann, D., & Potter, A. E. (2009). Change in adult attachment status following treatment with EMDR: Three case dtudies. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(3),178-191. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.3.178.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Three case studies illustrate pre- and post-eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) adult attachment status as measured by the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Two adult males and one adult female presented for outpatient therapy; all of them were categorized with an insecure or disorganized attachment status at pretreatment. All presented with symptoms of depression and anxiety and complaints regarding problems in their current marital and family relationships. The three patients received 10 to 15 EMDR sessions over the course of approximately 1 year, interspersed with talk therapy sessions for the purpose of debriefing and psychoeducation. The EMDR approach utilized all eight phases of treatment within the three-pronged approach. Following EMDR therapy, all three patients made positive changes in attachment status as measured by the AAI, and all three reported positive changes in emotions and relationships. This article provides an overview of the literature related to adult attachment categories and summarizes the effect of adult attachment status on emotional and social functioning. The rationale and scoring procedures for the AAI are explained.

Keywords: Adult Attachment Interview Attachment Outcome Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

206. Amen, D. G. (1999, June). Change your brain, change your life (EMDR not the focus). Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) learn the functions the problems associated with five different brain systems; 2) learn the impact of head injuries on psychological behavior; and 3) develop three psychological strategies for enhancing each different brain system.

Keywords: Brain Brain Systems Head Injuries SPECT

Accuracy Verified: Yes

207. Amen, D. G. (2003, September). Change your brain, change your life: Breakthrough information on seeing and healing the brain. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Denver, CO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Utilizing the latest, most sophistcated brain imaging technology in medicine, physician and clinical neuroscientist Daniel Amen will give you an intimate look into a "working brain." Based on his brain imaging work with over 16,000 brain SPECT studies, Dr.Amen will teach you what specific parts of the brain do, and graphically show what happens when things go wrong, illustrated by many case stories and a number of the actual brain images. He will correlate different brain patterns with specific feelings and behaviors, such as moodiness, irritability, conflict avoidance, worrying and temper outbursts, along with certain common psychiatric disorders such as depression, attenton deficit disorder, anxiety, and substance abuse. In addition, there will be prescriptions for healing each part of the brain, including cognitive, behavioral, nutritional and medicinal strategies.

Keywords: Brain SPECT

Accuracy Verified: Yes

208. Wesselman, D. (2009, June). Changes in attachment status in an adult survivor of abuse and neglect after six months of EMDR treatment. Keynote presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Amsterdam.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Ms. Wessleman presented a preview of a single case report she has in press in the Journal of EMDR showing significant changes in attachment status in an adult survivor of abuse and neglect after six months of EMDR treatment as measured by the Adult Attachment Interview. She also described research she now has nearly completed on treat of adult survivors who had completed 1 year of DBT group treatment and then were randomly assigned to either individual DBT or to EMDR treatment. She noted the high drop out rate from the group DBT treatment and indicated that the EMDR treatment group was unique in showing changed in PTSD related symptoms.

Keywords: Adult Attachment Interview Attachment DBT Dialectical Behavior Therapy Dropout Rates

Accuracy Verified: No

209. Inoue, N., Nawa, J., Katoh, T., & Shirakawa, M. (2010, July). Changes in personality functioning over the course of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing trauma therapy: Findings on the early changes. Poster presented at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objective: Although eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is said not only to reduce trauma-related symptoms but also to enhance ability to function in life, its effectiveness in other than reducing trauma-related symptoms has yet to be verified. The objective of this study was to explore the broad range of effectiveness of EMDR, especially changes in the personality functioning during the early phase of treatment. Methods: Using the non-randomized design, we assessed and compared the treatment changes in subjects treated with EMDR and subjects who participated in the psycho-education course of trauma. Eligible subjects were adult women who experienced human-caused trauma such as domestic violence, rape, or childhood abuse. The Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS) was used as the first outcome measure to evaluate personality functioning, and self-report questionnaires and a clinical interview for trauma-related symptoms were used as the secondary outcome measures. Subjects of both groups were assessed at the time of enrollment in the study and 4 months after the enrollment. We completed the evaluation of 5 and 6 subjects in the EMDR and the control group, respectively. Results: The CS index for self-esteem and self-concern was improved in the EMDR sample compared with the controls. Women treated with EMDR showed increased openness to internal and external stimuli (assessed by CS F%), whereas some women in the control group even developed a tendency to avoid internal and external stimuli after 4 months. Conclusion: The differences of early changes in personality functioning between the EMDR group and the controls will be discussed in detail.

Keywords: Changes in Personality Functioning Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

210. Frustaci, A., Lanza, G. A., Fernandez, F., di Giannantonio, M., & Pozzi, G. (2010). Changes in psychological symptoms and heart rate variability during EMDR treatment: A case series of subthreshold PTSD. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(1), 3-11. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.1.3 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Elevated psychophysiological parameters and heightened physiological reactivity to trauma-related cues are acquired changes following trauma exposure. Measuring improvement in these variables is an appropriate evaluation of outcome in treatment studies. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is a computerized measure of physiological responsivity derived from Holter ECG recording. Four female outpatients with persistent post-traumatic symptoms and personal impairment following “small t” trauma exposure underwent a course of EMDR treatment and were assessed at baseline, end of treatment, day 30 and day 90 of followup, using self-report symptom scales and 90-min Holter ECG recordings. Symptom scores decreased between baseline and end of treatment, with improvement maintained at follow-up. Several HRV measures changed favorably in different recording intervals. HRV is a feasible and sensitive method to measure physiological changes in the treatment of individuals distressed by “small t” trauma. Further investigation is advisable to expand these preliminary data.

Keywords: Case Series Heart Rate Variability HRV IES Small T Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

211. Oh, D., & Choi, J. (2004). Changes in the regional cerebral perfusion after EMDR: A SPECT study of two cases. Journal of the Korean Society of Biological Psychiatry, 11(2), 173-180.

Language: Korean

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Over the last decade, EMDR(Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) has emerged as a promising new treatment for trauma and other anxiety-based disorders. However, neurobiological mechanism of EMDR has not been well understood. Authors report SPECT findings of two patients of PTSD before and after EMDR.Brain 99mTc-ECD-SPECT was performed before and after EMDR treatment. To evaluate the significance of changes in the regional cerebral perfusion, t-test was conducted on the resulting images using SPM99 . In addition, clinical scales(CAPS, CGI, STAI) were employed to asses the changes in the clinical symptoms of the patients. After EMDR treatment, each showed significant improvement in clinical symptoms. The cerebral perfusion increased in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and decreased in the temporal association cortex. The differences in the cerebral perfusion between patients after treatment and normal controls decreased. These changes appeared mainly in the limbic area the and the prefrontal cortex.These results suggest that EMDR may show the therapeutic effect through 1) improvement in the emotional control by increased activity in the prefrontal cortex, 2) inhibited hyperstimuli on amygdala by deactivation of the association cortex, 3) inhibition on past trauma related memory, and 4) keeping the functional balance between the limbic area and the prefrontal cortex. This case report needs further replication from studies with larger sample. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Brain Imagining Adults Females Koreans Motor Vehicle Accidents Neurophysiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychiatric Inpatients PTSD: Rape SPECT Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

212. Omaha, J. (1998, July). Chemotion and EMDR: An EMDR treatment protocol based on a psychodynamic model chemical dependency. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Chemical dependency is a pervasive and rapidly growing problem in western societies. Chemical dependencies means obsessive and compulsive use of legal and illegal substances that is not affected by adverse consequences resulting from their consumption and is further characterized by denial of the relationship between consequences and consumption, by tolerance for the chemical, and by symptoms of withdrawal when the substance is unavailable. For the purposes of this paper, legal and illegal substances discussed include alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, opiates, hallucinogens, and prescription medications.

Keywords: Chemical Dependency Chemotion Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

213. Litt, B. (2007). The child as identified patient: Integrating contextual therapy and EMDR. In F. Shaprio, F. W. Kaslow, & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp. 306-324). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
It is estimated that as many as 2% of children under age 12 and from 5% to 18% of adolescents suffer from a depressive disorder (Birmaher et al., 1996; Northey, Wells, Silverman, & Bailey, 2003) that will likely persist into adulthood (Northey et al., 2003; Wagner & Ambrosini, 2001). Contextual Therapy is a differentiation-based (e.g., Kerr & Bowen, 1988; Schnarch, 1991) approach in that it promotes self-determination in the face of family pressure for compliance, reliance on internal resources for self-validation rather than dependence on others for approval, and the overcoming of emotional discomfort in the interests of responsible action (Boszormenyi-Nagy & Krasner, 1986). Both the contextual approach and the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model predict that formative childhood experiences affect both psychological health and relational functioning. With its systemic paradigm and its ethical dimension of relationship, the contextual approach is complementary and additive to Shapiro's (2001) AIP model. The contextual approach shows the clinician where to look for the targets, and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) provides the potency to transform the experience. A general structure of phase-oriented therapy can be described that accounts for most, if not all, referrals for treatment. An assessment phase, a contracting phase, and an intervention phase characterize the main tasks of the therapist. In practice, these phases may overlap, coincide, or repeat themselves over the course of minutes, weeks, or months. This chapter describes only those practices that are unique to the integrated approach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model Affective Disorders Child Patients Contextual Therapy Depressive Disorder Integrated Approach Integrative Psychotherapy Major Depression Models

Accuracy Verified: Yes

214. Adler-Tapia, R. L. (2012, June). Child psychotherapy: Integrating developmental theory into clinical practice. New York, NY: Spring Publishing.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
Children are often diagnosed and medicated without the consideration that their symptoms may actually be a healthy response to stressful life events. This integrative guide for mental health practitioners who work with children underscores the importance of considering the etiology of a child's symptoms within a developmental framework before making a diagnosis. By providing advanced training and skills for working with children, the book guides the therapist, step-by-step, through assessment, case conceptualization, and treatment with a focus on the tenets of child development and a consideration of the impact of distressing life events. The book first addresses child development and the evolution of child psychotherapy from the perspectives of numerous disciplines, including recent findings in neurodevelopment trauma, attachment, and neurobiology. It discusses assessment measures, the impact of divorce and the forensic/legal environment on clinical practice, recommendations for HIPAA compliance, evidence-based best practices for treating children, and the requirements for an integrated treatment approach. Woven throughout are indications for case conceptualization including consideration of a child's complete environment. This book provides an integrative approach to child psychotherapy from the perspective of healthy development through the lens of EMDR.

Keywords: Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

215. Greenwald, R. (1999, June). Child trauma measures for research and practice. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This is a practical guide to objectively scored measures of child/adolescent post-traumatic stress symptoms. It is geared to the field-based researcher and the practicing clinician, who must balance scientific value with the limitations inherent in clinical practice settings. This is not a comprehensive review, but rather a selective sampling of those instruments most likely to be usefbl in the above contexts. Additional information on child trauma assessment is available at www.childtrauma.com or by contacting the author.

Keywords: Children Poster Practice Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

216. Monahan, K., & Forgash, C. (2012, March). Childhood sexual abuse and adult physical and dental health outcomes. In E. A. Kalfoğlu & R. Faikoglu (Eds.), Sexual Abuse - Breaking the Silence (pp. 137-152). Intechopen.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Along the same lines, evidence-based assessment and interventions must be in line with the finding of how significant the subjective impressions of sexual assault are for incarcerated older adults in treatment. A promising intervention that is being piloted in the criminal justice system with younger age groups is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). EMDR specifically targets change in subjective units of distress among trauma survivors, particularly sexual abuse survivors, which in turn reduces post traumatic stress symptoms (Kitchiner, 2000). Moreover, previous research with incarcerated juvenile offenders shows that EMDR can work in reducing post traumatic stress reactivity resulting in less violent behavior and conduct problems among samples. Its utility for older adults, especially those with histories of sexual assault victimization and perpetration is perhaps a promising intervention. The use of evidence-based practices suggests that untreated trauma and grief are related to increased adult recidivism rates (Leach et al., 2008). Therefore, treating psychological distress and untreated symptoms effectively, which involves both screening and treatment that captures subjective experiences, may help to break the cycle of recidivism and in some case sexual offending. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Dental Health Physical Health

Accuracy Verified: Yes

217. Klaff, F. (2007). Children of divorce. In F. Shaprio, F. W. Kaslow, & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp. 284-305). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Much attention has been devoted to examining whether divorce negatively impacts children's psychological adjustment, or whether divorce is now so prevalent that it can be considered a normative transitional event (Kaslow, 1981). Divorce brings many structural and functional changes. These include the logistic and emotional complications of a nonresidential parent, financial disequilibrium, and two systems with differing rules and expectations. Additionally, there are new subsystem components, such as parental figures, step- and half-siblings, and extended families with a potentially motley cast of new characters and different environments impacting the system. What constitutes "family" for children of divorce is often quite different from what is traditionally viewed as the nuclear family. This chapter discusses divorce effects on childhood adjustment; family systems-based treatment of divorce; adaptive information processing model applied to divorce issues; and the therapy process--integrative family therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Two case examples are presented, followed by a concluding discussion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model Adjustment Children of Divorce Divorce Emotional Adjustment Family Family Systems Family Systems Theory Family Therapy Integrative Family Therapy Integrative Psychotherapy Models Therapy Process

Accuracy Verified: Yes

218. Greenwald, R. (1997). Children's mental health care in the 21st century: Eliminating the trauma burden. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry On-Line.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Contemporary child mental health care is compared unfavorably to its medical counterpart, which offers prevention and early intervention in addition to treatment of symptoms. Child trauma, broadly defined., is characterized as a ubiquitous, under-treated, primary source of psychopathology. Traumatic experiences which remain unintegrated accumulate as a trauma burden, leading to reactivity and impairment. Two recently developed trauma-focused interventions atre described: critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Combined with screening and early identification of traumatized children, CISD and EMDR can be used economically for widespread elimination of the trauma burden.

Keywords: Children Mental Health Care Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

219. Greenwald, R. (1995, June). Children-case presentations. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
One major limitation of EMDR is that it is an individual treatment modality. However, individual treatment of a child may be insuflicient, and broader interventions are often required. This is especially likely when environmental forces are unsupportive or in opposition to the healing process. This presentation will focus on the use of EMDR on several levels in child treatment, including individual treatment of traumatic memories, enhancing family support for healing, and addressing family obstacles to healing. Format will include lecture, vignettes, and a video case presentation of the EMDR treatment of a young girl who had been raped by a babysitter, along with the EMDR treatment of her older brother who bullied her. Assessment of child problems includes consideration of many factors. The focus here will be on the child's trauma history, and on the current family situation it pertains to treatment of the child's traumatic memories. Methods of assessment addressed here include interview of the child and the parent, observation of family interactions, and observation of the child's progress, both during and after EMDR treatment. A number of interventions are available to enhance or augment individual EMDR treatment of the child. Vignettes will be presented to illustrate the following interventions: referral to family therapy when successful EMDR highlighted the symptom's functional role; EMDR with a parent to reduce reactivity to the child; and prompting the parent(s) to produce statements and behaviors to be used later as content for installations. A challenging case will be presented in which a family, though motivated, demonstrated a number of behaviors which threatened to undermine the child's treatment. The family consisted of a single father in his late twenties, an eight year-old boy, and a seven-yearold girl. The presenting problem was the girl's ongoing post-traumatic symptoms, particularly nightmares and social withdrawal, some two years after having been raped by a babysitter. (the boy also had social and behavioral problems in school.) Unfortunately, the "lessons" of the girl's traumatic experience were frequently reinforced in the family context, through the brother's bullying of his younger sister, the father's complicity in the bullying, and the father's own tendency to be overly controlling and threatening. Treatment began with two family sessions and one with the father alone. The next three sessions were split to provide some individual time for each child as well as for the father. The seventh, final session included a family meeting and then some time for each individual. Work with the father was difficult and slow, as he was very defensive regarding his own possible contributions to his children's problems. Early interventions included delicate attempts to help the father understand the effect of his yelling and threatening - even though he was no longer in the habit of physically striking his children. Meanwhile, in part to enhance the therapeutic alliance, the primary focus was on direct treatment of the children. Some of this is shown on video. The girl was asked to draw a picture of her bad dream, and then to draw it "all better." She first drew a dark picture of a large man with fangs dripping blood. The next picture was of a nicer man on a sunny day. This activity was used as part of her introduction to the upcoming EMDR work. In the next session she agreed to do EMDR and completed processing in 25 minutes. The following session she indicated that the memory was no longer disturbing, and many of the symptoms had disappeared. She began to raise her next concern, by playing with a doll and a baby bottle, and complaining that she did not get to see her mother enough. Over the same three sessions the boy was also treated with EMDR for a number of relatively minor traumatic memories, including a car accident, the loss of two pets, and a vision of the devil. Despite apparently successfull processing, he was unable to conclude that he was a "good boy," due to evidence to the contrary: memories of his father's anger at him. Cognitive interweave was used to access a sense of inner goodness. The bullying behavior reportedly disappeared both at home and at school, and he also moved on, to express concerns about missing his mother. Treatment was interrupted due to a change in insurance coverage, so continued treatment and follow-up was not accomplished. This case illustrates some ways that EMDR can be enlisted to address aspects of the family context which may constitute obstacles to healing. The girl's brother was treated with EMDR to reduce his mistreatment of her; and the boy's sense of badness, largely gained by interaction with his father, was overcome by accessing internal resources in the absence of parental support. In conclusion, EMDR can play multiple roles in both the diagnosis and treatment of family obstacles to healing.

Keywords: Case Presentations Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

220. Yang, Y., & Wu, W. (2008, June). A Chinese way to use ‘safe place’ in grief work. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Every culture has its special way to deal with grief. In Chinese culture which is collectivism-oriented, people deal with grief not only in a society context, but also have a lot of connection with the bereaved ones. We found that it is hard to help the clients to be stabilized and work with EMDR on their grief before you help them to find a “Safe place” to settle their bereaved ones down. Hence, we use a modified “safe place” technique to help the clients to create a “heaven” for their loved ones, a “place” they can visit to say “hello” again to their bereaved ones. Our presentation will how we did that in a case series of adults and children by using imaginary ways and artistic ways. Using EMDR as standard protocol was effective to remove the symptoms and got the SUDs down.

Keywords: Chinese Grief Poster Safe Place

Accuracy Verified: Yes

221. Carinci, A. J., Mehta, P., & Christo, P. J. (2010, April). Chronic pain in torture victims. Current Pain Headache Reports, 14(2), 73-79 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Torture is widely practiced throughout the world. Recent studies indicate that 50% of all countries, including 79% of the G-20 countries, continue to practice systematic torture despite a universal ban. It is well known that torture has numerous physical, psychological, and pain-related sequelae that can inflict a devastating and enduring burden on its victims. Health care professionals, particularly those who specialize in the treatment of chronic pain, have an obligation to better understand the physical and psychological effects of torture. This review highlights the epidemiology, classification, pain sequelae, and clinical treatment guidelines of torture victims. In addition, the role of pharmacologic and psychologic interventions is explored in the context of rehabilitation.

Keywords: Chronic Pain Torture Victims

Accuracy Verified: Yes

222. CIGNA HealthCare (2008, June 15). Cigna Healthcare Coverage Position: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Revised June 15, 2008, .

Language: English

Format: Publication

Abstract:
Systematic reviews: Van Etten et al. (1998) conducted a meta-analysis of the literature regarding treatments for PTSD. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relative efficacy of various treatments for PTSD. A total of 41 studies were included, that yielded sixty-one treatment outcome trials. Eleven studies were included that examined EMDR. The authors report that behavior therapy and EMDR were the most effective psychological therapies for PTSD, with the two being generally equally efficacious. The review noted that behavior therapy was significantly more effective than all treatments, on observer-rated total PTSD symptoms and no differences in comparative treatment efficacy were discernable between behavior therapy and EMDR across the specific symptom domains of PTSD. It was noted that effect sizes for these therapies were large relative to control conditions, indicating good treatment acceptance. It was also noted, however, that “despite its apparent efficacy, what works in EMDR and the mechanism for how it works remains unclear. That is, we know little about the active ingredients in EMDR and the mechanisms by which these ingredients result in decreased PTSD symptoms.” The literature is not conclusive regarding the role of eye-movement in this treatment.

Keywords: Practice Guidelines

Accuracy Verified: Yes

223. Munker-Kramer, E. (2007, June). CISD and EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Both EMDR and CISD have their positions in the treatment of PTSD and Acute Stress Disorders. They are parts of clear concepts of best practice in crisis and disaster and psychology (e.g., as one focused part CISD) in the immediate care and evaluated trauma therapy methods (with EMDR as a crucial example of well researched trauma therapy) for aftercare. It is very important for the best support of concerned persons and survivors to have good and vice versa supporting management of the interfaces on this continuum.
This lecture will emphasize the author’s opinion on the best possibilities to combine both parts and positions. This will be underlined by some actual research findings on the needs of concerned person and their perception on what they get.
The way of combining both specialized methods will be discussed out of a practitioner’s (in both methods) point of view and will be illustrated by some concrete cases. A senseful combination of EMDR and CISD and a precise consideration and screening for genuine and known risk factors and leading symptoms (e.g., hyperarousal) seem to be a good practice for those starting to suffer from stress disorders.

Keywords: CISD Critical Incident Stress Debriefing

Accuracy Verified: Yes

224. The Australian Psychological Society (2010, August). Clarification of evidence base for eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR). InPsych Bulletin .

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
In the June edition of InPsych, an article summarising a recent APS review of evidence-based psychological interventions for mental health disorders did not sufficiently highlight the high level of evidence for the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In particular, a summary table of psychological interventions with the highest level of research evidence (according to National Health and Medical Research Council criteria) should have prominently presented EMDR for the treatment of PTSD in the body of the table. As EMDR had not been systematically included in the review of psychological interventions, a footnote to the table stated the high level of efficacy of EMDR for PTSD. This oversight has been corrected in the online version of the InPsych article (www.psychology.org.au/publications/inpsych/2010/june/murphy/#s3) and a summary of the research evidence for EMDR from 19 randomised controlled trials will be included in a revision of the full evidence-based psychological interventions review document.

Keywords: Evidence Base

Accuracy Verified: No

225. Bednar, J. (2010, March 29). Clearing the block: Eye-movement technique helps patients overcome psychological traumas. BusinessWestnline, 26(24), 51-54.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
The engineer was recalling all this as he began a behavioral-health technique known as eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), which helps victims of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other types of psychological trauma to overcome the mental burden of disturbing events.

Keywords: General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

226. Loris, M., & Johnson, D. R. (2001, December). Client treatment preference and imaginal exposure in three cognitive behavioral PTSD treatments. Presentation at the 17th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This case discussion will examine the intervention of EMDR (Shapiro, 1989), Prolonged Exposure (Foa, Rothbaum, Riggs & Murdock, 1990), and the Counting Method (Ochberg, 1996) on three adult female patients with PTSD symptoms. A recent treatment outcome study of 40 female trauma victims (Johnson and Lubin, 2001 in press) comparing these three treatments finds that the efficacy of the three treatments is supported and that the element of imaginal exposure may be the critical therapeutic factor. The presentation of these three cases focuses on the issue of client’s treatment preference and client personality traits as factors which may interface with imaginal exposure in treatment efficacy.

Keywords: Imaginal Exposure Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

227. Baker, N., & McBride, B. (1991, August). Clinical applications of EMDR in a law enforcement environment: Observations of the psychological service unit of the L.A. County Sheriff’s Department. Presentation at the Police Psychology (Division 18, Police & Public Safety Sub-section) Mini-Convention at the 99th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Crime victims, police officers, fire fighters, and field workers who are no longer disturbed by the aftereffects of violent assaults and/or the stressful nature of their work.

Keywords: Crime Victims Field Workers Fire Fighters Law Enforcement Police Officers

Accuracy Verified: Yes

228. Opdyke, D. C. (1995, May). Clinical efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Georgia State University. AAT 9608510.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has gained notoriety as a brief treatment for PTSD. In EMDR, clients repeatedly bring up traumatic events in memory and visually track stimuli moving back and forth in front of them. Previous group studies of EMDR have had methodological problems, however. The present study attempted to (1) assess EMDR's effectiveness compared to an Eye Focus treatment controlling for eye movement; (2) compare both treatments to a wait-list control; and (3) rate therapist characteristics to check experimenter bias.20 participants suffering from PTSD were randomly assigned to either EMDR or Eye Focus (EF) treatments, and immediate treatment or wait-list conditions. After two 90-minute treatment sessions, outcomes were assessed on subjective measures of anxiety (SUDs) and cognitive beliefs (VOCs). The mean SUDs pre-post differences on matched pairs t-tests indicated significant reduction of disturbance for both the EMDR group, p < .001, and the Eye Focus group, p < .001. VOC ratings showed similar treatment gains. Two-factor analyses assessed changes across groups (2 administrations x 2 treatment groups) on two standardized measures, the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the Modified PTSD Symptom Scale (MPSS). The IES showed a main effect for treatment F (2, 18) = 16.45, p < .001, while wait-list remained unchanged F (2, 18) = 1.09, p > .05. A significant interaction F (2, 18) = 6.69, p < .05 supported treatment efficacy. EMDR and EF participants improved equally on the IES, i.e., no differences for type of treatment, F (2, 18) = 0.54, p > .05. The MPSS also showed a main effect for treatment, F (2, 18) = 6.46, p < .05, with wait-list unchanged, F (2, 18) = 0.27, p > .05. This interaction was not significant, p =.10. Further, both EMDR and EF groups demonstrated improvement on the MPSS. Results suggest that (1) EMDR and Eye Focus are both effective in reducing some self-reported PTSD symptoms; (2) EMDR and Eye Focus scores improved significantly compared to wait-list; and (3) ratings of experimenter bias suggested that the EMDR and Eye Focus participants were treated equally by the therapist. Future comparison studies should use larger samples, independent assessors, and equally-trained independent therapists. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 56(11-B), May 1996, pp. 6402

Keywords: Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

229. Rhoads, J., Pearman, T., & Rick, S. (2007, October). Clinical presentation and therapeutic interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder post-Katrina. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 21(5), 249–256. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2007.05.002.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
It has been almost 2 years since Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast. These 2 years can be characterized by constant struggle and pain as the people try to reattain some semblance of life as they knew it before Katrina struck. Some have chosen to leave their ancestral homes, homes where they were raised and where they, in turn, raised their own families. Those who did leave are able, in some way, to reestablish some semblance of normality, but those who stayed showed manifestations of and dealt with psychological trauma. These manifestations include regression, inattentiveness, aggressiveness, somatic complaints, irritability, social withdrawal, nightmares, and crying. Longer lasting effects may include depression, anxiety, adjustment disorders, and interpersonal or academic difficulties. These postdisaster manifestations can linger or remain hidden until well after the traumatic event and could persist for years. This article presents issues about the effects of Katrina on the mental health of the people of New Orleans. It discusses the profile of posttraumatic stress disorder and presents evidence-based review of interventions the health care provider can implement to care for thosewho continue to suffer the effects of this horrific disaster.

Keywords: Hurricanes Intervention Katrina Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

230. Landin-Romero, R., Novo, P., Santed, A., Vicens, V., McKenna, P. J., Pomarol-Clotet, E., Salgado-Pineda, P., Shapiro, F., & Amann, B. (2012, June). Clinical remission and functional modulation of the default mode network in a subsyndromal, traumatized bipolar patient after EMDR psychotherapy. Poster presented at the annual meeting of EMDR Europe, Madrid, Spain .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: Purpose of the study: Some patients with bipolar disorder do not show complete remission between episodes, but continue to exhibit subsyndromal mood symptoms [1]. One factor related may be comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which has been found to be present in 16% to 39% of patients with bipolar disorder [2]. We describe the first case of an unstable bipolar II patient with history of various traumas that received Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) psychotherapy and also underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before and after the EMDR treatment to explore its effect on the brain’s neural networks.

Keywords: Bipolar Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

231. Schurmans, K. (2007). A clinical vignette: EMDR treatment of choking phobia. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(2), 118-121. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.2.118.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A vignette is a brief case report that makes a contribution to the literature, but which has used only EMDR's standard protocol measures. This vignette describes the treatment of a woman who developed a severe choking phobia following an allergic reaction to a herbal beverage. She was hospitalized on several occasions because of her resultant inability to consume food and liquids. She received four years of various types of treatment for this phobia, including eating disorder treatment, brief psychodynamic therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and psychopharmacological treatment. None were successful in eliminating the disorder. Then when Mary received a course of EMDR treatment, addressing childhood etiological events, there was complete remission of the choking phobia and elimination of all related behaviors. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Anaphylactic Shock Case Report CBT Child Abuse Choking Phobia Cognitive Behaviorial Therapy Eating Disorders Females Phobia Spouse Abuse Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

232. Sharpless, B. A., & Barber, J. P. (2011). A clinician’s guide to PTSD treatments for returning veterans. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(1), 8–15. doi:10.1037/a0022351.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
What options are available to mental health providers helping clients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? In this paper we review many of the current pharmacological and psychological interventions available to help prevent and treat PTSD with an emphasis on combat-related traumas and veteran populations. There is strong evidence supporting the use of several therapies including prolonged exposure (PE), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and cognitive processing therapies (CPT), with PE possessing the most empirical evidence in favor of its efficacy. There have been relatively fewer studies of nonexposure based modalities (e.g., psychodynamic, interpersonal, and dialectical behavior therapy perspectives), but there is no evidence that these treatments are less effective. Pharmacotherapy is promising (especially paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine), but more research comparing the relative merits of medication vs. psychotherapy and the efficacy of combined treatments is needed. Given the recent influx of combat-related traumas due to ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, there is clearly an urgent need to conduct more randomized clinical trials research and effectiveness studies in military and Department of Veterans Affairs PTSD samples. Finally, we provide references to a number of PTSD treatment manuals and propose several recommendations to help guide clinicians’ treatment selections.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy Psychopharmacology PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

233. Allen, W. (2002). Coaching amateur athletes: From frozen to fearless. In L. Grodzki (Ed.), The new private practice: Therapist-coaches share stories, strategies, and advice (pp. 178-191). New York: W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
This chapter presents a case study in which the coach, who works with amateur athletes, addresses the fear of an amateur horseback rider who broke her arm horseback riding but wanted to continue the sport. The author describes how she set the goals of addressing and diffusing the upsetting mindset; installing a cognitive-behavioral link to support new skill integration and application; and looking at the client's riding through the lens of an amateur but competitive athlete to see how she could best make certain training decisions. She discusses her tools and techniques, including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), neurolinguistic programming, shamanic healing, and Buddhist meditation, and presents an extract from her first EMDR session with her silent thinking about the process as it unfolded. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved).

Keywords: Athletic Performance Buddhism Buddhist Meditation Coaches Coaching Amateur Athletes Emotional Trauma Fear Goals Horses Neurolinguistic Programming NLP Professional Development Shamanic Healing Shamanism Therapists

Accuracy Verified: Yes

234. Deacon, B. J., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2004, April). Cognitive and behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders: A review of meta-analytic findings. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60(4), 429–441. doi:10.1002/jclp.10255.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Behavioral and cognitive psychotherapies are the most widely studied psychological interventions for anxiety disorders. In the present article, the results of ten years of meta-analytic studies on psychotherapies for the various anxiety disorders are reviewed and the relative effectiveness of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic methods is examined. Meta-analytic results support the effectiveness of combined cognitive and behavioral approaches for anxiety disorders. Pure behavioral therapies also are effective and appear to work as well as combined treatment for some disorders. Due to the small number of outcome studies involving pure cognitive treatments, reliable conclusions about the effectiveness of this approach cannot be offered. Additional theoretical and practical considerations are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 60: 429–441, 2004.

Keywords: Anxiety GAD Generalized Anxiety Disorder Meta-Analysis Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder OCD Panic Disorder Social Phobia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

235. Gardner, J. R. (2004, June). Cognitive behavior technique: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, 1st edition. Unknown.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is a controversial technique reported to relieve traumatic memories, phobias, and a wide variety of psychological problems. This paper explains the EMDR procedure, and discusses research that supports and refutes its efficacy.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

236. Ray, A. L., & Zbik, A. (2001). Cognitive behavioral therapies and beyond. In C. D. Tollison, J. R. Satterhwaite, & J. W. Tollison (Eds.). Practical Pain Management 3rd Ed. (pp. 189-208). Philadelphia: Lippencott.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The authors note that the application of EMDR guided by the Adaptive Information Processing model appears to afford benefits to chronic pain patients not found in other treatments.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP Chronic Pain

Accuracy Verified: No

237. Lakey, J. (2007, February). Cognitive behavioral therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A comparative analysis for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. St. Gregory’s University.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is the primary mental health issue resulting in tours of duty in combat operations. The soldiers returning home from these operations often require treatment in dealing with many of their physical and emotional changes. The therapist who treats these brave men and women needs to understand the treatment methods available for the successful recovery of their clients. After identifying the terms necessary to understand the principles and the historical and etiological background of the disorder and the treatments available, this paper will illuminate several treatment modalities and their success rates in the treatment of PTSD. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing will be the primary focus of comparison through out this work.

Keywords: Comparative Analysis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

238. Makinson, R. A., & Young, J. S. (2012, April). Cognitive behavioral therapy and the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Where counseling and neuroscience meet. Journal of Counseling & Development, 90(2), 131-140. doi:10.1111/j.1556-6676.2012.00017.x .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
There is increasing evidence to support the biological basis of mental disorders. Subsequently, understanding the neurobiological context from which mental distress arises can help counselors appropriately apply cognitive behavioral therapy and other well-researched cognitive interventions. The purpose of this article is to describe the neurobiological context underlying the formation and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorders, a mental disorder frequently encountered by counselors, from a cognitive therapy framework.
Recent changes to the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (2009) accreditation standards include the need for counselors-in-training to understand the neurobiological basis of behavior, which marks a new direction for the training of professional counselors who have historically reacted ambivalently toward medical models for understanding client concerns and treatments. Yet recent findings in neuroscience actually support the verbally based interventions that counselors typically use in treatment; therefore, there is much to be gained by counselors and counselor educators in understanding the basics of human neurobiology and how commonly used counseling interventions intervene on these biological systems. The National Institute of Mental Health (2010) stated in a recent strategic plan that “Important discoveries in areas such as genetics, neuroscience, and behavioral science largely account for the substantial gains in knowledge that have helped us to understand the complexities of mental illnesses and behavioral disorders over the past 15 years” (“Introduction,” para. 4).
Given the increasingly biological focus of mental health research, the practicing counselor is faced with the task of understanding and using the emerging mental health treatments and explaining to clients, to reimbursing agencies, and to the broader public how counseling fits within the medically dominated mental health culture. Some counselors have long reacted ambivalently toward the pathologically oriented diagnostic categories of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV;American Psychiatric Association, 1994) system and the medication-dominated world of psychiatry. For example, the contrasting viewpoints on this issue were published in the Journal of Counseling & Development between Allen and Mary Ivey (1998, 1999) and Scott Hinkle (1999). Ivey and Ivey (1998) argued for a developmental interpretation to the DSM-IV, opposing what they called the “pathological view” (p. 334) of the manual. According to Ivey and Ivey, disorders could be viewed through a positive development tradition to lie not within the individual but within the contextual systems in which a person lives. Subsequently, disorders are viewed as a “logical response to a developmental history” (Ivey & Ivey, 1999, p. 484). By contrast, Hinkle (1999) argued that because anxiety and depressive disorders “are the most common clinical symptoms associated with presentation to counseling” (p. 475), the counseling profession is weakened if counselors shy away from direct participation in the DSM nomenclature and treatment parlance. As Hinkle indicated, “mental disorders according to the medical model describe disease processes, not people” (p. 475). Regardless of the reader's philosophical perspective, practicing counselors know participation in medical and psychiatric systems is necessary at times. Also, recent discoveries in the field of neuroscience are providing evidence that interventions often used by counselors have direct physiological impact on client neurobiology (Kennedy et al., 2007; Linden, 2006). For example, Felmingham et al. (2007) demonstrated significant differences in brain activity before and after 8 weeks of exposure therapy, which correlated with a reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. Similarly, Paquette et al. (2003) found that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) alters the activation and metabolism of specific brain regions following successful treatment of spider phobia. These findings, along with others (for a detailed review, see Beauregard, 2007; Frewen, Dozois, & Lanius, 2008), are significant because they support the techniques, interventions, and approaches used by counselors and provide a mechanism by which counseling positively affects brain physiology. Within the emerging physiologically based treatment milieu, counselors should be prepared to articulate how cognitive counseling interventions make measurable changes to the client. Although cognitive-behavioral-based approaches are effective in the treatment of a number of psychiatric illnesses, adult PTSD is arguably one of the best understood mental disorders from a neurological perspective. It thus presents a valuable model for exploring not only the basic tenets of neurobiology but also the mechanisms behind its successful treatment. Furthermore, PTSD is a disorder that counselors will likely encounter in practice.
PTSD is a mental disorder characterized by a sudden onset of symptoms due to environmental exposure to a psychologically stressful event such as war, natural disaster, or sexual victimization. Thus, it provides a clear example of how, even in adulthood, neurological adaptation (in this case maladaptive changes) can functionally “rewire” the brain in a short period of time, resulting in a sustained array of clinical symptoms. The diagnostic criteria for PTSD are a history of exposure to a traumatic event meeting two criteria and symptoms from each of three symptom clusters: intrusive recollections, avoidant/numbing symptoms, and hyperarousal symptoms. A fifth criterion concerns duration of symptoms and a sixth assesses functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).
The National Comorbidity Survey Replication, conducted between February 2001 and April 2003 (Kessler et al., 2005), determined that the estimated lifetime prevalence of PTSD among American adults is 6.8%, with women (9.7%) twice as likely as men (3.6%) to have the disorder at some point in their lives. These findings are very similar to those of the first National Comorbidity Survey conducted in the early 1990s (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995), which was composed of interviews of a representative national sample of 8,098 Americans ages 15 to 54 years. In this earlier sample, the estimated prevalence of lifetime PTSD was 7.8% in the general population. As in the more recent survey, women (10.4%) were more than twice as likely as men (5%) to have PTSD at some point in their lives (Kessler et al., 2005; Kessler et al., 1995).

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Neurobiological Basis of Behavior Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

239. Makinson, R. A., & Young, J. S. (2012, April). Cognitive behavioral therapy and the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Where counseling and neuroscience meet. Journal of Counseling & Development, 90(2), 131-140. doi:10.1111/j.1556-6676.2012.00017.x.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Neuroscience Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

240. Harvey, A.G., Bryant, R. A., & Tarrier, N. (2003, May). Cognitive behaviour therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(3), 501-522. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(03)00035-7 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Following considerable empirical scrutiny, cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has proven to be a safe and effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article overviews the general principles of treatment and describes the components that comprise CBT for PTSD. We then move on to review the efficacy of CBT for the treatment of PTSD caused by various traumas, including assault, road traffic accident (RTA), combat, and terrorism. Recent advances in early intervention and in the treatment of disorders that are comorbid with PTSD are reviewed. Finally, future directions are discussed. In particular, it is proposed that randomised controlled trials (RCT) of CBT for PTSD must be conducted with enhanced methodological rigour and public health relevance. D 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

241. Ho, M. S. K., & Lee, C. W. (2012). Cognitive behaviour therapy versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for post-traumatic disorder: Is it all in the homework then?. Revue Européenne De Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, 62(4), 253-260. doi:10.1016/j.erap.2012.08.001.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Introduction: Treatment of choice for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is either eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) or trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy (TFCBT). Objective: The aim of the present meta-analysis was to determine whether there are any differences between these two treatments with respect to efficacy and efficiency in treating PTSD. Method: We performed a comprehensive literature search using several electronic search engines as well as manual searches of other review papers. Eight original studies involving 227 participants were identified in this manner. Results: There were no differences between EMDR and TFCBT on measures of PTSD. However, there was a significant advantage for EMDR over TFCBT in reducing depression (Hedge's g = 0.63). The analysis also indicated a difference in the prescribed homework between the treatments. Meta-regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between hours of homework and gains in depression and PTSD symptoms. Conclusion: These findings are discussed in terms of efficacy and cost-effectiveness and the use of homework in therapy.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

242. Berliner, P., Jacobsen, L., Lanev, P., & Mikkelsen, E. N. (2005). Cognitive behavioural therapy with torture survivors: A case report. In P. Berliner, J. G. Arenas, & J. O. Haagensen (Eds.), Torture and organised violence: Contributions to a professional human rights response (1 ed.) (pp. 109-123). Copenhagen, Denmark: Dansk Psykologisk Forlag.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Behavior Therapy Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Torture Torture Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

243. Otto, M. W., Penava, S. J., Pollack, R. A., & Smoller, J. W. (1996). Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacologic perspectives on the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. In M. H. Pollack, M. W. Otto, & J. F. Rosenbaum (Eds.). Challenges in clinical practice: Pharmacologic and psychosocial strategies (pp. 219-260). New York: Guilford Press.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The following sections consider biologic and cognitive-behavioral perspectives on PTSD and strategies for its treatment. Pharmacologic strategies examined to date have included treatment with beta-adrenergic blockers and alpha-adrenergic agonists, benzodiazepines, antikindling agents, mood stabilizers, and various antidepressants. Exposure-based treatments have been included in a number of approaches to the disorder, but have received the most direct attention in cognitive-behavioral conceptualizations. Each of these interventions has the potential to change one aspect or a constellation of PTSD symptoms, and must be evaluated relative to the number of symptom domains that each affects. [Text, p. 222]

Keywords: Behavior Therapy Cognitive Therapy Drug Therapy Literature Review Neurobiology Psychopharmacology PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

244. Shapiro, F. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral therapy with adults. Presentation at the 3rd Evolution of Psychotherapy Conference, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Adults CBT Cogntiive Behavioral Therapy

Accuracy Verified: No

245. Astin, M. C., & Resick, P. A. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. In V. E. Caballo (Ed.), International handbook of cognitive and behavioural treatments for psychological disorders (pp. 161-196). Oxford, England: Pergamon/Elsevier Science Ltd.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Postttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

246. Jayatunge, R. M. (2008). Combating tsunami disaster through EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(2), 140-145. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.2.140.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
After the 2004 tsunami devastation in Sri Lanka, many citizens experienced severe psychological reactions. The effectiveness of EMDR is illustrated in the treatment of 7 of these individuals: 3 children and 2 adults with PTSD symptoms and 2 adults with depressive symptoms. After 3-8 sessions of EMDR the symptoms were eradicated and these clients were free from their depressive feelings, anxieties, intrusions, and nightmares, were able to function normally, and were able to lead productive lives. These outcomes replicate those in the research literature demonstrating that EMDR is an efficacious treatment for PTSD in general, with specific utility for disaster-related PTSD. It is recommended that future controlled studies be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of EMDR in the immediate aftermath of disasters and to assess its effectiveness with major depressive disorder. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Children Disaster Recent Events South Asia Sri Lanka Tsunami

Accuracy Verified: Yes

247. Lovett, J. M. (1999, June). Combining EMDR with play therapy to treat a 3-year old with severe PTSD: A case study. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will learn: 1) to recognize a range of posttraumatic symptoms of young children who are neonatal intensive care nursery graduates; 2) to integrate EMDR into play therapy to address these posttraumatic symptoms; 3) to identify parental beliefs whic may interfere with resolution of the child's posttraumatic symptoms; and 4) brief intervention with EMDR that can be helpful to parents.

Keywords: Case Study Children Neonatal Intensive Care Play Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

248. Hartung, J. G., & Galvin, M. D. (2002). Combining eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and energy therapies. In F. P. Gallo (Ed.), Energy psychology in psychotherapy: A comprehensive sourcebook (1st ed) (pp. 179-197) NewYork: W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract: Observing that there has been a rapid increase in the number of practitioners trained in both eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and the energy psychotherapies, the authors describe ways to combine these modalities to increase their effectiveness. Topics include correcting psychological reversals prior to initiating and during EMDR; muscle testing with EMDR; EMDR along with energy therapies to limit the severity and disruption of abreaction, dissociation, "looping," and blocking beliefs; treatment of addiction; using one method to further client receptivity to use of the other; self-use of EMDR and the energy techniques; and, among others, energy training for paraprofessional crisis teams for use in residential programs with EMDR clients. [Adapted from Introduction]

Keywords: Energy Psychotherapy Latin Americans Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors TFT Thought Field Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

249. Davis, N. (1998, July). Combining visual imagery and EMDR to treat traumatic symptoms of rape, child abuse, and sudden loss of a loved one. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will learn: 1) how to use visual imagery are a part of EMDR with rape victims who are terrified of their rapist; 2) how to use visual imagery as a part of EMDR with adults, adoelscents, and children who have been abused as a way of empowering them; and 3) how to implant a positive memory of a loved one who died suddenly once EMDR has eliminated the negative flashbacks or images associated wth death.

Keywords: Child Abuse Loss Rape Visual Imagery

Accuracy Verified: Yes

250. Cervera, M., & Acinas, P. (2012, June). Como puede la combinacion entre el EMDR y la imaginacion tartar casos con sept complejo, problemas de apego y disociacion? [How can EMDR and imagination combined, treat cases with complex PTSD, attachment and dissociative symptoms?]. Poster presented at the annual meeting of EMDR Europe, Madrid, Spain .

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract: ABSTRACT: La integración del EMDR con el uso de la imaginación (See Far CBT, Lahad) como un abordaje para el tratamiento de SEPT Complejo. El uso de la imaginación con cartas terapéuticas dentro de la Realidad Fantástica es una estrategia poderosa para estos pacientes. El EMDR ha sido ampliamente investigado y aprobado como una de las terapias más efectivas en este campo.

ABSTRACT: Integrate EMDR with the use of Imagination (See Far CBT, Lahad) as an approach to treat Complex Trauma with PTSD. The use of Imagination with therapeutic cards within the world of Fantastic Reality is a new powerful coping strategy for these patients. EMDR has been widely researched in this area.

Keywords: Attachment Dissociation Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

251. Hogan, W. A. (2001, August). The comparative effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of depression. Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN. AAT 3004753.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a unique, short-term therapy shown to be effective in the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Application of EMDR to the treatment of depression was considered based upon the relationship between negative life experience and symptom onset, a pattern common to both PTSD and depression. Evaluation of the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of depression was accomplished via a comparison with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Because EMDR has been shown to be effective in the treatment of PTSD, the impact of EMDR and CBT upon symptoms comorbid to depression was investigated. EMDR was also compared to CBT assessing the participants' satisfaction. The participants, 15 per treatment group, received either one session of EMDR or cognitive behavioral therapy within the first four sessions. Pre and posttreatment assessment utilized two standardized instruments evaluating self-report of depressive and global symptoms. Participant satisfaction was assessed using a rating scale at posttreatment. Both treatment groups reported significant reductions in depressive symptoms and global symptoms. There were no statistical differences between groups on the symptom measures at posttreatment. Four participants in the EMDR group reported near complete remission of depressive symptoms and large reductions in global symptoms. No participants in the CBT group exhibited this pattern of symptom reduction. Regarding participant satisfaction, participants perceived EMDR to be less negative than CBT primarily due to the increased awareness of negative thoughts common to cognitive behavioral therapy but not experienced in EMDR treatment. The similarity in symptom reduction reported for both groups suggested the undue influence of non-specific treatment effects. The marked remission of symptoms reported by the four participants in the EMDR group parallels the symptom reductions noted in EMDR studies of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 62(2-B), Aug 2001, pp. 1082.

Keywords: Comorbidity CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Therapy Depression Empirical Study Major Depression Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

252. van Etten, M. L., & Taylor, S. (1998). Comparative efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 5(3), 126-144. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199809).

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A meta-analysis was conducted on 61 treatment outcome trials for PTSD. Conditions included drug therapies (TCAs, carbamazepine, MAOIs, SSRIs, and BDZs), psychological therapies (behaviour therapy, Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), relaxation training, hypnotherapy, and dynamic therapy), and control conditions (pill placebo, wait-list controls, supportive psychotherapies, and non-saccade EMDR control). Psychological therapies had significantly lower drop-out rates than pharmacotherapies (14% versus 32%), with attrition being uniformly low across all psychological therapies. In terms of symptom reduction, psychological therapies were more effective than drug therapies, and both were more effective than controls. Among the drug therapies, the SSRIs and carbamazepine had the greatest effect sizes, although the latter was based upon a single trial. Among the psychological therapies, behaviour therapy and EMDR were most effective, and generally equally so. The most effective psychological therapies and drug therapies were generally equally effective. Differences across treatment conditions were generally evident across symptom domains, with little matching of symptom domain to treatment type. However, SSRIs had some advantage over psychological therapies in treating depression. Follow-up results were not available for most treatments, but available data indicates that treatment effects for behaviour therapy and EMDR are maintained at 15-week follow-up. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Antimanic Drugs Benzodiazepine Derivatives Hypnotherapy Meta Analysis Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy PTSD Relaxation Therapy Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Treatment Effectiveness Tricyclic Derivatives

Accuracy Verified: Yes

253. Taylor, S., Thordarson, D., Maxfield, L., Fedoroff, I., Lovell, K., & Ogrodniczuk, J. (2003, April). Comparative efficacy, speed, and adverse effects of three PTSD treatments: Exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 330-338. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.330.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The authors examined the efficacy, speed, and incidence of symptom worsening for 3 treatments of PTSD: prolonged exposure, relaxation training, or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR; N = 60). Treatments did not differ in attrition, in the incidence of symptom worsening, or in their effects on numbing and hyperarousal symptoms. Compared with EMDR and relaxation training, exposure therapy (a) produced significantly larger reductions in avoidance and reexperiencing symptoms, (b) tended to be faster at reducing avoidance, and (c) tended to yield a greater proportion of participants who no longer met criteria for PTSD after treatment. EMDR and relaxation did not differ from one another in speed or efficacy (Pilots).

Keywords: Adults Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Negative Therapeutic Reaction Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Relaxation Therapy Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Witnesses

Accuracy Verified: Yes

254. Williams, K. (2006, August). A comparative experimental treatment outcome study: Female survivors of sexual assault suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and trauma-related guilt – self-report and psychophysiological measures. Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, CAN.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Diverse psychotherapeutic approaches for treating trauma-related sequelae have emerged over the last several decades in response to the widespread prevalence of sexual assault and resultant posttraumatic stress disorder among women (PTSD). In a recent formal study (Grace, 2003), a newer treatment called one eye integration (OEI) has been shown to be effective for traumatized individuals. The purpose of this study was to build upon those findings by comparing the effectiveness of two treatments for reducing PTSD symptoms with a breathing, relaxation, autogenics, imagery, and grounding (BRAIN) control condition. Twenty-seven female rape or sexual assault survivors who met the criteria for PTSD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Text-Revision, (DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000) were randomly assigned to three groups: (a) a neurologically-based therapy called OEI, (b) an information processing model referred to as cognitive processing therapy-revised (CPT-R), or (c) a control condition (BRAIN), PTSD, depression, and trauma-related guilt symptoms were assessed pretreatment, posttreatment and at 3-month follow up, and qualitative electroencephalography (qEEG) brainwave patterns of two regions of the scalp (frontal and parietal) were measured pre and posttreatment. The following dependent measures were used: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), and t he Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI). Though there were no significant differences in PTSD symptoms between groups from pretreatment to post treatment assessments, a significant difference occurred between pretreatment and 3-month follow up, with OEI manifesting greater reductions than CPT-R or BRAIN. There were no significant differences between groups in depression, but there was a reduction in BDI-II scores over time. Reduction in guilt-related symptoms occurred on several scales and subscales for all three groups over time from pretreatment of posttreatment assessments, though not significantly by group. A significant difference was found for the Global Guilt subscale at 3-month follow up, with greater improvement for the OEI group. Preliminary results from cortical brain activity assessments indicate typical qEEG asymmetry patterns for PTSD and depression, though there were no significant group differences apart from minor post hoc analyses. Implications of these findings for clinical work and directions for future research were discussed.

Keywords: Depression Female Guilt Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Sexual Assault Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

255. Davidson, M. M., Potter, A. E., & Wesselmann, R. D. (2010, September/October). Comparing dialectical behavior therapy to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A phase-based trauma treatment pilot project. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Internation Association, Minneapolis, MN.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
• More effective methods to treat adults affected by childhood trauma, disturbed attachments, and adulthood intimate partner violence are critically needed. • Research utilizing Adult Attachment Interview (Hess, 1999) had found that when mothers hold unresolved memories of loss or childhood abuse, their children typically develop disorganized attachments and that when mothers are poorly or inconsistently responsive to their children’s cues, the children typically develop insecure attachments • A history of abuse by childhood attachment figures also increases the likelihood of becoming involved in domestic violence experiences in adulthood for both sexes (Gratz, 2009; Henderson et al, 2005) • Previous research has demonstrated that attachment experiences influence emotional functioning and vulnerability to emotion dysregulation (Critchheld et al, 2008). Numerous empirical works demonstrate the relationship between attachment style and aggression (e. g., Sockwaite et al, 2002; Henderson et al, 2005) • Emotion dysregulation and problems with impulse control and unstable relationships are common symptoms associated with childhood abuse by attachment figures (Fonagy, 1997; Bhipman et al, 2005) • Funding more effective treatment for problems in functioning related to childhood trauma and attachment issues is imperative. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) are two approaches that have proven beneficial in treating individuals with borderline personality disorders and trauma, respectively, and thus, could prove beneficial as treatment modalities for childhood trauma and attachment problems • The current investigation is a pilot study aimed at evaluating a treatment protocol aimed at effectively assisting adults with a history of childhood abuse and/or intimate partner violence to regulate emotions, resolve childhood trauma, move toward a healthier and more secure attachment status, and reduce the risk of repeating the cycle of violence and child abuse. More specifically, this pilot project evaluated a phase-based trauma treatment program that included (a) a year-long, initial emotion regulation skills-training phases utilizing DBT and (b) a second phase of either 10 individual sessions of EMDR or 10 individual session focused on further DBT skills training

Keywords: DBT Dialectical Behavior Therapy Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

256. Khosropour, F., Ebrahiminejad, G. H., Salehi, M., & Farzad, V. (2012, April-May). Comparing the effectiveness of psychological debriefing, eye movement desensitization reprocessing, and imaginal exposure on treatment of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 19(2), 149-159 .

Language: Farsi (Iran)

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background & Aims: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is considered as one of the most prevalent disorder during the life time and can negatively influence the individual, family and social relationships of patients, so, prevention and treatment of this disorder is highly important. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), psychological debriefing (PD), and imaginal exposure (IE) are some treatment methods, but there is controversy about long effects of these treatments, especially among chronic patients. Method: In a semi experimental study, a total of 54 adult male patients, based on Davidson scale and psychiatric diagnostic, were randomly selected, and then were divided into 3 equal therapy groups. All participants were evaluated before, after and 3 months after the treatment. Data were analyzed through the repeated variance and Duncan post-hoc tests. Results: Psychological debriefing and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing were better than imaginal exposure in relief of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder signs and remaining the effectiveness in three months follow-up. Conclusion: It is concluded that all of the above methods are effective on chronic post-traumatic stress disorder and the efficacy of the therapeutic techniques would be still in force even after 3 months. Considering the importance of psychological interventions, it is necessary that such methods be taught to psychologists so that they can use them after traumatic accidents.

Keywords: Imaginal Exposure Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychological Debriefing PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

257. Seidler, G. H., & Wagner, F. E. (2006, November). Comparing the efficacy of EMDR and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of PTSD: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Medicine, 36(11), 1515-1522. doi:10.1017/S0033291706007963.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are both widely used in the treatment of PTSD. There has, however, been debate regarding the advantages of one approach over the other. This study sought to determine whether there was any evidence that one treatment was superior to the other. Method: We performed a systematic review of the literature dating from 1989 to 2005 and identified 8 publications describing treatment outcomes of EMDR and CBT in active-active comparisons. 7 of these studies were investigated meta-analytically. Results: The superiority of one treatment over the other could not be demonstrated. Trauma-focused CBT and EMDR tend to be equally efficacious. Differences between the two forms of treatment are probably not of clinical significance. While the data indicate that moderator variables influence treatment efficacy, we argue that because of the small number of original studies, little benefit is to be gained from a closer examination of these variables. Further research is needed within the framework of randomized controlled trials. Conclusions: Our results suggest that in the treatment of PTSD, both therapy methods tend to be equally efficacious. We suggest that future research should not restrict its focus to the efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency of these therapy methods but should also attempt to establish which trauma patients are more likely to benefit from one method or the other. What remains unclear is the contribution of the eye movement component in EMDR to treatment outcome. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Cognitive Therapy Meta Analysis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

258. Abyar Hosseini, A., Vaziry, S., & Lofti, F (2010, July). Comparison between combine EMDR and drug with drug only in reduction symptoms and severity of obsessive compulsive disorder. Poster presented at the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology, Melbourne, Australia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: This study was a comparison between the effects of combine eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and drug, with drug only, in the reduction of symptoms and severity obsessive compulsive disorder. Thirty patients that were assessed as suffering OCD by a psychiatrist were divided in two groups randomly (experimental and control groups). All subjects have been tested by Maudsley obsessive compulsive inventory (MOCI) and Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS). The experimental group learned EMDR and across 8 weeks, when they experienced disturb thought, used EMDR without compulsive behavior. During the 8 weeks, the control group just used drugs. Results showed a significant reduction of symptoms and severity of OCD in both groups but in the experimental group, the reduction was more effective and significant. Thus, to conclude, although EMDR has been used for PTSD symptom reduction, the present study revealed that this technique is also effective for the reduction of symptoms and the severity of OCD.

Keywords: Drug Treatment Obsessive Compilsive Disorder OCD Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

259. Simon, M. J. (2000, September). A comparison between EMDR and exposure for treating PTSD: A single-subject analysis. the Behavior Therapist, 23(8), 172-175.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
The intent of this study is to use a single-subject analysis to compare the efficacy of EMDR to imaginal exposure for the treatment of PTSD. More specifically, this study compared exposure and EMDR for treating symptoms associated with the traumatic memories reported by two subjects diagnosed with PTSD. Standardized assessments were used to measure severity of trauma-related intrusive thoughts and sleep disturbances, whereas levels of symptoms were tracked throughout treatment and at 3-month follow-up. [Text, p. 173] [Pilots]

Keywords: Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Females Posttraumtic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

260. Jaberghaderi, N., Greenwald, R., Rubin, A., Zand, S. O., & Dolatabadim, S. (2004, September-October). A comparison of CBT and EMDR for sexually abused Iranian girls. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11(5), 358-368. doi:10.1002/cpp.395.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
14 randomly assigned Iranian girls ages 12-13 years who had been sexually abused received up to 12 sessions of CBT or EMDR treatment. Assessment of post-traumatic stress symptoms and problem behaviours was completed at pre-treatment and 2 weeks post-treatment. Both treatments showed large effect sizes on the post-traumatic symptom outcomes, and a medium effect size on the behaviour outcome, all statistically significant. A non-significant trend on self-reported post-traumatic stress symptoms favoured EMDR over CBT. Treatment efficiency was calculated by dividing change scores by number of sessions; EMDR was significantly more efficient, with large effect sizes on each outcome. Limitations include small N, single therapist for each treatment condition, no independent verification of treatment fidelity, and no long-term follow-up. These findings suggest that both CBT and EMDR can help girls to recover from the effects of sexual abuse, and that structured trauma treatments can be applied to children in Iran. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Brief Psychotherapy CBT Child Abuse Cogntiive Behavorial Therapy Cognitive Therapy Elementary School Students Empirical Study Females Incest Iranians Manual-Based Treatments Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Preadolescents PTSD Quantitative Study Rape Random Clinical Trial RCT Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

261. Jaberghaderi, N., Greenwald, R., Rubin, A., Dolatabadi, S., & Zand, S. O. (2002, November). A comparison of CBT and EMDR for sexually abused Iranian girls. Poster presented at the 18th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Fourteen randomly assigned Iranian girls ages 12-13 who had been sexually abused received up to 12 sessions of CBT or EMDR treatment.Assessment of post-traumatic stress symptoms and problem behaviors were completed at pre-treatment and 2 weeks post-treatment. Both treatments showed very large effect sizes on the post-traumatic symptom outcomes, and a modest effect size on the behavior outcome, all statistically significant. A non-significant trend on self-reported post-traumatic stress symptoms favored EMDR over CBT.Treatment efficiency was calculated by dividing effect size by number of sessions; EMDR was significantly more efficient. Limitations include small N, single therapist for each treatment condition, and lack of long-term followup. These findings suggest that both CBT and EMDR can help girls to recover from the effects of sexual abuse, and that structured trauma treatments can be applied to children in other cultures.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Girls Iran Poster Sexual Abuse

Accuracy Verified: Yes

262. Narimani, M., Ahari, S. S., & Rajabi, S. (2008). Comparison of efficacy of eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing and cognitive behavioral therapy therapeutic methods for reducing anxiety and depression of Iranian combatant afflicted by post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(10), 1932-1937. doi:10.3923/jas.2008.1932.1937.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This research aims to determine efficacy of two therapeutic methods and compare them: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for reduction of anxiety and depression for Iranian combatant afflicted with Post traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after imposed war. Statistical population of current study includes combatants afflicted with PTSD that were hospitalized in Isas Hospital of Ardabil province or were inhabited in Ardabil. These persons were selected through simple random sampling and were randomly located in three groups. The method was extended test method and study design was multi-group test-retest. Used tools include hospital anxiety and depression scale. This survey showed that exercise of EMDR and CBT has caused significant reduction of anxiety and depression. [Author Abstract]

Accuracy Verified: Yes

263. Holmshaw, M., Carswell, J. W., & Allan, J. (2006, June). A comparison of EMDR, CBT or a combined approach (CBT & EMDR) in the treatment of psychological trauma following road accidents. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Istanbul, Turkey.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Road Accidents Traffic Accidents

Accuracy Verified: Yes

264. Oncley, P. R. (1992). A comparison of eye movement desensitization and implosion-like therapy with adult victims of sexual abuse. Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, CA. AAT 9302718.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is a recently developed technique that has been reported in the literature to be effective in treating many of the symptoms associated with PTSD. This study investigated the role of saccadic eye movements in this technique by utilizing a multiple-baseline, across subjects design with 4 adult victims of childhood sexual abuse.Eye movement desensitization conditions (EMD) were compared to non saccadic eye movement conditions (NM) utilizing a Latin square design over one treatment session. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-R) and the PTSD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III (SCID) were used for initial diagnosis and screening. Treatment effectiveness between the intervention phase and 1 week follow-up was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the PTSD Symptom Checklist. Skin conductance response (SCR), heart rate, and subjective units of distress (SUDS) were assessed during pretreatment, treatment, posttreatment, and follow-up phases. Results showed no significant differences across subjects among SCR, heart rate, and SUDS between the EMD and NM conditions. IES and PTSD Symptom Checklist follow-up data showed symptom improvement for 3 of the 4 subjects. One subject's intrusive symptoms worsened. All subjects displayed less physiological reactivity to the traumatic imagery at follow-up. Mechanisms that contribute to the effectiveness of EMD and recommendations for future study were discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Arousal Child Abuse Exposure Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Rape Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

265. Jaberghaderi, N., Dolatabadi, S., & Zand, S. O. (2002, Winter). A comparison of eye movement desensitzation and reprocessing and stress inoculation training (SIT) for sexually abused girls. Advances in Cognitive Science, 3(4), 16-26.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Fourteen sexually abused girls aged 12-13, were randomly assigned to receive either EMDR or SIT. Participants and their parents completed Child Report of Post Traumatic Symptoms (CROPS), and Parent Report of Post Traumatic Symptoms (PROPS), pre and post treatment. Results indicated that there was significant influence only on the PROPS. But there was a significant impact on both these instrument (CROPS & PROPS), with EMDR. In evaluating CROPS and PROPS, factor analysis with SIT illustrated that, externalizing and internalizing symptoms in PROPS and avoidance thoughts and behaviors in CROPS were treated. Further the results gathered from factor analysis with EMDR, showed that internalizing and somatic symptoms in PROPS and self harm, depression feelings and also somatic symptoms in CROPS improved as well. Clinical findings also suggested that EMDR and SIT did not have any significant differences in treating posttraumatic symptoms. Factor analysis found that, EMDR was more effective than SIT in treating somatic symptoms of sexually abused girls.

Keywords: Iran Sexual Abuse SIT Stress Inocculation Training

Accuracy Verified: Yes

266. Khosropour, F., Ebrahiminejad, G. H. Baniasadi, H., & Faryabi, M. (2012, Spring). Comparison of false memory among patients with post traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) based on the received psychological treatment. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, 17(2),154-160.

Language: Persian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background & Aims: False memory is more prevalent among PTSD patients. This memory can be affected by group and intensifies the symptoms of the disorder. Psychological Debriefing (PD) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) are widely used for the treatment of PTSD patients. The efficacy of these treatments is controversial. Method: A total of 219 PTSD patients were randomly selected and divided into three groups based on the received treatment type (EMDR, PD, control group). All groups were evaluated and compared by using Rodiger & McDremott False Memory Scale. Results: The EMDR group in comparison to the PD and control groups and the control group in comparison to the PD group showed lower rates of false memory (PConclusion: Considering lower level of false memory in EMDR group compared with other groups and the negative effects of false memory in identification of PTSD, EMDR is better than PD in the treatment of PTSD patients.

Keywords: False Memory Treatment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

267. Garsen, B. (2005). A comparison of post traumatic stress disorder treatment modalities for adolescents. California State University, Long Beach, CA. AAT 1426939.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to explore treatment modalities for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) for adolescents. This study examined current research on the treatment of PTSD by analyzing the content of books and articles written within the past 10 years. The study was a descriptive content analysis of currently used treatment modalities for PTSD. Data analysis involved a recursive process in which themes were identified and developed over numerous readings. The findings of this study indicated that PTSD symptomology was significantly reduced when adolescents were treated with cognitive behavioral methods. Controlled studies were located only for cognitive behavioral interventions. Pharmacological interventions were widely used to treat PTSD symptoms. However, there have been neither controlled nor open-label drug studies conducted regarding this population. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a promising new form of treatment that has yet to be examined in a rigorous manner. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) sometimes exacerbated PTSD symptoms in this population. The results of the study indicated that more controlled research needs to be generated targeting adolescents with PTSD.

Keywords: Adolescents Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

268. Ironson, G., Freund, B., Strauss, J., & Williams, J. (2002, January). Comparison of two treatments for traumatic stress: A community-based study of EMDR and prolonged exposure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 113-128. doi:10.1002/jclp.1132.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This pilot study compared the efficacy of two treatments for PTSD: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Prolonged Exposure (PE). Data were analyzed for 22 patients from a university-based clinic serving the outside community (predominantly rape and crime victims) who completed at least one active session of treatment after three preparatory sessions. Results showed both approaches produced a significant reduction in PTSD and depression symptoms, which were maintained at three-month follow-up. Successful treatment was faster with EMDR as a larger number of people (7 of 10) had a 70% reduction in PTSD symptoms after three active sessions compared to 2 of 12 with PE. EMDR appeared to be better tolerated as the dropout rate was significantly lower in those randomized to EMDR versus PE (0 of 10 vs. 3 of 10). However all patients who remained in treatment with PE had a reduction in PTSD scores. Finally, Subjective Units of Distress (SUDS) ratings decreased significantly during the initial session of EMDR, but changed little during PE. Postsession SUDS were significantly lower for EMDR than for PE. Suggestions for future research are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Empirical Study Meta Analysis Methodology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prolonged Exposure PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

269. Herbert, C. (2012, October). Complex trauma: Road to psychiatric dysfunction or path toward posttrauma growth?. Keynote at the 4th Autumn EMDR Workshop Conference, Sheffield, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Healthcare service providers, as well as, mental health practitioners, frequently associate the suffering of complex trauma with pathology, mental illness, personality disorders and severe psychiatric dysfunction. Clients are perceived as difficult to treat, interventions are guided by the nature of the psychiatric diagnosis and therapy focuses on crisis management and on helping clients to achieve reductions of symptoms that account for the psychiatric diagnosis. Although symptom reduction can be of great value and importance to sufferers, sole focus on this misses the great potential to engage a person in a transformative process that can lead to considerable inner strengthening, alignment and positive growth, as a result and in spite of their early traumatic experiences. This keynote introduces a shift in perspective away from the traditional focus on psychiatric dysfunction toward a model of positive growth for clients suffering from Complex Trauma and Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). It is proposed that development of empathic empowerment of the individual toward greater personal authenticity, honesty, accountability and compassion can open the path toward posttrauma growth. However, in order to achieve such development specific parameters must be fulfilled. These parameters, which include therapist factors, the nature of the therapeutic relationship, an underlying therapeutic framework for working with complex trauma and the guiding principles and ingredients that nurture growth rather than dysfunction, will be outlined and illustrated through the use of client vignettes.

Keywords: Complex Trauma Posttraumatic Growth

Accuracy Verified: Yes

270. de Keijser, J., Denderen, M., & Verster-Bosman, M. (2013, April). Complicated grief and PTSD after murder, etiology and treatment: Research into treatment with EMDR and CBT in relatives of murder [Complexe rouw en PTSS na moord, etiologie en behandeling: Onderzoek naar behandeling met EMDR en CGT bij nabestaanden van moord]. Presentatie op het congres EMDR Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Nijmegen, Nederland.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Directe nabestaanden van slachtoffers van moord krijgen vaak te maken met een PTSS en gecompliceerde rouw. De Rijksuniversiteit Groningen is, met medefinanciering door het Fonds Slachtofferhulp, een onderzoek gestart naar de vraag of professionele hulp effectief is. Het onderzoek kent twee doelstellingen: In hoeverre draagt een behandeling bestaande uit EMDR en CGT voor familieleden en partners van een vermoord persoon bij aan het verminderen van symptomen van gecompliceerde rouw. Daarnaast hoopt het onderzoek inzicht te krijgen in de mate waarin het effect van de behandeling met EMDR en CGT gemedieerd wordt door een afname van intrusies, vermijdingsgedrag, extreme woede en disfunctionele cognities. In de presentatie komen drie sprekers aan het woord: - Jos de Keijser, klinisch psycholoog/psychotherapeut en projectleider van het onderzoek, zal een theoretisch kader schetsen over gecompliceerde rouw en PTSS bij nabestaanden na moord, inclusief implicaties voor de praktijk. - Mariette van Denderen, criminologe en promovendus, zal de resultaten van de behandelingen met EMDR en CGT tot nu (dan) toe presenteren. - Moniek Verster, een van de behandelaren in het onderzoek, zal over de praktijk van het toepassen van EMDR en CGT bij nabestaanden van moord vertellen. Casuïstiek komt aan bod, indien mogelijk met gebruikmaking van videofragmenten.

Immediate relatives of murder victims often have to deal with PTSD and complicated grief. The University of Groningen, with co-financing by the Fund Victim, launched an investigation into whether professional help is effective. The study has two objectives: To what extent does a treatment consisting of EMDR and CBT for family members and partners of a murdered person to reducing symptoms of complicated grief. Additionally this study aims to understand the extent to which the effect of the treatment with EMDR and CBT is mediated by a decrease of intrusions, avoidance behavior, extreme anger and dysfunctional cognitions. During the presentation, three speakers to talk: - Jos de Keijser, clinical psychologist / psychotherapist and leader of the research, a theoretical framework sketches about complicated grief and PTSD in survivors after murder, including implications for practice. - Mariette of Denderen, criminologist and researcher, the results of the treatment with EMDR and CBT until now (then) to present. - Moniek Verster, one of the practitioners in the study, will the practice of using EMDR and CBT in relatives of murder tell. Casuistry is discussed, where possible using video clips.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Complicated Grief Murder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Violence

Accuracy Verified: Yes

271. Allen, J., & Lewis, L. (1996, Spring). A conceptual framework for treating traumatic memories and its application to EMDR. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 60(2), 238-263.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
With burgeoning interest in trauma has come a proliferation of interventions for the treatment of intrusive memories. At this stage of development, uniformity of clinical practice in the trauma field is neither possible nor desirable. The literature suggests that a wide range of treatment interventions are effective. But diversity in practice does not preclude coherence in conceptualization. This article presents a general theoretical framework to provide clinicians and patients with a rationale for treating intrusive symptoms of PTSD. To illustrate the applicability of the framework, the authors critique Shapiro's recent theoretical explanation of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), an exemplary cognitive-behavioral approach to the treatment of trauma. EMDR merits careful theoretical reappraisal, because it has become a highly popular and seemingly effective technique that currently rests on an unsound neurobiological theoretical foundation. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Hallucinations Intrusive Thoughts Memory Impairment Neurophysiology Professional Criticism Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

272. Schmitt, A. (2011). Conséquences des violences conjugales sur la santé psychologique des victimes, prise en charge par la thérapie EMDR [Consequences of domestic violence on the psychological health of victims, taking care by EMDR therapy]. Université de Metz, Metz, France.

Language: French

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Les violences conjugales représentent un problème de santé public majeur. En 2011, en France, tous les 2.5 jours, une femme meurt sous les coups de son compagnon. Les violences conjugales résultent de la conjonction de facteurs individuels, conjugaux, sociaux mais également culturels, qui seront détaillés dans cette recherche qui présentera également l'état de l'art concernant les conséquences de ces violences, leurs possibilités de prise en charge et la thérapie EMDR. Quatre études ont été menées dans cette recherche. La première porte sur les conséquences des violences conjugales auprès d'un public de femmes bénéficiant d'un accompagnement social. Il s'agissait d'apporter une contribution aux résultats déjà observés dans la littérature. La seconde étude porte sur la prise en charge de 5 femmes ayant vécu un évènement traumatique en couple et s'étant séparées de leur agresseur. La thérapie EMDR donne des résultats véritablement encourageants, ce qui nous amène à la tester auprès d'un public plus lourdement traumatisé, ayant vécu des violences conjugales d'intensité et de nature variable, durant de nombreuses années (étude 3). Les résultats de l'étude 3 mettent en évidence l'importance de l'adaptation de l'outil thérapeutique à la problématique de la victime et les limites de l'utilisation de l'EMDR auprès de certains types de publics, dont les victimes de violences conjugales. Une analyse de contenu des séances EMDR nous a permis d'affiner nos analyses grâce à une vignette clinique présentée dans l'étude 4. De plus, des personnes n'ayant pas pu être intégrées dans le protocole expérimental ont malgré tout été suivies, ce qui permet une réflexion autour de l'adéquation de la méthode thérapeutique et du cadre expérimental à la victime grâce à une étude de cas, également présentée dans l'étude 4. Toutes ces observations permettront l'émergence de suggestions concernant la prise en charge des victimes de violences conjugales.

Domestic violence represents a major problem for public health. In France, every 2,5 days, a woman dies by the hands of her partner. Domestic violence is the result of the conjunction of individual, domestic, social and also cultural factors to be detailed in this research that will also present the state of art, regarding the consequences of this violence, its means of management and EMDR therapy. Four studies were led in this research. The first one is about the consequences of domestic violence for a group of women benefiting from social support. The idea was to bring a contribution to the results already observed in literature. The second study is about the caretaking of five women who experienced a traumatic event during their couple life, and then split up with their molester. EMDR therapy gives really encouraging results, and it led us to test it with a public more heavily traumatized, who lived intensity and variable violence during many years (study 3). The results of the third study highlight the importance of the adaptation of the therapeutic tools to the problematic of the victim, and the limits of the use of EMDR with some public, included the victims of domestic violence. An analysis of the EMDR sessions content allowed us to refine our analyses thanks to a clinical "vignette" showed in study 4. Moreover, people that could not be included in the experimental protocol were all the same followed up, allowing a reflection around the appropriateness of the therapeutic method and of the experimental frame to the victim thanks to a case study, also presented in study 4. All these observations will allow the emergence of suggestions concerning the caretaking of the domestic violence victims.

Keywords: Domestic Violence

Accuracy Verified: Yes

273. Fernandez, I. (2010, June). The contribution of EMDR with children survivors of mass trauma. Keynote presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This paper describes the application of EMDR as an early trauma-focused treatment with children involved in mass disasters (natural disasters, accidents and intentionally provoked incidents).
EMDR treatment was part of a comprehensive treatment of the population and was the elective treatment for children of those elementary schools, which were most exposed to the traumatic events. In most cases, 3 cycles of EMDR treatment were organized at one month, three months and one year after the critical event. Individual sessions were used for the school children due to the serious exposure to trauma and grief including: threat to life, loss of friends and siblings.
Psychological support and EMDR treatment was provided to parents and school personnel, and this aspect has been considered fundamental in enhancing treatment results in children during the last interventions.
Results of questionnaires and clinical interviews to assess posttraumatic symptomatology before and after treatment will be shown along with follow up data. Treatment groups show a significant improvement after EMDR treatment. Results and statistical data regarding EMDR treatment with heavily traumatized children will be presented.
The author will discuss clinical aspects of using EMDR with children following recent traumas of great magnitude. Analysis and evaluation of children's reactions and needs have highlighted significant epidemiological aspects.
The posttraumatic stress reactions of this group in developmental age will be discussed. EMDR treatment for parents and other adults involved in the disaster has proven critical when dealing with children's symptomatology. Guidelines and indications for structured interventions with all parties involved (parents, school personnel, community) from our field studies will be presented.

Keywords: Children Keynote Mass Trauma Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

274. Carrigan, M., & Levis, D. (1999, January-April). The contributions of eye movements to the efficiacy of brief exposure treatment for reducing fear of public speaking. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 101-118. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00042-5.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The present study was designed to isolate the effects of the eye-movement component of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) procedure in the treatment of fear of public speaking. Seventy-one undergraduate psychology students who responded in a fearful manner on the Fear Survey Schedule II and on a standardized, self-report measure of public speaking anxiety (Personal Report of Confidence as a Speaker; PRCS) were randomly assigned to one of four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The two independent variables assessed were treatment condition (imagery plus eye movements vs. imagery alone) and type of imagery (fear-relevant vs. relaxing). Dependent variables assessed were self-reported and physiological anxiety during exposure and behavioral indices of anxiety while giving a speech. Although process measures indicated exposure to fear-relevant imagery increased anxiety during the procedure, no significant differences among groups were found on any of the outcome measures, except that participants who received eye movements were less likely to give a speech posttreatment than participants who did not receive eye movements. Addition of the eye movements to the experimental procedure did not result in enhancement of fear reduction. It was concluded, consistent with the results of past research, that previously reported positive effects of the EMDR procedure may be largely due to exposure to conditioned stimuli (ScienceDirect).

Keywords: Americans College Students Empirical Study Experimental Stressors Females Phobia Psychophysiology Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

275. de Roos, C. J. A. M., Noorthoorn, E. O., Greenwald, R., & de Jongh, A. (2004, June). A controlled comparison of EMDR and CBT for children and adolescents exposed to the Enschede fireworks disaster in the Netherlands. In children and EMDR (J. Morris-Smith). Symposium conducted at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, Stockholm, Sweden.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In May 2000, a firework depot exploded in the city of Enschede (The Netherlands), leaving 22 people dead, 947 injured, more than 500 houses destroyed, and about 1500 houses significantly damaged. In total, 4, 163 people were affected, including many children and adolescents. Children with chronic posttraumatic stress reactions were referred for treatment to the Ambulant Mental Health Care team un Enschede.
A randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the relative efficacy of EMDR versus a CBT approach for reducing children’s symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety and behavior problems, All participants treated from 2001 to 2003 were included. They received 4 sessions of EMDR and 4 sessions CVBT. Moreover, four sessions of parent guidance were included in both groups. The final N was 57 children (age 3-18).
Assessment took place prior to the intervention, immediately after the intervention and at 3 month follow-up. The main outcome measures were: UCLA PTSD Index (parent, child, and adolescent version), Child Report of Post-traumatic Symptoms (CROPS), the Parent Report of Post-traumatic Symptoms (PROPCS), the Problem Rating Scale (PRS), the Birleson Depression Scale and the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASQ, anxiety).
Also parent-reported psychosocial dysfunction and teacher-reported problems were assessed (Child Behavior Check List: parent form and teacher form and for children aged 11 and older; self-report form). For the youngest (0-6 years) the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC) was included. The date was gathered but not yet analyzed is currently underway.

Keywords: Adolescents CBT Children Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Controlled Comparison Disaster Enschede Fireworks Disaster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium The Netherlands

Accuracy Verified: Yes

276. Greenwald, R., McClintock, S. D., & Bailey, T. D. (In press). A controlled comparison of progressive counting and eye movement desensitization & reprocessing. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Ten therapists who were already trained and experienced in eye movement desensitization & reprocessing (EMDR) received training in progressive counting (PC), a newer trauma resolution method. Nineteen volunteers with single-incident trauma or loss were assigned to a therapist and then randomized to treatment condition; 15 completed treatment to termination criteria or until the fourth session. Participants in both conditions experienced significant reductions in PTSD symptoms, memory-related distress, and presenting problems at one week post-treatment, maintained at 12-week follow-up, with no significant differences in outcomes, treatment efficiency, or dropout rate. The preliminary findings of this pilot study suggest that PC is an efficient, well-tolerated, and effective trauma treatment that is relatively easy for therapists to master.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavior Therapy Exposure Loss Progressive Counting Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: No

277. Karatzias, T., Power, K., Brown, K., McGoldrick, T., Begum, M., Young, J., Loughran, P., Chouliara, Z., & Adams, S. (2011, June). A controlled comparison of the effectiveness and efficiency of two psychological therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing vs. emotional freedom techniques. Journal of Nervous Mental Disease, 199(6), 372-378. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31821cd262.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The present study reports on the first ever controlled comparison between eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and emotional freedom techniques (EFT) for posttraumatic stress disorder. A total of 46 participants were randomized to either EMDR (n = 23) or EFT (n = 23). The participants were assessed at baseline and then reassessed after an 8-week waiting period. Two further blind assessments were conducted at posttreatment and 3-months follow-up. Overall, the results indicated that both interventions produced significant therapeutic gains at posttreatment and follow-up in an equal number of sessions. Similar treatment effect sizes were observed in both treatment groups. Regarding clinical significant changes, a slightly higher proportion of patients in the EMDR group produced substantial clinical changes compared with the EFT group. Given the speculative nature of the theoretical basis of EFT, a dismantling study on the active ingredients of EFT should be subject to future research.

Keywords: EFT Emotional Freedom Technique Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

278. Soberman, G. B., Greenwald, R., & Rule, D. L. (2002). A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for boys with conduct problems. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 6(1), 217-236. doi:10.1300/J146v06n01_11.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
We suggest that trauma contributes to the development and persistence of conduct problems, and should be addressed. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was selected as a promising trauma treatment. 29 boys with conduct problems in residential or day treatment were randomized into standard care or standard care plus 3 trauma-focused EMDR sessions. The EMDR group showed large and significant reduction of memory-related distress, as well as trends towards reduction of post-traumatic symptoms. The EMDR group also showed large and significant reduction of problem behaviors by 2-month follow-up, whereas the control group showed only light improvement. These findings provide support for EMDR's use as a trauma treatment for boys ages 10-16, as well as support for the hypothesis that effective trauma treatment can lead to reduced conduct problems in this population. [Author summary]

Keywords: Adolescents Control Study Disruptive Behavior Disorders Empirical Study Males Preadolescents Random Clinical Trial RCT Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

279. Soberman, G. B., Greenwald, R., & Rule, D. L. (2002). A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for boys with conduct problems. In R. Greenwald (Ed). Trauma and juvenile delinquency: Theory, research, and interventions. (pp. 217-236). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Maltreatment and Trauma Press/The Haworth Press.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Suggests that trauma contributes to the development and persistence of conduct problems, and should be addressed. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was selected as a promising trauma treatment. 29 boys with conduct problems in residential or day treatment were randomized into standard care or standard care plus 3 trauma-focused EMDR sessions. The EMDR group showed large and significant reduction of memory-related distress, as well as trends towards reduction of post-traumatic symptoms. The EMDR group also showed large and significant reduction of problem behaviors by 2-month follow-up, whereas the control group showed only slight improvement. These findings provide support for EMDR's use as a trauma treatment for boys ages 10-16 years, as well as support for the hypothesis that effective trauma treatment can lead to reduced conduct problems in this population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Boys Conduct Problems Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

280. Marcus, S., Marquis, P., & Sakai, C. (1997, Fall). Controlled study of treatment of PTSD using EMDR in an HMO setting. Psychotherapy, 34(3), 307-315. doi:10.1037/h0087791.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
67 individuals diagnosed with PTSD were randomly assigned to either Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment or Standard Care (SC) treatment. Participants were assessed pretreatment, after 3 sessions, and at the completion of treatment using the Symptom Checklist-90, Beck Depression Inventory, Impact of Events Scale, Modified PTSD Scale, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Subjective Units of Disturbance. In addition, an independent evaluator assessed participants using DSM-III-R criteria for PTSD including Global Assessment of Functioning at the 3 data points. The individuals in the EMDR treatment group showed significantly greater improvement with greater rapidity than those in the SC treatment group on measures of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and general symptoms. Participants who received EMDR treatment used fewer medication appointments for their psychological symptoms and needed fewer psychotherapy appointments. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Empirical Study Managed Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

281. Hyer, L. A., Boudewyns, P. A., Peralme, L., Touze, J., & Kiel, A. (1995, June). Controlled treatment outcome study using EMDR on combat-related post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
After the status of PTSD was established, subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions; EMDR, exposure control (EC), and group (GT). Subjects in EMDR condition received at least five but no more than eight sessions of EMDR. EC condition subjects therapy procedure as the EMDR subjects but without the eye movements. Subjects in the GT condition received five to eight session of group therapy only. Outcome measures were at intervals; prior to therapy, immediately following therapy and at two follow-up periods. These include: (1) self report or interview-related psychological measures (Combat Exposure scale, MMPI-2 PTSD, Veterans Adjustment Scale (VETS), Mississippi Scale, Hamilton (Depression and Anxiety); (2) behavioral outcome measures (employment, treatment seeking behavior medication therapy, and re hospitalization rate); and (3) psychophysiological response measures (skin conductance, frontalis EMG, heart rate and blood pressure). The last measures involved a change measure in psychological arousal during exposure to tape recorded scripts depicting the patients' most traumatic combat memory. In addition to these pre-, post-, follow-up measures, measures (SUD, profile of mood scale (POMS), and impact of events scale (IOE) were taken at each therapy session. Early results on selected outcomes show differences in positive outcome between conditions POMS EMDR>GT (p<.01); IOE Avoidance, EMDR>GT (p<.04); IOE Intrusion, EMDR>GT(p<.03); Heart Rate, EMDR>GT (p<.04). Presently, there were no other significant differences between EMDR or EC. Trends, however suggest that EMDR may be superior to EC on several of the measures. These results indicate that EMDR may be producing greater reduction in the conditioned emotional response to traumatic memories in these patients, when compared to group therapy approach commonly used to treat these types of patients in a special VA treatment program.

Keywords: Combat Controlled Treatment Outcome Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

282. Grand, D., Hartung, J., & Bergmann, U. (2007, Novembro). Conversando com… David Grand, John Hartung, Uri Bergmann [Talking with ... David Grand, John Hartung, Uri Bergmann]. Apresentação no I Congresso Ibero-Americano de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Nos últimos dez anos, as pesquisas sugerem que o Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (TEPT) seja uma desordem de humor, memória e integração somatossensorial. Estudos com neuroimagens e neuroendocrinologia têm demonstrado marcadores muito claros desse transtorno, destacando a compreensão de que o TEPT seja uma desordem neurobiológica e não o reflexo de fraqueza psicológica. Nesta apresentação examinaremos o processo de formação e consolidação da memória, a neurobiologia do TEPT e as neuroimagens correspondentes. A integração dessas três linhas ilustrarão os efeitos do TEPT sobre a regulação do humor, memória e integração somatossensorial.

Over the past decade, research suggests that Post-Traumatic Stressm Disorder (PTSD) is a disorder of mood, memory and somatosensory integration. Studies with neuroimaging and neuroendocrinology have markers demonstrated very clear that disorder, highlighting the understanding that PTSD is a neurobiological disorder and not the reflection of psychological weakness. In this presentation we will examine the process formation and consolidation of memory, neurobiology of PTSD and neuroimaging corresponding. The integration of these three lines illustrate the effects of PTSD on the regulation of mood, memory and somatosensory integration.

Keywords: Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

283. de Jongh, A. (2005, June). Could EMDR be a promising treatment in the immediate aftermath of a traumatic incident?. In "EMDR in action." Part 2. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Various studies have shown that the counselling routinely offered to people in the immediate aftermath of a traumatic incident seldom protects them from developing post-traumatic stress -and could even delay their recovery. On the other hand, clinical experience suggests that in many cases with the proper utilization of EMDR an almost spontaneous integration of perceptions of sensory input and the cognitive components of the experience takes place. Although controlled data about types of interventions. the optimal time to intervene or predictors of response and recovery are still lacking. within the organization D.O.E.N., providing critical incident stress management services in the Netherlands, there is broad experience in utilizing EMDR with clients who exhibit severe early symptoms following trauma and who need 'first-aid' treatment. EMDR treatment is generally started when there is no evidence of change or recovery within the course of 1 or 2 weeks. Since there is a tremendous unmet need, there is an important challenge to demonstrate in controlled research the advantages of EMDR for those who suffer from symptoms of acute stress, for example in emergency departments and/or the immediate aftermath of mass trauma. This presentation will focus on the rationale for early treatment with the use of EMDR. This approach is illustrated by segments of video taped treatment sessions of clients with symptoms of acute stress.

Keywords: Practice Symposium Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

284. Chard, K. M., & Gilman, R. (2005, August). Counseling trauma victims: 4 brief therapies meet the test. Current Psychiatry, 4(8). 50, 55-58, 61-62, 64.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Therapists once believed trauma survivors required years of treatment, yet we now know that relatively brief cognitive-behavioral interventions can yield long-term gains in psychosocial and psychological function. Many psychiatric patients meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD, including: 33% of women experiencing sexual assault, 30% of male war veterans, and 30% of the 5 million U.S. children exposed to trauma each year. The authors offer recommendations on how to prepare traumatized adults and children for cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and discuss four tested models -- prolonged exposure (PE), cognitive processing therapy (CPT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and stress inoculation training (SIT) -- that psychiatrists may find effective when treating PTSD. [Adapted from Text] [Pilots]

Keywords: Brief Psychotherapy Cognitive Therapy Exposure Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

285. Hillman, J. L. (2002). Crisis intervention and trauma, New approaches to evidence-based practice. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract: R
ecent findings from an American Psychological Association task force suggest that one in four therapists will experience patient suicide, and that one in eight will feel threatened by patient violence during their career. Experts from this task force have also noted that clinicians receive virtually no formal training or coursework in crisis intervention. Despite the increasing need for professional services among members of the general population, current practitioners have few texts available that provide step-by-step, detailed information about how to engage in crisis intervention, and how to integrate recent, empirical research findings into theory and practice. This volume helps bridge this critical gap by providing a theoretically advanced, yet practical guide to crisis intervention. Particular attention is given to the role of violence within our culture, patient suicide, school and workplace violence, long-term sequelae of trauma, clinical assessment and risk management, professional boundaries and burn-out, domestic violence, and the neurophysiology of trauma, as well as the needs of typically underserved patient populations including minority group members, older adults, gays and lesbians, and children. The text also features critical reviews of controversial topics, including EMDR, critical incident stress debriefing, recovered memories, dissociative identity disorder, and alternative medicine. [Springer]

Keywords: Crisis Intervention Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

286. Leeds, A. M. (2007, June). Criteria for assuring appropriate clinical use and avoiding misuse of resource development and installation when treating complex posttraumatic stress syndromes. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The consensus model of treatment for patients with complex posttraumatic syndromes emphasizes assuring adequate stabilization before and during uncovering and resolving of traumatic memories (Brown, Scheflin, & Hammond, 1998; Chu, 1998; Courtois, 1999; Hart, Nijenhius, Steele, 2006). Resource Development and Installation (RDI) has been described in a series of published case reports as an effective stabilizing intervention for adult survivors of adverse childhood experiences (Korn & Leeds, 2202; Leeds, 1997, 1998, 2001b; Leeds & Shapiro, 2000; Popky, 2005). These clinical case reports of RDI have been described observed decreases in intense shame, depersonalization, angry outbursts, self-injurious behaviors, compulsive eating, obsessive self-critical thoughts, persistent negative emotional states (misery), sexual acting out, and substance abuse. There are now several published procedural descriptions (Korn & Leeds, 2002; Leeds, 2001; Leeds & Shapiro, 2000) and a summary in the standard reference text on EMDR (Shapiro, 2001).
The growing use of RDI by EMDR trained clinicians has been followed by reports indicating that a significant number of patients with post traumatic stress syndromes who meet standard EMDR readiness criteria for ego strength and stability have been persistently offered RDI without being offered standard EMDR reprocessing. EMDR has been shown to produce stable, enduring treatment effects for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. RDI has not. Until recently (Korn et al, 2004; Leeds, 2005, 2006; Shapiro, 2004) little attention has been given to assuring appropriate use and avoiding misuse of RDI. This presentation will describe serious clinical and professional issues in continuing to offer RDI over repeated treatment sessions to patients with posttraumatic stress syndromes who meet or achieve readiness criteria for standard EMDR reprocessing and in failing to offer or in excessively delaying EMDR reprocessing.
This presentation will clarify and review specific criteria for identifying: for which patients (1) and clinical situations (2) the use of RDI is indicated; for which patients and clinical situations (3) RDI should be offered cautiously, if at al, but alternate stabilization methods should be considered; and for which patients (4) RDI should not be offered but where standard EMDR processing should be offered without delay. An overview of RDI procedural steps will be presented (5) to clarify its clinical application. Strategies will be offered to address technical, clinical and countertransference issues that may b associated with misuse or excessive use of RDI. A series of ten clinical vignettes will be presented to illustrate appropriate clinical use, clinical cautions and misuse of RDI.

Keywords: Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD RDI Resource Development and Installation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

287. Nurse, A. R., & Rouanzoin, C. C. (1995). Criteria for special EMDR training standards (for other than University/Professional Schools and Agency/Internship Instruction). Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is a psychological method/intervention that should only be used by licensed mental health professionals adequately trained in EMDR. The Training and Standards Committee has the authority and responsibility to recommend to the Board of EMDRIA, and hence to the public and inquiring agencies (e.g., managed care, licensing boards, insurance companies) those training programs that meet the following criteria.

Keywords: Training Standards

Accuracy Verified: Yes

288. Feldner, M. T., Monson, C. M., & Friedman, M. J. (2007, January). A critical analysis of approaches to targeted PTSD prevention: Current status and theoretically derived future directions. Behavior Modification, 31(1), 80-116. doi:10.1177/0145445506295057.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Although efforts to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have met with relatively limited success, theoretically driven preventive approaches with promising efficacy are emerging. The current article critically reviews investigations of PTSD prevention programs that target persons at risk for being exposed to a traumatic event or who have been exposed to a traumatic event. This review uniquely extends prior reviews in this area by using theories of PTSD to suggest future directions in the area of PTSD prevention. The authors first discuss the primary mechanisms of action believed to account for the failure for PTSD symptoms to remit among a substantial minority of traumatic event–exposed individuals. Second, empirical progress in PTSD prevention efforts is reviewed. Third, the authors consider how existing prevention programs target these mechanisms of action. Finally, the authors consider directions for future research in the area of targeted PTSD prevention.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prevention PTSD Risk Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

289. Perkins, B., & Rouanzoin, C. (2002, January). A critical evaluation of current views regarding eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Clarifying points of confusion. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 77-97. doi:10.1002/jclp.1130.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
EMDR is an active psychological treatment for PTSD that has received widely divergent reactions from the scientific and professional community. This article examines points of confusion in the published literature on EMDR, including the theoretical, empirical, and historical issues around EMDR and placebo effects, exposure procedures, the eye movement component, treatment fidelity issues, and outcome studies. It also examines historical information relevant to the scientific process and charges of "pseudoscience" regarding EMDR. We conclude that the confusion in the literature is due to (a) the lack of an empirically validated model capable of convincingly explaining the effects of the EMDR method, (b) inaccurate and selective reporting of research, (c) some poorly designed empirical studies, (d) inadequate treatment fidelity in some outcome research, and (e) multiple biased or inaccurate reviews by a relatively small group of authors. Reading the original research articles frequently helps to reduce the confusion arising from the research review literature. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Literature Review Methodology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Professional Criticism PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

290. Jensma, J. (1999, Summer). Critical incident intervention with missionaries: A comprehensive approach. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 27(2), 130-138.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
When people are exposed to, or involved in, traumatic occurrences, they are at risk for PTSD to follow in the wake. This involves more than psychological discomfort; it involves a host of physiological, mental, emotional, and spiritual sequelae. The results of trauma can be so debilitating that a missionary might be unable to continue to minister. The effects can last a lifetime. Given the relatively high level of risk for missionaries to experience critical incidents and the possible aftereffects, it is important for churches and mission boards to have an adequate and comprehensive approach to member care in ministering to missionaries when they encounter critical incidents. A comprehensive plan would include critical incident stress debriefing as soon as possible after an incident, one-to-one counseling -- preferably with a therapist trained in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) -- for those individuals experiencing complex PTSD, debriefing for the debriefers, and a post-critical incident seminar at least 3 months after the incident. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Complex PTSD Literature Review Missionaries Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychological Debriefing PTSD Recent Events Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

291. Nowill, J. (2010, April). A critical review of the controversy surrounding eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing. Counselling Psychology Review, 25(1), 63-70.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The treatment eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) continues to court controversy despite its adoption by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2005) as a preferred treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. This article critically reviews the two issues at the heart of the controversy. First, is EMDR effective for unique reasons or is it a disguised treatment such as exposure therapy? Second, is evidence-based practice an appropriate framework within which to assess psychological therapies or are its criteria too narrow and inflexible? The article proposes practice-based evidence as a potential way forward in EMDR research and describes an appropriate model within an EMDR treatment framework.

Keywords: Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

292. Renner, W., Banninger-Huber, E., & Peltzer, K. (2011). Culture-sensitive and resource oriented peer (CROP) - Groups as a community based intervention for trauma survivors: A randomized controlled pilot study with refugees and asylum seekers from Chechnya. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 2011-1, 1-13.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Asylum seekers and refugees frequently suffer from post-traumatic stress and culturally sensitive methods towards reducing symptoms should be taken into account. The aim of the work reported here was to examine the effectiveness of Culture-Sensitive and Resource Oriented Peer (CROP) - Groups for Chechen asylum seekers and refugees towards reducing post-traumatic symptoms, anxiety, and depression. Some ninety-four participants were randomly assigned to 15 sessions of CROP - or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) - Groups, to 3 single sessions of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), or to a Wait-List (WL). The results indicated that CROP was significantly superior to WL, and was equally effective as CBT in reducing post-traumatic symptoms, anxiety, and depression. Improvements still were present at three and six month follow-up occasions. EMDR yielded negative results. According to this pilot study, CROP-Groups pose a promising, culturally sensitive alternative to psychotherapy with Chechen migrants.

Keywords: Asylum Seekers Chechnya Community-Based Intervention CROP Culture-Sensitive and Resource Oriented Peer Pakistan Pilot Study Psychological Trauma Randomized Control Trial RCT Refugees Survivor Trauma Treatment Center Treatment Response Violent Situation in Pakistan

Accuracy Verified: Yes

293. Shapiro, F., Hurley, E. C., de Roos, C., Horst, F., de Jongh, A., & Hornsveld, H. (2013, April). Current research on eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Presentation at the Anxiety Disorders and Depression Conference, La Jolla, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR therapy is widely recognized as an empirically supported trauma treatment and was given an “A” rating in the most recent practice guidelines of both the DVA/DOD and the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Meta-analytic findings report similar effect sizes for trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) and EMDR therapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there are distinct differences between the two modalities in both theory and practice. Unlike TF-CBT exposure therapies, with EMDR therapy there is only intermittent attention to the index trauma, homework is not required and detailed descriptions of the memory are not needed. Further, the eye movement component has been the subject of more than 20 randomized controlled trials that have reported positive effects supporting both working memory and orienting response/REM hypotheses. These effects include a rapid decrease in physiological arousal and negative emotion, as well as increased episodic memory retrieval and recognition of true information. Videotaped clinical sessions will illustrate these findings, as well as the differences between EMDR therapy and prolonged exposure.

Keywords: Practice Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

294. Spector, J., & Read, J. (1999, July). The current status of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 6(3), 165-174. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199907).

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR) has increasingly been proposed as an effective therapeutic procedure for post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental health problems. However, views on EMDR in the research literature have been polarized. Reasons for this are explored as is the nature and theoretical basis of EMDR. Fifteen controlled studies thus far published on EMDR and PTSD are reviewed, and it is concluded that (i) EMDR is an effective psychotherapy, (ii) EMDR's relative efficacy in comparison to behavioural exposure therapies has yet to be established, (iii) the role of eye movements and laterality in attentional focus remains controversial and (iv) a direct link between the theoretical basis of the therapy and observable psychological and neurobiological changes has yet to be established. [Wiley]

Keywords: Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Reprocessing Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

295. Young, W., Puk, G., & Rouanzoin, C. C. (1995, June). Current trends using EMDR in dissociative disorders. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop covers the screening, diagnosis, treatment and pitfalls encountered in using EMDR in Dissociative Disorders. The unexpected finding of dissociative disorders among trauma victims using EMDR requires therapists to be able to recogme and screen for dissociative conditions. Under special circumstances, these patients may have negative reactions which the EMDR therapist should be prepared to manage. Treatment requires a strong alliance, an awareness of dissociation and the management of patients' abreactions. Treatment guidelines have been established for using EMDR which can guide therapists as our expmence with dissociative disorders evolves. A careful informed consent should be obtained and an assessment of the patient's inner resources made so that ffagile patients with histories of chronic trauma are not inadvertently injured. Further, EMDR is not designed as a tool for "memory work" but for the reduction of distress for events or experiences already known. Lectures, discussions, handouts and video tape demonstrations show the application of EMDR in a variety of conditions. The results of a pilot study using EMDR in 15 patients with 33 target symptoms will be presented. In this limited sample, between 50% and 60% of patients achieved significant reduction of their distress levels on selected targets. A variety of responses occurred including fusions, generalization effects, and establishmg inner dialogue. In addition, a variety of problems arose resulting in treatment failures or cessation of EMDR. These include such reactions as flooding, escalation of anger, paranoia and resistance to the treatment. The implications of these findings suggest that cautious patient selection and use of EMDR has a potential use and that as research in this population continues, strategies for overcoming problem areas can be developed.

Keywords: Dissociative Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

296. van der Kolk, B. A. (1997, July). Current understanding of the psychobiology of trauma. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Francisco, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Trauma as an etiological agent in the genesis of psychopathology was largely ignored between the end of the second world war and the end of the Vietnam war, forty years later. Trauma-based psychiatric problems were generally dismissed, as exemplified by the above quote about the impact of childhood sexual abuse in the leading textbook of psychiatry in 1972. In the wake of the Vietnam war the diagnosis of PTSD was constructed for inclusion in the DSM-Ill in order to capture the psychopathology associated with traumatization in adults. However, over the years, it has become clear that in clinical settings the majority of treatment seeking patients have been exposed to a range of different traumatic events over their life-span, and suffer from a variety of psychological problems that are not included in the diagnosis of PTSD. These include depression and self-hatred, dissociation and depersonalization, selfdestructive behaviors, problems with close relations and an impairment in the capacity to experience pleasure, satisfaction and 'fun'. These other problems are generally relegated to the status of "co-morbid conditions", rather than being recognized as part of a spectrum of extremely treatment resistant trauma- related problems that occur depending on the age at which the trauma occurred, the relationship to the agent responsible for the trauma, social support received and the duration of the traumatic experience(s).

Keywords: Psychobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

297. Oppenheim, H.-J. (2010, June). The cutting must stop: A way out of the stabilisation versus reprocessing paradox with a DID-patient. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In this workshop I will discuss and illustrate by video fragments, the steps of trauma reprocessing with a very instable DID patient. The patient was suffering from sudden severe self-cutting that took place outside the patient's own consciousness. It was clear that an Emotional part of the Personality (EP) was tormented by a severe trauma, and in response, acted very aggressively. Because of the great danger of self-harm, which man could become life-threatening, the cutting had to be stopped as soon as possible. Therapist and patient were trapped in the well known paradox: to reprocess the trauma there had to be enough stability, but to create enough stability the trauma had to be solved. It was clear that in this period of her life the patient couldn't bear any trauma reprocessing. This workshop offers a way out of this paradox. I will show how to establish enough safety for all the parts of the personality who are involved, increasing two of the Apparently Normal parts of the Personality (ANP's). For one of the ANP's, safety meant that she didn't have to witness the story about the trauma, she still didn't know. The workshop will demonstrate how to establish a working alliance with the aggressive part (EP) who is indirectly responsible for the severe cutting. Finally, after all these preparations, the trauma reprocessing by using EMDR on this EP can be started. The participants will learn: a. How to work from a Structural Dissociation view. The importance of an active attitude for the therapist, like a film director, in getting in contact and working together with the different parts of the personality, to reach the necessary goal; c. That trauma processing is at least partly possible in absence of the 'main part' of the personality which can contribute to stabilization in order to reprocess the trauma completely. been This workshop provides an opportunity to escape from the ]paradox: reprocessing a trauma requires stability but stability ]requires a reprocessed trauma. It is always thought that for reprocessing a trauma the ONP('s) must be involved, This workshop will show that if only parts of the personality, without the ANP, undergo the reprocessing, it can lead to a remarkable reduction of dangerous symptoms. The completing of the trauma reprocessing with the ANP can be postponed to the moment that the patient feels sufficiently stable.

Keywords: DID Dissociatve Identity Disorder Stabilization

Accuracy Verified: Yes

298. Mazorati, C., & Bonardi, A. (2008, Novembre). Dal DSM IV all’EMDR: Dalla diagnosi psichiatrica alla relazione di aiuto: riflessioni e ipotesi di integrazione [From DSM IV to EMDR: From diagnosis to report psychiatric help: Ideas and assumptions of integration]. Poster presentato al Applicazioni Cliniche dell'EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Le autrici ,una psichiatra e una psicologa riflettono sulla loro esperienza con EMDR. Prendono lo spunto da due casi di abuso sessuale in famiglia vissute da bambine da due loro pazienti, anche se il motivo iniziale della richiesta di aiuto era stato un altro. Nel primo caso la paziente si era presentata su richiesta del suo medico curante per la presenza di una sintomatologia depressiva vissuta dalla stessa come “pesante”, “invalidante” e che la portava a voler uscire in fretta dalla situazione depressiva. Rispetto alla sintomatologia si è lavorato in termini di psicoeducazione della depressione come sindrome si è mantenuto un atteggiamento di ascolto e di attenzione ai vari disagi lamentati dalla paziente. Tale modalità nella relazione terapeutica ha permesso alla paziente di “prendere coraggio” e di raccontare il segrete che si portava dentro di un tentativo di abuso che in famiglia era stato negato. Si è quindi Utilizzato l’EMDR per aiutarla a liberarsi dai fantasmi del passato. Nel secondo caso, la richiesta era di aiuto psicologico per un disagio relazionale non ben identificato, ma che aveva prodotto nella paziente un graduale impoverimento delle risorse, un atteggiamento “depressivo” nei confronti della propria esistenza e nella coppia problematiche sessuali. E’ stata quindi presa in carico la coppia, associato ad un trattamento individuale alla paziente e utilizzando l’EMDR quale strumento atto a risolvere le angosce delle molestie subite. In entrambe le pazienti, dopo trattamento con EMDR, si è assistito ad cambiamento significativo del tono dell’umore, un aumento della stima si sé , un aumento della loro capacità difensiva e del rispetto verso se stesse, ma soprattutto si è notato una accettazione del passato che, proprio perché ormai le rendeva libere finalmente di vivere il presente con il proprio sé.

The authors, a psychiatrist and a psychologist reflect on their experience with EMDR. Taking the cue from two cases of sexual abuse in the family experienced as children by two of their patients, even if motive of the request for aid was another. In the first case the patient had presented at the request of his doctor to the presence of depressive symptoms experienced by herself as "heavy", "disability" and that led to want to exit quickly from depressive situation. Compared to the symptoms you have worked in psychoeducation for depression as a syndrome has maintained an attitude of listening and attention to the various inconveniences complained of by the patient. This mode in the therapeutic relationship has enabled the patient to "take courage" and to tell the secret that was within an attempt to abuse in the family had been denied. Was then used EMDR to help get rid of ghosts of the past. In the second case, the request was for a psychological relationship distress is not well identified, but the patient had produced a gradual depletion of resources, a attitude "depression" to its own existence and problems in the couple orientation. It 'was then taken over the couple, combined with individual treatment to patient and using EMDR as a tool to resolve the anxieties of the harassment. In both patients, after treatment with EMDR, there has been significant change mood, increased self-esteem is an increase in their defensive ability and respect for themselves, but mainly it was noted that an acceptance of the past, precisely because now finally made them free to live the present with the self.

Keywords: Practrice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

299. Capezzani, L. (2010, Novembre). Dati preliminari del progetto: Valutazione degli esiti medico- clinici e psicologici in seguito all’applicazione dell’EMDR in pazienti oncologici con disturbi dello spettro post traumatico da stress [Preliminary data of the project: Evaluation of medical-clinical and psychological outcomes following the application of EMDR in cancer patients with autism spectrum post-traumatic stress disorder]. Presentazione al "Convegno La psicotraumatologia Oncologica, Roma, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
La ricerca ha lo scopo di indicare se l’intervento con EMDR produce significativi cambiamenti dei parametri medico-clinico, oltre che psicologici, in pazienti oncologici che abbiamo ricevuto una diagnosi di PTSD o di un disturbo dello spettro post-traumatico da stress durante ciascuna delle fasi dell’evoluzione della malattia. In particolare si vuole verificare se dopo trattamento con EMDR: - i valori baseline di cortisolo nel sangue cambiano e riproducono anche in pazienti oncologici l’andamento dimostrato in letteratura: in presenza di un PTSD acuto generalmente i livelli sono alti, quando invece il PTSD è cronico i livelli di cortisolo sono bassi ma in ambedue i casi un trattamento con EMDR produce una normalizzazione di suddetti valori. - si osserva una riduzione della quantità di citochine che rappresentano gli indicatori immunologici correlati a stati di depressione ed ansia sia sottosoglia che non, quasi sempre presenti tra i disturbi dello spettro PTSD e quindi anche nella malattia oncologica (Cantelmi, 2008 in preparazione). Lo studio consente inoltre di osservare - per quali delle fasi della malattia il trattamento con EMDR produce la migliore estinzione dei disturbi post-traumatici da stress, - se le modalità di coping, cioè le strategie di adattamento alla malattia e sua gestione migliorano dopo il trattamento con EMDR

The research is intended to indicate whether the intervention with EMDR produces significant changes in clinical parameters and medical as well as psychological, in cancer patients who have received a diagnosis of PTSD or a spectrum disorder post-traumatic stress disorder during each of the stages of the disease. In particular, we want to check if after treatment with EMDR: - The values of baseline cortisol in the blood change and reproduce even in cancer patients the trend shown in the literature: in the presence of an acute PTSD generally the levels are high, when instead the PTSD is chronic cortisol levels are low but in both cases treated with EMDR produces a normalization of these values. - There is a reduction in the amount of cytokines representing the immunological indicators related to states of depression and subthreshold anxiety is that, almost always present between the spectrum disorders PTSD and therefore also in the oncological disease (Cantelmi, 2008 in preparation). The study also allows you to observe - For which of the stages of the disease treatment with EMDR produces the best extinction of the symptoms of post-traumatic stress, - Whether the method of coping, ie the strategies of adaptation to the disease and its management to improve after treatment with EMDR.

Keywords: Autism Cancer Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

300. Jongedijk, R. A., Gersons, B. P. R., & ter Heide, F. J. J. (2011, Het Voorjaar). De behandeling van complexe ptss-patiënten: Traumagerichte therapieën [The treatment of complex PTSD patients: Trauma-focused therapies]. Presentatie op het 39ste Voorjaarscongres Nederlandse Vereniging voor Psychiatrie, Amsterdam op het 39ste Voorjaarscongres Nederlandse Vereniging voor Psychiatrie, Amsterdam .

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Bij de behandeling van complexe ptss-patiënten wordt niet altijd de evidence- based behandeling toegepast, zoals die wordt beschreven in de richtlijnen. Doorgaans is de mening, dat stabilisatie het enige mogelijke is vanwege gevaar voor psychische decompensatie. Inmiddels is voldoende evidentie, dat traumagerichte therapieën ook bij complexe ptsspatiënten mogelijk en effectief zijn. Doel: In deze bijblijfsessie zal worden betoogd, dat evidence-based traumagerichte behandeling bij complexe ptss-patiënten mogelijk en wenselijk is. Aandacht zal worden besteed aan moeilijkheden en mogelijkheden bij deze groep patiënten. Methoden: Na een algemene inleiding over de richtlijnen voor psychotherapeutische behandeling van ptss en over complexe ptss (R. Jongedijk), zullen vervolgens presentaties worden gegeven over drie evidence-based behandelvormen voor ptss, te weten het Kort Eclectisch Protocol voor ptss (kep; B. Gersons), narratieve exposure therapy (net; R. Jongedijk) en eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (emdr; J. ter Heide). Expliciet zal worden ingegaan op de moeilijkheden en mogelijkheden van deze therapievormen bij complexe ptss-patiënten. De aanpassingen in de behandeling voor deze groep patiënten zal worden besproken. Na de voordrachten zal er tijd zijn voor vragen en discussie. Resultaten: Er is een duidelijk overzicht gegeven van drie evidence-based psychotherapievormen voor ptss. Voor de complexe groep ptss-patiënten zijn de eventuele aanpassingen aan de standaardprocedures van de behandeling aan bod gekomen. Aangetoond is dat deze behandelvormen goed toepasbaar zijn bij complexe ptss-patiënten. Conclusie: Evidence-based behandeling van complexe ptss-patiënten door middel van traumagerichte psychotherapie heeft doorgaans de voorkeur. De deelnemer van de bijblijfsessie heeft kennis genomen van drie evidence-based behandelvormen voor ptss en kent de moeilijkheden en mogelijkheden om deze toe te passen bij complexe ptss-patiënten.

In the treatment of complex PTSD patients is not always evidence-based treatment applied as described in the guidelines. Typically, the view that stabilization is the only possible because of risk of psychological decompensation. Meanwhile, sufficient evidence that trauma-focused therapies even for complex ptsspatiënten possible and effective. Purpose: This bijblijfsessie will be argued that evidence-based trauma-focused treatment for complex PTSD patients is possible and desirable. Consideration will be given to problems and opportunities in this patient group. Methods: After a general introduction about the guidelines for psychotherapeutic treatment of PTSD and complex PTSD (R. Jongedijk) will then presentations are given on three evidence-based treatments for PTSD, namely the short Eclectic Protocol for PTSD (kep; B . Gersons), narrative exposure therapy (net; R. Jongedijk) and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR, J. Heide). Will explicitly address the difficulties and possibilities of this therapy are patients with complex PTSD. The adjustments in the treatment of these patients will be discussed. After the presentations there will be time for questions and discussion. Results: There is a clear overview of three evidence-based forms of psychotherapy for PTSD. For the complex group of PTSD patients, the adjustments to the standard procedures of treatment addressed. It has been demonstrated that these therapies are well applicable for complex PTSD patients. Conclusion: Evidence-based treatment of complex PTSD patients by trauma-focused psychotherapy is usually preferred. The participant of bijblijfsessie has noted three evidence-based treatments for PTSD and knows the difficulties and possibilities to apply it in complex PTSD patients.

Keywords: Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

301. van der Vleugel, B. (2013, April). De behandeling van PTSS bij mensen met een psychotische stoornis [The treatment of PTSD in people with a psychotic disorder]. In Onderzoek track 1 and 2. Presentatie op Het congres EMDR Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Nijmegen, Nederland.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Trauma is een risicofactor voor het ontwikkelen van psychose. Het hebben van een ernstige psychiatrische aandoening verhoogt de kans op het ontwikkelen van een co-morbide posttraumatische stress stoornis. Desondanks wordt een co-morbide PTSS zelden gediagnostiseerd en wanneer dit wél gebeurt is behandeling van deze PTSS bepaald niet vanzelfsprekend. Behandelaren vrezen vaak dat het openlijk bespreken van traumatische levenservaringen zal leiden tot decompensatie, heropname, middelenmisbruik, zelfbeschadigend gedrag en / of suïcidaliteit. Ondertussen werken de PTSS klachten als olie op het vuur van de psychose. Omdat mensen met psychotische klachten over het algemeen werden uitgesloten van deelname aan onderzoek naar de effecten van PTSS behandeling was lang niet bekend of psychologische behandeling conform de Richtlijn Angststoornissen ook bij deze populatie veilig en effectief is. Hier begint verandering in te komen. In deze presentatie komen achtereenvolgens aan bod: - De resultaten van een pilot onderzoek naar de effecten van EMDR bij mensen met een psychotische stoornis en een co-morbide PTSS (Van den Berg & Van der Gaag, 2012). - De resultaten van een gecontroleerde multiple baseline study naar de effecten van EMDR en Prolonged Exposure bij mensen met een psychotische stoornis en een comorbide PTSS (De Bont, Van Minnen & De Jongh, submitted). - De opzet en eerste bevindingen van het onderzoeksproject Treating Trauma in Psychosis (T.TIP), een multicenter RCT naar de behandeling van PTSS bij mensen met een psychotische Trauma is a risk factor for the development of psychosis. Having a severe psychiatric condition increases the chance of the development of a co-morbid post-traumatic stress disorder. Nevertheless, a co-morbid PTSD rarely diagnosed and when this happens, treatment of these PTSD determined not obvious. Clinicians often fear that openly discussing traumatic life experiences will lead to decompensation, reuptake, substance abuse, self-injurious behavior and / or suicidality. Meanwhile, the PTSD symptoms as fuel to the fire of the psychosis. Because people with psychotic symptoms were generally excluded from research into the effects of PTSD treatment was long unknown or psychological treatment in accordance with Directive Anxiety disorders also in this population safely and effective. Here begins to be changing. This presentation will subsequently be discussed: - The results of a pilot study on the effects of EMDR in people with a psychotic disorder and comorbid PTSD (Van den Berg and Van der Gaag, 2012) . - The results of a controlled multiple baseline study on the effects of EMDR and Prolonged Exposure to people with a psychotic disorder and comorbid PTSD (De Bont, Van Minnen & De Jongh, submitted). - The design and initial findings of the research Treating Trauma in Psychosis (T.TIP), a multicenter RCT on the treatment of PTSD in people with a psychotic disorder (De Bont et al, submittedstoornis (De Bont et al., submitted).

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress DIsorder PSTD Psychotic Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

302. Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1996). De behandeling van specifieke fobieën met eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Een gecontroleerde studie. Directieve Therapie, 16(1), 1-5. doi:10.1007/BF03060128 .

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In deze studie werd onderzocht of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) van nut kan zijn bij het behandelen van een specifieke fobie. De studie bestond uit twee fasen. Tijdens de eerste fase werden spinfobici toegewezen aan drie onderzoeksgroepen: een EMDR groep, een imaginaire exposure groep of een controlegroep die geen behandeling ontving. De behandeling werd geëvalueerd met een gestandaardiseerde gedragstest waarbij de fobici werd verzocht het gevreesde object (i.c. spin) zo dicht mogelijk te benaderen. Geen van de drie groepen – dus ook de EMDR–groep niet – boekte vooruitgang. De exposure in vivo behandeling, die alle fobici tijdens de tweede fase van het onderzoek ontvingen, leidde daarentegen wel tot een significante verbetering op de gedragstest.

This study investigated whether Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) can be useful in treating a specific phobia. The study consisted of two phases. During the first phase spinfobici assigned to three research groups: one group of EMDR, an imaginary exposure group or a control group that received no treatment. Treatment was evaluated with a standardized behavioral test in which the phobic invited the feared object (ie spin) as close as possible to approach. None of the three groups - including the EMDR group did not - made progress. Exposure in vivo treatment, all phobic during the second phase of the study, led however to a significant improvement on the behavioral test.

Keywords: Specific Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

303. Leenarts, L. E. W., Doreleijers, Th. A. H., Lindauer, R. J. L., Lodewijks, H. P. B., & Vermeiren, R. R. J. M. (2011, April). De effectiviteit van een traumabehandeling bij getraumatiseerde meisjes in gesloten jeugdinstellingen [The effectiveness of trauma treatment in traumatized girls in closed juvenile institutions]. Symposia op het 39ste Voorjaarscongres Nederlandse Vereniging voor Psychiatrie, Amsterdam .

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Achtergrond: Uit onderzoek blijkt dat in jeugdzorginstellingen geplaatste meisjes vaak getraumatiseerd zijn en mede hierdoor ernstige problemen vertonen in het verdere leven. Onderzoek (Hamerlynck 2008) toont aan dat 85% van de meisjes een of meer trauma’s heeft meegemaakt en dat dit gerelateerd is aan zowel openlijke als heimelijke agressie. Hieruit blijkt de noodzaak om meisjes in jeugdzorginstellingen bij opname te onderzoeken op trauma en agressie, ze te behandelen en om traumabehandelingen te onderzoeken op hun effectiviteit en op de gevolgen op lange termijn. Doel: Het doel van het huidige onderzoek is de effecten vast te stellen van een traumabehandeling bij meisjes die in een jeugdzorg-plusinstelling geplaatst zijn. De behandeling die geëvalueerd wordt, is een stabilisatiefase (met als doel het reduceren van traumagerelateerde klachten) aangevuld met eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (emdr). Methoden: Gebruik wordt gemaakt van een quasi-experimenteel onderzoeksdesign. De experimentele groep bestaat uit meisjes die hebben deelgenomen aan de stabilisatiefase gevolgd door emdr. De controlegroep bestaat uit meisjes die treatment as usual (tau) ontvangen. Verschillende meetmomenten zullen plaatsvinden. De Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ( ctq) wordt gebruikt om traumageschiedenis te onderzoeken en de Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (tscc) wordt gebruikt om traumaklachten te bevragen. Resultaten: Tijdens het Voorjaarscongres zullen de eerste resultaten bekend zijn en gepresenteerd worden. Conclusie: Op basis van literatuur kan verondersteld worden dat een geprotocolleerde stabilisatiefase gevolgd door emdr effectiever is in de reductie van traumagerelateerde klachten dan tau bij meisjes in gesloten jeugdzorginstellingen.

Background: Research shows that girls are often placed in youth welfare institutions traumatized and because of this serious exhibit problems later in life. Research (Hamerlynck 2008) shows that 85% of the one or more girls experienced trauma and that this is related to both overt and covert aggression. This highlights the need to girls in child welfare institutions in recording research on trauma and aggression, treat them and trauma treatments to investigate their effectiveness and the long-term consequences. Purpose: The aim of the present study to determine the effects of trauma treatment girls in a youth-plus set placed. The treatment evaluated, a stabilization phase (with the aim of reducing trauma-related symptoms) supplemented with Eye Movement Desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR). Methods: Use is made of a quasi-experimental research design. The experimental group consists of girls who have participated in the stabilization phase followed by EMDR. The control group consists of girls that treatment as usual (TAU) received. Various measurement points will occur. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) is used to examine trauma history and the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) is used to search for trauma symptoms. Results: During the Spring Congress the first results are known and presented. Conclusion: Based on literature can believed that food allergies stabilization phase followed by EMDR is more effective in reducing trauma-related symptoms than tau girls in secure youth institutions.

Keywords: Girls Juvenile Insitutions Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

304. de Roos, C., & Beer, R. (2010). De kracht van een behandeling: EMDR bij kinderen en jeugdigen [The strength of a treatment: EMDR with children and youth]. Cogiscope, 2(10), 28-31.

Language: Dutch

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Welke gezichten gaan er schuil achter de hardwerkende behandelaren van psychotrauma, wat zijn hun drijfveren, waarom kozen ze voor het vak en waar zijn ze door beïnvloed? Eli ten Lohuis interviewt psychotherapeuten Carlijn de Roos en Renée Beer, pioniers in het toepasbaar maken van de behandelmethode Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) voor kinderen en jeugdigen. Carlijn de Roos is klinisch en kinder- en jeugdpsycholoog. Zij werkt sinds 2000 bij GGZ Kinderen en Jeugd, Rivierduinen te Leiden, waar zij coördinator is van het door haar opgerichte Psychotraumacentrum. Tevens richtte zij mede de Vereniging EMDR Nederland (VEN) op, waarvan zij thans voorzitter is. Renée Beer, ook klinisch en kinder- en jeugdpsycholoog en gedragstherapeut, werkt als coördinator van het Centrum voor Traumagerelateerde Stoornissen van De Bascule, Academisch Centrum voor Kinder- en Jeugdpsychiatrie, te Amsterdam.

Which faces are hidden behind the hardworking practitioners of psychological trauma, what are their motivations, why they chose the profession and where they are by affected? Eli at Lohuis interviews psychotherapists Carlijn the Rose and Renee Beer, pioneers in the applicability of the treatment method Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for children and adolescents. Carlijn the Rose is a clinical psychologist and child and youth. She works since 2000 Mental Health Children and Youth, Rivierduinen Leiden, where she is coordinator of the by its established Psychotrauma Center. Also, she founded the Association co EMDR Netherlands (VEN), of which she now chairs. Renee Beer, and also clinical child and adolescent psychologist and behavioral therapist, works as coordinator of the Center for Trauma Related Disorders of the Bascule, Academic Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam.

Keywords: Adolescents Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

305. Staff. (2007). De nieuwe hamer van de psychologen [The new hammer of the psychologists]. Tijdschrift voor Bedrijfs- en Verzekeringsgeneeskunde, 15(10), 469. doi:10.1007/BF03074666 .

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Enkele jaren geleden deed de EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) haar intrede in de behandeling van psychotrauma’s. Deze methode was hoewel niet geheel begrepen qua mechanisme ontegenzeggelijk spectaculair qua resultaat door de snelle vermindering van de klachten. In korte tijd was de klassieke langdurige PTSS-behandeling obsoleet geworden.

A few years ago, the EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) entered the treatment psychotrauma's. This method was not fully understood in terms of mechanism, although unquestionably spectacular in terms of results due to the rapid reduction of symptoms. In a short time was the classic long-term PTSD treatment has become obsolete.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

306. van Eijk, M. & ter Braak, A. (2008, Maart). De noodkreet van het lijf: Het lichaam spreekt [The cry of the body: The body speaks]. Presentatie aan de derde congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Ede, The Netherlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
De gevolgen van psychotrauma manifesteren zich in de meeste gevallen in de vorm van herbelevingen, vermijding, emotionele ontregeling, concentratiestoornissen en dergelijke. Lichamelijke klachten worden inmiddels ook steeds vaker herkend als een van de gevolgen van PTSS. In deze workshop wordt naast aandacht voor de theoretische achtergrond van psychofysiologische reacties, ingegaan op wat men als EMDR- therapeut in de praktijk kan tegenkomen: dit kan variëren van selectief mutisme tot stigmata en van verlammingsverschijnselen tot visus uitval. Een en ander wordt geïllustreerd aan de hand van voorbeelden en videomateriaal.

The effects of psychotrauma manifest themselves in most cases in the form of reexperiencing, avoidance, emotional disturbance, impaired concentration and the like. Physical symptoms are also now increasingly being recognized as one of the effects of PTSD. This workshop will next focus on the theoretical background of psycho-physiological responses, discuss what they like EMDR therapist in practice may encounter: this may range from selective mutism to stigmata and paralysis to vision loss. This is illustrated by examples and video material.

Keywords: Body Psychophysiological Responses Somatic

Accuracy Verified: Yes

307. Rassin, E., Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1996). De pijndempende werking van eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is beperkt [The pain attenuation of EMDR is limited]. Directieve Therapie, 16(3), 274-284. doi:10.1007/BF03060149 .

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) werd in 1989 door Shapiro geïntroduceerd als een therapeutische techniek voor Posttraumatische stress–stoornis (PTSS). Sindsdien hebben diverse EMDR–;therapeuten geopperd dat deze interventie ook toepasbaar is bij andere trauma–gerelateerde klachten. In een studie van Hekmat, Groth en Rogers (1994) is geclaimd dat EMDR effectief is bij de behandeling van pijn. In het onderhavige onderzoek is deze claim verder onderzocht. Daartoe werden 45 gezonde vrijwilligers onderworpen aan 8 elektrische prikkels. De proefpersonen werden verdeeld over 3 groepen: een groep die behandeld werd met EMDR, een groep die ter afleiding van de prikkels naar een cartoon keek, en een controlegroep waarbij geen verdere interventie werd uitgevoerd. Zowel fysiologische als subjectieve reacties op de pijnprikkels werden geregistreerd. Op geen enkele effectmaat werden verschillen tussen de drie groepen gevonden. In de discussie wordt dit resultaat in een breder perspectief geplaatst.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was introduced by Shapiro in 1989 as a therapeutic technique for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Since then several EMDR, therapists suggested that this intervention is also applicable to other trauma-related symptoms. In a study by Hekmat, Groth and Rogers (1994) has claimed that EMDR is effective in treating pain. In the present study further investigated this claim. For this purpose, 45 healthy volunteers subjected to 8 electrical stimuli. The subjects were divided into 3 groups: one group treated with EMDR, a group that as a distraction from the stimuli to a cartoon look, and a control group with no further intervention was performed. Both physiological and subjective responses to pain stimuli were recorded. In no effect size differences were found between the three groups. In the discussion, this results in a wider perspective.

Keywords: Pain Attenuation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

308. Jaspers, J. (2011, May). De relatie tussen wetenschap en klinische praktijk [The relationship between science and clinical practice]. Psychologie & Gezondheid, 32(2), 59-60. "Online First".

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
De discussie over mindfulness die in het vorige nummer van Psychologie & Gezondheid is gevoerd, wordt in dit nummer voortgezet. Frank Vernooij reageert op de eerdere bijdragen vanuit zijn klinische ervaring metmindfulnessmeditatietraining (MTT). Hij relativeert de bijdrage die vanuit de wetenschap kan worden geleverd aan de klinische praktijk in het algemeen en aan het vaststellen van de waarde en effectiviteit van mindfulness in het bijzonder. Ook in het vorige nummer werd door Maya Schroevers en haar collega’s en door Ivan Nyklíček het effectonderzoek naar MTT al positiever ingeschat dan door Remco Havermans, maar Vernooij gaat nog een stapje verder. Hij lijkt de mogelijkheden van de wetenschap om uitspraken te doen over de klinische praktijk niet hoog in te schatten. Havermans vermoedt zelfs dat Vernooij hem beschuldigt van sciëntisme, de overtuiging dat wetenschap superieur is aan alle andere interpretaties van het leven. Havermans maakt glashelder waarom hij vindt dat wetenschap een cruciale rol vervult voor een op evidentie gebaseerde klinische praktijk. Tevens stelt hij nogmaals vast dat de evidentie voor MMT te wensen overlaat en dat ook het meest recente onderzoek, gepubliceerd in 2010 en 2011, dezelfde methodologische tekorten kent als eerder effectonderzoek naar MMT. De zoekterm ‘mindfulnesss’ leverde voor 2010 en 2011 weliswaar bijna 400 citaties op, maar hieronder vond hij slechts vijf relevante MMT-trials. Bij zijn beschrijving van deze trials stelt Havermans terloops vast dat hoge impactfactoren van tijdschriften niet garant staan voor kwalitatief het best mogelijke onderzoek. Dit laatste is mogelijk een troost voor Sandra Mulkens en andere Nederlandse onderzoekers die, geheel in de huidige academische traditie, zo hoog mogelijk proberen te scoren in Engelstalige wetenschappelijke tijdschriften, lees haar column in dit nummer. Naast effectonderzoek is onderzoek in de traditie van de experimentele psychopathologie (Jansen, Van den Hout & Merckelbach, 2010) een beproefde manier om wetenschappelijke kennis te vergaren die van groot belang kan zijn voor de klinische praktijk. Het openingsartikel van dit nummer is hiervan een voorbeeld bij uitstek. Over de werkzame factoren van EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) is veel gespeculeerd, maar nauwelijks iets bekend. Het onderzoek van Marcel van den Hout, Iris Engelhard en collega’s heeft hierover een aannemelijk theoretisch model opgeleverd. De theorie dat belasting van het werkgeheugen een cruciale rol speelt bij het vervagen van negatieve en positieve herinneringen is door hen in een serie experimenten overtuigend aangetoond. Een van die experimenten wordt in het openingsartikel beschreven. De publicaties hierover (zowel Engelstalig als in het Nederlands) en de klinische implicaties die door de onderzoekers zijn geformuleerd, hebben tot veel reacties geleid. Gelet op de geschiedenis van EMDR in Nederland, met uitgesproken pleitbezorgers en criticasters, wekt dat wellicht weinig verbazing. In nummer 1 van Dth (Directieve therapie) van dit jaar reagerenWillen van der Does en Hellen Hornsveld op het model van Van den Hout en Engelhard en de consequenties ervan voor de klinische praktijk. Een opmerkelijke overeenkomst met de discussie over mindfulness is de verschillende interpretatie van het wetenschappelijk onderzoek, in dit geval de evidentie voor EMDR in vergelijking met cognitieve gedragstherapie (CGT): Van der Does (2011) meent dat EMDR net iets minder effectief is dan CGT, terwijl Hornsveld (2011) de conclusie trekt dat CGT, in het bijzonder imaginaire exposure, het aflegt tegen EMDR. Ook al waarschuwen beiden tegen al te snelle gevolgtrekkingen van dit experimenteel onderzoek bij niet-patiënten voor de klinische praktijk, nieuwe wetenschappelijke informatie lijkt vooral geïnterpreteerd te worden vanuit reeds eerder bestaande opvattingen en oordelen over EMDR en CGT. De suggestie van Van den Hout en Engelhard (2011) dat EMDR een gewone CGT-techniek kan worden, zal hen door de snel groeiende Vereniging EMDR Nederland niet in dank worden afgenomen, al hoopt Van der Does (2011) op decimering van het ledental. Al met al blijkt uit deze recente discussies het spanningsveld tussen wetenschap en klinische praktijk. De ontwikkelingen in de (klinische) psychologie, waarbij de kloof tussen wetenschappers en clinici alleen maar lijkt toe te nemen, onder andere omdat het door de toenemende specialisaties steeds moeilijker wordt voor psychologen om beide beroepsrollen te combineren, doen daar geen goed aan.

The discussion about mindfulness in the previous issue of Psychology & Health are hereby continued in this issue. Frank Vernooij responding to previous contributions from his clinical experience mindfulness and meditation training (MTT). He puts the contribution that science can be delivered to the clinical practice in general and to determine the value and effectiveness of mindfulness in particular. In the previous issue was Schroevers Maya and her colleagues and by Ivan Nyklicek impact study MTT been more positive assessments than by Remco Havermans, Vernooij but goes one step further. He seems the ability of science to make statements about the clinical practice to estimate high. Havermans even suspects that he Vernooij accused of scientism, the belief that science is superior to all other interpretations of life. Havermans makes clear why he thinks science is a crucial role for an evidence-based clinical practice. Also, he once again that the evidence of MMT is inadequate and that the latest research, published in 2010 and 2011, has the same methodological shortcomings as earlier research on effects MMT. The search term 'mindfulnesss "delivered in 2010 and 2011, while nearly 400 citations, but below, he found only five relevant trials MMT. In his description of these trials suggests that high Havermans casually impact factors of journals does not guarantee the best quality research. The latter may be a comfort to Sandra Mulkens and Dutch researchers, all in the current academic tradition, try to score as high as possible in English scientific journals, read her column in this issue. Besides effects research, research in the tradition of experimental psychopathology (Jansen, Van den Hout & Merckelbach, 2010) a proven way to scientific knowledge is produced that may be important for clinical practice. The opening article of this issue is an example par excellence. On the effective factors of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) has been much speculation but very little known. The study by Marcel van den Hout, Iris Engelhard and colleagues has made a plausible theoretical model yielded. The theory that taxes working memory plays a crucial role in the blurring of negative and positive memories by them in a series of experiments convincingly demonstrated. One of those experiments in the opening article. The publications on this subject (both English and Dutch) and the clinical implications have been formulated by the investigators, have led to many responses. Given the history of EMDR in the Netherlands, with strong advocates and critics, suggests that perhaps little surprise. In a number of Dth (directive therapy) this year to respond to van der Does and Helen Horn Field on the model of van den Hout and Engelhard and its consequences for clinical practice. A remarkable agreement with the discussion of mindfulness is the different interpretations of scientific research, in this case the evidence for EMDR compared to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): Van der Does (2011) believes that EMDR is slightly less effective than CBT, while Horn Field (2011) concludes that CBT, in particular imaginal exposure, it looses against EMDR. Although both warn against too rapid conclusions from this experimental study in non-patients for clinical practice, new scientific information seems to be interpreted from pre-existing beliefs and judgments about EMDR and CBT. The suggestion of Van den Hout and Engelhard (2011) that EMDR is a simple CBT techniques may be, will bring them through the fast-growing Netherlands Association EMDR not be appreciated, though hopes Van der Does (2011) on the decimation of the membership. All in all, of these recent discussions the tension between science and clinical practice. Developments in the (clinical) psychology, where the gap between scientists and clinicians only seems to be increasing, partly because it is the increasing specialization is becoming increasingly difficult for psychologists to both professional roles to combine, do not do well.

Keywords: Mindfulness and Meditation Training, MTT

Accuracy Verified: Yes

309. Knipscheer, J., van Middendorp, H., & Kleber, R. (2011, August). De rol van cultuur in het omgaan met psychotrauma [The role of culture in coping with psychotrauma]. Psychologie & Gezondheid, 39(3), 125-131.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The role of culture in coping with psychotrauma In this paper, the theme of the special issue on Culture and Trauma is introduced. In both empirically oriented articles as well as theoretical and contemplative contributions, the role of culture and migration context in the development of psychological problems following trauma, culture-specific or generic coping with the consequences, help-seeking behavior, and the need for culturally sensitive treatment is explored. First, the influence of the migration context is considered with regard to the possible sickening role of the asylum procedure, the burden for immigrant women who have undergone female genital mutilation and now live in a society that seriously condemns it, and the dilemma of Islamic migrants who experience homosexual feelings while living in a secularized society. Following are some contributions on cultural diversity in the expression of trauma symptoms, like somatization among refugees and the articulation of rage and embitterment among labor migrants. The impact of trauma in combination with migration on families and how children can be affected by the traumatization of their parents is the topic of two contributions in which the role of the (extended) family is explored and a contextual approach to working with families with trauma-related symptoms (a mentalization based multifamily therapy) is described. The factors that impede therapyseeking behaviour and drop-out are discussed in a study on Moroccan or Turkish girls who were raped. Finally, the applicability and efficacy of evidence-based interventions for treating ethnic minority patients with posttraumatic stress disorder is illustrated by a study on Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing with refugees and an article on specific elements of intercultural trauma therapy that appear to be culturally sensitive.

Keywords: Asylum Procedure Cultural Diversity Culture Ethnic Minority Patients Female Genital Homosexuality Islamic Migrants Mentalization-Based Multi-Family Therapy Mutilation Migration Context Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Psychotrauma Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

310. Oppenheim, H.-J. (2005, November). De som der delen: EMDR bij de behandeling van een vrouw met DIS [The sum of its parts: EMDR to treat a woman with DIS]. Presentatie op het Eerste Congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland, Ede, Nederland.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Er zijn, zover bekend, zeven artikelen verschenen over de toepassing van EMDR bij DIS. Young (1994) beschrijft de toepassing van EMDR gericht op de fobische symptomen bij DIS. Paulsen (1995) komt met een theoretisch model gebaseerd op neuronale netwerken voor de dissociatieve stoornissen. Volgens Paulsen zorgt EMDR voor de her-associatie van het gedisscocieerde materiaal. Zij maant echter tot behoedzaam gebruik van EMDR, zeker bij de ernstige dissociatieve stoornissen. Anderen maken melding dat, vaak aangepaste versies van, EMDR zinvol kan zijn als een beperkte toegevoegde techniek in de behandeling van DIS (Lazrove & Fine, 1996; Chemtob, Tolin, Van Der Kolk, & Pitnam, 2000; Twombly, 2000; Fine & Berkowitz, 2001). Gelinas (2003) gaat nog verder en stelt een behandeling voor waarin een gemodificeerde vorm van van EMDR wordt gecombineerd met een ‘fase georiënteerde trauma behandeling’.
In deze presentatie staat de behandeling van een 44 jarige, zeer ernstig getraumatiseerde vrouw met DIS centraal. Zij volgt sinds eind 1997 een cognitief-gedragstherapeutische therapie. In september 2004 is er gestart met EMDR. Mede aan de hand van videofragmenten wordt het half jaar durende verwerkingsproces verteld, van één van de vele trauma’s die de cliënte heeft meegemaakt. Te zien valt onder meer hoe met behulp van EMDR specifieke informatie van de diverse alters zodanig geïntegreerd wordt, dat volledige verwerking mogelijk blijkt te zijn. Er zal aandacht besteed worden aan de specifieke wijze waarop bij deze behandeling met EMDR moest worden omgegaan.

There are known to be seven articles about the use of EMDR in DIS. Young (1994) describes the application of EMDR focused on phobic symptoms in DIS. Paulsen (1995) with a theoretical model based on neural networks for the dissociative disorders. According to Paulsen EMDR allows for the re-association of the gedisscocieerde material. It urges, however, to cautious use of EMDR, especially in severe dissociative disorders. Others have reported that, often modified versions of, EMDR can be useful as a limited added technique in the treatment of CIS (Lazrove & Fine, 1996; Chemtob, Tolin, Van Der Kolk, & Pitnam, 2000, Twombly, 2000, Fine & Berkowitz, 2001). Gelinas (2003) goes further and proposes a treatment for which a modified form of EMDR is combined with a phase-oriented trauma treatment.
In this presentation, the treatment of a 44 year old woman with very severely traumatized central CIS. It follows since the end of 1997 a cognitive-behavioral therapy. In September 2004 has started with EMDR. Partly on the basis of video clips, the half-year process told by one of the many traumas that the client has experienced. Is to see how including using EMDR specific information from the various alters so integrated that complete processing proves impossible. Attention will be paid to the specific manner in which this treatment with EMDR should be handled.

Keywords: Dissociative Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

311. Rijken, T. A. (2012). De werkzaamheid van eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Ondersteuning voor een afleidingstheorie [The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Support for a theoretical derivation]. Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
De eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) interventie wordt veelvoudig gebruikt in de gezondheidszorg en is een van de meest onderzochte interventies voor posttraumatische stress-stoornis. De populariteit van deze interventie kan mede worden toegeschreven aan de aangetoonde werkzaamheid van EMDR voor het verminderen van traumasymptomen. EMDR is een behandeling die bedoeld is om de helderheid en aversiviteit van traumaherinneringen te verminderen. Tijdens de interventie staat het ophalen van traumatische herinneringen en tegelijkertijd het maken van oogbewegingen centraal. De laatste jaren zijn labstudies toegepast om te achterhalen hoe EMDR precies werkt. Uit deze studies blijkt dat de belasting van het werkgeheugen door een duale taak een belangrijk component van EMDR is. Het werkgeheugen heeft namelijk een beperkte capaciteit. Dit zorgt ervoor dat er minder capaciteit beschikbaar is voor de traumatische herinnering wanneer deze tijdens de behandeling wordt belast met een taak (bv. oogbewegingen). De werkgeheugentheorie is bruikbaar, maar er is wellicht een simpelere verklaring voor de werkzaamheid van EMDR: afleiding. Het is praktisch te weten hoe EMDR werkt zodat er meer duidelijkheid ontstaat over hoe EMDR precies moet worden toegepast. Daarnaast is het begrip van de werking van EMDR belangrijk voor het vaststellen van eventuele bruikbaarheid bij meerdere stoornissen. Het doel van huidig experiment is het kritisch onderzoeken of er een verschil is tussen het ophalen van een negatieve herinnering met een visuele afleidingstaak en het ophalen van een negatieve herinnering met het maken van oogbewegingen op de mate van levendigheid en emotionaliteit. Daarnaast dient het onderzoek als replicatie van Kavanagh et al. (2001) die hetzelfde beoogde te onderzoeken, maar geen rekening hield met de cognitieve belasting van de taken. Uit de resultaten van het huidige onderzoek blijkt dat de oogbewegingstaak en de visuele afleidingstaak verschillen in de mate van vertraging op de reactietijdtaak. De oogbewegingen leiden tot een grotere vertraging. Desondanks laten de resultaten van het experiment zien dat tijdens het toepassen van de interventies de visuele ruis tot grotere reductie van zowel levendigheid als emotionaliteit leidt in vergelijking met de oogbewegingen en het niets doen. Oogbewegingen laten intermediaire resultaten zien. Het lijkt er op dat de resultaten in strijd zijn met de gangbare werkgeheugentheorie en de ‘afleidingstheorie’ ondersteunen als verklaring voor de werkzaamheid van EMDR. Het is wellicht afleiding dat voldoende zou kunnen zijn om de werkzaamheid van EMDR te bewerkstelligen. Meer onderzoek is nodig om deze resultaten te ondersteunen.

The Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) intervention is multiple used in health care and is one of the most studied treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. The popularity of this intervention may also be attributed to the demonstrated efficacy of EMDR for reducing trauma symptoms. EMDR is a treatment designed to reduce the brightness and aversiviteit memories of trauma reduction. During the intervention is retrieving traumatic memories while making eye movements centrally. In recent years labstudies used to determine how EMDR works. These studies show that the load on working memory by a dual task is an important component of EMDR. The memory has a limited capacity ie. This ensures that there is less capacity available for the traumatic memory during treatment when it is subjected to a task (eg eye movements). The working memory theory is useful, but there may be a simpler explanation for the efficacy of EMDR: distraction. It is practical to know how EMDR works so that more clarity about exactly how EMDR should be applied. In addition, the concept of the operation of EMDR important for determining the potential usefulness in multiple disorders. The purpose of the present experiment is to critically examine whether there is a difference between getting a negative memory with a visual distraction task and retrieval of a negative memory making eye movements on the degree of vividness and emotionality. Research must also as a replication of Kavanagh et al (2001) that the same was intended to investigate, but took no account of the cognitive load of the tasks. The results of the present study show that the oogbewegingstaak and visual distraction task differences in the extent of delayed response task. The eye movements lead to a longer delay. Nevertheless, the results of the experiment show that while applying the intervention visual noise to greater reduction in both vividness and emotionality results in comparison with the eye movements and do nothing. Eye movements show intermediate results. It seems that the results are contrary to the usual working memory theory and the "distraction theory 'support as an explanation for the efficacy of EMDR. It might distractions that may be sufficient to establish the efficacy of EMDR to achieve. More research is needed to support these results.

Keywords: Theory Derivation Working Memory Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

312. Rana, M. (2010, July). Dealing with psychotrauma in war against terror: East meets West through EMDR. Symposium (Samin Karim, Chair) conducted at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The ‘War on Terror’ on the borders of Pakistan and Afghanistan has committed almost two hundred thousand troops on either side with more than five million civilians directly affected by terrorist acts, bombings, blasts, drone attacks, and air strife. Children, women, and men of all ages report to health facilities in hundreds with psycho trauma ranging from acute stress reactions, posttraumatic stress disorders, dissociation, depression, anxiety and Medically Unexplained Symptoms (MUS). The health professionals with hardly any training in handling of psycho trauma are clueless about how to deal with these cases. A handful of mental health professionals trained by EMDR UK and EMDR Europe experts, through a humanitarian assistance programme are the only trained human resource currently available to deal with these massive numbers of survivors. A strategic placement of this grossly limited number of trained EMDR human resource ( four females, six males), in the war zone has helped scores of soldiers to return to the battlefield, hundreds of children to return to their schools, dozens of families to return to normality and many adults to return to work. The elementary yet devoted and dedicated EMDR services in the war torn regions of Swat, Wazirastan, Kohat and tertiary care services at Rawalpindi are a result of a timely collaboration between EMDR trainers from West providing training in EMDR to psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses and social workers of Pakistan; indeed a fine example of ‘Building Bridges between East & West through EMDR’.

Keywords: Psychotrauma Symposium: Terror War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

313. Horton, H. (2011, June). Dealing with self-distress. Occupational Health, 63(6), 20-22.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The author, a nurse and victim of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for her service in Iraq, explains how to deal with the condition. She provides statistics on health practitioners who suffer from the condition, and describes a form of treatment for it called eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR). She explains how victims and their families are affected by PTSD, and describes the symptoms people should look out for in order to recognize the condition. She also provides an overview of its history and diagnosis.

Keywords: Eye Movements Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

314. Errebo, N. (2010, July). A decade of EMDR humanitarian trainings in Asia. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In 1999, EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Programs (HAP) began its work in Asia in Bangladesh. Since then HAP teams have trained clinicians in India, Indonesia, China, Thailand, Sri Lanka. This presentation will summarize what has been learned from ten years of experience in Asia. The EMDR HAP training in Sri Lanka following the 2004 tsunami will be presented in detail. Issues addressed will include needs assessment, organization, collaboration among organizations, ethics, cultural competence ,and program evaluation. Videotapes will show training and sessions of trainees with tsunami survivors. The presentation will show how to train participants to think, write, and speak about EMDR as well as how to competently and ethically utilize EMDR with clients. An EMDR training program was conducted as a joint project of three organizations: EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Programs (HAP), International Relief Teams (IRT), and the Sri Lankan National Counselors Association (SRILNAC). Between March and December 2005, 30 Sri Lankan counselors were trained in EMDR. These counselors demonstrated competence in EMDR on several measures, treated more than 1,000 children and more than 350 adult tsunami victims with EMDR in 2005, provided narrative reports and outcome measures for most of their clients, and formed the Sri Lanka EMDR Association (SEA). The crucial steps in establishing and implementing this training program are explained, with a summary of the subjective impressions and learning experiences most valued by the training team, including an excerpt from a trainer’s journal. This information may be useful to future cross-cultural humanitarian efforts following large-scale disasters. This article summarizes the crucial steps in establishing and carrying out this training program as well. Previous HAP programs in Bangladesh and Turkey (Konuk et al., 2006) had led to the development of a model of therapist training and service delivery following large-scale natural disasters. Great need for mental health treatment in developing countries following a disaster and the even greater challenge of delivering effective, culturally competent mental health treatment in these situations. Silove and Bryant (2006) praised the rapid needs assessment after the tsunami as an important advancement in psychiatric epidemiology that demonstrated the value of such assessment in guiding mental health interventions after disasters.They pointed out that the controversy over whether to offer psychological treatment after disasters confuses funding agencies and those planning mental health programs after disasters. Their concerns were echoed in Raphael and Stevens’s (2006) delineation of the emerging consensus about good mental health practice after disasters in an article that was not a part of the Bangkok symposium. IRT directors, EMDR-HAP staff, and SRILNAC leaders discussed crucial political, ethical, economic, and logistical decisions in conference calls and e-mails. They outlined a program that would be responsive to the culture and needs of Sri Lanka, would provide world-class EMDR training and consultation, and would follow International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) guidelines for mental health programs in post disaster situations (Weine et al., 2002). Following the funding mandate of IRT, the HAP team took responsibility for ensuring that services would in fact be delivered to tsunami survivors and that those services would be clinically effective. Therefore, requirements for continuing participation were quite specific, and trainees were more thoroughly evaluated than in previous HAP projects. These 30 counselors treated more than 1,350 tsunami survivors with EMDR between March and December 2005 and submitted outcome reports on these sessions that show marked improvement in PTSD symptoms. We know from e-mail contact that a number of participants continue to use EMDR effectively. As mentioned Important elements of the HAP training program in Sri Lanka included (a) adequate funding, (b) selection of trainees, (c) negotiation of objectives among HAP,IRT, and SRILNAC, (d) the pre-EMDR training in traumatology, (e) the consultation between trainings,(f ) the requirements for ongoing participation in the training, (g) a variety of measures of competence in EMDR, (h) the continuing, ongoing consultation with trainees, and (i) dedication. A project like this is expensive. IRT received.

Keywords: Asia HAP Humanitarian Assistance Programs Trainings

Accuracy Verified: Yes

315. Forgash, C. A. (2005, June). Deepening EMDR treatment effects across the trauma spectrum: Integrating EMDR and ego state work. Föreningen EMDR Sverige, EMDR Tidningen, 7(2), 6-14.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
The concepts, interventions, and techniques presented in this workshop are culled from theory and techniques of working with the range of the dissociative disorders). They have proved to be an effective addition to the preparation stage of the EMDR protocol. In other words, they can be used with clients who dissociate under certain conditions but do not have a dissociative disorder Most of the traumatized clients seen for EMDR treatment have a range of dissociative symptoms as well as symptoms of PTSD. This combination of PTSD and a dissociative disorder is often labeled DDNOS. However, people with a more complex variety of PTSD usually have experienced very early and enduring severe physical or sexual abuse (generally perpetrated by a family member), atrocities, war, or severe environmental disruption such as earthquakes. They are more accurately diagnosed with disorders of extreme stress (DESNOS). For these clients, the dissociated neural networks, or dissociative fragmentation, cause serious problems in adult life. The adaptive information processing system is on hold for these dissociated fragments or parts. They are easily triggered by internal or external cues to which they can have extreme reactions, (flashbacks, amnesia, losing time and place, and so forth.) Our goal as therapists is to use EMDR to help clients (and their internal dissociated neural networks or parts) find stability and resources to function adaptively in their present life, and then desensitize and reprocess the dissociated trauma memories and the PTSD symptoms. We aim to help our clients manage their symptoms. It is not our goal to eliminate dissociation, which has been a major survival strategy, but to help the client utilize it with conscious control. It is important to note that attachment issues are an aspect of development that are especially impacted by trauma. The attachment styles of the family pre trauma may have already affected the client in negative ways, impacting the client's resources and responses to trauma. One way to look at this set of problems is to utilize two approaches in the preparation phase of EMDR. These approaches combine the treatment of dissociative symptoms with ego state work and are an essential aspect of treating these clients with EMDR. This work may extend the preparation phase considerably, but will add safety and structure to the trauma processing experiences for these clients.

Keywords: Ego State Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

316. Thompson, P. (2007, April-May). Defending EMDR. Scientific American Mind, 18(2), 5.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Taking a Closer Look," by Scott O. Lilienfeld and Hal Arkowitz in a previous issue.
The authors state that EMDR is not more effective than standard behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapies. I have heard that EMDR is less stressful than standard therapies for PTSD and thus has a lower dropout rate and that this difference is not taken into account in studies of EMDR (because only patients who complete therapy are included in the studies). Is there indeed a difference in dropout rates?

Keywords: Letter

Accuracy Verified: Yes

317. Torres, R. V. (2012, Novembro). Depressão por parto na adoção: A cura pelo EMDR [Partum depression after adoption: The EMDR cure]. In Casos Clínicos I. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Esse trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar um caso clínico, de uma paciente de 46 anos, no período de adaptação da adoção de uma criança de cinco anos. As dificuldades apresentadas inicialmente eram relacionadas: à vinculação afetiva materna, ao exercício dos cuidados físicos e afetivos com a criança, ao exercício e à percepção do papel materno, aliados a fortes sintomas somáticos. Com a existência de grande desejo de ser mãe, há 15 anos fazia tratamento para engravidar. A adoção não representava um tabu para a mesma. No entanto, a infância vinha à tona com frequência e representava grande parte de seu sofrimento: sua mãe estava com 46 anos quando de seu nascimento e, desde então, fora acometida de enfermidades por toda sua vida, impedindo a realização de cuidados físicos e afetivos para com ela. Foram realizadas 20 sessões de EMDR e as experiências traumáticas da relação mãe x filha, bem como os medos de repetir a história passada, foram processados a uma resolução adaptativa, que permitiram a assimilação de suas lembranças passadas e a incorporação de padrões para experiências positivas, possibilitando a oportunidade de ampliar conexões com redes positivas. As memórias armazenadas que serviam de base para percepção, atitudes e comportamentos foram reprocessadas e, com isso, os sintomas físicos foram extintos, de maneira a permitir que a paciente assumisse uma nova postura frente à maternidade. A percepção sobre sua mãe foi alterada e conseguiu trazer à tona bons momentos de sua infância com a mãe. Também foi reprocessada uma situação relacionada ao perdão mútuo. A paciente hoje vive o processo de maternidade forma saudável e feliz, e 04 meses após o encerramento das sessões, adotou um menino de 03 meses de vida, sem que os sintomas reaparecessem.

This paper aims to present a clinical case of a patient of 46 years in the adjustment period from the adoption of a child of five. Difficulties were initially related: the linking maternal affection, exercise and physical care of the child with affection, exercise and perception of the maternal role, coupled with strong somatic symptoms. With the existence of a great desire to be a mother 15 years ago was receiving treatment for getting pregnant. The adoption did not represent a taboo for the same. However, childhood came to the fore and often represented a large part of his suffering: his mother was 46 years old when his birth and has since been stricken with illness throughout his life, preventing the achievement of physical and emotional care to her. Were performed 20 sessions of EMDR and traumatic experiences of the mother x daughter, as well as fears of repeating past history, were processed to an adaptive resolution, which allowed the assimilation of their past memories and incorporation of standards for positive experiences, allowing the opportunity to expand connections with positive networks. The stored memories that served as the basis for perception, attitudes and behaviors were reprocessed and, therefore, the physical symptoms were abolished, so as to allow the patient to assume a new stance facing the motherhood. The perception has changed about his mother and managed to bring out good moments of his childhood with his mother. It was also reprocessed a situation related to mutual forgiveness. The patient now lives the process of motherhood healthy and happy, and 04 months after the close of the session, adopted a boy of 03 months, without symptoms reappeared.

Keywords: Adoption Motherhood Postpartum Depression

Accuracy Verified: Yes

318. Schad, N. J. (2011, März). Der soldat, das einstztrauma und EMDR: Spezielle aspekte der behandlung [The soldier, trauma and EMDR: Specific aspects of treatment]. EMDRIA-Day in Berlin, Deutschland.

Language: German

Format: Other

Abstract:
Der Vortrag basiert auf den Erfahrungen einer psychologischen Psychotherapeutin in der Arbeit mit in Auslandseinsätzen traumatisierten deutschen Soldaten. Es werden sowohl die speziellen Stressoren im Einsatz als auch die charakterlichen Merkmale der Soldaten in der Patientenrolle sowie die notwendigen Fähigkeiten auf therapeutischer Seite ausgeführt. Auslösende und die PTBS aufrechterhaltende Bedingungen im Rahmen der Institution deutsche Bundeswehr sowie die daraus resultierenden Probleme und Vorteile werden benannt. Der Vortrag beschäftigt sich mit diversen Herausforderungen, die sich hier im Rahmen einer EMDR-Behandlung stellen wie etwa der Frage nach Schuld und Scham.

The talk is based on the experience of a psychological psychotherapist in working with traumatized German soldiers in missions abroad. There are both the specific stressors in the use of character and the characteristics of the soldiers in the patient role and the skills necessary to run therapeutic side. Triggering and sustaining conditions of PTSD within the institution German Bundeswehr and the resulting benefits and problems are identified. The lecture will deal with various challenges that arise here as part of an EMDR treatment such as the question of guilt and shame.

Keywords: German Bundeswehr Soldier Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

319. Shapiro, F., & Mousnier-Lompré, F. (2005). Des yeux pour guérir: EMDR: La thérapie pour surmonter l’angoisse, le stress et les traumatisms [Eye to heal: EMDR: Therapy for overcoming anxiety, stress and trauma]. Paris: Seuil.

Language: French

Format: Book

Abstract:
Tout le monde connaît désormais la thérapie introduite en France par David Servan-Schreiber dans son livre Guérir. Cette nouvelle thérapie appelée EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing) consiste pour l'essentiel à refaire vivre au patient victime d'un événement traumatique la scène terrible qui est à l'origine de sa souffrance, en lui faisant faire des mouvements oculaires provoquant une diminution progressive du stress. Les résultats sont incontestables, mais la raison des progrès enregistrés reste énigmatique. Peut-être s'agit-il d'une reconstruction ce la mémoire profonde du même ordre que celle qui se produit dans le sommeil paradoxal (où le dormeur connaît des mouvements oculaires analogues). Cette thérapie a été fondée par Francine Shapiro, du célèbre institut de Palo Alto. Ce livre fondateur raconte l'origine de sa découverte, donne des interprétations scientifiques possibles et surtout décrit de nombreux cas exemplaires où cette thérapie s'est révélée efficace. Il est de ce fait très poignant. On y rencontre une femme ayant perdu son fils de huit ans dans un accident de train et accablée par l'image terrifiante du corps disloqué de l'enfant, des anciens combattants du Vietnam hantés par les images terribles de la guerre, des victimes de viol... Et surtout on y voit comment ces personnes, emprisonnées dans leur souffrance, ont pu s'en affranchir et retrouver un équilibre psychologique.

Everyone now knows the therapy introduced in France by David Servan-Schreiber in his book Healing. This new therapy called EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitizer & Reprocessing) is essentially to re live the patient suffered a traumatic event the terrible scene which is at the origin In his pain, making him make eye movements causing a gradual decrease of stress. The results are undeniable, but the reason of progress remains enigmatic. Perhaps it is a reconstruction of the deep memory similar to that which occurs in sleep REM (where the sleeper knows movements eye like). The therapy was founded by Francine Shapiro, the renowned institute Palo Alto. This seminal book describes the origin of his discovery, provides interpretations possible scientific and especially describes many exemplary cases where this therapy has proven effective. It is therefore very poignant. We meet a woman who lost her eight year old son in a train accident and overwhelmed by the terrifying image of the broken body of the child, the Vietnam veterans haunted by the terrible images of war, victims of rape ... And especially we see how these people trapped in their suffering, have overcome them and regain a psychological equilibrium.

Keywords: Anxiety, General Overview Stress Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

320. Velozo, S. A. C. (2010, Noviembre). Desarrollo y procedimiento del método psicoterapéutico llamado E.M.D.R (Desensibilización y reprocesamiento por movimiento ocular) con pacientes que sufren trastorno por estrés postraumático [Procedure development and method of psychotherapy called EMDR (eye movement desentization and reprocessing) with patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder]. Universidad Bolivariana, Escuela de Psicologia, Santiago, Chile.

Language: Spanish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
El siguiente trabajo consta de una revision bibliografica sobre el modelo psicoterapeutico llamado E.M.D.R (Desensibilizacion y Reprocesamiento por Movimiento Ocular), utilizado en patalogias psiquicas que se originan por una vivencia traumatica, esta tecnica es vilidada cientificamente y enfatiza el Sistema de Procesaiento de Informacion intrinseco del cerebro y como son almacenadas las memorias. Se identifica el problema especifico que sera el foco del tratamiento. Mediante un protocol estructuado, la informacion que estaba atrapada y aislada en la neuro-red en la que habia sido almacenada en su forma originalmente perturbadora, es procesada y desensibilizada transformandose en algo util, functional y libre de conflict. Es un metodo psicopterapeutico innovador que accelera el tratamiento en un amplio rango de patalogias de origen psicologico, como le es el Trastorno por Estres Postraumatico. Parte por una breve resena historica del concepto de truma psiquico, descripcion del cuadro de sintomas del trastorno de ester postraumatico y una revision bibliografica sobre el modelo teorico en el que se inserta principios y procedimiento de la terapia EMDR. Por ello se presentan las fases del procedimiento, que son: 1. Historica clinica y plan de tratamiento, 2. Preparacion, 3 Evaluacion/D.I.C. E.S., 4. Desensibilizacion, 5. Instalacion de la creencia positive, 6. Chequeo corporal – Escaner corporal, 7. Cierre – Conclusion, and 8. Reevaluacion/Seguimiento. Finalmente se hara una docil comparacion con las terapias del modelo convencional en base a la triada do los sintomas del Trastorno por Estres Postraumatico, vale decir: rexpermentacion, evitacion e hiperactivacion.

The following work consists of a literature review on the psychotherapeutic model called EMDR (Desensitization and Reprocessing Eye Movement), used in psychic patalogias that are caused by a traumatic experience, this technique is scientifically and emphasizes vilidada System Information Procesaiento intrinsic brain and how memories are stored. It identifies the specific problem will be the focus of treatment. Using a structured protocol, information that was trapped and isolated in the neuro-network that had been stored as originally disturbing is processed and transformed into something useful desensitized, functional and free of conflict. It is an innovative method accelerates psicopterapeutico treatment in a wide range of psychological origin patalogias, as he is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Party by a brief history of the concept of psychic Truma, description of box ester disorder symptoms and posttraumatic literature review on the theoretical model that is inserted in the principles and procedure of EMDR therapy. So are procedural steps which are: 1. Historical clinical and treatment plan, 2. Preparation, 3 Evaluation / D.I.C. E.S., 4. Desensitization, 5. Installation of positive belief, 6. Check body - body scanner, 7. Close - Conclusion, and 8. Reassessment / Follow-up. Finally there will be a docile compared to the conventional therapies based on the triad do the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, namely: rexpermentacion, avoidance and hyperarousal.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

321. Shapiro, F. (2009). Desensibilizacion y reprocesamiento por medio de movimiento ocular (EMDR) [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)]. Pax Mexico L.C.C.S.A.

Language: Spanish

Format: Book

Abstract:
En tan solo unos cuantos años, el modo EMDR se ha convertido en el tratamiento más elaborado para el desorden de estrés postraumático (entre otras perturbaciones). El método EMDR es un tratamiento legítimo y poderoso. Modelo integral y eficiente en el tratamiento de experiencias perturbadoras, el método EMDR incorpora diversos aspectos de terapias sistémicas, psicodinámicas, experienciales, conductuales y corporales. Consiste en ocho fases que comprenden el uso de movimientos oculares y otras formas de estimulación izquierda-derecha. Es eficaz para tratar el desorden de estrés postraumático y reprocesar pensamientos y recuerdos perturbadores o problemas psicológicos de sobrevivientes de traumas, de abuso sexual, de crímenes, de combate bélico, así como de fobias y desórdenes causados por experiencias vivenciales y proporciona en poco tiempo efectos clínicos profundos y estables. Con descripciones y transcripciones detalladas, la autora guía al clínico por cada etapa del tratamiento terapéutico, desde la selección de los clientes hasta la aplicación del método y su integración dentro de un plan integral de tratamiento clínico. Escrito de manera accesible, este libro es una guía invaluable tanto para los clínicos experimentados en el tratamiento EMDR como para las personas que acaban de conocer el método, y para los estudiantes avanzados de psicología clínica y psicoterapia.

In just a few years, modeEMDR has become more elaborate treatment for PTSD (among other disturbances) clutter. The methodEMDR is a legitimate and powerful treatment. Comprehensive and efficient model in the treatment of disturbing experiences, the methodEMDR incorporates aspects of systemic therapies, psychodynamic, experienciales, behavioural and body. Consists of eight phases comprising the use of eye movements and other forms of left-right stimulation. It is effective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder and re-processing thoughts and disturbing memories or psychological problems of survivors of trauma, sexual abuse, of crimes, war combat, as well as phobias and disorders caused by vivenciales experiences and provides deep and stable clinical effects in a short time. With descriptions and detailed transcripts, the author guides the clinical through every stage of therapeutic, treatment from clients to the implementation of the method and their integration within a comprehensive clinical treatment plan selection. Written in an accessible manner, this book is an invaluable guide for clinicians in the treatmentEMDR as for people just know the method and for advanced students of clinical psychology and psychotherapy.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: No

322. Bae, H., & Daeho, K. (2012). Desensitization of triggers and urge reprocessing for an adolescent with internet addiction disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(2), 73-81. DOI: 10.1891/1933-3196.6.2.73.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This case study reports the successful treatment of Internet addiction in a 13- year-old male using four 45-minute sessions of the desensitization of triggers and urge reprocessing (DeTUR) protocol—an addiction protocol of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR; Popky, 2005). This protocol uses EMDR procedures to process current triggers and positive future templates, but it does not identify or directly address any past trauma. At baseline, the participant showed a moderate level of Internet addiction (scoring 75 on Young’s Internet Addiction Test [IAT]) and moderate depression (26 on the Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]). During assessment, he identified 7 triggers for Internet gaming and rated the associated urge to engage in the activity with scores of 3–9 on the level of urge scale (0 5 lowest, 10 5 strongest). Using the DeTUR protocol, the level of urge for each trigger was reduced to 2, which the participants defined as “not being able to think about or crave for the game.” After treatment, his symptoms had declined to nonclinical levels (38 on IAT and 6 on BDI) and he was able to restrict his time on the Internet to an hour per day. These therapeutic gains were maintained at 6- and 12-month follow-up. The DeTUR may be a good treatment option for Internet addiction and further controlled studies are needed.

Keywords: Adolescents DeTUR Game Addiction Internet Addiction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

323. Vojtova, H., Bob, P., & Ptacek, R. (2012). Desenzitizace a zpracování pomocí očních pohybů (EMDR) - psychologické a neurobiologické souvislosti terapie posttraumatické stresové poruchy [Desensitization and processing using eye movements (EMDR) - A psychological therapy connection neurobiological posttraumatic stress disorder]. Československá psychologie, 56(5), 463-472.

Language: Czech

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desenzibilizace a přepracování (EMDR) představuje slibný přístup k léčbě posttraumatické stresové poruchy. Empirické poznatky poskytují důkazy o vlivu EMDR na snížení subjektivně vnímané živostí a emocionální zátěž z autobiographic vzpomínek a na snížení vzrušení autonomního nervového systému přesouváním rovnováhy směrem aktivace parasympatiku. Poslední hypotézy naznačují, že účinky EMDR spoléhají na neurobiologických mechanismů pracujících v duálním zaměřit pozornost, orientující reflex a REM spánek. Toto přepracování se zdá vyvolat specifickou neurobiological odpověď, že dělá pro zpracování informací v centrálním nervovém systému efektivnější, zejména u jedinců s PTSD.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) represents a promising approach to treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. The empirical findings provide evidence for the effect of EMDR on decreasing of subjectively perceived vividness and emotional burden of autobiographic memories and on reducing arousal of the autonomic nervous system by shifting the balance towards parasympathetic activation. Recent hypotheses suggest that the effects of EMDR rely on neurobiological mechanisms employed in dual focus attention, orienting reflex and REM sleep. This reprocessing seems to provoke a specific neurobiological response that makes the information processing in central nervous system more efficient, particularly in individuals with PTSD [Author Abstract].

Keywords: Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

324. Softic, R, & Becirovic, E, (2009, Septembra). Desenzitizacija pokretima ociju i reprocesiranje (EMDR): Kada su rijeci nemocne [Desensitization of eye movements and reprocessing (EMDR): When words are disabled]. Prvi Psihoterapijski Simpozijum Bosne I Hercegovine Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Language: Serbian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Neki ljudi doţive traumatska stanja koja ne mogu u potpunosti opisati rijeĉima. Mnogi od njih nikada ni ne progovore o tome što su doţivjeli. Ali patnja se u njima nastavlja i organizam, a ĉesto i okolina plaćaju ogromnu cijenu. U takvim sluĉajevima psihoterapija koja koristi rijeĉi je nemoćna. Istraţivanja upućuju da jedna, relativno nova psihoterapijska metoda desenzitizacija pokretima oĉiju i reprocesiranje (EMDR), moţe pomoći i takvim osobama. Kada neko iskusi ozbiljnu psihološku traumu, ĉini se da dolazi do narušavanja ravnoteţe u nervnom sistemu. Ta ravnoteţa je, moguće, narušena i posredstvom razliĉitih medijatora poput adrenalina, serotonina, dopamina, kortizola itd. Zbog takve neravnoteţe onemogućeno je optimalno funkcioniranje sistema za procesiranje informacija, a informacije vezane uz traumatiĉan dogaĊaj poput slika, zvukova, afekata i fiziĉkih senzacija se zadrţavaju u disfunkcionalnom, uznemirujućem obliku. Danas izranja shvatanje da postoji неуролошки balans u razliĉitim fiziološkim sistemima što omogućuje da informacije budu procesirane na adaptivan naĉin. EMDR kod nekih traumatiziranih djeluje ĉak i kada osoba ne moţe govoriti o tome što je preţivjela. Ono što je bitno jeste da se fokusira na traumatski dogaĊaj i da suraĊuje sa terapeutom u procesu stimulisanja dualne paţnje što omogućava adaptivno procesiranje informacija. Adaptivno procesiranje znaĉi uspostavljanje adekvatnih asocijacija i pojavu da iskustvo biva konstruktivno ugraĊeno u pozitivne kognitivne i emocionalne sheme pojedinca. Odnosno, oslobaĊa od simptoma i omogućava da se nova iskustva doţive bez blokirajućeg uticaja traume.

Some people doţive traumatic conditions that can not fully describe in words. Many of them never to speak of it as doţivjeli. But the suffering in them continues and the body, and environment, and often pay a huge price. In such cases psychotherapy that uses words of the powerless. Research suggests that a relatively new psychotherapeutic methods desensitization and reprocessing eye movement (EMDR), and can help such people. When someone has experienced serious psychological trauma, it seems that there is a violation of equilibrium in the nervous system. This equilibrium is possible, and disrupted through a variety of mediators such as adrenaline, serotonin, dopamine, cortisol, etc.. Because of such imbalance prevented the optimal functioning of the system for information processing and information related to traumatic an event such as images, sounds, physical sensations and affects it retains in the dysfunctional, disturbing form. It emerges that there is understanding of neurological balance in different physiological systems, which allows information to be processed on adaptive manner. EMDR works by some traumatized even when the person can not talk about what is preţivjela. What is important is to focus on the traumatic events and to co-operate with the therapist in the process of stimulating the attention of the dual provides adaptive information processing. Adaptive processing means getting the right associations and the emergence of the experience of being a built-in positive constructive cognitive and emotional schemas of the individual. That is, oslobaĊa of symptoms and allows for new experiences doţive without blocking effects of trauma.

Keywords: Doţ ivjeli Preţ ivjela

Accuracy Verified: Yes

325. Popky, A. J. (2005). DeTUR, an urge reduction protocol for addictions and dysfunctional behaviors. In R. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing (pp. 167-188). New York: W W Norton & Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The Desensitization of Triggers and Urge Reprocessing (DeTUR) model and the theories involved are based on experience from personal client observation and anecdotal reports received from other therapists using this same protocol. It is an eclectic model and combines many methodologies, including but not limited to cognitive-behavioral, solution-focused, Ericksonian hypnosis, narrative, object relations, and emotional freedom techniques (EFT), to name a few. The bilateral stimulation (BLS) in the accelerated information processing model of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) seems to form the catalyst for rapid processing and change, the turbocharger that speeds the healing process.This protocol represents only a small part of a complete treatment model. The therapist's role is that of a case manager, orchestrating any resources necessary to aid the patient through recovery and relapse to a successful and healthy state of functioning and coping. The therapist has to assess the severity of the addiction and also determine any other diagnosis associated with the case. This overall treatment model includes outside help, such as referrals for medication, testing for physical or neurological problems, and, depending on the situation, inpatient treatment, outpatient treatment, or detox. Other outside resources include support systems, such as 12-step groups, educational programs, skills training; couples, group, or family therapy; or acupuncture. Comorbidity issues, day-to-day stressors, and survival issues are addressed. An extremely high percentage of these populations are dually diagnosed and can therefore run the full dimensional spectrum of disorders and behaviors as described in the DSM-IV. [Text, pp. 167-168] [Pilots]

Keywords: Addiction Addictions Behavior Problems Behavior Therapy Bilateral Stimulation Compulsions Craving Desensitization of Triggers Dysfunctional Behaviors Information Processing Model Psychotherapeutic Techniques Urge Reduction Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

326. Schmidt, S. J. (2004). Developmental needs meeting strategy: A new treatment approach applied to dissociative identity disorder. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 5(4), 55-78. doi:10.1300/J229v05n04_04.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article describes the use of the Developmental Needs Meeting Strategy (DNMS) for the treatment of dissociative identity disorder (DID). The DNMS is an ego state therapy which guides a client’s own internal resources to meet developmental needs that were not met in childhood. After 17 months of DNMS treatment a client with DID reported a near total elimination in frequency and severity of symptoms of depression, anxiety and suicidal thoughts, her Trauma Symptom Inventory scores indicated no trauma symptoms, and her Multidimensional Inventory of Dissociation scores indicated she no longer meets the diagnostic criteria for DID. She was functioning well without any medication. Further research is warranted.

Keywords: Developmental Needs Meeting Strategy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

327. Patti, M. S (2010, April). Diagnosing and treating complex PTSD: An integrated approach model - Borderline personality disorder and comorbid DID: intervening with EMDR, relational and sensorymotor psychotherapies . Symposium at the 2nd Bi-Annual International European Society for Trauma and Dissociation Conference, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The paper presents a clinical case of an initial diagnosis of BPD referred to ARP by local psychiatric services where she was treated for a suicide attempt. The client presented serious affective dysregulation, impulse dyscontrol, dissociative symptoms and refused any medication. Clinical team opted for an integrated assessment which also stabilised the client. The assessment enabled to diagnose the client with structural dissociation isolating both ANP and EP aspects. Clinical intervention adopted an integrated approach using EMDR to treat specific dissociative traits, sensorymotor therapy to intervene on somatic symptoms, and relational therapy to develop therapeutic alliance. A preliminary stabilisation enabled the client to accept support from psychiatric services. This clinical case shed light on how the integration of assessment tools may detect better trauma disorders and challenged the importance of collaborative work between private practice and psychiatric services when intervening with seriously traumatized patients.

Keywords: Borderline Personalith Disorder Comorbid DID Complex Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

328. Lovelle, C. (2008, February). Dialectical behavioral therapy and EMDR for adolescents in residential treatment: A practical and theoretical perspective. Residential Treatment For Children and Youth, 23(1&2), 27–43. doi:10.1300/J007v23n01_03.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
DBT and EMDR as primary treatment methods provide effective treatment for adolescents in the setting of group residential facilities. Regardless of the intensity of the pathology or the length of stay, these compatible treatment methods provide adolescents with significant decreases in the impact of traumatic memories and increased emotional regulation skills. The methods have been empirically supported as effective in a variety of settings and with a diversity of age groups. They are well suited for use in a residential environment and can constitute a powerful, effective method for dealing with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Major Depression, Anxiety Disorders, Substance Abuse, and other disorders.

Keywords: Adolescent Residential Treatment DBT Dialectical Behavior Therapy Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

329. Erdmann, C. (2005). Die beeinflussung chronischer schmerzen durch psychologische, schmerztherapisverfahren und EMDR [The influence of psychological chronic pain, chronic pain procedures and EMDR]. Institut fur Traumatherapie.

Language: German

Format: Other

Abstract:
Das in den 80er Jahren von der amerikanischen Psychologin Francine Shapiro veröffentlichte Verfahren EMDR (Eye Movement and Desensitization and Reprocessing) beinhaltet als zentrale Komponente, dass die Aufmerksamkeit des Patienten sich auf eine traumatische Erinnerung und die damit verbundenen Gedanken und Gefühle richtet, während gleichzeitig rhythmische Augenbewegungen induziert werden. (Shapiro 1998) EMDR eignet sich signifikant gut zur Behandlung der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS). Hierbei handelt es sich um ein Störungssyndrom, meistens bestehend aus vegetativer Übererregtheit, Erstarrung, Schlaflosigkeit, Angst und Depression, das häufig auftritt nach sehr belastenden Ereignissen oder starken Bedrohungen, wie z.B. schweren Unfällen, Naturkatastrophen, Folter, sexuellem Missbrauch, Vergewaltigungen, usw. Das Störungsbild der PTBS zeigt große Ähnlichkeiten mit dem Chronischen Schmerzsyndrom. Chronischer Schmerz kann als eigenständiges Trauma gelten mit dem eigenen Körper als Opfer und Täter. Oft finden sich auch Traumata im Vorfeld oder begleitend. Chronischer Schmerz ist signifikant assoziiert mit Posttraumatischer Belastungsstörung, mit Angsterkrankungen, Depressionen und weiteren psychischen Störungen. EMDR wird inzwischen auch mit guten Erfolgen eingesetzt bei anderen Erkrankungen, z.B. Suchterkrankungen, Depressionen, Angst- und Zwangsstörungen. Überzeugende Erfolge stellen sich ein bei der Behandlung auch sehr kleiner Kinder mit unterschiedlichen psychischen Erkrankungen. (Tinker, Wilson 1999) Bislang gibt es aber noch relativ wenig Forschungen über die Wirksamkeit von EMDR bei Akutschmerz, bei Chronischem Schmerz und im Bereich der Psychosomatik. Es ist allerdings bekannt, dass EMDR sich bei Akutschmerz eignet zum Abbau der den Schmerz häufig begleitenden Angst und darüber hinaus bei Chronischem Schmerz zur Erhöhung der Schmerztoleranz, zu mehr Entspannung, zu positiven kognitiven Strategien, zu Desensibilisierung und zur Ablenkung. (Groth, Rogers 1994). EMDR führt zu nachweislichen neurologischen Veränderungen und damit einhergehenden vom Patienten berichteten positiven Veränderungen im Beschwerdebild. (van der Kolk 2000) EMDR lässt sich nach ersten Untersuchungen ebenfalls erfolgreich einsetzen zur Behandlung von Phantomschmerzen. (Wilson nach Tinker, Wilson 2000).

That in the 80s by the American psychologist Francine Shapiro published procedures EMDR (Eye Movement and Desensitization and Reprocessing) includes as a central component that the patient's attention on a traumatic memory and associated thoughts and feelings directed, while rhythmic eye movements be induced. (Shapiro 1998) EMDR is significantly well to the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This is a disorder syndrome, consisting mostly of vegetative over-arousal, numbness, insomnia, anxiety and depression that occurs very often after stressful events or severe threats, such as serious accidents, natural disasters, torture, sexual abuse, rape, etc. The disorder of PTSD shows great similarities with the chronic pain syndrome. Chronic pain can be considered as a separate trauma of his own body as victims and perpetrators. Often also found in the run or incidental trauma. Chronic pain is significantly associated with post traumatic stress disorder, with anxiety disorders, depression and other mental disorders. EMDR is now used with good results in other diseases, such as Addiction, depression, anxiety and compulsive disorders. Convincing results are adapting to treat even very young children with different mental disorders. (Tinker, Wilson 1999) So far there is relatively little research on the effectiveness of EMDR in acute pain, Chronic pain and in the field of psychosomatic medicine. However, it is known that EMDR is suitable for acute pain to reduce the pain often associated with anxiety and also to increase the pain Chronic pain tolerance, more relaxation, positive cognitive strategies to desensitization and distraction. (Groth, Rogers 1994). EMDR leads to demonstrable neurological changes resulting from the patient and reported positive changes in symptoms. (Van der Kolk 2000), after initial investigations EMDR can also be used successfully to treat phantom pain. (Wilson to Tinker, Wilson 2000).

Keywords: Chronic Pain Chronic Pain Protocol Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

330. Leuenberger, R. (2008). Die EMDR - Methode und ihr bezug zurbersten grundmotivation [EMDR - the method and its relation to basic motivation]. Existenzanalyse, 25(1), 44-53.

Language: German

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
In dieser Arbeit soll gezeigt werden, dass aufgrund der während vier Jahren in einer ärztlichen Grundversorgerpraxis mit der EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprozessing)-Methode gesammelten Erfahrungen zur Behandlung psychisch traumatisierter Patienten mit einer PTBS (posttraumatische Belastungsstörung) über die gängigen, zum Teil hypothetischen neurobiologischen Erklärungsversuche hinaus, die Existenzanalyse sehr viel zum psychologischen wie auch philosophischen Verständnis dieser Methode beitragen kann. Aus den verbalen Äusserungen der Patienten vor, während und nach der Behandlung kann geschlossen werden, dass von den betroffenen Defiziten der vier Grundmotivationen der Existenzanalyse die der ersten Grundmotivation am meisten Bedeutung haben. Anhand von 23 Krankengeschichten werden die Wirkfaktoren der EMDR-Methode mit den Begriffen der ersten Grundmotivation existenzanalytisch verstehbar.

This thesis should demonstrate that existential analysis can make a substantial contribution to the psychological as well as philosophical understanding of the EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprozessing) method of treating mentally traumatized patients with a PTSD (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder), and thus extends beyond the common, and to some degree hypothetical, neurobiological attempts at explaining this method. The study is based on the experiences collected over a period of four years in the practice of a general practitioner who used the EMDR method in the treatment of patients suffering from PTSD. According to the verbal statements of patients made before, during and after treatment, it can be concluded that of the relevant deficiencies in the areas of the four fundamental motivations of existential analysis, those having to do with the first fundamental motivation bear the most significance. On the basis of 23 medical histories the effective factors of the EMDR method will become understandable from an existential-analytic point of view by using the concepts of the first fundamental motivation.

Keywords: Existential Analysis: Fundamental Motivation Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

331. Wagner, F. E., & Seidler, G. H. (2005). Die wirksamkeit von EMDR im direkten vergleich zur kognitiv-behavioralen therapie in der behandlung von PTSD: Eine metaanalytische betrachtung [The efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD compared to cognitive-behavioral therapy: A meta analytical examination]. Zeitschrift für Psychotraumatologie und Psychologische Medizin, 3(2), 61-72.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In dieser metaanalytischen Betrachtung werden EMDR und kognitiv-behaviorale Therapie direkt miteinander verglichen. Mittlerweile liegen hierzu sieben Originalarbeiten vor. Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass beide Therapieformen eine ähnlich hohe Wirksamkeit besitzen. Die Überlegenheit einer Behandlungsmethode ist mit der momentanen Datenlage jedoch nicht nachweisbar. Dennoch scheint es Moderatorvariablen zu geben, welche die Therapieeffektivität beeinflussen. Die geringe Anzahl der Originalstudien lässt jedoch eine nähere Untersuchung dieser Faktoren gegenwärtig nicht sinnvoll erscheinen.

In this meta-analytical examination we directly compared EMDR to cognitive-behavioral therapy. At present there are seven original studies concerning the subject. Our results suggest that both treatments tend to be equally effective. The superiority of one treatment over the other cannot be proved with our data. Nonetheless there seem to be moderator variables that influence the treatment efficacy. But the small number of original studies makes a closer examination of these variables rather pointless. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Cognitive Therapy Exposition Meta Analysis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

332. Schubbe, O. (2000). Die wirksamkeit von EMDR: Zur behandlung posttraumatischer störungen [The effectiveness of EMDR]. Institut für Traumatherapie.

Language: German

Format: Other

Abstract:
Der steile Weg von EMDR zur wissenschaftlichen Anerkennung war von Anfang an von großer Begeisterung und heftigen wissenschaftlichen Kontroversen begleitet. Shapiros erste Berichte (1989a, 1989b) mit Darstellungen der Vorgehensschritte beschrieben bedeutsame Besserungen der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS) nach einer einzigen Sitzung "Eye Movement Desensitization" (EMD). Auf dem Hintergrund, dass PTBS bis dahin als schwer behandelbar und die Behandlungsmethoden als langwierig, anstrengend und begrenzt wirksam galten (Solomon, Gerrity, & Muff, 1992), stieß EMDR zunächst auf skeptische Zurückhaltung. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt gab es nur noch eine weitere Wirksamkeitsstudie zur Therapie von PTBS, in der Peniston (1986) 45 Sitzungen Entspannung und Systematische Desensibilisierung plus Biofeedback mit einer Kontrollgruppe ohne Therapie verglichen und nur bei einzelnen Symptomen [Albträume, Muskelanspannung, Angst] von PTBS einen signifikanten Rückgang festgestellt hatte. Im Jahr der ersten Untersuchung von Francine Shapiro wurden noch drei weitere Untersuchungen zur Behandlung von PTBS veröffentlicht, von denen keine auch nur annähernd vergleichbare Behandlungserfolge berichten konnte.

The steep path of EMDR to the scientific recognition was accompanied by the beginning of great enthusiasm and fierce scientific controversies. Shapiro's first reports (1989a, 1989b) with descriptions of the action steps described significant improvement of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after a single session "Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD). On the background of PTSD until then treated as serious and the treatment methods were considered to be lengthy, exhausting, and have limited effect (Solomon, Gerrity, & Muff, 1992), EMDR struck first on skeptical restraint. At this time there was only one additional efficacy study for the treatment of PTSD, in the Peniston (1986) 45 meetings, relaxation and systematic desensitization plus biofeedback with a control group compared with no therapy and only in individual symptoms [nightmares, muscle tension, fear] of PTSD a significant decrease was noted. In the first investigation by Francine Shapiro, three other studies have been published for the treatment of PTSD, which was able to report not even close to comparable treatment results.

Keywords: Effectiveness Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

333. Wagner, F. (2004). Die wirksamkeit von eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) bei der posttraumatischen belastungsstorung im vergleich zu kontrollbedingungen und kognitiv-behavioralen therapien: Eine metaanalytische untersuchung [Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for post-traumatic stress disorder compared with control conditions, and cognitive-behavioral therapies]. Zugl: Heidelberg. doi:volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5803 . --.

Language: German

Format: Book

Abstract:
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Metaanalyse war es, die Wirksamkeit von EMDR und kognitiv-behavioralen Therapieverfahren bei der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung mit dem aktuellen Stand an Publikationen metaanalytisch zu untersuchen. In einer umfassenden Literaturrecherche wurden hierfür sowohl publizierte Originalarbeiten als auch unpublizierte Manuskripte recherchiert. Insgesamt gingen 32 Originalstudien in die Metaanalyse ein. 13 der Studien waren reine EMDR-Studien; 7 untersuchten sowohl eine Gruppe mit EMDR als auch eine Gruppe mit kognitiv-behavioraler Therapie. 12 Studien waren reine kognitiv-behaviorale Therapiestudien. Darüber hinaus sollte die Wirksamkeit unter dem Gesichtspunkt der verschiedenen PTSD- und komorbiden Symptomatiken betrachtet werden. In einem weiteren Schritt wurde EMDR direkt mit kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Behandlungsmethoden verglichen. Effektstärken wurden sowohl für die PTSD-Symptomkategorien Intrusionen, Vermeidung und erhöhtes Arousal als auch für die komorbiden Symptome Angst und Depression berechnet. Die Berechnung der Effektstärken erfolgte anhand von standardisierten Mittelwertsvergleichen. Neben dem direkten Vergleich von EMDR mit kognitiv-behavioralen Therapieansätzen bzw. von EMDR und kognitiv-behavioraler Therapie mit Kontrollgruppen (Post-/Post-Vergleich) wurden auch die Veränderungen innerhalb der Behandlungsgruppen berechnet (Prä-/Post-Vergleich). In den Post-/Post-Vergleich gingen nur kontrollierte und randomisierte Originalstudien ein. In den Prä-/Post-Vergleich hingegen wurden auch Ein-Gruppen-Studien aufgenommen. Als Effektmaß wurde Hedges´d verwendet. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass sowohl EMDR als auch die kognitiv-behaviorale Therapie wirksam in der Behandlung der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung sind. Beide Verfahren reduzieren in klinisch bedeutsamem Umfang, sowohl unmittelbar als auch lang anhaltend, die PTSD-Symptomatiken Intrusionen, Vermeidung und erhöhtes Arousal. Darüber hinaus führen beide Behandlungsmethoden auch zu einer Reduktion der komorbiden Symptomatiken Angst und Depression. Die Effektivität beider Verfahren zeigt sich hierbei sowohl im Prä-/Post-Vergleich als auch im direkten Post-/Post-Vergleich mit einer Kontrollbedingung. Darüber hinaus ergibt sich eine ähnlich hohe Wirksamkeit von EMDR und kognitiv-behavioraler Therapie, sowohl im Vergleich der Prä-/Post-Effektstärken als auch im direkten Post-/Post-Vergleich. Dennoch scheint es unterschiedliche Einflussfaktoren zu geben, welche die Therapieeffektivität sowohl bei EMDR als auch bei kognitiv-behavioraler Therapie beeinflussen. Aufgrund der geringen Studienzahl lassen sich diese Faktoren jedoch nicht näher untersuchen. Des Weitern zeichnen sich Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Effizienz der beiden Therapieformen ab: So beträgt die durchschnittliche Behandlungsdauer bei EMDR 5 Sitzungen, bei der kognitiv-behavioralen Therapie hingegen 8 Sitzungen. Darüber hinaus ist die Expositionsdosis bei den kognitiv-behavioralen Therapien höher als bei EMDR.
Die Befunde zur Wirksamkeit der bilateralen Stimulation sind hingegen weniger eindeutig. Allerdings sind Studien, welche den Versuch unternehmen, die Augenbewegungen bei Personen mit PTSD isoliert zu betrachten, oftmals von erheblichen methodischen Mängeln gekennzeichnet. Einzelne Befunde und Modellvorstellungen zur Rolle der bilateralen Stimulation beim EMDR werden im Diskussionsteil erörtert.

The aim of this meta-analysis is to examine the efficacy of EMDR and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy approaches in the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) on the basis of the publications relating to this issue up to the present. A large-scale search for pertinent literature came up with a total of 32 original studies. The results of these studies suggest that both the EMDR approach and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy methods are effective in the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Both approaches bring about immediate and sustained reduction of the PTSD symptoms intrusions, avoidance, and hyperarousal to a clinically significant degree. In addition, both treatments lead to a reduction of the comorbid symptomatologies anxiety and depression. The comparison of pre/post effect sizes and direct post/post comparison indicate that EMDR and cognitive behavioral therapy are similar in their efficacy. In terms of efficiency the EMDR method appears to have a slight advantage. However, the present meta-analytic study makes no attempt to address the issue of whether this efficiency advantage should be interpreted as having a bearing on clinical practice.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

334. Hopper, J., Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M., Yehuda, R., van der Kolk, B. A., & Simpson, W. (2003, October-November). Differential biological outcomes of EMDR and fluoxetine for PTSD. In B. A. van der Kolk (Chair), Treatment outcome studies of PTSD. Symposium conducted at the 19th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Fluoxetine Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

335. Baardseth, T. P. (2012, May). Direct comparisons of cognitive-behavioral treatments and bona fide non-cognitive-behavioral treatments for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Despite growing evidence that all treatments intended to be therapeutic (i.e., bona fide treatments) are equally efficacious, the question of relative efficacy persists. In fact, cognitivebehavioral treatments (CBT) have gained a more favorable status over non-CBT treatments for adult anxiety disorders. However, the assertion that CBT treatments are superior is premature due to conceptual and methodological issues affecting the extant CBT research. This metaanalysis addressed these limitations by consensually identifying CBT treatments and determining the true relative efficacy of bona fide CBT and bona fide non-CBT treatments for adult anxiety disorders. The study employed strict inclusion criteria to identify randomized clinical trials that contained at least one direct comparison of a bona fide CBT treatment and a bona fide non-CBT treatment. Additionally, 91 CBT experts from the Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapists (ABCT) were surveyed to identify the bona fide treatments as CBT or non-CBT. Thirteen clinical trials met inclusion criteria. CBT treatments and non-CBT treatments were found to be equally efficacious across targeted and non-targeted outcome measures. Additional analyses revealed that researcher allegiance did not account for the significant heterogeneity. The results are consistent with the increasing evidence for uniform efficacy among treatments intended to be therapeutic, and stand in contrast to assertions for the superiority of CBT treatments for adult anxiety. This meta-analysis contributes to the growing body of research revealing that a particular therapeutic approach is not more effective than another treatment when intended to be therapeutic.

Keywords: Adults Anxiety Disorders Meta-Analysis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

336. Persons, J. B. (1997). Dissemination of effective methods: Behavior therapy's next challenge. Behavior Therapy, 28, 465-471.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Dissemination of effective interventions developed by behavior therapists is one of behavior therapy's most important tasks now and in the coming years. I argue that dissemination is timely when a treatment is supported by efficacy data from randomized controlled trials or from a large series of single case studies. I offer recommendations for improving dissemination of empirically supported behavioral interventions and methods.

Keywords: Behavior Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

337. Forgash, C. (2010, September/October). Dissociation in the dental chair: Implications for the EMDR treatment of health issues. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Minneapolis, MN.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR treatment is effective in dealing with many health problems (exacerbated by dissociation)encountered by many complex trauma clients. The negative sequelae of abuse on the physical and mental health of these clients includes flashbacks and dissociative episodes. They are frequently avoidant of health care, which can lead to further consequences. This presentation will focus on expanding the EMDR Preparation Phase; presenting strategies to deal with dissociation, emotional issues, and PTSD symptoms. The Desensitization and Reprocessing Phase will deal with earlier traumatic events, health issues and current and past dissociative events which are frequently at the root of these problems.

Keywords: Dissociation Health Issues

Accuracy Verified: Yes

338. van der Hart, O. (2011, March). Dissociation of the personality: The key to understanding chronic traumatisation and a guide to EMDR treatment. Preconference presentation at the 9th annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland, Bristol.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
There is currently consensus that the EMDR standard protocol needs to be modified for chronically traumatized clients, such as clients with complex dissociative disorders, as it may destabilize them. Therefore, therapists need to have a good understanding of the dissociative personality structure that exists in these clients. Dissociation is an undue division of the personality among two or more biopsychosocial systems or “dissociative parts” that comprise the survivor’s personality. One or more of them function in daily life; others are fixated in traumatic experiences, are living in trauma-time. The more severe the traumatisation, the more dissociative parts, involving more complex trauma-related disorders, can be expected to exist. Dissociative parts have psychobiological boundaries that are maintained, to a large degree, by different trauma-related phobias, which are systematically resolved in phase-oriented treatment. Indeed, participants will be able to describe structural dissociation of the personality as a specific form of integrative failure that needs to be overcome in phase-oriented treatment, identify ways of relating dissociative symptoms to the underlying dissociation of the personality, and identify targets such as the dissociation-maintaining phobias, for EMDR interventions in the respective treatment phases. The emphasis will be on the preparatory work, including how to work with dissociative parts living in trauma-time and those perceived as being malevolent, necessary before focusing on the integration of traumatic memories.

Keywords: Dissocation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

339. van der Hart, O. (2010, September/October). Dissociation of the personality: The key to understanding chronic traumatization and its treatment. Plenary presented at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Minneapolis, MN.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR treatment of complex trauma-related disorders may benefit from a clear understanding of the dissociative nature of these disorders. Dissociation is an undue division of the personality among two or more psychobiological systems or “dissociative parts” that comprise the survivor’s personality. One or more of them function in daily life; others are fixated in traumatic experiences. The more severe the traumatization, the more dissociative parts, involving more complex trauma-related disorders, can be expected to exist. Dissociative parts have psychobiological boundaries that are maintained, to a large degree, by different trauma-related phobias, which should be systematically resolved in phase-oriented treatment. Participants will be able to describe structural dissociation of the personality as a specific form of integrative failure that needs to be overcome in phase-oriented treatment, identify ways of relating dissociative symptoms to the underlying dissociation of the personality, and identify targets for EMDR interventions in each of the three treatment phases in terms of overcoming specific phobias.

Keywords: Chronic Traumatization Plenary

Accuracy Verified: Yes

340. Lanius, U. F. (2001, June). Dissociation processes and EMDR: Staying connected. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) learn a model, based on recent developments in neuroscience and the neurobiology of dissociation, that guides therapeutic interventions in general and EMDR treatment in particular; 2) apply effective treatment planning, target selection, and the use of both body-oriented (bottom-up processing); 3) learn to utilize interventions intended to minimize dissociative symptoms; and 4) learn techniques that aid clients in becoming reconnected, once dissociative processes have occurred.

Keywords: Dissociation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

341. van der Hart, O. (2007). Dissociation: The key to understanding and treating traumitization. Keynote presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A precise understanding of trauma-related dissociation is essential for clinical practice, including the use of EMDR with traumatized patients. The existence of many conflicting and vague definitions of dissociation that include a mixture of constructs has obscured understanding of the nature of dissociation. Thus, it is viewed alternately as a process, a structure, a defense mechanism, a deficit, and as various symptoms. Most contemporary clinicians and researchers working with traumatized people have lost a connection with the unifying and comprehensive theory of trauma-related dissociation already outlined over the course of the history of psychiatry. Thus, a return to the original major studies on trauma-related dissociation is essential in clarifying the concept of dissociation, in reconciling it with contemporary science, and in realizing its importance in treatment. The works of two Masters will be used to highlight this basic concept: Pierre Janet (1859-1947) and Charles Myers (1873-1947). The theory of structural dissociation of the personality integrates their original views on dissociation with modern findings from clinical practice and research and developments in the neurosciences. It emphasizes that the personality system of the trauma survivor becomes structurally divided into two or more self-conscious psychobiological subsystems. Some of these subsystems, which we have called “dissociative parts of the personality”, are engaged in daily living and avoidance of traumatic memories, other parts are fixated in traumatic experiences and essentially engaged in animal defensive actions toward perceived danger. More severe chronic traumatization leads to more complex structural dissociation, and thus to more complex trauma-related disorders. Although short-term, intensive treatments such as prolonged exposure and EMDR are appropriate for simple trauma-related disorders, a phase-oriented treatment is the standard of care formore complex disorders. Regardless of treatment modalities employed, be it EMDR or other approaches, therapists need to be skilled in the recognition of symptoms of dissociation and in special treatment approaches that support personality integration among dissociative parts, particularly in working with traumatic memories.

Keywords: Dissociation Keynote

Accuracy Verified: Yes

342. Darker-Smith, S. (2012, October). Dissociative disorders and EMDR: Depersonalisation, derealisation and dissociation. Presentation at the at the 4th Autumn EMDR Workshop Conference, Sheffield, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Within the field of dissociative disorders, EMDR clinicians are advised that there should be significant stabilisation in the preparation phase of the standard protocol. Indeed, where a client has been experiencing depersonalisation and / or derealisation for a significant period of time, there can be elements of heightened risk, such as suicidal intent caused by living in this ‘half-life’ or ‘dream-state’. For these clients, using a float-back technique to introduce body sensation as a mechanism of grounding can be, and is, highly effective in terms of stabilisation. This can enable a swifter progression to a place of stability in order to target the cause of dissociation, where it has been triggered by a natural, protective psychological avoidance to a traumatic event as well as reduce risk of suicide in clients who are experiencing significant distress at being ‘trapped’ in this ‘alternate reality’.

Keywords: Derealization Depersonalization Dissociation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

343. Marquis, J. N., & Puk, G. (1994, November). Dissociative identity disorder: A common sense and cognitive-behavioral view. Presentation at the annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: DID Dissociative Identity Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

344. Lanius, U. F. (2004, September). Dissociative processes and EMDR – Staying connected. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montreal, Quebec Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A model is proposed, based on recent research in neuroscience and the neurobiology of dissociation and attachment, that guides therapeutic interventions in general and EMDR treatment in particular. Participants will become familiar with specific interventions intended to minimize dissociative symptoms, as well as techniques that aid clients in becoming reconnected, once dissociative processes have occurred. That is, a comprehensive therapeutic approach is described to aid clients with dissociative symptoms to stay connected, and in some cases reconnect with their healing process, thereby enhancing the likelihood of efficient information processing during EMDR treatment.

Keywords: Dissociation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

345. Zucker, M., Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2006). Dissociative symptomatology in posttraumatic stress disorder and disorders of extreme stress. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 7(1), 19-32. doi:10.1300/J229v07n01_03.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The present study was designed to assess differences in dissociative symptoms in adults with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) vs. PTSD plus Disorders of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified (DESNOS). This study was done for two reasons: (1) to better understand the clinical profile of DESNOS clients in order to inform more effective treatment, and (2) to further empirical research on the validity of the DESNOS construct. To assess severity of dissociative symptoms, the authors administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) to 155 participants with PTSD. Using the Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress (SIDES), participants were divided into two groups: those who also met criteria for DESNOS and those who did not. DES means are provided for the two groups. Participants with PTSD plus DESNOS scored higher than participants with only PTSD on the measure of dissociative symptomatology, particularly on the DES scales that tap absorption/fantasy and depersonalization/derealization. The two groups did not differ on the amnesia subscale of the DES. Findings support the construct validity of the DESNOS concept and further delineate the clinical profiles of community-based PTSD with and without DESNOS, thus contributing to the knowledge base on the assessment of complex adaptations to trauma. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: Website: © 2006 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.]

Keywords: DES DESNOS Dissociation Dissociative Experiences Scale Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

346. Freyberger, H. J., & Spitzer, C. (2005, Juli). Dissoziative störungen [Dissociative disorders]. Der Nervenarzt, 76(7), 893-900. doi:10.1007/s00115005-1956-z .

Language: German

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Die dissoziative Störungen und Konversion sind mit erheblichen klassifikatorischen, diagnostische und therapeutische Schwierigkeiten, die nur in den historischen Kontext der Diskussion über die Hysterie verstanden werden kann, verbunden. Auch die Einstufung in die ICD-10 und DSM-IV ist heterogen. Prävalenzraten zwischen etwa 3% in der allgemeinen Bevölkerung und bis zu 30% in klinischen Populationen, jedoch beziehen sich auf die große klinische Bedeutung. Realtraumatisierungen eine wichtige Rolle in der Pathogenese. High Komorbiditätsraten mit anderen psychischen Störungen eine Tendenz zu chronischen somatischen Erkrankung und ein Konzept (insbesondere bei Patienten mit Erkrankungen erschweren Umwandlung) der psychotherapeutischen Behandlung. Dies erlaubt die Behandlung Ziele sind sowohl psychodynamische und kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen in Abhängigkeit entwickelt, möglicherweise mit den Techniken der Trauma-Therapie, wie EMDR (Springer).

The dissociative and conversion disorders are associated with significant classificatory, diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties that can be understood only in the historical context of the discussion on hysteria. Even the classification in ICD-10 and DSM-IV is heterogeneous. Prevalence rates of between about 3% in the general population and up to 30% in clinical populations, however, refer to the great clinical significance. Realtraumatisierungen have an important role in the pathogenesis. High Komorbiditätsraten with other mental disorders, a tendency to chronic somatic disease and a concept (especially in patients with conversion disorders complicate) the psychotherapeutic treatment. This allows the treatment goals are designed both psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral dependence in, possibly with the techniques of trauma therapy such as EMDR (Springer).

Keywords: Chronicity (Disorders) Comorbidity Conversion Disorder Diagnosis Dissociative Disorders Epidemiology Etiology Psychotherapy Somatization

Accuracy Verified: Yes

347. Spoormaker, V. I., & Montgomery, P. (2008, June). Disturbed sleep in post-traumatic stress disorder: Secondary symptom or core feature?. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 12(3), 169-184. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.08.008 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Sleep disturbances are often viewed as a secondary symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), thought to resolve once PTSD has been treated. Specific screening, diagnosis and treatment of sleep disturbances is therefore not commonly conducted in trauma centres. However, recent evidence shows that this view and consequent practices are as much unhelpful as incorrect. Several sleep disorders—nightmares, insomnia, sleep apnoea and periodic limb movements—are highly prevalent in PTSD, and several studies found disturbed sleep to be a risk factor for the subsequent development of PTSD. Moreover, sleep disturbances are a frequent residual complaint after successful PTSD treatment: a finding that applies both to psychological and pharmacological treatment. In contrast, treatment focusing on sleep does alleviate both sleep disturbances and PTSD symptom severity. A growing body of evidence shows that disturbed sleep is more than a secondary symptom of PTSD—it seems to be a core feature. Sleep-focused treatment can be incorporated into any standard PTSD treatment, and PTSD research needs to start including validated sleep measurements in longitudinal epidemiologic and treatment outcome studies. Further clinical and research implications are discussed, and possible mechanisms for the role of disturbed (REM) sleep in PTSD are described.

Keywords: Etiology Insomnia Nightmares Posttruamatic Stress Disorder PTSD REM Sleep Risk Factor Sleep Sleep Apnea Sleep Disorders Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

348. Roth, W. T. (2010). Diversity of effective treatments of panic attacks: What do they have in common?. Depression and Anxiety, 27(1), 5-11. doi:10.1002/da.20601.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
By comparing efficacious psychological therapies of different kinds, inferences about common effective treatment mechanisms can be made. We selected six therapies for review on the basis of the diversity of their theoretical rationales and evidence for superior efficacy: psychoanalytic psychotherapy, hypercapnic breathing training, hypocapnic breathing training, reprocessing with and without eye-movement desensitization, muscle relaxation, and cognitive behavior therapy. The likely common element of all these therapies is that they reduce the immediate expectancy of a panic attack, disrupting the vicious circle of fearing fear. Modifying expectation is usually regarded as a placebo mechanism in psychotherapy, but may be a specific treatment mechanism for panic. The fact that this is seldom the rationale communicated to the patient creates a moral dilemma: Is it ethical for therapists to mislead patients to help them? Pragmatic justification of a successful practice is a way out of this dilemma. Therapies should be evaluated that deal with expectations directly by promoting positive thinking or by fostering non-expectancy.

Keywords: Anxiety Depression

Accuracy Verified: Yes

349. Ehlers, A., Bisson, J., Clark, D. M., Creamer, M., Pilling, S., Richards, D., Schnurr, P. P., Turner, S., & Yule, W. (2010, March). Do all psychological treatments really work the same in posttraumatic stress disorder?. Clinical Psychology Review 30(2), 269–276. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.12.001.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A recent meta-analysis by Benish, Imel, and Wampold (2008, Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 746-758) concluded that all bona fide treatments are equally effective in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In contrast, seven other meta-analyses or systematic reviews concluded that there is good evidence that trauma-focused psychological treatments (trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) are effective in PTSD; but that treatments that do not focus on the patients' trauma memories or their meanings are either less effective or not yet sufficiently studied. International treatment guidelines therefore recommend trauma-focused psychological treatments as first-line treatments for PTSD. We examine possible reasons for the discrepant conclusions and argue that (1) the selection procedure of the available evidence used in Benish et al.'s (2008)meta-analysis introduces bias, and (2) the analysis and conclusions fail to take into account the need to demonstrate that treatments for PTSD are more effective than natural recovery. Furthermore, significant increases in effect sizes of trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapies over the past two decades contradict the conclusion that content of treatment does not matter. To advance understanding of the optimal treatment for PTSD, we recommend further research into the active mechanisms of therapeutic change, including treatment elements commonly considered to be non-specific. We also recommend transparency in reporting exclusions in meta-analyses and suggest that bona fide treatments should be defined on empirical and theoretical grounds rather than by judgments of the investigators' intent. Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

350. Becker, L., Todd-Overman, A., Stoothoff, W., & Lawson, P. (1998, July). Do eye movements hinder the avoidance process leading to greater accessibility of traumatic memories?. In Ironic memory, PTSD, and EMDR. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) learn Wegner's ironic memory process model; 2) learn how the ironic memory process model is related to the DSM-IV symptoms of PTSD; 3) learn that eye movements at different speeds interfere with and interact with the speech process; and 4) learn that eye movements can inhibit the suppression process.

Keywords: Eye Movement Ironic Memory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium Wegner

Accuracy Verified: Yes

351. Samara, Z., Elzingal, B. M., Slagter, H. A., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2011, March). Do horizontal saccadic eye movements increase interhemispheric coherence? Investigation of a hypothesized neural mechanism underlying EMDR. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2(4), 1-9. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00004.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Series of horizontal saccadic eye movements (EMs) are known to improve episodic memory retrieval in healthy adults and to facilitate the processing of traumatic memories in eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Several authors have proposed that EMs achieve these effects by increasing the functional connectivity of the two brain hemispheres, but direct evidence for this proposal is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate whether memory enhancement following bilateral EMs is associated with increased interhemispheric coherence in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Fourteen healthy young adults were asked to freely recall lists of studied neutral and emotional words after a series of bilateral EMs and a control procedure. Baseline EEG activity was recorded before and after the EM and control procedures. Phase and amplitude coherence between bilaterally homologous brain areas were calculated for six frequency bands and electrode pairs across the entire scalp. Behavioral analyses showed that participants recalled more emotional (but not neutral) words following the EM procedure than following the control procedure. However, the EEG analyses indicated no evidence that the EMs altered participants’ interhemispheric coherence or that improvements in recall were correlated with such changes in coherence. These findings cast doubt on the interhemispheric interaction hypothesis, and therefore may have important implications for future research on the neurobiological mechanism underlying EMDR.

Keywords: Eye Movements EMs

Accuracy Verified: Yes

352. Hembree, E., Foa, E., Dorfan, N., Street, G., Kowalski, J., & Tu, X. (2003, December). Do patients drop out prematurely from exposure therapy for PTSD?. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(6), 555-562. doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000004078.93012.7d.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of exposure therapy in the treatment of chronic PTSD. Despite the convincing outcome literature, a concern that this treatment may exacerbate symptoms and lead to premature dropout has been voiced on the basis of a few reports. In this paper, we examined the hypothesis that treatments that include exposure will be associated with a higher dropout rate than treatments that do not include exposure. A literature search identified 25 controlled studies of cognitivebehavioral treatment for PTSD that included data on dropout. The results indicated no difference in dropout rates among exposure therapy, cognitive therapy, stress inoculation training, and EMDR. These findings are consistent with previous research about the tolerability of exposure therapy. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive Therapy Exposure Therapy Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Dropouts

Accuracy Verified: Yes

353. Mevissen, L., Lievegoed, R., Seubert, A., & de Jongh, A. (2011, December). Do persons with intellectual disability and limited verbal capacities respond to trauma treatment?. Journal Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 36(4), 274-279.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background. There is not one case report of successful trauma treatment with the use of an evidence-based treatment method in people with substantially limited verbal capacities. This paper assessed the applicability of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) in two clients with moderate ID, serious behavioural problems, and histories of negative life events. Method. The 8-phase protocol of EMDR, a first-line treatment for psychological trauma, was applied. Results. In both cases, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-like symptoms decreased in a total of only 6 and 5 sessions, respectively. Gains were maintained at 32 and 10 months' follow-up. Conclusions. EMDR seems to be an applicable psychological trauma treatment for persons with limited verbal capacities. Considering the importance of these findings, further and more rigorous research is required.

Keywords: Developmental Disabiities Intellectual Disabilities

Accuracy Verified: Yes

354. Lockhart, S. (2009, June 16). Do the eyes have it?. Psychology Today.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
A few years ago, my friend Ally, who had a somewhat unwarranted confidence in my knowledge of Things Psychological, asked if I knew anything about EMDR; she had suffered some severe childhood trauma, and was thinking of trying it. "EMDR?" I asked, "Is that a new street drug?" I guess that showed her what I knew. She explained that her therapist had suggested this relatively new technique, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, that had been shown to ease symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in soldiers and rape victims. From what she understood, the therapist would help her to focus on her devastating memories of childhood abuse while directing her eyes to twitch rapidly from side to side. This, according to her shrink, would help her to better "process" her memories. "Sounds like hypnotism," I expertly analyzed. "Who knows, maybe it will work." More recently, when I wrote here about the neurobiological advantages of emotionally "finding a safe place," several readers also wrote in to ask me about EMDR. Now I understand why people want an expert opinion (and I'm no expert, by the way): a heap of controversy surrounds this popular technique.

Keywords: General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

355. Tym, R., Dyck, M., & McGrath, G. (2000, July-August). Does a visual perceptual disturbance characterize trauma-related anxiety syndromes?. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14(4), 377-394. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(00)00029-3.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The i-test was developed to assess the visual-perceptual disturbances (VPDs) frequently reported by anxious patients. Persons with the disturbance report a specific abnormal illusion of movement when they maintain a fixed gaze at the i-test stimulus. Base rates for positive responses to the i-test and for reports of a "recurrent specific memory" (RSM) of a fear experience were obtained in psychiatric outpatient (n = 301) and community (n = 128) samples. In each case, approximately one fifth of participants had a positive response to the i-test and one fifth of participants reported an RSM of fear. A positive response to the i-test is observed in women more frequently than in men. Among psychiatric patients, approximately 90% of patients who report one symptom also report the other symptom; among community members, the concordance rate is approximately 33%. When psychiatric patients with both an abnormal illusion of movement response and an RSM of trauma are treated with eye movement desensitization, both symptoms are removed in 70% of cases; when these patients undergo some other form of treatment, both symptoms are removed in 30% of cases. These results indicate that the i-test is an effective way of identifying VPDs associated with psychopathologic conditions; the association between the abnormal illusion of movement and reports of recurrent specific memories of fear experiences suggests that the VPD may be a marker of traumatic stress syndromes. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents Adults Assessment Children Depressive Disorders Females Males Injuries Memory Retrieval Techniques Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Somatic Symptoms Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Visual Hallucinations Witnesses

Accuracy Verified: Yes

356. Rossi, E. L. (1999, June). Does EMDR facilitate new growth in the brain? Immediate-early genes in optimizing human potentials. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) be able to describe the possible role of immediate-early genes and the growth of the brain during psychological arousal, creative work and innovative approaches to psychotherapy, such as EMDR; and 2) be able to outline the mind-body dynamics of our natural 90 ultradian cycle of peak performance and healing in creative work, as well as psychotherapy.

Keywords: 90 Ultradian Cycle of Peak Performance Brain Growth Immediate-Early Genes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

357. Albright, D. L., & Thyer, B. (2010, February). Does EMDR reduce post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology in combat veterans?. Behavioral Interventions, 25(1), 1-19. doi:10.1002/bin.295.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Prior meta-analyses have suggested that eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) may be effective in alleviating the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). EMDR is now being recommended as a treatment for military combat veterans who suffer from PTSD. We provide a review of published outcome studies that appeared in print from 1987 - April, 2008 which examined the specific effects of EMDR on PTSD among military combat veterans. Studies were identified through electronic bibliographic databases, web sites, and manual searches of article reference lists. A total of six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and three quasi-experimental studies met our inclusionary criteria and are reviewed. The evidence supporting the use of EMDR to treat combat veterans suffering from PTSD is sparse and equivocal, and does not rise to the threshold of labeling the therapy as an empirically supported treatment. It is premature to incorporate EMDR into routine care for veterans to alleviate combat-related PTSD. EMDR needs a considerably stronger evidentiary foundation which includes large-scale RCTs involving credible placebo controlled treatment conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Keywords: Combat Veterans Military Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

358. Krafona, K. (2010). Does eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) have any utility in intellectual disabilities? Two bereavement case reports. The Ghana International Journal of Mental Health, 2(1).

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) are to some extent discriminated against when it comes to the psychotherapies. The long held belief that individuals with ID do not benefit from such interventions has been attributed in part to communication difficulties, lack of insight and lack of language sophistication. Yet, it is well known that these individuals are about four-fold at risk of developing mental health problems. Cognitive behavior therapies (CBT) and other related therapies are becoming more recognized in the field of intellectual disabilities. Loss and bereavement is common among people with ID but their exposure to interventions such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been limited. EMDR is a psychological intervention that encompasses many aspects of traditional therapies such as CBT and psychodynamic therapies. There is little research in this area for people with ID. This paper reports two cases in individuals with intellectual disabilities who were struggling with bereavement. They appear to have benefited from EMDR sessions and there may be scope for research to establish its efficacy in this field.

Keywords: Intellectual Disabilities

Accuracy Verified: Yes

359. Hassard, A., Jeynes, C., Smith, K., & Chung, M. C. (2008, June). Dose response, cognitive change and the working memory limit in eye movement desensitisation. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The natural history of treatment with Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD), was investigated. EMD is defined as EMDR without the cognitive components, such as the positive cognition procedure or cognitive interleave. When EMD treatment does not proceed, then the flashback or distressing image is decomposed in various ways, until it does proceed. A retrospective audit showed that patients report an average of seven flashbacks, or images. We attempted to confirm this prospectively. One hundred and thirty patients in the Genito-Urinary Medicine Clinic were entered. Fifty-one completed treatment. Progress was assessed with questionnaires at all treatment sessions. All previously reported flashbacks or images were reassessed at the beginning of each session. All distressing images were treated, both to the initial presenting event and all other distressing life events or anxieties reported. The number of flashbacks desensitized was recorded. There was a six-month postal followup. We predicted there would be an average of seven flashbacks and that the questionnaires would reduce to low levels at this point. The mode and median values were seven. The mean was 7.9. Evaluation questionnaires reduced to good levels. An average of seven flashbacks or images was reported to completion of treatment. This seven may indicate the working memory limit. If PTSD and psychological disorder in general are caused by overloaded working memory capacity, maybe EMD works by unloading it. If WM bandwidth is liberated by treatment, then this may enable the cognitive and emotional change observed in EMD treatment. Further implications of this will be discussed.

Keywords: Cognitive Change Dose Response

Accuracy Verified: Yes

360. Herbert, C. (2010, June). Do‘s and don‘ts in trauma therapy: Strategies for enhancing the work with trauma of different levels of complexity – a positive growth approach. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Working with traumatized clients can be overwhelming for the therapist, especially when the trauma is complex, involves dissociative symptoms or different personality states, fragmented memories or client affect is intense and poorly regulated. My experience as a supervisor of EMDR practitioners has shown that it is not uncommon for therapists, in an attempt to be helpful to the traumatized clients, to unintentionally use strategies, which are experienced as re-traumatizing or which lead to an increase in their clients’' survival based coping strategies, including the further strengthening of the ANP (Apparently Normal Personal- ~ t y- van der Hart, Nijenhuis and Steele. 2006). This workshop highlights different therapeutic challenges, which often arise for therapists when working with trauma and introduce strategies that EMDR practitioners can use in their work with such clients. This workshop embeds the principles of Positive Growth Therapy (PGT - Herbert, 20071, which encompasses combined knowledge from a variety of disciplines, including positive psychology, information-processing theory, neurobiology, somatic psychology, developmental psychology and attachment theory, mindfulness and others. These strategies, designed to nurture growth rather than dysfunction, are linked to specific therapeutic factors relevant to the work with trauma, such as different types of trauma, the nature of dissociation, the therapeutic pathway toward integration. the concept of safety, the importance of resource installation, individual pacing of therapy and the window of tolerance, different types of processing, and the integration of rational and experiential processing systems and others, which will be explored in the course of this workshop This workshop offers opportunities for both, EMDR therapists, who are fairly new to the trauma field and would like to enhance and deepen their knowledge base, and those already experienced in the trauma field who would like to use this workshop as an opportunity to re-view, further refine or validate their current ways of working. The specific learning objectives for this workshop are: 1. To find out about specific therapeutic factors that is relevant to the work with trauma. 2. To learn about strategies to avoid and strategies, which are helpful for trauma clients. 3. To increase therapist confidence in working with traumatized clients of varying levels of complexity. This workshop is unique in the way in which it transcends specific (and sometimes too narrowly defined) therapeutic modalities or psychiatric diagnoses and instead offers solutions to EMDR practitioners of all modalities by providing deeper understanding of specific therapeutic factors relevant to the work with trauma of different complexities.

Keywords: Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

361. Hembree, E., Foa, E., & Dorfan, N. (2002, November). Dropout rates across treatments for PTSD. In N. Feeney (Chair), Is exposure therapy for PTSD helpful or harmful? Symposium conducted at the 18th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Is Exposure Therapy For PTSD Helpful or Harmful?: Does exposure therapy cause severe symptom exacerbation or treatment dropout? We will examine clinical impressions and research in this area. First, clinical perspectives on the tolerability of exposure will be presented.Then, three empirical papers will explore: dropout rates for exposure, symptom exacerbation in women undergoing imaginal exposure, and factors that influence treatment choices.

Dropout rates across treatments for PTSD: Many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of exposure therapy in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite the convincing outcome literature, a concern that this treatment may exacerbate symptoms and lead to premature dropout has been voiced on the basis of a few reports. In the present paper, we examined the hypothesis that treatments that include exposure will be associated with a higher dropout rate than treatments that do not include exposure. A literature search identified 17 controlled studies of cognitive behavioral treatment for PTSD that 67 Concurrent Sessions–Saturday,November 9 Saturday: 1:00 p.m.–2:15 p.m. included data on dropout. The results indicated no difference in dropout rates among exposure therapy, cognitive therapy, stress inoculation training, and EMDR.These findings are consistent with previous research about the tolerability of exposure therapy.

Keywords: Dropout Rate Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

362. Turner, S. (2005, November). Drug treatments in the management of PTSD. Symposium conducted (S. Turner, Chair) at the 21st annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence Guidelines on PTSD: Based on rigorous meta-analysis, detailed literature review and two public consultations, the national guidelines for the assessment, prevention and treatment of PTSD in the UK will be presented in this symposium on behalf of the Guideline Development Group.

Drug treatments in the management of PTSD: Drug treatments are increasingly used in the management of PTSD and have been supported by a number of recent reviews although there have been increasing concerns about their safety. Recent guidance has been issued in the UK by the Regulatory Agency concerning the use of SSRI drugs in people of all ages, but especially in children and young adults. In a meta-analysis of the clinical trial literature for PTSD, following a rigorous bibliographic search, 26 RCTs meeting strict criteria were identified. Data on two hitherto unpublished trials of sertraline were available for inclusion. This review highlights the methodological issues involved in comparing drug trials and trials of psychological therapies. Nonetheless, meta-analysis demonstrates that drug treatments for PTSD are probably more disappointing than hitherto believed. Only five drugs emerged with recommendations for use. One of these has a reliable if modest effect (paroxetine). The other four are included on the basis of small single trial reports. Although there are clear indications for drug treatments, in general there should be an increasing emphasis on ensuring that trauma-focused psychological treatments (CBT and EMDR) are widely available, delivered by competent practitioners, and easily accessible in a timely fashion in primary and secondary care settings.

Keywords: Drug Treatment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium

Accuracy Verified: No

363. Ravaglia, G. (2003). E.M.D.R. e percorso analitico [EMDR and path analysis]. Gianfranco Ravaglia.

Language: Italian

Format: Other

Abstract:
Le tesi sviluppate negli scritti di questo sito rinviano a vari indirizzi psicoterapeutici che convergono nel considerare i disturbi psicologici come esiti di atteggiamenti difensivi intenzionali, anziché come "effetti" di "cause" intrapsichiche o ambientali. Il cliente in analisi non è quindi considerato un malato da curare, ma un soggetto che ha costruito le sue difese e che per questo può anche cambiare. Il lavoro analitico verte sul chiarimento delle convinzioni irrazionali su cui si fonda la strategia difensiva della persona e sull'esplorazione dei vissuti profondi non integrati nell'infanzia perché sentiti in tale epoca come intollerabili. Il lavoro analitico si basa sull'idea che i sintomi, gli atteggiamenti difensivi ed anche molti atteggiamenti considerati normali costituiscano una risposta ragionevole nell'infanzia, ma irrazionale nella vita adulta, al dolore. Il bambino evita il dolore, mentre l'adulto può accettarlo perché dispone di risorse che nell'infanzia non aveva. Il lavoro analitico ha come obiettivo l’elaborazione delle esperienze dolorose attuali e dei vissuti dolorosi del passato. Non “cura” i disturbi psicologici, ma serve a renderli superflui; consente quindi alla persona in analisi non solo di "star meglio", ma di modificare l'atteggiamento complessivo nei confronti della sua esistenza. Dal 2000 ad oggi questo sito è cresciuto includendo ogni anno nuovi lavori. Per ogni saggio indico la data della prima pubblicazione; indico anche quella dell’ultima revisione solo nei casi in cui parti significative sono state aggiunte.

The arguments in the writings of this site refer to various addresses psychotherapy converge in considering the results of psychological disorders such as defensive intentional, rather than "effects" of "causes" intrapsychic or environmental. The customer analysis is therefore not considered a patient to be cured, but a person who has built his defenses and that this may also change. The analytical work focuses on clarifying the irrational beliefs underlying the defensive strategy of the person and the exploration of deep feelings are not integrated in childhood because at that time felt as intolerable. The analytical work is based on the symptoms, the defensive and many considered normal behavior in childhood constitute a reasonable response, but irrational in adult life, the pain. The child avoids the pain, while the adult can accept it because it has resources that childhood did not have. The analytical work has as objective the development of painful experiences of current and past painful experiences. Not cure psychological disorders, but serves to make them redundant; then allows the person in analysis not only of "getting better", but change the overall attitude towards its existence. Since 2000 this site has grown to include new works each year. For each test indicates the date of first publication, also indicates that the last review only in cases where significant parts have been added.

Keywords: Path Analysis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

364. Lueger-Schuster, B., & Olff, M. (2008, June). Early intervention following traumatic events. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
On successful completion of the workshop, participants will be able to: · Describe the commonly used approaches to early intervention following traumatic events and the rationale behind them including blanket intervention, targeted interventions and the timing of them. Describe specific interventions including critical incident stress debriefing, psychological debriefing, psychological first aid, critical incident stress management, trauma risk management, supportive counselling and trauma focused cognitive behavioural therapy. Discuss the current evidence base for the effectiveness of early interventions following traumatic events.

Keywords: Early Intervention

Accuracy Verified: Yes

365. Ruzek, J. I., Bisson, J. I., Schnyder, U., Ritchie, E. C., & Watson, P. J. (2001, December). Early intervention to prevent PTSD: Visions of the next generation of services. Presentation at the 17th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Although most human service professionals believe in the utility of early intervention post-trauma to prevent development of chronic psychological problems, there is little agreement as to the appropriate forms of care. A range of psychological interventions has been advocated for use with various traumatized populations within days or weeks of their trauma exposure, including education about trauma and stress reactions, critical incident stress debriefing (CISD), cognitive-behavioral brief intervention packages, EMDR, and psychopharmacological interventions. Currently, prospective research studying response to trauma and beginning within hours or days of the traumatic event is increasing rapidly, and a number of recent publications have suggested the potential effectiveness of some early interventions in preventing development of PTSD. Recent support for such interventions is developing at the same time that the evidence for the most popular early intervention, debriefing, is being called into question. In this panel discussion, four members of the recently initiated ISTSS “Early Interventions” Special Interest Group will describe their personal views as to what the next generation of early intervention services will look like, how existing models of early intervention should be improved based on current research and theory, and how improved services can be implemented in real-world settings.

Keywords: Early Intervention Future Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

366. Quinn, G. (2010, July). Early interventions. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is a well-established therapy for the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD can be reduced or prevented if treated during the first month after a trauma when a person displays Acute Stress Disorder (ASD). Although usually used later, EMDR has also been used effectively in the immediate period following trauma. Victims of immediate trauma often exhibit “silent terror” or extreme stress .The Emergency Response Procedure (ERP), described in the Humanitarian Assistance Program’s (HAP) Disaster Manual and Marilyn Luber’s : EMDR Scripted Protocols: Basic and Special Situations.(2009) was developed to deal with victims of natural and man made disaster within hours of exposure to trauma. Participants in this workshop will learn how to respond to clients in the immediate aftermath of trauma, utilizing ERP. This will be understood within the overall context of the principles of Psychological First Aid. This same basic approach can be applied in the event of strong abreaction during the initial phase of History-taking, and prior to the Preparation Phase of EMDR or at other times of treatment when patients exhibit strong emotional reactions. Similarly, treatment with ERP may also be considered for patients exhibiting this “silent terror” or extreme stress during initial treatment by first responders at the scene of an accident or in ambulances en route to medical facilities. Case examples will be presented to illustrate the successful treatment of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) with survivors the Tsunami in Thailand, and with victims of terror and war. In this presentation the Recent Events Protocol will be examined, with particular emphasis on modifying the Positive Cognitions (PC) in the face of continuing ongoing danger. EMD (Eye Movement Desensitization), the original protocol developed by Dr. Francine Shapiro in 1989, will be described and compared to the standard EMDR protocol with emphasis as used in emergency settings where multiple patients need rapid treatment. The EMDR Group Protocol will be presented as utilized in the Tsunami of 2004 and during war. A practicum will follow.

Keywords: Early Interventions

Accuracy Verified: Yes

367. Hollander, H. E., & Bender, S. S. (2001, January-April). ECEM (Eye Closure Eye Movements): Integrating aspects of EMDR with hypnosis for treatment of trauma. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 43(3-4), 187-202. doi:10.1080/00029157.2001.10404276.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The paper addresses distinctions between hypnotic interventions and Eye Movement Desensitizing and Reprocessing (EMDR) and discusses their effect on persons who have symptoms of PTSD. Eye movements in hypnosis and EMDR are considered in terms of the different ways they may affect responses in treatment. A treatment intervention within hypnosis called ECEM (Eye Closure, Eye Movements) is described. ECEM can be used for patients with histories of trauma who did not benefit adequately from either interventions in hypnosis or the EMDR treatment protocol used separately. In ECEM the eye movement variable of EMDR is integrated within a hypnosis protocol to enhance benefits of hypnosis and reduce certain risks of EMDR. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Hypnotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

368. Hollander, H. E. (2009, October). ECEM (eye closure, eye movements): Application to depersonalization disorder. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 52(2), 95-109. doi:10.1080/00029157.2009.10401701.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Closure, Eye Movements (ECEM) is a hypnotically-based approach to treatment that incorporates eye movements adapted from the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) protocol in conjunction with hypnosis for the treatment of depersonalization disorder. Depersonalization Disorder has been differentiated from post-traumatic stress disorders and has recently been conceptualized as a subtype of panic disorder (Baker et al., 2003; David, Phillips, Medford, & Sierra, 2004; Segui et. al., 2000). During ECEM, while remaining in a hypnotic state, clients self-generated six to seven trials of eye movements to reduce anticipatory anxiety associated with depersonalization disorder. Eye movements were also used to process triggers that elicited breath holding, often followed by episodes of depersonalization. Hypnotic suggestions were used to reverse core symptoms of depersonalization, subjectively described as "feeling unreal" (Simeon et al., 1997).

Keywords: ECEM Eye Closure Eye Movements

Accuracy Verified: Yes

369. Staemmler, F. M. (2004, Spring). Editorial. International Gestalt Journal, 27(1), 5-7.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The article gives an introduction to the papers included in the present issue of "International Gestalt Journal". Spurred by the positive feedback we have received for the last two volumes of our journal the editorial board has once again made a special effort to provide our readers with interesting material. The contribution by Stephan Tobin (see record 2004-19782-003) addresses an issue that has gained great attention in recent years: the therapy of trauma. In his paper Tobin outlines his idea of an integration of EMDR and relational gestalt therapy. Dan Bloom's (see record 2004-19782-005)paper describes the development of the world's first gestalt therapy institute, which has been one of the major sources of gestalt therapy and its vicissitudes over the course of half a century. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Editorial Emotional Trauma Multimodal Treatment Approach Neurophysiology Physiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychological Stress

Accuracy Verified: Yes

370. Maxfield, L. (2009). Editorial: Looking back, moving forward. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(4), 210. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.4.210.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This issue is our second special issue in 2009, celebrating 20 years of EMDR. First introduced in 1989 with reports of an important clinical study by Francine Shapiro, EMDR has developed from a simple desensitization technique to a comprehensive psychotherapy approach. Although its research evidence is primarily related to the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), some case studies and anecdotal reports indicate that EMDR may also be effective in reducing/eliminating symptoms related to other disorders, especially those with an emotionally disturbing etiology.

Keywords: History

Accuracy Verified: Yes

371. Dumery, J. (2005, September-Oktober). Eeen ogenblik EMDR [EMDR and time]. Het Perron, 21(5), 1290-1294.

Language: Dutch

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Een T-shirt met de tekst laat zien hoe cynisch angst. We hebben aan te vallen, voor trauma, en hoe wij proberen te behandelen. Cynisme is een onaangename manier om de waarheid te vertellen misschien, Eye Movement Desensibilisatie and Reprocessing (EMDR) is een meer passende reactie op de behandeling van psychologische trauma's.

A T-shirt with the text shows how cynical fear. We have to attack, for trauma, and how we try to deal with. Cynicism is an unpleasant way to tell the truth, perhaps Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a more appropriate response to the treatment of psychological trauma.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

372. Janssen, J. (2012, February). Een bijzondere casus (serie): EMDR-behandeling van vroegkinderlijke trauma’s bij een cliënte met een eetstoornis [A special case (series): EMDR treatment of early childhood trauma in a client with an eating disorder]. Tijdschrift voor Psychotherapie, 38(1), 21-37. doi:10.1007/s12485-012-0003-3.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Onveilige hechting en vroegkinderlijke trauma’s liggen aan de basis van veel problemen die onze cliënten ervaren in hun dagelijkse leven en zij leiden tot disfunctionele gedachten- en gedragspatronen. In de babyfase ontwikkelt zich het (sociale) brein op basis van liefde of het ontbreken ervan. Het is de interactie tussen baby’s en hun ouders in de eerste jaren die bepalend is. Het introduceren in de therapie van liefde en liefdevolle ouders die er voor hen zijn, lijkt van essentieel belang te zijn voor een succesvolle behandeling. In dit artikel wordt het vier-stappenmodel van Katie O’Shea uiteengezet. De eerste drie stappen bieden de effectieve stabilisatie die nodig is om de behandeling van vroegkinderlijke trauma’s aan te gaan. In stap 4 kan deze behandeling vervolgens op gestructureerde wijze plaatsvinden. Met haar ‘EMDR’-model creëren we als het ware een nieuwe blauwdruk in het brein met als uitkomst ‘een reconstructie van het zelfbeeld’. O’Shea beoogt met haar model herstel van prenataal en perinataal trauma, wat met het standaard EMDR-protocol niet gemakkelijk wordt bereikt. DRS.

Insecure attachment and early childhood traumas are the basis of many problems that our clients experience in their daily life and they lead to dysfunctional thoughts and behavioral patterns. In the infant stage develops the (social) brain based on love or lack thereof. It is the interaction between babies and their parents in the early years is decisive. Introducing into the therapy of love and loving parents who are there for them, seems of vital importance for a successful treatment. In this article, the four-step model Katie O'Shea put apart. The first three steps provide effective stabilization to the necessary for the treatment of early childhood trauma to go. In step 4, this treatment can then structured by manner. With its' EMDR' model we create as were a new blueprint in the brain as being 'a reconstruction of the self '. O'Shea aim with the recovery model of prenatal and perinatal trauma, what with the standard EMDR protocol is not easily achieved. DRS.

Keywords: Childhood Trauma Eating Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

373. de Jongh, A., & ten Broeke, E. (1993). Een nieuwe behandelingsmethode voor angst en trauma's: ‘Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing’ [A new treatment for anxiety and trauma: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing]. Directieve Therapie, 13(2), 78-83. doi:10.1007/BF03060028 .

Language: Dutch

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
In deze bijdrage wordt een beschrijving gegeven van de achtergronden en principes van ‘Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing’ ( EMDR), een recente ontwikkeling op het gebied van de psychotherapie. Deze procedure wordt gepresenteerd als een snelle en effectieve behandelmethode voor aan angst gerelateerde klachten, waaronder posttraumatische stress-stoornissen. Een belangrijk onderdeel van EMDR is dat de therapeut bij de cliënt een aantal snelle en ritmische oogbewegingen uitlokt door hem te vragen zijn vinger te volgen, terwijl de cliënt een beeld van de traumatische herinnering in gedachten houdt. Dit zou resulteren in cognitieve veranderingen en een langdurige vermindering van angst, alsmede een verdwijnen van terugkerende herinneringen en indringende gedachten. Zoals naar voren komt uit onderzoek en twee gepresenteerde gevalsbeschrijvingen (een geval van extreme angst voor de tandheelkundige behandeling en een geval van seksueel misbruik), kan EMDR reeds effectief zijn in slechts één zitting. Het artikel sluit af met evaluatieve opmerkingen en aanbevelingen met betrekking tot het gebruik van deze behandelingsmethode in de praktijk.

In this article describes the background and principles of "Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing "(EMDR), a recent development in the field of psychotherapy. This procedure is presented as a rapid and effective treatment for anxiety-related symptoms, including post-traumatic stress disorder. EMDR is an important part of the therapist to the client a number of rapid and rhythmic eye movements provokes him by asking his finger to follow, while a client image of the traumatic memory in mind. This would result in cognitive changes and a lasting reduction of anxiety and a loss of recurrent and intrusive recollections thoughts. As emerges from two studies and presented case studies (one case extreme fear of dental treatment and one case of sexual abuse), EMDR can already effectively in only one session. The article concludes with evaluative comments and recommendations regarding the using this treatment method in practice.

Keywords: Anxiety Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

374. Meneses, J. A. (2007). Efectividad del EMDR, en la reducción de la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes academicos, en las alumnas de los sextos cursos del instituto tecnológico “Eloy Alfaro”, de la ciudad de esmeraldas, durante el ano 2.006 [Effectiveness of EMDR in reducing extreme anxiety to academic examinations in the students of the sixth technical institute courses "Eloy Alfaro" emerald city, during the year 2006]. Universidad Central Del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Psicologicas, Instituto Superior de Postgrado, Quito, Ecuador.

Language: Spanish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
El EMDR, es un método psicoterapéutico, efectivo para reducir la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes académicos, a niveles normales, en un 88.8%, de los casos, en 9.25 sesiones de tratamiento, como promedio, con un nivel de confianza del 95 y 99%, en las alumnas de los sextos cursos, del Instituto Tecnológico “Eloy Alfaro, de la ciudad de Esmeraldas, durante el año 2.006. OBJETIVOS DE APRENDIZAJE: 1. Demostrar que EMDR, es efectivo también para reducir la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes académicos. 2. Informar que EMDR, reduce además a niveles normales los sistemas de respuestas de ansiedad cognitiva, fisiológica, y motora y la ansiedad a la evaluación. 3. Concienciar que EMDR, provoca también cambios cognitivos, emocionales y conductuales, como por ejemplo, el aumento de la autoestima y de la autoeficacia. 4. Comunicar que, luego del estudio de seguimiento, se estableció que EMDR, es efectivo en la reducción de la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes, en forma estable, es decir sin que se produzcan recaídas o sustitución de síntomas

In this study, which is kind of explanation, then use the hypothetical-deductive method with a quasi-experimental design with experimental and control group, formed at random, with pre and post treatment, with statistical processing of data, with the Student t test, and ANOVA before and after treatment, and once tested the hypothesis, it was established that: EMDR is a psychotherapeutic method, effective in reducing extreme anxiety to academic tests to normal levels in 88.8% of the cases, treatment sessions 9.25, on average, with a confidence level of 95 and 99 % of pupils in the sixth course, the "Eloy Alfaro" Technological Institute in Esmeraldas City Ecuador during the year 2006. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1. Show that EMDR is also effective to reduce extreme anxiety to academic exams. 2. Report that EMDR also reduces systems to normal levels of anxiety responses cognitive, physiological, and motor and anxiety evaluation. 3. Awareness that EMDR also causes cognitive, emotional and behavioral, for example, increased self-esteem and self-efficacy. 4. Report that, after the follow-up study established that EMDR is effective in reducing extreme anxiety tests in stable form, ie without the occurrence of relapse or symptom substitution.

Keywords: Anxiety Eloy Alfaro Students

Accuracy Verified: Yes

375. Meneses, J. A. (2007, Novembro). Efectividad del EMDR, en la reducción de la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes académicos, en las alumnas de los sextos cursos del instituto tecnológico “Eloy Alfaro”, de la ciudad de Esmeraldas, Ecuador, durante el año 2.006 [Effectiveness of EMDR in reducing extreme anxiety, academic tests, students in the sixth high school courses technological "Eloy Alfaro" City Esmeraldas, Ecuador, during the year 2006]. Apresentação no I Congresso Ibero-Americano de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objetivos de aprendizaje: • Demostrar que EMDR es efectivo también para reducir la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes académicos. • Informar que EMDR reduce además a niveles normales los sistemas de respuestas de ansiedad cognitiva, fisiológica, y motora y la ansiedad a la evaluación. • Concienciar que EMDR provoca también cambios cognitivos, emocionales y conductuales, como por ejemplo: el aumento de la autoestima y de la autoeficacia. • Comunicar que luego del estudio de seguimiento, se estableció que EMDR, es efectivo en la reducción de la ansiedad extrema a los exámenes, en forma estable, es decir, sin que se produzcan recaídas o sustitución de síntomas.

Learning Objectives: • Demonstrate that EMDR is effective also for reduce extreme anxiety tests academics. • Inform that EMDR also reduces levels normal response systems cognitive anxiety, physiological, and motor and evaluation anxiety. • Raise awareness that EMDR also results cognitive, emotional and behavioral such as: increased self-esteem and self-efficacy. • Communicate that after the follow-up study established that EMDR is effective in reducing the extreme anxiety examinations, in a stable, ie without relapses occur or replacement of symptoms.

Keywords: Ecuador Test Anxiety

Accuracy Verified: Yes

376. Kutz, I., Dekel, R., Schreiber, S., Resnick, V., Dolberg, O. T., Barkai, G., Leor, A., Rapoport, E., & Bloch, M. (2008, November). The effect of a single session of EMDR on intrusive distress in acute stress syndromes. Symposium/panel conducted at the 24th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Early diagnosis and intervention in mass casualty events: Since September 2000, Israeli and Palestinian societies suffered great losses. on the Israeli side, civilians of all ages, and ethnic groups, have been exposed to various types of terrorist attacks. This symposium examines issues of diagnosis and interventions

The effect of a single session of EMDR on intrusive distress in acute stress syndromes: Purpose: To examine the efficacy of a single session of a modified abridged EMDR protocol in reducing Acute Stress Syndromes (ASS) following accidents and terrorist bombing attacks. Methods: Treatment was provided, in a general hospital inpatient and out-patient setting to 86 patients with ASS. Friday: 11:00 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. Presenters are underlined and discussants are italicized. If serving in both roles, they are both underlined and italicized. Findings: Fifty percent reported immediate fading of their intrusive symptoms and general alleviation of their distress, 27% described partial alleviation of their symptoms, while 23% reported no improvement. Four week and six month follow-up, in the terror victims group only, showed that the immediate responders remained symptom free, while half of the non-responders, who also received subsequent additional interventions modalities, were still symptomatic. Conclusions: The difference in response may be attributed, in part, to the fact that immediate responders tended to have an uncomplicated ASS with fewer risk factors for PTSD, while the non-responders had higher exposure to former traumas and endorsed more risk factors for PTSD. These results support other anecdotal reports on the rapid effects of brief EMDR intervention in uncomplicated cases and offer a psycho-physiological hypothesis for immediate response. While additional controlled studies are essential, this immediate symptomatic relief may be a potential addition for focused interventions in acute trauma victims.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD Bombings Israel Palenstine Panel Symposium Terrorists

Accuracy Verified: Yes

377. Cole, F. J. (1996, November). The effect of alpha theta brainwave production on self-efficacy in the treatment of substance abuse. California School of Professional Psychology, Fresno, CA. AAT 9734483.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Two new brief treatments, Alpha Theta Brainwave Training (ATBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) were compared to Systematic Muscle Relaxation (SMR) training during the treatment of 45 hospitalized veterans in the Chemical Dependency Treatment Program of the Fresno Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center. Fifteen veterans were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, ATBT, EMDR, and SMR, to investigate whether these treatments affected self-efficacy, or confidence in the ability to resist the urge to drink. In behavioral change, self-efficacy levels are consistent predictors of short and long-term success. It was hypothesized that the greater the amount of time spent in theta brainwave frequency (4-8 Hz) during treatment, the greater the increase in self-efficacy. Brainwave activity, temperature, skin conductance and electromyographic levels were recorded during the treatment sessions. Measures of self-efficacy, self-efficacy expectancy, outcome expectancy, and level of overall physical and emotional symptoms were taken before and after treatment. Results indicated that all treatments increased self-efficacy and decreased overall physical and emotional symptoms in alcoholic subjects. Overall, there was no significant difference in the amount of time spent in theta brainwave frequency between groups, but results indicated that the treatments did produce a significant difference in the amount of time spent in theta brainwave frequency between the first and last treatment sessions in the groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(5-B), Nov 1997, pp. 2667.

Keywords: Brain Stimulation Drug Abuse Drug Rehabilitation Empirical Study Military Veterans Relaxation Therapy Self Efficacy Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

378. Propper, R. E., Pierce, J., Geisler, M. W., Christman, S. D., & Bellorado, N. (2007, September). Effect of bilateral eye movements on frontal interhemispheric gamma EEG coherence: Implications for EMDR therapy. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 195(9), 785-788. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e318142cf73.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The use of bilateral eye movements (EMs) is an important component of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for PTSD. The neural mechanisms underlying EMDR remain unclear. However, prior behavioral work looking at the effects of bilateral EMs on the retrieval of episodic memories suggests that the EMs enhance interhemispheric interaction. The present study examined the effects of the EMs used in EMDR on interhemispheric electroencephalogram coherence. Relative to noneye-movement controls, engaging in bilateral EMs led to decreased interhemispheric gamma electroencephalogram coherence. Implications for future work on EMDR and episodic memory are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Brain Imaging Bilateral Eye Movements College Students Empirical Study Neurophysiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

379. Laugharne, J. (2010, July). The effect of EMDR on pathological personality traits: An initial case series. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
There is little published data regarding the effect of Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) on personality disorders and pathological personality traits. A PTSD clinic has been developed at Fremantle Hospital in Western Australia since May 2009. All patients referred are initially assessed using the MINI–plus for DSM IV axis I diagnoses, the PTSD Checklist, and the SCID 2 for personality traits/disorders. These assessments are carried out again post treatment. All patients accepted for treatment have PTSD according to DSM IV criteria but most have comorbid axis I diagnoses and often marked pathological personality traits or personality disorders. The primary psychological treatment for PTSD offered at the clinic is EMDR. In this presentation, data will be presented regarding an initial series of cases treated for PTSD at the clinic using EMDR with an emphasis on changes in their SCID 2 scores post-treatment and how this relates to changes in PTSD scores. The theoretical and practical implications of the data will be discussed in the context of the existing literature as well as transcultural considerations and future research directions outlined.

Keywords: Personality Traits

Accuracy Verified: Yes

380. Kruse, M. J. (2011, June). The effect of energy psychology on rates of relapse and recidivism for substance abuse offenders in a community correction setting. The University of the Rockies, Colorado Springs, CO. AAI3460565.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
This dissertation was a study of a community corrections program which incorporated adjunct Energy Psychology Therapies for Substance Abuse Offenders (SAOs), who were transitioning back into community. Rates of relapse and recidivism were compared, upon success/failure to complete drug and alcohol treatment. When Energy Psychology therapies were added, assisting offenders in resolving underlying trauma issues, there were significance differences between groups. The Choices Program used brief therapies including: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, Thought Field Therapy, Emotional Freedom Techniques, (EMDR, TFT, EFT) along with group and individual classes/sessions to relieve underlying trauma symptoms. The results indicated that people who chose to resolve underlying trauma achieved more successful treatment outcomes, thereby lowering rates of relapse and recidivism significantly.

Keywords: Community Corrections EFT motional Freedom Techniques Energy Psychology Offenders Eye Movement Social Sciences Substance Abuse Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

381. Nakahara, T., Nakahara, K., Uehara, M., Koyama, K., Li, K., Harada, T., Yasuhara, D., Taguchi, H., Kojima, S., Sagiyama, K., & Inui, A. (2007, May). Effect of juggling therapy on anxiety disorders in female patients. doi:doi:10.1186/1751-0759-1-10. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 1(10), 1-4.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of juggling therapy for anxiety disorder patients. Design and Method: Subjects were 17 female outpatients who met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders. Subjects were treated with standard psychotherapy, medication and counseling for 6 months. For the last 3 months of treatment, subjects were randomized into either a non-juggling group (n = 9) or a juggling therapy group (juggling group: n = 8). The juggling group gradually acquired juggling skills by practicing juggling beanbags (otedama in Japan) with both hands. The therapeutic effect was evaluated using scores of psychological testing (STAI: State and Trate Anxiety Inventry, POMS: Profile of Mood Status) and of ADL (FAI: Franchay Activity Index) collected before treatment, 3 months after treatment (before juggling therapy), and at the end of both treatments. Results: After 6 months, an analysis of variance revealed that scores on the state anxiety, trait anxiety subscales of STAI and tension-anxiety (T-A) score of POMS were significantly lower in the juggling group than in the non-juggling group (p < 0.01). Depression, anger-hostility scores of POMS were improved more than non-jugglers. In the juggling group, activity scores on the vigor subscale of POMS and FAI score were significantly higher than those in the non juggling group (p < 0.01). Other mood scores of POMS did not differ between the two groups. Conclusion: These findings suggest that juggling therapy may be effective for the treatment of anxiety disorders.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Females

Accuracy Verified: Yes

382. Sugimoto, K. (2010, October). The effect of PTSD treatments after stillbirth: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) combined with hypnotherapy. Presentation at the XVI International Congress of International Society of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, Venice, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objective: Despite advances in obstetric and neonatal care, many women will experience the birth of stillborn infant or the death of a newborn. Stillbirth is a devastating experience for women, sometimes leads to depression, anxiety, traumatic grief and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There has been very little research examining effective psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress after stillbirth. This study explores the possibility the use of EMDR combined with hypnotherapy in the treatment for post-traumatic stress after stillbirth. Methods: the study consisted of a 'before and after' treatment design combined with follow-up measurements 1-3 years after EMDR treatment. Quantitative data from questionnaires (The impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were collected. In addition, qualitative data from individual interviews with the participants were collected as well. Participants: four out-patient women with post-traumatic stress after stillbirth (three of the four experienced fatal state and emergency caesarean section). Results: Three of the four participants reported reduction of post-traumatic stress after treatment (ranging from two to three sessions) and the beneficial effects remained after 1-3 years. One only took assessment session. Symptoms of intrusive thoughts seemed most sensitive for treatment. Nevertheless, all of the participants have not finished EMDR treatment completely. They were happy at the possibility at working through their stillbirth experience, but not prepared to work with other disturbing memories (feeder memories) in the past. All of the participants were afraid of the influence upon next pregnancy. Conclusion: EMDR combined with hypnotherapy might be a useful tool in the treatment for post-traumatic stress after stillbirth, but we have to take great consideration about the timing of EMDR treatment. Further research is required.

Keywords: Hynotherapy Obstetrics Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Stillbirth

Accuracy Verified: Yes

383. Kimiko, S. (2010, October). The effect of PTSD treatments after stillbirth: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) combined with hypnotherapy. Presentation at the XVI International Congress of International Society of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, Venice, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: Objective: Despite advances in obstetric and neonatal care, many women will experience the birth of stillborn infant or the death of a newborn. Stillbirth is a devastating experience for women, sometimes leads to depression, anxiety, traumatic grief and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There has been very little research examining effective psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress after stillbirth. This study explores the possibility the use of EMDR combined with hypnotherapy in the treatment for post-traumatic stress after stillbirth. Methods: the study consisted of a ‘before and after’ treatment design combined with follow-up measurements 1-3 years after EMDR treatment. Quantitative data from questionnaires (The impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were collected. In addition, qualitative data from individual interviews with the participants were collected as well. Participants: four out-patient women with post-traumatic stress after stillbirth (three of the four experienced fatal state and emergency caesarean section). Results: Three of the four participants reported reduction of post-traumatic stress after treatment (ranging from two to three sessions) and the beneficial effects remained after 1-3 years. One only took assessment session. Symptoms of intrusive thoughts seemed most sensitive for treatment. Nevertheless, all of the participants have not finished EMDR treatment completely. They were happy at the possibility at working through their stillbirth experience, but not prepared to work with other disturbing memories (feeder memories) in the past. All of the participants were afraid of the influence upon next pregnancy. Conclusion: EMDR combined with hypnotherapy might be a useful tool in the treatment for post-traumatic stress after stillbirth, but we have to take great consideration about the timing of EMDR treatment. Further research is required.

Keywords: Hynotherapy Obstetrics Stillbirth

Accuracy Verified: Yes

384. Kutz, I., Resnik, V., & Dekel, R. (2008). The effect of single-session modified EMDR on acute stress syndromes. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(3), 190-200. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.190.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A single session of a modified, abridged EMDR protocol was provided in a general hospital inpatient and outpatient setting to 86 patients with acute stress (AS) syndrome suffering from intrusion distress following accidents and terrorist bombing attacks. Fifty percent reported immediate fading of intrusive symptoms and general alleviation of distress, 27% described partial alleviation of their symptoms and distress, while 23% reported no improvement. Partial and nonresponders were provided with or referred for more comprehensive treatment. At 4-week and 6-month follow-up, the immediate responders in the terror victims group remained symptom free. The immediate responders tended to have uncomplicated AS symptoms with fewer risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), while the nonresponders had higher exposure to former traumas and endorsed more risk factors for PTSD. These results support other anecdotal reports on the rapid effects of brief EMDR intervention on intrusive symptoms in early uncomplicated posttraumatic cases. Although more controlled studies are essential, this immediate method for symptomatic relief may be a potential addition for focused interventions in acute trauma victims.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD Intrusions Mass Casualty Event MCE Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

385. Freund, B., Ironson, G., & Bira, L. (2012, October). The effect of three treatments for recent trauma on trauma-related cognitions. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Arlington, VA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objective: To determine whether (and which) of three brief (4 session) interventions would reduce trauma related cognitions: EMDR, stress management with a trauma focus (SMT), or four sessions of expanded Psychological First Aid (PFA).

Keywords: PFA Psychological First Aid SMT Stress Management with a Trauma Focus

Accuracy Verified: Yes

386. Becker, L. (2000). Effect size. Lee Becker, Ph.D..

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Effect size (ES) is a name given to a family of indices that measure the magnitude of a treatment effect. Unlike significance tests, these indices are independent of sample size. ES measures are the common currency of meta-analysis studies that summarize the findings from a specific area of research. See, for example, the influential metaanalysis of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatments by Lipsey and Wilson (1993). There is a wide array of formulas used to measure ES. For the occasional reader of meta-analysis studies, like myself, this diversity can be confusing. One of my objectives in putting together this set of lecture notes was to organize and summarize the various measures of ES. In general, ES can be measured in two ways: a) as the standardized difference between two means, or b) as the correlation between the independent variable classification and the individual scores on the dependent variable. This correlation is called the "effect size correlation" (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 1996). These notes begin with the presentation of the basic ES measures for studies with two independent groups. The issues involved when assessing ES for two dependent groups are then described.
The psychotherapies include: behavioral treatments (primarily different forms of exposure therapies), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), relaxation therapy, hypnosis, and psychodynamic therapy. The control conditions include: pill placebo (used in the drug treatment studies), wait list controls, supportive psychotherapy, and no saccades (a control for eye movements in EMDR studies).

Keywords: Effect Size

Accuracy Verified: Yes

387. Cloitre, M. (2009, January). Effective psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder: A review and critique. CNS Spectrums, 14(1, Supplement 1), 32-43 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This report reviews and critiques the psychotherapy literature for the treatment of PTSD and systematically presents data on sample size, rates of completion, and effect sizes. Substantial progress has been made in the use of cognitive behavioral therapies and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for the resolution of PTSD. Innovations in PTSD treatments are identified. Further advances are needed in the treatment of populations with complex and chronic forms of PTSD such as those found in childhood abuse populations, refugee populations, and those experiencing chronic mental illness. The need to address comorbid emotional, social, and physical health consequences of trauma, to implement treatments in community-based settings, and to incorporate larger systems of care into study designs is noted. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive Therapy Exposure Therapy Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

388. Rubin, Al., Bischofshausen, S., Conroy-Moore, K., Dennis, B., Hastie, M., Melnick, L., Reeves, D., & Smith, T. (2001, July). The effectiveness of EMDR in a child guidance center. Research on Social Work Practice, 11(4), 435-457. doi:10.1177/104973150101100402 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of adding EMDR to the routine treatment regimen of child therapists. Method: 39 child guidance center clients were randomly assigned to an experimental group that received EMDR plus the center's routine treatment package or a control group that received only the center's routine treatment package. Results: Analyses of variance found no significant differences in Child Behavior Checklist scores between groups. Subanalyses conducted for 33 clients with elevated pretest scores found moderate effect sizes that approached, but fell short of, statistical significance. Conclusions: These findings raise doubts about notions that EMDR produces rapid and dramatic improvements with children whose emotional and behavioral problems are not narrowly connected to a specific trauma and who require improvisational deviations from the standard EMDR protocol. Further research is needed in light of the special difficulties connected to implementing the EMDR protocol with clients like those in this study. [Sage]

Keywords: Affective Disorders Behavior Problems Effectiveness Emotional & Behavioral Problems Empirical Study Treatment Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

389. Edmond, T. E., Rubin, A., & Wambach, K. G. (1999, June). The effectiveness of EMDR with adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Social Work Research, 23(2), 103-116.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A randomized experimental evaluation found support for the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in reducing trauma symptoms among adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. 59 women were assigned randomly to one of three groups: (1) individual EMDR treatment (six sessions); (2) routine individual treatment (six sessions); or (3) delayed treatment control group. A MANOVA was statistically significant at both posttest and follow-up. In univariate ANOVAs for each of four standardized outcome measures EMDR group members scored significantly better than controls at posttest. In a three-month follow-up, EMDR participants scored significantly better than routine individual treatment participants on two of the four measures, with large effect sizes suggestive of clinical significance. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Brief Psychotherapy Child Abuse Empirical Study Females Follow-up Study Longitudinal Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial Rape RCT Self Efficacy Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

390. Kannan, L., & Mehrotra, S. (2010, July). Effectiveness of EMDR with those undergoing traumatic divorce. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A contested divorce in an eastern cultural context qualifies to be classified as a traumatic event. Those experiencing this ongoing trauma often undergo PTSD and Depression. EMDR with its standard and current events protocol serves to mitigate both the anxiety and depressive symptoms significantly. This study looks at adapting EMDR for divorcing families in court, clinical and private settings. Participants will learn 1. Differences in cognition of marriage in different cultures such as western, Eastern and Middle Eastern and potential problems, which are culture specific. 2. What constitutes marital trauma and traumatic divorce in the Eastern context 3. The impact of marital trauma in terms of clinical presentation as well as non clinical parameters of well being such as self-esteem, general health, locus of control and quality of life among those undergoing EMDR. 4. How to use EMDR with those undergoing marital trauma with divorce proceedings and cultural implications. 5. Adaptations in the EMDR to the court environment as well as other setting where such clients may present themselves

Keywords: Divorce

Accuracy Verified: Yes

391. Dunn, T. M. (1995). Effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in a non-clinical population. University of Cincinnati, OH.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Panic disorder, worsening of depression and relapse of alcohol symptoms (Pitman, et al.). A relatively new technique for treating PTSD is reported to result in lasting reduction of anxiety, changes in the cognitive assessment of memory and cessation of flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, and sleep disturbances. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an experimental treatment for PTSD which is reported to have almost immediate, long lasting effects (Shapiro, 1989a). EMDR involves having the patient engage in a series of therapist-directed saccadic eye movements accompanied by cognitive exercises. The treatment may take less than an hour to administer and, it is claimed, may completely eliminate some of the more severe symptoms associated with PTSD and can have long lasting effects (one subject showed desensitization a year later [Shapiro, 1989a.1) Shapiro found the treatment to produce the best effect if performed while the patient is recalls a disturbing memory of the traumatic event.

Keywords: Non-clinical Population

Accuracy Verified: Yes

392. Fleming, J. (2012). The effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of traumatized children and youth. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(1), 16-26. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.6.1.16.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article provides a summary of all the studies that have investigated eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment of traumatized children and adolescents. The effectiveness of the treatment is revealed in more than 15 studies. This article considers the differences between Type I and Type II traumas and specifically examines the effects of EMDR on traumatic stress experienced by children and youth following Type I and Type II traumas. There is a considerable body of research evaluating EMDR treatment of Type I traumas, showing strong evidence for its efficacy, but there are few studies that have specifically investigated EMDR treatment of Type II traumas. The effect of EMDR on various symptoms and problem areas is also examined. Recommendations are made for the clinical application of EMDR and for further research.

Keywords: Children Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Review Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

393. Farkas, L., Cyr, M., Lebeau, T. M., & Lemay, J. (2010, May). Effectiveness of MASTR/EMDR therapy for traumatized adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, (3)2, 125-142. doi:10.1080/19361521003761325 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study examined MASTR/EMDR, a trauma-focused treatment for traumatized youth taken in charge by youth protective services. Participants were 40 adolescents (ages 13-17) exhibiting conduct problems, internalizing and externalizing behaviors and who have been exposed to maltreatment. Participants were randomly assigned to MASTR/EMDR treatment or to a routine care condition. Self-report questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were administered to participants and one of their parents/caregivers at three points in time: pre-treatment, post-treatment (12 weeks) and follow-up (12 weeks). Repeated measures ANCOVAs showed that participants in the experimental group had significant improvements in their trauma symptoms and behavioral problems compared with the control group at the post-treatment evaluation. These effects were maintained at a 3-month follow-up. Results support the effectiveness of MASTR/EMDR.

Keywords: Adolescents Conduct Disorders MASTR

Accuracy Verified: Yes

394. Lamphear, M. H. (2011). Effectiveness of the post critical incident seminar in reducing critical incident stress among law enforcement officers. Walden University, Minnesota. 3454138.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Summative program evaluation was used to examine the effectiveness of the Post Critical Incident seminar (PCIS) in reducing traumatic stress symptoms of law enforcement officers (LEOs). Previous trauma theory research indicated when not addressed, the impact of such trauma leads to serious physical and mental health problems. The use of the PCIS with the study population had not been evaluated. This study was conducted, using archival data, to address this gap. The sample consisted of LEOs in the southeastern US. Officers participated in either PCIS-only or PCIS + EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) groups and were also categorized according to time since the incident. The Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) was administered at the start of each PCIS and again at 6 months. Dependent t tests were used to demonstrate significant pre/post decreases in IES-R scores for both groups. Of clinical concern at pretest, the IES-R scores for the PCIS + EMDR group were reduced to below the scale's threshold for clinical concern. Regression analyses were used to also document significant links connecting the time since the incident, type of incident, and gender with IES-R scores. These preliminary findings lend support for the PCIS, with implications for social change and further study: With continued research and recommendations, the PCIS can be enhanced to best help LEOs remain healthy and fit for duty, resulting in a safer society.

Keywords: Critical Incidents Law Enforcement Officers Peer Support Posttraumatic Stress DIsorder Psychology Stress PTSD Recent Events Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

395. Brennstuhl, M. J., & Tarquinio, C. (2012, June). Effects of an specific EMDR protocol for the treatment of chronic pain [Los efectos de un protocolo específico de EMDR para el tratamiento del dolor crónico]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Treatment of chronic pain stays problematic. The complex part of cognitive, behavioral and emotional in chronic pain makes treatment complicated. Since few years, many authors have argued on a traumatic symptomatology, which is responsible of chronic pain (reactive symptom of PTSD) (Bioy & Fouques, 2002; Ferragut, 2007, 2010), or that chronic pain may induce a trauma (Burloux, 2004). This argumentation brought to us to envisage the EMDR therapy for the treatment of chronic pain. This research aims to test the effectiveness of treatment of chronic pain. We have elaborated a new protocol, which focuses on specificities on chronic pain problematic. This protocol focuses on pain and physical sensation. Inspiration on Mark Grant Protocol (Grant, 2009), R-‐Tep and Google research (Shapiro & Laub, 2009) isn’t unnoticed. Chronic pain can be approached like an elaborated trauma, because it’s always happening. So, as with recent event trauma, we can find the most difficult moment. It’s why we proposing a protocol based on focusing symptom: pain. Ten patients were treated with this new EMDR protocol, specific on chronic pain. After every session, and at the end of the treatment, the effects of this protocol on chronic pain and traumatic symptomatology were evaluated and show significant improvement. The objective is double: a significant improvement was made reducing chronic pain and associated symptoms (depression, anxiety...), and also use this protocol in a prevention move and stop chronicity of pain in the beginning.

El tratamiento del dolor crónico sigue siendo problemático. Los elementos cognitivos, conductuales y emocionales complejos dificultan su tratamiento. Desde hace algunos años, muchos autores han debatido sobre una sintomatología traumática que sería la responsable del dolor crónico (síntoma reactivo del TEPT) (Bioy & Fouques, 2002; Ferragut, 2007, 2010) o que el dolor crónico puede inducir trauma (Burloux, 2004). Esta controversia nos ha llevado a contemplar el empleo de EMDR para el tratamiento del dolor crónico. Esta investigación pretende comprobar la efectividad [de EMDR] del tratamiento del dolor crónico. Hemos elaborado un protocolo nuevo que se centra en las especificidades del dolor crónico problemático. Este protocolo se centra en el dolor y la sensación física. No pasa desapercibida la inspiración del protocolo de Mark Grant (Grant, 2009), R-‐Tep e investigación en Google (Shapiro & Laub, 2009). Se puede abordar el dolor crónico del mismo modo que el trauma elaborado, dado que es constante. Por lo tanto, al igual que un evento reciente, podemos identificar el momento más difícil. Por eso proponemos un protocolo que se basa en centrarnos en el síntoma: el dolor. Diez pacientes fueron tratados con este nuevo protocolo de EMDR, específico para el dolor crónico. Tras cada sesión y al finalizar el tratamiento, se evaluaron los efectos de este protocolo sobre el dolor crónico y la sintomatología traumática; los resultados han mostrado una mejoría significativa. El objetivo es doble: por un lado, lograr una mejora significativa y reducir el dolor crónico, así como los síntomas asociados (la depresión, ansiedad...), y por el otro lado, usar este protocolo como estrategia preventiva y poner fin a la cronificación del dolor desde un principio.

Keywords: Chronic Pain

Accuracy Verified: Yes

396. Altan Aytun, O., Ozcan, G., Ciftci, A,. Konuk, E. Yuksek, H., Karakus, D., Cavusoglu S., & Vatan Ozcelik, D. (2010, June). The effects of early EMDR interventions (EMD and R-TEP) on the victims of a terrorist bombing in Istanbul. In Treatment of children/acute stress. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Presenter: Filiz Kaya
The present study is carried out within a psychological counseling project which is governed by Istanbul metroplitan Municipality. The study was designed to assess the effects of Early EMDR Intervention (EEI) on the victims of a terrorist bombing in Gungoren, Istanbul. Subjects were the victims of a terrorist bombing in Gungoren, Istanbul. The participants were selected from a pool of children and adults, who lived in Gungoren and scored high on the Turkish version of 'Impact of Event Scale' (IES) and PTSD Symptom Checklist. The subjects were contacted 2 days after the bomb attack so that we were able to measure the event impact right after the traumatic experience, which will help us to demonstrate how EMDR affects the impact of the event more accurately. Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD) as an EEI technique was used to treat the child participants, whereas Recent Traumatic Event Protocol (R-TEP) which incorporates the EMD and Recent Event (RE) protocols, was received by the adult participants The therapists (EMDR certified therapists, who were receiving supervision) met with the participants weekly to work only on the trauma of the bombing and participants completed impact of Event Scale prior to each session. The number of the sessions was restricted to the completion of EMD and R-TEP. The study is completed with a three month follow-up. Analyses of the data collected from the participants demonstrates the level of effectiveness of EMDR in children and adults, in prevention of PTSD and the use of EMDR as a crises intervention tool.

Keywords: Acute Stress Bombing Early Interventions EMD Istanbul Recent Events R-TEP Symposoium Terrorism

Accuracy Verified: Yes

397. Goodwin, D., Banner, L., & Hayward, R. (1995, June). Effects of EMDR in treating erectile dysfunction measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Symposium conducted at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The experimenters seek to determine whether the reported anxiety-relieving effects of (EMDR) can be effectively applied to patients reporting erectile dysfunction and whether the expected changes in levels of anxiety can be measured as a function of changes in brain function observed through MRI tracings. The MRI is well suited to reflect hypothesized changes in the lowering of sympathetic arousal and the increasing of parasympathetic arousal as a response to EMDR procedures. This investigation, using the MRI brain scanning procedures was followed in stages of (1) establishing criteria for the radiological determination of characteristics of brain function measured with the MRI that descriminate between levels of experimentally induced anxiety and (2) conducting an experimental investigation of the application of EMDR while patients are undergoing the MRI scanning protocol. Psychological measures include the Personality Assessment Inventory(PAI) to screen for psychotherapy of subjects, the Impact of Events Scale(IOE), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI). Correlations between these scales and ratings of physiological changes are reported.

Keywords: Erectile Dysfunction MRI Scanning Protocol Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

398. Khalfa, S. (2012, June). Effects of EMDR on cognition, psychophysiology and cerebral mechanisms in PTSD [Efectos del EMDR en cognición, psicofisiología y mecanismos cerebrales en TEPT]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Despite the emergence of many theories on biological EMDR mechanisms, research is still needed to understand the healing processes of EMDR. We conducted four experiments to explore the effects of EMDR on PTSD with 17 to 22 patients suffering from one unique trauma. The first experiment evidenced attentional bias in PTSD towards negative words that disappeared after successful EMDR Therapy. The second experiment has shown a less efficient control of emotion in PTSD as compared to healthy controls. This altered emotional suppressing measured through psychophysiological responses was restored after symptoms disappearance following EMDR. The third experiment also using psychophysiological measures confirmed the increased fear sensitization and delayed fear extinction in PTSD and again the restoration of a normal fear conditioning and extinction processes after EMDR. The last experiment explored the negative emotional cerebral mechanisms using functional magnetic resonance imagery in PTSD. Activities in prefrontal structures were modified in PTSD as compared to healthy controls. After the EMDR treatment accompanied by symptoms removal, the prefrontal responses were not different between PTSD patients and their controls. Theoretical issues of these results will be discussed in order to integrate cognitive, psychophysiological and cerebral mechanisms observations.

A pesar del emerger de muchas teorías sobre los mecanismos biológicos del EMDR, la investigación aún necesita entender el proceso de curación que se produce en EMDR. Hemos realizado 4 experimentos para explorar los efectos del EMDR en TEPT de 17 a 22 pacientes que sufrieron un único trauma. El primer experimento evidencia un sesgo atencional del TEPT ante las palabras negativas que desaparecen después de una terapia exitosa de EMDR. El Segundo experimento mostró una baja eficiencia del control de las emociones en los TEPT comparados con el control de individuos sanos. Esta alterada supresión emocional medida a través de respuestas psicofisiológicas fue restaurada después de una desaparición de los síntomas realizando EMDR. El tercer experimento también confirma mediante medidas psicofisiológicas el aumento de la sensación de miedo y un retraso en la extinción del mismo en el TEPT. De nuevo tras administrar una terapia EMDR se produjo una restauración a una condición normal de miedo y un proceso de extinción. El último experimento explica los mecanismos negativos emocionales cerebrales usando resonancia funcional magnética en TEPT. La actividad en las estructuras prefrontales fue modificada en el TEPT comparado con el control. Después del tratamiento de EMDR acompañado de una remisión de los síntomas, las respuestas prefrontales no fueron diferentes entre los pacientes con TEPT y los controles. Cuestiones teoréticas sobre estos resultados serán discutidas con el fin de integrar cognitivamente, psicofisiológicamente y observar los mecanismos cerebrales del EMDR.

Keywords: Cognition, Psychophysiology and Cerebral Mechanisms Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

399. Pagani, M., Hogberg, G., Salmaso, D, Tarnell, B., Nardo, D., Sundin, Ö., Jonsson, C., Soares, J., Aberg-Wistedt, A., Jacobsson, H., Larsson, S.A., Hällström, T. (2007, October). Effects of EMDR psychotherapy on 99mTc-HMPAO distribution in occupation-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Nuclear Medicine Communications, 28(10), 757-765. doi:10.1097/MNM.0b013e3282742035.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a derangement of mood control with involuntary, emotionally fraught recollections that may follow deep psychological trauma in susceptible individuals. This condition is treated with pharmacological and/or cognitive therapies as well as psychotherapy with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). However, only a very limited number of studies have been published dealing with work-related PTSD, and investigations on the effect of treatment on cerebral blood flow represent an even smaller number. Aim: To investigate the short-term outcome of occupation-related PTSD after EMDR therapy by 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT. Method: Fifteen patients, either train drivers suffering from PTSD after having been unintentionally responsible for a person-under-train accident or employees assaulted in the course of duty, were recruited for the study. 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT was performed on these patients both before and after EMDR therapy while they listened to a script portraying the traumatic event. Tracer distribution analysis was then carried out at volume of interest (VOI) level using a three-dimensional standardized brain atlas, and at voxel level by SPM. The CBF data of the 15 patients were compared before and after treatment as well as with those of a group of 27 controls who had been exposed to the same psychological traumas without developing PTSD. Results: At VOI analysis significant CBF distribution differences were found between controls and patients before and after treatment (P=0.023 and P=0.0039, respectively). Eleven of the 15 patients responded to treatment, i.e., following EMDR they no longer fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. When comparing only the eleven responders with the controls, the significant group difference found before EMDR (P=0.019) disappeared after treatment. Responders and non-responders showed after therapy significant regional differences in frontal, parieto-occipital and visual cortex and in hippocampus. SPM analysis showed significant uptake differences between patients and controls in the orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann 11) and the temporal pole (Brodmann 38) both before and after treatment. A significant tracer distribution difference present before treatment in the uncus (Brodmann 36) disappeared after treatment, while a significant difference appeared in the lateral temporal lobe (Brodmann 21). Conclusion: Significant 99mTc-HMPAO uptake regional differences were found, mainly in the peri-limbic cortex, between PTSD patients and controls exposed to trauma but not developing PTSD. Tracer uptake differences between responders and patients not responding to EMDR were found after treatment suggesting a trend towards normalization of tracer distribution after successful therapy. These findings in occupational related PTSD are consistent with previously described effects of psychotherapy on anxiety disorders. [PubMed]

Keywords: 99mTc-HMPAO Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

400. Pagani, M., Hogberg, G., Salmaso, D., Nardo, D., Jonsson, C., Danielsson, A.M., Engelin, L., Jacobsson, H., Larsson, S. A., Hallstrom, T., & Sundin, Ö. (2006, September). Effects of EMDR therapy on 99mTc-HMPAO distribution in Post-traumatic stress disorder. Presentation at the European Assocation of Nuclear Medicine Congress, Athens, Greece. European Journal of Nuclear Medical and Molecular Imaging, 33, S169.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a derangement of mood control with emotional trauma recollections that may follow psychological trauma. It is treated with pharmacological and cognitive therapies as well as with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). However, a limited number of studies have been published dealing with job related PTSD, and an even smaller number have assessed the effects of treatment on CBF. The aim of this study was to investigate the short term outcome of occupation based PTSD after EMDR therapy by 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT. Methods Fifteen patients suffering PTSD after having experienced a person under train accident or having been assaulted at work were included into the study. 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT was performed before and after EMDR therapy while listening to a script portraying the traumatic event. Tracer distribution analysis was performed at VOI level using a 3D standardised brain atlas and at cluster of voxel level by SPM and was subjected to an analysis of treatment as well as contrasted to a group of 27 subjects exposed to the same psychological trauma and not developing PTSD. Results Eleven of 15 patients responded to treatment, i.e. they did no longer fulfil the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD after EMDR. Overall VOI analysis showed significant differences between, both before and after treatment conditions and controls (p<0.05) but no effect of period, i.e. treatment. However, when contrasting responders to controls the significant group difference present after treatment disappeared, indicating a normalization effect due to successful EMDR treatment. SPM analysis showed significant uptake differences in orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann 11) and temporal pole (Brodmann 38) before as well as after treatment as compared to controls. A significant tracer uptake group difference present before treatment in uncus (Brodmann 36) disappeared after treatment while a significant difference appeared in lateral temporal lobe (Brodmann 21). No tracer uptake differences were found by SPM as an effect of treatment, nor between the 11 responders and controls. Conclusion Significant 99mTc-HMPAO uptake differences, mainly in peri-limbic cortex, between PTSD patients investigated before and after EMDR and subject exposed to trauma not developing PTSD were found. Differences between the tracer distribution in patients before and after therapy were not significant neither at SPM nor at VOI analyses but the latter showed at group level an effect of symptom remission on tracer distribution. The findings underscore the validity of psychotherapy in anxiety disorders and confirm the efficacy of SPECT in psychiatry. [EANM]

Keywords: 99mTc-HMPAO Distribution Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

401. Pagani, M., Hogberg, G., Salmaso, D., Nardo, D., Jonsson, C., Danielsson, A. M., Engelin, L., Jacobsson, H., Larsson, S. A., Hallstrom, T., & Sundin, Ö. (2006, September-October). Effects of EMDR therapy on 99mTc-HMPAO distribution in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Presentation at the European Assocation of Nuclear Medicine Congress, Athens, Greece.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: 99mTc-HMPAO Distribution Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

402. Hampel, J. C. (1997, November). The effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on self-reported test anxiety in college students. Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI. AAT 9732881.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Test anxiety is a common problem among students in western culture due to the importance of academic achievement and the consequences for failure. Many consider test anxiety to be primarily an issue of poor study habits and test readiness. However, some students who appear to possess excellent study habits also appear to experience severe anxiety during tests. A recent meta-analysis of test anxiety research substantiated these claims, finding that test anxiety appeared to be an emotionally-based as opposed to a cognitively-based problem. Despite these findings, the etiologies for test anxiety remain unknown. Similar to nearly all DSM-IV diagnostic categories, test anxiety is a syndrome with no known pathognomonic sign(s) which singularly diagnose the condition. Hence, treatments for test anxiety, as for nearly all other DSM-IV mental disorders are symptomatic as opposed to strategic. Unfortunately, there are few symptomatic treatments for test anxiety that are both efficient and effective.Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), which was developed for the symptomatic treatment of PTSD, was chosen to treat the symptoms of test anxiety for the following essential reasons: (a) the reported efficacy of EMDR with PTSD; (b) the similarities between test anxiety and PTSD that include intrusive thoughts, inability to concentrate, behavioral avoidance, and emotional symptomatology; and (c) the need for a brief, effective symptomatic treatment for test anxiety. Using a waiting control group against which to compare the treatment group and subsequently replicate treatment effects, the results found that EMDR was highly effective for the symptomatic reduction of self-reported test anxiety as measured by all test anxiety scales. Moreover, these results also suggest that measures of study habits and attitudes are also sensitive to enhancement as a result of treatment with EMD/R. Although the current results did not suggest specific mechanism(s) by which EMDR was effective, the pattern of highly effective results across widely different types of test anxiety presentations suggests the actions of an active placebo treatment. It is suggested that future research contrast EMD/R with known active placebo protocols. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(5-B), Nov 1997, pp. 2676.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders College Students Empirical Study Life Experiences Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

403. Konuk, E., Knipe, J., Eke, I., Yuksek, H., Yurtsever, A., & Ostep, S. (2006, August). The effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy on post-traumatic stress disorder in survivors of the 1999 Maramara, Turkey, earthquake. International Journal of Stress Management, 13(3), 291-308. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.13.3.291.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
As part of a program of response to the 1999 Marmara, Turkey, earthquake, an estimated 1,500 trauma victims with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were treated in tent cities with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). A field study evaluating a representative group of 41 participants with diagnosed PTSD indicated that a mean of five 90-minute sessions was sufficient to eliminate symptoms in 92.7% of those treated, with reduction in symptoms in the remaining participants. Significant reductions occurred between the pre and posttreatment PTSD Symptom Scale Self-Report version (PSS-SR) total scores and all subscales. These gains were maintained at 6-month follow-up. The same pattern of recovery was observed regardless of the use or nonuse of psychotropic medication at the time of intake.

Keywords: Developing Countries Disaster Response Emotional Trauma Empirical Study Follow-up Study Field Study Natural Disasters Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Recent Events Survivors Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

404. Becker, L., Black-Tanski, D., Nugent, N., & Thede, L. (1999, November). The effects of eye movement on the stream of consciousness. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Miami, FL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A recent meta-analysis of PTSD treatments (van Etten & Taylor, 1998) found EMDR to be as efficacious as behavioral and drug treatments. There is considerable controversy, but little research, on the underlying mechanisms of EMDR. A conditioning model by Dyck (1993) suggests that eye movements (EM) effect a distraction from trauma related thoughts, causing an extinction trial. According to this model, the distraction of EM should cause thoughts to be directed outward. A psychodynamic model by Allen and Lewis (1996) suggests that EM facilitate the formation of new associations to traumatic memories and allow the client to “remain in the present while thinking of the past.” This model postulates that EM cause thoughts to be directed inward. We report two experiments in which thought processes were studied using a stream of consciousness (SOC) technique (Singer, 1993). In both studies, undergraduate participants wrote down a sad (or happy) target event from their life. They then thought about the target event and let their thoughts go where they may for 10 minutes. At approximately 1-minute intervals they were asked to report their thoughts. The baseline study (n = 42) looked at SOC with eyes closed; the second study (n = 27) compared SOC with eyes open, eyes closed, and with EM. Relative the to the eyes-open condition, EM tended to keep the SOC internally focused. During the last 4 minutes of the SOC, eyes open participants were externally focused (thoughts about the surroundings) about 50% of time; EM participants were externally focused 25% of the time; and eyes closed participants were externally focused 3% of the time, F(1, 11) = 6.08, p = .017. Eye movements produced a blend of external (eyes open) and internal (eyes closed) thoughts, offering support to the psychodynamic model.

Keywords: Eye Movement Poster Stream of Consciousness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

405. Choi, K. M., Min, J. A., Park, G. H., Lee, S.-H., & Chae, J.-H. (2011). The effects of horizontal eye movement on mental health indices and psychophysiological activities in healthy subjects. Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 18, 148-158.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: The eye movement (EM) has been reported to play a role in enhancing the retrieval of episodic memories and reducing effects of fearful episodes in the past and worries for the futures. However, it is still unclear in the mechanism of EM in normal subjects. We examined the horizontal eye movement (HEM) effect using an aiding apparatus on mental health indices including negative and positive psychological factors, and psychophysiological measures such as heart rate variability and quantitative electroencepaholography (qEEG) in healthy subjects.
Methods: Twenty eight healthy subjects