Francine Shapiro Library - EMDR Bibliography Links
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1. Gersons, B., & Schnyder, U. (2007, November). Beyond exposure alone: Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD. Presentation at the pre-meeting for Institute of the 23rd of the International Society for Traumatic Stress, Baltimore MD.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
The efficacy of psychotherapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic
approaches in the treatment of PTSD can be regarded as empirically
demonstrated. Overall, effect sizes seem to be higher for psychotherapy
as compared with medication. Many well-controlled trials
with a mixed variety of trauma survivors have demonstrated that
CBT is particularly effective in treating PTSD. More specifically,
exposure therapy currently is seen as the treatment modality with
the strongest evidence for its efficacy. However dropout rates from
studies of CBT (including EMDR) usually are around 20 percent. Up
to 58 percent of patients who completed CBT are still diagnosed
with PTSD at posttreatment assessment. Furthermore, only 32-66
percent of patients included achieved good end-state functioning.
There is a need to have treatment protocols based on CBT which
meet more the expectations of traumatized clients. The 16-sessions
Brief Eclectic Protocol (BEP) originally developed for police officers
with PTSD proved to be effective in two randomized controlled trials
and has been accepted in the NICE-Guidelines (2005). The second
trial also showed effectivity on biological data. A trial in Zurich
is still running. BEP encompasses apart from a slightly different form
of exposure psychoeducation at the start (with the partner present),
the use of letter writing to express angry feelings, the use of memorabilia
and 12 sessions for the domain of meaning, how it changes
the view on the world and on the person his or herself. It is ended
with a farewell ritual. The dropout rate is lower compared to the traditional
CBT. In the workshop the protocol will be presented, discussed
and parts of it will be trained.
www.
Keywords: Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
2. Gersons, B. (2013, June). Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD (BEP). Presentation at the 13th annual conference for the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS), Bologna, Italy.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD (BEP) is a trauma-focused treatment which has been shown to be equally effective for the treatment of PTSD as CBT/PE and EMDR. It is the treatment of choice if there is a need not only for decreasing anxiety but also for learning how the traumatic event has changed one's life and view on the world. It has been developed as a 16-session treatment manual for PTSD when CBT and EMDR were not available (www.traumatreatment.eu). BEP consists of (1) psychoeducation, together with a partner or close friend; (2) imaginal exposure preceded by relaxation exercises, focused on catharsis of emotions of grief and helplessness; (3) writing tasks to express aggressive feelings and use of mementos; (4) domain of meaning, focused on learning from the trauma, oneself and the world; (5) farewell ritual, to end treatment. The BEP-protocol has proved to be effective in randomized controlled trials. Also psychobiological recovery has been demonstrated. In the workshop the different elements of BEP will be outlined and taught, also using a DVD. Similarities and differences between CBT and EMDR will be presented. To summarize, CBT, EMDR and BEP are equally effective in reducing PTSD by different forms of exposure. BEP also offers essential learning from the traumatizing events based on psychodynamic insights and stimulates posttraumatic growth. Clinical cases will be discussed.
Keywords: BEP Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
3. Nijdam, M. J., Gersons, B. P. R., Reitsma, J. B., de Jongh, A., & Olff, M. (2012, March). Brief eclectic psychotherapy v. eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(3), 224-231. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.099234.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Background:
Trauma-focused cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye
movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy (EMDR)
are efficacious treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD), but few studies have directly compared them using
well-powered designs and few have investigated response
patterns.
Aims:
To compare the efficacy and response pattern of a traumafocused
CBT modality, brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD,
with EMDR (trial registration: ISRCTN64872147).
Method:
Out-patients with PTSD were randomly assigned to brief
eclectic psychotherapy (n = 70) or EMDR (n = 70) and
assessed at all sessions on self-reported PTSD (Impact of
Event Scale – Revised). Other outcomes were clinician-rated
PTSD, anxiety and depression.
Results:
Both treatments were equally effective in reducing PTSD
symptom severity, but the response pattern indicated that
EMDR led to a significantly sharper decline in PTSD
symptoms than brief eclectic psychotherapy, with similar
drop-out rates (EMDR: n = 20 (29%), brief eclectic
psychotherapy: n = 25 (36%)). Other outcome measures
confirmed this pattern of results.
Conclusions:
Although both treatments are effective, EMDR results in a
faster recovery compared with the more gradual
improvement with brief eclectic psychotherapy.
Declaration of interest:
A.d.J. teaches and supervises clinical psychologists and
psychiatrists in psychological trauma and its treatment
by means of seminars, workshops and conferences, for
which the participants pay a fee. He is also director
and shareholder of a trauma treatment unit. For both
activities he has the formal permission of the executive
board of the University of Amsterdam to which he is
affiliated.
Keywords: BEP Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Randomized Controlled Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
4. Nijdam, M., Olff, M., & Gersons, B. (2005, November). Effects of psychotherapy on neuropsychological performance in PTSD. Poster presented at the 21st annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Toronto, ON.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Deficits in concentration and memory are some of the most persistent symptoms
of PTSD. Although many studies have investigated neuropsychological
deficits in different trauma populations with and without PTSD, no study to
our knowledge has looked carefully at improvement of neuropsychological
functioning after psychotherapy. In the present study, we randomly assigned
individuals to either Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
therapy (n=60) or Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n=60). Attention and
memory were investigated before and after treatment using the following
neuropsychological tests: Trail Making Test, STROOP task, Verbal Learning
and Memory Test and Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test. Different versions
of the memory tests were administrated at pre- and postassessment in order
to control for learning effects. Preliminary results of treatment completers
are presented, and the clinical relevance of the findings is discussed.
Keywords: Neurobiological Performance Poster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
5. Nijdam, M, J., Olff, M., & Gersons, B. (2009, November). EMDR versus brief eclectic psychotherapy in the treatment of PTSD: A randomized clinical trial. In M. Olff, J. J. Ter Heide, M. J. Nijdam, & S. Guay (Chairs), Advances in evidence-based treatment for PTSD. Symposium conducted at the 25th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Atlanta, GA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
A large number of studies have demonstrated the efficacy
of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement
Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR) in the
treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and metaanalyses
have shown similar effect sizes for both treatment
conditions. However, less is known about the effectiveness
of these treatments in routine clinical care. Therefore, we
conducted a randomized clinical trial that compared EMDR (n
= 70) to a form of CBT, Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n =
70). Treatment conditions resembled routine care as much as
possible. Participants were outpatients who were referred to the
Center for Psychological Trauma of the Academic Medical Center
with a diagnosis of PTSD after various kinds of type I trauma.
Primary outcome was PTSD symptomatology as measured by
the Impact of Event Scale – Revised. Other measures that were
applied to assess pre-post differences were the Structured
Interview for PTSD, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis
I disorders, MOS Short Form -36, and Posttraumatic Growth
Inventory. Preliminary analyses indicate a significant decrease
in PTSD symptomatology for both treatment conditions, with an
earlier decrease of symptoms in EMDR compared to BEP. Results
of the complete trial will be presented and clinical implications of
the findings are discussed.
Keywords: Eclectic Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
6. Olff, M., Nijdam, M., Samuelson, K., Golier, J., Meewisse, M., Marmar, C., Yehuda, R., Gersons, B., & Neylan, T. (2007, November). Neuropsychological Symptoms in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Changes Over Time. Symposium conducted at the 23rd annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Baltimore, MD.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Neuropsychological symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder and changes over time: Attention and memory problems are some of the most persisting
and debilitating symptoms related to PTSD. This symposium will
focus on neuropsychological symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder
with particular emphasis on changes over time or changes
due to treatment.
Effects of psychotherapy on neuropsychological
performance in PTSD:
Two of the most common findings in neuropsychological studies of
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are impairments of attention
and verbal memory. This presentation addresses whether these
impairments improve after trauma-focused psychotherapy. Data are
presented from an ongoing randomized controlled trial comparing
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy (n
= 70) and Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n = 70). Participants
were outpatients diagnosed with PTSD after a type I trauma of different
kind. Attention and memory were investigated before and
after treatment using the following neuropsychological tests: Trail
Making Test, STROOP task, California Verbal Learning Test and
Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test. Different versions of the memory
tests were administrated at pre- and postassessment in order to
control for learning effects. Preliminary results of treatment completers
indicate significant improvements of verbal memory and
divided attention after both treatments. Differences between the
treatments as well as the clinical relevance of the findings will be
discussed.
Keywords: Neuropsychological Performance Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
7. Nijdam, M., Olff, M., & Gersons, B. (2006, November). Posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic cognitions in response to trauma-focused psychotherapy. Poster presented at the 22nd annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Fall Conference, Hollywood, CA .
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
In clinical research it is important to address both vulnerabilities and
positive processes that occur in response to traumatic stress.
Therefore, we chose the concepts of posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic
cognitions to examine how these reactions change in
The Psychobiology of Trauma and Resilience
206 www.istss.org
Poster Presentations – Session 3
International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies 22nd Annual Meeting
A C R O S S
Tuesday Poster Presentations
response to trauma-focused psychotherapy. In this presentation, preliminary
data from a randomized controlled trial comparing Eye
Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy (n =
70) and Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n = 70) are presented.
Participants were patients of the Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic of the
Academic Medical Center / De Meren who had a diagnosis of PTSD
following various kinds of type I trauma. Posttraumatic growth was
assessed with the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, whereas posttraumatic
cognitions were examined by use of the Posttraumatic
Cognitions Inventory. Both measures were administered at pre- and
postassessment to determine whether these concepts change after
EMDR and/or BEP. Changes in and relationships between these variables
are presented and future directions for research arising from
the findings are discussed.
Keywords: Cognitions Poster Posttraumatic Growth Inventory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
8. Schnyder, U., Gersons, B., Wittmann, L., Nijdam, M., Maercker, A., Mueller, J., & Olff, M. (2008, November). Posttraumatic growth and PTSD symptoms in response to brief eclectic psychotherapy and EMDR. In Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD: New evidence. Symposium/panel conducted at the 24th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD:
New evidence: Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP) is a multimodal treatment for
PTSD comprising five essentials: psychoeducation; imaginal
exposure; writing assignments and mementos; domain of meaning
and integration; and a farewell ritual. This symposium presents
findings from two recent randomized controlled trials testing BEP
versus a minimal attention control group, and versus EMDR.
Posttraumatic growth and PTSD symptoms in response to brief eclectic psychotherapy and EMDR: How posttraumatic growth is related to posttraumatic stress
pathology is a matter of ongoing debate. Examining these
reactions in response to trauma-focused psychotherapy can help
us gain more insight into these phenomena. In this paper,
preliminary results are presented from a randomized controlled
trial comparing Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP; n = 70) and Eye
Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR; n =
70). Participants were outpatients who had a diagnosis of PTSD
following various kinds of type I trauma. The measures we applied
to assess pre-post differences were SI-PTSD, SCID-I/P, IES-R, and
PTGI. Preliminary analyses indicate a significant increase in
posttraumatic growth and a significant decrease in PTSD
symptomatology for both treatment conditions. Relationships
between these variables and differences between treatment
conditions are discussed.
Keywords: Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy New Evidence Posttraumatic Growth PTSD Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
9. Freeman, C. P. (2009, August). Psychological and drug therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry, 8(8), 301-309. doi:10.1016/j.mppsy.2009.06.001.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Since the last edition of this review, there has been an impressive body of new evidence adding to our knowledge of psychological treatments. There have also been two new major reviews covering the complete range of available treatments: the second edition of the guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) and the US Institute of Medicine's review. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines were published before the last edition of this article, and there are currently no plans to revise them. However, the Australian guidelines build on the NICE guidelines, and provide the most comprehensive and user-friendly clinical guidance currently available. It is fascinating that such major and thorough reviews have arrived at different conclusions. The Institute of Medicine endorses trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT) and prolonged exposure but not eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) or drug treatment; NICE endorses TF-CBT and EMDR but not drugs; and the ISTSS guidelines, second edition, endorses drugs, EMDR, and TF-CBT. What is the bewildered therapist to do? Hopefully this review will clarify some of these issues. In truth, the discrepancy arises not because these learned and expert bodies have been perverse, negligent, or biased in their reviewing, but largely because they differ in what they have regarded as a clinically significant difference between two interventions as opposed to a statistical difference.
Keywords: BEP Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy Drug Therapies Drug Treatment Group Psychotherapy PE Prolonged Exposure Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PTSD Trauma-Focused CBT Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes