Francine Shapiro Library - EMDR Bibliography Links
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1. 吉田 卓史 秋篠 雄哉 柴田 敬 [Takushi Yoshida, Yuya Akishino, and Kei Shibata]. (2005年3月). 症例 EMDRによってスムーズに曝露反応妨害法に導入できたOCDの1例 [EMDR was introduced into the reaction of patients exposed to smooth the interference case of OCD]. Psychiatry, 6(3), 285-288.
Language: Japanese
Format: Journal
Keywords: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
2. 赵国秋 汪永光 王义强 付素芬 唐济生 曹日芳 [Zhao Guoqiu, Wang Yongguang, Wang Yiqiang, FU Shufen, Tang Jisheng, & Cao Rifang] (发表时间). 胶济铁路交通事故伤员心理危机干预结果分析 [The Analysis of Intervention for Casualties in the Accident on Jiaoji Railway on April 28]. 中国首届心理咨询师大会暨心理危机干预研讨会论文集.
Language: Chinese
Format: Conference
Abstract:
对22名ASD患者进行EMDR治疗，比较EMDR治疗前后的心理行为反应的差异。结果：有22名达到ASD（急性应激障碍）诊断标准，ASD发生率为9.73%，伤员中主要以闯入、警觉性增高表现为主，并伴随着其它的负性情绪体验。女性组心理行为反应结果明显重于男性组，女性组ASD...
(Based on the treatment of EMDR for 22 ASD patients, the comparison of psychological and behavior reaction between and after the treatment is shown. Results: there were 22 patients who reached to the diagnosis standard of ASD (Acute Stress Disorder). The incident rate is 9.73%. The major reaction is the increase of intrusive thoughts and alertness, with some other negative emotional experiences. The result of the psychological and behavior reaction of the female group is evidently stronger than that of the male group. The female group…)
Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD Jiaoji Railway
Accuracy Verified: Yes
3. 宋磊 王振英 [Song Lei & Wang Zhen-Ying]. (2007, November). 舍曲林联合EMDR治疗抑郁症对照研究 [Sertraline treatment of depression combined EMDR research: A control study of sertraline combined with the EMDR in the treatment of depression]. 临床心身疾病，13（4） [Journal of Clinical Psychosomatic Disease, 13(4)].
Language: Chinese
Format: Journal
Abstract:
目的 探讨舍曲林联合眼动脱敏和再加工治疗对抑郁症的临床疗效及安全性.方法 将64例抑郁症患者随机分为两组各32例,均给予舍曲林治疗,研究组联合眼动脱敏和再加工治疗,疗程均为6w.于治疗前及治疗第1 w、2 w、6 w末采用汉密顿抑郁量表、临床总体印象量表评定临床疗效,副反应量表评定不良反应.结果 治疗6 w末研究组有效率87.5%,对照组为84.4%,两组差异无显著性(χ2=0.129,P＞0.05).汉密顿抑郁量表、临床总体印象量表评分,研究组治疗1 w末均较对照组下降显著(P均＜0.05),2 w末均较对照组下降极显著(P均＜0.01),6 w末差异均无显著性(P均＞0.05).两组不良反应均轻微(P＞0.05).结论 舍曲林联合眼动脱敏和再加工治疗治疗抑郁症疗效显著,起效更快,安全性高,依从性好.
Objective: To study the combined sertraline and reprocessing eye movement desensitization treatment for depression efficacy and safety. Methods 64 patients with depression were randomly divided into two groups, 32 cases were treated with sertraline treatment, the joint study group eyes Activity desensitization and reprocessing therapy, a course of 6w. in the first before treatment and 1 w, 2 w, 6 w end with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale for assessment of clinical efficacy, adverse side effects rating scale reaction. Results 6 w end of study group and 87.5%, 84.4% of the control group, no significant difference between the two groups (χ2 = 0.129, P> 0.05). Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale scores 1 w at the end of treatment group was significantly decreased compared with the control group (P all <0.05), 2 w at the end than the control group decreased significantly (P all <0.01), 6 w at the end there was no significant difference (P all> 0.05) . two adverse reactions were mild (P> 0.05). Conclusion Joint eye sertraline desensitization and reprocessing therapy treatment of depression a significant effect, faster onset, high safety, good compliance.
Keywords: Control Study Depression Sertraline
Accuracy Verified: Yes
4. 伊丽 武国城 苏芳 (Yi Li, Wu Guocheng, & Su Fang] (2008, November). 运用EMDR技术治疗恐惧反应案例 [Treatment of Phobic Reaction with the EMDR]. 中国首届心理咨询师大会暨心理危机干预研讨会论文集 [1st Seminar of Psychotherapists and Psychological Intervention in China].
Language: Chinese
Format: Conference
Keywords: Phobia
Accuracy Verified: Yes
5. Hogberg, G., & Hallstrom, T. (2008). Active multimodal psychotherapy in children and adolescents with suicidality: Description, evaluation and clinical profile. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13(3), 435-448. doi:10.1177/1359104507088348.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate the clinical pattern of
14 youths with presenting suicidality, to describe an integrative treatment
approach, and to estimate therapy effectiveness. Fourteen patients aged 10
to 18 years from a child and adolescent outpatient clinic in Stockholm were
followed in a case series. The patients were treated with active multimodal
psychotherapy. This consisted of mood charting by mood-maps,
psycho-education, wellbeing practice and trauma resolution. Active
techniques were psychodrama and body-mind focused techniques including eye
movement desensitization and reprocessing. The patients were assessed before
treatment, immediately after treatment and at 22 months post treatment with
the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. The clinical pattern of the
group was observed. After treatment there was a significant change towards
normality in the Global Assessment of Functioning scale both immediately
post-treatment and at 22 months. A clinical pattern, post trauma suicidal
reaction, was observed with a combination of suicidality, insomnia, bodily
symptoms and disturbed mood regulation. We conclude that in the post trauma
reaction suicidality might be a presenting symptom in young people. Despite
the shortcomings of a case series the results of this study suggest that a
mood-map-based multimodal treatment approach with active techniques might be
of value in the treatment of children and youth with suicidality.
Keywords: Adolescents Children Suicide
Accuracy Verified: Yes
6. Barreda-Hanson, C. (2012, Septiember). Adaptación del EMDR y terapia breve centrada en el cliente para cambiar percepciones negativas y traumaticas [EMDR adaption of brief client-centered therapy to change negative and traumatic perceptions]. Presentación en la 70 Conferencia Anual del International Council of Psychologist(ICP), Sevilla, España.
Language: Spanish
Format: Conference
Abstract:
El estrés subsiguiente después de un traumatismo, representa un trastorno disfuncional – tanto interno como externo – que se manifiesta en alteraciones en el reconocimiento cognitivo y en los comportamientos, llevando además asociados síntomas somáticos, afloramiento de problemas inconscientes y ansiedades. Pues una de las características del estrés post-traumático, es precisamente la pérdida de equilibrio entre el mundo interno y externo de quien lo sufre. Por eso, ante la complejidad de las respuestas post-traumáticas, éstas se pueden catalogar en gran medida dentro de las perturbaciones psicopatológicas.
El estrés psicológico surge por una situación estresante “real”, externa, tangible y la reacción ante esta difícil experiencia, evoca un conjunto bastante universal y coherente de síntomas y respuestas que provocan reacciones primitivas relacionadas con temores inconscientes ante las amenazas a la vida, que hacen aflorar incipientemente fantasías e impulsos abrumadores. Los resultados son los pensamientos disfuncionales que conducen a las respuestas y a los comportamientos desadaptativos.
Objetivos: el taller está diseñado para proporcionar a estudiantes y profesionales de la Psicología – que trabajan o desean trabajar en esta área del trauma y el cambio de comportamientos -, la habilidad para utilizar eficaz y rápidamente intervenciones breves, que puedan poner en practicar incluso en casa. En el taller se estudiará la forma inicial de evaluar, tanto al trauma como a la clientela. Se trabajará la historia del trauma y se profundizará en sus consecuencias y en cómo diseñar las intervenciones breves para hacerles frente. También se centrará en averiguar qué cambios quieren los y las clientes a través de relatos y visualizaciones, utilizando una adaptación de las terapias EMDR y la Solución Enfocada tanto a crear el cambio deseado, como a mantenerlo.
En consecuencia el taller es de particular interés para quienes trabajan con personas que han sufrido cualquier tipo de trauma, o quienes perciben acontecimientos de la vida, experiencias, etc. que les afectan de forma negativa en su día a día. También es útil para las personas que sufren de TOC, sobre todo trastornos del pensamiento.
Los aspectos más útiles de las dos técnicas que se han adaptado junto con otras innovaciones de la autora, guardan relación con la creación de un ambiente seguro, no-traumático, que actúa rápidamente y que además, se puede realizar en casa sin peligro de consecuencias negativas.
Objetivos específicos:
1. Ser capaz de describir e identificar las manifestaciones del trauma.
2. Aprender y describir dos técnicas terapéuticas breves en el tratamiento del trauma
3. Definir una técnica breve terapéutica que puede ser utilizada para fomentar el cambio
4. Destacar el rol del o de la terapeuta durante el tratamiento de los traumatismos
5. Ser capaz de describir, diseñar y establecer metas de la terapia y promover cambios mediante el uso de técnicas de terapia breve.
Métodos: la Desensibilización y Reprocesamiento por Movimientos Oculares (EMDR), es un método complejo e integrador de la psicoterapia individual, mediante el que se guía al cliente utilizando un procedimiento para acceder a sus experiencias y resolver sus problemas conductuales y emocionales. El EMDR utiliza elementos de múltiples orientaciones psicoterapéuticas tanto psicodinámicas, como cognitivo- conductuales, enfoques centrados en el cliente, gestalt y bioenergéticos.
La premisa subyacente de EMDR es que las experiencias de pánico y ansiedad se procesan de forma diferente por el cerebro que las experiencias habituales. La teoría subyacente es que durante el estrés, la memoria grava en una parte del cerebro responsable de las emociones de modulación (la amígdala) y se cierra temporalmente otra parte del cerebro (el hipocampo), responsable de procesamiento de la memoria normal. La experiencia traumática queda atrapada en el exterior y potencialmente no forma parte del procesamiento normal del cerebro, y el EMDR permite a la persona acceder a la experiencia y transformarla en memoria declarativa en el hipocampo. Con el método EMDR, el hipocampo se puede abrir a las emociones evocadas por la experiencia para que el/la cliente pueda soportarlas mientras se realiza el tratamiento. La distracción y la atención a la estimulación bilateral, desempeñan un importante papel que ayuda al cliente a experimentar las emociones como tolerables. Aunque cómo la distracción bilateral en concreto, facilita el procesamiento de las experiencias dolorosas, sea algo que todavía no se termina de entender.
Por otra parte, las Intervenciones Breves de Terapias enfocadas al Cliente se centran en las excepciones del problema, pensando que a continuación se desarrollará un cambio natural en el comportamiento. Es una especie de visión orientada no en las formas tradicionales, sino hacia el futuro, sin profundizar demasiado en la “patología” sino más bien centrándose en lo que el sistema puede hacer para adaptarse a ella, puesto que ambos pueden decidir si esa “patología” es un problema o no lo es.
Las Intervenciones de Terapia Breve enfocadas al Cliente se utilizan para resolver una variedad de problemas de comportamientos y actitudes, mediante el uso de los propios recursos de los y las clientes y las observaciones de las estrategias que utilizan para alcanzar los resultados deseados, en sus situaciones vitales habituales. Se trata de una buena técnica para establecer y mantener un contexto de cambio en el que los pequeños, pero útiles cambios, se anticipan y se buscan.
En definitiva, la combinación de ambas técnicas con algunas variaciones desarrolladas por la Dra. Barreda-Hanson, han demostrado ser una herramienta poderosa para mejorar la respuesta al tratamiento en un período de tiempo más corto, teniendo también la ventaja de permitir practicar los ejercicios en casa.
Aplicaciones: la aplicación habitual del EMDR ha sido el tratamiento de trastornos emocionales relacionados con eventos muy perturbadores o traumáticos. Pero también se usa para trabajar síntomas preocupantes como la ansiedad, la depresión, la culpa y la ira. E igualmente, se puede utilizar para mejorar recursos emocionales tales como la confianza y la autoestima.
Procedimientos:
- El taller se impartirá en español y el alumnado recibirá amplios folletos complementarios.
- Se realizará en una única jornada, en sesión de mañana para teoría y de tarde para prácticas, trabajando cada modelo por separado.
- Se espera que quienes asistan lleven una cuestión-problema sobre la que trabajar utilizando las diversas técnicas, pues aunque se utilizarán múltiples ej. de casos reales, se alentará a quienes participen a traer sus propias experiencias e ideas para debatir y trabajar sobre ellas.
The subsequent stress after trauma represents a dysfunctional disorder - internal and external - that is manifested in alterations in cognitive recognition and behavior, besides being associated somatic symptoms outcrop unconscious problems and anxieties. As one of the characteristics of post-traumatic stress, is the loss of balance between internal and external world of the sufferer. Therefore, given the complexity of post-traumatic responses, they can be categorized largely into psychopathological disturbances.
Psychological stress arises from a stressful situation "real" external, tangible and reaction to this difficult experience, quite evokes a universal and consistent set of symptoms that cause reactions and responses primitive unconscious fears related to threats to life, which bring out fantasies and impulses incipiently overwhelming. The results are the thoughts that lead to dysfunctional responses and maladaptive behaviors.
Objectives: The workshop is designed to provide students and psychology professionals - who work or want to work in this area of trauma and behavior change - the ability to quickly and efficiently use brief interventions, which may put in practice even in house. The workshop will explore how to evaluate initial both trauma as to clients. It will work history of trauma and its consequences will deepen and how design brief interventions to address them. It will also focus on finding out what changes customers want and through stories and views, using an adaptation of EMDR therapy and Solution Focused both to create the desired change, and to keep it.
Thus the workshop is of particular interest to those working with people who have suffered any kind of trauma, or who perceive life events, experiences, etc.. that negatively affect them in their day to day. Also useful for persons suffering from OCD, especially disorders of thought.
The most useful of the two techniques that have adapted along with other innovations of the author, are related to the creation of a safe, non-traumatic, acting quickly and also can be done at home without fear of consequences negative.
Specific objectives:
1. Be able to describe and identify the manifestations of trauma.
2. Learn and describe two brief therapeutic techniques in the treatment of trauma
3. Define a short therapeutic technique that can be used to promote change
4. Outline the role of the therapist or during treatment of injuries
5. Be able to describe, design and establish goals of therapy and promote change through the use of brief therapy techniques.
Methods: Desensitization and Reprocessing Eye Movement (EMDR), is a complex and inclusive method of individual psychotherapy, which is guided by the client using a procedure to access their experiences and address their behavioral and emotional problems. The EMDR uses multiple elements of both psychodynamic psychotherapeutic approaches as cognitive-behavioral, client-centered approaches, gestalt and bioenergy.
The underlying premise of EMDR is that experiences panic and anxiety are processed differently by the brain than normal experiences. The underlying theory is that during stress, gravel memory part of the brain responsible for emotions modulation (amygdala) and temporarily closes another part of the brain (hippocampus), responsible for normal memory processing. The trapped traumatic experience abroad and potentially not part of the normal brain processing, and EMDR allows people access to the experience and transform it into declarative memory in the hippocampus. With EMDR, the hippocampus can be opened to the emotions evoked by the experience that he / the client is able to bear while performing the treatment. Distraction and attention to bilateral stimulation, play an important role to help the client to experience emotions as tolerable. Although bilateral distraction how specifically facilitates the processing of painful experiences, is something that is not yet fully understood.
Moreover, brief interventions focused Customer Therapies focus on the exceptions of the problem, thinking that then will develop a natural change in behavior. It is a kind of non-oriented view on traditional forms, but to the future, without going too deeply into the "pathology" but rather focus on what the system can do to adapt to it, since both can decide whether this "pathology "is a problem or not.
Brief therapy interventions focused Customer are used to solve a variety of problem behaviors and attitudes, using their own resources and comments from customers and the strategies used to achieve the desired results in their situations normal life. This is a good technique to establish and maintain a context of change in that small but useful changes, anticipate and seek.
In short, the combination of both techniques with some variations developed by Dr. Barreda Hanson, have proved a powerful tool for improving the response to therapy in a shorter period of time, having also the advantage of allowing in practice exercises house.
Applications: the routine application of EMDR has been the treatment of emotional disorders associated with very disturbing or traumatic events. But also used to work worrying symptoms such as anxiety, depression, guilt and anger. And also, can be used to enhance emotional resources such as confidence and self-esteem.
Procedures:
- The workshop will be taught in Spanish and students will receive extensive additional brochures.
- Will be held in a single day, in morning session and afternoon theory to practice, working each model separately.
- Who are expected to attend with a question-problem on which to work using various techniques, for example, although multiple use. real cases, those involved are encouraged to bring their own experiences and ideas to discuss and work on them.
Keywords: Brief Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
7. Kaplan, R., & Manicavasagar, V. (1998, October). Adverse effect of EMDR: A case report. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32(5), 731-732.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This letter documents adverse complications following a course of EMDR in and individual suffering from an adjustment disorder. Ethical issues are raised by the widespread use of this technique without sufficient screening for possible adverse reactions.
Keywords: Adjustment Disorder Adults Clinical Case Study Empirical Study Letter Males Negative Therapeutic Reaction Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
8. Sack, M. (2006). Aktuelle befunde zu wirkfaktoren der EMDR-behandlung [Recent findings on effective factors of EMDR treatment]. Sack Website.
Language: German
Format: Other
Abstract:
Das EMDR-Behandlungsverfahren (EMDR= eye movement desensitization and
reprocessing) wurde von der amerikanischen Psychologin Francine Shapiro
entwickelt und seit 1989 als manualisiertes Therapieverfahren zur Behandlung von
Patienten mit Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen (PTSD) und anderen
traumabezogenen Symptomen eingesetzt. Die Grundvorgehensweise besteht darin,
dass der Patient in der Sicherheit einer haltgebenden therapeutischen Beziehung
eine Konfrontation mit seinen traumatischen Erinnerungen erlebt. Ziel der
Traumabearbeitung ist die Integration von kognitiven, emotionalen und körperlichen
Reaktionen auf das Trauma indem die Erinnerungen wiederbelebt, wahrgenommen
und verarbeitet werden. Anders formuliert, wird die durch das Trauma induzierte
Dissoziation wieder aufgehoben. Die in der traumatischen Situation unterbrochene
Verbindung zwischen Wahrnehmungen, Gedanken, Emotionen und
Körperreaktionen wird wieder hergestellt. Danach erfolgt eine Bearbeitung von
dysfunktionalen Kognitionen, wie z.B. von Schuldgefühlen, die auf unrealistischen
Einschätzungen der traumatischen Situation beruhen (Shapiro 1998). Abweichend
von der klassischen verhaltenstherapeutischen Traumaexposition werden im EMDR
die Traumaexpositionsphasen nur relativ kurz (30 – 90 sec) durchgeführt und durch
bilaterale Stimulierung in Form von Augenbewegungen (der Hand des Therapeuten
mit den Augen folgen) oder durch alternative Berührungsreize auf die linke und
rechte Hand (sog. Tapping) oder durch alternativ dargebotene Töne ausgelöst.
The EMDR treatment process (EMDR = eye movement desensitization and
Reprocessing) was developed by psychologist Francine Shapiro of the American
developed and since 1989 as a manualized therapies for the treatment of
Patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other
traumabezogenen symptoms used. The basic approach is
that the patient in the safety of a therapeutic relationship haltgebenden
a confrontation with traumatic memories experienced. The aim of the
Trauma treatment is the integration of cognitive, emotional and physical
Reactions to the trauma memories revived by the perceived
and processed. In other words, is induced by the trauma
Dissociation rescinded. The interrupted in the traumatic situation
Link between perceptions, thoughts, emotions and
Reaction of the body is restored. This is followed by a treatment of
dysfunctional cognitions, e.g. feelings of guilt, based on unrealistic
Assessments of the traumatic situation are based (Shapiro 1998). Notwithstanding
are from the classical behavioral trauma exposure in EMDR
the phases of trauma exposure is relatively short (30-90 sec) and conducted by
bilateral stimulation in the form of eye movements (the hand of the therapist
follow with the eyes) or by alternative tactile stimuli on the left and
right hand (so-called tapping) or alternatively Helping sounds triggered.
Accuracy Verified: Yes
9. Sukirna, S. (2010, July). Alleviating physical tension and pain using EMDR. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: This paper describes the utilization of EMDR for physical pain and tension suffered by three tsunami survivors. Physical pain can be conceptualized as caused by trauma, a reaction to trauma, may be exacerbated by trauma or a cause of trauma. Even if it is purely physical, pain apparently impacts psychological aspect of a person e.g. emotion, cognition. EMDR was used to process physical pain due to motorbike accidents and severe headache that presumably related to high blood pressure or sun stroke. During desensitization phase the patients focused mainly on their pain or part of the body that was dysfunctional, while simultaneously attended to the sensation of tapping. All of the patients admitted that the pain were completely alleviated and positive change of cognition occurred after one session of 25-35 minute (desensitization phase with tapping) EMDR. The effect of these one-session EMDR treatments on those patients maintained for months later.
Keywords: Pain Physical Tension
Accuracy Verified: Yes
10. De Divitiis, A. M. (2010, June). Application of resource development and installation (RDI) in delivery preparation in order to prevent post partum depression. In Female issues. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
According to the latest statistical evidence Post-Partum
Depression develops in approximately 13% of women
during the second -third month after childbirth with symptoms
lasting between few weeks and a year and risks of relapse.
Unlike the Baby Blues (affecting 70% of mothers, with onset in
the 3'd - 6" day after delivery and spontaneous recovery within
approximately two weeks), likely to be caused basically by hormone
modifications in the immediate aftermath of childbirth.
PPD development would seem to be solely determined by psychological
factors: the experience of childbirth, the surfacing of
unresolved problems in the relationships with attachment figures,
the change in the woman's role both in the social sphere and
within the couple relationship, the fear of being unable to adequately
attend to the new responsibilities (both in terms of skills
and of the ability to cope with the additional workioad), etc.
Consequently, women experiencing childbirth as a traumatic
experience are more destabilized by the event, and therefore.
at a higher risk of developing PPD.
Childbirth requires the deployment of many personal resources.
A woman in labor must be able to bear the pain, while having
to "push", 1.e. contrast the automatic antalgic reaction (which
would close the delivery channel) and "meeting the pain", during
the "expulsion" phase. Considering that "Peak Performances"
require moving out of a person's comfort zone and
stretching a person's boundaries, childbirth experience can be
rightfully considered a "Peak Performance".
This work describes RDI application times and modes during Delivery
Preparation in order to strengthen the different personal
resources needed by pregnant women to experience her childbirth
as an ego syntonic experience. In this sense, RDI associated
with EMDR can be considered an actual Primary Prevention intervention,
capable of teaching women something positive about
themselves, thus effectively offsetting the onset of PPD. Furthermore
the results of the application of this technique collected
during the Post-Partum phase on 48 women will be discussed.
Learning objectives:
1 identification of the specific issues predisposing the development
of PTSD due to Childbirth and of Post-Partum Depression.
2. Framing Childbirth as a Peak Performance.
3 Learning RDI (Resource Development and Installation) application
through Bilateral Stimuli during Delivery Preparation Courses.
Keywords: Delivery Preparation Female Issues Resource Development and Installation RDI Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
11. De Divitiis, A. M. (2008, Novembre). Applicazione dello sviluppo e installazione delle risorse (RDI) nella psicoprofilassi al parto finalizzata alla prevenzione delle depressione post partum (DPP) [Application of resource development and installation (RDI) in psychoprophylaxis geared to the prevention of postpartum depression(DPP)]. Presentazione le Applicazioni Cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.
Language: Italian
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Dagli ultimi dati statistici risulta che la Depressione Post Partum viene sviluppata da circa il 13% delle puerpere nel corso del secondo – terzo mese successivi al parto e la durata dei sintomi varia da qualche settimana ad un anno, con rischi di recidiva.
A differenza del Baby Blues (colpisce il 70% delle puerpere, insorge in III – VI giornata e si risolve spontaneamente nell’arco di un paio di settimane), imputabile essenzialmente alle fisiologiche modificazioni ormonali (calo degli estrogeni e progesterone) dell’im-mediato post partum, lo sviluppo della DPP sembrerebbe invece essere determinata da fattori di natura strettamente psicologica: l’esperienza del parto, il riemergere di problematiche irrisolte nelle relazioni con le figure di attaccamento, il cambiamento di ruolo della donna sia nell’ambito sociale che all’interno della coppia, il timore di non essere in grado di attendere adeguatamente alle nuove responsabilità (sia sul piano delle proprie capacità, che del nuovo carico di fatica fisica), ecc.
Le donne che hanno vissuto il parto come esperienza traumatica risultano essere maggiormente destabilizzate da tale evento e quindi maggiormente esposte allo sviluppo della DPP.
Il parto richiede alla donna il reclutamento di molteplici risorse personali. Nel corso del “travaglio” la donna deve riuscire a contenere il dolore, mentre nella fase dell’“espulsione” le viene richiesto inoltre di “spingere”, ossia di contrastare una reazione antalgica automatica (che chiuderebbe il canale da parto) per andare invece “incontro al dolore”. Se consideriamo che le “Prestazioni di Picco” si caratterizzano per essere “al di fuori” del proprio ambito di sicurezza, di agio e di conforto, nel tentativo di oltrepassare il limite estremo delle proprie capacità, l’esperienza del parto può essere inscritta a pieno titolo nelle “Prestazioni di Picco”.
Nel presente lavoro vengono descritte le modalità e i tempi di applicazione del RDI nel corso della Preparazione al Parto, finalizzata al rafforzamento delle diverse risorse personali di cui ogni gestante ha bisogno per poter vivere il parto come esperienza egosintonica. In tal senso l’RDI, tramite EMDR, è da considerarsi un vero e proprio Intervento di Prevenzione Primaria, in grado di insegnare alle donne qualcosa di positivo riguardo sé stesse, contrastando efficacemente l’insorgere della DPP. Verranno esposti, inoltre, i risultati dell’applicazione di tale tecnica su 48 gestanti, raccolti nella fase del Post Partum.
The latest statistics show that postpartum depression is developed by about 13% of mothers during the second to third months after delivery and the duration of symptoms varies from few weeks to a year, with risks of recurrence. Unlike the Baby Blues (affects 70% of mothers, occurs in III - VI day and resolves spontaneously within a couple of weeks), largely because of the physiological hormonal changes (decline in estrogen and progesterone) of IM-mediated post-partum, the development of the DPP seems to be determined by factors strictly psychological: the experience of childbirth, the resurgence of unresolved issues in relations with attachment figures, the changing role of women both in social the couple, the fear of not being able to wait adequately to new responsibility (both in terms of its ability, that the new burden of physical labor, etc.). Women who have experienced childbirth as a traumatic experience become more undermined by this event and, therefore, at greater risk of developing the DPP. The birth of the woman requires the recruitment of many personal resources. During the "Labor" the woman must be able to contain the pain, while in phase the 'expulsion' is the also required to "push", i.e. a reaction to counter analgesic automatic (which close the channel by birth) to go instead "to meet the pain." If we consider that "Peak Performance" are characterized by being "outside" the extent of its security, ease and comfort, in an attempt to go beyond the bounds of their abilities, experience delivery can be fully inscribed in the "peak performance". The present paper describes the methods and timing of application of RDI during the preparation for childbirth, which aims to reinforce the various personal resources which each pregnant woman needs to live the experience of childbirth as ego syntonic. In this sense, the RDI, through EMDR is considered true primary prevention interventions that can teach women something positive about themselves to effectively counter the rise DPP. Will be exposed, in addition, the results of applying this technique on 48 pregnant women, collected at the stage of post-partum.
Keywords: Postpartum Depression RDI Resource Development and Installation
Accuracy Verified: Yes
12. Mueller-Schwefe, R. (2010, June). Back into life - EMDR with primary withdrawal after trauma. In Experimental use of EMDR. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
“Where I am? I am somewhere between heaven and
earth, but I don't know where exactly." "My therapist waited
for my anger, but it just isn't there...nowhere” – “I can't imagine
anything helpful when I feel bad, I just don't have the
energy... it's all too much for me." – “I just want to give up...”
Reaction to traumatic events can vary a lot. This is true even
when a PTSD has been diagnosed. Contrary to the 'classical'
hyper-arousal response to traumatic memories there is also a
different pattern of response that is characterized by a lack of
an increase in heart rate, and very different pattern of neural activations,
despite having a severe case of acute and subsequent
PTSD'[l] and may go along with (peri- and posttraumatic) dissociation,
emotional numbness, exhaustion, withdrawal and
depression. The above statements belong to people with this
pattern of response who have experienced subsequent difficulties
already in the stabilization phase of their trauma-therapy.
First, I will present an understanding of this symptomatology,
the hypothesis being a predominance of the dorsal vagal system
(see: Polyvagal Theory [2] and activation of the early withdrawal
reflex (or: fear-paralysis reflex). This goes along with
particular cognitive and especially emotional and physical features.
Second, I will present a way to work with this condition, taking
into account that the completion of "interrupted action." In this
case does not imply an outward (fight or fight response) but an
inward orientation withdrawal).
EMDR with an adjusted protocol and tactile bilateral stimulation
provides the way to process and pull through this interrupted
(or unsatisfied) organismic withdrawal and the fear mostly associated
with this process. Returning from this deep and primary
withdrawal from life brings back the energy and the patient
turns back towards life; vagal predominance subsides and the
stuck impulse to withdraw releases.
1. Ruth A. Lanius, James W. Hopper, Ravi 5. Menon, Individual
Differences in a Husband and Wife Who Developed PTSD After
a Motor Vehicle Accident: A Functional MRI Case Study. Am J
Psychiatry 160:4. April 2003, p. 668.
2. Porges. S.W. (2001). The Polyvagal Theory: Phylogenetic
substrates of a social nervous system. International Journal of
Psychophysiology, 42, 123-146.
Learning objectives:
1. Recognize dorsal vagal predominance and primary withdrawal
after trauma,
2. Understand the different orientation of interrupted action/
trauma scheme, 3. Know how to help withdrawal-patients to stabilize and
process with adjusted EMDR-protocol and tactile or auditory
bilateral stimulation.
New and unique: Identifying this withdrawal-type of traumatic
reaction and scheme, understanding it with the help of Polyvagal
Theory and development of EMDR- adjusted protocol and
way to process this.
Keywords: Primary Withdrawal Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
13. Zdravkovic, J. (1994). Behavioural-cognitive therapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psihijatrija Danas, 26(2-3), 129-146.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The basic theoretical postulations on PTSD are given in the first part of the work. Hypotheses are given on PTSD as being a kind of conditioned emotional reaction to trauma and, possibly, an illness that has disturbed REM sleep mechanism at its roots. The second part describes behavioural and cognitive techniques that have been proven empirically to be successful in the treatment and the prevention of this disorder. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Behavior Therapy Cognitive Therapy Epidemiology Etiology Nosology Psychophysiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Relaxation Therapy
Accuracy Verified: No
14. Kuiken, D., Chudleigh, M., & Racher, D. (2010, December). Bilateral eye movements, attentional flexibility and metaphor comprehension: The substrate of REM dreaming?. Dreaming, 20(4), 227-247. doi:10.1037/a0020841.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Explanations for the effects of the rapid eye movements induced during Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 2001) have drawn upon an analogy with the eye movements of REM sleep (Kuiken, Bears, Miall, and Smith, 2002). An extension of that analogy posits two orienting systems, one involving threat-fear related mnemonic contextualization and another involving loss-pain related monitoring of conflicting response alternatives. In a study involving individuals who had recently experienced significant loss or trauma, we found that experimentally induced saccadic eye movements decreased reaction times to unexpected stimuli among those reporting traumatic distress (characterized by hyperarousal and intrusive thoughts) and increased reaction times among those reporting separation distress (characterized by vivid reminiscences and the sense of a foreshortened future). Also, we found that saccadic eye movements increased the perceived strikingness of metaphoric sentence endings among those reporting amnesia for events related to either loss or trauma. The eye movements of both EMDR and REM sleep may differently affect the attentional and cognitive reorienting activity of those living with the consequences of loss or trauma. These differences may be evident in their waking reflections and in their dreams.
Keywords: Attention Bereavement Dreams Eye Movements Metaphors REM Sleep Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
15. Chemtob, C., Nakashima, J., & Carlson, J. (2002, January). Brief treatment for elementary school children with disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A field study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 99-112. doi:10.1002/jclp.1131.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Effective psychological intervention is needed to help children recover from disaster-related PTSD. This controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of a brief intervention for disaster-related PTSD. At one-year follow-up of a prior intervention for disaster-related symptoms, some previously treated children were still suffering significant trauma symptoms. Using a randomized lagged-groups design, we provided three sessions of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment to 32 of these children who met clinical criteria for PTSD. The Children's Reaction Inventory (CRI) was the primary measure of the treatment's effect on PTSD symptoms. Associated symptoms were measured using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Treatment resulted in substantial reductions in both groups' CRI scores and in significant, though more modest, reductions in RCMAS and CDI scores. Gains were maintained at six-month follow-up. Health visits to the school nurse were significantly reduced following treatment. Psychosocial intervention appears useful for children suffering disaster-related PTSD. Conducting controlled studies of children's treatment in the postdisaster environment appears feasible. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Americans Brief Psychotherapy Child Treatment Disasters Elementary School Students Empirical Study Follow-up Study Health Care Utilization Hurricanes Hurricane Iniki Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT School Age Children Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Victim Service
Accuracy Verified: Yes
16. Kim, D., & Kim, K-I. (2004, January). A case series of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in 30 psychiatric patients: Korean experience. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 43(1), 113-118.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Objectives: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an emerging psychotherapeutic technique for posttraumatic stress disorder and other conditions associated with psychological trauma. The effectiveness of this technique has been reported among North American and European populations; however, research on it's effectiveness among other ethnocultural groups is sparse. This is the first clinical study of EMDR in Korea with 30 Korean psychiatric patients in two clinical settings. METHODS: Diagnostically heterogeneous group of 30 psychiatric patients underwent a mean of 3.13 (95%CI=2.54-3.73) sessions of EMDR. The Clinical Global Impression-Change scale (CGI-C) was administered one week and six months after the termination of treatment. Results: Participants had a mean CGI-C score of 1.80 (95%CI=1.44-2.16). We designated as 'responders' those who were 'very much improved' or 'much improved' on the CGI-C, 23 (77%) After six months, 19/23 (83%) still characterized as remaimed responders. All the patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, phobia, and grief reaction were responders, and those with personality disorder nonresponders. Results for depressive and other disorders were mixed. Conclusion: Despite methodological limitations, results from this study suggest that the EMDR can be applied to Korean psychiatric patients.
Keywords: Korea Psychiatric Patients
Accuracy Verified: Yes
17. Schurmans, K. (2007). A clinical vignette: EMDR treatment of choking phobia. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(2), 118-121. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.2.118.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
A vignette is a brief case report that makes a contribution to the literature, but which has used only EMDR's standard protocol measures. This vignette describes the treatment of a woman who developed a severe choking phobia following an allergic reaction to a herbal beverage. She was hospitalized on several occasions because of her resultant inability to consume food and liquids. She received four years of various types of treatment for this phobia, including eating disorder treatment, brief psychodynamic therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and psychopharmacological treatment. None were successful in eliminating the disorder. Then when Mary received a course of EMDR treatment, addressing childhood etiological events, there was complete remission of the choking phobia and elimination of all related behaviors. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Adults Anaphylactic Shock Case Report CBT Child Abuse Choking Phobia Cognitive Behaviorial Therapy Eating Disorders Females Phobia Spouse Abuse Survivors
Accuracy Verified: Yes
18. Taylor, S., Thordarson, D., Maxfield, L., Fedoroff, I., Lovell, K., & Ogrodniczuk, J. (2003, April). Comparative efficacy, speed, and adverse effects of three PTSD treatments: Exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 330-338. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.330.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The authors examined the efficacy, speed, and incidence of symptom worsening for 3 treatments of PTSD: prolonged exposure, relaxation training, or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR; N = 60). Treatments did not differ in attrition, in the incidence of symptom worsening, or in their effects on numbing and hyperarousal symptoms. Compared with EMDR and relaxation training, exposure therapy (a) produced significantly larger reductions in avoidance and reexperiencing symptoms, (b) tended to be faster at reducing avoidance, and (c) tended to yield a greater proportion of participants who no longer met criteria for PTSD after treatment. EMDR and relaxation did not differ from one another in speed or efficacy (Pilots).
Keywords: Adults Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Negative Therapeutic Reaction Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Relaxation Therapy Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Witnesses
Accuracy Verified: Yes
19. van den Hout, M. A., Engelhard, I. M., Smeets, M. A. M., Hornsveld, H., Hoogeveen, E., de Heer, E., Toffolo, M. B. J., & Rijkeboer, M. (2010, April). Counting during recall: Taxing of working memory and reduced vividness and emotionality of negative memories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(3), 303-311. doi:10.1002/acp.1677.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
While initially subject to debate, meta-analyses have shown that eye movement desensitization and
reprocessing (EMDR) is effective in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Earlier
studies showed that eye movements during retrieval of emotional memories reduce their vividness and emotionality, which may be due to both tasks competing for limited working memory (WM)resources. This study examined whether another secondary task that taxes WM has beneficial effects, and whether the stronger the taxing, the stronger the reductions in vividness/adversity. A reaction time (RT) paradigm showed that counting backwards requiresWMresources, and that more complex
counting is more demanding than simple counting. Relative to a retrieval-only condition, counting
during retrieval of emotional memories reduced vividness and emotionality during later recall of
these memories. However, the counting conditions did not differ in the magnitude of this reduction,
and did not show the predicted dose-response relationship. Implications for a working-memory
explanation of EMDR and for clinical practice are discussed. Copyright#2010 JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: Counting Reaction Time Paradigm Working Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
20. Groenendijk, M. (2012, June). A demonstration of EMDR in the second phase of trauma-treatment of DID [Una demostración de EMDR en segunda fase del tratamiento de Trastorno de identidad disociativo]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This
workshop
is
about
the
application
of
EMDR
in
the
treatment
of
secondary
and
tertiary
structural
dissociation
with
survivors
of
early
chronic
traumatization.
The
succeeding
of
the
EMDR
sessions
in
the
treatment
of
DID,
depends
mainly
on
the
appropriate
indication
and
a
thorough
preparation.
How
to
do
this
in
clinical
practice,
will
be
pointed
out
in
this
presentation.
What
follows
is
an
explanation
of
the
process
(and
the
essential
elements
in
it)
of
the
integration
of
traumatic
memories
and
this
process
will
be
demonstrated
by
a
dvd
of
Maria,
an
woman
with
DID.
We
can
select
and
analyze
particular
scenes,
depending
on
the
requests
from
the
audience.
For
example
scenes
about
confirming
positions
of
ANP's
and
EP's
at
the
beginning
of
the
session,
attacking
the
NC
by
the
self-‐destructive
part,
guiding
reliving
experiences,
presentification,
coping
with
anger,
differentiating
between
the
past
and
the
present,
personification,
preventing
the
flight-‐reaction,
coping
with
transference
and
facilitate
internal
cooperation.
After
reporting
on
the
outcome
of
this
therapy,
the
conclusion
will
be
that
EMDR
can
be
effective
for
dissociative
patients
if
several
specific
criteria
are
met.
These
criteria
are
about
conceptualization
according
to
the
model
of
structural
dissociation,
about
indication,
timing
and
preparation
of
the
sessions,
about
adaptations
in
the
EMDR-‐protocol
and
about
integration
of
EMDR
in
the
broader
phase-‐oriented
treatment
of
DID.
Este
taller
trata
la
aplicación
de
EMDR
en
el
tratamiento
de
disociaciones
estructurales
secundarias
y
terciarias
con
supervivientes
de
la
traumatización
crónica
temprana.
El
éxito
de
la
sesiones
de
EMDR
en
el
tratamiento
de
Trastornos
de
identidad
disociativo,
depende
principalmente
de
unas
instrucciones
apropiadas
y
una
dura
preparación.
Como
hacer
esto
en
la
práctica
clínica
será
el
tema
de
esta
presentación.
Continuaremos
con
una
explicación
del
proceso
(y
los
elementos
esenciales
dentro
de
este)
de
la
integración
de
los
recuerdos
traumáticos
y
este
proceso
será
demostrado
en
el
DVD
de
María,
una
mujer
con
trastorno
de
identidad
disociativos.
Podemos
señalar
y
analizar
escenas
particulares,
dependiendo
de
las
peticiones
que
hagan
los
participantes
a
la
presentación.
Por
ejemplo,
escenas
acerca
de
la
confirmación
de
posiciones
de
ANP
y
EP
al
principio
de
la
sesión,
atacando
al
NC
por
la
parte
autodestructiva
del
yo,
guiando
y
reviviendo
experiencias,
atención
al
presente,
gestionar
la
ira,
diferenciar
entre
pasado
y
presente,
personificación,
prevenir
la
evitación,
afrontar
la
transferencia
y
facilitar
la
cooperación
interna
Después
de
informar
acerca
de
los
resultados
de
la
terapia,
la
conclusión
es
que
el
EMDR
puede
ser
efectivo
para
pacientes
disociados
si
cumplen
muchos
requisitos
previos.
Este
criterio
es
sobre
la
conceptualización
de
acuerdo
con
el
modelo
estructural
de
disociación,
sobre
la
indicación,
temporalización
y
preparación
de
las
sesiones,
sobre
las
adaptaciones
del
protocolo
del
EMDR
y
la
integración
del
mismo
en
un
tratamiento
más
amplio
en
fases
del
tratamiento
del
Trastorno
de
Identidad
Disociativo.
Keywords: DID Dissociative Identity Disorder
Accuracy Verified: Yes
21. Lytle, R. A., Hazlett-Stevens, H., & Borkovec, T. D. (2002). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization in the treatment of cognitive intrusions related to a past stressful event. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16(3), 273-288. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00099-3.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Much of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) efficacy research has been widely criticized, limiting scientific understanding of its therapeutic components. The present investigation of Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD) effectiveness included undergraduate students reporting current intrusive cognitions concerning a traumatic event. Forty-five participants received a single treatment session of either: (a) EMD, as described by Shapiro [J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 20 (1989b) 211], (b) an identical procedure which employed eye fixation on a stationary target, or (c) non-directive counseling. Standardized self-report, subjective rating, Daily Diary, and intrusive thought sampling measures were collected before and after treatment. Results indicated that participants in the eye fixation group reported marginally (p<.052) fewer cognitive intrusions than the non-directive group 1 week following treatment. No significant differences between the EMD and non-directive conditions or between the EMD and eye fixation conditions on this measure were found. During the treatment session, both desensitization groups were superior to the non-directive group in reducing reported vividness of the mental image of the original event. However, the non-directive group improved to the level of the two other groups by the following week. Rapid saccadic eye movements were therefore unrelated to immediate treatment effects for this sub-clinical sample, and non-directive treatment largely yielded eventual outcomes equivalent to the two desensitization conditions (Pilots).
Keywords: Biologic Markers College Students Intrusive Thoughts Negative Therapeutic Reaction Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Witnesses
Accuracy Verified: Yes
22. van den Hout, M. A., Engelhard, I. M., Beetsma, D., Slofstra, C., Hornsveld, H., Houtveen, J., & Leer, A. (2011, December). EMDR and mindfulness. Eye movements and attentional breathing tax working memory and reduce vividness and emotionality of aversive ideation. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(4), 423-431, doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.03.004.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Methods.
Working memory taxation by EM and AB was assessed in healthy volunteers by slowing down of reaction times. In a later session, participants retrieved negative memories during recall only, recall + EM and recall + AB (study 1). Under improved conditions the study was replicated (study 2).
Results.
In both studies and to the same degree, attentional breathing and eye movements taxed working memory. Both interventions reduced emotionality of memory in study 1 but not in study 2 and reduced vividness in study 2 but not in study 1.
Limitations.
EMDR is more than EM and MBCT is more than AB. Memory effects were assessed by self reports.
Conclusions.
EMDR and MBCT may (partly) derive their beneficial effects from taxing working memory during recall of negative ideation
Keywords: Attentional Breathing Mindfulness Working Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
23. Nickeson, C. (2010, September/October). EMDR and panic disorder. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Minneapolis, MN.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This workshop will be a practical presentation on how to use EMDR in the treatment of panic disorder. Information will be given on what needs to be accomplished in each of the eight phases of EMDR to be effective with this population. Participants will be taught how to provide psycho-educational information using the AIP model to explain panic disorder. In panic disorder, interoceptive cues become triggers for subsequent panic attacks and it is useful to view panic disorder as a phobic reaction to bodily sensations. The workshop will conclude with the presentation of a structured protocol for treatment planning and target selection.
Keywords: Panic Disorder
Accuracy Verified: Yes
24. Zampieri, M. A. J. (2012, Novembro). EMDR and pesquisa [EMDR and research]. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.
Language: Portuguese
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Nem todo profissional engaja-se na atividade científica. Além de questões vocacionais e tecnológicas, é comum encontrar-se mesmo uma reação aversiva ao tema. Nem sempre a exclusão dessa atividade é uma questão de escolha. Propõe-se incitar nessa oficina, a elaboração de pesquisa com EMDR, com utilização de protocolo para desbloqueios associados ao tema. Além disso, objetiva-se subsidiar o participante a iniciar o seu trabalho científico ao longo da atividade.
Not every professional engages in scientific activity. Besides vocational and technological issues, it is common to find even an aversive reaction to the topic. Not always the exclusion of this activity is a matter of choice. It is proposed to encourage this workshop, the development of research on EMDR, using protocol for unlocks associated with the topic. Moreover, the objective is to subsidize the participant to start your scientific work throughout the activity.
Keywords: Intervention Research
Accuracy Verified: Yes
25. Mitchell, J. T., & Solomon, R. M. (1995, June). EMDR applications to critical incident stress management. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
A critical incident is any situation that causes unusually strong emotional reactions that have the potential to interfere with a person's
ability to function immediately after the incident or later. These are situations that overwhelm a person's sense of vulnerability
and/or control.
A critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) is a psychoeducational group meeting or discussion about a traumatic incident which
ideally takes place within 72 hours of the event. The goals of a CISD are to mitigate the psychological impact of a traumatic event,
prevent subsequent development of a post-traumatic syndrome, accelerate recovery, and serve as an early identification mechanism
for people who need further follow-up, including EMDR.
The steps of a CISD include:
1) introduction - to introduce the intervention team, explain the process, and set expectations.
2) fact - to describe the event from each participant's perspective on a cognitive level.
3) thought - to allow participants to describe cognitive reactions and to transition to emotional reactions.
4) reaction - to identify the most traumatic aspect of the event for participants.
5) symptom - to identify personal symptoms of distress and transition back to the cognitive level.
6) teaching - to educate as to normal reactions and adaptive coping strategies
7) reentry - to clarefy ambiguities and prepare for termination; access for follow-up.
In the opinion of the authors, the CISD facilitates the processing of the traumatic information before it becomes crystallized in
dysfunctional form.
EMDR can be very effective shortly following a CISD, and is particularly usehl for participants who are experiencing distress or
intrusive symptoms after the CISD. The CISD structure helps the participant understand the traumatic impact of the incident and
provides support and guidance toward adaptive resolution. The EMDR process begins where the CISD leaves off. The CISD helps
to delineate the traumatic image, negative cognition, and emotions associated with the event, making the subsequent EMDR process
more efficient. EMDR appears to have a very powerful and rapid effect after the CISD, perhaps, because of the initial processing.
In other words, the CISD initiates an adaptive processing of the traumatic information; EMDR completes it.
EMDR can be implemented individually immediately following the CISD, or the next day. While the CISD is a group process,
EMDR is an individual method. EMDR can be explained during the teaching phase of the CISD or after the CISD to the whole
group, but EMDR treatment is done individually and privately. EMDR can go beyond a CISD in targeting previous traumas that
may underlie the current incident, delve deeper into the meaning of the incident for the person, and target specific stimuli that are
relevant to the individual (e.g. Smells, tastes, etc.).
The workshop will discuss the application of EMDR to critical incidents. The protocol for recent events will be reviewed.
Guidelines for negative and positive cognitions will be discussed. For example, a critical incident usually involves issues of
responsibility ("Is it my fault?"), Safety ("Am I safe?"), And/or control ("Do I have choices in life?). It is important that such
dynamics are understood when formulating the negative cognition.
The dynamics of fear, a framework for understanding a critical incident and resolving issues of vulnerability and powerlessness, will
be presented. The model discusses the importance of going beyond defining the moment of peak stress to elucidating subsequent
thoughts, actions, and decisions. The implications for cognitive interweaves will be discussed.
Keywords: CISM Critical Incidence Stress Management Recent Events
Accuracy Verified: Yes
26. Hoeven, S. B. (2010, Juli ). EMDR en de werkgeheugentheorie: Treden er spiegelbeeldige effecten op bij oogbewegingen en imaginatie? [EMDR and the working memory theory: Are there mirror-image effects of eye movements and imagination?]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
De werking van „Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing‟ (EMDR) is lange tijd onbekend gebleven, maar inmiddels zijn meerdere theorieën beschikbaar om de effecten te verklaren. De werkgeheugentheorie lijkt momenteel de theorie met de meeste wetenschappelijke ondersteuning. Het doel van het huidige onderzoek was het kritisch toetsen van de werkgeheugentheorie door het werkgeheugen te belasten met oogbewegingen tijdens het ophalen van een herinnering of maximale belasting door imaginatie en hyperconcentratie op de herinnering. Verwacht werd dat 1) oogbewegingen tijdens ophalen de herinneringen minder emotioneel, helder, compleet en waarheidsgetrouw maakt, terwijl 2) imaginatie van de herinnering resulteert in spiegelbeeldige effecten. In totaal participeerden 52 studenten verdeeld over twee experimenten, waarbij zij oogbewegingen en imaginatie aangeboden kregen tijdens het ophalen van een herinnering. Zowel oogbewegingen als imaginatie belastten het werkgeheugen in een reactietijdentaak. Imaginatie leidde tot meer complete en waarheidsgetrouwe herinneringen, terwijl voor oogbewegingen geen significante resultaten werden gevonden. Deze opmerkelijke resultaten zouden verklaard kunnen worden door de aard van de gebruikte herinneringen en de lage power van het onderzoek. De werkgeheugentheorie blijft de theorie met de meeste wetenschappelijke ondersteuning.
It has been long unknown what the mechanisms are behind Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing‟ (EMDR), meanwhile there are several theories available to explain its effects. The workingmemory (WM) account seems to be a theory with most scientific support. The effort of the present study was to critically test the WM account by taxing WM with eye movements during recall or by maximum taxation with imagination of and concentration on the memory. Hypotheses were 1) eye movements during recall reduces the emotionality, vividness, completeness and veracity of the memory, while 2) imagination increases emotionality, vividness, completeness and veracity of the memory. In total participated 52 students divided in two experiments, in a within-subjects design. Both eye movements and imagination taxed WM in a reaction time task. Imagination increased the completeness and veracity of the memories, while there were no significant results in the eye movements condition. These remarkable results could be explained by the nature of the memories that were used in the experiments and low statistical power of the experiments. The WM account remains a theory with most scientific support.
Keywords: Imagination Mirror-Image Effects
Accuracy Verified: Yes
27. Jarero, I., Artigas, L., Montero, M., & Lopez-Lena, L. (2008). The EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: Application with child victims of a mass disaster. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(2), 97-105. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.2.97.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The EMDR Integrative Group Treatment protocol (EMDR-IGTP) has been used in different parts of the world since 1998 with both adults and children after natural or man-made disasters. This protocol combines the eight standard EMDR treatment phases with a group therapy model, thus providing more extensive reach than the individual application of EMDR. In this study the EMDR-IGTP was used with 16 bereaved children after a human provoked disaster in the Mexican State of Coahuila in 2006. Results showed a significant decrease in scores on the Child's Reaction to Traumatic Events Scale that was maintained at 3-month follow-up. Although controlled research is needed to establish the efficacy of this intervention, preliminary results suggest that EMDR-IGTP may be an effective means of providing treatment to large groups of people impacted by large-scale critical incidents (e.g., human-provoked disasters, terrorism, natural disasters. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Children Death of Parent Explosions Females Group Psychotherapy Group Treatment Human-Provoked Disaster Industrial Accidents Latin American Males Mexicans Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Survivors School Age Children Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
28. Tinker, R. H., & Wilson, S. A. (2000). EMDR mit kindern: Ein handbuch [EMDR with children: A handbook]. Paderborn: Junfermann.
Language: German
Format: Book
Abstract:
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) hat Tausenden von Erwachsenen geholfen, die unter den Nachwirkungen traumatischer Erlebnisse litten. Für die Arbeit mit Kindern und Heranwachsenden wird das EMDR-Protokoll so modifiziert, dass es sogar bei Kindern im Alter von zwei Jahren angewandt werden kann. Ein System zur Klassifizierung von Kindheitstraumata, das es Therapeuten ermöglicht, die Reaktion eines Kindes auf EMDR einzuschätzen, wird ebenfalls vorgestellt. Fallbeispiele veranschaulichen die Anwendung von EMDR bei unterschiedlichen Traumata.
Ein ausführlicheres Bild von diesem Buch können sich die Leser durch die Leseproben auf der Verlags-Website machen.
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) has helped thousands of adults who suffered from the aftereffects of traumatic experiences. To work with children and adolescents, the EMDR protocol is modified so that it can be applied even in children aged two years. A system for classification of childhood trauma, which allows therapists to assess the reaction of a child to EMDR is also presented. Case studies illustrate the application of EMDR with various traumas. A more complete picture of this book can make the reader through the excerpts on the publisher's website.
Keywords: Children
Accuracy Verified: Yes
29. Kennert, G. (2008). EMDR und biofeedback in der behandlung von posttraumatischen belastungsstörungen [EMDR and biofeedback in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder]. Forum Psychotherapeutische Praxis, 8(1), 45-46. doi:10.1026/1860-7357.8.1.45b.
Language: German
Format: Journal
Abstract: rezensiert von Gabriele Kennert, In dem von Stefan Jacobs und Anna de Jong vorgestellten
Behandlungskonzept werden die kognitive Verhaltenstherapie, das EMDR-Verfahren sowie Biofeedback miteinander kombiniert, um die Angstreaktion im Rahmen traumatisierender Erinnerungen zu verringern
bzw. zu hemmen und somit auch die Symptomatik der
posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung abzubauen.
Im ersten Teil des Buches gehen die Autoren eingehend auf den theoretischen Hintergrund (Neurophysiologie, Hirnfunktionen) ein, die mit der neuronalen Bahnung von traumatisierenden Erinnerungen einhergehen. Hierbei vertreten sie die These, dass sich die neuronalen
Bahnungen der Traumata nicht löschen lassen, dass sozusagen die Angstreaktion in der Amygdalaregion im Gehirn löschungsresistent ist und es somit in der Konsequenz im Therapieziel nur um die Verringerung der Angstreaktion, bzw. Hemmung der Angstreaktion gehen könne. Konkret modifizieren die Autoren innerhalb des kognitiv,
verhaltenstherapeutischen Vorgehens das Modell
von Ehlers und Clark, ebenso das EMDR-Verfahren von
Shapiro. Das Biofeedbackverfahren nutzen die Autoren
als diagnostisches Instrument, um die subjektiven Bewertungen seitens der Patienten und Patientinnen auch objektiv überprüfbar zu machen mit Hilfe der Messung der elektrodermalen Aktivität (EDA). Im zweiten Teil des Buches beschreiben sie detailliert eine wissenschaftliche Studie an 16 Patienten und Patientinnen, die an dem Behandlungsprogramm an der Universität Göttingen teilgenommen haben. Hierbei sei bei allen Patienten und Patientinnen eine signifikante positive Symptomveränderung der PTB nachzuweisen gewesen. Im weiteren Teil des Buches stellen sie ihr ausführliches
Therapiekonzept und Behandlungsprotokoll vor.
Es wird eingehend auf die Diagnostik (psychologische
Testverfahren sowie Biofeedback eingegangen, ein wichtiger
Teil ist die Informationsvermittlung sowie Stabilisierung für die Patienten und Patientinnen. Danach erfolgt
die Traumabehandlung mit Konfrontation und Integration. Wert wird hierbei in Abgrenzung zu Shapiro auf die frühzeitige Verbindung zur positiven Kognition gelegt in Verbindung mit Hausaufgaben, die die Patienten
zwischen den Sitzungen bekommen mit eingehenden
Verhaltensübungen. Die Autoren grenzen ein, dass ihre Methode nicht für alle Patienten und Patie tinnen geeignet ist, sondern dissoziative
Störungen und Persönlichkeitsstörungen sowie Suchtproblematik explizit ausgeschlossen seien.
Die Stabilisierungsübungen werden praktisch beschrieben (Sicherer Ort, Tresor), ebenso die praktische Anwendung des Biofeedbackverfahrens sowie das Behandlungsprotokoll
für EMDR. Gegen Ende des Bandes schließen sich Fallstudien
aus der Arbeit der Autoren an, um die Praxis zu verdeutlichen.
Im Anhang gibt es Adressenverzeichnisse über den
Bezug von Tests, Biofeedbackgeräten oder Lehrfilmen.
Zusammenfassend kann man sagen, dass der Band
kurzgefasst, sehr übersichtlich und konkret sowie praxisnah das neuropsychotherapeutische Behandlungsprogramm darstellt, so dass dies hilfreich für die psychotherapeutische
Praxis in Bezug auf Traumabehandlungen erscheint.
Das Buch richtet sich an Fachleute und ist für
Laien eher weniger geeignet.
In the presented text by Stefan Jacobs and Anna de Jong, the treatments approached are the cognitive-behavioral therapy,
the EMDR method and biofeedback
combined to the fear reaction Framework to reduce traumatic memories
or to inhibit and thus the symptoms of
reduce post-traumatic stress disorder.
In the first part of the book, the authors detail
to the theoretical background (neurophysiology,
Brain functions, a), the facilitation of the neuronal accompanied by traumatic memories.
Here, they argued that the neuronal
Facilitations of trauma can not be cleared, so to speak, that the fear response in the Amygdalaregion Brain is resistant to extinction and thus in consequence the goal of therapy just to reduce the fear response, and inhibiting the fear response could. Specifically, the authors modify within the cognitive, behavioral approach, the model
by Ehlers and Clark, as well as the method of EMDR
Shapiro. The biofeedback method, the authors use
as a diagnostic tool for the subjective evaluation
on the part of the patients also
making objectively verifiable by measuring
electrodermal activity (EDA).
In the second part of the book they describe in detail a scientific study of 16 male and female patients, where the treatment program at the University Göttingen participated. Here is at
all patients, and patients had a significant positive Detect symptom change the PTB have been.
In another part of the book they put their detailed Therapeutic approach and treatment protocol first. It will detail the psychological diagnosis (
Test procedures and biofeedback received an important
Part is to communicate information and stabilization for male and female patients. Thereafter the confrontation with trauma treatment and integration. Value in this case in contrast to Shapiro on down early connection to the positive cognition in conjunction with homework, the patients who get between meetings with incoming Behavioral exercises.
The authors of a frontier that their method is not for All male and female patients is appropriate, but dissociative And personality disorders and addiction are explicitly excluded.
The stabilization exercises are described practically
(Safe Place, Safe), as well as the practical
Application of biofeedback procedure and the treatment protocol for EMDR. Towards the end of the tape to close case studies from the work of the authors in order to clarify the practice.
In the appendix, there are records of the address
Terms of testing, biofeedback devices or educational films. In summary, one can say that the band concise, very clear and concrete and practical the neuro-psychological treatment program represents, so this is helpful for the psychotherapeutic Practice in relation to trauma treatment appears. The book is aimed at professionals and is for Lay less suitable.
Keywords: Biofeedback Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment
Accuracy Verified: Yes
30. Jacobs, S., de Jong, A., & Strack, M. (2007). EMDR und biofeedback in der therapie posttraumatischer belastungsstörungen: Evaluation eines neuropsychotherapeutischen behandlungsprogramms [EMDR and biofeedback in the therapy of posttraumatic stress disorder: Evaluation of a neuropsychotherapeutic intervention]. VPP - Verhaltenstherapie & Psychosoziale Praxis, 39(4), 855-876.
Language: German
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eine neu entwickelte multimodale, neuropsychotherapeutic Programm für die Behandlung der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS) wurde ausgewertet. Ausgehend von neueren Erkenntnissen in der Forschung neuroscienctific, so dass eine Dissoziation zwischen impliziter und expliziter Trauma-Speicher die wichtigste Grundlage der PTBS ist, verschiedene Module wurden im Rahmen der Behandlung integriert anzuzeigen. Die vereinigten Komponenten sind: spezifische Hintergrundinformationen über die Unordnung und typische PTSD-Symptome, eine pädagogische Film für Patienten, spezifische kognitive Verhaltenstherapie und Biofeedback-Techniken unterstützte Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Das Ziel der Biofeedback-Sitzungen während EMDR ist es, den Patienten eine direkte Rückmeldung über die implizite Prozesse während der Trauma-Exposition. Darüber hinaus Erfassung der physiologischen Daten über Biofeedback ermöglicht das Testen, ob es eine Korrelation zwischen dem Grad der subjektiven Belastung durch traumatische Erinnerungen ausgelöst (quantifiziert mit der SUD-Skala), und messbare physiologische Erregung. Elektrodermale Aktivität (EDA; Hautleitfähigkeit) wurde als eine physiologische Parameter gemessen. Die Ergebnisse einer durchgeführten Pilot-Studie (16 Patienten auf der Grundlage, mit einem wartenden Gruppe als Kontrollgruppe) zeigen verschiedene EDA-Muster während EMDR-desensitivation (fad und assoziative Wiederaufbereitung). Ein offensichtlich Reduktion der PTBS-Symptome gefunden (d = 2,27) sein, die stärker ist als in anderen Behandlungen. Die traumatischen Erinnerungen mit EMDR behandelt wurde weniger Anstrengung, die ebenfalls reflektiert in der Physiologie (verminderte autonome Erregung) und in der subjektiven Belastung fühlte sich durch die Patienten. Die Kürzungen der Erregung (d = 1,01) und subjektive Belastung (d = 2,55) zeigen, dass eine effektive Hemmung der Aktivierung der Amygdala-und damit der Angstreaktion selbst-aufgrund der Intervention geschaffen. Mit EMDR reduziert die Amygdala physiologische Erregung. Wir vermuten, dass aus diesem Grund den medialen präfrontalen Kortex und im Hippocampus kann eine kortikale Inhibition, die erfolgreich reduziert die Angst-Reaktion (Grawe, 2004) zu etablieren. Die berichteten Ergebnisse wurden durch einen dreimonatigen Follow-up-Bewertung bestätigt. Mit einer durchschnittlichen Dauer von 16 Sitzungen und einer nicht vorhandenen Drop-out-Rate (0%), die Intervention erwiesen sich ebenfalls als sehr effizient. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, alle Rechte vorbehalten)
A newly developed multimodal, neuropsychotherapeutic program for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was evaluated. Starting from recent findings in the neuroscienctific research, which indicate that a dissociation between implicit and explicit trauma-memory is the main basis of PTSD, different modules were integrated within the treatment. The combined components are: specific background information regarding the disorder and typical PTSD-symptoms, an educational movie for patients, specific cognitive behavioral intervention techniques and biofeedback-supported Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). The aim of using biofeedback during EMDR sessions is to give patients a direct feedback about the implicit processes during trauma-exposition. In addition, recording the physiological data via biofeedback allows testing if there is a correlation between the level of subjective strain, triggered by traumatic memories (quantified with the SUD-scale), and measurable physiological arousal. Electrodermal activity (EDA; skin conductance) was measured as a physiological parameter. The results of a conducted pilot-study (based on 16 patients, with a waiting group as a control group) show different EDA-patterns during EMDR-desensitivation (bland and associative reprocessing). An evident reduction of the PTSD-symptoms could be found (d = 2.27), which is stronger than in other treatments. The traumatic memories treated with EMDR became less straining, which reflects likewise in physiology (decreased autonomous arousal) and in the subjective strain felt by the patients. The reductions of arousal (d = 1.01) and subjective strain (d = 2.55) indicate that an effective inhibition of the amygdala activation—and thereby of the anxiety reaction itself—is created due to the intervention. Using EMDR reduces the amygdala induced physiological arousal. We suppose that for this reason the medial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus can establish a cortical inhibition, which successfully reduces the anxiety reaction (Grawe, 2004). The reported results were confirmed by a three month follow-up evaluation. With an average duration of 16 sessions and a non-existing drop-out rate (0%), the intervention also proved to be very efficient. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Biofeedback PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
31. 松本 清子 [Matsumoto Kiyoko]. (2007). EMDRによる命日反応からの回復 [A recovery from an anniversary reaction through EMDR treatment]. 駒澤大学心理臨床研究 、（6）、19から28 [Psychology, Komazawa University Clinical Research, (6), 19-28] .
Language: Japanese
Format: Journal
Keywords: Anniverusary Reaction
Accuracy Verified: Yes
32. Yoeli, F., & Prattos, T. (2009). The EMDR-accelerated information resourcing (EMDR-AIR) protocol. In M. Luber (Ed.), Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) scripted protocols: Basics and special situations, (pp. 31-45). New York: Springer Publishing Co.
Language: English
Format: Book Section
Abstract:
The EMDR Accelerated Information Resourcing Protocol (EMDR-AIR Protocol®) is designed to accelerate the search for the resources necessary to resolve the client's current crisis or long-term issues. The idea evolved from the "Double-Hai" paradigm (Yoeli & Prattos, 2005), which is a short-term intervention for use with couples. The EMDR-AIR Protocol is designed to look for that learned generational reaction to trauma that the client is currently using to cope with the current situation while, at the same time, tapping into the historical strengths and resources that enabled survival. These resources are found through the rapid accessing of client history by using the Multi-Tiered Trans-Generational Genogram (MTTG). The MTTG is a format that brings life and new energy into your work with clients and into the life of your client. As the therapist and the client evolve the MTTG, the client teaches the therapist and himself about his richly textured history. Through the legacy of this history, the client gains clarity about his circumstances and an appreciation of life under the best and worst circumstances. Through the practitioner's interest and curiosity, the client learns the fascination that comes from viewing the dynamics of his family through the generations. The process creates a longer lasting effect, solidifying the results of the EMDR session [(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA]
Keywords: Accelerated Information Resourcing AIR Protocol
Accuracy Verified: Yes
33. Cuijpers, A. (2012). EMDR: Experimentele studie naar de werkgeheugentheorie en introductie van de afleidingstheorie [EMDR: Experimental study of the working memory theory and introduction of the distraction theory]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement and Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) is al jaren een veelgebruikte
behandelmethode voor Post-traumatische Stresstoornis (PTSS). In voorgaande
onderzoeken werd een verklaringsmechanisme voor het effect van EMDR aangetoond, de
werkgeheugentheorie. Deze studies lieten zien dat de kenmerkende oogbewegingen (EM)
van EMDR als secundaire taak, tijdens het ophalen van de negatieve herinnering, zorgen
voor een afname van emotionaliteit en levendigheid. Dit doordat beide taken competeren
voor het werkgeheugen welke slechts een beperkte capaciteit heeft. Deze studie
onderzoekt een nieuwe theorie, de afleidingstheorie, welk gebruik maakt van visuele ruis
(VN) als alternatieve secundaire taak. Huidig onderzoek richt zich op de vraag of EMDR
verklaard kan worden volgens de actieve werkgeheugen belasting van de EM-taak of
volgens de passieve belasting van de VN-taak. Om beide condities te vergelijken werd
middels een pilot de mate van cognitieve belasting gelijk gemaakt. Aan deze pilot namen
10 participanten deel. Uit de resultaten bleek dat een vertraagde cyclus van 8 seconde
voor een gelijke belasting zorgde voor alle condities.
In totaal namen er 30 participanten aan dit onderzoek deel. Het eerste deel van het
onderzoek bestond uit een reactietijdtijdtaak (RT) bestaande uit RT alleen, RT+EM en
RT+VN. Het tweede deel bestond uit het ophalen van de herinnering alleen,
herinneren+EM en herinneren+VN. Tijdens het tweede deel werd tevens bij iedere meting
de emotionaliteit en levendigheid van de herinnering gemeten. De werkgeheugentheorie
voorspelt dat (a) na de interventie de mate van levendigheid en emotionaliteit bij
herinneren + EM significant lager zal zijn voor de interventie en dat (b) de gemiddelde
daling van de score van herinneren + EM in vergelijking met de andere twee condities
groter zal zijn. De afleidingstheorie voorspelt dat (a) na de interventie de mate van
levendigheid en emotionaliteit bij herinneren + VN significant lager zal zijn voor de
interventie en dat (b) het gevonden effect groter is dan herinneren alleen en gelijk aan
herinneren + EM.
Uit de resultaten blijkt dat beide hypothesen niet bevestigd kunnen worden. Er is te zien
dat visuele ruis in vergelijking met de voor- en nameting, tegen de verwachting in, bij
zowel emotionaliteit als levendigheid voor een grotere daling van de scores zorgt in
vergelijking met oogbewegingen en de controleconditie. Wanneer er werd gekeken naar de
tussenmetingen was er te zien dat de scores van visuele ruis (oogbewegingen +
levendigheid) in het midden lagen tussen herinneren alleen en oogbewegingen in.
Verklaringen en aanbevelingen worden besproken.
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been a commonly used method of treatment for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In previous studies, an explanation mechanism for the effect of EMDR demonstrated the working memory theory. These studies showed that the characteristic eye movements (EM) of EMDR as a secondary task during retrieval of negative memories, ensuring a reduction of emotionality and vividness. This is because both tasks compete for the main memory to which only has a limited capacity. This study examines a new theory, the theory derivation, which uses visual noise (UN) as alternative secondary task. Current research focuses on the question whether EMDR can be explained by the active working memory load of the EM task or by the passive load of the UN mission. In order to compare both conditions was a pilot held the degree of cognitive load equal. 10 participants in this pilot took part. The results showed that a delayed cycle of 8 seconds for an equal load caused all conditions. In total there are 30 participants in this study. The first part of the study consisted of a reaction time task (RT) consisting of RT alone, RT + RT + EM and UN. The second part consisted of retrieving the memory only, recall + EM and recall + UN. During the second part was also in each measurement the emotionality and vividness of the memory were measured. The working memory theory predicts that (a) after the intervention the degree of vividness and emotionality in recall + EM significantly lower for the intervention and (b) the average decrease of the score of recall + EM compared to the other two conditions greater will be. The derivation theory predicts that (a) after the intervention the degree of vividness and emotionality in recall + UN significantly lower for the intervention and (b) the observed effect is greater than and equal to only remember remind + EM. The results show that both hypotheses can not be confirmed. It can be seen that visual noise in comparison with the pre-and post-test, contrary to expectation, both emotionality and vividness to a larger decrease in the scores causes compared with eye movements and the control condition. When it was examined between the measurements was to see that the scores of visual noise (eye movements + vividness) in the middle layer between recall and eye movements only in. Statements and recommendations are discussed.
Keywords: Distraction Memory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
34. van den Hout, M. A., Engelhard, I. M., Rijkeboer, M. M., Koekebakker, J., Hornsveld, H., Leer, A., Toffolo, M. B. J., & Akse, N. (2011, February). EMDR: Eye movements superior to beeps in taxing working memory and reducing vividness of recollections. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(2), 92-98. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.11.003.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is effectively treated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with patients making eye movements during recall of traumatic memories. Many therapists have replaced eye movements with bilateral beeps, but there are no data on the effects of beeps. Experimental studies suggest that eye movements may be beneficial because they tax working memory, especially the central executive component, but the presence/degree of taxation has not been assessed directly. Using discrimination Reaction Time (RT) tasks, we found that eye movements slow down RTs to auditive cues (experiment I), but binaural beeps do not slow down RTs to visual cues (experiment II). In an arguably more sensitive “Random Interval Repetition” task using tactile stimulation, working memory taxation of beeps and eye movements were directly compared. RTs slowed down during beeps, but the effects were much stronger for eye movements (experiment III). The same pattern was observed in a memory experiment with healthy volunteers (experiment IV): vividness of negative memories was reduced after both beeps and eye movements, but effects were larger for eye movements. Findings support a working memory account of EMDR and suggest that effects of beeps on negative memories are inferior to those of eye movements.
Keywords: Eye Movements Recollection Vividness Working Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
35. Prencipe, M. (2010). EMDR: Stato dell’arte e linee future di ricerca [EMDR: Current status and future lines of research]. Università degli Studi di Torino.
Language: Italian
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
“ Quando si vive un’esperienza davvero sgradevole, due sono le cose che si possono
fare, due sono le strade che si possono percorrere. Una è quella di guardare in faccia il
ricordo di quell’esperienza, continuare a pensarci, a parlarne e a provare sensazioni al
riguardo: può essere difficile, ma è come se ogni volta si desse a quel ricordo un
piccolo morso, lo si masticasse per bene e lo si digerisse. Esso allora entra a far parte
del nostro nutrimento e ci aiuta a crescere. E la parte che fa male si riduce sempre di
più. Quando si dice che attraverso i momenti difficili si diventa più forti, e a questo che
ci si riferisce. Purtroppo a volte la gente percorre l’altra strada. Il ricordo è così
doloroso, fa così male che lo si vuole solo scacciare, si vuole mettere un muro tra noi e
lui, ci si vuole soltanto sentire bene e riuscire a tirare avanti la giornata. Questo
funziona, almeno per un po’; ci dà sollievo. Ma il problema è che il ricordo non va via,
è sempre lì, fresco come il giorno in cui il fatto è accaduto, sempre pronto a
ripresentarsi per essere masticato completamente e digerito in modo da diventare parte
del passato. E poi, ogni volta, c’è qualcosa che ci fa ripensare a quel ricordo, come se
questo dicesse: ‘Ehi, ci sono anch’io, mi fai entrare adesso?’. Ecco un esempio, quasi
tutti noi, se camminando veniamo urtati incidentalmente da qualcuno, be’, forse ci
secchiamo un po’ per qualche secondo, ma non di più, basta un: ‘Mi scusi’, e tutto
finisce. Ma se la persona che viene urtata ha un mucchio di rabbia compressa dietro a
quel muro, avrà la nostra stessa minima normale reazione, con in più tutto quel
materiale che sta dietro al muro e che dice: ‘Anch’io’, per cui la persona sarà talmente
fuori dai gangheri da essere pronta a litigare. E’ questo il problema: il materiale che
sta dietro al muro; ci può saltare addosso in ogni momento e provocare in noi reazioni
eccessive, rendere difficili le cose facili. Così a volte la gente, quando si ammala per
via di questi problemi, va da un terapeuta per farsi aiutare. E con il suo aiuto riesce a
riafferrare ciò che ha cacciato dietro al muro: prende un pezzetto di quel ricordo, lo
mastica per bene, lo digerisce e diventa molto più forte. Con l’EMDR accade qualcosa
di molto simile a quanto succede con le altre terapie: si riesce a riprendere ciò che sta
dietro al muro, se ne prende un pezzo, lo si mastica per bene, tutto qui. Solo che con
l’EMDR si rivivono i vari pezzi del brutto ricordo molto più in fretta, magari si
ripercorre un intero ricordo in sole due sedute, talvolta in più, talvolta in
meno”(Greenwald, 2000, p.35).
"When you live a truly unpleasant, there are two things that you can
do, there are two ways you could go. One is to face the
memory of that experience, continue to think about it, talk about it and try to sensations
about it: it can be difficult, but it's as if every time you gave at the memory a
small bites, chew it well and it is digested. It then becomes part
of our nourishment and helps us grow. And the part that hurts is reduced more
more. When it is said that through the tough times you become stronger, and that this
it refers. Unfortunately sometimes people runs the other way. The memory is so
painful, it hurts so much that you just want to drive, you want to put a wall between us and
him, you only want to feel good and be able to get by the day. This
works, at least for a while ', gives us relief. But the problem is that the memory does not go away,
is always there, as fresh as the day on which the event took place, always ready to
recur to be chewed and digested completely in order to become part
of the past. And then, every time, there is something that makes us realize that memory, as if
this should say, 'Hey, I'm here too, let me in now?'. Here's an example, almost
all of us, if we come walking accidentally bumped by someone, well, 'maybe there
secchiamo a little 'for a few seconds, but no more, just a:' Excuse me ', and all
ends. But if the person who is hit has a bunch of repressed rage behind
that wall will have our very minimal normal reaction, plus all that
material behind the wall and says: 'I too', for which the person will be so
off the hinges to be ready to fight. And 'This is the problem: the material
behind the wall, there could pounce at any time and cause reactions in us
excessive, make difficult things easy. So sometimes, when people get sick for
Because of these problems, go to a therapist for help. And with his help can
recapture what has driven behind the wall: it takes a little bit of that memory, the
chew well, digests it, and it becomes much stronger. With EMDR something happens
very similar to what happens with other therapies: you can not take back what is
behind the wall, it takes a piece, chew it well, that's all. Only with
EMDR is reliving the various pieces of the bad memory much faster, maybe you
retraces an entire memory in just two sessions, sometimes more, sometimes in
less "(Greenwald, 2000, p.35).
Keywords: Research
Accuracy Verified: No
36. Blok, T. P., Casteleijn, W. N., Winkler, T. J., & Hakimi, S. (2012). EMDR: Werkgeheugenbelasting bij negatief-emotionele herinneringen [EMDR: Working memory load on negative emotional memories]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement Deprocessing and Recall (EMDR) is een therapievorm waarbij met het maken van oogbewegingen getracht wordt traumatische herinneringen te verwerken. Hoewel effectief, is de werking van EMDR nog onduidelijk. Uit eerder onderzoek is gebleken dat het ophalen van neutrale herinneringen in combinatie met oogbewegingen niet, maar negatief emotionele herinnering wel leiden tot een afname van emotionaliteit en levendigheid. Dit zou verklaard kunnen worden doordat het ophalen van een emotionele herinnering meer werkgeheugencapaciteit kost dan het ophalen van een neutrale herinnering. Deze hypothese is onderzocht door bij 23 participanten een reactietijd taak af te nemen waarbij zij geen, een negatieve en een neutrale herinnering ophaalden. Zoals verwacht bleek dat het ophalen van negatieve herinneringen in combinatie met de reactietijdtaak leidde tot een significant langere reactietijd dan in de overige twee condities.
Eye Movement Deprocessing and Recall (EMDR) is a form of therapy that making eye movements attempt traumatic memories. Although effective, the operation of EMDR still unclear. Previous research has shown that the retrieval of neutral memories in combination with eye movements, but negative emotional memory or cause a decrease in emotionality and vividness. This could be explained by the retrieval of emotional memories more working memory consuming than getting a neutral reminder. This hypothesis was examined by a reaction time task in 23 participants to take off where they do not, a negative and a neutral memory fetched. As expected, it was found that the retrieval of negative memories in conjunction with the reaction time task resulted in a significantly longer reaction time than in the other two conditions.
Keywords: Working Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
37. Quinn, G. (2007, March). Emergency EMDR - treating victims from man made to natural disasters. Presentation at the Fifth annual EMDR UK & Ireland Conference, Glasgow, Scotland.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
The workshop on Emergency EMDR will give an overview of crisis intervention and principles of critical incident debriefing following man made and natural disasters. There will be a review of the Neurobiology of Stress and PTSD. The various protocols of EMDR will be discussed such as the standard Protocol, the Recent Events Protocol and the group protocol. The Emergency Response Procedure (ERP), that can be used within hours of a traumatic Incident, will be discussed with case examples demonstrating its usefulness in many cases of Acute Stress Reaction and Disorder. This will be understood within the overall context of the principles of Psychological First Aid. All of this will be discussed with case examples of victims treated after terrorist attacks and war in Israel and after the Tsunami in 2004. There will be a practicum on Group EMDR.
Keywords: Katyushas, Man-Made Disasters Terrorist Bombings Tsunami
Accuracy Verified: Yes
38. Sack, M., Lempa, W., & Lamprecht, F. (2005, September 24). Empirische befunde zu wirkmechanismen des EMDR [Empirical evidence of mechanisms of action of EMDR]. In A. Karl & W. Lempa, (Moderators), Symposium 2 Traumaspezifische Interventionen in Forschung und Praxis, Jahrestagung der deutschsprachigen Gesellschaft für Psychotraumatologie DeGPT, Dresden .
Language: German
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Das Traumabearbeitungsverfahren EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) kombiniert die imaginäre Exposition mit der traumatischen Erinnerung mit repetitiver Stimulation durch Augenbewegungen oder durch taktile bzw. auditive Reize. Während die Wirksamkeit des EMDR gut belegt ist, sind die spezifischen Wirkungen der bilateralen Stimulation noch weitgehend unbekannt. Wir führten ein psychophysiologisches Monitoring mittels Impedanzkardiographie aller EMDR-Behandlungssitzungen ( N= 55) bei 10 Patienten mit PTSD durch. Aufgezeichnet wurden Herzfrequenz (HR), Parasympathikotonus (RMSSD), Sympathikotonus (PEP), und Atemfrequenz (RESP). Beginn und Ende der Stimulationsperioden (N = 811) wurden markiert. Es fand sich ein steiler Anstieg des Parasympathikotonus verbunden mit einem signifikanten Abfall der Herzfrequenz zu Beginn der Stimulationsperioden, entsprechend dem psychophysiologischen Reaktionsmuter einer deutlich ausgeprägten Orientierungsreaktion. Im weiteren Verlauf der Stimulation nahm der Parasympathikotonus wieder ab und der Sympathikotonus nahm zu, was sich als Stresseffekt während der Exposition interpretieren lässt. Im Sitzungsverlauf zeigte sich jedoch eine signifikante Abnahme der Herzfrequenz und eine Zunahme des Parasympathikotonus. Unsere Befunde weisen darauf hin, dass es während EMDR-Sitzungen zu einem signifikanten psychophysiologischen Dearousal kommt. Die Stimulation durch Augenbewegungen scheint eine Orientierungsreaktion auszulösen, die über eine passagere Erhöhung des Parasympathikotonus eine Entspannungsreaktion auslöst. Es stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit die von uns beobachteten psychophysiologischen Reaktionen mit dem Therapieerfolg korrelieren.[Author abstract]
The EMDR trauma processing method (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) combines the imaginary exposure to the traumatic memory with repetitive stimulation of eye movements or tactile or auditory stimuli. While the effectiveness of EMDR is well documented, the specific effects of bilateral stimulation are still largely unknown. We conducted a psycho-physiological monitoring using impedance cardiography of EMDR treatment sessions (N = 55) of 10 patients with PTSD. Recorded were heart rate (HR), parasympathetic tone (RMSSD), sympathetic (PEP) and respiratory rate (RESP). Beginning and end of the stimulation periods (N = 811) were selected. There was a steep increase in parasympathetic tone associated with a significant decrease in heart rate at the beginning of the stimulation periods, according to the psycho-physiological Reaktionsmuter a clearly marked orientation reaction. In the course of the stimulation of the parasympathetic tone took off again and the sympathetic tone increased, which can be interpreted as a stress effect during exposure. During the session, however, showed a significant decrease in heart rate and an increase in parasympathetic tone. Our findings indicate that occurs during EMDR sessions to significant psychophysiological Dearousal. The stimulation of eye movements seems to trigger a policy response that triggers a transient increase in parasympathetic tone a relaxation response. This begs the question of the extent to which we have observed psychophysiological responses correlate with treatment success. [Author abstract]
Keywords: Mechanism of Action
Accuracy Verified: Yes
39. de Jongh, A., & ten Broeke, E. (2002, April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Een reactie en het laatste woord [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A reaction the last word]. Psychopraxis, 4(2), 52-55. doi:10.1007/BF03071982.
Language: Dutch
Format: Journal
Abstract:
In het vorige nummer van PsychoPraxis beschreven Ad De Jongh en Erik Ten Broeke de EMDR-procedure aan de hand van een casus. Hier volgt een reactie op dit artikel van Peter Muris, waarna de beide auteurs het laatste woord krijgen.
In the previous issue of Psycho Praxis described Ad De Jongh and Erik ten Broeke the EMDR procedure on the basis of a case. Here is a response to this article by Peter Muris, after which both authors have the last word.
Accuracy Verified: Yes
40. Senior, J. (2001, July). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A matter for serious consideration?. the Psychologist, 14(7), 361-363.
Language: English
Format: Magazine
Abstract:
This short article sets out to promote thought as to whether treatments that are ineffectually proven might be doing more harm than good. It suggests that branching out into usage of EMDR with conditions other than PTSD may be dangerous until more research points to how it actually works. Moreover, I want to encourage serious consideration of whether or not eye movements play a part in the treatment's success. [Text. p. 361]
Keywords: Negative Therapeutic Reaction Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
41. Kessler, N. (2010, March 12). Eye movement therapy promises relief for trauma victims. Great Falls Tribune, Great Falls, MT.
Language: English
Format: Newspaper
Abstract:
"Since trauma is stored in the limbic, when you think of it, you don't get a narrative, you get a bodily and emotional experience," said Nancy Errebo, doctor of psychology and a certified EMDR instructor in Missoula who trained with Shapiro. EMDR overcomes that inappropriate reaction by linking the negative associations with positive resources, reasoning and knowledge," she added.
Keywords: Errebo General Overview
Accuracy Verified: No
42. Spindler, C. (2007, June). Gentle EMDR: A precursor to standard EMDR protocol. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
In the last few years several EMDR clinicians have introduced new approaches which have expanded on EMDR. Two examples are Ricky Greenwald's techniques for 'running a movie' and David Grand's performance enhancement techniques using visualization. GENTLE EMDR is a similar expansion of standard protocol. GENTLE EMDR follows basic EMDR protocol with additional emphasis on the emotions and body sensations connected to the target. Visualilzation is then tuilized to release these emotions and sensations one at a time until the target shows a SUDS of 0. At this point, positive cognitions are installed. The advantage of visualization is that it buffers the emotions with associated with the target, thus reducing abreactions, dissociations and resistance to further EMDR treatment. One advantage of Gentle EMDR is that a client does not need to face the target directly because emotions and body sensations are broken down into management segments. Thus, Gentle EMDR works well with clients who are too fragile to tolerate the standard protocol. One example of the use of visualization would be if the target is "being physically attacked." Clients are first asked what they feel when they think of the attack and where they feel it in their body. Next, clients are asked to visualize a river passing them, while they sit in a protective (safe) place. Finally, clients are asked how the water would appear if it was the identified emotion (such as a particular color) and to let the water flow past until the appearance of the emotional reaction dissipates. Once this is done, clients are asked to name the next emotion that eminates when thinking about the physical attack, allowing the water to 'clear' that emotion as well. When the emotions are approached in this way, the target typically becomes neutralized. The entire process is done using bilateral stimulation. Gentile EMDR is easily taught and has been well received by clinicians at Univerities and Clinical Practices in the United States.
Accuracy Verified: Yes
43. van der Zee, H., & Zaal, A. (2011, April). Het emotionele brein; EMDR & neuropsychologie [The emotional brain, EMDR & neuropsychology]. Presentatie op de 5e Jaarlijkse Conferentie van EMDR Vereniging Nederland, Nijmegen, Nederland.
Language: Dutch
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Het menselijk brein is bijzonder veerkrachtig. Als gevolg op een traumatische ervaring ontstaat er in het lichaam een keten aan reacties. De meeste van deze reacties zijn adaptief en gericht op een natuurlijke verwerking. Bij 10 tot 20 % van de mensen die een traumatische ervaring meemaken verloopt de verwerking pathologisch en ontstaat een post traumatische stress stoornis. Lichamelijke veranderingen als gevolg van langdurige stress of een genetische gevoeligheid kunnen hierbij een rol spelen. Bij de verwerking van emotionele gebeurtenissen en psychotrauma zijn verschillende hersenstructuren betrokken. In deze presentatie zal een toelichting worden gegeven op biologische factoren bij het ontstaan van psychotrauma en de rol van ‘ het emotionele brein’ bij traumaverwerking. Ook zal worden ingegaan op de wijze waarop bilaterale stimulatie deze processen mogelijk beïnvloed en hoe dit zich verhoudt tot vigerende verklaringsmodellen over de werkzaamheid van EMDR. Tot slot wordt een casus gepresenteerd waarbij EMDR is toegepast in een neuropsychologische behandeling en is er ruimte voor discussie over de toepassing van EMDR bij neuropsychologische problematiek.
The human brain is very resilient. Due to a traumatic experience develops in the body of a chain reaction. Most of these responses are adaptive and focused on a natural process. At 10 to 20% of people who experience a traumatic experience does the pathological process and creates a post-traumatic stress disorder. Physical changes resulting from prolonged stress or a genetic susceptibility may play a role. In the processing of emotional events and psychotrauma several brain structures involved. This presentation will be given an explanation on biological factors in the development of psychotrauma and the role of the emotional brain in trauma. It will also examine how these processes affect bilateral stimulation and how this relates to current models of explanation about the efficacy of EMDR. Finally, a case presented which EMDR was used in a neuropsychological treatment and there is room for discussion about the use of EMDR with neuropsychological problems.
Keywords: Neurobiology Neuropsychology
Accuracy Verified: Yes
44. Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., & van Uijen, S. L. (2011, May). Het vervagen van negatieve en positieve herinneringen [The blurring of negative and positive memories]. Psychologie & Gezondheid, 39(2), 61-69. doi:10.1007/s12483-011-0017-5.
Language: Dutch
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Earlier studies have shown that horizontal eye movements (EM) during retrieval of a negative memory reduce its vividness and emotionality. This may be due to both tasks competing for working memory (WM) resources. This study examined whether playing the computer game “Tetris” also blurs memory. Participants recalled negative and positive memories in three conditions: recall only, recall with concurrent EM, and recall with playing Tetris. Before and after these conditions, vividness, emotionality, and physiological startle responses during recall were measured. A reaction time task showed that EM and Tetris both draw on WM, compared to no dual-task. Compared to recall only, EMand Tetris both decreased reported emotionality and startle responses. The effects of EM and Tetris did not differ, even though the tasks differed in the degree of taxing WM. This suggests that taxing WM and its effects on emotional memories may not be linearly related. Potential clinical implications are discussed.
Keywords: Memory Retrieval Tetris
Accuracy Verified: Yes
45. Engelhard, I. M., van Uijen, S. L., & van den Hout, M. A. (2010, December). The impact of taxing working memory on negative and positive memories. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 1, 5623,[8 pages]. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v1i0.5623.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Background: Earlier studies have shown that horizontal eye movement (EM) during retrieval of a negative memory reduces its vividness and emotionality. This may be due to both tasks competing for working memory (WM) resources. This study examined whether playing the computer game ‘‘Tetris’’ also blurs memory. Method: Participants recalled negative and positive memories in three conditions: recall only, recall with concurrent EM, and recall with playing Tetris. Before and after these conditions, vividness, emotionality, and physiological startle responses during recall were measured. Results: A reaction time task showed that EM and Tetris both draw on WM, compared to no dual-task. Compared to recall only, EM and Tetris decreased reported emotionality and startle responses. Conclusions: The effects of EM and Tetris did not differ, even though the tasks differed in the degree of taxing WM. This suggests that taxing WM and its effects on emotional memories may not be linearly related. Potential clinical implications are discussed.
Keywords: Emotionality Horizontal Eye Movement Vividness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
46. Binstock, S. K. (1994). Innovative ideas or such. EMDR Network Newsletter, 4(2), 5.
Language: English
Format: Newsletter
Abstract:
Mrs. O., who had suffered neck and
shoulder injuries in an automobfie
accident several years ago, was referred
to me after an incident on her
job triggered a post-traumatic stress
reaction. Treatment initially consisted
of traditional talk therapy, but after
having been trained in EMDR, I offered
it as an option to deal with the
PTSD of the accident itself. We did
only 2 sessions of EMDR which were
spaced wer several months (as there
were additional work-related stressors
that arose and needed attention).
The second and last EMDR session
was so remarkable for both of us that
I asked her to write her impressions for the Newsletter.
Keywords: Innovations Mrs. O
Accuracy Verified: Yes
47. Wesson, M., & Gould, M. (2009). Intervening early with EMDR on military operations: A case study. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(2), 91-97. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.2.91.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The U.K. armed forces are currently involved in a number of military operations throughout the world. Offering structured psychological interventions such as eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in theater has a number of potential advantages. This single-case study describes how the EMDR recent event protocol (Shapiro, 1995) was used in theater with a 27-year-old active-duty U.K. soldier who was experiencing an acute stress reaction after treating a land mine casualty. The intervention took place 2 weeks posttrauma with four sessions conducted on consecutive days, resulting in a positive outcome, with the soldier able to return immediately to frontline duties. Treatment response was assessed with administration of four standardized measures at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 18-month follow-up. Treatment effects remained at 18-month follow-up. The challenges of conducting EMDR in operational theaters and clinical implications are explored.
Keywords: Early Interventions Military Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
48. Lytle, R. A. (1993). An investigation of the efficacy of eye-movement desensitization in the treatment of cognitive intrusions related to memories of a past stressful event. Pennsylvania State University. AAT 9334778.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
A novel clinical technique, referred to as "eye-movement desensitization," has recently been reported to rapidly achieve significant reductions in the frequency and intensity of the two primary symptoms of PTSD; cognitive intrusions and the behavioral and emotional avoidance of trauma related fear cues. The current study was intended to provide an experimentally controlled replication of this procedure. The 45 students with the highest scores on a self-report questionnaire were selected for participation in the study and randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions. These conditions included "eye-movement desensitization," "eye-fixation desensitization," and a non-directive control condition.Sessions One and Three consisted of pretest and posttest assessment respectively, administered by questionnaire and behavioral measures of cognitive intrusions relating to the reported trauma. Session Two, consisted of immediate pretest and posttest assessment of information regarding subjective discomfort, perceived validity of adaptive cognitions, and vividness of images related to the reported trauma. The results of this experiment indicated that treatment-related pretest to posttest change was limited to (a) a relative reduction in cognitive intrusions for the eye-fixation group compared to the other treatment conditions, and (b) initial superiority of both desensitization techniques in immediately reducing subject distress, vividness of the initial image (and for eye-fixation, improved validity of an adaptive cognition) in comparison to the non-directive condition. The latter condition, however, then achieved equivalent gains by one-week follow-up. It was concluded that: (a) the relative efficacy of the eye-movement desensitization technique, was not supported in this non-clinical population, (b) to the degree that the outcomes resulting from the two desensitization conditions were at variance from those of the more traditional non-directive technique, those differences appear to have been predominantly transient in character, and (c) the induction of saccadic eye-movements did not demonstrably function as an active component of treatment within this experimental context. It was additionally concluded that further research will be required to satisfactorily resolve the discrepant findings of experimentation and case reports regarding the efficacy of this technique. Specific suggestions for further research were presented. [Truncated Author Abstract] [Pilots]
Keywords: Biologic Markers College Students Intrusive Thoughts Negative Therapeutic Reaction Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness Witnesses
Accuracy Verified: Yes
49. Hermans, H. P., & de Putter, M. (2012). Is een toevoeging van een aspect uit de contraconditionering aan EMDR zinvol? [Is an addition of one aspect of the counter-conditioning to EMDR useful?]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Eye Movement and Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is een beproefde methode
voor de behandeling van posttraumatische stressstoornis (PTSS). Het
verklaringsmechanisme van EMDR lijkt de werkgeheugentheorie te zijn. De
werkgeheugentheorie voorspelt dat het belasten van het werkgeheugen tijdens het
ophalen van een nare herinnering, de emotionaliteit van de herinnering doet afnemen.
Het huidige onderzoek betrekt een aspect vanuit de contraconditionering bij
oogbewegingen. Participanten werden ingedeeld in 3 condities: positief, negatief en
neutraal. Elke participant voerde een tweetal reactietijd taken uit op de computer,
waarvan één met een stilstaande stip en één met een bewegende stip. Daarnaast haalde
elke participant 2 negatieve autobiografische herinneringen op, tijdens het ophalen
van één herinnering keken participanten naar een stilstaande stip, terwijl bij de andere
herinnering een bewegende stip gepresenteerd werd. Op het beeldscherm werd –
afhankelijk van de conditie – een positieve, neutrale of negatieve foto als achtergrond
geselecteerd om te kijken of de valentie van aangeboden foto’s het effect van
oogbewegingen beïnvloeden. De reactietijd taken bieden inzicht in welke mate
oogbewegingen een belasting voor het werkgeheugen vormen. De resultaten tonen
significant tragere reactietijden wanneer participanten oogbewegingen moesten
maken. Op het gebied van emotionaliteit is er eveneens een significant effect van
oogbewegingen gevonden. De narigheid van de opgehaalde herinnering nam –
onafhankelijk van conditie - af wanneer participanten oogbewegingen maakten.
Uitkomsten van het huidige onderzoek vormen een bevestiging van de
werkgeheugentheorie. Het verwachtte effect van valentie is uitgebleven, vermoedelijk
doordat participanten de valentie van de foto’s niet goed meekregen. Adequaat
vervolg onderzoek zal moeten uitwijzen of een toevoeging aan EMDR vanuit de
contraconditioneringstheorie zinvol is.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a proven method for the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The declaration mechanism of EMDR seems to be working memory theory. The working memory theory predicts that taxing working memory during retrieval of a bad memory, the emotionality of the memory decreases. The present study involves an aspect from the counter-conditioning at eye movements. Participants were divided into 3 conditions: positive, negative and neutral. Each participant performed a two reaction tasks on the computer, one with a stationary dot and one with a moving dot. In addition, each participant took 2 negative autobiographical memories, while retrieving a reminder to participants watched a stationary spot, while the other memory a moving dot was presented. On the screen was - depending on the condition - a positive, neutral or negative picture as background selected to see if the valence of pictures presented the effect of eye movements influence. The response functions provide insight into the extent to which eye movements constitute a burden on the working memory. The results show significantly slower reaction times when participants had to make eye movements. In the area of emotionality is also a significant effect of eye movements found. The misery of the retrieved memory Rose - regardless of condition - off when participants made eye movements. Results of the present study are a confirmation of the working memory theory. The expected effect of valence failed to materialize, probably because participants the valence of the pictures are not good afterworld. Adequate follow-up study is needed to determine whether an addition to EMDR from the contralateral conditioning theory makes sense.
Keywords: Counter Conditioning Memory Theory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
50. Solomon, R. M. (2010, Novembre). L’uso dell’ EMDR nel trattamento del dolore, del lutto e del dolore traumatico [The utilization of EMDR in the treatment of grief, mourning and traumatic grief]. Presentazione al "Convegno La psicotraumatologia Oncologica, Roma, Italia.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Il dolore è uno di reazione ad una perdita e lutto è l'assimilazione e la sistemazione della perdita. Trauma può disabilitare la possibilità di far fronte, mettere in pericolo il funzionamento, compromettere la capacità di adattarsi, e aggiungere in modo significativo alla sofferenza del lutto. Trauma complica anche il lutto interferendo con i processi del lutto ha bisogno di passare attraverso per l'assimilazione e la sistemazione della perdita. Una perdita può essere così doloroso che l'accesso alle emozioni che richiedono attenzione è impedito e / o reti di memoria contenenti ricordi positivi della persona amata sono bloccate. Con l'elaborazione EMDR, non solo può essere lavorato attraverso le emozioni, ma le reti di memoria possono diventare accessibili e in grado di giocare un ruolo fondamentale nella sistemazione di perdita. I ricordi del defunto sono gli elementi costitutivi di una rappresentazione interna adattivo, servono come un ponte essenziale tra il mondo e con il mondo senza la persona amata. Questo workshop, attraverso lezioni e nastri di sessioni, si concentrerà su utilizzando l'EMDR nel trattamento del dolore e del lutto, con particolare attenzione sulla domanda di lutto traumatico.
Grief is one’s reaction to a loss and mourning is the assimilation and accommodation of the loss. Trauma can disable the ability to cope, impair functioning, compromise the ability to adapt, and add significantly to the mourner’s distress. Trauma also complicates mourning by interfering with the processes the mourner needs to go through for assimilation and accommodation of the loss. A loss can be so distressing that access to emotions requiring attention is prevented and/or memory networks containing positive memories of the loved one are blocked. With EMDR processing, not only can emotions be worked through, but memory networks can become accessible and capable of playing a vital role in accommodation of loss. Memories of the deceased are the building blocks of an adaptive inner representation; they serve as an essential bridge between the world with and the world without the loved one. This workshop , through lecture and tapes of sessions, will focus on utilizing EMDR in the treatment of grief and mourning, with special attention on the application to traumatic grief.
Keywords: Grief Mourning Traumatic Grief
Accuracy Verified: Yes
51. Watson, P. J., Friedman, M. J., Ruzek, J. I., & Norris, F. (2002, August). Managing acute stress response to major trauma. Current Psychiatry Reports, 4(4), 247-253. doi:10.1007/s11920-996-0043-x.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
In this article, the authors review the current empiric literature on early interventions. Findings on the effects, course, help-seeking, and recovery from disasters are first reviewed, with recommendations given that are pertinent to intervention following mass casualties. In reviewing the most commonly used interventions, it is clear that evidence from well-controlled studies showing that early intervention can help prevent longer-term problems is limited. The authors discuss the approaches that have received the most attention or empiric support as early interventions following trauma, which include psychologic debriefing, cognitive-behavioral interventions, eye movement desensitization and processing (EMDR) and other neoteric approaches, and psychopharmacology. At this time, the most promising results for prevention of psychopathology have been achieved with brief four- or five-session cognitive-behavioral therapy. In contrast, randomized clinical trials on psychologic debriefing currently suggest that this approach is either ineffective at preventing psychopathology, or contributive to PTSD symptoms. Research support is currently lacking for EMDR and pharmacotherapy as early interventions. A major challenge to the field is to integrate the practical experience and knowledge of professional responders with well-controlled, timely intervention research, and to effectively disseminate these findings to practitioners in the field. [Author Abstract]
Keywords: Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Effects Literature Review Negative Research Needs Review Posttraumatic Stress Diorder Psychological Debriefing PTSD Stressors Survivors Therapeutic Reaction Treatment Effectiveness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
52. Chang, S. H. (2005). Mechanism of EM in EMDR: Change strength of semantic associations. Presentation at the American Psychological Association Annual Convention, Washington, DC.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Research background & objectives: Based on REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, this study examined possible therapeutic mechanisms of eye
movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989,
1995, 2001). Stickgold (2002) proposed that sleep induced change in associative memory
via activation of weak association during REM state and EMs functioned as REM sleep to
integrate the episodic memory of trauma into general semantic memory. Specifically, the
effect of EM in relation to order of relatedness of associations on change of strength of
semantic associations for negative words after saccadic bilateral eye movements was
examined in the present study.
Methods: Sixty-four college students were recruited as participants. Via semantic
priming task, a 2 (eye movement condition: horizontal saccadic eye movements vs. no
eye movements) × 3 (strength of semantic association: strong priming vs. weak priming
vs. unrelated priming) × 2 (block order of presentation: related prime first vs. unrelated
prime first) mixed factorial design was performed, with strength of semantic association
serving as within Ss factor and the other two variables serving as between Ss factors. The
primes consisted of negative word stimuli. Each trials consisted of an 8 seconds saccadic
horizontal eye movement manipulation (200 ms per movement in EM condition),
followed by 500-msec fixation point and then prime displayed for 32msec, which was
followed immediately by the target. The participant was instructed to read the target as
soon as possible and the reaction time was recorded by the compuer. While absolute
primeability index for strong (or weak) association was calculated as (RT
related – RT unrelated) for strong primes or weak primes, respectively, relative primeability index was calculated as (RT related – RT unrelated)/RT
unrelated. The dependent variables were correct (%), error (%), and primeability index for each of strong prime and weak prime. Change of primeability
of weak associations for negative stimuli as opposed to that of strong ones under different
EM conditions and different block order was compared.
Results: For absolute primeability index, the 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order) × 2 (strength
of priming) ANOVA showed that only the interaction effect of EM × strength of semantic
association was approaching significance, indicating that weak priming significantly
exceeded strong priming after EM (F (1, 56)
= 18.01, p < .001; partial ω 2= .210), while the
opposite was true after non-EM (F (1, 56)
= 25.86, p < .0001; partial ω 2 = .280). Further, for weak prime, the priming effect was stronger after EM than after non-EM (F
(1, 56) = 74.62,
p < .0001; partial ω 2 = .535). For relative primeability index, it also revealed that only the interaction effect of EM × strength of semantic association was significant (F (1, 56) = 6.09, p < .02; partial ω 2 = .074), and tests of simple main effects showed similar patterns as those of absolute primeability index. Conclusions: 8s EMs was associated with change of strength of semantic associations.
While EM didn’t weaken the primeability for the strong association, EM did enhance the
primeability for weak associations. Further, weak priming significantly exceeded strong
priming after EM, while the opposite was true after non-EM. The results echoed
REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, suggesting that EM in EMDR might
reflect a shift in associative memory systems by activating different strength of
associations of negative semantic nodes for different semantically related words. Given
that order of relatedness didn’t play a role and previous research showed that EM resulted
in decreased vividness and emotionality and generated greater amount of associations for
negative stimuli as well, the implications of the present results from theoretical and
psychotherapy point of views and future research possibilities are discussed.
Keywords: EMDR REM REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Saccadic Eye movement Semantic Association
Accuracy Verified: Yes
53. Binder, J. L. (2007, June). Mind or brain? Where does therapeutic change originate? A reaction to 'The reunion process: A new focus in short-term dynamic psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 44(2), 137-141. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.44.2.137.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
In "The Reunion Process: A New Focus in Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy," by Dr. Sandler (see record 2007-09422-001), addresses posttreatment relapse by a new therapeutic strategy based on attachment theory and recent research findings concerning the neurobiology of memory. This strategy involves the discovery or creation of positive childhood maternal attachment memories as a method of overcoming the dominance of negative memories. Dr. Sandler makes assumptions about what can be achieved in short-term therapies, the pace of therapeutic change, as well as the role in treatment outcome of techniques versus therapist skill and relationship factors. These assumptions are not supported by psychotherapy research. While the attempt to use new discoveries from neurobiology to guide the development of therapeutic techniques is admirable, the author appears to engage in a fair amount of speculative theoretical reductionism in attempting to explain the eventually positive outcome of the case he presents. I offer a more parsimonious psychological explanation, which is consistent with the short-term dynamic psychotherapy theory of change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Attachment Attachment Behavior Brief Psychotherapy Early Memories Memory Theory Panic Disorder Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic Processes Relapse Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
54. Manfield, P. (1995, June). Narcissistic disorders: Using EMDR with these difficult clients. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Definition of client population:
Disorder of the self. The narcissistic character is often identified by his or her grandiose facade concealing an underlying sense of
emptiness and worthlessness. To experience the underlying emptiness is so painful for them that these people cut off their inner
experience and rely instead on external admiration and praise to support their grandiose or superior view of themselves; their
condition is often referred to as a "disorder of the self." Because of their dependence on others for their sense of themselves, they are
exquisitely sensitive to criticism or disapproval, often warding off deflation by becoming increasingly grandiose, superior, disdainful
or demeaning. Many conceal their grandiosity, maintaining a secret sense of superiority which may be based upon their
perfectionism or their quiet devaluing of others.
View of others: there is a range of severity of the narcissistic character from personality disorders to a narcissistic character style.
People with personality disorders, are unable to form a trusting bond with another person; they view people primarily as
interchangeable, performing a function which could equally be performed by many others. Less impaired narcissistic characters,
however, are able to form varying degrees of attachments to other people, although their ability to trust and care about other people
is limited. Most commonly they relate to people they can idealize or be admired by. People tend to be seen in extremes as either
superior and powerful or inferior and worthless; supportive and admiring or critical and attacking.
Difficulties in using EMDR:
Clinically these clients represent a difficult and often frustrating population to treat; they are brittle and easily injured if they to not
feel perfectly understood by their therapists, and they will distance at the slightest hint that they are being judged or used. They
resist focusing inward and defining their problems as arising within themselves, and find it difficult to sustain any genuine affect,
other than perhaps rage. If they feel understood and accepted, however, they will eventually talk about their sense of emptiness and
worthlessness and their confusion about who they are and what is truly meaningful and valuable to them.
Beck, Young and others have described factors that make it difficult to treat any personality disorder using a cognitive behavioral
approach. There have in fact been very few reported "successes" in the literature. Most of the difficulties are related to the self and
object splitting characteristic of these clients. These clients have limited access to feelings, limited access to spontaneous thoughts,
body sensations, memories, etc., and vague unfocussed presenting problems making targeting difficult. They usually have difficulty
with emotional and often intellectual continuity from session to session; they will rarely keep a log or follow through with
homework; transference issues often come into central focus and must be addressed before other targets; and their selfdefeating
beliefs and behavior patterns are extremely deeply held, pervasive and resistant to change.
In addition to varying degrees of these difficulties, narcissistic clients present all of the problems in EMDR that they do in more
traditional therapies; including their tendencies to act out, deny, and avoid. These and other defenses interfere with completion of
segments of therapeutic work and make it difficult for the clinician to keep work focused within one neural network. Self and object
splitting leads to continuity problems within or between sessions and a difficulty maintaining clarity about the reason for being in
treatment. The client may feel suicidal one week and declare himself or herself to be fully recovered the next. Perhaps the most
confirming aspect of the treatment of these clients, however, is their emotionally impoverished pasts; they have very limited
experience of nurturing, loving and caring to draw !?om in order to interweave new meanings and perspectives into traumatic or
painful past experiences.
Length of treatment:
I have found that I have been able to achieve good results with higher level narcissistic clients with whom I have had an established
relationship at the time I introduced EMDR into the treatment. My results with clients who have come to therapy asking specifically
for EMDR and with whom I have begun using EMDR soon after the beginning of treatment have been generally poorer, varying
with the severity of the client's disorder, the less severe doing best. The client needs to be able to establish a meaningful trusting
relationship with the therapist; the more severe the client's difficulties with attachment, the more time this process requires.
Narcissistic clients do not tend to see their difficulty with vulnerability, trust and intimacy as a problem within themselves. If they
are able to recognize personal problems, they are usually in the area of self esteem and obstacles to achievement. When they are
able to resolve some of these latter problems fairly rapidly through treatment they tend to terminate, no longer seeing a sufficient
purpose for treatment. In a sense, they can become better narcissists; their grandiose view of themselves is enhanced and they are
reinforced in their use of self-sufficiency as a defense against interpersonal vulnerability. I view the relative efficiency of EMDR as
a problem for deeper treatment of narcissistic clients because there is less time for the therapeutic relationship to develop and
consequently a limited opportunity to impact the client's object splitting. I believe that this is why I have found EMDR with
narcissistic clients to be most effective when it is introduced after a therapeutic relationship has had time to develop. Negative cognitions:
The early maladaptive schemas of narcissistic clients are pervasive in their lives and point to a plethora of negative cognitions.
Typical early schemas are: I must control myself (or my feelings, my behavior, my body) at all times; no one cares; my needs will
never be met; I can't trust anyone; I am deeply flawed and unlovable; I am dikeable, unattractive to others; I will always fail; my
flaws are totally unacceptable to others; I must be perfect or I am worthless; I deserve to be treated more specially than others; I must
please others to avoid attack; I'm alone; nobody understands me; I am OK if I am better than others; I am OK only if others admire
me. It is often helpful to narrow these cognitions down to make them manageable with EMDR
Treatment:
In addition to the recommended protocol of establishing a safe space to which the client can retreat if necessary, before doing an
EMDR session with one of these clients, the therapist should identify as many of the client's emotional resources possible, in
particular expriences if any of having felt loved and accepted ad examples of loving people or relationships the client has observed
Among other things, these facilitate more effective copitive interweaves.
The initial task in doing an EMDR session with this client population is to establish an appropriate and richly defined target. Since
it is more difficult for these clients to access meanm&l memories in an emotionally alive way, the therapist must be more active in
helping the client stimulate the associated neural netork as I l l y as possible. In addition to the client's reaction to the plight of
children he may be related to or observe (Level I1 training), a rich source of emotional responsiveness and resources is the client's
own response to situations he has witnessed in news media, TV, movies or theater.
A major challenge in addressing a narcissistic character type using EMDR is tracking the course of the session with these clients
and identifying when they drip out of the targeted neural network. This process can be subtle because it requires an ability to
differentiate true avoidance hm spontaneous associations which may appear at hat to be irrelevant; it requires a familiarity with
and sensitivity to the protective or defensive mechanisms they use to insulate themselves fiom painful memories and affect. As the
patterns ofmovement in and out of the targeted network are identified it is important to use interventions that are experienced by the
client as supportive but nevertheless make hun or her aware of having wandered.
Although the narcissistic client may initiate treatment with the stated goal of improving his performance in specified areas, he will
agree upon reflection that the real problem is that he feels an overriding need to perform in order to feel worthwhile. Since he has
never known any other way of dealing with his self-worth, he will be skeptical about whether it is possible to feel a sense of worth
that is not based upon performance, and it is easy for the therapist to lose perspective and join him in that beliet especially while
doing EMDR with its potential for reprocessing with extraordinary precision specific obstacles to performance. The therapist must,
however, retain her healthy perspective if the client is to learn to accept himself.
For more clinical information about treating disorders of the self:
1.)Beck, Aaron T., et al, Cognitive Therapy Of Personality Disorder Guilford Press, New York,
N. Y., 1990
2.)Manfield, Philip, Split Self/Split Object: Understanding And Treating Borderline, Narcissistic And Schizoid Disorders, Jason Aronson Publishers, Northvale, N.J., 1992.
3.)Young, Jeffrey, E, Cognitive Therapy For Personality Disorders: A Schema-Focused Approach,
Professional Resource Exchange, Inc., Sarasota, Florida, 1990.
Keywords: Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Accuracy Verified: Yes
55. van den Hout, M. A., Bartelski, N., & Engelhard, I. M. (2013, January). On EMDR: Eye movements during retrieval reduce subjective vividness and objective memory accessibility during future recall. Cognition and Emotion, 27(1),177-183 p. doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.691087.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
In eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), a treatment for post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD), patients make eye movements (EM) during trauma recall. Earlier experimental
studies found that EM during recall reduces memory vividness during future recalls, and this was
taken as laboratory support for the underlying mechanism of EMDR. However, reduced vividness
was assessed with self-reports that may be affected by demand characteristics. We tested whether
recallEM also reduces memory vividness on a behavioural reaction time (RT) task. Undergraduates
(N32) encoded two pictures, recalled them, and rated their vividness. In the EM group, one of the
pictures was recalled again while making EM. In the no-EM group one of the pictures was recalled
without EM. Then fragments from both the recalled and non-recalled pictures, and new fragments
were presented and participants rated whether these were (or were not) seen before. Both pictures
were rated again for vividness. In the EM group, self-rated vividness of the recalledEM picture
decreased, relative to the non-recalled picture. In the no-EM group there was no difference between
the recalled versus non-recalled picture. The RT task showed the same pattern. Reduction of
memory vividness due to recallEM is also evident from non-self-report data.
Keywords: Memory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Reaction Time Test
Accuracy Verified: Yes
56. van der Schoot, O. M. (2010, Juli). Oogbewegingen en imaginatie: Een kritische toets van de werkgeheugen theorie bij EMDR [Eye movements and imagination: A critical test of working memory theory in EMDR]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: Dutch
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
‘Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing’ (EMDR), een veel gebruikte behandelingbij posttraumatische stressstoornis, kan de helderheid en emotionaliteit van plezierige enonplezierige herinneringen reduceren. Tevens kunnen visuele beelden van gevreesdetoekomstige gebeurtenissen worden gedegradeerd. Verondersteld wordt dat EMDR zijnwerking verleent door manipulatie van het gelimiteerde werkgeheugen. In de huidige tweeexperimenten wordt deze veronderstelling nogmaals kritisch getoetst aan de hand van eenoogbewegingen, alleen ophalen (controle) en imaginatie conditie. Er werd verondersteld datwanneer imaginatie gebruik zou maken van dezelfde processen als EMDR (manipulatie vanhet werkgeheugen) er spiegelbeeldige effecten zouden moeten optreden. In experiment 1 werdgebruik gemaakt van neutrale herinneringen (huiskamers). In de oogbewegingen en alleenophalen conditie werd geen effect gevonden. In de imaginatie conditie nam de compleetheiden waarheidsgetrouwheid van de herinnering toe. In experiment 2 werd gebruik gemaakt vaneen Reactie Tijden (RT) taak om te objectiveren of de oogbewegingen en de imaginatiedaadwerkelijk het werkgeheugen taxeren: zowel oogbewegingen als imaginatie vertraagdende RT, maar oogbewegingen het meest, hetgeen suggereert dat oogbewegingen het meestewerkgeheugen taxeert. Vervolgens werd experiment 1 herhaald, echter ditmaal met specifiekepositieve autobiografische herinneringen. In de drie condities werd geen effect gevonden.Huidig onderzoek biedt geen ondersteuning voor de werkgeheugentheorie. Echter, geen vande andere prominente theorieën over het werkingsmechanisme van EMDR kan het uitblijvenvan effect in huidig onderzoek verklaren. Verder onderzoek naar EMDR zal nodig zijn om debehandeling verder te kunnen optimaliseren en het werkingsmechanisme beter te kunnenbegrijpen.
"Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), a widely used behandelingbij posttraumatic stress disorder, the clarity and emotion of pleasant memories enonplezierige reduced. It may also feared future events of visual images are degraded. It is assumed that EMDR effect gives through manipulation of the limited memory. In the present two experiments were critically tested this assumption on the basis of one eye movements, only to retrieve (control), and imagery condition. It was assumed datwanneer imagination would use the same processes as EMDR (manipulation of working memory) are mirrored effects should arise. In experiment 1 was used neutral memories (homes). In the retrieval condition, eye movements and all found no effect. In the imagination condition heathlands took the complete veracity of the increased memory. Experiment 2 was used asunder Reaction times (RT) task to objectify or eye movements and working memory imaginatiedaadwerkelijk value: both eye movements and imagination-using RT slowed, but the most eye movements, suggesting that eye movements appraises the most memory. Experiment 1 was then repeated, this time with specific positive autobiographical memories. In the three conditions, no effect gevonden.Huidig research does not support the working memory theory. However, no Vande other prominent theories on the mechanism of EMDR uitblijvenvan effect may explain current research. Further research on EMDR debehandeling will be needed to further optimize the mechanism and to better understand.
Keywords: Imagination Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Vividness Working Memory
Accuracy Verified: Yes
57. Ellis, T. L. (1999). Play therapy versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A comparative study examining the treatment effects with school-age children, Homan Elementary School, Fresno, California. California State University, Fresno. AAT 1401332.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
This study investigated the differences between play therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) when applied to children. Eleven participants from Homan Elementary School, Fresno, California, participated in this study. The treatment consisted of four combinations of varied administrations of play therapy and EMDR. Dependent variables included the self-reporting instruments of the Trauma Reaction Indicators Child Questionnaire (TRICQ), the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS), the Validity of Cognition Scale (VOC), and the Global Feelings Self-Report Scale. Qualitative data included observed changes in behaviors on the educational risk assessment. No clinical significance was demonstrated on the self-report instruments; however, statistical significance was found on the qualitative data using the chi-square goodness-of-fit test on the posteducational risk assessment. Positive changes were reported in the qualitative analysis on the educational risk assessment.
Keywords: Counseling in Elementary Education Play Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
58. Jarero, I., Roque-López, S., & Gomez, J. (2013). The provision of an EMDR-based multicomponent trauma treatment with child victims of severe interpersonal trauma. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7(1), 17-28. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.7.1.17.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This study evaluated a multicomponent phase-based trauma treatment approach for 34 children who were victims of severe interpersonal trauma (e.g., rape, sexual abuse, physical and emotional violence, neglect, abandonment). the children attended a week-long residential psychological recovery camp, which provided resource building experiences, the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing integrative group treatment protocol (emdr-igtp), and one-on-one emdr intervention for the resolution of traumatic memories. the individual emdr sessions were provided for 26 children who still had some distress about their targeted memory following the emdr-igtp. results showed significant improvement for all the participants on the child's reaction to traumatic events scale (crtes) and the short ptsd rating interview (sprint), with treatment results maintained at follow-up. more research is needed to assess the emdr-igtp and the one-on-one emdr intervention effects as part of a multimodal approach with children who have suffered severe interpersonal trauma.
Keywords: Children Complex Trauma Integrative Group Treatment Protocol Interpersonal Trauma Multicomponent-Phased Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
59. Pham, T., & Willocq, L. (2005, June). Psychopathy and traumatic stress in a forensic hospital. In Research Issues. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
It often has been theorized that psychopaths have a fundamental deficit
with respect to emotions (Cleckley, 1976). They would be unable to
experiment acute emotional reactions, like posttraumatic stress. The study
compares posttraumatic stress between psychopaths and non psychopaths.
as defined by the Hare Psychopathy Checklist (1991). The specific
contribution of factor 1 (narcissistic characteristics) and factor 2 (behavioral
characteristics) of psychopathy is analysed. The population includes 44 Belgian male offenders coming from a forensic hospital. Traumatic stress is
assessed by the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire ISASRQ (Cardena, Classen, Koopman, & Spiegel, 1996). The authors will discuss the
therapeutic implications.
Keywords: Forensic Hospital Research Symposium
Accuracy Verified: Yes
60. Lamprecht, F., Sack, M., Lempa, W., & Eickhoff-Fels, S. (2001). Psychophysiological activation via trauma script in PTSD patients and matched healthy controls and its reversal after succesful treatment. Presentation at the annual meeting of the German Society for Psychotraumatology.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Purpose: It is well known that hyperarousal in PTSD patients leads to an increase in heart rate to trauma related stimuli. The purpose of this study was to see if this peripheral physiological activation in PTSD patients by a trauma script can be reversed by successful trauma treatment including EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing).
Methods:
12 PTSD patients fulfilling DSM IV criteria with 52.6 mean level of the impact of event scale (IES) and 8.1 of the subjective unit of distress (SUD) were compared to 12 matched healthy controls (IES level 23, SUD level 4.8). Glued electrodes were placed according to published guidelines for electrophysiological research on thorax (ECG) and palmar skin of the left (non dominant) hand (SCL). Psychophysiological data (heart rate and skin conductance) were recorded continually and stored on a PC card during three conditions: neutral, relaxation and trauma script. In the patient group the procedure was repeated after finishing treatment.
Results: The patient group and control group did not differ in the baseline heart rate, however, the stimulation by the trauma script in the PTSD patients was significant in the mean 15.6 (T-2.88) (p < 0.01) increase in heart rate and in the control group 1.6 not significant (the script here was derived from the worst life event). There was a wide variation in the patient group with three patients without any reaction. In those with a strong reaction after trauma script, successful treatment was accompanied by a decline in heart rate response after trauma script, which remained stable during 6 months follow-up. SCL data did not show any consistent relationship. Since this is an ongoing study with increasing numbers and further analysis, additional data will be given during presentation. A decline of the SUD level to 2.3 and within the IES-score to 21 at the three months follow-up measurement was also significant (p < 0.01).
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiological Activation PSTD Trauma Script
Accuracy Verified: Yes
61. Guzzi, R., Bossa, R., & Masaraki, S. (2003). Psychophysiological analysis of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing treatment. Homeostasis in Health and Disease, 42(3), 129-131.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a new controversial treatment that claims to resolve long-standing traumatic memories within few treatment sessions. Evidence based data indicate that EMDR markedly reduces anxiety associated with a traumatic memory already at the first session, and behavioural changes tend to be maintained. In spite of the positive results, critical reviews have outlined some methodological biases in the EMDR previous studies, such as the lacking of a pre and post treatment standardised assessments, lacking of standardised inclusion criteria, poor study design. In the present study we have examined three subjects with PTSD, before and after EMDR therapy. Clinical interviews, psychological tests and self-reports have been administered. Biofeedback measures of electromyographic muscle tension, body temperature, heart rate and skin potential reaction have been used as well. An independent investigator was responsible for the collection of final data. The results showed an interesting trend after treatment compared to baseline. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Empirical Study Quantitative Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial
Accuracy Verified: Yes
62. Schellong, J. (2010, June). Psychophysiological responsivity to trauma and internal resources in patients with PTSD and healthy subjects. In Research. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This study aims to measure psychophysiological
parameters during activation of internal resources k g .
positive memories) and to compare these to activated traumatic
internal networks.
Antecedent studies show that traumatic stimulation on patients
with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) finalizes in various
psychophysiological correlates. During therapy of these patients
a strong demand for activation of internal resources, i.e. activation
of fortitude and positives thoughts, exists. Especially EMDR
therapy uses resource stimulating elements such as position of
power and absorption in preparation for exposure. In this study
standardized EMDR protocols establish a solid basis to explore
individual internal resources.
Researches on trauma stimuli in EMDR- patients show effects
on parasympathetic tonus (Sack 2006) as well as increased cerebral
blood flow in defined brain regions (Levin 1999. Lamprecht
2000). Especially the heart rate variability (HRV) may describe
the sympatheticovagal balance (Cohen, 2002, Porges 1991). This
study focuses on psychophysiological effects and neurobiological
regulative mechanisms of stabilizing methods and activation of
internal resources in PTSD patients and healthy control group.
Methods: Healthy subjects and patients with diagnosed PTSD
(DIAX) listened to a commonly neutral script, an individual
trauma script and an individual absorption script. Following
each script measurements of heart rate variability (HRV), respiratory
flow, skin conductance responses (SCR) and skin blood
flow (LCF, TU50%) took place.
Results: Preliminary results revealed a significant reduced heart
rate variability in patients compared to the healthy controls in
reaction to the stress script as well as to the positive and the
neutral scripts.
Conclusion: To our knowledge this is the first time to be proven
that altered autonomous functions are found in PTSD not only
in reaction to traumatic reminders, but even to a positive, resource
activation situation. This provides our basement for further
research. Detailed analysis of different effects to each script
on both groups are currently underway.
Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Research Responsivity Symposium Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
63. Zhao, Dong-Mei (2009, March). Psychotherapy models and theories of mental trauma. Journal of South China Normal University (Social Science Edition).
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Mental trauma refers to mental damnification made by some direct extra force(living event)or strong emotion hurt, especially the strong affective reaction induced by natural and man-made disasters related to these living events.The assessment of trauma, at present,just uses questionnaire or scale, like Traumatic Stress Schedule, Traumatic Events Questionnaire, etc. This article introduces some psychotherapy models and theories about trauma, such as dynamic psychology psychotherapy, Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR),integration and development treatment model, virtual reality technique,as well as drawing therapy, dancing therapy, reading and creating therapy.
Keywords: Mental Trauma Virtual Reality Technique
Accuracy Verified: Yes
64. Boudewyns, P. A. (2005, December). Reaction of therapists to EMDR for combat-related PTSD: An early look. Augusta VA Medical Center and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA.
Language: English
Format: Publication
Abstract:
Seven therapists, two females and one male, were used for the study. Each therapist was randomly assigned to administer both exposure therapy and EMDR, but one had not yet completed an exposure therapy condition subject. All had been
extensively trained in both techniques and all were experienced licensed psychologists with Ph.D. degrees. Each therapist was asked six questions regarding thei r response to the treatments and to the subjects. This is a
composite summary of their responses.
Keywords: Combat Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
65. Schubbe, O. (2011, June). Self care during the EMDR session: The application of the standard protocol for working with counter-transference. Presention presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Vienna, Austria.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Secondary traumatization and appropriate self care are relevant current topics for psychotherapists, especially when working with complex trauma. During the application of the standard protocol, EMDR therapists are often confronted with reports of severe traumatic incidents, strong emotions, and different forms of transference. In reaction, they experience post-traumatic counter-transference, and sometimes even secondary trauma. The EMDR standard protocol provides the opportunity for dual application - parallel for client and therapist. Through processing of the initial counter-transference, the therapist experiences a unique EMDR process. This process resolves any disturbance that might occur through counter-transference issues.
Learning objectives:
The therapist can better support the EMDR process of the client, e.g. through more creative ideas for cognitive interweaves. The indication and contra-indications for this procedure will be discussed.
Keywords: Countertransference Self-Care
Accuracy Verified: Yes
66. Forrest, M. S. (1995, June). Self-soothing and the multiple trauma survivor. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Santa Monica, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Remember the joke about the doctor who says, "The operation was a success, but the patient died"? That's how some clients feel
about EMDR. They succeed in accessing deep and important material, but find themselves extremely depressed and/or anxious in
the days afterward. For these clients, who are often survivors of multiple trauma such as long-tenn child abuse or incest, the ability
to self-soothe (both during and after an EMDR session) makes the difference between whether they regard EMDR as a useful tool or
a necessary evil.
To find out what self-control techniques work best for such clients, I interviewed EMDR clients (all women) who had experienced
long-term sexual abuse in childhood.
The first thing I learned was that for survivors of multiple trauma, the ability to feel safe starts long before EMDR is ever used.
Many women cited their relationship with their therapist as the foundation of their feeling safe with EMDR: "I trust my therapist
absolutely." One client's therapist told her he had used EMDR himself: "That made a huge difference to me," she said.
Other advance work included planning and taking preventative measures. Planning means picking the right time (and pace) for
doing EMDR: being sure the therapist and/or other support people will be available in the days after the session; not driving or
going back to work afterward (if possible); being able to have plenty of alone time; and going slowly, doing EMDR in small
increments. "I didn't expect myself to go out in the world and be social afterward. I was pretty raw for a few days, sometimes for a
whole week," B. told me.
Planning also means taking preventive measures, such as teaching the client how to find "a safe place." Most clinicians know the
importance of this, but one of the women I interviewed was emphatic that creating a safe place was very different from being able to
go to it when she was in a session and reliving the experience of being a three-year-old overwhelmed by extreme grief or terror. She
said she needed a lot of practice accessing her safe place and some special interventions (see below) to get through the intense times.
Being able to self-soothe between sets of eye movements was very difficult for most clients. "I cry all the time we do it," S. told me.
"I have to sit near the door and not have my therapist sit too close," said M. Another woman said, "We do the eye movements for a
few seconds and we talk in between."One successful intervention, especially for clients overwhelmed by the intensity of their
feelings, involved the therapist asking his client to listen to the sound of his breathing and to breathe along with him. Another
clinician has his client when she gets extremely upset ask her "inner guide or "higher power" whether it's "okay to continue;" a third
asks, "Is there more underneath or is it time to wind down?" Letting the client control the pace and progress of his/her own
processing can be an important way to teach self-trust -- especially to people for whom loss of power was endemic to their abuse.
Some clients are able to repeat special phrases or afirmations over and over between sets to calm themselves. L., a ritual abuse
survivor, said she grounds herself by silently reciting a mindfulness verse from Zen master Thich Naht Hanh in time with her inbreath
and out-breath: "In, out. Deep, slow, Calm, ease. Smile, release. In, out. Deep, slow ......
Different kinds of self-soothing techniques work best after the eye-movement sets are completed.
Immediately afterwards, while still in session, one client said she falls asleep for a few minutes -- she finds this a big help in
countering the dissociated state in which she typically concludes an EMDR session. Another said she and her therapist share a cup
of tea and talk over what happened as a way to "come down" and normalize the experience.
Some clinicians close a session by doing eye movements to reinforce the client's safe place. One woman said her therapist has her
"cement the present in place" by doing eye movements on either a present-day image, an image of her inner child in the safe place, or
a positive statement.
Francine Shapiro has often said that what happens after the EMDR session can be as important as what happens during it. The
women I interviewed felt exactly the same way. They had learned the necessity of talung exquisitely good care of themselves in the
hours and days that follow. "I take time-and time out," declared B., who often has a delayed fear reaction following EMDR.
Most clients said they go home and either curl up in bed or in a favorite rocking chair with their stuffed animals. They cry, sleep,
write in their journals, draw pictures, listen to music, look at favorite photographs, and/or call a support person. M. uses self-talk to
ease her feelings: "I say to myself, 'You know that knot of fear. I know it's only fear. I know that nothing is going to hurt me right
now'." For others, going home immediately is not the best option: D. takes a walk along the shores of Long Island Sound; C., the
mother of three young children, finds solace in a favorite bookstore.
Sometimes all the planning in the world doesn't help: the abreaction seems to launch the client back to the age she was when she
was abused - and she simply can't remember how to calm herself. To counter this, several clients said they carry a list of things
they can do to quiet themselves. S. finds reading mystery stories comforting("At the end you always find out what really happened."), but has to keep two of them on her bedside table at all times: "If they're not in full view, I forget about using them."
One interesting example of "assigned" self-soothing was given by a ritual abuse survivor who was new to EMDR. After a session
when a lot of memories came up about how her sexuality was used and degraded during the abuse, her therapist gave her very
specific instructions on how to care for herself, including buying a romantic nightgown and soaking in bath salts for 45 minutes;
listening to romantic music; and not touching or kissing her partner for 48 hours. "It worked out great!" she told me happily. "I felt
SO pretty and so safe."
The conclusion I reached about how multiple-trauma survivors learn to self-soothe in the face of the intense feelings EMDR can
trigger is not revolutionary. The recipe is: Step 1. Plan for the worst. Step 2. Let the client select the self-soothing techniques that
specifically fit for her or him. Step 3. Make sure s/he is able to use these techniques no matter how intense his/her emotions are.
Sometimes this will call for the therapist to take an active role by either leading the client in specific calming techniques or by
assigning very clear-cut homework.
If the recipe calls for planning and practicing, then the pot in which the ingredients are cooked is labeled "TRUST"-trust before
initiating EMDR, trust during the eye movements, and trust after the sets are completed. Unless the client deeply trusts the
clinician, the method itself, and his or her own capacity to go into the feelings and me out safely, the recipe for success with
EMDR can turn into a recipe for disaster.
Accuracy Verified: Yes
67. Matthess, H., & Yang, Y. (2010, July). Social and cultural adaptation. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
We know from research that since neurobiology is the same for humans, then the reaction to stress is the same for all human
beings in the world. That is why EMDR works so well with victims of natural disasters and of adverse childhood experiences,
including sexual and physical violence and emotional neglect.
Because of cognitive functioning, e.g., creating metaphors and images for self-soothing, establishing social contact and/
or personal interpretation, or assigning meaning to stressful experiences, we have to emphasize the importance of cultural
influences.
We want to invite people from different cultures to join this open meeting to present, share, and discuss their experiences
and perhaps difficulties with cultural adaptation of trauma-therapy techniques, including EMDR. For example, we may need
to examine where and how the wording of the EMDR-protocol needs to be adapted to recognize and accommodate cultural
differences; perhaps we need to look at the language structure and its accessibility. Let us share our ideas and experiences
so that we may get new insights on how to more effectively implement our trauma-therapy techniques and spread our
knowledge about neurobiology to various cultural backgrounds.
Keywords: Social and Cultural Adaptation
Accuracy Verified: Yes
68. Anton, A., Funabiki, D., Shiromoto, J., & Spiro, M. L. (1994, March). Somatic disorders. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Sunnyvale, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Is the anxiety reaction better conceptualized as a post-traumatic
effect of the client's illness experiences and/or medical
interventions?
Identify relevant anxiety-provoking stimuli (sensory,
cognitions, images) related to the past experience.
Establish EMDR targets and desired cognitions.
EMDR procedure.
Assess for generalization of therapeutic effects.
Evaluate anticipatory anxiety for the medical intervention. Can
the intervention be conceptualized as an acute psychological
crisis?
Understand the client's "explanatory models for the illness
as it relates to the medical intervention.
Determine client's knowledge about the illness and
intervention; provide educational component as necessary.
Identify salient anxiety-provoking stimuli (sensory,
cognitions, images).
Assist client in developing a "personal places or a state of
"0 SUDS".
Use Guided Imagery to help client reframe the medical
intervention.
Use imagery and metaphor to create a therapeutic context for
the medical intervention.
Incorporate key elements of the interventions (e.g., preoperative
preparation, the surgery room, the medical staff
and apparatuses).
Rehearse cognitions involving coping strategies.
Keywords: Somatic Disorders
Accuracy Verified: Yes
69. Anton, A., Funabiki, D., & Spiro, M. L. (1993, March). Somatic disorders. Presentation at the EMDR Network Conference, Sunnyvale, CA.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Is the anxiety reaction better conceptualized as a post-traumatic
effect of the client's illness experiences and/or medical
interventions?
Identify relevant anxiety-provoking stimuli (sensory,
cognitions, images) related to the past experience.
Establish EMDR targets and desired cognitions.
EMDR procedure.
Assess for generalization of therapeutic effects.
Evaluate anticipatory anxiety for the medical intervention. Can
the intervention be conceptualized as an acute psychological
crisis?
Understand the client's "explanatory models for the illness
as it relates to the medical intervention.
Determine client's knowledge about the illness and
intervention; provide educational component as necessary.
Identify salient anxiety-provoking stimuli (sensory,
cognitions, images).
Assist client in developing a "personal place or a state of
"0 SUDS".
Use Guided Imagery to help client reframe the medical
intervention.
Use imagery and metaphor to create a therapeutic context for
the medical intervention.
Incorporate key elements of the interventions (e.g., preoperative
preparation, the surgery room, the medical staff
and apparatuses).
Rehearse cognitions involving coping strategies.
Keywords: Somatic Disorders
Accuracy Verified: Yes
70. Ryan, T. J. (2005, August 16). Some nervous habits have unknown causes - Whether nail-biting is a bad habit or a medical emergency is a matter of degrees. Grand Rapids, MI: The Grand Rapids Press, All Editions, Your life, E1.
Language: English
Format: Newspaper
Abstract:
EMDR, a technique pioneered by therapist Francine Shapiro in 1987, is a form of behavior modification that helps clients identify what triggers the undesired reaction, and desensitizes them to it. For example, in a grooming disorder case, Schoeppel asks a woman who plucks her eyelashes out what is going on when this happens. Then, using rapidly moving lights and methodical tapping on the hands, she programs a new thought pattern that helps suppress the urge to do the bad habit.
Keywords: General Grand Rapids Overview
Accuracy Verified: Yes
71. Thaxton, D. (2007, June). Star wars therapy: Integrating EMDR with children. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract: EMDR with children can be clinically challenging. Traditional protocols are difficult to follow, especially with younger children. Unique to this approach, Star Wars therapy allows children to produce their own bilateral stimulation while the therapist installs verbal cognitive interweaves. Star Wars therapy facilitates the integration of resource installations; it provides children with an exciting venue to explore schemas and ego states resulting form trauma, abuse and neglect. Star Wars play therapy is a practical skill set for clinicians interested in integrating EMDR with children. Star Wars is unique in its immediate accessibility for children. The rich story line it provides them with accessible themes of good and evil, betrayal, injustice, universal hierarchy, and connectedness with “the force:’ the main characters act as primary archetypes. The body of this work is dived into two mains sections. The first section outlines Star Wars Play Therapy from a theoretical standpoint. The goal is to address the neurobiological, psychological, and attachment aspects which are the basis for treatment. The second reaction addresses the technique form a practical perspective. A complete clinical protocol is outlines, from conceptualization to execution of play, to the integration of EMDR instillations and trauma targeting.
Keywords: Children Star Wars Therapy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
72. Ryan, T. J. (2005, August 14). Stress can really bite down on nails, hair. Waco, TX: Waco Tribune-Herald, Features.
Language: English
Format: Newspaper
Abstract:
There is a modification that helps clients identify what triggers the undesired reaction, and desensitizes them to it.
For example, in a grooming disorder case, Schoeppel asks a woman who plucks her eyelashes out what is going on when this happens. Then, using rapidly moving lights and methodical tapping on the hands, she programs a new thought pattern that helps suppress the urge to do the bad habit.
Keywords: General Overview Waco
Accuracy Verified: Yes
73. Lopez, G. (2007, Juin). Stress vs trauma/Stress vs trauma [Stress vs. trauma / stress vs. srauma]. Présentation à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.
Language: French
Format: Conference
Abstract:
La notion de Stress figure en tant qu’Etat de stress post-traumatique (F43-1) et Réaction aiguë (F43-0) dans la nomenclatures diagnostiques internationales des troubles mentaux, comme le DMS IV ou la CIM-10. Pourtant, l’expérience clinique indique que la pathologie psychotraumatique ne peut se limiter à un Etat de stress post-traumatique (ESPT) avec ou sans Trouble dissociatif (F44), ni méme à un ESPT complexe ou DESNOS (Disorder of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified).
Le rôle de l’impact tramatique discrimine la pathologie consécutive au stress et la pathologie psychotruamatique qui est << une réponse differée our prolongée a une situation ou à un evénemént stressant (de courte ou de longue durée) exceptionnellement menaçant ou catastrophique et qui provoquerait des symptômes évidents de détresse chez la plupart des individus […]>> selon la CIM-10.
Cette intervention fait le point des recherches, sur la fonctionnement du systéme limbique notamment, et des connaissances cliniques recéntes concernant le rôle del la dissociation périttraumatique et des troubles dissociatifs ultérieurs dans la pérnnisation des troubles psychotraumatiques.
The concept of stress is as a state of posttraumatic stress disorder (F43-1) and acute reaction (F43-0) in the international diagnostic classifications of mental disorders, such as the DMS-IV or ICD 10. However, clinical experience indicates that the pathology psychotraumatic can not be limited to a Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with or without dissociative disorder (F44), or even a complex PTSD or DESNOS (Disorder of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified).
The role of impact tramatique discriminates consecutive stress pathology and pathology psychotruamatique is "a delayed response o prolonged a situation or a stressful event (short or long term) of an exceptionally threatening or catastrophic nature and cause of obvious symptoms of distress in most people [...]>> ICD-10.
This intervention provides an update on research on the functioning of the system including limbic, and recent clinical knowledge regarding the role périttraumatique del dissociation and dissociative disorders later in pérnnisation psychotraumatic disorders.
Accuracy Verified: Yes
74. Bartelski, N. (2011). Taxing of the working memory and the accessibility of memories. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.
Language: English
Format: Dissertation/Thesis
Abstract:
Most laboratory studies concerning eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) have focused on investigating how EMDR reduces the vividness and emotionality of memories. There has however been less focus on what occurs to the accessibility of the memory following EMDR. To assess accessibility we utilized three experiments. In each participant’s encoded two pictorial stimuli (images), held one of them in-mind, and simultaneously performed or did not perform EMDR-like working memory taxing (WM-taxing) tasks. Participants then freely-recalled or recognized as many details as they could from both images. In experiments 1a and 1b we found that free-recalled accessibility was reduced for the image that was held in-mind whilst WM-taxing tasks were performed, compared to when no-WM-taxing tasks were performed. In experiment 2, accessibility was measured in reaction time (RT). Decreased accessibility (slower RT) was observed when an image was held in-mind whilst WM-taxing tasks were performed. The decrease in accessibility, along with an observed decrease in vividness, possibly helps to give a more complete picture of EMDR’s effectiveness. Additionally it demonstrates that the effects of EMDR can be observed via non self-report measures.
Keywords: Fading In Fading Out Memory Accessibility Traumatic Image Working Memory Account Working Memory Taxing
Accuracy Verified: Yes
75. Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., & Smeets, M. A. (2011, March). Taxing working memory reduces vividness and emotional intensity of images about the queen's day tragedy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(1), 32-37. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.09.004.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Eye movements during exposure to distressing mental images reduce their vividness and emotional intensity, which may be due to both tasks competing for working memory (WM) resources. WM theory predicts an inverted U-shaped relationship between degree of taxing and beneficial effects: greater taxing of WM will more greatly reduce vividness/emotionality, but extremely taxing tasks prevent holding the image in mind, thereby reducing benefits. This study examined whether mental arithmetic (subtraction) tasks during visual imagery reduce image vividness/emotionality ratings, and taxing WM and reduced vividness/emotionality show the predicted quadratic relationship. A non-clinical sample retrieved a distressing image of the Queen's Day tragedy (which occurred 1-3 months earlier in the Netherlands), and rated it for vividness and emotionality. Participants were assigned to one of four conditions: exposure alone or exposure with concurrent 'simple' subtraction, 'intermediate' subtraction, or 'complex' subtraction. Afterwards, vividness and emotionality were rated again. A reaction time task showed that the subtraction tasks increasingly taxed WM. Consistent with WM theory, exposure with subtraction reduced image vividness and emotionality compared to exposure alone. The expected inverse U-curve relationship was found for emotionality, but not for vividness: simple or intermediate subtraction had more beneficial effects than no dual-task or complex subtraction. Clinical implications are discussed.
Keywords: Emotionality Vividness
Accuracy Verified: Yes
76. Bergmann, U. (2007, Novembro). TEPT – Reação normal a circunstâncias znormais: Neurobiologia de relance [PTSD: A normal reaction to abnormal circumstances: Neurobiology at a glance]. Apresentação no I Congresso Ibero-Americano de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.
Language: Portuguese
Format: Conference
Keywords: Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD
Accuracy Verified: Yes
77. Unfried, N. (2003). Trauma und entwicklung: Physiologische und biologische veränderungen nach frühen kindlichen traumata und deren behandlungsmöglichkeit [Trauma and development: Physiologic and biologic variations after early infant traumatisations and attendance of them]. Zeitschrift für Psychotraumatologie und Psychologische Medizin (ZPPM), 1(3), 59-71.
Language: German
Format: Journal
Abstract:
Behandlung psychotraumatischer belastungsstörungen mit EMDR
Die Entwicklung des Kindes ist heutzutage als Prozess zu verstehen. Ein Kind ist dementsprechend zu jedem Zeitpunkt seiner Entwicklung "reif", einschließlich seines intrauterinen Lebens, d.h. es verfügt über die für die jeweilige Zeit notwenige Ausstattung. Von Beginn an erfolgt dieses mehr oder weniger störanfällige Geschehen mit anderen im aktiven intra- und interagierenden informativen, energetischen und stofflichen Austausch. An diesem Entwicklungsprozess nimmt der gesamte Körper, jede Zelle, einschließlich des Gehirns als Organ der sensomotorischen und psychophysischen Verarbeitung teil. Die Stressreaktion und Stress auf bewältigbarem Niveau hilft dem Kind kritische Phasen zu überstehen (Hüther, 1999). Jedoch führt nicht bewältigbarer Stress zu tiefgreifenden Veränderungen funktionell bis strukturell, wenn der Organismus keine neue Lösungsmöglichkeit findet. Mehrere Autoren belegen, dass traumatische Erlebnisse Veränderungen im limbischen System und Cortex zeigen können (Hüther, 1999; van den Kolk, 1998; Roth, 1998). Bei unkontrolliertem Stress (frühzeitig) kommt es zur Daueraktivierung der Amygdala und über die Amygdala zur Aktivierung mehrerer Systeme, unter anderem auch der Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennieren- Achse mit einem Ausschütten von Stresshormonen. Diese Daueraktivierung löst körperlich die Notfallreaktion im Sinne einer Schockreaktion aus, gleichzeitig führt sie zur Störung der Einspeicherung von Informationen in den Hippocampus. Die imaginativ-methodische Herangehensweise scheint für frühtraumatisierte Kinder und Jugendliche eine Möglichkeit zu sein, die dissoziierten Anteile der traumatischen Szene abzurufen und somit einen Weg zur Integration zu finden. Die therapeutische Beziehung ermöglicht das Wiedererleben der Schmerzen, der Angst, aber auch die Beendigung der traumatischen Situation. Es konnte gezeigt werden, wie die triggerabhängigen Projektionen bei den Kindern endeten und Veränderungen der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung nachweisbar waren. Der Erfahrungsbericht stellt ein vorläufiges Ergebnis dar.
Psychosocial treatment of traumatic stress disorders with EMDR
Children’s development is now understood as a process. Balance and imbalance are said to alternate with one another, and impaired functioning is to be seen as an inducement for further development. Even the early organism has the opportunity of finding a new level of organisation. Right from the beginning, this process, which is susceptible to disruption to a greater or lesser extent, takes place with others in an intra- and interactive exchange of energy and material. This developmental process involves the entire body, every cell, including the brain as the organ of sensomotoric and psychophysical processing. The stress reaction and stress at a manageable level help the child to survive critical periods (Hüther, 1999). However, stress that is not manageable leads to far-reaching changes, in both functional and structural terms, unless the organism finds new solutions. There are sensitive stages during prenatal development that give the brain a high degree of adaptability; however, they also make the embryo, foetus and young infant receptive for disruptive or even hostile influences can lead to changes in the limbic system and the cortex (Hüther 1999; van den Kolk 1998; Roth, 1998). In the event of (early) uncontrolled stress, the amygdala becomes permanently activated, and via the amygdala, several systems are also activated, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, by the secretion of stress hormones. This permanent activation triggers a physical emergency reaction in the sense of a shock reaction and at the same time leads to a disruption of the storage of information in the hippocampus. The imaginative approach to be a way for children and adolescents with early traumas to recall the dissociated parts of the traumatic scene and hence to find a way of integrating them. The therapeutic relationship allows the pain and fear to be reenacted, but also enables the traumatic situation to be brought to a close. It was able to be shown how the trigger-dependent projections stopped in the children, and changes in personality development were able to be observed. The report presents preliminary results.
Keywords: Attachment Chidlren Biologic Variations Psysiologic Variations Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
78. Keenan, P. (2004, February). Treating non-psychotic morbid jealousy with EMDR utilising cognitive interweave. Presentation at the 2nd annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland Association, Birmingham, UK.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Jealousy is an unwelcomed emotion, which most poeple will have experienced at some time in their lives. In its mildest form, it may be seen as an expression of devoion, however, for some people it can become obsessive and destructive (Mulle, 1991). The possible consequences of this very serious condition can result in suspicion, violence, and the complete breakdown of a relationship. This study highlights the case of man with a long-standing history of jealousy towards his partner. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) would suggest that jealousy was maintained by the person's erroneous assumptioms about sexual behaviour and attractiveness of their partner, a well as pervasive negative schemes of self worth. Any consideration for treatment therefore, needed to address both these areas. The treatment intervention of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) utilising cognitive interweaved was used to reduce the inensity of the jealous reaction. Results showed a marked reduction in the intensity of the emotion of jealosy, which lead to a reduction in the client's challenging and checking behaviours towards his partner. Results also indicate a clear reduction in the client's erroneous automatic negative and jealous thoughts. What is uclear is whether it was the EMDR therapy itself, or a combination of EMDR and other cognitive behavioural therapy interventions that brought about these reductions in symtomatology. Acknowledging the limitations of generalising from single case designs, consideration will be given to the need for further inestigation and research in to the application of EMDR with this client group.
Keywords: Cognitive Interweave Jealousy
Accuracy Verified: Yes
79. Whisman, M. (2000, May 6). Treatment of panic disorder with EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
This presentation will focus on incorporating EMDR into the treatment of panic and phobia. Emphasis will be given to the preparation phase of EMDR: an educational model will be presented which is a necessary prerequisite to processing. A three-level approach to processing will be presented, targeting different cognitions and affect at each level. Level three includes the behavioral aspect of overcoming phobia avoidance. It is Whisman’s experience that a panic disorder can be its own origin (i.e., panic from on overdose of caffeine perpetuates itself because the client does not have the knowledge that s/he experienced a caffeine/adrenaline reaction, not symptoms of impending mental or physical catastrophe); however, panic and phobia can also be symptoms of underlying trauma, acute stress disorder, or PTSD. These distinctions will be discussed and relevant case material will be offered. Targeting, negative and positive cognitions, cognitive interweaves, and resource installation will be addressed as each level is discussed. A videotaped session will be shown: the client enters this session experiencing anxiety, dissociation, and trauma response. Clinical observation and client self-report are demonstrating that EMDR can be an effective treatment component for panic/phobia.
Keywords: Panic Disorder
Accuracy Verified: Yes
80. Ladd, G. (2007). Treatment of psychological injury after a scuba-diving fatality. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, 37(1), 36-39.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
After the death of a student during an ocean scuba training dive, the student's diving instructor was suffering from Acute Stress Disorder, a post-traumatic stress reaction. The treatment of the instructor's distress using a combination of two recognized trauma therapies: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) is described. Improvement was noted after four treatment sessions. The instructor reported further improvement at a two-month follow-up and the positive effects were maintained nineteen months later.
Keywords: Scuba Diving
Accuracy Verified: Yes
81. MacPhee, A. R., & Andrews, J. J. W. (2003, December). Twelve-year review of in vivo exposure: Treating specific phobias in children. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 18(1/2). 183-201. doi:10.1177/082957350301800109.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
This article reviews 15 studies using in vivo exposure to treat specific
phobias in children. Six elements of research methods are considered:
(a) participants clinically diagnosed; (b) subjective, behavioral, and
physiological components of the fear reaction measured; (c) research
design; (d) inclusion of a control group; (e) follow-up data collected; and,
(f) necessity of including other treatments with in vivo exposure. The
studies were obtained through a computerized search of PsycINFO
and CISTI This investigation revealed that all six elements of research
mc-,ethods examined inthis reieware in need ofimprovement. Suggestions
for future research in this area are provided.
Keywords: Children In Vivo Phobias
Accuracy Verified: Yes
82. Snyker, E. (2000, September). Understanding and controlling post EMDR individual session negative responses. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
Participants will: 1) be able to identify the range of reactions post an individual EMDR session, as well as predict how long (hours, days) the reaction may last; 2) be able to identify the emergence of negative reactions to an individual session; 3) have a basic understanding of the mechanism of action underlying positive/negative reactions; and 4) be able to develop strategies for incomplete sessions for those clients who repeatedly have negative reactions and for whom traditonal closings (safe place, RI., relax) do not work.
Keywords: Incomplete Sessions Negative Reactions
Accuracy Verified: Yes
83. Grant, M. (2001). Understanding and treating chronic pain as trauma, with EMDR. Author.
Language: English
Format: Other
Abstract:
It is generally accepted that pain, particularly chronic pain, involves
psychological factors, whether as a reaction to pain (Fordyce 1975; Turk
& Meichenbaum, 1989) or as a predisposing factor for pain (Engel,
1959, Goodwin & Attias, 1999). Different theoretical approaches emphasize
the role of psychological factors differently. For example, Cognitive-
behavioral approaches emphasize people’s reactions [to injury and
pain] as a factor in causing and maintaining pain. One of the main theoretical
constructs of CBT is secondary gain which is based on operant
conditioning and posits that pain can be maintained by ‘rewards’ such as
too much attention or sympathy. Psychodynamic approaches place
more emphasis on pre-existing trauma and emotional states as a causal
factor for chronic pain (Engel, 1959, Goodwin & Attias, 1999). One of
the main psychodynamic theories of pain is .. which posits that pain is ..
There is evidence to suggest that there is some truth to both approaches.
However, the research regarding behavioral theories of
chronic pain has often produced mixed results (..) and been found to
have many problems (King..). However, there is reliable data to suggest
that trauma and emotional processes associated with trauma are often
associated with chronic pain.
Keywords: Chronic Pain Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
84. Gross, L., & Ratner, H. (2002). The use of hypnosis and EMDR combined with energy therapies in the treatment of phobias and dissociative, posttraumatic stress, and eating disorders. In F. P. Gallo (Ed.), Energy psychology in psychotherapy: A comprehensive sourcebook (1st ed.) (pp. 219-231) New York: W. W. Norton.
Language: English
Format: Book Section
Abstract:
The treatment of dissociative disorders, PTSD, eating disorders, and phobias is frequently difficult and traumatic for the client. One author (LG) has been treating clients with a combination of hypnosis, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), thought field therapy, emotional freedom technique, visual kinesthetic dissociation, and other energy field therapies for the purpose of shortening the length of therapy and making it less painful. Clients occasionally feel violated when such energy therapies are used on their own. For those clients it is upsetting to have their symptoms taken away without having any sense of the process involved as it takes place. When this reaction occurs, EMDR and hypnosis can be extremely useful when used in combination with thought field therapy and other energy therapies.To decide which modalities to use for a particular client, a clinician can make use of muscle testing. My experience has been that, except for the simplest cases, none of the therapies alone (i.e., hypnosis, psychotherapy, EMDR, or variations of energy therapies) may be sufficient. The combination, however, is a powerful treatment modality that can accomplish excellent results in a very short time frame. [Text, p. 219]
Keywords: Adults Dissociative Disorders Eating Disorders Energy Psychotherapy Hypnotherapy Phobias Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD TFT Thought Field Therapy Stressors Survivors
Accuracy Verified: Yes
85. Kutz, I. (2007, June). The use of short-term EMDR for symptomic relief of acute stress syndrome in victims of the 2006 Israeli-Lebanese hostilities. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
During the 2006 hostilities between Israel and the Hezbollah militia, many northern Israeli towns were under the continuous threat of rocket bombardment for several weeks. Thirty people who arrived at the general hospital with Acute Stress Reaction (ASR) and were found later to suffer from Acute Stress Syndrome (ASS) were treated by a group of senior EMDR clinicians with a two-session modified EMDR intervention.
The raw results indicate that about 50% of ASS outpatients treated with a brief modified EMDR protocol responded to a single session EMDR with an initial very significant (SUDs dropping or points or more) or a significant alleviation, of their, mostly intrusive, symptoms. The other half of the ASS population showed partial response or no response. We also report the results of a 7 month follow-up of these patients. The advantages and limitations of using the modified brief EMDR protocol in ASS victims are discussed. The response of prolonged war-stress to EMDR is compared to the reason of victim of a single trauma like terrorist attacks and road accidents.
Keywords: Acute Stress Syndrome Early Intervention War
Accuracy Verified: Yes
86. Kutz, I. (2007, June). The use of single session EMDR protocol in acute stress syndromes (ASS). Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
The workshop provides novel concepts regarding the nature of Acute Stress Syndromes following research in Israel. The use of a single session, modified protocol for EMDR in ASS is described, following terror attacks, motor vehicle accidents, and the war with Lebanon. The following themes will be covered in the workshop.
Part one: Novel approaches to Acute Stress Syndromes – Redefining the time axis of SS; the diagnosis of Immediate; Acute Stress Reaction (ASR) and Prediction of Risk Vulnerability: A novel assessment tool; a review of Acute Post Traumatic Stress Syndromes and how they differ from chronic PTSD; the characteristics of intrusive phenomena in ASS; and a phase oriented intervention model for ASS.
Part Two: EMDR in ASS – A brief review regarding the nature of EMDR and PTSD; the modified brief EMDR Protocol; the use of a single session EMDR in ASS – in a GH practice, during terror attacks and following war situations; clinical demonstrations of a single session EMDR in ASS patients (video movies); indications, advantages and precautions using the single session EMDR intervention; and possible psycho-physiological mechanisms.
Keywords: Acute Stress Syndrome Early Intervention
Accuracy Verified: Yes
87. Kemp M., Drummond P., & McDermott B. (2010, January). A wait-list controlled pilot study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for children with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms from motor vehicle accidents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 15(1), 5-25. doi:10.1177/1359104509339086.
Language: English
Format: Journal
Abstract:
The present study investigated the efficacy of four EMDR sessions in comparison to a six-week wait-list control condition in the treatment of 27 children (aged 6 to 12 years) suffering from persistent PTSD symptoms after a motor vehicle accident. An effect for EMDR was identified on primary outcome and process measures including the Child Post-Traumatic Stress - Reaction Index, clinician rated diagnostic criteria for PTSD, Subjective Units of Disturbance and Validity of Cognition scales. All participants initially met two or more PTSD criteria. After EMDR treatment, this decreased to 25% in the EMDR group but remained at 100% in the wait-list group. Parent ratings of their child's PTSD symptoms showed no improvement, nor did a range of non-trauma child self-report and parent-reported symptoms. Treatment gains were maintained at three and 12 month follow-up. These findings support the use of EMDR for treating symptoms of PTSD in children, although further replication and comparison studies are required.
Keywords: Childhood Controlled Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trauma
Accuracy Verified: Yes
88. Yoeli, F. R., & Prattos-Spongalides, T. A. (2006, June). When all you have is 90 minutes: A systemic approach to EMDR case conceptualization in times of stress and/or following crisis. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Istanbul, Turkey.
Language: English
Format: Conference
Abstract:
In crisis situations, hysterical and / or consultation with those working were traumatized, you have only 90 minutes and effectively EMDR should enhance the planning and conceptual. As a learned response to trauma Kuşaksal given to remove a short focused genogram format using EMDR / R will receive severe stress can increase the effectiveness in reducing. This is the case in the study group recommended the use of genogram format and now also the origin of the reaction can be, as concerns of hereditary small t traumas are revealed to the process, advice from the deeper and faster healing is to live. Case examples of different crisis situations (natural disasters, tsunami, a terrorist incident in Israel after a Greek and dysfunctional family) were taken and learned from family members kuşaksal genogram how to influence behavior patterns has been shown to occur. This systemic approach, an improved formulation suggests EMDR cases. This formulation, NC and the PC more effectively as components of EMDR are provided in the determination.
Accuracy Verified: Yes
89. Sack, M. (2008, September). Wirkmechanismen von EMDR [Work mechanisms in EMDR]. Pre-Congress presentation at the 11th Congress of the European Society of Hypnosis in Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
Language: German
Format: Conference
Abstract:
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) ist ein expositionsbasiertes Verfahren zur Behandlung von Patienten mit posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen (PTSD). Während die Wirksamkeit der EMDR-Behandlung empirisch gut nachgewiesen ist, besteht nach wie vor Unklarheit, ob die beim EMDR eingesetzte bilaterale Stimulation durch Augenbewegungen einen spezifischen Effekt hat.
Wir stellen Ergebnisse aus mehreren Studien zum Monitoring autonom-vegetativer Parameter während Traumatherapiesitzungen mit EMDR vor. Es lässt sich unmittelbar nach Beginn der Augenbewegungen ein starker Anstieg des Parasympathikotonus und ein Abfall der Herzfrequenz beobachten. Diese
Reaktion erstreckt sich über etwa 10 Sekunden und entspricht damit dem Verlaufsmuster einer so genannten Orientierungsreaktion auf einen neuen Stimulus. Im Sitzungsverlauf zeigt sich, dass die Herzfrequenz abfällt und der Parasympathikotonus ansteigt. Damit liefern unsere Befunde eine empirische Bestätigung für die Hypothese, dass es während EMDR-Sitzungen zu Orientierungsreaktionen kommt.
Nach unserer Einschätzung werden durch die bilaterale Stimulation biologische Ressourcen aktiviert, die eine Verarbeitung traumatischer Erinnerungen begünstigen.
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is an exposure based method for the treatment of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While the effectiveness of EMDR treatment is well established empirically, there is still uncertainty whether the bilateral stimulation used in EMDR by eye movements has a specific effect.
We present results of several studies on vegetative-autonomous monitoring parameters before, during trauma therapy sessions with EMDR. It can be observed immediately after the start of eye movement, a sharp increase parasympathetic tone and a decrease in heart rate. This reaction extends over about 10 seconds and corresponds to the pattern during a so-called orientation reaction to a new stimulus. During the session shows that decreases the heart rate and increases the parasympathetic tone. Thus our findings provide empirical confirmation for the hypothesis that during EMDR sessions is to guide responses.
In our view be activated by bilateral stimulation of biological resources, encourage the processing of traumatic memories.
Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Mechanisms Vegetative-Autonomous Monitoring Parameters
Accuracy Verified: Yes