Francine Shapiro Library ~ EMDR Bibliography

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1. マーフィ重松, 村川治彦 [Shigematsu Mafi, and Murakawa Haruhiko]. (2001年12月). 第4巻トラウマ治療のためのＥＭＤＲ [EMDR treatment for trauma, Volume 3]. 心理療法のための日本語研究所：東京 [Japanese Institute for Psychotherapy: Tokyo].

Language: Japanese

Format: Video

Abstract:
ＥＭＤＲ（眼球運動による脱感作と再処理法）は認知的、行動的、精神力動的、生理学的、相互作用的といった主要な心理療法の様々な要素を含む複雑な治療的アプローチである。これまで眼球運動の刺激の面だけが注目を集めてきたが、ＥＭＤＲには８つの段階の介入法があり、クライアントが比較的落ち着いた状態のままできるだけ短い期間で深く総合的な治療の効果をあげることを目指している。

EMDR (and re-treatment of eye movement desensitization) is a cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, physiological, and therapeutic approaches for a complex variety of elements such as the main interactive psychotherapy. The plane had just paid attention to this eye movement stimulation, EMDR has a eight-step interventions, the overall effect of treatment remains deeply as possible in a short period comparatively calm clients It aims to give.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

2. Tsuchimochi, S. (2010, July). The possibility of EMDR use with juvenile delinquents. Poster presented at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of EMDR use with juvenile delinquents, such as improvements of physical and mental mal-adjustment, emotion control, self-recognition and attitudes toward others. It also examined under which conditions in the judicial proceedings, it is possible to apply the EMDR therapy to juveniles. Methods: Three delinquents whose cases were in the Family Court process, were selected as participants in view of effectiveness, safety and validity. The measurement scales are as follows: (a)IES-R, (b)the Life Gram ( a wavy line drawn by the participant to describe one’s own life from the birth to present in the range of +10 and -10.), (c)SUDs, VOC, (d)self-reported impression by the participant, and (e)observation by the writer. Self-tapping on knees under the instruction by the writer was used as the bilateral stimulation. Each participant was interviewed four or five times during 4 weeks. Baseline measurements were done on 1st or 2nd interview, while post measurements were done on 4th or 5th interview after the EMDR session was held on 3rd or 4th time. Results: Results showed clear improvements by one EMDR intervention in two cases out of three. Insufficient care could be the reason for the absence of improvement with one participant. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the EMDR is effective for the improvements of the various symptoms and problems of the juvenile delinquents, if being properly applied on the certain guidelines set for them.

Keywords: Juvenile Delinquents Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

3. Ouellette, D. W. (2007, September-October). "Getting the war out:" New paradigms for healing post-traumatic stress. Natural Life News & Directory.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
EMDR is a psychotherapeutic approach developed by Francine Shapiro that uses dual attention stimulation, such as eye movements, bilateral sound, or bilateral tactile stimulation, to resolve symptoms resulting from exposure to a traumatic or distressing event. Clinical trials have demonstrated EMDR's efficacy in the treatment of PTSD. It has shown to be more effective than some alternative treatments and equivalent to cognitive behavioral and exposure therapies.Although some clinicians may use EMDR for various problems, its research support is primarily for disorders stemming from distressing life experiences.

Keywords: Combat Veterans War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

4. フランシーンシャピロ, マーゴット・シルクフォレスト, 市井雅哉 (翻訳) [Shapiro, F., and Forrest, M. S. (Ichii Masaya translator)] (2006年2月). トラウマからの解放:EMDR [EMDR: The breakthrough therapy for overcoming anxiety, stress and trauma]. 大阪：Nikeisha.

Language: Japanese

Format: Book

Abstract:
EMDR、または眼球運動脱感作と再処理、目の動きやハンドタップなどのリズミカルな刺激を利用して外傷の犠牲者を治療するための新しい非伝統的な、非常に短期的な治療法です。シャピロ氏は、臨床心理学者と仲間のアプローチを開発したカリフォルニア州パロアルトで、精神研究所で、これのようにわずか3として90分EMDRセッションは、患者の無効化の不安を軽減した例が報告されます。彼女は1987年に技術を開発する方法説明して、シャピロ氏は、治療について説明しますように機能するかについて、なぜ研究を支援し引き合いに出して推理。彼女はリズミカルな刺激は、プロセスのジャンプに固有の起動することを示唆していると、それらはとても自然治癒を始めることが立ち往生している外傷体験の処理を開始して犠牲者を有効にするには脳の情報処理システムを加速させます。ライターForrestは手法の有効性を実証する数多くのEMDRトレーニングを積んだセラピストによるケーススタディを掴んで提示？とりわけ、心的外傷後ストレスとベトナムのベテランは、夜の恐怖、レイプ被害者の母親と子供もほぼ悲しみに麻痺息子の死の翌年。他の研究は、終末期の患者の成功を支援麻薬中毒者を報告する。

EMDR, or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, is a new, nontraditional, very short-term therapy for treating trauma victims that utilizes rhythmical stimulation such as eye movements or hand taps. Shapiro, a clinical psychologist and fellow at the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto, Calif., who developed the approach, reports cases in which as few as three 90-minute EMDR sessions have relieved patients' disabling anxiety. Explaining how she developed the technique in 1987, Shapiro describes the treatment, theorizes about why it works and cites supporting research. She suggests that the rhythmical stimulation inherent in the process jump starts and accelerates the brain's information processing system to enable the victims to begin to process the traumatic experiences in which they have been stuck so that natural healing can begin. Writer Forrest presents gripping case studies from numerous EMDR-trained therapists to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique?among others, a Vietnam veteran with post-traumatic stress, a child with night terrors, a rape victim and a mother still nearly paralyzed with grief a year after her son's death. Other studies report success helping drug addicts and the terminally ill.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5. 岡田太陽越川房子市井雅哉 [Okada Taiyo, Fusako Koshikawa, and Ichii Masaya]. (2006). 両側性の刺激が状態不安に与える効果 [Effects of bilateral stimulation of state anxiety]. 人間開発と臨床心理学、12、73から79のジャーナル [Journal of Human Development and Clinical Psychology, 12, 73-79].

Language: Japanese

Format: Journal

Keywords: Anxiety Bilateral Stimulation BLS

Accuracy Verified: Yes

6. [Chang Sue-Hwang, & Lin C.-P.]. （2004年9月）. 從快速眼動到EM在EMDR的：跳視眼球運動和變化的語義關係的強度 [From REM to EM in EMDR: Saccadic eye movements and change of strength of semantic associations]. 在提交的文件第43次年度會議在台灣心理學會，研討會焦慮症：心理素質，調解員和治療問題。政大大學，台北，台灣，9月26日。（國科會92 -2815- C型002 -072- H）的 [Presentation at the 43rd Annual Conferences on Taiwan Psychological Association, Symposium on Anxiety Disorders: Diatheses, Mediators and Therapeutic Implications. Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan, September 26. (NSC 92-2815-C-002-072-H)].

Language: Chinese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
研讨会焦虑症：糖尿病，调解员和治疗的影响;（国科会92 - 2825 -架C - 002 - 072 - H）的研究背景及目的：本研究从快速眼动睡眠的眼动脱敏和再加工（EMDR）治疗的可能机制依赖内存后处理模型（夏皮罗，1995年; Stickgold，2002年）的建议，通过睡眠诱导活化的弱协会在REM国家和新兴市场在联想记忆改变运作为REM睡眠融入一般语义记忆创伤的情节记忆。该协会的新兴市场对语义变化的影响后，跳视眼球运动是双边审查了本研究。方法：22名大学生被招募参加者。通过语义启动的任务，一个2（眼球运动情况：水平跳视眼球运动主场迎战没有眼球运动）× 2（语义关联的强度：强主场迎战弱）因子之间的题目设计进行审查的EM在变化的影响强度为否定词的语义联想。为负的刺激弱协会primeability改变反对强者来，根据不同的电磁环境进行了比较。结果：2 × 2方差分析结果表明了显着的主要电磁效应和电磁×语义联想实力显着交互作用，显示弱吸大大超过了强大的电磁吸后，而恰恰相反后非统。结论：研究结果呼应快速眼动睡眠相关记忆加工模式，认为在EMDR电磁可能反映了联想记忆系统通过激活不同的语义相关的词负语义节点协会不同强度的转变。对心理治疗的可能性和未来研究的结果所造成的影响进行了讨论。

Symposium on Anxiety Disorders: Diabetes, Mediators and Therapeutic Implications; (NSC 92-2825-C-002-072-H) Research background & aims: This study examined possible therapeutic mechanisms of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) from REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model (Shapiro, 1995; Stickgold, 2002) that proposed that sleep induced change in associative memory via activation of weak association during REM state and EMs functioned as REM sleep to integrate the episodic memory of trauma into general semantic memory. The effect of EM on change of semantic associations after saccadic bilateral eye movements was examined in the present study. Methods: Twenty two college students were recruited as participants. Via semantic priming task, a 2 (eye movement condition: horizontal saccadic eye movements vs. no eye movements) × 2 (strength of semantic association: strong vs. weak) between subject factorial design was performed to examine the effect of EM on change of strength of semantic association for negative words. Change of primeability of weak associations for negative stimuli as opposed to that of strong ones under different EM conditions was compared. Results: The 2 × 2 ANOVA showed a significant main effect for EM and a significant interaction effect of EM × strength of semantic association, indicating that weak priming significantly exceeded strong priming after EM, while the opposite was true after non-EM. Conclusions: The results echoed REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, suggesting that EM in EMDR might reflect a shift in associative memory systems by activating different strength of associations of negative semantic nodes for different semantically related words. The implications of the results for psychotherapy and future research possibilities are discussed.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Postttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD REM REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Saccadic Eye Movement Semantic Association Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

7. Hofmann, A. (2008年10月). 心理创伤治疗的新发展及作为新疗法的EMDR(眼动脱敏再加工疗法) [New developments in the treatment of psychological trauma and EMDR as a new treatment method]. 第五届世界心理治疗大会论文 [Presentation at the 5th World Congress for Psychotherapy, Beijing, China].

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR（眼动脱敏再加工疗法）就是其中一种新兴的治疗方法。该方法是加利福尼亚的研究者弗朗辛•夏皮罗博士于1987年至1990年间发展出来的，即当病人面临其创伤记忆时，使用诸如眼动的双侧刺激。控制组研究表明，EMDR是治疗创伤障碍的最为行之有效的方法之一，而...

EMDR is one of the new treatments. This approach was developed by a California researcher Dr. Francine Shapiro between 1987 and 1990, i.e. when a patient is in the processing of the trauma memories, bilateral stimulation is used, such as eye movements. A control study indicates that EMDR is one of the most effective treatments of PTSD, but…

Keywords: Advances Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

8. 孙海霞，杨蕴萍 [Sun Hai Xia, Yang Yun Ping]. (2004, August). 眼动脱敏与再加工治疗现状 [The psychotherapy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing]. 中国临床心理学杂志，2004，12（3）：324 [Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 12(3), 324-326].

Language: Chinese

Format: Journal

Abstract:
眼动脱敏与再加工(Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing ,以下简称EMDR) 由Francine Shapiro 于1987 年创立,最初仅为眼动脱敏( EMD) ,1991 年发展为眼动脱敏与再加工,其中眼动脱敏仅是EMDR 中双侧刺激的一种,而双侧刺激是EMDR 操作中众多组分的一部分。EMDR 是一种整合的心理疗法,它借鉴了控制论(cybernetics) 、精神分析、行为、认知、生理学等多种学派的精华,建构了加速信息处理的模式,帮助患者迅速降低焦虑,并且诱导积极情感、唤起患者对内的洞察、观念转变和行为改变以及加强内部资源,使患者能够达到理想的行为和人际关系改变[1 ] 。本文拟对EMDR 的有关机理与实践应用作一综述。

(Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, hereinafter referred to as EMDR) Francine Shapiro in 1987 by the creation of an initial eye movement desensitization only (EMD), 1991 years of development for the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, which EMDR eye movement desensitization only in a bilateral stimulation, and EMDR bilateral stimulation is part of the operation of many components. EMDR is an integrated psychological therapy, which draw on the control theory (cybernetics), psychoanalysis, behavioral, cognitive, physiological, and other schools of the essence of information processing to speed up construction of the model, to help patients rapidly reduce anxiety, and induce positive affect, arouse patients insight into the internal, the concept of change and behavior change and the strengthening of internal resources, so that patients can achieve the desired changes in behavior and interpersonal relationships [1]. This paper about the mechanism of EMDR reviews the application and practice.

Keywords: Mechanism of Action Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

9. 李元華 [Li Yuan-Hua]. (2008). 眼動在眼動減敏訊息再處理法中的療效機制探討：干擾自然眼動對回憶的影響 [The therapeutic mechanism of eye movements in EMDR: The effect of interrupting spontaneous eye movements during recollections]. 國立台灣大學心理學研究所，台灣 [National Taiwan University Graduate Institute of Psychology, Taiwan].

Language: Chinese

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
李元華眼動在眼動減敏訊息再處理法中的療效機制探討：干擾自然眼動對回憶的影響臺灣大學
本研究探討雙側眼動在眼動減敏訊息再處理法(Eye movement Desensitization and reprocessing; EMDR)中的所扮演的角色，過去研究認為雙側眼動可以降低回憶時的影像鮮明度與情緒強度。本研究除了擬再次驗證此一論點外，同時也提出進一步的假設：雙側眼動干擾了個體在回憶創傷經驗時的自然眼動，進而降低其在回憶時的影像畫面清晰度以及情緒強度。參與者為132名的修習普通心理學的台大學生。本研究操弄三種不同的眼動方式來探討不同的眼動干擾對正、負向自傳式回憶的影像鮮明程度、情緒強度以及心跳速率的影響，並且也記錄了參與者在回憶時自然眼動的方向性，即CLEMs (Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements)。本研究所操弄的眼動變項為眼動組、凝視組以及自然回憶組，眼動組又可分為水平眼動以及垂直眼動二操弄組、凝視組又可分為左凝視與右凝視二操弄組。結果顯示CLEMs的方向性在正負向回憶中是一致的，整體來說偏右向次數大於左向，此並不符合情緒側化理論或情緒右腦理論。另外，相較於非眼動組，眼動組對鮮明度與情緒強度的下降程度最大，凝視組次之，自然回憶組則有上升趨勢。在眼動組中水平或垂直眼動的操弄在鮮明度與情緒強度上並無差異，而凝視組中的右凝視操弄組對影像鮮明度以及情緒強度的下降程度較左凝視操弄組大，此結果並不支持水平雙側眼動的特別療效，也不支持情緒側化理論，而較可能支持情緒右腦理論。在負向回憶時的心跳速率指標方面，眼動組並無上升趨勢，但非眼動組則有上升趨勢出現。研究結果支持眼動干擾了個體在回憶創傷經驗時的自然眼動，進而降低其在回憶時的影像畫面清晰度以及情緒強度。本研究最後對各眼動理論做了討論以提出整合性的觀點。

This study examines the role of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Previous studies have pointed that eye movements could decrease the vividness and emotionality during imagery. Besides replicating previous studies, this study proposes a hypothesis: bilateral eye movements interrupt the patients’ spontaneous eye movements during traumatic recollections and decrease the vividness and emotionality of imagery. Participants are 132 NTU undergraduate students enrolled in the general psychology course. This study manipulates three conditions of eye movements in order to realize the effect of different interruptions to vividness, emotionality and heart rate during positive and negative autobiographic recollections. It also records the directions of spontaneous eye movements during recall, namely CLEMs (Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements). The three conditions of the experiment are eye movement, gaze and mere imagery conditions. The eye movement condition is divided into horizontal and vertical movement groups and the gaze condition is divided into left and right gaze groups. Results show that the directions of CLEMs in positive and negative recollections are coherent, however the numbers of rightward gazes are more than leftward gazes. The valence-specific laterality hypothesis and the right hemisphere hypothesis of emotion both are not supported by the findings of CLEMs. In addition, the strongest interruption of vividness and emotionality is eye movement condition, followed by the gaze condition, while increasing in mere imagery condition. Vividness and emotionality are not significantly different between the horizontal and the vertical eye movement groups in the eye movement condition, however, the interruption of vividness and emotionality in the right gaze group is stronger than the left gaze group. According to these findings, the special effect of horizontal eye movements is not supported, neither is valence-specific laterality hypothesis. However, The right hemisphere hypothesis may be supported. In negative recollections, the heart rate does not have any trend in the eye movement condition, but increasing in gaze condition and nearly increasing in mere imagery condition. In summary, the results support the hypothesis: bilateral eye movements interrupt the patients’ spontaneous eye movements during traumatic recollections and decrease the vividness and emotionality of imagery. Lastly, the study discusses the theories of eye movements in EMDR, and proposes an integrated perspective.[Author abstract]

Keywords: Autobiographic Memory Eye Movement Valence-Specific Hypothesis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

10. 李元華 [Li YuanHua] (2008). 眼動在眼動減敏訊息再處理法中的療效機制探討：干擾自然眼動對回憶的影響 [The Therapeutic Mechanism of Eye Movements in EMDR: The effect of interrupting spontaneous eye movements during recollections]. 國立台灣大學，台灣 [National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of PsychologyTaiwan].

Language: Chinese

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
本研究探討的作用眼球運動在眼動脫敏和再加工（EMDR的）。以往的研究指出，眼球運動能降低生動性和情感中的圖像。除了複製以前的研究，本研究提出一個假設：雙側眼球運動中斷了病人的自發性眼球運動創傷的回憶中，減少了生動性和情感性的意象。參加者為 132台大本科生參加了普通心理學課程。本研究操縱三個條件眼球運動，以實現不同的效果中斷生動，情緒和心率在正面和負面的自傳回憶。它也記錄眼球運動方向的自發召回期間，即克萊姆斯（共軛側眼動）。這三個條件的實驗是眼球運動，僅僅是圖像的目光和條件。眼動條件分為水平和垂直運動的團體和凝視條件分為左，右的目光群體。結果表明，該方向的克萊姆斯在正面和負面的回憶是一致的，但數字的右向左凝視超過凝視。價的具體偏側假說和右半球假說的情感都是不支持的調查結果克萊姆斯。此外，最強的中斷生動，情感的是眼睛的運行狀況，其次是凝視條件，而僅僅是提高圖像的條件。生動性和情緒之間沒有顯著不同的水平和垂直眼球運動團體在眼球運動狀況，但是，中斷的生動性和情緒在右凝視組強於左側凝視小組。根據這些發現，特效水平眼球運動不支持，也不是價的具體偏側假說。然而，右半球假說可能得到支持。在負的回憶，心率沒有任何的趨勢，在眼球運動的條件，但越來越多的目光幾乎增加條件和單純的意象條件。總之，結果支持這一假設：雙側眼球運動中斷了病人的自發性眼球運動創傷的回憶中，減少了生動性和情感性的意象。最後，本研究探討的理論眼球運動在EMDR的，並提出一個綜合觀點。

This study examines the role of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Previous studies have pointed that eye movements could decrease the vividness and emotionality during imagery. Besides replicating previous studies, this study proposes a hypothesis: bilateral eye movements interrupt the patients’ spontaneous eye movements during traumatic recollections and decrease the vividness and emotionality of imagery. Participants are 132 NTU undergraduate students enrolled in the general psychology course. This study manipulates three conditions of eye movements in order to realize the effect of different interruptions to vividness, emotionality and heart rate during positive and negative autobiographic recollections. It also records the directions of spontaneous eye movements during recall, namely CLEMs (Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements). The three conditions of the experiment are eye movement, gaze and mere imagery conditions. The eye movement condition is divided into horizontal and vertical movement groups and the gaze condition is divided into left and right gaze groups. Results show that the directions of CLEMs in positive and negative recollections are coherent, however the numbers of rightward gazes are more than leftward gazes. The valence-specific laterality hypothesis and the right hemisphere hypothesis of emotion both are not supported by the findings of CLEMs. In addition, the strongest interruption of vividness and emotionality is eye movement condition, followed by the gaze condition, while increasing in mere imagery condition. Vividness and emotionality are not significantly different between the horizontal and the vertical eye movement groups in the eye movement condition, however, the interruption of vividness and emotionality in the right gaze group is stronger than the left gaze group. According to these findings, the special effect of horizontal eye movements is not supported, neither is valence-specific laterality hypothesis. However, The right hemisphere hypothesis may be supported. In negative recollections, the heart rate does not have any trend in the eye movement condition, but increasing in gaze condition and nearly increasing in mere imagery condition. In summary, the results support the hypothesis: bilateral eye movements interrupt the patients’ spontaneous eye movements during traumatic recollections and decrease the vividness and emotionality of imagery. Lastly, the study discusses the theories of eye movements in EMDR, and proposes an integrated perspective.

Keywords: Autobiographic Memory Valence-Specific Hypothesis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

11. 李元華, 張素凰 [Li Yuan-Hua, & Chang Sue Hwang] (2008). 眼動在眼動減敏訊息再處理法中的療效機制探討：干擾自然 [The therapeutic mechanism of eye movements in EMDR: the effect of interrupting spontaneous eye movements during recollections]. 臺灣大學:心理學研究所 [Taiwan: Institute of Psychology].

Language: Chinese

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
本研究探討雙側眼動在眼動減敏訊息再處理法(Eye movement Desensitization and reprocessing; EMDR)中的所扮演的角色，過去研究認為雙側眼動可以降低回憶時的影像鮮明度與情緒強度。本研究除了擬再次驗證此一論點外，同時也提出進一步的假設：雙側眼動干擾了個體在回憶創傷經驗時的自然眼動，進而降低其在回憶時的影像畫面清晰度以及情緒強度。參與者為132 名的修習普通心理學的台大學生。本研究操弄三種不同的眼動方式來探討不同的眼動干擾對正、負向自傳式回憶的影像鮮明程度、情緒強度以及心跳速率的影響，並且也記錄了參與者在回憶時自然眼動的方向性，即CLEMs (Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements)。本研究所操弄的眼動變項為眼動組、凝視組以及自然回憶組，眼動組又可分為水平眼動以及垂直眼動二操弄組、凝視組又可分為左凝視與右凝視二操弄組。結果顯示CLEMs 的方向性在正負向回憶中是一致的，整體來說偏右向次數大於左向，此並不符合情緒側化理論或情緒右腦理論。另外，相較於非眼動組，眼動組對鮮明度與情緒強度的下降程度最大，凝視組次之，自然回憶組則有上升趨勢。在眼動組中水平或垂直眼動的操弄在鮮明度與情緒強度上並無差異，而凝視組中的右凝視操弄組對影像鮮明度以及情緒強度的下降程度較左凝視操弄組大，此結果並不支持水平雙側眼動的特別療效，也不支持情緒側化理論，而較可能支持情緒右腦理論。在負向回憶時的心跳速率指標方面，眼動組並無上升趨勢，但非眼動組則有上升趨勢出現。研究結果支持眼動干擾了個體在回憶創傷經驗時的自然眼動，進而降低其在回憶時的影像畫面清晰度以及情緒強度。本研究最後對各眼動理論做了討論以提出整合性的觀點。

This study examines the role of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Previous studies have pointed that eye movements could decrease the vividness and emotionality during imagery. Besides replicating previous studies, this study proposes a hypothesis: bilateral eye movements interrupt the patients’ spontaneous eye movements during traumatic recollections and decrease the vividness and emotionality of imagery. Participants are 132 NTU undergraduate students enrolled in the general psychology course. This study manipulates three conditions of eye movements in order to realize the effect of different interruptions to vividness, emotionality and heart rate during positive and negative autobiographic recollections. It also records the directions of spontaneous eye movements during recall, namely CLEMs (Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements). The three conditions of the experiment are eye movement, gaze and mere imagery conditions. The eye movement condition is divided into horizontal and vertical movement groups and the gaze condition is divided into left and right gaze groups. Results show that the directions of CLEMs in positive and negative recollections are coherent, however the numbers of rightward gazes are more than leftward gazes. The valence-specific laterality hypothesis and the right hemisphere hypothesis of emotion both are not supported by the findings of CLEMs. In addition, the strongest interruption of vividness and emotionality is eye movement condition, followed by the gaze condition, while increasing in mere imagery condition. Vividness and emotionality are not significantly different between the horizontal and the vertical eye movement groups in the eye movement condition, however, the interruption of vividness and emotionality in the right gaze group is stronger than the left gaze group. According to these findings, the special effect of horizontal eye movements is not supported, neither is valence-specific laterality hypothesis. However, The right hemisphere hypothesis may be supported. In negative recollections, the heart rate does not have any trend in the eye movement condition, but increasing in gaze condition and nearly increasing in mere imagery condition. In summary, the results support the hypothesis: bilateral eye movements interrupt the patients’ spontaneous eye movements during traumatic recollections and decrease the vividness and emotionality of imagery. Lastly, the study discusses the theories of eye movements in EMDR, and proposes an integrated perspective.This study examines the role of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Previous studies have pointed that eye movements could decrease the vividness and emotionality during imagery. Besides replicating previous studies, this study proposes a hypothesis: bilateral eye movements interrupt the patients’ spontaneous eye movements during traumatic recollections and decrease the vividness and emotionality of imagery. Participants are 132 NTU undergraduate students enrolled in the general psychology course. This study manipulates three conditions of eye movements in order to realize the effect of different interruptions to vividness, emotionality and heart rate during positive and negative autobiographic recollections. It also records the directions of spontaneous eye movements during recall, namely CLEMs (Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements). The three conditions of the experiment are eye movement, gaze and mere imagery conditions. The eye movement condition is divided into horizontal and vertical movement groups and the gaze condition is divided into left and right gaze groups. Results show that the directions of CLEMs in positive and negative recollections are coherent, however the numbers of rightward gazes are more than leftward gazes. The valence-specific laterality hypothesis and the right hemisphere hypothesis of emotion both are not supported by the findings of CLEMs. In addition, the strongest interruption of vividness and emotionality is eye movement condition, followed by the gaze condition, while increasing in mere imagery condition. Vividness and emotionality are not significantly different between the horizontal and the vertical eye movement groups in the eye movement condition, however, the interruption of vividness and emotionality in the right gaze group is stronger than the left gaze group. According to these findings, the special effect of horizontal eye movements is not supported, neither is valence-specific laterality hypothesis. However, The right hemisphere hypothesis may be supported. In negative recollections, the heart rate does not have any trend in the eye movement condition, but increasing in gaze condition and nearly increasing in mere imagery condition. In summary, the results support the hypothesis: bilateral eye movements interrupt the patients’ spontaneous eye movements during traumatic recollections and decrease the vividness and emotionality of imagery. Lastly, the study discusses the theories of eye movements in EMDR, and proposes an integrated perspective.

Keywords: autobiographic Memory Eye Movements Valence-Specific Hypothesis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

12. Koshal, A. (2010, June). The 4-fields-technic in the traumatherapy of complex traumatized and drug-addicted people (in methadone-treatment). In Addictions. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Nowadays several international studies demonstrate that the problem of drug-addiction is very often found in combination with complex traumatization in early childhood and youth. (Felitti. 2903; Kufner et al. 2000; Langeland et al. 2006; Schmidt, 2000 etc.) As we all know PTSD and the other trauma symptoms cause a lot of psychophysical dysregulation. So the psychiatrist Khantrian postulated already 1985 the "self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders". Janina Fisher, Trauma Center Boston, 2000, called this assumed combination of trauma-consequences and drug-addiction, "compensatory strategies aimed at self-regulation" In many years of working with drug-addicted people it became very obvious that a high percentage of this people are using drugs, for example to calm down after being aggressive, may be caused by an argue: or to reduce strong inner tensions; to sleep without nightmares, to alleviate the feeling of helplessness and fear etc. Drugs and alcohol do reduce all the mentioned symptoms for a while. To learn to cope in another, more adaptive way, the addicted people need to learn alternatives strategies for a good functioning self-regulation. After stabilization, the trauma therapy can start, so the patient can reduce some of the sources of psychophysiological dysregulation. Even when the addicted people still get methadone psychotherapy is possible. Practical experience over a long time. started 1990, did show a lot of successful treatments and that methadone does not interfere a traumatherapy. The 4-Fields-Technic is a special method of EMDR that was developed by Jarero et al. 1997 in Mexico after a hurricane disaster. Dorothee Lansch modified the group method into a therapy-setting for single persons. For complex traumatized and drug-addicted people this technic is very helpful. The focus is more easy to keep in mind, - in front of the eyes. In the 4-Fields-Technic the patient focuses on a self-painted picture, that represents the worst part of a trauma experience. The patient keeps his focus on this picture, combined with bilateral stimulation, till he feels the picture should be changed. And so the process is going on till finished. The participant will be able to learn: - about the correlation between complex trauma and drug-addiction - that drug-addicted people who get methadone are able to do trauma therapy -the 4-Fieids-Technic as a method to create resources. Psychotherapy and specially psychotraumatherapy with drug-addicted people who are as well in a methadone-treatment is for many therapists still controversial. This presentation will give you an idea how good it can work, based on various case series.

Keywords: 4-Fields-Technic Complex Trauma Drug Addiciton Methodone Treatment Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

13. Talwar, S. (2007, February). Accessing traumatic memory through art making: An art therapy trauma protocol (ATTP). The Arts in Psychotherapy, 34(1), 22-35. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2006.09.001.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In this article I propose an art therapy trauma protocol (ATTP) designed to address the non-verbal core of traumatic memory. Trauma theorists [van der Kolk, B.A. (2003). Frontiers in trauma treatment. Presented at the R. Cassidy Seminars, St. Louis, MO 2004; Steele, W. & Raider, M. (2001). Structured Sensory Intervention for Traumatized Children, Adolescents and Parents-Strategies to Alleviate Trauma. New York: The Edwin Mellen Press] have endorsed alternative treatment methods such as eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR), body-based psychotherapy, and expressive arts therapy as an alternative to verbal psychotherapy. Following an overview of the role of memory and emotions in trauma and theories of art making and brain function, I describe a protocol that has had success in integrating the cognitive, emotional and physiological levels of trauma drawing on EMDR, McNamee’s bilateral art and Michelle Cassou’s method of painting. A one-session example serves to illustrate its use.

Keywords: Arts Bilateral Art Body-Based Psychotherapy Expressive Arts

Accuracy Verified: Yes

14. Savneet, T. (2007). Accessing traumatic memory through art making: An art therapy trauma protocol (ATTP). The Arts in Psychotherapy, 34(1), 22-35. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2006.09.001.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In this article I propose an art therapy trauma protocol (ATTP) designed to address the non-verbal core of traumatic memory. Trauma theorists [van der Kolk, B.A. (2003). Frontiers in trauma treatment. Presented at the R. Cassidy Seminars, St. Louis, MO 2004; Steele, W. & Raider, M. (2001). Structured Sensory Intervention for Traumatized Children, Adolescents and Parents-Strategies to Alleviate Trauma. New York: The Edwin Mellen Press] have endorsed alternative treatment methods such as eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR), body-based psychotherapy, and expressive arts therapy as an alternative to verbal psychotherapy. Following an overview of the role of memory and emotions in trauma and theories of art making and brain function, I describe a protocol that has had success in integrating the cognitive, emotional and physiological levels of trauma drawing on EMDR, McNamee's bilateral art and Michelle Cassou's method of painting. A one-session example serves to illustrate its use.

Keywords: Art Therapy Art Therapy Trauma Protocol ATTP Creative Arts Therapy Creativity Emotions Memory Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

15. Barreda-Hanson, C. (2012, Septiember). Adaptación del EMDR y terapia breve centrada en el cliente para cambiar percepciones negativas y traumaticas [EMDR adaption of brief client-centered therapy to change negative and traumatic perceptions]. Presentación en la 70 Conferencia Anual del International Council of Psychologist(ICP), Sevilla, España.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
El estrés subsiguiente después de un traumatismo, representa un trastorno disfuncional – tanto interno como externo – que se manifiesta en alteraciones en el reconocimiento cognitivo y en los comportamientos, llevando además asociados síntomas somáticos, afloramiento de problemas inconscientes y ansiedades. Pues una de las características del estrés post-traumático, es precisamente la pérdida de equilibrio entre el mundo interno y externo de quien lo sufre. Por eso, ante la complejidad de las respuestas post-traumáticas, éstas se pueden catalogar en gran medida dentro de las perturbaciones psicopatológicas. El estrés psicológico surge por una situación estresante “real”, externa, tangible y la reacción ante esta difícil experiencia, evoca un conjunto bastante universal y coherente de síntomas y respuestas que provocan reacciones primitivas relacionadas con temores inconscientes ante las amenazas a la vida, que hacen aflorar incipientemente fantasías e impulsos abrumadores. Los resultados son los pensamientos disfuncionales que conducen a las respuestas y a los comportamientos desadaptativos. Objetivos: el taller está diseñado para proporcionar a estudiantes y profesionales de la Psicología – que trabajan o desean trabajar en esta área del trauma y el cambio de comportamientos -, la habilidad para utilizar eficaz y rápidamente intervenciones breves, que puedan poner en practicar incluso en casa. En el taller se estudiará la forma inicial de evaluar, tanto al trauma como a la clientela. Se trabajará la historia del trauma y se profundizará en sus consecuencias y en cómo diseñar las intervenciones breves para hacerles frente. También se centrará en averiguar qué cambios quieren los y las clientes a través de relatos y visualizaciones, utilizando una adaptación de las terapias EMDR y la Solución Enfocada tanto a crear el cambio deseado, como a mantenerlo. En consecuencia el taller es de particular interés para quienes trabajan con personas que han sufrido cualquier tipo de trauma, o quienes perciben acontecimientos de la vida, experiencias, etc. que les afectan de forma negativa en su día a día. También es útil para las personas que sufren de TOC, sobre todo trastornos del pensamiento. Los aspectos más útiles de las dos técnicas que se han adaptado junto con otras innovaciones de la autora, guardan relación con la creación de un ambiente seguro, no-traumático, que actúa rápidamente y que además, se puede realizar en casa sin peligro de consecuencias negativas. Objetivos específicos: 1. Ser capaz de describir e identificar las manifestaciones del trauma. 2. Aprender y describir dos técnicas terapéuticas breves en el tratamiento del trauma 3. Definir una técnica breve terapéutica que puede ser utilizada para fomentar el cambio 4. Destacar el rol del o de la terapeuta durante el tratamiento de los traumatismos 5. Ser capaz de describir, diseñar y establecer metas de la terapia y promover cambios mediante el uso de técnicas de terapia breve. Métodos: la Desensibilización y Reprocesamiento por Movimientos Oculares (EMDR), es un método complejo e integrador de la psicoterapia individual, mediante el que se guía al cliente utilizando un procedimiento para acceder a sus experiencias y resolver sus problemas conductuales y emocionales. El EMDR utiliza elementos de múltiples orientaciones psicoterapéuticas tanto psicodinámicas, como cognitivo- conductuales, enfoques centrados en el cliente, gestalt y bioenergéticos. La premisa subyacente de EMDR es que las experiencias de pánico y ansiedad se procesan de forma diferente por el cerebro que las experiencias habituales. La teoría subyacente es que durante el estrés, la memoria grava en una parte del cerebro responsable de las emociones de modulación (la amígdala) y se cierra temporalmente otra parte del cerebro (el hipocampo), responsable de procesamiento de la memoria normal. La experiencia traumática queda atrapada en el exterior y potencialmente no forma parte del procesamiento normal del cerebro, y el EMDR permite a la persona acceder a la experiencia y transformarla en memoria declarativa en el hipocampo. Con el método EMDR, el hipocampo se puede abrir a las emociones evocadas por la experiencia para que el/la cliente pueda soportarlas mientras se realiza el tratamiento. La distracción y la atención a la estimulación bilateral, desempeñan un importante papel que ayuda al cliente a experimentar las emociones como tolerables. Aunque cómo la distracción bilateral en concreto, facilita el procesamiento de las experiencias dolorosas, sea algo que todavía no se termina de entender. Por otra parte, las Intervenciones Breves de Terapias enfocadas al Cliente se centran en las excepciones del problema, pensando que a continuación se desarrollará un cambio natural en el comportamiento. Es una especie de visión orientada no en las formas tradicionales, sino hacia el futuro, sin profundizar demasiado en la “patología” sino más bien centrándose en lo que el sistema puede hacer para adaptarse a ella, puesto que ambos pueden decidir si esa “patología” es un problema o no lo es. Las Intervenciones de Terapia Breve enfocadas al Cliente se utilizan para resolver una variedad de problemas de comportamientos y actitudes, mediante el uso de los propios recursos de los y las clientes y las observaciones de las estrategias que utilizan para alcanzar los resultados deseados, en sus situaciones vitales habituales. Se trata de una buena técnica para establecer y mantener un contexto de cambio en el que los pequeños, pero útiles cambios, se anticipan y se buscan. En definitiva, la combinación de ambas técnicas con algunas variaciones desarrolladas por la Dra. Barreda-Hanson, han demostrado ser una herramienta poderosa para mejorar la respuesta al tratamiento en un período de tiempo más corto, teniendo también la ventaja de permitir practicar los ejercicios en casa. Aplicaciones: la aplicación habitual del EMDR ha sido el tratamiento de trastornos emocionales relacionados con eventos muy perturbadores o traumáticos. Pero también se usa para trabajar síntomas preocupantes como la ansiedad, la depresión, la culpa y la ira. E igualmente, se puede utilizar para mejorar recursos emocionales tales como la confianza y la autoestima. Procedimientos: - El taller se impartirá en español y el alumnado recibirá amplios folletos complementarios. - Se realizará en una única jornada, en sesión de mañana para teoría y de tarde para prácticas, trabajando cada modelo por separado. - Se espera que quienes asistan lleven una cuestión-problema sobre la que trabajar utilizando las diversas técnicas, pues aunque se utilizarán múltiples ej. de casos reales, se alentará a quienes participen a traer sus propias experiencias e ideas para debatir y trabajar sobre ellas.

The subsequent stress after trauma represents a dysfunctional disorder - internal and external - that is manifested in alterations in cognitive recognition and behavior, besides being associated somatic symptoms outcrop unconscious problems and anxieties. As one of the characteristics of post-traumatic stress, is the loss of balance between internal and external world of the sufferer. Therefore, given the complexity of post-traumatic responses, they can be categorized largely into psychopathological disturbances. Psychological stress arises from a stressful situation "real" external, tangible and reaction to this difficult experience, quite evokes a universal and consistent set of symptoms that cause reactions and responses primitive unconscious fears related to threats to life, which bring out fantasies and impulses incipiently overwhelming. The results are the thoughts that lead to dysfunctional responses and maladaptive behaviors. Objectives: The workshop is designed to provide students and psychology professionals - who work or want to work in this area of trauma and behavior change - the ability to quickly and efficiently use brief interventions, which may put in practice even in house. The workshop will explore how to evaluate initial both trauma as to clients. It will work history of trauma and its consequences will deepen and how design brief interventions to address them. It will also focus on finding out what changes customers want and through stories and views, using an adaptation of EMDR therapy and Solution Focused both to create the desired change, and to keep it. Thus the workshop is of particular interest to those working with people who have suffered any kind of trauma, or who perceive life events, experiences, etc.. that negatively affect them in their day to day. Also useful for persons suffering from OCD, especially disorders of thought. The most useful of the two techniques that have adapted along with other innovations of the author, are related to the creation of a safe, non-traumatic, acting quickly and also can be done at home without fear of consequences negative. Specific objectives: 1. Be able to describe and identify the manifestations of trauma. 2. Learn and describe two brief therapeutic techniques in the treatment of trauma 3. Define a short therapeutic technique that can be used to promote change 4. Outline the role of the therapist or during treatment of injuries 5. Be able to describe, design and establish goals of therapy and promote change through the use of brief therapy techniques. Methods: Desensitization and Reprocessing Eye Movement (EMDR), is a complex and inclusive method of individual psychotherapy, which is guided by the client using a procedure to access their experiences and address their behavioral and emotional problems. The EMDR uses multiple elements of both psychodynamic psychotherapeutic approaches as cognitive-behavioral, client-centered approaches, gestalt and bioenergy. The underlying premise of EMDR is that experiences panic and anxiety are processed differently by the brain than normal experiences. The underlying theory is that during stress, gravel memory part of the brain responsible for emotions modulation (amygdala) and temporarily closes another part of the brain (hippocampus), responsible for normal memory processing. The trapped traumatic experience abroad and potentially not part of the normal brain processing, and EMDR allows people access to the experience and transform it into declarative memory in the hippocampus. With EMDR, the hippocampus can be opened to the emotions evoked by the experience that he / the client is able to bear while performing the treatment. Distraction and attention to bilateral stimulation, play an important role to help the client to experience emotions as tolerable. Although bilateral distraction how specifically facilitates the processing of painful experiences, is something that is not yet fully understood. Moreover, brief interventions focused Customer Therapies focus on the exceptions of the problem, thinking that then will develop a natural change in behavior. It is a kind of non-oriented view on traditional forms, but to the future, without going too deeply into the "pathology" but rather focus on what the system can do to adapt to it, since both can decide whether this "pathology "is a problem or not. Brief therapy interventions focused Customer are used to solve a variety of problem behaviors and attitudes, using their own resources and comments from customers and the strategies used to achieve the desired results in their situations normal life. This is a good technique to establish and maintain a context of change in that small but useful changes, anticipate and seek. In short, the combination of both techniques with some variations developed by Dr. Barreda Hanson, have proved a powerful tool for improving the response to therapy in a shorter period of time, having also the advantage of allowing in practice exercises house. Applications: the routine application of EMDR has been the treatment of emotional disorders associated with very disturbing or traumatic events. But also used to work worrying symptoms such as anxiety, depression, guilt and anger. And also, can be used to enhance emotional resources such as confidence and self-esteem. Procedures: - The workshop will be taught in Spanish and students will receive extensive additional brochures. - Will be held in a single day, in morning session and afternoon theory to practice, working each model separately. - Who are expected to attend with a question-problem on which to work using various techniques, for example, although multiple use. real cases, those involved are encouraged to bring their own experiences and ideas to discuss and work on them.

Keywords: Brief Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

16. Grand, D. (1998, July). Advance clinical seminar: Innovation and integration in EMDR based diagnosis, technique, teaching, performance enhancement and creativity. Presentation at the annual meetng of the EMDR International Association, Baltimore, MD.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) be able to understand and utilize EMDR based diagnosis; 2) be able to utilize both forming of "questioning interweaves" and reflection of clients questions for processing; 3) gain an in depth understanding of the rationale and use of auditory and tactile modes of EMDR stimulation; 4) have working knowldge of advanced conceptualizations of parallel protocols, processing interaction between internalized selves and longer term EMDR; 5) have an expanded knowledge of issues in teaching EMDR, such as individual and group supervision and presenting seminars; 6) gain an understanding of a developmental model of performance and techniques for application of EMDR to performance enhancement and sports psychology; and 7) develop comprehensive understanding of issues of creativity and EMDR. This will include both the client's and therapist's creativity in the EMDR process, as well as se of EMDR for creativity enhancement.

Keywords: Creativity Performance Enhancement

Accuracy Verified: Yes

17. Sack, M. (2006). Aktuelle befunde zu wirkfaktoren der EMDR-behandlung [Recent findings on effective factors of EMDR treatment]. Sack Website.

Language: German

Format: Other

Abstract:
Das EMDR-Behandlungsverfahren (EMDR= eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) wurde von der amerikanischen Psychologin Francine Shapiro entwickelt und seit 1989 als manualisiertes Therapieverfahren zur Behandlung von Patienten mit Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen (PTSD) und anderen traumabezogenen Symptomen eingesetzt. Die Grundvorgehensweise besteht darin, dass der Patient in der Sicherheit einer haltgebenden therapeutischen Beziehung eine Konfrontation mit seinen traumatischen Erinnerungen erlebt. Ziel der Traumabearbeitung ist die Integration von kognitiven, emotionalen und körperlichen Reaktionen auf das Trauma indem die Erinnerungen wiederbelebt, wahrgenommen und verarbeitet werden. Anders formuliert, wird die durch das Trauma induzierte Dissoziation wieder aufgehoben. Die in der traumatischen Situation unterbrochene Verbindung zwischen Wahrnehmungen, Gedanken, Emotionen und Körperreaktionen wird wieder hergestellt. Danach erfolgt eine Bearbeitung von dysfunktionalen Kognitionen, wie z.B. von Schuldgefühlen, die auf unrealistischen Einschätzungen der traumatischen Situation beruhen (Shapiro 1998). Abweichend von der klassischen verhaltenstherapeutischen Traumaexposition werden im EMDR die Traumaexpositionsphasen nur relativ kurz (30 – 90 sec) durchgeführt und durch bilaterale Stimulierung in Form von Augenbewegungen (der Hand des Therapeuten mit den Augen folgen) oder durch alternative Berührungsreize auf die linke und rechte Hand (sog. Tapping) oder durch alternativ dargebotene Töne ausgelöst.

The EMDR treatment process (EMDR = eye movement desensitization and Reprocessing) was developed by psychologist Francine Shapiro of the American developed and since 1989 as a manualized therapies for the treatment of Patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other traumabezogenen symptoms used. The basic approach is that the patient in the safety of a therapeutic relationship haltgebenden a confrontation with traumatic memories experienced. The aim of the Trauma treatment is the integration of cognitive, emotional and physical Reactions to the trauma memories revived by the perceived and processed. In other words, is induced by the trauma Dissociation rescinded. The interrupted in the traumatic situation Link between perceptions, thoughts, emotions and Reaction of the body is restored. This is followed by a treatment of dysfunctional cognitions, e.g. feelings of guilt, based on unrealistic Assessments of the traumatic situation are based (Shapiro 1998). Notwithstanding are from the classical behavioral trauma exposure in EMDR the phases of trauma exposure is relatively short (30-90 sec) and conducted by bilateral stimulation in the form of eye movements (the hand of the therapist follow with the eyes) or by alternative tactile stimuli on the left and right hand (so-called tapping) or alternatively Helping sounds triggered.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

18. Sinici, F., Erden, H. G., & Yurttas, Y. (2009, October). Akut stres bozuklu¤unda bir müdahale tekni¤inin uygulanabilirli¤i: Göz hareketleri ile duyars›zlaflt›rma ve yeniden ‹flleme (EMDR) [Applicability of an intervention technique in acute stress disorder: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)]. Yeni Symposium Journal, 47(4), 178-186.

Language: Turkish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Akut stres bozukluğu, Türkiye'de giderek artan ve kişinin hayat kalitesini oldukça bozabilen bir sorundur. Bu konuyla ilgili olarak yapılan çalışmalarda hangi tedavi şeklinin daha yararlı olduğu konusunda kesin bir karara varılamamıştır. Göz Hareketleri ile Duyarsızlaştırma ve Yeniden İşleme [Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: EMDR] tekniği, travmatik anıların birkaç uygulama oturumunda çözümlenebileceğini ifâde eden bir yaklaşımdır. EMDR oturumlarında hastadan yaşadığı bir travma sahnesi hayâl etmesini, olumsuz benlik imajı, travma ile ilgili olumsuz duyguları ve beden duyumlarını aklında tutması istenmektedir. Hastaya çift taraflı uyarı verilmektedir [gözün sağa sola hareketi, sağ ve sol kulağa verilen ses veya sağ ve sol ele verilen titreşim vb.]. Daha sonra danışana ortaya çıkan görüntü, duygu ve fiziksel duyumları anlatmaktadır. Bu tekrarlanan işlemler hastadaki olumsuz düşünce ve duygular duyarsızlaşıncaya kadar devam etmektedir. Olumsuz duygu ve düşüncelerin yerini olumlu duygu ve düşünceler almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı hastaların hayat kalitelerini bozan ve travma sonrasındaki ilk 4 hafta içinde aşırı korku, çaresizlik veya duygusal tepkisizlikle beraber, diğer belirtilerin de görülebildiği akut stres bozukluğunun tedavisinde yeni bir yöntem olan ve 2 yıldır aktif olarak uyguladığımız göz hareketleri ile duyarsızlaştırma ve yeniden işleme [EMDR] tekniği konusunda yazılmış literatür bilgilerini gözden geçirerek bu konuda son yaklaşımların ortaya konulmasını sağlamaktır. Bununla birlikte EMDR tekniğinin yaygınlaştırılarak faâl olarak kullanılması hem hastalar hem de uygulayıcılar açısından büyük yararlar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Acute stress disorder is a syndrome that significantly disturbs the quality of life and has been increasingly observed in Turkey. Although there are many studies on this subject, there is no consensus about the best treatment choice. Eye Movements Desensitization and Reprocessing [EMDR] technique is a novel approach that helps to resolve traumatic memories in a few sessions. In EMDR sessions, patients are asked to think about the trauma scene that has occurred and keep the negative self image and negative feelings about the trauma and bodily feelings in mind. Bilateral stimulation is presented to the patient [right and left movement of the eye, sound to right and left ear and vibration to right and left hand etc]. Later arising images express the feelings and physical sensations. This procedure is repeated until desensitization to negative thought and feelings are achieved. Negative thought and feelings are replaced by positive thought and feelings. Purpose of this study is to review the studies in literature and describe the up-to-date approaches about EMDR technique which is a novel method in treatment of acute stress disorder that disturbs patient quality of life and presents with excessive fear, desperation, emotional desensitization and other symptoms within 4 weeks following the trauma and we have been using this treatment method frequently for more then 2 years. Nevertheless widespread and effective use of EMDR will provide considerable benefit for both patients and the performers.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD: Behavior Therapy Emotional Disorder Eye Movement Fear Human Memory Disorder Psychologic Assessment Quality of Life Review Stimulation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

19. Sack, M., Lempa, W., Steinmetz, A., Lamprecht, F., & Hofmann, A. (2008, October). Alterations in autonomic tone during trauma exposure using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) - Results of a preliminary. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(7), 1264-1271. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.01.007 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
EMDR combines stimuli that evoke divided attention – e.g. eye movements – with exposure to traumatic memories. Our objective was to investigate psycho-physiological correlates of EMDR during treatment sessions. A total of 55 treatment sessions from 10 patients with PTSD was monitored applying impedance cardiography. Onset of every stimulation/exposure period (n = 811) was marked and effects within and across stimulation sets on heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), pre-ejection period (PEP) and respiration rate were examined. At stimulation onsets a sharp increase of HRV and a significant decrease of HR was noticed indicating de-arousal. During ongoing stimulation, PEP and HRV decreased significantly while respiration rate significantly increased, indicating stress-related arousal. However, across entire sessions a significant decrease of psycho-physiological activity was noticed, evidenced by progressively decreasing HR and increasing HRV. These findings suggest that EMDR is associated with patterns of autonomic activity associated with substantial psycho-physiological de-arousal over time. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Germans Empirical Study Impedance Cardiography Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiology PSTD Quantitative Study Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

20. Sack, M. (2005, November). Alterations in autonomic tone during trauma therapy with EMDR. In S. Woodword, J. Hopper, M. Sack, R. Pitman, & D. Kaloupek (Chairs), Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia: Insights into Autonomic Function in PTSD. Symposium conducted at the 21st annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Toronto, ON.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia: Insights into Autonomic Function in PTSD: Studies of cardiac responses to trauma-related cues have defined the mainstream of laboratory research in posttraumatic stress disorder. Examinations of respiratory sinus arrhythmia now challenge the view that exaggerated sympathetic tone and reactivity provide a sufficient account of the autonomic abnormalities seen in this diagnosis.
Alterations in autonomic tone during trauma therapy with EMDR: It has been hypothesized that EDMR, by pairing stimuli that evoke divided attention with exposure to trauma memories, elicits repetitive orienting responses followed by enhanced parasympathetic tone, resulting in significant within-session psychophysiological de-arousal. We monitored 10 standard EMDR treatments for PTSD (55 sessions) with impedance cardiography. Heart rate (HR), parasympathetic tone (RMSSD), sympathetic tone (PEP), and respiration rate (RESP) were assessed. Markers were set at the onset of every stimulation/exposure period (N = 811). Effects within and across stimulation sets were examined. An orienting response, with associated sharp increase of parasympathetic tone and significant decrease of HR, was found at stimulation onsets. During ongoing stimulation, sympathetic arousal increased while parasympathetic tone decreased, responses consistent with stressrelated arousal during trauma exposure. However, across entire sessions there was a significant pattern of psychophysiological de-arousal, evidenced by progressively decreasing HR and increasing RMSSD. These findings suggest EMDR is associated with distinct patterns

Keywords: Autonomic Tone Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

21. Lawrence, M. A. (2004, November). Alternating bilateral stimulation as a treatment for dissociative phenomenology. Presentation at the annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, New Orleans, LA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Dissociation

Accuracy Verified: No

22. Picciano, L. (2009, Fall). Alumni incorporate EMDR into psychodynamic treatment. GSAPP Alumni Newsletter, 10(2), 1,4.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
EMDR is a treatment developed by Francine Shapiro (2001) to reprocess traumatic experiences that are “locked” in the nervous system and give rise to current symptomatology. It involves an eight stage protocol in which clients select a target memory and, with the clinician, assess its cognitive, somatic, and emotional components as well as associated level of distress. The memory is then reprocessed through bilateral stimulation (most commonly eye movements) of the brain until the level of distress is reduced. Shapiro developed the “information-processing model” to explain EMDR’s “…treatment effects in terms of the association of memory networks” (Shapiro, 2002, p. 29). The reprocessing allows the client to “digest” a stuck traumatic memory by connecting it with more adaptive memory networks in the brain. EMDR originated as a treatment for PTSD, but EMDR protocols now exist for a variety of issues, such as phobias and grief. Originally developed with adults, its use has also been extended to children, but with modifications in technique.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

23. Mestanza, R. (2007). Aplicación de terapia cognitivo conductual individual, grupal y EMDR, en adolescentes de 11 a 13 anos con altos nivelesde ansiedad del 8º ano de educación básica de la red educativia Helena Cortes Bedoya, en la ciudad de Quito, ano lectivo 2006-2007 [Application of individual and group cognitive behavioral EMDR therapy to 11 to 13 year old adolescents with high levels of anxiety in the 8th year of the Helena Cortes Bedoya educational network, City of Quito School Year 2006-2007]. Universidad Central Del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Psicologicas, Instituto Superior de Postgrado, Quito, Ecuador.

Language: Spanish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo general, verificar si la Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual individual, grupal y EMDR disminuyen la ansiedad en adolescentes de 11 a 13 años del 8º año de Educación Básica de la Red Educativa Helena Cortes Bedoya, Sector Carapungo de la ciudad de Quito, en el año lectivo 2006-2007. Se tomó como referencia que la Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual , es el conjunto de técnicas terapéuticas que han resultado del empleo sistemático del método experimental en la Psicología y demás disciplinas afines, empleados con el propósito de modificar pensamientos y conductas desadaptativas . En tanto que EMDR consiste en la Desensibilización y Reprocesamiento por medio del Movimiento Ocular u otras estimulaciones bi-hemisféricas especialmente para trabajar sobre recuerdos traumáticos. La investigación a realizarse fue de tipo explicativo con diseño cuasi- experimental con un grupo de sujetos estimado del 30 al 50 % del total de la población de adolescentes evaluados con el test ISRA-J. Con ISRAJ (Inventario de Situaciones y Respuestas de Ansiedad – Jóvenes ) se evaluó a 70 estudiantes de 8º Año de Educación Básica obteniendo 14 con alto nivel de ansiedad, a los cuales se les invitó a participar en el taller “ Jóvenes en Aprendizaje” durante 12 sesiones. Al grupo se realizó la evaluación pre y post tratamiento, para verificar si la Terapia Cognitivo Conductual individual y en grupo + EMDR, son efectivos para bajar niveles de ansiedad y considerando el género saber que grupo fue beneficiado en mayor medida. Verificada su efectividad, el programa anteriormente señalado, se aplicará para bajar niveles de ansiedad a todos los adolescentes que luego de ser evaluados con el test ISRAJ obtenga un puntaje directo de 51 a 75, con indicación de tratamiento necesario y de 76 a 100 con necesidad de terapia urgente.

The present research aimed generally verify whether cognitive behavioral therapy individual, group and EMDR decrease anxiety in adolescents 11 to 13 years of Grade 8 Basic Education Educational Network Helena Cortes Bedoya, Sector Carapungo of Quito, in the academic year 2006-2007. The reference used was that cognitive behavioral therapy, is the set of therapeutic techniques that have resulted from the systematic use of the experimental method in psychology and other disciplines, employees with the aim of changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors. While EMDR is Desensitization and Reprocessing Eye Movement or other bi-hemispheric stimulation specifically to work on traumatic memories. The research was carried out explanatory type quasi-experimental design with a group of subjects estimated 30 to 50% of the total population of adolescents assessed with the ISRA-J test. With ISRAJ (Inventory of Situations and Responses of Anxiety - Young) was assessed 70 students from Year 8 Basic Education getting 14 with high anxiety, to which were invited to participate in the workshop "Young People in Learning" for 12 sessions. The group evaluation was performed before and after treatment, to verify if the individual and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy + EMDR group, are effective in lowering anxiety levels and considering the genre know that group was benefited most. Verified its effectiveness, the program noted above will apply to lower levels of anxiety to all adolescents be evaluated after the test will score ISRAJ live 51 to 75, indicating the necessary treatment and from 76 to 100 with need Urgent therapy.

Keywords: Adolescents Helena Cortes Bedoya Educational Network Group Behavioral Therapy Quito

Accuracy Verified: Yes

24. Srivastava, U., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2008, September). Application of EMDR in the treatment of major depressive disorder: A case study. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35(2), 163-172.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article presents a case study applying Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in major depressive disorder. The study describes the application of Shapiro’s Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model in the treatment of major depressive disorder and explores the use of EMDR with a 30 year old woman experiencing depressive symptoms with 3 suicidal attempts in 5 years. Due to strong negative reactions to psychiatric medicines, her treatment was discontinued several times and she was referred for psychotherapeutic intervention. After 9 EMDR treatment sessions, her depression was completely cured; her coping improved and other symptoms of anxiety and social withdrawal were completely controlled. Effects were checked and found maintained up to 6 months follow up. The clinical implications of application of EMDR have been explored.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP Bilateral Stimulation BLS Case Study Depression EMs Eye Movements Major Depressive DIsorder Somatic Symptoms BHUJ experience.

Accuracy Verified: Yes

25. De Divitiis, A. M. (2010, June). Application of resource development and installation (RDI) in delivery preparation in order to prevent post partum depression. In Female issues. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
According to the latest statistical evidence Post-Partum Depression develops in approximately 13% of women during the second -third month after childbirth with symptoms lasting between few weeks and a year and risks of relapse. Unlike the Baby Blues (affecting 70% of mothers, with onset in the 3'd - 6" day after delivery and spontaneous recovery within approximately two weeks), likely to be caused basically by hormone modifications in the immediate aftermath of childbirth. PPD development would seem to be solely determined by psychological factors: the experience of childbirth, the surfacing of unresolved problems in the relationships with attachment figures, the change in the woman's role both in the social sphere and within the couple relationship, the fear of being unable to adequately attend to the new responsibilities (both in terms of skills and of the ability to cope with the additional workioad), etc. Consequently, women experiencing childbirth as a traumatic experience are more destabilized by the event, and therefore. at a higher risk of developing PPD. Childbirth requires the deployment of many personal resources. A woman in labor must be able to bear the pain, while having to "push", 1.e. contrast the automatic antalgic reaction (which would close the delivery channel) and "meeting the pain", during the "expulsion" phase. Considering that "Peak Performances" require moving out of a person's comfort zone and stretching a person's boundaries, childbirth experience can be rightfully considered a "Peak Performance". This work describes RDI application times and modes during Delivery Preparation in order to strengthen the different personal resources needed by pregnant women to experience her childbirth as an ego syntonic experience. In this sense, RDI associated with EMDR can be considered an actual Primary Prevention intervention, capable of teaching women something positive about themselves, thus effectively offsetting the onset of PPD. Furthermore the results of the application of this technique collected during the Post-Partum phase on 48 women will be discussed. Learning objectives: 1 identification of the specific issues predisposing the development of PTSD due to Childbirth and of Post-Partum Depression. 2. Framing Childbirth as a Peak Performance. 3 Learning RDI (Resource Development and Installation) application through Bilateral Stimuli during Delivery Preparation Courses.

Keywords: Delivery Preparation Female Issues Resource Development and Installation RDI Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

26. Lansch, D. (2010, June). Application of the Four-Fields-Technique in treatment of a patient with dissociative disorder (case report). In Complex trauma. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The treatment of complex traumatized patients is difficult. Especially during long term treatments it is not easy for the chronically traumatized individuals to tolerate the exhausting confrontation with the trauma during the EMDR standard procedure. On the other hand they have often problems to recognize the severity of what happened to them. Many have problems with their compromised feelings of self-worth. Those and other clinical problems are the reason to look for alternative EMDR techniques. The Four-Field-Technique. one of the techniques of EMDR. could be a good approach to solve some of these problems. It was developed by Jarero et al, as a group protocol which followed the 8 phases of the standard EMDR protocol (STDP). Different from the STDP is that the moment of greatest distress is drawn on a sheet of paper (after drawing a resource image before and installing it with (bilateral: butterfly hugs. Different from the group protocol patients some benefit greatly from the individual application of the technique. In this lecture the long term treatment of a patient with a dissociative disorder is reported. Thereby the different phases of trauma treatment will be demonstrated via spates of pictures. The four field- technique itself will be explained as well as the difference to the standard protocol of EMDR as the patient experienced.

Keywords: Case Report Dissociative Disorder Four-Fields-Technique Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

27. Fullam, P. (2003, Autumn). Applications of client self administered bilateral stimulation in the treatment of trauma. The EMDR Practitioner. Retrieved from http://www.emdr-practitioner.net/ on 12/27/2008..

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
This article looks at some of the situations where client self-administered bi-lateral stimulation has facilitated EMDR by increasing the client’s sense of control during therapy. Three conditions where this may be appropriate are discussed and partial presentations of two cases, Allen and Anna, in which the general approach has been used, are given. The second case, relating to client belief in childhood sexual abuse has, in addition to the above, some relevance to the debate relating to false memory syndrome.[Author abstract]

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

28. Sautai, G. (2007, Juin). Approche des patient poly-traumatisés par immersion EMDR [Approach of poly traumatised patients with EMDR immersion]. Présentation à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Certains patients présentent "traumatisme poly» ou «empoisonnement psychique» tel que décrit par Jacques Roques dans «Guérir Avec l" EMDR. "Souvent, il s'agit d'un environnement socio culturel a commencé pendant l'enfance. Sur la base de l'hypothèse formulée par Francine Shapiro que le traumatisme peut engendrer des «bloqué les réseaux neuronaux," nous supposons une mise en forme "pourrait se produire au cours de la petite période d'apprentissage.
Exposés à un traumatisme insidieux et répétitifs, un jeune cerveau Virgin Stores réseaux neuronaux liés à la vulnérabilité des enfants en tant que mécanisme de défense. Cela pourrait être obstrué par des perturbations répétitives créer une souffrance psychologique. En tant qu'adulte, ce réseau neuronal inhibiteur, stimulée par déclenchement d'exprimer des comportements excessifs et une forte émotion que nous avons appelé le «non adapté en forme» (NAF).
Nous savons combien il est difficile de prendre ce type d'intoxication »en charge des séances de thérapie EMDR traditionnels en raison de l'interférence des composants multimodal. Habituellement, ils participent émotions mixtes liés à la sécurité, l'estime de soi et le libre choix. Par conséquent, nous avons développé une modalité particulière: EMDR immersion qui est un cours intensif de 10 jours consécutifs de traitement par le patient. «L'objectif clinique est de traiter les dimensions de la croissance personnelle et le développement ainsi que l'élimination de plus de la souffrance» (Francine Shapiro).
Notre expérience comprend 24 patients avec un niveau élevé de troubles psychologiques liés à la NAF. Seuls les patients avec expérience dissociative échelle score inférieur à 25 ont été considérés.
Nous utilisons l'approche thérapie EMDR suivant les 8 étapes du protocole standard.
Nous recevons toute l'histoire chronologique du patient, «de la naissance à aujourd'hui», permet nous permet d'identifier une moyenne de sept objectifs principaux.
Pour être capable de transmuer la NAF à une résolution d'adaptation, nous introduisons un des noms de ressources notamment l '«archaïsme», définie comme «la partie de l'être humain en charge de Live principe de préservation."
Nous l'accès au réseau d'information dysfunctionally stockée par le biais des objectifs.
Nous stimulons le système de traitement de l'information et de la maintenir en forme dynamique avec tactiles et autres additifs stimulations bilatérales. Nous passons l'information par le suivi du processus de libre-association et de lancement des procédures pour s'assurer que la cible transmue à une résolution adaptative.
Comme mesure psychométrique et méthode d'évaluation, nous utilisons l'échelle PCL-S sur les traumatismes exprimé par le patient au début de MED immersion. Le score moyen est de 70 degrés avant l'immersion elle à 28 deux mois plus tard et à 26 six mois plus tard.
En ce qui concerne les résultats encourageants, nous décidons de partager l'expérience afin de mettre à jour.

Some patients present with “poly traumatism” or “psychic poisoning” as described by Jacques Roques in “guérir avec l”EMDR.” Often it is a socio cultural environment started during childhood. Based on the hypothesis formulated by Francine Shapiro that trauma could engender “blocked neuronal networks,” we assume a “formatting” could occur during the childhood learning period.
Exposed to insidious and repetitive trauma, a virgin young brain stores neuronal networks related to the child vulnerability as defense mechanism. That could get blocked by repetitive disturbances creating psychological pain. As an adult, this blocker neuronal network, stimulated by trigger express excessive behaviors and strong emotion we called the “Non Adapted Formatting” (NAF).
We know how difficult it is to take this “poisoning” in charge with traditional EMDR sessions because of the multimodal components interfering. Usually, they involved mixed emotions related to security, self esteem and free choice. Therefore, we developed a particular modality: EMDR Immersion that is an intensive, 10 consecutive days of therapy with the patient. “The clinical goal is to address the dimensions of personal growth and development along with the elimination of over suffering” (Francine Shapiro).
Our experience includes 24 patients with a high level of psychological disturbance related to the NAF. Only patients with Dissociative Experience Scale score less than 25 were considered.
We use EMDR therapy approach following the 8 phases of the standard protocol.
We receive the complete chronological story of the patient, “from birth to now,” allows allows us to identify an average of seven main targets.
To be able to transmute the NAF to an adaptive resolution, we introduce a particular resource names “Archaism” defined as “Part of the human being in charge of Live Principle Preservation.”
We access the dysfunctionally stored information network through the targets.
We stimulate the information-processing system and maintain it in dynamic form with tactile and additive alternative bilateral stimulations. We move the information by monitoring the free-association process and initiating procedures to make sure that the target transmutes to an adaptive resolution.
As psychometric measurement and method evaluation, we use PCL-S Scale on the traumatisms expressed by the patient at the beginning of MED Immersion. The average score is at 70 before Immersion it degrees to 28 two months later and to 26 six months later.
Regarding the encouraging results, we decide to share the experiment in order to upgrade it.

Keywords: EMDR Immersion

Accuracy Verified: Yes

29. Solomon, R. M. (2007, June). The art of EMDR: Dealing with abreactions. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The overall objective of this workshop is to enable the EMDR therapist to deal more effectively, and comfortably, with intense client affect. Treatment of complex trauma, where dissociation prevents the integration of traumatic emotions, often involved the processing of intense emotions. The abreaction can be quite shocking to the therapist who may then engage the client in talking therapy, utilize resource installation, or provide an interweave to lower the level of intensity. While this can, at times, be appropriate and helpful, often it is counter indicated and a perceived resolution may be short lived and/or needlessly circumscribed. It is important to recognize the markers of treatment, and what choices are appropriate. Ironically, it is often the therapist who is uncomfortable with the level of client affect, rather than the client being unable to deal with the intense emotion.
The hallmark of EMDR is “staying out of the way” if the dysfunctionally stored information is moving. An inherent value of EMDR is to facilitate natural processing and the client’s natural healing patterns. Assuming client readiness and preparation to deal with emotional material, an interweave (which elicits other neural networks), or resource installation (which initiates a state change) or prolonged talking (which initiates an interpersonal process) – though often useful – can interfere with the client’s own internal processing and take the client away form their natural and unique resolution and integration. The therapist can enable the client to process intense material utilizing a) strong attunement skills to hold the client one’s therapeutic presence, b) recognition of behavioral manifestations of processing to guide speed, rate and tempo of bilateral stimulation to maximize processing, c) using different rate, speed and tempo to control emotional intensity of the processing, d) and knowing when to verbally intervene and when to “stay out of the way.”
This workshop will focus on:
a) Assessment of client readiness
b) Therapeutic clinical presence and attunement skills
c) Detecting behavioral manifestations of processing and calibrating bilateral stimulation to the client in order to maximize processing and control intensity
d) Therapeutic choice points concerning verbal interventions and “staying out of the way."
Demonstration and video tapes will be used to illustrate teaching points. (Participants should be aware that the videos have intense emotional content).

Keywords: Abreactions Intense Affect

Accuracy Verified: Yes

30. Solomon, R. M. (2006, September). The art of EMDR: Dealing with abreactions. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The overall objective of this workshop is to enable the EMDR therapist to deal more effectively, and comfortably, with intense client affect. Treatment of complex trauma, where dissociation prevents the integration of traumatic memories, often involves the processing of intense emotions. The abreaction can be quite shocking to the therapist who may then engage the client in verbal interventions (e.g. interweave, resource installation, talking therapy). While this can indeed be appropriate and helpful, it is often the therapist who is uncomfortable with the level of & client affect, rather than the client being unable to deal with the intense emotions. The hallmark of EMDR is "staying out of the way" if the dysfunctionally stored information is moving. An inherent value of EMDR is to facilitate natural processing and the client's natural patterns. Assuming client readiness and preparation to deal with emotional material, an interweave (which elicits other neural networks), or resource installation (which initiates a state change) or prolonged talking (which initiates an interpersonal process) - though often useful - can interfere with the client's own internal processing and take the client away from their natural and unique resolution and integration. The therapist can enable the client to process intense material utilizing a) strong attunement skills to hold the client in one's therapeutic presence, b) recognition of behavioral manifestations of processing to guide speed, rate, and tempo of bilateral stimulation to maximize processing c) using different rate, speed, and tempo to control emotional intensity of processing; d) and knowing when to verbally intervene and when to "stay out of the way". Hence, more important than the mechanics of bilateral stimulation is the way EMDR is delivered. EMDR is a "dance" between client and therapist with the therapist interacting through bi-lateral stimulation even more than through verbal communication. This workshop will focus on dealing with intense affect with EMDR (the dance) and include discussjon of 1) How to assess client readiness for dealing with intense material, both before and during EMDR processing. 2) Therapist clinical presence and attunement skills. 3) Detecting behavioral manifestations of processing and calibrating bilateral stimulation to the client in order to maximize processing, and control intensity of processing. 4) Therapeutic choice points concerning verbal interventions and "staying out of the way". Demonstration and video tapes will be used to illustrate teaching points. (Participants should be aware that the videos have intense emotional content).

Keywords: Abreactions

Accuracy Verified: Yes

31. Solomon, R., Watkins, J., & Paulsen, S. L. (2004, September). Art of EMDR: Use of therapeutic self, resonance and managing effect at the optimal level. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montreal, Quebec Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The therapist's ability to continually assess and detect client response to EMDR is crucial in order to: 1) provide safely and containment; 2) titrate the level of client arousal; 3) enhance ego strength: and 4) facilitate optimal movement. Detecting subtle client movement and shifts enables the therapist to: a) optimize the tempo and rhythm of bilateral stimulation; b) assess if the material is moving: c) detect state changes that can potentially block processing; and d) point to cognitive interweaves for blocked processing. This workshop will teach participants how to utilize their therapeutic presence to provide containment, enhance the client’s ability to process through intense emotions, and adapt to continual changing states in the client.

Keywords: Managing Affect Resonance Therapeutic Self

Accuracy Verified: Yes

32. O’Rawe, B. (2005, June). Assessing dissociation in the visually impaired. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This case discussion focuses on a traumatically blinded man. Treatment involved stabilisation using ego-state work with bilateral stimulation, followed by trauma processing work using EMDR. The aim of this paper is to assess his response to this approach, and to review the suitability of standard diagnostic tools used in screening: in porticular the applicability of Dissociation Scales -The Dissociative Experience Scale (DES) and The Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule (DDIS], in people suffering from blindness

Keywords: Dissociation Poster Visual Impairment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

33. O'Rawe, B. (2005, June). Assessing dissociation in the visually impaired. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This case discussion focuses on a traumatically blinded man. Treatment involved stabilisation using ego-state work with bilateral stimulation, followed by trauma precessing using EMDR. The aim of this paper is to assess his response to this approach, and to review the stability of standard diagnostic tools used in screening; in particluar the applicability of Dissociation Scales - The Dissociative Experience Scale (DES) and the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule (DDIS), in people suffering from blindness.

Keywords: Dissociation Visually Impaired

Accuracy Verified: Yes

34. Cortés, C. (2012, June). Ayudando a desarrollar el sistema de procesamiento de la información para la reconstrucción del apego en niños adoptados [Helping to develop the adaptive information system for attachment reconstruction in adopted children]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is based on the adaptive information system model. Humans have an inherent information processing system that generally processes the complex elements of an experience to an adaptive state. In other words, we have the innate capacity to resolve difficult emotional experiences and move forward in our lives. There are cases where, besides the trauma of abandonment and lack of attachment, there has been no early stimulation, mainly during the first year of life. Sometimes the emotional environment is so poor that results in insufficient attachment, and prevents the motivational system from becoming strong enough to push the baby to find and produce stimulation. Other times, the environment has been so negligent that has not provided the conditions for the baby to adequately cover this first sensory stimulation. Whether it is poor emotional environment or a negligent environment, or both at once, the result is that we find children who have not had the opportunity to generate enough neural connections or the quality required for the reptilian brain to mature. This phenomenon hinders the brain integration, both vertically and horizontally, and makes the processing of the adaptive information system difficult, if not impossible. Aiming to promote and foster the development of the adaptive information system, we have focused on a dual purpose: rebuilding attachment and ensuring the neurofunctional reorganization and development of the child at early stages. For this we rely on both; EMDR processing, as well as sensory integration and sensorimotor therapies, which promote the integration of primitive reflexes and the child´s development at early years. Given the baby's phylogenetic development and the ideal conditions for such development to occur, we try to generate the same conditions, with the aim to facilitate and complete part of the child's development that, so far, has not occurred yet. Therefore, the quality of attachment is what will define the self-‐regulation capacity and the child's motivational system. And in this sense, the neurofunctional organization and sensory integration will provide the child with the necessary resources to meet the challenges of both, development and growth, and the possibility to achieve success and thus to obtain the perception of efficiency. Both aspects, attachment and neurofunctional organization, are interwoven with each other and feed the adaptive information system. Through videos and clinical material, we show the evolution of adopted children with whom we have already intervened from this dual therapeutic point of view; generating a greater vertical and horizontal integration and a better attachment consolidation. Parents will play a key role in this intervention and we prepare them for it through both; psycho-‐education and EMDR. In this way, they can become proper therapeutic parents, capable to parenthesize their own children.

EMDR está basado en el modelo del sistema adaptativo del procesamiento de la información. El ser humano posee un sistema inherente de procesamiento de la información que normalmente procesa los elementos complejos de una experiencia en un sistema adaptativo. En otras palabras, tenemos una capacidad innata para resolver las experiencias emocionalmente difíciles y seguir adelante con nuestras vidas. Existen casos donde, tras el trauma de abandono y la falta de apego, no ha existido estimulación temprana, principalmente durante el primer año de vida. A menudo el ambiente emocional es tan pobre que da como resultado un apego insuficiente, e impide que el sistema emocional sea lo suficientemente fuerte para conseguir que el bebe encuentre y produzca estimulación. En otras ocasiones, el ambiente ha sido tan negligente que no proporciona las condiciones adecuadas para que el bebe cubra su primera estimulación sensorial. Ya sea por ambiente emocional pobre o un ambiente negligente, o bien ambos, el resultado es que encontramos niños que no tienen la oportunidad de generar conexiones neurales suficientes o de calidad requeridas por el cerebro reptiliano para madurar. Este fenómeno dificulta la integración del cerebro vertical y horizontalmente y hace que el sistema de procesamiento de la información sea deficitario, si no imposible. Con el objetivo de promover y fomentar el desarrollo del sistema adaptativo del procesamiento de la información, nos hemos centrado en un propósito dual: Reconstruir el apego y asegurarnos de reorganizar y desarrollar la neurofuncionalidad del niño en las etapas tempranas del niño. Para ello nos apoyamos en el procesamiento del EMDR, así como en las terapias de integración sensorial y sensoriomotoras, que fomentan la integración de los reflejos primitivos y el desarrollo del niño en las etapas tempranas. Dado el desarrollo filogenético del niño y las condiciones ideales para que dicho desarrollo ocurra, intentamos generar las mismas condiciones, con el objetivo de facilitar y completar parte del desarrollo del niño que hasta ahora, no ha ocurrido todavía. Por tanto, la calidad del apego es aquella que será definida por la capacidad de autorregulación y el sistema motivacional del niño. Y en este sentido, la organización neurofuncional y la integración sensorial promoverán en el niño los recursos necesarios para encontrarse con los retos de desarrollo y crecimiento y la posibilidad de conseguir el éxito en ambos, además de obtener la percepción de eficiencia. Ambos aspectos, apego y organización neurofuncional, están entrelazados y alimentan el sistema adaptativo del procesamiento de la información. A través videos y material clínico, mostramos la evolución de los niños adoptados los cuales ya han sido intervenidos desde esta perspectiva terapéutica dual; generando una gran integración vertical y horizontal y una mejora en la consolidación del apego. Los

Keywords: Adoptives

Accuracy Verified: Yes

35. Mueller-Schwefe, R. (2010, June). Back into life - EMDR with primary withdrawal after trauma. In Experimental use of EMDR. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
“Where I am? I am somewhere between heaven and earth, but I don't know where exactly." "My therapist waited for my anger, but it just isn't there...nowhere” – “I can't imagine anything helpful when I feel bad, I just don't have the energy... it's all too much for me." – “I just want to give up...” Reaction to traumatic events can vary a lot. This is true even when a PTSD has been diagnosed. Contrary to the 'classical' hyper-arousal response to traumatic memories there is also a different pattern of response that is characterized by a lack of an increase in heart rate, and very different pattern of neural activations, despite having a severe case of acute and subsequent PTSD'[l] and may go along with (peri- and posttraumatic) dissociation, emotional numbness, exhaustion, withdrawal and depression. The above statements belong to people with this pattern of response who have experienced subsequent difficulties already in the stabilization phase of their trauma-therapy. First, I will present an understanding of this symptomatology, the hypothesis being a predominance of the dorsal vagal system (see: Polyvagal Theory [2] and activation of the early withdrawal reflex (or: fear-paralysis reflex). This goes along with particular cognitive and especially emotional and physical features. Second, I will present a way to work with this condition, taking into account that the completion of "interrupted action." In this case does not imply an outward (fight or fight response) but an inward orientation withdrawal). EMDR with an adjusted protocol and tactile bilateral stimulation provides the way to process and pull through this interrupted (or unsatisfied) organismic withdrawal and the fear mostly associated with this process. Returning from this deep and primary withdrawal from life brings back the energy and the patient turns back towards life; vagal predominance subsides and the stuck impulse to withdraw releases. 1. Ruth A. Lanius, James W. Hopper, Ravi 5. Menon, Individual Differences in a Husband and Wife Who Developed PTSD After a Motor Vehicle Accident: A Functional MRI Case Study. Am J Psychiatry 160:4. April 2003, p. 668. 2. Porges. S.W. (2001). The Polyvagal Theory: Phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 42, 123-146. Learning objectives: 1. Recognize dorsal vagal predominance and primary withdrawal after trauma, 2. Understand the different orientation of interrupted action/ trauma scheme, 3. Know how to help withdrawal-patients to stabilize and process with adjusted EMDR-protocol and tactile or auditory bilateral stimulation. New and unique: Identifying this withdrawal-type of traumatic reaction and scheme, understanding it with the help of Polyvagal Theory and development of EMDR- adjusted protocol and way to process this.

Keywords: Primary Withdrawal Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

36. Lendl, J. (2006, September). Back to basics: The positive template & affect bridge. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
One of the reasons EMDR is such a powerful treatment method is the eight phase, three prong protocol. The robustness of the method is not achieved if any part of the protocol is dismissed. Dr. Shapiro's recent trainings have emphasized the need for the future template. The future template is a combination of the use of imagery, and used successfully in sport performance and health recovery, and bi-lateral stimulation. Back fo Basics: The Positive Template is a workshop to remind participants of the importance of positive templates in complete and incomplete EMDR protocol sessions. The future template, which addresses avoidance, adaptation, and actualization, is a part of phase eight/reevaluation and the third prong (future) of the EMDR protocol. Preliminary research will be presented that suggests positive templates are useful before phase eight. Participants will learn to integrate the positive template to help maintain skills between sessions, encourage new skills and practice ways to handle resistance. There will be supervised practica for using the future template and ESP (End Session Positive) template. Additionally, this workshop has been expanded to go over the Affect Bridge and practice will be included.

Keywords: Affect Bridge Future Template Positive Template

Accuracy Verified: Yes

37. O’Malley, A. (2012, October). BART: A new protocol to enhance EMDR therapy. Presentation at the at the 4th Autumn EMDR Workshop Conference, Sheffield, UK .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Bilateral Affective Reprocessing of thoughts or BART is a dynamic new model of trauma therapy designed to complement traditional EMDR therapy. Often with early touchstone memories the client has no verbal recall. It is impossible to access negative cognitions. In BART gut feelings are activated and connected to feelings and sensations elsewhere in the body. Ultimately heartfelt sensations link to the cerebral hemispheres and eventually the prefrontal cortex. Examples will illustrate combining BART psychotherapy combined with traditional EMDR.

Keywords: BART Bilateral Affective Reprocessing of Thoughts

Accuracy Verified: Yes

38. Strauss, A. (2012, March 16). Better than therapy?. Harper's Bizarre. Retrieved from http://www.harpersbazaar.com/beauty/health-wellness-articles/emdr-psychotherapy-0312 on March 19, 2012.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Finally, my therapist suggested that I try a form of psychotherapy called EMDR, or Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. A bilateral stimulation therapy designed to unlock negative memories, feelings, and emotions, EMDR is a controversial technique involving lights, sounds, and tapping that purportedly helps the brain process traumatic experiences. This sounded like mumbo jumbo to me but I was desperate. I would have stripped naked and run down Fifth Avenue if you had told me it would help.

Keywords: General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

39. Christman, S., & Garvey, K. (2003, February). Bilateral eye movements increase Stroop interference: A role of interhemispheric interaction. Presentation at the 31st annual meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, Honolulu, HI.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Eye Movements Interhemispheric Interaction Stroop Interference

Accuracy Verified: No

40. Oh, D. H., & Park, Y. C. (2010, July). Bilateral eye movement: Changes brain default network functions in EMDR treatment. Poster presented at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Introduction: The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of bilateral eye movement as one of the important therapeutic components through EEG analysis. We examined differences between pre-bilateral eye movement and post-bilateral eye movement of normal healthy volunteers in scalp recorded EEGs in two different ways. First, we used qEEG to examine differences in specific band frequencies after bilateral eye movement. Secondly, we utilized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) source imaging (Pascual-Marqui et al., 1994) to explore the underlying neural generators of changed EEG activity. Methods:32 college students participated in the study. EEG was recorded continuously during the experiment. All participants experienced 3 blocks: 1) pre-experiment, eye-closed EEG in resting state, 2) stimuli condition (either eye movement or fixation) and 3) post-experiment, eye-closed EEG in resting state. 32-channel, eyes-closed EEG (30 artifactfree s/subject) was analyzed (source localization using FFT approximation and LORETA). Results: We demonstrated different functional connectivity patterns of the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann area 23, 31) between bilateral eye movement and eye fixation phase. Conclusion: These results provided evidence to support that the bilateral eye movements in EMDR procedure gives rise to the changes of ‘brain default network’, accompanied by the alteration of regional brain electrical activity.

Keywords: Eye Movements Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

41. Keller, B., Stevens, L. C., Boyce, K., Lui, C., & Murray, J. (2011). Bilateral eye movements and EEG coherence during positive memories: Implications for PTSD and EMDR. Presentation at the American Psychological Association Conference, Washington, DC.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of bilateral eye movements in the processing of long-term emotional memories, especially as it pertains to the treatment method for PTSD known as EMDR. EMDR utilizes methods similar to cognitive therapy and exposure but also employs saccadic eye movements to facilitate the treatment. The saccadic eye movements are theorized by Shapiro and others to decrease emotional valence and vividness of episodic memories allowing for easier reprocessing. There remains some disagreement as to the actual role and importance of the saccadic eye movements as well as to the neurological effects of EMDR. This study used EEG power-spectral analysis and measures of interhemispheric coherence on 30 individuals who underwent one of three conditions while recalling positive episodic memories. The 3 conditions were (1) a solid black dot with no eye movement (control), (2) a low frequency color changing dot with no eye movement, and (3) a bilateral eye movement condition simulating EMDR. After a 5’ eyes-open baseline, participants experienced one of the three conditions while recalling a positive memory for five 1’ episodes. After each episode, each participant had 19-channel EEGs recorded while they stared ahead eyes opened. EEG data were noise artifacted, power spectral analyzed, and statistically analyzed for interhemispheric coherence differences between conditions for clusters of frontal pole (Fp), frontal (F), central (C), parietal (P), and occipital (O) electrodes. ANCOVA analysis of post-treatment coherence values, with baseline values as the covariate, across conditions showed significantly increased Low Beta (12-20Hz) activity in the Frontal region of the brain during the saccadic eye movements condition compared to the low frequency dot condition (p=.012). Also found were significantly increased Low Theta (4-6Hz) coherence values in the Parietal region of the brain in the low frequency dot condition compared to both the eye fixation (p=.017) and saccadic eye movement (p=.022) conditions. Self reports of memory clarity and vividness indicated significantly increased measures across all conditions. LORETA cortical localization analyses revealed Low Beta (12-20Hz) activation during the saccadic eye movements condition occurring primarily in Brodmanns Area 11 (BA11) and Brodmann Area 25 (BA25) and Low Theta (4-6Hz) activation during the low frequency dot condition focused in BA35 and BA36. LORETA neuroimages are presented. Cortical localizations of increased Low Beta interhemispheric coherence in BA11 (VentroMedial Frontal Cortex) and BA25 (Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex) following bilateral eye movements during the recall of positive memories suggest a synchronization of information processing activities in parts of the frontal cortex involved in planning, reasoning, and decision making (11) and in verbal episodic memory retrieval (25). These functions are consistent with the assigned tasks of review of positive episodic memories in this study. Coincident with this pattern of cortical activation was an obtained increase in memory clarity and vividness during episodic memory retrieval. It is possible that the obtained effects on beta activity were an artifact of eye movements; however, the lack of significantly increased signal coherence at the Fp region and the removal of eye movement artifacts prior to data analysis reduce this possibility. These results provide support for an Interhemispheric Coherence Model as an explanation for the positive effects of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing of retrieved memories. Additionally, these outcomes suggest that it is the saccadic eye movements, not a repetition of a rhythmic stimulus, that elicits the changes in interhemispheric coherence, and possibly in emotional valence and vividness, highlighting the importance of saccadic eye movements in EMDR.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation EEG Coherence Eye Movements: Positive Memories Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: No

42. Christman, S. D., Garvey, K. J., Propper, R. E., & Phaneuf, K. A. (2003, April). Bilateral eye movements enhance the retrieval of episodic memories. Neuropsychology, 17(2), 221-229. doi: 10.3758/PBR.15.3.515.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Two experiments examining effects of eye movements on episodic memory retrieval are reported. Thirty seconds of horizontal saccadic eye movements (but not smooth pursuit or vertical eye movements) preceding testing resulted in selective enhancement of episodic memory retrieval for laboratory (Experiment 1) and everyday (Experiment 2) events. Eye movements had no effects on implicit memory. Eye movements were also associated with more conservative response biases relative to a no eye movement condition. Episodic memory improvement induced by bilateral eye movements is hypothesized to reflect enhanced interhemispheric interaction, which is associated with superior episodic memory (S. D. Christman & R. E. Propper. 2001). Implications for neuropsychological mechanisms underlying eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (F. Shapiro, 1989, 2001), a therapeutic technique for posttraumatic stress disorder, are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Bilateral Eye Movements Episodic Memory Retrieval Saccadic Eye Movements

Accuracy Verified: Yes

43. Christman, S. D., & Butler, M. (2005, November). Bilateral eye movements impair the encoding and enhance the retrieval of episodic memories. Presentation at the 46th annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: Engaging in bilateral saccadic eye movements (EMs) immediately prior to retrieval has been shown to enhance the retrieval of episodic, but not semantic, memories (Christman, Garvey, Propper, & Phaneuf, 2003; Christman, Propper, & Dion, 2004). The present study extended this paradigm by investigating the effect of EMs at encoding, as well as at retrieval. EMs prior to encoding led to a significant impairment in episodic recall ( p = .004), relative to no-EM controls. In contrast, in the absence of EMs at encoding, EMs at retrieval led to marginally better episodic recall ( p = .12). EM manipulations had no effects on tests of implicit and semantic memory. Thus, bilateral saccadic EMs impair versus enhance the encoding versus retrieval of episodic memories, respectively. Results are interpreted in terms of EM-induced increases in cholinergic activity (resulting in episodic memories being integrated into semantic networks) versus interhemispheric interaction (resulting in enhanced access to right-hemisphere–based retrieval mechanisms).

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Eye Movements

Accuracy Verified: Yes

44. Christman, S. D., & Stieber, P. (2005, February). Bilateral eye movements lead to a neutralization of affective state. Poster presented at the 33rd annual meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, St. Louis, MO.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: Engaging in bilateral eye movements (EM) leads to increases in Stroop interference, improvements in episodic memory, and decreases in false memories in a converging semantic associates paradigm. These results are interpreted as reflecting EM-induced equalization of cortical activation and subsequent enhancement of interhemispheric interaction. Since increased right versus left hemisphere activation is associated with negative versus positive affect, respectively, it was hypothesized that EMs following a mood-induction procedure should result in neutralization of affect. Seventy three right-handed participants engaged in happy or sad mood induction procedures, providing mood ratings on a 1-9 scale, followed by 30 seconds of either bilateral EMs or, as a control, watching a dot change color repeatedly. Participants then supplied a second mood rating. Analyses of the Happy condition showed no mood differences after mood induction, with all participants yielding scores significantly happier than neutral. After administration of the visual condition, participants in the Colored Dot condition showed no change in mood. In the EM condition, however, participants showed a significant reduction in positive affect. Analyses of the Sad condition showed that the mood induction procedure failed, with participants reporting neutral moods after mood induction. Post hoc analyses of only those participants reporting sad moods after induction showed that participants in the EM condition exhibited a marginally greater neutralization of affect than in the Colored Dot condition. The results provide tentative support for the hypothesis that bilateral EMs result in neutralization of emotional states, reflecting an equalization of cortical activation in the left and right hemispheres.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Eye Movements

Accuracy Verified: Yes

45. Christman, S., & Garvey, K. (2001, June). Bilateral eye movements reduce cortical activation asymmetries. Presentation at the 2001 EMDR International Association Conference, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Alternating left-right eye movements (EMs) have been shown to enhance episodic memory recall (Christman & Garvey, 2000). In turn, enhanced recall of episodic, or autobiographical, memories has been linked to increased interhemispheric interaction (Christman & Propper, 2001; Propper & Christman, 1997). Since leftward versus rightward EMs induce right versus hemisphere activation, respectively (Bakan & Svorad, 1969), bilateral EMs may facilitate interhemispheric interaction by balancing hemispheric activation levels. In other words, asymmetries in cortical activation may impair interhemispheric communication. Christman and Garvey (2000), however, demonstrated only that bilateral EMs enhance episodic memory performance; they did not directly measure hemispheric activation. To test this hypothesis directly, participants were administered two behavioral tests that are sensitive to variations in hemispheric activation. The Chimeric Faces Test (Levy, Heller, Banich, & Burton, 1983) involves mirror-image pairs of faces, with one smiling hemiface and one neutral hemiface, presented under conditions of free viewing. Participants are asked to judge which member of a pair looks happier. Right versus left hemiface biases are associated with relative increases in left versus right hemispheric activation. Line bisection tasks also tap into hemispheric activation, with leftward versus rightward bisection errors reflecting increased right versus left hemisphere activation. Bisection tasks, however, are also influenced by premotor asymmetries (e.g., Luh, 1995), and thus represent a less pure measure of hemispheric activation.
METHODS Participants performed blocks of chimeric face and line bisection trials. They then engaged in 30 seconds of alternating left-right saccades (2 eye movements per second). Participants then performed a second block of trials for both tasks.
RESULTS Results showed that behavioral asymmetries in the chimeric face task were significantly reduced after the EMs (p<.029). This supports the hypothesis that bilateral EMs reduce hemispheric activation asymmetries. Performance on line bisection task, however, was unaffected by EMs (F<1), perhaps reflecting the fact that this task is a less direct measure of hemispheric activation.
DISCUSSION These results provide further insight into mechanisms underlying EMDR therapy used for PTSD patients. Reduction in hemispheric activation asymmetry arising from bilateral EMs employed in the current study (and in EMDR) may enhance interhemispheric communication. This interpretation is consistent with Ramachandran (1995), who showed that vestibular stimulation (inducing optokinetic nystagmus and resulting in involuntary left-right EMs) reduces the denial of deficit found in anosagnosia patients. Ramachandran (1995) suggested that the procedure benefits the hypoaroused right hemisphere, bringing its activation level up to par with the left hemisphere. Similarly, EMs used in EMDR may balance hemispheric activation levels, in turn enhancing interhemispheric communication and retrieval of episodic memories.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Eye Movements

Accuracy Verified: Yes

46. Kuiken, D., Chudleigh, M., & Racher, D. (2010, December). Bilateral eye movements, attentional flexibility and metaphor comprehension: The substrate of REM dreaming?. Dreaming, 20(4), 227-247. doi:10.1037/a0020841.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Explanations for the effects of the rapid eye movements induced during Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 2001) have drawn upon an analogy with the eye movements of REM sleep (Kuiken, Bears, Miall, and Smith, 2002). An extension of that analogy posits two orienting systems, one involving threat-fear related mnemonic contextualization and another involving loss-pain related monitoring of conflicting response alternatives. In a study involving individuals who had recently experienced significant loss or trauma, we found that experimentally induced saccadic eye movements decreased reaction times to unexpected stimuli among those reporting traumatic distress (characterized by hyperarousal and intrusive thoughts) and increased reaction times among those reporting separation distress (characterized by vivid reminiscences and the sense of a foreshortened future). Also, we found that saccadic eye movements increased the perceived strikingness of metaphoric sentence endings among those reporting amnesia for events related to either loss or trauma. The eye movements of both EMDR and REM sleep may differently affect the attentional and cognitive reorienting activity of those living with the consequences of loss or trauma. These differences may be evident in their waking reflections and in their dreams.

Keywords: Attention Bereavement Dreams Eye Movements Metaphors REM Sleep Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

47. Withers, D. (1999, June). Bilateral movement therapy. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) learn to implement Bilateral Movement Therapy, an innovation of EMDR, into a Group Therapy Model, establishing group safety, cohesion and culture; 2) learn to incorporate Dance Movement Therapy techniques and theory into the standard EMDR protocol using the whole body rather than just eye movements; and 3) explore the use of Bilateral Movement Therapy with a variety of treatment issues and populations and how to assess its appropriateness for each.

Keywords: Bilateral Movement Therapy Dance Movement Therapy Group Therapy Model

Accuracy Verified: Yes

48. Nieuwenhuis, S., Elzinga, B. M., Ras, P., Berends, F., Duijs, P., Samara, Z., & Slagter, H. (2013, February). Bilateral saccadic eye movements and tactile stimulation, but not auditory stimulation, enhance memory retrieval. Brain & Cognition, 81(1), 52-56. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2012.10.003.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Recent research has shown superior memory retrieval when participants make a series of horizontal saccadic eye movements between the memory encoding phase and the retrieval phase compared to participants who do not move their eyes or move their eyes vertically. It has been hypothesized that the rapidly alternating activation of the two hemispheres that is associated with the series of left–right eye movements is critical in causing the enhanced retrieval. This hypothesis predicts a beneficial effect on retrieval of alternating left–right stimulation not only of the visuomotor system, but also of the somatosensory system, both of which have a strict contralateral organization. In contrast, this hypothesis does not predict an effect, or a weaker effect, on retrieval of alternating left–right stimulation of the auditory system, which has a much less lateralized organization. Consistent with these predictions, we replicated the horizontal saccade-induced retrieval enhancement (Experiment 1) and showed that a similar retrieval enhancement occurs after alternating left–right tactile stimulation (Experiment 2). Furthermore, retrieval was not enhanced after alternating left–right auditory stimulation compared to simultaneous bilateral auditory stimulation (Experiment 3). We discuss the possibility that alternating bilateral activation of the left and right hemispheres exerts its effects on memory by increasing the functional connectivity between the two hemispheres. We also discuss the findings in the context of clinical practice, in which bilateral eye movements (EMDR) and auditory stimulation are used in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. [Copyright &y& Elsevier].

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Memory Retrieval Saccadic Eye Movements Saccades Tactile Stimulation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

49. van Deusen, K. M. (2004, Summer). Bilateral stimulation in EMDR: A replicated single-subject component analysis. the Behavior Therapist, 27(4), 79-86.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
This study attempted to determine whether the eye movement component of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was necessary to account for positive treatment effects in subjects with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A single-subject alternating treatments design was replicated across four subjects to compare the effectiveness of EMDR with the effectiveness of a modified EMDR procedure in which the eyes remained in a natural state. The comparative procedure was chosen to eliminate the contribution of distraction and the addition of any other form of bilateral stimulation. The first hypothesis was supported. Subjects showed statistically significant pre- (baseline) to posttreatment improvement following EMDR and the modified EMDR procedure (without eye movements). The second hypothesis was not supported. While subjects significantly improved following both EMDR and the modified, without-eye-movements EMDR procedure, there were no statistically significant differences between treatments on within- or between-session measures. Instead, both treatments were found to be effective in reducing trauma and global symptoms in the four female subjects who participated in the study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Empirical Study Quantitative Study Single-Subject Componnent Analysis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

50. Epstein, L. (2009, April 18). The body and attachment: Sensorimotor interventions to enhance EMDR effectiveness in the treatment of developmental disorders. Presentation at the Western Massachusetts EMDRIA Conference "EMDR and the Body," Amherst, MA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop will teach participants some ways to perceive, articulate and process developmental injuries manifest in the body. Participants will learn to "read" the body for negative beliefs, to evoke the negative cognition by a combination of directed mindfulness and bilateral stimulation and to enhance the processing and installation of resources by interweaving somatic elements with EMDR.

Keywords: Developmental Disorders Developmental Injuries Sensimotor Interventions

Accuracy Verified: Yes

51. Pagani, M., Salmaso, D., Looi, J., & Hogberg, G. (2008, June). Brain functional and volumetric analyses post traumatic stress disorder treated by EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Neuro-imaging investigations in PTSD have reported findings for either functional or structural modifications. Only two studies have investigated the changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) following EMDR therapy and one single-patient study recently reported EMDR-related structural changes. The aim of this study was to analyse the structural and functional changes occurring in brain regions implicated in the patho-physiology of PTSD along with the impact on CBF and volumetric data after EMDR treatment. Thirty six train drivers having being exposed to traumatic experiences at work were assigned to different two groups: symptomatic (S, n=17) or nonsymptomatic (NS, n=19), according to PTSD diagnosis. SPECT, following administration of an individualised 35 trauma script, and MRI were performed and EMDR therapy was administered to S. According to EMDR outcome S were further subdivided in responders (R, n=11) and non-responders (NS, n=5). One patient was not treated. CBF and volumetric analyses were performed on temporal lobes, hippocampi and nuclei caudati. ANOVA showed a significantly higher CBF distribution in the left temporal lobe of S as compared to NS and the right nc.caudatus was significantly larger in S. The R group had larger hippocampi and nc.caudati as compared to NR and the size of hippocampi correctly identified 81% of R and NR. The increased left temporal lobe CBF distribution among symptomatic PTSD subjects may reflect the affective significance of higher effort in emotional episodic memory stimulation among symptomatic individuals. Hippocampi volume as measured before EMDR was shown to predict with high accuracy the therapy outcome.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

52. Rossello-Mir, J., Revert-Vidal, X., Obrador, P., & Cardell, E. (2007, June). Brief EMDR protocol versus bilateral stimulation in the treatment of spider phobia. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR, that includes bilateral stimulation, causes the desensitization and reprocessing of traumatic memories, thus reducing anxiety, distress, fear, and other symptoms related with several anxiety disorders. Previous results show it is effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD, panic disorder, public speaking anxiety, etc. Relying on some previous results we think that a brief EMDR protocol could be applied to relieve symptoms of specific phobias.
To investigate this issue, we study the efficacy of a new brief EMDR protocol in the treatment of spider phobia. Furthermore, our design tries to clarify the controversy about which components of the EMDR procedure are relevant for patient’s improvement. More specifically, we compare the effectiveness of our brief procedures with that of simple bilateral stimulation that is, without eye movements, which necessity to obtain therapeutic outcome has been questioned.
We randomly assign twenty volunteers, female university students with spider phobia to one of three groups. We applied the brief EMDR protocol to the first one and bilateral stimulation to the second one, being the third group the control one. To assess the effectiveness of both treatments, in addition to apply traditional questionnaires, we designed a specific emotional Stroop task in order to make use of this tool to evaluate, before and after each treatment, the selective attentional biases, that seem to play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. We discuss the differences found in our results in reference to the controversy aforementioned and how they can help to understand the EMDR mechanism of action.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Brief EMDR Spider Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

53. Meignant, I., & Meignant, C. (2008, May). Buddy the dog's E.M.D.R. EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Programs.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
The Buddy's Extroadinary Momentum for Discovery and Reconciliation is made to help kids from 0 to 99 deal with the abreaction through the story of a traumatized dog. It allows us to understand the internal process which takes place during the acceptance creation of a trauma, a process caused by eye movements, as during the therapy EMDR.
It's also a magnificent tool for understanding the neuro emotional integration processing which takes place during the bilateral stimulation, for all those suffering traumatism in the broad sense of the term: simple or complex, unique or multiple, the traumatic disorders of development and generally the memories of the past staying emotionally in the present. These events of the past of which we say "it's as if, it was yesterday" which do not become memories which we consult and which do not hurt any more. This book shows an example of the internal process of EMDR which will allow Buddy the dog to become reconciled with himself and to be able to live WITH the memories and not IN the memories.

Keywords: Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

54. Staff. (2006, July 24). Business snapshots column. Butte, MT: The Montana Standard.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
EMDR is an adaptive information processing treatment model that uses dual attention through bilateral stimulation to help resolve traumatic and distressing emotional experiences.

Keywords: Butte General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

55. Boèl, J. (2000, September). The butterfly hug plus drawings: Clinical and self-care applications. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will be able to: 1) identify several vicarious traumatization and negative countertransference issues which commonly arise when working as a therapist with trauma victims; 2) demonstrate the use of countralateral self-stimulation and drawings based on a standard EMDR protocol applied to stressful work-related issues; and 3) describe the use of contralateral self-stimulation and drawings based on a standard EMDR protocol may be modified with individuals or groups of adults or older children.

Keywords: Butterfly Hug Drawings Groups Contralateral Self-Stimulation Work-Related Stress

Accuracy Verified: Yes

56. Cartwright, L. (2000, September-October). Case Studies: Expanding our tool kit: A new technique that compliments TFT and EMDR. Family Therapy Networker, 24(5), 71-82.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
In recent years, increasing numbers of therapists have discovered the effectiveness of neurologically based therapy techniques, such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Thought Field Therapy (TFT), not only for trauma, but for a wide range of problems, including anxiety, anger, grief and phobias. Like most therapeutic approaches, however, they provide remarkable results for one client and little or no results for another, no matter how skilled the therapist. Even more mysterious, they can significantly help a client with one problem, but not with a different problem. For instance, Sarah, age 40, had been suffering from depression for five years. The depression was triggered by the death of her father, loss of a good-paying job due to downsizing and her fiance's breaking off their engagement--all within a one-year period. After six months of increasing anxiety and worsening depression (accompanied by low energy, disinterest in life and withdrawal from social situations), Sarah entered therapy. Biweekly sessions for the next three years, which frequently included EMDR, significantly reduced her anxiety, but did not alleviate the depression. Nor did antidepressants. Years before, I had had a similar experience. EMDR had sharply reduced my obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but didn't help my depression. TFT eliminated recurring anger, but also didn't help my depression.

In the course of five years of research into neurologically based approaches, I happened upon a working hypothesis that explains such inconsistent results. The side-to-side eye movements of EMDR that activate the left and right hemispheres of the brain seem to help people resolve problems based on a lack of communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. The tapping, or front/back stimulation of acupuncture points, in TFT is effective when there is a lack of communication between the front and back of the nervous system (controlled by the energy center, well known to acupuncturists and martial artists, that lies below the navel). And since we are three-dimensional creatures, I hypothesized that some problems stem from a lack of communication between the top and bottom of the nervous system as well, which I correlate with the brain and the enteric nervous system of the digestive tract (the source of gut feelings). Working from this hypothesis, I have also developed processes to reintegrate the top/bottom dimension.

I have found that although certain emotions tend to be based within a given neurological dimension (indecisiveness is often in left/right, anxiety in front/back and depression in top/bottom, for example), a client may experience any emotion as a block within any dimension or combination of dimensions. As a result, depending upon both the client and the specific problem being addressed, a therapist might need to use techniques that facilitate integration of the left/right, front/back and/or top/bottom dimensions of the nervous system. When a client is blocked within two or three dimensions of the nervous system, working within just one dimension will sometimes activate healing across the entire nervous system. If this does not happen, it is then necessary to work in the remaining dimensions.

From these hypotheses I developed a system called Shifting Consciousness through Dimensions (SCtD), which provides therapists ways to assess the dimension(s) the client is blocked in, processes to identify, if necessary, which dimension to start with and specific integrating techniques for each dimension.

Keywords: TFT Thought Field Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

57. Grant, M. (2009). Change your brain, change your pain: Based on EMDR. Wyong, NSW: Wyong Medical Centre.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
Chronic physical or emotional pain is one of the most overwhelming problems we ever have to face. It often fails to respond to normally effective treatments such as medication and counselling. Time doesn't heal some wounds, and sufferers are faced with a desperate need for solutions. One of the most exciting developments in treating pain is increased understanding of the brain's role in pain, based on new brain-scanning technology. Scientists have also discovered that the brain is malleable and capable of being changed throughout the lifespan. This enlightening and practical book explains how physical and emotional pain are stored in the brain, and what causes pain to persist after the injury or trauma that initially triggered it. The book describes five core sensory-emotional skills for reversing the brain activity that maintains pain. These are brought to life through over 20 brain-smart activities designed to neutralize the sensoryemotional reactions that maintain pain. Benefits include learning: how to understand and benefit from your emotions, even negative ones; how to cope with the effects of physical injury with less distress; how to reduce painful feelings and sensations without really trying; how to change negative emotional patterns; how to feel better about yourself; how to conquer stress; how to protect yourself against future episodes of pain; sleep better - naturally; and much more! Includes brain stimulation CD.

Keywords: Pain

Accuracy Verified: Yes

58. Oh, D., & Choi, J. (2004). Changes in the regional cerebral perfusion after EMDR: A SPECT study of two cases. Journal of the Korean Society of Biological Psychiatry, 11(2), 173-180.

Language: Korean

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Over the last decade, EMDR(Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) has emerged as a promising new treatment for trauma and other anxiety-based disorders. However, neurobiological mechanism of EMDR has not been well understood. Authors report SPECT findings of two patients of PTSD before and after EMDR.Brain 99mTc-ECD-SPECT was performed before and after EMDR treatment. To evaluate the significance of changes in the regional cerebral perfusion, t-test was conducted on the resulting images using SPM99 . In addition, clinical scales(CAPS, CGI, STAI) were employed to asses the changes in the clinical symptoms of the patients. After EMDR treatment, each showed significant improvement in clinical symptoms. The cerebral perfusion increased in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and decreased in the temporal association cortex. The differences in the cerebral perfusion between patients after treatment and normal controls decreased. These changes appeared mainly in the limbic area the and the prefrontal cortex.These results suggest that EMDR may show the therapeutic effect through 1) improvement in the emotional control by increased activity in the prefrontal cortex, 2) inhibited hyperstimuli on amygdala by deactivation of the association cortex, 3) inhibition on past trauma related memory, and 4) keeping the functional balance between the limbic area and the prefrontal cortex. This case report needs further replication from studies with larger sample. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Brain Imagining Adults Females Koreans Motor Vehicle Accidents Neurophysiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychiatric Inpatients PTSD: Rape SPECT Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

59. Oh, D. H., & Choi, J. (2007). Changes in the regional cerebral perfusion after eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A SPECT study of two cases. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(1), 24-30. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.24.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has emerged as a promising new treatment for trauma and other anxiety-based disorders. However, the neurobiological mechanism of EMDR has not been well understood. This study reports changes in the resting regional cerebral blood flow after successful EMDR treatment in 2 patients with PTSD. Brain 99mTc-ECD-SPECT (Technetium 99m-ethyl cysteinate dimmer-single photon emission computerized tomography) was performed before and after EMDR, and, in addition, a pre- and posttreatment comparison was made with 10 non-PTSD participants as a control group. After EMDR, cerebral perfusion increased in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and decreased in the temporal association cortex. The differences between participants and normal controls also decreased. Changes appeared mainly in the limbic area and the prefrontal cortex. These results are in line with current understanding of neurobiology of PTSD. EMDR treatment appears to reverse the functional imbalance between the limbic area and the prefrontal cortex. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Brain Imaging Females Koreans Motor Traffic Accidents Neuroimaging Neurophysiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychiatric Inpatients PTSD Rape RCBF Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

60. Leeds, A. M., & Korn, D. L. (2012). A commentary on Hornsveld et al. (2011): A valid test of resource development and installation? Absolutely not. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(4), 170-173. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.6.4.170.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Researchers have published evidence supporting both the “working memory“ and the “REM/Orienting Response“ hypotheses as mechanisms underlying the documented treatment effects of EMDR on patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Hornsveld et al. (2011) provide additional evidence of the impact of eye movements (EMs) on aspects of positive memory recall, but overstate their findings relevance to resource development and installation (RDI: Korn & Leeds, 2002) and to the interhemispheric interaction hypothesis (Propper & Christman, 2008). Most likely multiple mechanisms underlie the observed effects of EMDR and RDI. The needed RDI test is to randomly assign patients with Disorders of Extreme Stress not Otherwise Specified with measured coping difficulties to alternate conditions: one an RDI procedure without bilateral (or other distracting) sensory stimulation and one with bilateral EMs.

Keywords: RDI REM/Orienting Response Resource Development and Installation Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

61. Seubert, A. (2008, June). The courage to feel. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The Courage to Feel is a practical and inspiring workshop, designed to give the clinician the experience and tools for guiding our clients into emotional expertise. It is not simply a theoretical training that gives you a lot of information about emotions. Because the emotional journey cuts through what is foreign territory for many of our clients, there is need of a map, a hands-on, practical guide that clients can refer to when learning how to do this “feelings thing”. To meet this need, this master workshop offers four concrete steps to emotional competence and seven skills in achieving them, all tried and proven over 25 of clinical practice. This training also teaches the use of such a trauma-informed phase model, as well as bilateral stimulation to reinforce learning, through video clips and in vivo practice. Andrew’s first book, The Courage to Feel: a Practical Guide to the Power and Freedom of Emotional Honesty, will be available through Infinity Publishing by May of 2008.

Keywords: Emotions

Accuracy Verified: Yes

62. Gomez, A. M. (2006, September). Creative approaches to motivate, prepare, and guide children to use EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop is intended to teach specific ways to use storytelling, metaphors and play therapy techniques within the context of the EMDR protocol. Participants will learn play therapy techniques to use during the target identification phase. Techniques such as the "mixed up box", "My yucky bags" among others, will provide a playful approach to assist children in identifying EMDR targets as well as to provide an opportunity for containment. Safe place, as well as other types of resource development, will be addressed using alternative ways to cue the child, such as olfactory stimulation. Participants will learn metaphors and stories to help children understand what happens in the mind and body when trauma occurs. These metaphors are intended to motivate children that are reluctant to embrace the memories associated to the trauma. By using stones and metaphors, children can also maintain emotional distance from their own struggles. One of the main goals of this workshop is to help clinicians learn to communicate more effectively with children by using metaphors, stones and play. How to talk to children about EMDR and how to prepare children for the outcome of EMDR will be addressed. By making the process more predictable, the likelihood of children stopping the process when they experience the difficult feelings associated with the trauma might be minimized. Participants will also learn to use creative, fun and playful ways to assist children in understanding and using the measure scales of the EMDR protocol (SUDS and VOC).

Keywords: Children Metaphors Play Therapy Storytelling Targets

Accuracy Verified: Yes

63. Maxfield, L. (2002, June). Current research perspectives: What we know and don’t know about EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Besides providing an overview of current EMDR research, this presentation examine related clinical implications. Although EMDR is efficacious in PSTD treatment, different studies have achieved a range of results. Factors that might account for this disparity are examined, and their therapeutic relevance is emphasized. Possible explanations for poor outcomes in phobia/panc disorder studies are discussed, with treatment recommendations highlighted. Although fingings for the contribution of eye-movements are inconclusive, this research suggests aspects of dual attention stimulation that could be clinically monitored. Finally, suggestions are made to assist clinicians in objectively assessing client progress and evaluating edivence from their own practices.

Keywords: Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

64. Ligeon, S. N. (2011). De invloed van oogbewegingen en klikjes op de naarheid en levendigheid van negatieve herinneringen [The influence of eye movements and clicks into the nature and vibrancy of negative memories]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a widely applied therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this therapy patients make eye movements while recalling traumatic memories. It is suggested that EMDR taxes working memory and this reduces ratings of the vividness and emotionality of traumatic memories. Although this has been studied extensively for the effectiveness of eye movements, research on bilateral beeps is scarce. Whit a sample of 42 students we compared the effectiveness of eye movements and bilateral beeps. Results indicate that eye movements are more effective in reducing vividness and emotionality of negative memories. Indirectly testing a mechanism proposed by the Working Memory Theory, we found that participants with a larger working memory focused their attention more on the memory as compared to students with a smaller working memory. In sum we conclude that bilateral beeps are inferior to eye movements in the reduction of vividness and emotionality of memories

Keywords: Intrusive Memory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Startle Reflex Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

65. Hornsveld, H., & de Jongh, A. (2011, April). De werkgeheugentheorie: Resultaten en klinische implicaties [The working theory: Results and clinical implications]. Keynote gepresenteerd op de 5e jaarlijkse conferentie van EMDR Vereniging Nederland, Nijmegen, Nederland.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Er zijn verschillende theorieën om de gunstige effecten van EMDR te verklaren. De laatste jaren wijst onderzoek op dit terrein steeds meer in de richting van de zogenaamde werkgeheugenhypothese. Niet in de laatste plaats vanwege het onderzoek van Marcel van den Hout, Iris Engelhard en Hellen Hornsveld aan de Universiteit Utrecht. Dit onderzoek kreeg in 2010 in de VS de EMDR Award for Outstanding Research. In deze presentatie zullen Hellen Hornsveld en Ad de Jongh samen ingaan op dit onderzoek en met name op de klinische implicaties van deze bevindingen. Ook zullen zij nieuwe data presenteren van een onderzoek naar het verschil tussen de effectiviteit van oogbewegingen en ‘klikjes’ binnen een klinische populatie. Aan dit onderzoek hebben een groot aantal leden van de Vereniging EMDR Nederland meegewerkt. De volgende thema’s zullen in deze presentatie aan bod komen. 1. Het gebruik van klikjes in plaats van oogbewegingen. 2. Het gebruik van ‘flash forwards’ en de nieuwe toepassingen die hierdoor ontstaan binnen het ‘linksom model’ bij de behandeling van angststoornissen. 3. Het gebruik van bilaterale stimulatie bij RDI, de veilige plek, en positief afsluiten. Sommige van deze onderwerpen zullen worden geïllustreerd door middel van videoclips. Vanzelfsprekend zal hierbij ook gelegenheid zijn voor discussie.

There are several theories to explain beneficial effects of EMDR. In recent years research in this area points increasingly towards the so-called working memory hypothesis. Not least because of the investigation of Marcel van den Hout, Iris Engelhard and Hellen Hornsveld at Utrecht University. This study was in 2010 in the U.S. EMDR Award for Outstanding Research. This presentation will Hellen Hornsveld and Ad de Jongh together and discuss this study in particular the clinical implications of these findings. They will also present new data from a study of the difference between the effectiveness of eye movements and "clicks" in a clinical population. In this study have many members of the Association EMDR Netherlands participated. The following topics will be discussed in this presentation. 1. The use of clicks rather than eye movements. 2. The use of 'flash forwards' and the resultant new applications within the 'left' model in the treatment of anxiety disorders. 3. The use of bilateral stimulation of RDI, the safe place and positive conclusion. Some of these issues will be illustrated by video clips. Obviously this will also be opportunity for discussion.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

66. Shapiro, F. (2009). Desensibilizacion y reprocesamiento por medio de movimiento ocular (EMDR) [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)]. Pax Mexico L.C.C.S.A.

Language: Spanish

Format: Book

Abstract:
En tan solo unos cuantos años, el modo EMDR se ha convertido en el tratamiento más elaborado para el desorden de estrés postraumático (entre otras perturbaciones). El método EMDR es un tratamiento legítimo y poderoso. Modelo integral y eficiente en el tratamiento de experiencias perturbadoras, el método EMDR incorpora diversos aspectos de terapias sistémicas, psicodinámicas, experienciales, conductuales y corporales. Consiste en ocho fases que comprenden el uso de movimientos oculares y otras formas de estimulación izquierda-derecha. Es eficaz para tratar el desorden de estrés postraumático y reprocesar pensamientos y recuerdos perturbadores o problemas psicológicos de sobrevivientes de traumas, de abuso sexual, de crímenes, de combate bélico, así como de fobias y desórdenes causados por experiencias vivenciales y proporciona en poco tiempo efectos clínicos profundos y estables. Con descripciones y transcripciones detalladas, la autora guía al clínico por cada etapa del tratamiento terapéutico, desde la selección de los clientes hasta la aplicación del método y su integración dentro de un plan integral de tratamiento clínico. Escrito de manera accesible, este libro es una guía invaluable tanto para los clínicos experimentados en el tratamiento EMDR como para las personas que acaban de conocer el método, y para los estudiantes avanzados de psicología clínica y psicoterapia.

In just a few years, modeEMDR has become more elaborate treatment for PTSD (among other disturbances) clutter. The methodEMDR is a legitimate and powerful treatment. Comprehensive and efficient model in the treatment of disturbing experiences, the methodEMDR incorporates aspects of systemic therapies, psychodynamic, experienciales, behavioural and body. Consists of eight phases comprising the use of eye movements and other forms of left-right stimulation. It is effective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder and re-processing thoughts and disturbing memories or psychological problems of survivors of trauma, sexual abuse, of crimes, war combat, as well as phobias and disorders caused by vivenciales experiences and provides deep and stable clinical effects in a short time. With descriptions and detailed transcripts, the author guides the clinical through every stage of therapeutic, treatment from clients to the implementation of the method and their integration within a comprehensive clinical treatment plan selection. Written in an accessible manner, this book is an invaluable guide for clinicians in the treatmentEMDR as for people just know the method and for advanced students of clinical psychology and psychotherapy.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: No

67. Popky, A. J. (2005). DeTUR, an urge reduction protocol for addictions and dysfunctional behaviors. In R. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing (pp. 167-188). New York: W W Norton & Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The Desensitization of Triggers and Urge Reprocessing (DeTUR) model and the theories involved are based on experience from personal client observation and anecdotal reports received from other therapists using this same protocol. It is an eclectic model and combines many methodologies, including but not limited to cognitive-behavioral, solution-focused, Ericksonian hypnosis, narrative, object relations, and emotional freedom techniques (EFT), to name a few. The bilateral stimulation (BLS) in the accelerated information processing model of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) seems to form the catalyst for rapid processing and change, the turbocharger that speeds the healing process.This protocol represents only a small part of a complete treatment model. The therapist's role is that of a case manager, orchestrating any resources necessary to aid the patient through recovery and relapse to a successful and healthy state of functioning and coping. The therapist has to assess the severity of the addiction and also determine any other diagnosis associated with the case. This overall treatment model includes outside help, such as referrals for medication, testing for physical or neurological problems, and, depending on the situation, inpatient treatment, outpatient treatment, or detox. Other outside resources include support systems, such as 12-step groups, educational programs, skills training; couples, group, or family therapy; or acupuncture. Comorbidity issues, day-to-day stressors, and survival issues are addressed. An extremely high percentage of these populations are dually diagnosed and can therefore run the full dimensional spectrum of disorders and behaviors as described in the DSM-IV. [Text, pp. 167-168] [Pilots]

Keywords: Addiction Addictions Behavior Problems Behavior Therapy Bilateral Stimulation Compulsions Craving Desensitization of Triggers Dysfunctional Behaviors Information Processing Model Psychotherapeutic Techniques Urge Reduction Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

68. Wagner, F. (2004). Die wirksamkeit von eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) bei der posttraumatischen belastungsstorung im vergleich zu kontrollbedingungen und kognitiv-behavioralen therapien: Eine metaanalytische untersuchung [Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for post-traumatic stress disorder compared with control conditions, and cognitive-behavioral therapies]. Zugl: Heidelberg. doi:volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5803 . --.

Language: German

Format: Book

Abstract:
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Metaanalyse war es, die Wirksamkeit von EMDR und kognitiv-behavioralen Therapieverfahren bei der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung mit dem aktuellen Stand an Publikationen metaanalytisch zu untersuchen. In einer umfassenden Literaturrecherche wurden hierfür sowohl publizierte Originalarbeiten als auch unpublizierte Manuskripte recherchiert. Insgesamt gingen 32 Originalstudien in die Metaanalyse ein. 13 der Studien waren reine EMDR-Studien; 7 untersuchten sowohl eine Gruppe mit EMDR als auch eine Gruppe mit kognitiv-behavioraler Therapie. 12 Studien waren reine kognitiv-behaviorale Therapiestudien. Darüber hinaus sollte die Wirksamkeit unter dem Gesichtspunkt der verschiedenen PTSD- und komorbiden Symptomatiken betrachtet werden. In einem weiteren Schritt wurde EMDR direkt mit kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Behandlungsmethoden verglichen. Effektstärken wurden sowohl für die PTSD-Symptomkategorien Intrusionen, Vermeidung und erhöhtes Arousal als auch für die komorbiden Symptome Angst und Depression berechnet. Die Berechnung der Effektstärken erfolgte anhand von standardisierten Mittelwertsvergleichen. Neben dem direkten Vergleich von EMDR mit kognitiv-behavioralen Therapieansätzen bzw. von EMDR und kognitiv-behavioraler Therapie mit Kontrollgruppen (Post-/Post-Vergleich) wurden auch die Veränderungen innerhalb der Behandlungsgruppen berechnet (Prä-/Post-Vergleich). In den Post-/Post-Vergleich gingen nur kontrollierte und randomisierte Originalstudien ein. In den Prä-/Post-Vergleich hingegen wurden auch Ein-Gruppen-Studien aufgenommen. Als Effektmaß wurde Hedges´d verwendet. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass sowohl EMDR als auch die kognitiv-behaviorale Therapie wirksam in der Behandlung der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung sind. Beide Verfahren reduzieren in klinisch bedeutsamem Umfang, sowohl unmittelbar als auch lang anhaltend, die PTSD-Symptomatiken Intrusionen, Vermeidung und erhöhtes Arousal. Darüber hinaus führen beide Behandlungsmethoden auch zu einer Reduktion der komorbiden Symptomatiken Angst und Depression. Die Effektivität beider Verfahren zeigt sich hierbei sowohl im Prä-/Post-Vergleich als auch im direkten Post-/Post-Vergleich mit einer Kontrollbedingung. Darüber hinaus ergibt sich eine ähnlich hohe Wirksamkeit von EMDR und kognitiv-behavioraler Therapie, sowohl im Vergleich der Prä-/Post-Effektstärken als auch im direkten Post-/Post-Vergleich. Dennoch scheint es unterschiedliche Einflussfaktoren zu geben, welche die Therapieeffektivität sowohl bei EMDR als auch bei kognitiv-behavioraler Therapie beeinflussen. Aufgrund der geringen Studienzahl lassen sich diese Faktoren jedoch nicht näher untersuchen. Des Weitern zeichnen sich Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Effizienz der beiden Therapieformen ab: So beträgt die durchschnittliche Behandlungsdauer bei EMDR 5 Sitzungen, bei der kognitiv-behavioralen Therapie hingegen 8 Sitzungen. Darüber hinaus ist die Expositionsdosis bei den kognitiv-behavioralen Therapien höher als bei EMDR.
Die Befunde zur Wirksamkeit der bilateralen Stimulation sind hingegen weniger eindeutig. Allerdings sind Studien, welche den Versuch unternehmen, die Augenbewegungen bei Personen mit PTSD isoliert zu betrachten, oftmals von erheblichen methodischen Mängeln gekennzeichnet. Einzelne Befunde und Modellvorstellungen zur Rolle der bilateralen Stimulation beim EMDR werden im Diskussionsteil erörtert.

The aim of this meta-analysis is to examine the efficacy of EMDR and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy approaches in the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) on the basis of the publications relating to this issue up to the present. A large-scale search for pertinent literature came up with a total of 32 original studies. The results of these studies suggest that both the EMDR approach and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy methods are effective in the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Both approaches bring about immediate and sustained reduction of the PTSD symptoms intrusions, avoidance, and hyperarousal to a clinically significant degree. In addition, both treatments lead to a reduction of the comorbid symptomatologies anxiety and depression. The comparison of pre/post effect sizes and direct post/post comparison indicate that EMDR and cognitive behavioral therapy are similar in their efficacy. In terms of efficiency the EMDR method appears to have a slight advantage. However, the present meta-analytic study makes no attempt to address the issue of whether this efficiency advantage should be interpreted as having a bearing on clinical practice.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

69. Samara, Z., Elzingal, B. M., Slagter, H. A., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2011, March). Do horizontal saccadic eye movements increase interhemispheric coherence? Investigation of a hypothesized neural mechanism underlying EMDR. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2(4), 1-9. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00004.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Series of horizontal saccadic eye movements (EMs) are known to improve episodic memory retrieval in healthy adults and to facilitate the processing of traumatic memories in eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Several authors have proposed that EMs achieve these effects by increasing the functional connectivity of the two brain hemispheres, but direct evidence for this proposal is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate whether memory enhancement following bilateral EMs is associated with increased interhemispheric coherence in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Fourteen healthy young adults were asked to freely recall lists of studied neutral and emotional words after a series of bilateral EMs and a control procedure. Baseline EEG activity was recorded before and after the EM and control procedures. Phase and amplitude coherence between bilaterally homologous brain areas were calculated for six frequency bands and electrode pairs across the entire scalp. Behavioral analyses showed that participants recalled more emotional (but not neutral) words following the EM procedure than following the control procedure. However, the EEG analyses indicated no evidence that the EMs altered participants’ interhemispheric coherence or that improvements in recall were correlated with such changes in coherence. These findings cast doubt on the interhemispheric interaction hypothesis, and therefore may have important implications for future research on the neurobiological mechanism underlying EMDR.

Keywords: Eye Movements EMs

Accuracy Verified: Yes

70. Tate, K. (2003). Does naturally occurring EMDR-like phenomena in the work environment increase employment risk for survivors of violent crimes?. Mental Health Santuary. Retrieved from http://www.naturalhealthweb.com/articles/tate1.html on 3/29/2013.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a controversial yet exciting therapy that assists many, including survivors of violent crimes to process their experiences so that they can move forward in their healing. The therapist deliberately stimulates left-right brain processing while facilitating an environment similar to that experienced while dreaming. It is particularly effective in treating people with post traumatic stress disorder. While this carefully constructed set of circumstances is beneficial in the hands of a qualified EMDR practitioner and in a safe environment, is it possible that the very factors which lead to healing in EMDR therapy present themselves unawares outside the clinical environment causing post-traumatic stress episodes? The actual triggers leading to a post traumatic stress episode vary, but perhaps upon inspection a naturally occurring commonality mimicking the EMDR phenomenon is present. Although eye movements are the most commonly used external stimulus employed by EMDR therapists, they also use auditory tones, tapping, or other types of tactile stimulation. Are there naturally occurring corollaries in the everyday environment which would make it difficult for a survivor of violent crime to function in their day to day duties? Are work tasks unknowingly triggering the beginnings of an EMDR session without the presence of an EMDR practitioner to facilitate the information processing? Is a post-traumatic stress response the result? Survivors of violent crimes are at high risk for employment. Does Naturally Occurring EMDR-Like Phenomena in the Work Environment Increase Employment Risk for Survivors of Violent Crimes?

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Survivors Violent Crimes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

71. Campbell-Beattie, J. (2004, June). Dog solution to cat phobia. The EMDR Practitioner. The EMDR Practitioner. Retrieved from http://www.emdr-practitioner.net on 12/27/2008.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Editor's Note: Dr Campbell-Beattie provides us with a creative, three session EMDR case utilizing both visual/light and auditory bilateral stimulation to resolve a cat phobia. Readers may especially appreciate his example of the potential value of "opportunistic" treatment props! - SEB

Keywords: Cat Phobia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

72. Manfield, P. (1999, June). Double-blind alternating tone research. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) understand the nature of the tone research conducted and be able to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the design of the study; 2) be able to determine if the use of alternating tones for lowering disturbance levels is effective; 3) be able to determine what frequency of alternation in tones is most effective for lowering disturbance levels.

Keywords: Tone Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

73. Jatzko, A., Ruf, M., & Schmitt, A. (2008, Mai). Durch EMDR normalisierte funktionelle verarbeitungsprozesse bei PTBS: Eine fMRT pilotstudie [EMDR normalized by functional processing in PTSD: An fMRI pilot study] . Poster präsentiert auf der 10. Jahrestagung der DeGPT Deutschsprachige Gesellschaft für Psychotraumatologie, Psychisches Trauma-korperliches Leiden, Basel, Schweiz.

Language: German

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Es existieren kaum Untersuchungen mittels funktioneller Bildgebung, die den Effekt psychotherapeutischer Verfahren und deren Auswirkungen auf das Gehirn eruieren. Eye-Movement-Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) ist ein anerkanntes Verfahren zur Behandlung der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung, jedoch wurde noch keine fMRT-Studie zu diesem Verfahren veröffentlicht. Diese fMRT-Studie soll erste Hinweise auf die Auswirkungen einer EMDR-Therapie auf die Informationsverarbeitung einer Patientin mit einer posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS) zeigen.

The fMRI study was at the ZI in a SIEMENS VISION 1.5 Tesla MR scanner with a 2D/EPI-Sequence (3.43 mm x 3:43 in plane Resolution, 24 layers, 4 mm per layer, 1 mm gap) and a Repetition time of 2.94 s made. It was her description of her of the accident at the moment of impact in a block design alternating with a baseline condition (only MRI noise) presented. Each 8x block was presented for 19.8 sec. After this there is a EMDRBehandlung (2h), where there were violent reactions of the patient. After a 20th Break was repeated the fMRI procedure. The Analysis was performed by BrainVoyager QX 1.9, with a t-test (fixed effect) with a threshold of q <0.5 (corrected) as was assumed significant.

Keywords: fMRI Pilot Study Poster Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

74. Martin, G. (2007). Editorial - On rural services for mental. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 6(1), 1-4.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Sumithra attended the village clinic for three sessions of CBT and EMDR lasting ninety minutes each, during a three week period. EMDR involved supporting her to describe her fears and hold all the elements in mind while simultaneously engaging in bilateral eye-movements. Feedback was obtained on the material that was emotion provoking. This cycle was repeated, while observing for shifts in affect, physiological states and cognitive insights. Sumithra identified emotions and physical sensations, elicited when visual images of death and destruction were combined with the belief that ‘my family is dead’, ‘I have no one’, and ‘I am alone in this world’. Three cycles were carried out by rewinding to sections of the narrative that generated sadness and fear. On each occasion she reported the level of distress she experienced, and her distress scores (SUDS) were noted.

Keywords: Editorial Mental Health Rural

Accuracy Verified: Yes

75. Hornsveld, H., & van den Hout, M. (2010, April). Een serie experimenten naar oogbewegingen en klikjes: Wat werkt beter? [A series of experiments on eye movements and clicks, what works better?]. Presentatie op de suxth congres van de Vereniging EMDR Nederlands, Nijmegen, Nederlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Er zijn verschillende theorieën over de werkingsmechanismen van EMDR. De belangrijkste theorieën zullen kort worden toegelicht en het wetenschappelijk bewijs ervoor samengevat. Vervolgens zullen we een serie eigen experimenten presenteren: drie studies bij studenten en één studie bij PTSS- patiënten. In deze experimenten zullen oogbewegingen telkens worden vergeleken met andere taakjes of stimuli. Implicaties voor de theorievorming en voor de klinische praktijk zullen worden bediscussieerd tijdens de workshop aan de hand van stellingen. Exp 1 laat zien dat de positieve bevindingen voor oogbewegingen (ten opzichte van een controle conditie) ook gevonden worden bij negatieve herinneringen aan een verlieservaring. Dit geeft een empirische basis voor de suggestie dat EMDR ook zinvol toegepast kan worden bij gecompliceerde rouw. Exp 2 gaat over het werkgeheugen en een eventuele dosis respons relatie. Met andere woorden: geven taken die een grotere belasting voor het werkgeheugen vormen ook grotere SUD-dalingen? Exp 3 Laat zien dat de werkgeheugenbelasting van oogbewegingen veel groter is dan van de bekende koptelefoon met klikjes. Vervolgens vergelijken we de werkzaamheid van oogbewegingen, klikjes, en een controle-conditie bij studenten die negatieve herinneringen ophalen. Exp 4 is een klinische studie bij PTSS patiënten, waarbij we oogbewegingen, klikjes en controle (herinneringsbeeld zonder bilaterale stimulatie) met elkaar vergelijken. Verwacht wordt dat de eerste voorlopige data tijdens het congres beschikbaar zijn.
Hornsveld, H., Landwehr, F., Stein, W., Stomp, G., Smeets, M. &. van den Hout, M. (2010). Emotionality of loss-related memories is reduced after retrieval plus eye movements but not after retrieval plus music or retrieval only. Submitted.
Hout, M.A. van den, Engelhard, I.M., Rijkeboer, M., Koekebakker, J., Hornsveld, H. Toffolo, M., & Akse, N. (2010). Eye movements tax working memory, but binaural stimulation does not. Manuscript in preparation.
Hout, M.A. van den,, Engelhard, I., Smeets, M, Hornsveld, H., Hoogeveen, E., de Heer, E. & Rijkeboer, M. ( 2010). Counting during recall: taxing of working memory and reduced vividness and emotionality of negative memories. In press, Applied Cognitive Psychology.

There are several theories about the mechanisms of action of EMDR. The main theories will be briefly explained and summarized the scientific evidence before. Then we will present a series of own experiments: studies in three students and a study in PTSD patients. In these experiments will be compared with each eye movement or other minor assignments stimuli. Implications for theory and for clinical practice will be discussed during the workshop by means of propositions. Exp 1 shows that the positive findings for eye movements (compared to a control condition) also found associated with negative memories of a loss experience. This provides an empirical basis for the suggestion that EMDR is also useful can be used for complicated grief. Exp 2 is about memory and a possible dose response relationship. In other words, tasks that give a greater burden on working memory are also larger SUD decreases? Exp 3 Shows that the memory load of eye movements is much greater than the known Headphones clicks. Then we compare the efficacy of eye movements, clicks, and a control condition in which students negative memories. Exp 4 A clinical study in PTSD patients, we eye movements, clicks and control (memory image without bilateral stimulation) compared. It is expected that the preliminary data available at the conference.
Horn Field, H., Landwehr, F., Stein, W., Stump, G., Smeets, M. &. van den Hout, M. (2010). Emotionality or loss-related pleadings Reduced after retrieval plus eye movements but not after retrieval or retrieval plus music only. Submitted.
Wood, M.A. van den, Engelhard, IM, Rijkeboer, M., Koekebakker, J., Horn Field, H. Toffolo, M., & Akse, N. (2010). Eye movements tax working memory, but Does Not binaural stimulation. Manuscript in preparation.
Wood, M.A. van den, Engelhard, I., Smeets, M, Horn Field, H., Hoogeveen, E., Mr. E. Farmer & Rich, M. (2010). Counting consistently recall: Taxing of working memory and Reduced vivid ness and emotionality or negative statements. In press, Applied Cognitive Psychology.

Keywords: Eye Movements Mechanism of Action

Accuracy Verified: Yes

76. Cole, F. J. (1996, November). The effect of alpha theta brainwave production on self-efficacy in the treatment of substance abuse. California School of Professional Psychology, Fresno, CA. AAT 9734483.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Two new brief treatments, Alpha Theta Brainwave Training (ATBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) were compared to Systematic Muscle Relaxation (SMR) training during the treatment of 45 hospitalized veterans in the Chemical Dependency Treatment Program of the Fresno Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center. Fifteen veterans were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, ATBT, EMDR, and SMR, to investigate whether these treatments affected self-efficacy, or confidence in the ability to resist the urge to drink. In behavioral change, self-efficacy levels are consistent predictors of short and long-term success. It was hypothesized that the greater the amount of time spent in theta brainwave frequency (4-8 Hz) during treatment, the greater the increase in self-efficacy. Brainwave activity, temperature, skin conductance and electromyographic levels were recorded during the treatment sessions. Measures of self-efficacy, self-efficacy expectancy, outcome expectancy, and level of overall physical and emotional symptoms were taken before and after treatment. Results indicated that all treatments increased self-efficacy and decreased overall physical and emotional symptoms in alcoholic subjects. Overall, there was no significant difference in the amount of time spent in theta brainwave frequency between groups, but results indicated that the treatments did produce a significant difference in the amount of time spent in theta brainwave frequency between the first and last treatment sessions in the groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(5-B), Nov 1997, pp. 2667.

Keywords: Brain Stimulation Drug Abuse Drug Rehabilitation Empirical Study Military Veterans Relaxation Therapy Self Efficacy Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

77. Propper, R. E., Pierce, J., Geisler, M. W., Christman, S. D., & Bellorado, N. (2007, September). Effect of bilateral eye movements on frontal interhemispheric gamma EEG coherence: Implications for EMDR therapy. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 195(9), 785-788. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e318142cf73.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The use of bilateral eye movements (EMs) is an important component of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for PTSD. The neural mechanisms underlying EMDR remain unclear. However, prior behavioral work looking at the effects of bilateral EMs on the retrieval of episodic memories suggests that the EMs enhance interhemispheric interaction. The present study examined the effects of the EMs used in EMDR on interhemispheric electroencephalogram coherence. Relative to noneye-movement controls, engaging in bilateral EMs led to decreased interhemispheric gamma electroencephalogram coherence. Implications for future work on EMDR and episodic memory are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Brain Imaging Bilateral Eye Movements College Students Empirical Study Neurophysiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

78. Rijkeboer, M. M., van den Hout, M. A., Engelhard, I. M., Koekebakker, J., Hornsveld, H. & Toffolo, M. (2010, December). Effecten van oogbewegingen, bilaterale piepjes en "alleen ophalen van herinnering" in de EMDR behandeling van PTSS [Effects of eye movements, bilateral beeps and "just getting memory" in the EMDR treatment of PTSD]. Posterpresentatie Altrecht Science Symposium, Zeist, The Nederlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Eye Movements Poster Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome PTSD Tones

Accuracy Verified: Yes

79. Ernst, R. (2011, Juli). Effectiviteit van oogbewegingen, klikjes en geen dubbeltaak bij EMDR in een klinische steekproef [Effectiveness of eye movements, clicks and no double task of EMDR in a clinical sample]. Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Een werkgeheugen rekening van Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is op grote schaal ondersteund door laboratoriumonderzoek. Taken die belasting werkgeheugen voldoende Het een traumatische gebeurtenis herinneren terwijl het verminderen van emotionaliteit en levendigheid van traumatische herinneringen. Vaak therapeuten vervangen EMDR-Eye Movements met minder belasten binaurale piept, terwijl de laatste Suggest Sommige onderzoeken zijn inferieur aan oogbewegingen. De huidige studie direct vergelijken oogbewegingen en piept met EMDR in een klinisch monster. In een within-subjects design, 51 patiënten verwezen voor EMDR traumatherapie Hun herinneringen herinnerde tijdens het (a) het maken van gaten horizontale bewegingen, (b) binauraal luisteren naar pieptonen en (c) gericht op een punt (controle). Volgorde van de stimulaties gerandomiseerde WAS Deelnemers en Elke stimulatie over duurde zes minuten. De resultaten toonden aan dat oogbewegingen emotionaliteit en levendigheid van de herinnering reduceert aanzienlijk meer dan de controle, terwijl de emotionaliteit Meer met aanzienlijk minder in de buurt van oogbewegingen dan met pieptonen. Geen significante verschillen in Vermindering van levendigheid en emotionaliteit Beide werden gevonden tussen piept en controle. Hun trauma patiënten gewaardeerd meestal visuele herinneringen, terwijl meer in de buurt van visuele herinneringen significant geassocieerd met een grotere daling van de emotionaliteit en levendigheid met oogbewegingen. De studie ondersteunt Bewijs voor een cumulatief voordeel van oogbewegingen met EMDR. Resultaten worden besproken Deze modaliteit in termen van een specifieke werkgeheugen rekening en klinische implicaties worden besproken.

A working memory account of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been widely supported by laboratory research. Tasks that sufficiently tax working memory while recollecting a traumatic event reduce emotionality and vividness of traumatic memories. EMDR-therapists often substitute eye movements with less taxing binaural beeps, while some studies suggest the latter are inferior to eye movements. The present study directly compares eye movements and beeps with EMDR in a clinical sample. In a within-subjects design, 51 patients referred for EMDR therapy recollected their trauma memories while (a) making horizontal eye movements, (b) listening to binaural beeps and (c) focusing on one point (control). Sequence of stimulations was randomized across participants and each stimulation lasted for six minutes. Results showed that eye movements reduce emotionality and vividness of the memory significantly more than control, while emotionality reduced near significantly more with eye movements than with beeps. No significant differences in reduction of both emotionality and vividness were found between beeps and control. Patients rated their trauma memories mostly visual, while more visual memories were near significantly associated with a larger decrease of emotionality and vividness with eye movements. The study supports evidence for a cumulative benefit of eye movements with EMDR. Results are discussed in terms of a modality specific working memory account and clinical implications are discussed.

Keywords: Eye Movements Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

80. Merckelbach, H., Hogervorst, E., Kampman, M., & de Jongh, A. (1994). Effects of '"eye movement desensitization" on emotional processing in normal subjects. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 22(4), 331-335. doi:10.1017/S1352465800013217.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A number of single case reports have made impressive claims for the efficacy of "eye movement desensitization" (EMD) in the treatment of traumatic memories. Many of these case reports claim that EMD reduces the unpleasant feelings associated with traumatic images. However, at present, there are no published controlled studies that provide evidence for these claims. The present experiment investigated whether EMD inhibits emotional responding during retrieval of aversive information. Normal Ss (N = 40) were exposed to an aversive slide. During a next stage, half of the Ss underwent EMD while they rehearsed the slide information, whereas the other half underwent a control procedure (i.e., finger tapping) while rehearsing slide information. Before and after EMD or control intervention, heart rate and self-report data were obtained while Ss retrieved and visualized the aversive slide. No evidence was found to suggest that EMD inhibits emotional reactivity more than does finger tapping. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Aversive Stimulation Emotional Responding During Retrieval of Aversive Information Emotional Responses Eye Movements Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

81. Parker, A., & Dagnall, N. (2007, April). Effects of bilateral eye movements on gist based false recognition in the DRM paradigm. Brain and Cognition, 63(3), 221–225. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2006.08.005 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The effects of saccadic bilateral (horizontal) eye movements on gist based false recognition was investigated. Following exposure to lists of words related to a critical but non-studied word participants were asked to engage in 30s of bilateral vs. vertical vs. no eye movements. Subsequent testing of recognition memory revealed that those who undertook bilateral eye movement were more likely to correctly recognise previously presented words and less likely to falsely recognise critical non-studied associates. This result joins other research in demonstrating the conditions in which false memory effects can be attenuated.

Keywords: DRM Paradigm Eye Movements False Recognition

Accuracy Verified: Yes

82. Parker, A., Relph, S., & Dagnall, N. (2008, January). Effects of bilateral eye movements on the retrieval of item, associative, and contextual information. Neuropsychology, 22(1), 136-145. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.22.1.136.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Two experiments are reported that investigate the effects of saccadic bilateral eye movements on the retrieval of item, associative, and contextual information. Experiment 1 compared the effects of bilateral versus vertical versus no eye movements on tests of item recognition, followed by remember-know responses and associative recognition. Supporting previous research, bilateral eye movements enhanced item recognition by increasing the hit rate and decreasing the false alarm rate. Analysis of remember-know responses indicated that eye movement effects were accompanied by increases in remember responses. The test of associative recognition found that bilateral eye movements increased correct responses to intact pairs and decreased false alarms to rearranged pairs. Experiment 2 assessed the effects of eye movements on the recall of intrinsic (color) and extrinsic (spatial location) context. Bilateral eye movements increased correct recall for both types of context. The results are discussed within the framework of dual-process models of memory and the possible neural underpinnings of these effects are considered. [PsycINFO]

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Eye Movements

Accuracy Verified: Yes

83. Hensel, T. (2006, April). Effektivität von EMDR bei psychisch traumatisierten kindern und jugendlichen [Effectiveness of EMDR with psychologically traumatized children and adolescents]. Kindheit und Entwicklung, 15 (2), 107-117. doi:10.1026/0942-5403.15.2.76.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) has proved to be an independent, effective, and empirically validated approach for the treatment of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. This work provides an overview of the status of research into the use of EMDR in traumatized children and adolescents. The available randomized controlled studies are summarized and assessed for their methodistic value. The empirically supported and effective treatment is described. The results show - albeit on a narrow empirical basis - that EMDR, when used in children and adolescents, demonstrates a Comparable effectiveness in symptom reduction and efficiency (limited treatment duration) to that observed in adults. Issues relating to the integration of the treatment into the existing care structure are discussed.

Keywords: Adolescents Bilateral stimulation Care Children Chronic Illness Chronic PTSD Effectiveness Emotional Trauma Empirically Supported Treatment Empirical Study Psychologically Traumatized Children Quantitative Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

84. Penarreta, L. (2011, Mayo). Eficiencia del EMDR en la psicoprofilaxis quirúrgica para disminución de los síntomas emocionales adversos, y mejoramiento del proceso de recuperación en niños de 5 a 12 anos del servicio de cirugía del hospital de niños Baca Ortiz de Quito-Ecuador [Efficiency of EMDR in the psycho surgical reduction of adverse emotional symptoms, and improvement of the recovery process for children 5 to 12 years of service children's hospital surgery Baca Ortiz in Quito, Ecuador]. Universidad Central Del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Psicologicas, Instituto Superior de Postgrado, Quito, Ecuador.

Language: Spanish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Las ideas que las personas tienen de una cirugía están impregnadas de fantasías con una excesiva carga de ansiedad que impiden un adecuado control emocional y proceso de recuperación. Una intervención quirúrgica implica un desequilibrio biológico y psicológico que requiere que la persona vuelva a lograr su estabilidad. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo verificar que el método del EMDR (Desensibilización y reprocesamiento a través de movimientos oculares) es eficiente en la psicoprofilaxis quirúrgica logrando reducir estas ansiedades y temores en los niños de 5 a12 años del Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital de Niños Baca Ortiz que tendrán que enfrentar un acto quirúrgico. A través de la identificación de los recursos necesarios para hacer frente a cada una de estas situaciones, con el EMDR se procede a instalarlos usando estimulación bilateral y acoplándolos con la correspondiente creencia positiva permitiendo que el infante consiga una exitosa evolución pre y post-quirúrgica. Se trata de una investigación correlacional cuasi-experimental en la que se seleccionó una muestra infantil con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, que son infantes de 5 a 12 años que requieren ser operados, y que cumplan los criterios para el tratamiento con EMDR; donde se demuestra que el 100% de los niños estudiados presentan un alto nivel de ansiedad antes de la cirugía y que luego de aplicarse este método psicoterapéutico esta sintomatología disminuye llegando a niveles bajos, observándose una evolución favorable en su recuperación. Se considera por lo tanto que el EMDR es un método eficiente en la psicoprofilaxis quirúrgica infantil.

ABSTRACT. The ideas that people have about a surgery are impregnated with fantasies and an excessive burden of anxiety that impede an adequate emotional control and recovery process. Surgery involves biological and psychological imbalance that requires a person to be able to achieve stability again. The present work aims to verify that the method of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is efficient in reducing these pre surgical anxieties and fears in children patients from 5 to12 years old at Children's Hospital Baca Ortiz who will face a surgical procedure. Through the identification of resources needed to address each of these situations, EMDR is appropriate to install them using bilateral stimulation and coupling them with the corresponding positive belief allowing the child to get a successful development of pre-and post-surgical procedure. This is a quasi-experimental correlational research in which a sample was selected according to the criteria of inclusion and exclusion, infants that are 5 to 12 years who require surgery, and who meet the criteria for treatment with EMDR; which shows that 100% of the children studied, had a high level of anxiety before surgery and then applying this psychotherapeutic method these symptoms decreased to low levels, showing a favorable trend in his recovery. It is considered therefore that the EMDR is an effective method in child surgery preparation.

Keywords: Adverse Emotions, Hospital Baca Ortiz Surgery Preparation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

85. Artigas, L., & Jarero, I. (2007, March). El abrazo de la mariposa [The butterfly hug]. Asociación Mexicana para Ayuda Mental en Crisis, Mexico.

Language: Spanish

Format: Other

Abstract:
El Abrazo de la Mariposa es una Estimulación de Atención Dual (EAD) que consiste en cruzar los brazos sobre el pecho. La punta del dedo medio de cada mano debe de quedar bajo la clavícula correspondiente y el resto de los dedos y la mano deben de cubrir el área que se encuentra debajo de la unión de la clavícula con el hombro y de la clavícula con el esternón. Para ello, mano y dedos deben de estar lo más verticalmente posible (los dedos dirigidos hacia el cuello y NO hacia los brazos). Una vez hecho esto, se pueden entrelazar los dedos pulgares (formando el cuerpo de la mariposa) y los otros dedos formarán sus alas.

The Embrace of a Butterfly Dual Stimulation Care (EAD) that is crossing his arms over his chest. The tip of the middle finger of each hand should be under the collarbone for the rest of the fingers and hand should cover the area immediately below the junction of the clavicle to the shoulder and clavicle to the sternum. To do this, hand and fingers must be as upright as possible (fingers directed toward the neck and NO to the arms). Once done, you can weave your thumbs (forming the body of the butterfly) and fingers form the wings.

Keywords: Butterfly Hug

Accuracy Verified: Yes

86. Artigas, L. & Jarero, I. (2009, Septiembre). El abrazo de la mariposa [The butterfly hug]. Asociación Mexicana para Ayuda Mental en Crisis, EMDR México.

Language: Spanish

Format: Other

Abstract:
El Abrazo de la Mariposa, es una Estimulación de Atención Dual (EAD) que consiste en cruzar los brazos sobre el pecho. La punta del dedo medio de cada mano debe de quedar bajo la clavícula y el resto de los dedos y la mano deben de cubrir el área que se encuentra debajo de la unión de la clavícula con el hombro y de la clavícula con el esternón, para ello, mano y dedos deben de estar lo más verticalmente posible (los dedos dirigidos hacia el cuello y NO hacia los brazos). Una vez hecho esto, se pueden entrelazar los dedos pulgares (formando el cuerpo de la mariposa) y los otros dedos formarán sus alas.

Embrace the Butterfly, is a dual attention stimulation (EAD) that is crossing his arms over his chest. The tip of the middle finger of each hand should be under the collarbone and the rest of the fingers and hand should cover the area immediately below the junction of the clavicle to the shoulder and clavicle to the sternum to Thus, hand and fingers must be as upright as possible (fingers directed toward the neck and NO to the arms). Once done, you can weave your thumbs (forming the body of the butterfly) and fingers form the wings.

Keywords: Butterfly Hug

Accuracy Verified: Yes

87. Artigas, L., & Jarero, I. (2011). El abroza de la mariposa [The butterly hug). Revista Iberoamericana de Psicotraumatología y Disociación, 1(1).

Language: Spanish

Format: Other

Abstract:
El Abrazo de la Mariposa fue originado y desarrollado por Lucina (Lucy) Artigas, M.A., M.T. (Fundadora de la Asociación Mexicana para Ayuda Mental en Crisis). Durante el trabajo realizado en Acapulco, Guerrero (México); con los sobrevivientes del huracán Paulina en 1997. (Artigas et al. 2000; Boel, 1999). Por la creación y el desarrollo del Abrazo de la Mariposa, Lucina Artigas fue honrada con el Premio a la Innovación Creativa de la EMDR International Association (EMDRIA), en el año 2000. El Abrazo de la Mariposa es una Estimulación de Atención Dual (EAD) que consiste en cruzar los brazos sobre el pecho. La punta del dedo medio de cada mano debe de quedar bajo la clavícula correspondiente y el resto de los dedos y la mano deben de cubrir el área que se encuentra debajo de la unión de la clavícula con el hombro y de la clavícula con el esternón. Para ello, mano y dedos deben de estar lo más verticalmente posible (los dedos dirigidos hacia el cuello y NO hacia los brazos). Una vez hecho esto, se pueden entrelazar los dedos pulgares (formando el cuerpo de la mariposa) y los otros dedos formarán sus alas.

The Butterfly Hug was originated and developed by Lucina (Lucy) Artigas, MA, MT (Founder of the Mexican Association for Crisis Assistance Mental). During the work done in Acapulco, Guerrero (Mexico), with the survivors of Hurricane Pauline in 1997. (Artigas et al. 2000; Boel, 1999). For the creation and development of the Butterfly Hug, Lucina Artigas was honored with the Award for Creative Innovation of the EMDR International Association (EMDRIA), in 2000. The Butterfly Hug a Dual Attention Stimulation (EAD) that is crossing his arms over his chest. The tip of the middle finger of each hand should be under the collarbone for the rest of the fingers and hand should cover the area immediately below the junction of the clavicle to the shoulder and clavicle to the sternum. To do this, hand and fingers should be as upright as possible (fingers directed toward the neck and NOT to the arms). Once done, you can weave your thumbs (forming the body of the butterfly) and fingers form the wings.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Butterly Hug

Accuracy Verified: Yes

88. Tripolt, R. (2012, June). EMDR in Motion. Using movement and body oriented therapeutic interweaves for complex trauma and dissociative symptoms [EMDR en movimiento. Usar el movimiento y la terapia orientada al cuerpo para traumas complejos y síntomas disociativos]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
"The Body Keeps the Score" (B. v.d. Kolk, 1996) Clients who suffer from traumatic stress are often afraid about disturbing and painful somatic symptoms. Structural dissociation alienates from body reactions. Nevertheless it is the body that "holds" the discomfort and painful memory of neglect and violence. Trauma Survivors tend to perceive their body as hostile. They suffer from Alexithymia deficiency of interpreting the meaning of body reactions and muscle activation. Trauma Survivors are easily irritated and tend to react with rage on very slight provocations and freeze when they are frustrated. Even minor problems cause fear and helplessness. The Polyvagal Theory (S. Porges 2010) proves the neurological aspect of behavioral patterns. Neurozeption describes how we perceive others in a neurological way. Certain behavioral patterns are established through life experiences. This research underlines Francine Shapiros AIP model and confirms the importance of a body orientated approach. We know that experiencing the effect of eye movement -‐ and other bilateral stimulation, is a gentle and powerful way to bring the voice of the body into the therapeutic space. EMDR helps to integrate cognitive, emotional and body sensations. Using movement and body orientated skills in difficult processes f.e. with severely and/or early traumatised clients, even enhances the effect of EMDR. Content of the Workshop: Short theoretical implications: Polyvagal Theory and AIP Model. Stabilisation and Movement -‐ creating a „Moving Container“: How to create a safe place of relationship and attachment between the client and the therapist by using movement and bodywork? The body is the most powerful resource: How to use movement to access this power. How to recognize and dissolve dissociation by body and movement awareness. EMDR Process and Movement : How to widen the „window of tolerance“ by using movement and deeper levels of body consciousness. Adding a fourth level of attention to the EMDR process: cognition -‐ emotion -‐ body scan -‐ movement. Movement and reflex feedback as interweave technique in difficult processes. Methods used in the Workshop: Lecture and Video Presentation. Practical demonstration of some movement orientated techniques. Discussion.

“El cuerpo lleva la cuenta” (B. v.d. Kolk, 1996), los clientes que sufren de estrés traumático tienen a menudo miedo sobre sus síntomas somáticos preocupantes y dolorosos. La disociación estructural aliena las reacciones del cuerpo, sin embargo es el cuerpo el que “mantiene” el disconfort y el recuerdo doloroso de negligencia y violencia. Los supervivientes a un trauma suelen tender a percibir su propio cuerpo como hostil. Sufren de Alexitimia, deficiencias para interpretar las señales corporales y la activación muscular. Son fácilmente irritables y tienden a reaccionar con ira, con leves provocaciones y se “congelan” cuando están frustrados. Incluso problemas de fuerza menor causan miedo y desesperanza. La teoría polivagal (S. Porges 2010) prueba el aspecto neurológico de los patrones de comportamiento. La neurocepción describe cómo percibimos a los otros desde un punto de vista neurológico. Ciertos patrones de comportamiento están establecidos a través de las experiencias vitales. Esta investigación se basa en el modelo SPIA de Francine Shapiro y confirma la importancia del enfoque orientado al cuerpo. Sabemos que al experimentar el efecto de la estimulación ocular, y otras estimulaciones bilaterales, es un camino poderoso y suave para traer la voz del cuerpo dentro del espacio terapéutico. EMDR facilita la integración cognitiva emocional y corporal. Usar el movimiento y las habilidades orientadas al cuerpo en los procesos difíciles con clientes traumatizados, severamente o tempranamente, incluso amplifica el efecto terapéutico del EMDR Contenido del taller: Implicaciones teóricas: Teoría Polivagal y modelo SPIA Estabilización y movimiento – Crear un “recipiente de movimiento” Cómo crear un lugar seguro en relación al apego entre el cliente y el terapeuta usando movimiento y trabajo corporal. El cuerpo es el recurso más poderoso: Cómo usar el movimiento para acceder a este poder. Cómo reconocer y disolver la disociación en el cuerpo y la atención al movimiento. Procesamiento EMDR y movimiento: Cómo ampliar la "ventana de tolerancia" mediante el uso de movimientos y niveles más profundos de la conciencia del cuerpo. Añadir un 4 nivel de atención al procesamiento de EMDR: Cognición-‐Emoción-‐ Escáner corporal-‐movimiento.

Keywords: Body Oriented Therapeutic Interweaves

Accuracy Verified: Yes

89. Galvin, M. (2003). EMDR & EP: Accelerating and decelerating strategies. In J. Hartung & M. Galvin, M. (Eds.), EMDR and energy psychology: Combining forces to optimize treatment. New York: Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
A clinician may treat an agoraphobic person in his or her house at first, thereby delaying the additional stimulation, or the more powerful triggers, involved with having to leave home to go to the therapist’s office for the initial sessions.

Keywords: Accelerating Strategies Decelerating Strategies

Accuracy Verified: Yes

90. Shapiro, F., & Sherwel, C. (2004). EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing): Desensibilizacion y reprocesamiento por medio de moimiento ocular [EMDR (Eye Movement desensitization and reprocessing): Desensitization and reprocessing of eye movement]. México: Pax México.

Language: Spanish

Format: Book

Abstract:
En tan solo unos cuantos años, el modo EMDR se ha convertido en el tratamiento más elaborado para el desorden de estrés postraumático (entre otras perturbaciones). El método EMDR es un tratamiento legítimo y poderoso. Modelo integral y eficiente en el tratamiento de experiencias perturbadoras, el método EMDR incorpora diversos aspectos de terapias sistémicas, psicodinámicas, experienciales, conductuales y corporales. Consiste en ocho fases que comprenden el uso de movimientos oculares y otras formas de estimulación izquierda-derecha. Es eficaz para tratar el desorden de estrés postraumático y reprocesar pensamientos y recuerdos perturbadores o problemas psicológicos de sobrevivientes de traumas, de abuso sexual, de crímenes, de combate bélico, así como de fobias y desórdenes causados por experiencias vivenciales y proporciona en poco tiempo efectos clínicos profundos y estables. Con descripciones y transcripciones detalladas, la autora guía al clínico por cada etapa del tratamiento terapéutico, desde la selección de los clientes hasta la aplicación del método y su integración dentro de un plan integral de tratamiento clínico. Escrito de manera accesible, este libro es una guía invaluable tanto para los clínicos experimentados en el tratamiento EMDR como para las personas que acaban de conocer el método, y para los estudiantes avanzados de psicología clínica y psicoterapia.

In just a few years, how EMDR has become more elaborate treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (in other disturbances). EMDR is a legitimate and powerful treatment. Comprehensive and efficient model in the treatment of disturbing experiences, EMDR incorporates various aspects of systemic therapies, psychodynamic, experiential, behavioral and physical. It consists of eight phases that include the use of eye movements and other forms of left-right stimulation. Is effective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder and reprocess disturbing thoughts and memories or psychological problems of survivors of trauma, sexual abuse, crimes of war fighting, as well as phobias and disorders caused by life experiences and provides in a short time effects clinical deep and stable. With detailed descriptions and transcripts, the author guides the clinician through every stage of therapeutic treatment, from selection of clients to the application of the method and its integration into a comprehensive clinical treatment. Written in an accessible, this book is an invaluable guide both for experienced clinicians in the EMDR treatment to people who just know the method, and for advanced students of clinical psychology and psychotherapy.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

91. Shapiro, F. (1999). EMDR - Grundlagen und praxis: Handbuch zur behandlung traumatisierter menschen [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Basic principles, protocols, and procedures]. Paderborn: Junfermann Verlag GmbH & Co.

Language: German

Format: Book

Abstract:
EMDR ist eine zeitsparende, umfassende Methode zur Behandlung traumatischer Erfahrungen, die die Ursache vieler Pathologien sind. Als integratives Therapiemodell, das verhaltenspsychologische, kognitive, psychodynamische, körperorientierte und systemische Elemente umfaßt, ermöglicht EMDR, in relativ kurzer Zeit tiefreichende und stabile Resultate zu erzielen. Die EMDR-Behandlungssequenz, die acht Phasen umfaßt und Augenbewegungen sowie andere Methoden der Rechts-Links-Stimulation nutzt, hilft Trauma-Opfern bei der Aufarbeitung beunruhigender Gedanken und Erinnerungen. Dieses umfassende Basiswerk zum Thema EMDR gibt einen Überblick über die Entwicklung und Erforschung der neuen Methode und ist eine unverzichtbare Lektüre für alle Kliniker und Forscher, die sich für die Arbeit mit Trauma-Opfern interessieren.

EMDR is a time-saving, comprehensive method for the treatment of traumatic experiences, which are the cause of many diseases. As an integrative therapy model includes the behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic, body-oriented and systemic elements, EMDR allows to achieve in a relatively short time, profound and stable results. The EMDR treatment sequence that includes eight stages, and uses eye movements as well as other methods of left-right stimulation helps trauma victims in the processing disturbing thoughts and memories. This comprehensive work based on EMDR provides an overview of the development and exploration of the new method and is an essential reading for all clinicians and researchers interested in working with trauma victims

Keywords: Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

92. Johannesson, K. B. (2011, June). EMDR - An integrative psychotherapy approach for working with trauma based disorders. Preconference presentation at the 12th annual meeting of the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS) Conference, Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is a trauma-focused method for treating PTSD and painful memories. The method integrates elements from several psychotherapeutic schools such as cognitive, behavioural, and psychodynamic orientations. Although there are elements of free associations during processing, the treatment follows a structured protocol with components of dosed exposure. The method has been noticed for its elements of bilateral stimulation; however it has been considered that several parts of the method contribute to its effectiveness. For a single traumatic experience, usually only a few sessions seem to be required even if in complex cases the length of treatment can become quite extended. In its original form EMDR was developed for adults, but the method can easily be adapted also for children. The first study was published in 1989 by Francine Shapiro, the inventor of EMDR, demonstrating that clients after three sessions of EMDR did not longer meet criteria for PTSD. Her publication was met by both interest and scepticism. Today EMDR is widely accepted and practiced by psychotherapists in many countries throughout the world. Guidelines from the International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies recommend EMDR for the treatment of PTSD and British researchers have found that EMDR is equally effective as trauma-focussed CBT for chronic PTSD. This workshop will give an introduction to EMDR: explaining the theoretical model underlying the method, presenting the structure of a session, and discussing suggested mechanisms of action. In addition some case examples will be highlighted.

Keywords: Treatment Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

93. Johannesson, K. B. (2011, June). EMDR - An integrative psychotherapy approach for working with trauma based disorders. Pre-conference presentation at the 12th European Conference on Traumatic Stress (ECOTS), Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is a trauma-focused method for treating PTSD and painful memories. The method integrates elements from several psychotherapeutic schools such as cognitive, behavioural, and psychodynamic orientations. Although there are elements of free associations during processing, the treatment follows a structured protocol with components of dosed exposure. The method has been noticed for its elements of bilateral stimulation; however it has been considered that several parts of the method contribute to its effectiveness. For a single traumatic experience, usually only a few sessions seem to be required even if in complex cases the length of treatment can become quite extended. In its original form EMDR was developed for adults, but the method can easily be adapted also for children. The first study was published in 1989 by Francine Shapiro, the inventor of EMDR, demonstrating that clients after three sessions of EMDR did not longer meet criteria for PTSD. Her publication was met by both interest and scepticism. Today EMDR is widely accepted and practiced by psychotherapists in many countries throughout the world. Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies recommend EMDR for the treatment of PTSD and British researchers have found that EMDR is equally effective as trauma-focussed CBT for chronic PTSD. This workshop will give an introduction to EMDR: explaining the theoretical model underlying the method, presenting the structure of a session, and discussing suggested mechanisms of action. In addition some case examples will be highlighted.

Keywords: Trauma-Based Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

94. Shapiro, F. (2002, January). EMDR 12 years after its introduction: Past and future research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 1-22. doi:10.1002/jclp.1126 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was one of the first treatments of PTSD to be evaluated in controlled research and has to date been empirically supported by 13 such studies. This article reviews the historical context and empirical research of EMDR over the past dozen years. Historically, EMDR's name has caused confusion in that "desensitization" is considered to be only a by-product of reprocessing and because the eye movement component of EMDR is only one form of dual stimulation to be successfully used in this integrative approach. Research is needed to determine the comparative efficacy of EMDR relative to cognitive-behavioral treatments of PTSD. However, this has been hampered by the lack of independent replication studies of the latter treatments. Current component analyses of EMDR have failed to effectively evaluate the relative weighting of its procedures. Parameters for future research and the testing of protocols for diverse disorders are suggested. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive Processes Literature Review Posttraumtic Stress Disorder PTSD Research Needs

Accuracy Verified: Yes

95. Omaha, J. (2004, June). EMDR and affect centered therapy. Presentation at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, Stockholm, Sweden .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Aim: This presentation will describe the integration of principles of emotion regulation into EMDR therapy for a range of disorders. Population: All ages; mostly Axis I and II disorders. Learning objectives: 1) to describe the development of emotion regulation beginning in the context of the attachment and continuing through adolescence; 2) to describe the origin of emotion dysregulation and psychopathology in deficit experience adversity, and trauma; 3) to describe a protocol, Affect Management Skills Training (AMST), that remediates failures of emotion regulation; 4) to describe how AMST prepares the client for uncovering therapy by providing for containment, safety, emotion regulation, improved left-right hemisphere integration, and remediation of attachment deficits; 5) to describe integration of MAST into EMDR therapies for substance abuse and eating disorders. Abstract: The workshop will summarize the principal affective developments that occur from birth through age four. These include fulfillment of yearning affect, facial imprinting, gaze transaction, stimulation of positive affect, and provision of optimal disapproval-shame experiences. The qualities of the child of “good enough” parenting are described. Developmental failures and their consequences for affect regulation and psychopathology will be described. These include: (1) avoidant attachment leading to problems of anger management, to depression, and development of narcissistic features; (2) anxious-ambivalent attachment leading to development of anxiety-related disorders and borderline features; (3) failure to elicit optimal positive affects leading to impaired vitality across the life span and depression; (4) socialization of the senior toddler with anger, leading to problems with anger expression, or with disgust, leading to problems with shame, impaired self-worth, and defective self-efficacy. Adversity (raised by a single parent, witness to spousal abuse, divorce, substance abuse in the home) and trauma (psychological, physical, and/or sexual abuse) occurring during latency and adolescence will be shown to exacerbate difficulties with emotional regulation.
The seven basic skills of the AMST protocol will be described. These skills provide for regocnition, tolerance, and regulation of both positive and negative emtoins. They include containment, safe place, sensation-affect recognition, sensation-as-signal, grounded and present, noticing, and regulation.
The workshop will describe how AMST prepares the client for uncovering therapy and for EMDR by teaching the client to regulate emotion prior to it elicitation in therapy, by improving hemispheric integration, and by correcting deficits in the attachment.
The workshop concludes by describing how MAST is integrated into EMDR therapy for substance abuse disorders (alcohol, drugs, nicotine) and eating disorders.

Keywords: Affect Centered Therapy Affect Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

96. Matthess, H., Vojtova, H., & Dellucci, H. (2012, March). EMDR and complex trauma. Presentation at the 3rd Bi-Annual International European Society for Trauma and Dissociation, Berlin, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR is widely recognized as a therapy of choice in psychotraumatology. However treating clients who suffer from complex traumatization, and especially dissociative disorder, using EMDR straightaway in its standard form is very difficult. “By far, the greatest number of reported difficulties and stories of clinical problems and potential harm through the improper use of EMDR had involved clients with dissociative disorders.” Shapiro (2001, p. 308). Does this mean that people who have complex trauma and dissociative disorder could not benefit from EMDR? Which adaptations of the standard protocols in the different phases of the EMDR process are crucial in order to use EMDR to enhance the clients’ capacities and diminish their suffering? Which indicators should be considered? How can clinicians provide a safe and efficient help, without getting lost in this difficult treatment patterns, by knowing what to do and why? This workshop is designed for practitioners familiar with EMDR. It will provide a general overview of essential modifications of the standard EMDR protocol for complex traumatized clients. The theoretical part will focus on an understanding of the underlying EMDR working mechanism as far as discussed today, on knowledge of dissociation as a result of complex traumatization, in the context of the AIP model (adaptive information processing), the attachment theory, the theory of structural dissociation and recent research findings. The emphasis will be on practical applications of these insights into a comprehensive treatment of this group of clients. Based on the experience of the presenters, implementing use of bilateral stimulation in all phases of therapy will be shown. Important considerations according possible iatrogenic harm will be discussed. Case examples from practice will be provided, including videos.

Keywords: Complex Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

97. Grand, D. (2005, September). EMDR and creativity. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Seattle, WA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Creativity was involved in the discovery and development of EMDR which is an effective tool in unblocking and enhancing creativity. EMDR processing is an essentially creative process of healing trauma, and EMDR's therapeutic relationship is a creative process. This presentation addresses creative enhancements EMDR’s healing tools: “open listening,” eye movements, integrating music and nature sounds into auditory stimulation, and using body sensations with color and imagery. Using protocol targeting of artists creative blocks, and the trauma aspects of blocks, and the future template as a tool for enhancing creativity with artists including actors, singers, dancers, writers, and painters is discussed. Mini-practica and demonstrations are used with lecture and handouts.

Keywords: Creativity Creative Blocks Future Template Open Listening

Accuracy Verified: Yes

98. Grand, D. (2006, September). EMDR and creativity. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation addresses how creativity has been interwoven into the discovery and development of EMDR, as well as how EMDR is an effective tool in unblocking and enhancing creativity. Dr. Shapiro's discovery of EMDR and her development of the EMDR Protocol, are examined as underpinnings of EMDR and Creativity. EMDR processing will also be examined as an essentially creative process at the core of healing trauma-based blocks. The therapeutic relationship in EMDR is discussed as a co-creative process. This presentation addresses creative enhancements EMDR's healing tools including: "open listening" - avoiding assumptions while attending to all in-the-moment verbal and non-verbal client communications, creative use of eye movements with flowing hand movements and shifting rates of speed, integrating music and nature sounds into left/right auditory stimulation and enhancing of body sensations with color and imagery. This presentation also addresses using EMDR in addressing issues of creativity. Creative blocks are regularly reported by both artists and non-artists and often cripple and traumatize the artist, and interfere with the creativity of diallng living of non-artists. Using EMDR protocol to target creative blocks is discussed, as well as the contribution of trauma to these blocks. The EMDR future template is discussed as a tool for enhancing creativity with artists free of significant blocks. This includes actors, singers, dancers, writers and graphic artists. Mini-practica and demonstrations are used to operationalize the concepts presented in lecture and handout format.

Keywords: Creativity Creative Blocks Future Template Open Listening

Accuracy Verified: Yes

99. Grand, D. (2004, September). EMDR and creativity. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montreal, Quebec Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Creativity was involved in the discovery and development of EMDR. EMDR is an effective tool in unblocking and enhancing creativity. EMDR processing is an essentially creative process of healing trauma and EMDR's therapeutic relationship is a co-creative process. This presentation addresses creative enhancements of EMDR's healing tools: ''open listening." eye movements, integrating music and nature sounds into auditory stimulation and using body sensations with color and imagery. Using protocol targeting of artists creative blocks, and the trauma aspects of blocks and the future template as a tool for enhancing creativity with artists, including actors, singers, dancers, writers and painters is discussed. Mini-practica and demonstrations also used.

Keywords: Creativity Creative Blocks Future Template Open Listening

Accuracy Verified: Yes

100. Grand, D. (2008, September). EMDR and creativity. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Creativity is interwoven into the discovery and development of EMDR which is an effective tool in unblocking creativity. EMDR processing is a creative process at the core of healing blocks. Creative enhancements EMDR’s healing tools include: “open listening” – avoiding assumptions, creative use of eye movements and eye positions, integrating bilateral healing sounds and enhancing body sensations with color. Creative blocks cripple the artist and interfere with the creativity of non-artists. The EMDR protocol (assessment, desensitization, installation and body scan) targets creative blocks with underlying trauma. The future template enhances creativity with artists (actors, singers and writers).

Keywords: Creativity Creative Blocks Future Template Open Listening

Accuracy Verified: Yes

101. Ostacoli, L. & Bertino, G. (2010, June). EMDR and drawing: A tool to integrate post-traumatic dissociation and overwhelming emotions. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The difficulty of the management of overwhelming emotions aid dissociative reactions are challenging for any EMUR therapist dealing with complex traumas. As a complement to the strategies already used in EMDR, drawing gives form to The inner representations of the trauma, objectivizing it Thus the person no longer relates only to something inside him/her, but rather to something he/she can see and can concretely represent and modify In the act of drawing, the patient makes an initial reorganisation of the form of the trauma, and begins to differentiate the adaptive ego, which has the tools and the ability to restructure the experiences, and the traumatic emotional part that suffers those experiences in a condition of Impotence and passivity The person may rapidly access preverbal and motor-sensory language, activating inborn creative skills. The use of this tool enables us t0 access the traumatic material gently, limiting dissociative reactions, bypassing avoidance and flight behaviour and setting a distance from pan by objectivizing . A protective space is created between the self and the part that holds the suffering. p i n g a voice to the inner child. The patient is offered the possibility of drawing what is occurring in the self's here and now, and given a choice of different graphic materials. At the end of the drawing and assessment phase the person is asked to note what has emerged, and a brief space of time may be allowed for description without interpretation. The represented Image is treated as the inner image in the classic protocol. To start, the patent is asked to focus on the drawing, on the negative cognition and on the bodily location of the emotional disorder, while bilateral stimulation is applied. At the end of each set, the patient is asked what he/she has noticed and the therapist verifies where the person now is in the re-elaboration. If there is a change the person may either work on the drawing, modifying it, or, if the change of image is radical, may produce another drawing. After several sets, an adaptive drawing emerge5 that may be installed as a resource. The report presents the use of the tool in various psychopathological conditions, with the support of video and graphic materials, particularly focusing on how to manage dissociation. Learning objectives: 1.To learn the use of drawing as a supplementary tool, through graphic and video material of clinical cases. 2. To recognise the indications in which it provides added value to the classical protocol. 3. to learn its use in various psychopathological conditions, with particular emphasis on dissociative states. The use of drawing as a supplementary tool within the EMDR protocol gives form to the inner representation of the trauma, objectivising it, and creates a bridge of communication between the self and the blocked parts, after which it will be possible to return to desensitizing and re-elaboration with the standard protocol.

Keywords: Dissociation Drawing Emotion

Accuracy Verified: Yes

102. Curran, L. A. (2009, January). EMDR and EMDR related techniques for effective trauma treatment. Wayne State University, School of Social Work, Center for Social Work Practice Policy and Research, Fort Washington, PA.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Beginning in the 1990s, Francine Shapiro had discovered and began researching a new neurophysiological technique for treating traumatic material. This technique, alternating bilateral stimulation, was quickly subsumed by Shapiro’s psychotherapeutic orientation known as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). After many years of rigorous empirical studies demonstrating its uses and effectiveness in trauma treatment, EMDR has become one of only three approved treatments recommended by the veteran’s administration for the treatment of PTSD. Through didactic illustration and explanation; videotaped demonstrations; and experiential exercises, this seminar provides clinicians the basic principles of EMDR and EMDR- related techniques and how each would be incorporated into their personal therapeutic orientation and practice. Goals 1. Participants will gain understanding of neuroscience’s trauma paradigm · Biological nature of trauma · Specific trauma symptoms and their order of appearance · Primary treatment issues in trauma therapy. 2. Participants will gain understanding of trauma’s cognitive and somatic impact and how to effectively treat its sequelae including: · Hyperarousal · Affect dysregulation · Dissociation · Body memories and “flashbacks” 3. Participants will learn the theory of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and EMDR-related techniques for initial resourcing of clients, followed by desensitizing and cognitive reprocessing of traumatic material. Objectives 1. Participants will identify the biological nature of trauma; how trauma is stored in the body and limbic system, creating physical and psychological symptoms. 2. Participants learn to identify the symptoms of trauma- hyperarousal; affect dysregulation; dissociation, body memories and “flashbacks”. 3. Participants will learn the Adaptive Information Processing Model and clinical research associated with EMDR 4. Participants will learn how EMDR and EMDR-related techniques are used as an adjunct to psychotherapy. 5. Participants will identify and demonstrate the eight 8 Phases of EMDR protocol. 6. Participants will describe the differences between eye movement, auditory and tactile stimulation. 7. Describe the process for resourcing a client prior to actual processing traumatic material. 8. Describe the process of employing tactile alternating bilateral stimulation for the processing traumatic memories.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: No

103. MacMahon, R. (2003). EMDR and its use in treating attachment disorder. Author.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
EMDR is an acronym for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, a remarkable form of psychotherapy that is being widely used to treat trauma and PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder). EMDR combines elements from several therapeutic approaches with bilateral stimulation to facilitate hemispheric processing in the brain. Controlled studies support the efficacy of EMDR, making it not only the most thoroughly researched method ever used in the treatment of trauma, but also useful in a variety of applications from phobias to eating disorders.

Keywords: Attachment Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

104. Rasolkhani-Kalkorn, T., & Harper, M. L. (2006, March). EMDR and low frequency stimulation of the brain. Traumatology, 12 (1), 9-24. doi:10.1177/153476560601200102.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Laboratory research on animals indicates that the potentiation of synapses in various areas of the limbic system is the primary step in fear memory formation. Depotentiation of these synapses can result in erasure or modification of these memories. The principal mechanism for depotentiation is induction of low frequency stimulation (LFS). This research has also shown that during memory recall, potentiated circuits within the limbic system become labile, and more vulnerable to depotentiation. The authors propose that LFS can be induced in the human brain during eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR), and that this can lead to quenching or modification of fear memory traces. Hence, the authors theorize that this process is the main biological basis for the therapeutic effects of EMDR. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Neurophysiology Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

105. Chandarasiri, P. (2008, June). EMDR and play therapy in traumatised children. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Young children who are not yet fully developed mentally can not differentiate the past traumatic memory from the present reality and in metabolising disturbing trauma memories. Children usually mix their past experience and the present through play to help them connect the pieces of experience into a narrative that is understandable for them. Every piece of trauma in the past is integrated into their life and may adversely influence their personality formation. Trauma work with children through play and EMDR techniques can be helpful in preventing such distortion, especially among disable children. EMDR method was applied to a 10 years old boy with learning disability. He was separated from his family and stayed at the residential home. He had his past experience of witnessing domestic violence since early infancy. The injuries sustained by his mother had caused great concern for him. He also experienced sexual abuse by another boy which was reflected in sex play with his peers. He had attention problem, aggressive behaviours together with difficulty in regulating his moods. Because of his limitation, he preferred to communicate his emotions through action and play rather than verbally. His preoccupation was expressed through figures fighting that typically resulted in death. During the play session, the therapist would intermittently take a pause with him and the bilateral tapping was applied corresponding with the event in play, for example checking through the worst event, the negative event, the positive event, the strength, the changes taking place in their mind and the play. Most of his play started with the fighting and ended with the good figures won. The installation was applied at the end. His behaviours were monitored at the residential home and at the school. It was found later that he could control his anger better and he was able to tell the caretakers showing that he was aware of his feelings and his behaviours. The conclusion can be drawn that the use of bilateral stimulation during play therapy has facilitated changes in his behaviours, affects, and communication.

Keywords: Children Play Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

106. Allon, M. (2004, June). EMDR and right-left brain stimulation. Poster presented at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, Stockholm, Sweden .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation will present and demonstrate my clinical observations, that clients while talking or working on their issues will sometime lean their heads toward the right or the left shoulder. People with their heads to the left will tend to report thoughts, while those with their heads to the right will tend to report images and emotions. In therapy, utilizing EMDR when clients have leaned their heads to one side, I have tended to reinforce the side they put their head to, utilizing eye movements in a diagonal direction, corresponding to the direction the head was learning. That is. If the person learned their head to the left, I would move my hand from their upper left side to their lower right side, and opposite if their heads leaned to the right. The outcome of these diagonal eye movements was that it tended to evoke cognitions when the head leaned to the left or images when the head learned to the right. Client who come to therapy requesting help concerning fears, tend to lean their heads to the rights, corresponding with imagery and imagination of the right hemisphere and may lack the cognitive, logical thinking skills (left hemisphere) to counter their fears. With these clients, when the SUDS do not drop significantly, I will tend to do body-cognitive interweave. I request that the client lean their head on the left and work over and over with cirrsponding sets of diangonal eye movmenets. The left hemisphere of the brain is thus stimulated and logical thinking (PC) is enhanced. This helps to counter and balance out the negative images, and the fear decreased.
Through care histories and examples, I would like to accomplish the following objectives: 1) to make the participants more aware of body language and it its significance in therapy; 2) to examine the differences between the right and left hemispheres of the brain and their relationship to therapy with EMDR; and 3) to introduce and demonstrate a body-cognitive interweave in EMDR therapy with client s who request help with fears.

Keywords: Body-Cognitive Interweave Left-Right Brain Hemispheres of the Brain Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

107. Solomon, R. M., & Shapiro, F. (2008). EMDR and the adaptive information processing model - Potential mechanisms of change. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(4), 315-325. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.315.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapeutic approach guided by the adaptive information processing (AIP) model. This article provides a brief overview of some of the major precepts of AIP. The basis of clinical pathology is hypothesized to be dysfunctionally stored memories, with therapeutic change resulting from the processing of these memories within larger adaptive networks. Unlike extinction-based exposure therapies, memories targeted in EMDR are posited to transmute during processing and are then again stored by a process of reconsolidation. Therefore, a comparison and contrast to extinction-based information processing models and treatment is provided, including implications for clinical practice. Throughout the article a variety of mechanisms of action are discussed, including those inferred by tenets of the AIP model, and the EMDR procedures themselves, including the bilateral stimulation. Research suggestions are offered in order to investigate various hypotheses.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Model AIP Information Processing Mechanism of Change Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

108. Marquis, P. (2007, June). EMDR and the treatment of anxiety disorders. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Dr. Marquis will present on the treatment of Anxiety Disorders using Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). This treatment is based on clinical research and practice, integrating Anxiety Disorder treatments such as interceptive exposure, psych-education, mindfulness, relaxation training, breathing retraining, cognitive techniques and exposure and response prevention with EMDR. The diagnosis of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Hoarding, Trichotillomonia, Skin Picking, Panic Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorders, Phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Somatization Disorder and their interaction with underlying PSTD will be discussed and standard EMDR treatment protocols presented. This will be presented in context of the Adaptive Information Processing Model. Theoretical models will be presented. This treatment integrates the use of future template and behavioral feedback for success of anxiety treatment. Participants will learn how to specify EMDR targets for rapid symptom reduction and how clients scan integrate self-use of bilateral stimulation to increase treatment results. Case examples will be presented. Participants will be encouraged to discuss and receive feedback on anxiety cases of their own. Cross-cultural applications and understanding will be explored. Dr. Marquis is the Anxiety Team Leader at Kaiser Hospital and has been practicing, teaching, and training EMDR internationally since 1991.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

109. Marquis, P., & Sprowls, C. (2011, August). EMDR and the treatment of anxiety disorders: Clinical applications using the anxiety protocol. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Orange County, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Dr. Marquis and Dr. Sprowls will present on the treatment of Anxiety Disorders using Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, (EMDR). This treatment is based on clinical research and practice, integrating Anxiety Disorder treatments such as interoceptive exposure, psycho-education, mindfulness, relaxation training, breathing retraining, cognitive techniques and exposure and response prevention with EMDR. Participants will learn how to specify EMDR targets for rapid symptom reduction and how clients can integrate self-use of bilateral stimulation to increase treatment results. Participants will be encouraged to discuss and receive feedback on anxiety cases of their own. Cross-cultural applications and understanding will be explored.

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

110. Horacek, C. (2005, Winter). EMDR as a therapeutic tool. The Conejo Connection, 4(1), 2-4.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
The main feature of EMDR is that by bilaterally stimulating the brain trauma, phobias and other disturbing experiences are “reprocessed” to move from one part of the brain to the higher-thinking cortical structures of the brain, and seem to lose their power to be disturbing. This is the “eye movement” part. In EMDR, the therapist moves their fingers back and forth in front of the client’s face and the client watches by moving their eyes (not turning their head) left right, left right. However, it has since been discovered that any type of bilateral stimulation works—auditory, tactile, even walking up and down, as the body moves first the left leg and then the right.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

111. Schubbe, O. (2008, September). EMDR bei kindern [EMDR in the work with children]. Pre-Congress am 11. Kongress der European Society of Hypnosis in Psychotherapie und Psychosomatische Medizin, Wien, Österreich.

Language: German

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Der Workshop gibt einen kurzen systematischen Überblick über die Techniken, die speziell EMDR in der Psychotherapie mit Kindern und Jugendlichen eingesetzt. Alter angemessenen Formen der bilateralen Stimulation und der Aktualisierung der Ressourcen und ungelösten Erinnerungen werden erläutert. Kleine Gruppe Übungen sollen den Teilnehmern eine praktische Lernerfahrung. Bewerber für die EMDR-Seminare mit Oliver Schubbe in Linz oder Graz kann dieser Workshop als Schnupperkurs nutzen. Die Teilnehmer sollten bereit sein, die Rolle der ein Kind oder Jugendlicher Client innerhalb einer kleinen Gruppe zu spielen.

The workshop will give a brief systematic overview over the EMDR techniques specifically used in psychotherapy with children and adolescents. Age appropriate forms of bilateral stimulation and of the actualization of ressources and unresolved memories will be explained. Small group exercises are intended to give participants a practical learning experience. Applicants for the EMDR seminars with Oliver Schubbe at Linz or Graz can use this workshop as a taster course. Participants should be willing to play the role of a child or adolescent client within a small group.

Keywords: Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

112. van Nijnatten, A. (2012). EMDR bij getraumatiseerde asielzoekers en vluchtelingen: Verschil in effectiviteit tussen visuele en auditieve stimulatie [EMDR with traumatized asylum seekers and refugees: difference in effectiveness between visual and auditory stimulation]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Objective: Recent studies suggest that eye movements are the most effective form of stimulation in EMDR, but this assertion is based primarily on studies using the general population. This study evaluated whether tones and eye movements in EMDR are equally effective in reducing symptoms of trauma, anxiety and depression among asylum seekers and refugees, who are diagnosed with PTSD. As a control the entire EMDR condition was compared with a waiting list condition, who received no treatment. Method: In the present study 43 asylum seekers and refugees in the age of 20 to 73 years, who were indicated for treatment at Stichting Centrum ’45, participated. They were assigned to three different conditions: EMDR with eye movements, EMDR with tones or no treatment. The patients were not randomly assigned to the three conditions. Trauma symptoms were measured with the CAPS and HTQ and anxiety and depression symptoms with the HSCL-25. Results: Both tones and eye movements in EMDR lead to a reduction in symptoms of trauma, according to the HTQ. When trauma symptoms are reported according to the CAPS both conditions do not lead to a significant reduction in complaints. Concerning symptoms of anxiety and depression both conditions lead to a reduction in symptoms. Again there is no difference between tones and eye movements. It appears that EMDR is not significantly better in reducing symptoms of trauma, compared to the waiting list condition. Both EMDR and no treatment do not lead to a significant reduction in symptoms of anxiety and depression and there is no distinction between the conditions. Conclusion: Eye movements and tones lead to a significant reduction in symptoms of trauma, anxiety and depression, but this reduction is insufficient compared to the control condition. This is probably due to the small sample size of the present study. The present study implies that the theory that eye movements are more effective than tones in EMDR may not be generalizable to a complex group of patients, namely asylum seekers and refugees diagnosed with PTSD.

Keywords: Asylum Seekers Auditory Stimulation Refugees Visual Stimulation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

113. Withers, D. (2001, June). EMDR bilateral movement groups for children with ADHD. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This workshop will teach experientially how to run therapy groups for children. Specifically, it will teach Resource Installation through Dance/Movement Therapy techniques utilizing EMDR protocol, how to deal with disruptive behaviors by empowering children to come up with their own coping strategies for themselves and each other; and how to identify, locate, and regulate feelings in their bodies.

Keywords: Bilateral Children Dance Movement Therapy: Groups Resource Installation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

114. Withers, D. (2000, December). EMDR bilateral movement groups for children with ADHD. EMDRIA Newsletter, 5(Special Edition), 11-13.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Using EMDR to treat children diagnosed with ADHD is challenging on many levels. Differentiating the effects of trauma versus pure ADHD or other diagnoses such as OCD, learning disabilities, and even autism is difficult at best because these symptoms could be present as the result of early trauma (Tinker, 1999). These experiences include birth trauma, illness, medical procedures and surgery as well as abuse or neglect (Becker, 2000). These children may be unintentionally further traumatized on a daily basis by parents, teachers, coaches and peers for missing social cues, being impulsive and disruptive and no paying attention or cooperating. They may not easily engage in therapy and tend to avoid new situations due to past failures and harbor negative views of themselves because of their belief that they somehow need to be “fixed.” These response could also be due to attachment disorders or to a “poor match” between temperament of parent and child (Bowlby, 1973).

Keywords: ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

115. Costa, C. S. (2012, Novembro). EMDR como recurso para a elaboração de laudo pericial [EMDR as a resource for the preparation of expert report]. In EMDR e memórias. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Por meio de relato de caso clínico, objetiva-se mostrar a possibilidade da do uso do EMDR para a elaboração de laudo pericial. O caso foi enviado por uma Casa de Acolhimento Institucional, órgão público vinculado à Delegacia de Defesa da Mulher, de um município da Grande São Paulo, devido à suspeita de abuso sexual da criança pelo genitor, uma vez que outros laudos profissionais, como o psicodiagnóstico de Rorscharch e o exame clínico por perito legista não foram aceitos como conclusivos pelo juiz que autorizou a visita do pai. Diante disso, o Órgão de Proteção à Criança encaminhou o caso para nova avaliação. Após as entrevistas com a criança, que se mostrava bastante resistente às perguntas feitas pela psicóloga, aplicaram-se os seguintes recursos do EMDR: identificação da imagem, crença e emoção (ICE); som bilateral; desenhos e identificação do grau de desconforto (SUDs), que lhe possibilitaram exteriorizar a situação que a incomodava, reforçada nos vários desenhos. Encaminhados os resultados ao Órgão que solicitou a avaliação foram considerados conclusivos em relação ao abuso sofrido pela criança, o que significou seu afastamento do genitor, pelo juiz, e investigação para apurar os fatos visando a proteger a vítima. Isso permite concluir que o EMDR pode ser um instrumento auxiliar para a elaboração de laudo pericial nos casos de estresse pós-traumático, como no abuso sexual de crianças.

Through clinical case, the objective is to show the possibility of the use of EMDR for the preparation of an expert report. The case was sent by a House of Hospitality Institutional, public agency linked to the Women's Police Station, a town in Greater São Paulo, due to suspicion of child sexual abuse by parent, since other reports professionals, as psychodiagnostic of Rorschach and clinical examination by forensic expert were not accepted as conclusive by the judge who authorized the visit of his father. Thus, the Child Protection Authority referred the case for further evaluation. After the interviews with the child, that proved quite resistant to the questions asked by the psychologist, we applied the following features of EMDR: identifying the image, belief and emotion (ICE); sound bilateral; drawings and identify the degree of discomfort (SUDs ), which enabled him to externalize the situation that bothered him, strengthened in various designs. Forwarded the results to the Board requesting the evaluation were considered conclusive regarding the abuse suffered by the child, which meant being away from the parent, the judge, and investigation to ascertain the facts in order to protect the victim. This indicates that EMDR can be an auxiliary tool for the development of expert opinion in cases of post-traumatic stress, such as the sexual abuse of children.

Keywords: Expert Report Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

116. Renssen, M. (2000, May 6). EMDR compared with imaginary exposure. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
According to Spector and Read (1999), “EMDR is an effective therapeutic procedure. More direct comparisons are needed with exposure therapies which up till now have generally been considered the most effective approaches to PTSD.” They further state that, “Direct comparisons with exposure therapies would be particularly meaningful and revealing if they were compared with EMDR, if the subjects were single trauma PTSD case and if EMDR were applied both with and without bilateral stimulation” (Spector & Read, 1999, the Current Status of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy).
In this presentation, results of a study will be shown in which EMDR was compared with the imaginary exposure procedure. Twenty-five traffic accident victims with trauma complaints were randomly allocated to either EMDR or imaginary exposure. Ten victims received imaginary exposure according to a protocol of Dancu and Foa, 1992 (translated by Arnst, 1997), while ten participants were treated with EMDR based on the PTSD protocol of Shapiro, 1995 (translated by de Jongh, 1996). In the EMDR group, people were exposed to bilateral sounds. The results were compared with an additional group consisting of 5 trauma clients who were exposed to sounds which were simultaneously presented

Keywords: Comparison Imaginary Exposure

Accuracy Verified: Yes

117. Terreri, L. (2005). EMDR e crisi d'astinenza [EMDR and withdrawal symptoms]. Bollettino per le Farmacodipendenze e l'Alcolismo del Ministero della Salute, 28(3/4), 25.

Language: Italian

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
L’EMDR (acronimo di Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) è un metodo clinico ben strutturato che può integrare i programmi terapeutici aumentandone l’efficacia. Francine Shapiro ha scoperto che alcuni tipi di stimolazione esterna possono aiutare molto efficacemente una persona a superare un evento traumatico o emotivamente disturbante. Il metodo utilizza principalmente i movimenti oculari prodotti in un paziente invitandolo a seguire il movimento della mano del terapeuta (ma anche altre forme di stimolazione destro/sinistra come, ad esempio, il tapping sulle mani). L’EMDR si basa sull’ipotesi che l’evento traumatico “congeli” l’informazione nella sua forma ansiogena originale, nello stesso modo in cui è stato vissuto. L’informazione bloccata, “congelata” nelle reti neurali, continua a provocare vari disturbi psicologici. Pensare ad un evento traumatico mentre contemporaneamente il paziente esegue determinati movimenti oculari, invece, genera l’effetto di riprendere o accelerare l’elaborazione dell’informazione. L’EMDR provoca una migliore comunicazione tra gli emisferi cerebrali ristabilendo l’equilibrio eccitatorio/inibitorio e permette il raggiungimento di una risoluzione adattiva, integrata in uno schema cognitivo ed emotivo positivo, dell’esperienza del paziente. Il metodo, quindi, permette una desensibilizzazione rapida dei ricordi traumatici e una ristrutturazione cognitiva che porta a una riduzione significativa dei sintomi del paziente.

EMDR (which stands for Eye Movement desensitization and Reprocessing) is a well-structured clinical method that can integrate treatment programs increasing effectiveness. Francine Shapiro discovered that certain of external stimulation can help most effectively a person to overcome a traumatic event or emotionally disturbing. The method mainly uses eye movements produced in a patient requesting to follow the movement of the hand therapist (But also other forms of stimulation right / left as, For example, tapping on your hands). EMDR is based on the assumption that the traumatic event "freeze" information anxiety in its original form, the same way it was lived. Information blocked "Frozen" in neural networks, continues to cause various psychological disorders. Think of a traumatic event simultaneously while the patient performs certain eye movements, however, creates the effect of return or accelerate the processing. EMDR leads to better communication between the hemispheres restoring brain balance excitatory / inhibitory and allows the achievement of adaptive resolution, embedded in a positive emotional and cognitive schema, experience of the patient. The method, therefore, allows a rapid desensitization of traumatic memories and a cognitive restructuring that leads to a reduction significant symptoms of the patient.

Keywords: Withdrawal Symptoms

Accuracy Verified: Yes

118. Hartung, J. (2007, Novembero). EMDR e Psicologia de la Energía [EMDR and the psychology of energy]. Pós-Conferência presentación en el Congresso Ibero-Americano de EMDR, Brasilia, Brasil.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
John Hartung, Psy.D. tem trabalhado há mais de dez anos em 25 países como clínico e treinador de EMDR. Defende o uso do EMDR para eliminação de sintomas assim como para o aprimoramento do pensamento, emoções e comportamentos positivos. John tem observado que a aplicação do EMDR pode avançar se outras estratégias forem utilizadas em conjunto com EMDR, tais como aquelas idealizadas para a contenção de emoções intensas (“ab-reações”), que ocorrem freqüentemente no EMDR. Com o aumento da contenção emocional, certos riscos vinculados ao emprego do EMDR por profissionais também são reduzidos: 1) EMDR pode ser utilizado com populações mais vulneráveis e que tradicionalmente tem sido excluídas do tratamento com esta abordagem, e 2) os terapeutas têm menor relutância em expandir o seu alcance. Entre as estratégias e táticas a serem discutidas e apresentadas neste workshop estão: respiração terapêutica e parassimpática, treinamento em coerência cardíaca da tradição Heartmath, métodos baseados na medicina chinesa, e métodos especiais para o uso de estimulação bilateral do EMDR de forma mais lenta e menos intensa.

John Hartung, Psy.D. has worked for more ten years in 25 countries as an EMDR clinician and trainer. Advocates the use of EMDR for disposal of symptoms as well as for the improvement of thought, emotions and behaviors positive. John has observed that the application EMDR can move forward if other strategies are used in conjunction with EMDR, such as those envisioned for the containment of emotions intense ("ab-reactions") that occur frequently in EMDR. With increasing emotional restraint, certain risks linked to use of EMDR professionals are also reduced: 1) EMDR can be used with vulnerable populations and has traditionally been excluded from treatment with this approach, and 2) the therapists are less reluctant to expand their reach. Among the strategies and tactics to be discussed and presented in this workshop are: breathing therapy and parasympathetic training in cardiac coherence of tradition HeartMath, methods based in medicine Chinese, and special methods for the use of bilateral stimulation of EMDR more slow and less intense.

Keywords: Energy Psychology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

119. Fernandez, I., & Giovannozzi, G. (2012, March-April). EMDR ed elaborazione adattiva dell’informazione. La psicoterapia come stimolazione dei processi psicologici autoriparativi [EMDR and adaptive information processing: Psychotherapy as a stimulation of the self-reparative psychological process]. Rivista di Psichiatria, 47(Supplement 1), 4S-7S. doi:10.1708/1071.11731.

Language: Italian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A partire dal concetto di evento traumatico, viene descritto il modello dell’elaborazione adattativa dell’informazione per illustrare come l’EMDR viene applicato per la rielaborazione dei traumi e per risolvere la psicopatologia post-traumatica. Vengono quindi presentate le otto fasi del trattamento con EMDR, le modalità di funzionamento di una seduta di EMDR e il contributo e l’innovazione che l’EMDR rappresenta nel campo della terapia degli stati post-traumatici e la sua applicabilità in altri quadri sintomatici.

Based on the concept of traumatic event, the model of the adaptive information processing is described to illustrate how EMDR is applied to reprocess the trauma and resolve post-traumatic psychopathology. The eight phases of the EMDR treatment are presented together with the way an EMDR session is conducted and the contribution and innovation that EMDR represents in the field of therapy of post-traumatic states and its applicability in other symptomatic conditions.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP

Accuracy Verified: Yes

120. Sales, S. H. D. (2011). EMDR en de effectiviteit van tappen versus tappen en klikjes, Een onderzoek naar de efficiëntie van EMDR met betrekking tot de werkgeheugenhypothese [EMDR effectiveness in tapping vs. taps and clicks, a study of the effectiveness of EMDR in relation to the working hypothesis]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Recente onderzoeken naar Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) doen een rol van het werkgeheugen vermoeden. Met betrekking tot het effect van de bilaterale stimulatie bij EMDR-therapie, is echter nog weinig onderzoek gedaan naar het effect van tappen op het terug dringen van emotionele lading en levendigheid bij negatieve herinneringen. In het huidige onderzoek zijn deze twee aspecten onderzocht. Gebruik is gemaakt van drie condities respectievelijk (1) controle; (2) tappen en (3) tappen+klikjes. Verwacht werd dat een effect zou bestaan voor de conditie 2 en 3. Ook werk verwacht dat dit effect voor conditie 3 sterker zou zijn dan voor conditie 2. Aan het onderzoek hebben 36 vrijwillige gezonde studenten van de Universiteit Utrecht deel genomen, (24 vrouwen en 12 mannen). Gebleken is een effect in conditie 2 op zowel emotionele lading als levendigheid. Dit effect was sterker voor conditie 3. Exploratief is gekeken naar het effect voor geslacht, gebleken is dat er geen verschil is tussen mannen en vrouw met betrekking tot de effectiviteit van tappen, tappen+klikjes als bilaterale stimulatie bij EMDR therapie. Uit dit onderzoek is een effect voor de bilaterale stimulatie in de vorm van tappen en de stimulatie in de vorm van tappen+klikjes gebleken. Dit doet een rol van belasting van het werkgeheugen vermoeden. Echter kunnen hieraan geen definitieve conclusies worden verbonden, meer onderzoek is nodig naar de werkgeheugen en EMDR-therapie.

Recent studies of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) doing a role of working memory suspicion. With regard to the effect of bilateral stimulation in EMDR therapy is still little research on the effect of tapping on reducing emotional and vibrancy to negative memories. In the present study, these two aspects. Use is made of three conditions are (1) control, (2) tapping and (3) tapping + clicks. It was expected that the effect would exist for the condition 2 and 3. Work also expects that this effect for condition 3 would be stronger than for condition 2. In the study, 36 healthy volunteer students from Utrecht University participated (24 women and 12 men). It has been an effect of condition 2 on both emotional and liveliness. This effect was stronger for condition 3. Explorative looked at the effect of gender, it appears that there is no difference between men and women with regard to the effectiveness of tapping, tapping + clicks as bilateral stimulation in EMDR therapy. This study is an effect of bilateral stimulation in the form of tapping and stimulation in the form of tapping + clicks proved. This does a role of working memory load suspicion. However, can not derive any definitive conclusions be drawn, more research is needed into the memory and EMDR therapy.DanishEnglishSwedishAlpha Recent studies of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) doing a role of working memory suspicion. With regard to the effect of bilateral stimulation in EMDR therapy is still little research on the effect of tapping on reducing emotional and vibrancy to negative memories. In the present study, these two aspects. Use is made of three conditions are (1) control, (2) tapping and (3) tapping + clicks. It was expected that the effect would exist for the condition 2 and 3. Work also expects that this effect for condition 3 would be stronger than for condition 2. In the study, 36 healthy volunteer students from Utrecht University participated (24 women and 12 men). It has been an effect of condition 2 on both emotional and liveliness. This effect was stronger for condition 3. Explorative looked at the effect of gender, it appears that there is no difference between men and women with regard to the effectiveness of tapping, tapping + clicks as bilateral stimulation in EMDR therapy. This study is an effect of bilateral stimulation in the form of tapping and stimulation in the form of tapping + clicks proved. This does a role of working memory load suspicion. However, can not derive any definitive conclusions be drawn, more research is needed into the memory and EMDR therapy.

Keywords: Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

121. Fizel, D., Shapiro, F., Borderson, G., & Frank-NcNeil, J. (1997). EMDR for trauma (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Language: English

Format: Video

Abstract:
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is an approach that combines elements of the major therapeutic schools (e.g., cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, physiological, and interactional). Although eye movement stimulation has garnered the most attention professionally and publicly, EMDR actually involves a much broader spectrum of interventions which are organized into eight phases of therapy. EMDR is based on the assumption that specific experiences from the past continue to guide the client's responses in the present. To influence such experiences from the past, EMDR draws on an information processing model of behavior. Disturbing trauma-related information is believed to be held in the patient's nervous system in state-dependent form (e.g., the perceptions and sensations experienced at the time of the trauma are encoded in the nervous system). EMDR allows the processing of this information so that what is useful from the experience can be learned; stored appropriately, cognitively and affectively; and made available for behavioral guidance in the future. EMDR allows clients to access and reprocess these experiences as well as to learn new skills and behaviors for managing future life events. The goal of EMDR is to produce the most comprehensive and profound treatment effects in the shortest period of time, while helping the client to remain reasonably stable. [Videorecording : DVD video 1 videodisc (53 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in.]

Keywords: Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

122. Shapiro, F., & Broderson, G. (1997). EMDR for trauma: Eye movement desenitization and reprocessing. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Language: English

Format: Video

Abstract:
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a complex treatment approach that combines salient elements of the major therapeutic schools (e.g., cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, physiological, and interactional). Although the eye movement stimulation (and other forms of dual stimulation used in the approach) have garnered the most attention professionally and publicly, EMDR actually involves a much broader spectrum of interventions, which are organized into eight phases of therapy. Currently, 13 completed controlled studies of EMDR make it one of the most researched methods of psychotherapy used in the treatment of trauma. Its efficacy has been supported by these studies: the four most recent studies of victims who have suffered single traumas have demonstrated that after the equivalent of three 90-minute sessions, 84% to 90% of patients no longer have symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Rothbaum, 1997; Wilson, Becker, & Tinker, 1995).
EMDR is based on the assumption that specific experiences from the past continue to guide the client`s responses in the present. These experiences can be the "big T" traumas that result in PTSD or the "small t" traumas that are the ubiquitous experiences known to have a less dramatic but still negative impact on personality and behavior.
To influence such experiences from the past, EMDR draws on an information processing model of behavior. Conceptually, disturbing trauma-related information is believed to be held in the patient`s nervous system in state-dependent form (e.g., the perceptions and sensations experienced at the time of the trauma are encoded in the nervous system). EMDR allows the processing of this information in an adaptive fashion so that what is useful from the experience can be learned; stored appropriately, cognitively, and affectively; and made available for behavioral guidance in the future. What is useless to adaptation, such as excess negative emotions, irrational self-assessments, and disturbing physical sensations, can be discarded.
Assessment is focused not on global diagnoses but rather on specific delineations of problematic behaviors, attitudes, and affects that need to be transmuted to allow for adaptive resolution of trauma or conflict. Specifically, the EMDR clinician asks, what is the patient being influenced by past experiences to do in the present that is dysfunctional and what is he or she prevented from doing that would be adaptive?
Although originally applied to PTSD, EMDR shows promise in a variety of clinical complaints that are based on earlier life experiences that underlie the pathology and current experiences and that restimulate the disturbance. EMDR allows clients to access and reprocess these experiences as well as to learn new skills and behaviors for managing future life events. In all cases, the goal of EMDR is to produce the most comprehensive and profound treatment effects in the shortest period of time, while helping the client to remain reasonably stable.
EMDR as an eight-phase intervention approach can be considered a complete treatment in some clinical cases, or it may be part of a more complex treatment plan that includes other more traditional approaches to treating a specific pathology (e.g., borderline personality disorder). Within this latter integrative context, EMDR appears to be useful for a broad range of clinical complaints and seems to provide more rapid achievement of positive treatment effects than do these more traditional approaches alone.
Dr. Shapiro identifies her approach as "eye movement desensitization and reprocessing." What does this imply to you? More specifically, what do you expect of her? Will Dr. Shapiro be active or passive? Will the session be structured or unstructured? Directive or nondirective? Will it focus on the past or on the present? Will the session focus on behaviors, on thoughts, or on feelings? What do you expect to be the relative balance between attention to technique versus the interpersonal interaction?

Keywords: Client Francine Shapiro Male

Accuracy Verified: Yes

123. Grant, M. (1997, July). EMDR in a multi-modal approach to chronic pain. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Francisco, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This is an outline of a psychological treatment approach to chronic pain, integrated with medical treatment, based on EMDR. EMDR consists of a combination of various elements of standard approaches to pain management, together with innovations such as dual focus of attention and bilateral stimulation. Although EMDR initially utilized bilateral eye-movements (EM'S), bilateral tones and tapping are now also utilized. One of the central elements of EMDR is a desensitization procedure in which the patient is assisted to focus on the negative thoughts feeling and sensations associated with their problem, whilst simultaneously attending to a bilateral stimulation (visual, auditory or tactile). This is frequently followed by change in the level of distress associated with the problem (Shapiro. 1989, 1995).

Keywords: Chronic Pain

Accuracy Verified: Yes

124. Shapiro, F., & Forrest, M. (2002). EMDR in aktion - Die neue kurzeittherapie in der praxis [EMDR: The breakthrough therapy for overcoming anxiety, stress and trauma]. Paderborn, Germany, Junfermann Verlag GmbH & Co.

Language: German

Format: Book

Abstract:
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) ist eine von Francine Shapiro entwickelte innovative klinische Behandlungsmethode für Trauma-Opfer. Aufgrund äußerst positiver neuer Untersuchungsergebnisse ist EMDR mittlerweile die am gründlichsten untersuchte Methode zur Behandlung der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS). Gleichzeitig werden Untersuchungen über die Möglichkeiten der Anwendung von EMDR bei anderen Störungen durchgeführt. EMDR ist eine zeitsparende, umfassende Methode zur Behandlung traumatischer Erfahrungen, die die Ursache vieler Pathologien sind. Als integratives Therapiemodell, das verhaltenspsychologische, kognitive, psychodynamische, körperorientierte und systemische Elemente umfaßt, ermöglicht EMDR, in relativ kurzer Zeit tiefreichende und stabile Resultate zu erzielen. Die EMDR-Behandlungssequenz, die acht Phasen umfaßt und Augenbewegungen sowie andere Methoden der Rechts-Links-Stimulation nutzt, hilft Trauma-Opfern bei der Aufarbeitung beunruhigender Gedanken und Erinnerungen. Dieses umfassende Basiswerk zum Thema EMDR gibt einen Überblick über die Entwicklung und Erforschung der neuen Methode. Zu den vielen Patientengruppen, bei denen mit EMDR gearbeitet werden kann, zählen die Opfer von sexuellem Mißbrauch, von Verbrechen, kämpferischen Auseinandersetzungen, Kriegsfolgen und Phobie-Patienten. Als Einführung in eine neue wichtige Methode im Bereich der Traumabehandlung ist dieses Buch eine unverzichbare Lektüre für alle Kliniker und Forscher, die sich für die Arbeit mit Trauma-Opfern interessieren. Das Lehrbuch zu EMDR, dieser neuen, so überaus erfolgreichen Therapiemethode zur Behandlung von Traumaopfern.

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a technology developed by Francine Shapiro innovative clinical treatment for trauma victims. Due to extremely positive new findings EMDR is now the most thoroughly studied method for the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). At the same tests are carried out on the possibilities of the use of EMDR with other disorders. EMDR is a time-saving, comprehensive method for the treatment of traumatic experiences, which are the cause of many diseases. As an integrative therapy model includes the behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic, body-oriented and systemic elements, EMDR allows to achieve in a relatively short time, profound and stable results. The EMDR treatment sequence that includes eight stages, and uses eye movements as well as other methods of left-right stimulation helps trauma victims in the processing disturbing thoughts and memories. This comprehensive work based on EMDR provides an overview of the development and exploration of the new method. Among the many groups of patients that can be worked in those with EMDR, including the victims of sexual abuse, crime, fight conflicts, war and phobia patients. As an introduction to an important new method in the field of trauma treatment, this book is a unverzichbare reading for all clinicians and researchers interested in working with trauma victims. The textbook to EMDR, this new, so very successful treatment method for the treatment of trauma victims

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

125. Tripolt, R. (2010, June). EMDR in motion: Enhancing the effect of EMDR by using elements of movement therapy, dance and body orientated therapeutic interweave techniques. In Experimental use of EMDR. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
'The Body Keeps the Score' (Bessel van der. Kolk 1996). Clients who suffer from traumatic stress are often afraid of disturbing and painful symptoms. Structural Dissociation alienates from the body reactions. Clients tend to perceive the body as hostile. As we know from eye movement and other bilateral stimulations, using movement is a gentle and powerful way, to bring the voice of the body into the therapeutic space. To expand the movement and body orientated skills either in difficult processes for example in the therapeutic work with complex traumatised clients enhances the effect of EMDR. Content of the Workshop: How to install the body as resource where the EMDR process can 'take place'. How to dissolve dissociation by associating body and movement awareness. How to accelerate the desensitization process by leading into deeper levels of body consciousness. How to help the client to stay within the "window of tolerance" of vegetative arousal by using elements of movement and dance therapy.

Keywords: Body Dance Therapy Experimental Use Movement Therapy Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

126. Jarero, I., & Artigas, L. (2012). The EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: EMDR group treatment for early intervention following critical incidents. Revue Européenne De Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, 62(4), 219-222. doi:10.1016/j.erap.2012.04.004.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Introduction: This paper presents an overview of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing – Integrative Group Treatment Protocol (EMDR-IGTP) that has been used since 1998 with both children and adults in its original format or with adaptations to meet the circumstances in numerous settings around the world for thousands of survivors of natural or man-made disasters and during ongoing geopolitical crisis. Method: The author's intention is to highlight and enlightened the reader of the existence of this protocol that combines the eight standard EMDR treatment phases with a group therapy model and an art therapy format and use the Butterfly Hug as a form of a self-administered bilateral stimulation, thus providing more extensive reach than the individual EMDR application. Conclusion: Randomize Controlled Trial Research is suggested to establish the efficacy of this intervention.

Keywords: Critical Incident Group Treatment Integrative Group Treatment Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

127. Zangwill, W. (2004, September). EMDR master series– I. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montréal, Quebec Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Many therapists erroneously think of EMDR as the phase of treatment involving eye movements or other forms of bilateral stimulation. EMDR treatment begins the moment there is contact between client and clinician. From first contact, to target assessment, from bilateral stimulation to reevaluation, effective EMDR processing depends on a case formulation that enables the clinician to vary EMDR implementation depending on the client's underlying issues and maladaptive coping strategies. Using discussion, videotapes and live demonstration, this presentation will provide the EMDR clinician with an increased ability to recognize and target both the clients' painful memories and their underlying blocking beliefs. In every aspect of EMDR, from developing a therapeutic relationship to choosing targets, from obtaining negative and positive cognitions to developing cognitive interweaves, and even knowing when to restart bilateral stimulation, developing and using a conceptual framework will enable the EMDR clinician to provide much more effective treatment.

Keywords: Master Series

Accuracy Verified: Yes

128. Saêta, L. B. (2012, Novembro). EMDR no tratamento da dor e das sensações fantasmas [EMDR in the treatment of pain and phantom sensations]. In EMDR e dor crônica. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Sujeitos vítimas de amputação podem apresentar, imeditamente após a mesma, algum tipo de desconforto no membro ausente, descrito como formigamento, dormência, posição do membro, temperatura, latejamento, choque e apertamento que podem manifestar-se com a presença ou não de dor, tendo sua qualidade de vida reduzida. Observa-se que atualmente, as abordagens terapêuticas usadas no manejo da dor e das sensações fantasmas podem ser organizadas em três modalidades: medicamentosa, de apoio e cirúrgica, feitas em conjunto ou separadamente. Os tratamentos de apoio mais conhecidos incluem estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea, terapia vibratória, acupuntura, hipnose e biofeedback. A proposta desse estudo foi verificar a eficiência do EMDR na redução e/ou eliminação das sensações e da dor fantasmas aplicado a seis sujeitos com amputação de membro inferior, num período de um a três meses de duração (de 4 a 12 sessões de 60 a 90 minutos de duração), utilizando o protocolo EMDR padrão e o protocolo EMDR para a dor, e também exercícios corporais de respiração consciente, aliados, em casos de resistência dos sujeitos ao EMDR, à ativação da visão macular dos dois olhos e a exercícios rítmicos de espernear. Tais procedimentos proporcionaram uma melhor comunicação entre os hemisférios cerebrais, numa reorganização cortical que facilitou o aumento da consciência e aceitação da perda do membro amputado, sendo possível presenciar efeitos terapêuticos positivos e rápidos. Constatou-se que as sensações e as dores fantasmas diminuíram significativamente em três participantes e desapareceram por completo nos outros três, comprovando a eficácia e eficiência do EMDR no processo de inclusão e readaptação social em sujeitos vítimas de amputação.

Subjected victims of amputation may have, immediately after it, some kind of discomfort absent member, described as tingling, numbness, limb position, temperature, throbbing, clenching and shock that may occur with the presence or absence of pain, having a reduced quality of life. It is observed that currently, the therapeutic approaches used in the management of pain and phantom sensations can be organized into three types: medication, and surgical support, made jointly or separately. The most popular treatments include support transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, vibratory therapy, acupuncture, hypnosis and biofeedback. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of EMDR in the reduction and / or elimination of phantom sensations and pain applied to six subjects with lower limb amputation in a period of one to three months duration (4 to 12 sessions of 60 to 90 minutes), using the standard EMDR protocol and the protocol EMDR for pain, and also body conscious breathing exercises, combined, in cases of resistance to the subject of EMDR, the activation of macular vision in both eyes and rhythmic exercises kicking . These procedures allow for a better communication between the cerebral hemispheres, cortical reorganization in which facilitated the increased awareness and acceptance of the loss of the amputated limb, and you can witness the positive therapeutic effects and fast. It was found that the sensations and phantom pain significantly decreased in three participants and disappeared completely in the other three, proving the efficiency and effectiveness of EMDR in the process of inclusion and social rehabilitation of victims subject to amputation.

Keywords: Amputation Phantom Pain Phantom Sensation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

129. Purandare, M., Bhagwagar, H., & Tank, P. (2010, July). EMDR on children affected by the earthquake. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Efficacy of EMDR on Children Affected by Earthquake: The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of EMDR as an intervention technique for trauma victims. A sample of 50 students, studying in 10th grade, age ranging from 14 to 16 years were selected. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) was administered to measure the intensity of trauma experienced. A pre-post test research design was used in the study. The results were in the predicted direction. EMDR was found to be effective in reducing avoidance, intrusion and hyper arousal as well as overall impact of trauma. “Group EMDR With Earthquake Survivors” The current study is an attempt to understand the impact of a specific traumatic events and its expression in children i.e. the earthquake that occurred in Gujarat, Western India in January 2001. This study was a part of the therapy work conducted with the survivors of the earthquake by the group of 40 practitioners from Mumbai and was over 4 months. The paper will present the following aspects: 1. The symptoms seen among the children depicting PTSD as per DSM IV criteria. Signs of Hyper-arousal, Avoidance and Intrusion were clearly seen especially in children 2. The process used. This was a modified version of the standard 8 phase protocol appropriate for use with group work. Butterfly hugs were used as BLS. Stages of EMDR for this group: 3. Observations and a few unique experiences These include blocking of trauma image, difficulty in safe place visualizing, difficulty in distancing and using creative techniques for soothing and relaxation. 4. Impact of the EMDR intervention with this group More than 16000 children from about 30 schools were seen. based on observations and reports by teachers during the follow up showed reduction in anxiety, reports of life resembling pre-earthquake, improved attention and concentration, better sleeping patterns and lowering of somatic complaints. Impact and expression of trauma in children exposed to the earthquake: The current study is an attempt to understand the impact of a specific traumatic event and its expression in children i.e. the earthquake that occurred in Gujarat, western India in January 2001. The Butterfly hug technique for bilateral stimulation was used following 8 steps of EMDR. Drawings of children were used as their expressions during different phases of EMDR. Drawings during “ Assessment phase” depicted feelings of insecurity, a sense of vacuum and emptiness, low energy levels, a desire for contact and help, feelings of guilt, poor body image, hypersensitivity was noticed almost universally and even during therapy. Drawings, following the processing and installation phases indicated the facial expression changed to a smile. Tears which were present in almost all drawings were not noted Positive cognitions were reflected in terms of the growth and freshness e.g. the newly growing grass. In spite of the various symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder, no gross disintegration of personality had been noted.

Keywords: Children Earthquake

Accuracy Verified: Yes

130. Grey, E. (2008, September). EMDR theory exists: An explanation of neuro-physiological underpinnings. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR Theory Exists is designed to provide a peer reviewed explanation of the neuro-physiological underpinnings of the AIP model. Through educating practitioners on the links between bilateral stimulation and the brain one’s ability to describe EMDR to consumers increases. The brain mechanisms impacted by bilateral stimulation move memories into a stage in which a human naturally heals. These neuro-physiological underpinnings are illustrated through synthesis with a complex case of childhood ritual abuse. Participants will be furnished the opportunity to practice applying these underpinnings to cases and improve their ability to explain EMDR’s potential impact on a consumer.

Keywords: Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

131. Withers, D. (2001). EMDR therapy in the group setting. The Children’s Group Association Newsletter.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
I had been doing EMDR with children for a number of years for trauma and resultant anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, nightmares, hair pulling and a variety of symptoms, with excellent results. EMDR, or Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, is a powerful tool that seems to have a direct on the way the brain functions, reducing the disturbance of traumatic events and allowing the client to see them in a new and less distressing way. Researchers worldwide publishing in prestigious journals have shown its efficacy. Having a background in dance and movement therapy, I had previously developed an innovation, EMDR Bilateral Movement Therapy groups, for women with body image issues who are in 3rd stage trauma recovery. (Presented at the 1999 EMDRIA Conference). It was during a conversation with an EMDR trained child psychiatrist about these groups that I realized what a natural application they would have with ADHD children.

Keywords: ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

132. Shapiro, R. (2000, September). An EMDR two-hand interweave. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada. .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will: 1) be able to employ two new methods of using a two-handed interweave with EMDR: (a) with eye movmeents or other therapist-applied bilateral stimulation, and (b) with client-directed bilateral stimulation; 2) be able to apply this two-handed interweave in a variety of treatment circumstances: (a) with clients who are experiencing ambivalence about a decision, (b) to contrast and sometimes integrate two ego states; (c) to differentiate between a projection on another, and the actual other person, (d) to differentiate between a negative cognition or introject and a true self, (e) to differentiate between a destructive cultural or familial belief or introject and a beneficial alternative, and (f) to tailor the two-hand technique to other circumstances; and 3) through practice, will be able to apply the two-handed interweave to another participant and have the experience of using it on themselves.

Keywords: Two-Hand Interweave

Accuracy Verified: Yes

133. Dellucci, H. (2011, February /March). EMDR using gearbox technique and letters. Presentation at the EMDR Association of India – Mumbai Chapter, Delhi, India .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The new protocol has been likened to the gears of a vehicle where on each speed a certain amount of work is done to deal with the trauma in a gradual fashion.
Speed zero deals with stabilization; speed 1 deals with desensitizing future fears; speed 2 touches upon desensitizing emotions or body sensations without touching on the actual trauma. At speed 3 the client works on early imprints (any issues from the age of birth to 3 years). Speed 4 deals with desensitizing present triggers and speed 5 deals with use of EMDR on past events. Helene will also be teaching how she also ingeniously uses LETTER WRITING(from the future or standard) with bilateral stimulation. The above protocol is useful even for dissociative or complex trauma clients Helene has summarized her therapy by saying: “Different clients evolve at different speeds, as a function of many parameters that we often are not able to control as therapists. Our basic assumption is that clients go as fast as they can, given their particular situation. If they slow down, it is because they have good enough reasons, whether conscious or not. What we try to avoid is them slowing down because of the therapist. Our motto is to progress as fast as possible, as long as the road and the weather permit it, and go as slowly as necessary to keep the journey secure.”

Keywords: Gearbox

Accuracy Verified: Yes

134. Tinker, R. H. (2007, June). EMDR with children of all ages: Theoretical possibilities. Keynote presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR has been applied successfully to traumatized children even younger than two years of age. Such application allows us to formulate theories about what the essential ingredients in EMDR are, in a way that is not possible with adults, where the situation is more complex, and more complicated theories are frequently offered. These essential elements appear to be the pairing of the traumatic memory with bilateral stimulation in a safe environment. Video clips will be shown illustrating how such pairing, on both an individual and group basis, can be accomplished and how results can be documented.While EMDR with children offers the possibility of parsimony in theory construction, such theory needs to encompass all phenomena that appear in EMDR sessions, such as elimination of phantom limb pain and the appearance of stigmata during and after EMDR sessions. Video clips will be shown documenting the elimination of phantom limb pain, and photos of stigmata from EMDR sessions. Theoretical possibilities will be presented to account for these phenomena in a way that is both parsimonious and encompassing.

Keywords: Children Keynote

Accuracy Verified: Yes

135. Tinker, R. H. (2008, September). EMDR with children of all ages: Theoretical possibilities. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Phoenix, AZ.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR has been applied successfully to traumatized children even younger than two years of age. Such application allows us to formulate theories about what the essential ingredients in EMDR are, in a way that is not possible with adults, where the situation is more complex, and more complicated theories are frequently offered. These essential elements appear to be the pairing of the traumatic memory with bilateral stimulation in a safe environment. Video clips will be shown illustrating how such pairing, on both an individual and group basis, can be accomplished and how results can be documented. While EMDR with children offers the possibility of parsimony in theory construction, such theory needs to encompass all phenomena that appear in EMDR sessions, such as elimination of phantom limb pain and the appearance of stigmata during and after EMDR sessions. Video clips will be shown documenting the elimination of phantom limb pain, and photos of stigmata from EMDR sessions. Theoretical possibilities will be presented to account for these phenomena in a way that is both parsimonious and encompassing.

Keywords: Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

136. Schubbe, O. (2008, September). EMDR with children: EMDR in work with children. Presentation at Pre-congress on EMDR at the European Congress of Hypnosis, Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The workshop will give a brief systematic overview over the EMDR techniques specifically used in psychotherapy with children and adolescents. Age appropriate forms of bilateral stimulation and of the actualization of ressources and unresolved memories will be explained. Small group exercises are intended to give participants a practical learning experience. Applicants for the EMDR seminars with Oliver Schubbe at Linz or Graz can use this workshop as a taster course. Participants should be willing to play the role of a child or adolescent client within a small group.[Author abstract]

Keywords: Adolescents Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

137. Glenn, S. (2011, March). EMDR with deaf clients. Symposium conducted at the 9th annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland, Bristol .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation will outline the utilisation of EMDR with deaf clients exploring the challenges it presents for clinicians whilst exploring the potential for EMDR. Through the use of case examples this session will outline the ways in which EMDR needs to be adapted for this population Many clinicians struggle with Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) with d/Deaf clients due to some of the abstract ideas used and the heavy reliance on spoken language. Many people, both hearing and deaf find it difficult to think about thinking, and develop levels of insight into their emotions and behaviours simply by talking about them. Deaf people experience trauma and abuse at a much higher rate than hearing people, but there are few established therapies to help them. As Deaf people do not pick up all of the auditory stimuli it is likely that the trauma or difficult experiences that bring them to therapy may have been stored visually or kinaesthetically rather than linguistically. Trauma may also be caused by smaller events due to lack of information available to them. EMDR is an evidence based therapy that attempts to resolve emotional reactions to traumatic memories and their triggers. It does this through a combination of physical stimulation and the recollection and discussion of memories. As such, it seems ideally suited for use with people who are Deaf and have experienced trauma in their past. I describe how EMDR lends itself for successful use with Deaf clients and their families, giving two brief case examples where I used EMDR with Deaf children in British Sign Language.

Keywords: Children Deafness Hearing Impairment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

138. Hornsveld, H. & van den Hout, M. A. (2010, June). EMDR working mechanisms research. In Research. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
It has repeatedly been shown that eye movements during retrieval of negative memories reduce their emotionality. In this presentation we will present a series of analogue studies (with undergraduate students) which further investigates the role of eye movements and other dual tasks.
Study 1 shows that the positive findings for eye movements could be replicated in subjects with negative memories of experiences of loss. This provides an empirical basis for the suggestion that EMDR can be used in the treatment of complicated grief.
Study 2 examined whether another secondary task that taxes working memory has beneficial effects, and whether the stronger the taxing, the stronger the reductions in vividness adversity.
Study 3 shows that eye movements do tax working memory but right-left auditory stimulation does not.
Study 4 compared eye movements (EM), auditory bilateral stimulation (ABS) and no stimulation. Results show EM do better (i.e, larger decreases in emotionality) than ABS and ABS do better than no stimulation.
Study 5 is a replication of study 4 in PTSS patients. EM will be compared to ABS and no stimulation. Data are expected to be available in June 2010.
Objective: Implications for a working-memory explanation of EMDR and for clinical practice will be discussed.

Keywords: Mechanism of Action Research Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

139. Solomon, R. M., & Shapiro, F. (2010). EMDR y el modelo de procesamiento adaptativo de la informacion (PAI) mecanismos potenciales de cambio [EMDR and adaptive model of information processing (AIP) potential mechanisms of change]. Revista de Psicopterapia, 20(80), 17-37.

Language: Spanish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
La desensibilización y reprocesamiento mediante movimientos oculares (EMDR) es un abordaje terapéutico que está guiado por el modelo de procesamiento adaptativo de la información (PAI). Este artículo proporciona una breve visión de conjunto de algunos de los principales preceptos del PAI. Se plantea la hipótesis de que la base de la patología clínica radicaría en los recuerdos almacenados disfuncionalmente, derivándose los resultados terapéuticos obtenidos del procesamiento de tales recuerdos dentro de redes adaptativas mayores. A diferencia de las terapias de exposición basadas en la extinción, se postula que los recuerdos considerados como diana en el EMDR pueden sufrir la transmutación durante el procesamiento para ser luego almacenados nuevamente durante el proceso de reconsolidación. Por ello, se proporciona una comparación y un contraste con los modelos de procesamiento de la información basados en la extinción como así también el tratamiento, que incluye las repercusiones que puede tener para la práctica clínica. A lo largo del artículo se comenta una diversidad de mecanismos de acción, incluidos aquellos que se deducen de los principios del modelo PAI como de los propios procedimientos del EMDR, entre los que figura la estimulación bilateral. A fin de investigar las diversas hipótesis, se ofrecen sugerencias de investigación.

"Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapeutic approach guided by the adaptive information processing (AIP) model. This article provides a brief overview of some of the major precepts of AIP. The basis of clinical pathology is hypothesized to be dysfunctionally stored memories,with therapeutic change resulting from the processing of these memories within larger adaptive networks. Unlike extinction-based exposure therapies, memories targeted in EMDR are posited to transmute during processing and are then again stored by a process of reconsolidation. Therefore, a comparison and contrast to extinction-based information processing models and treatment is provided, including implications for clinical practice. Throughout the article a variety of mechanisms of action are discussed, including those inferred by tenets of the AIP model, and the EMDR procedures themselves, including the bilateral stimulation. Research suggestions are offered in order to investigate various hypotheses."

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP Mechanisms of Change

Accuracy Verified: Yes

140. Garcia, F. (2010, Abril). EMDR y el procesamiento adaptativo de la información [EMRD and adaptive processing of the information]. In EMDR: Un abordaje integral de la personalidad traumatizada (Francisca García Guerrero, Coordinadora). Simposio realizado en el Congreso Internacional sobre Avances en Tratamientos Psicológicos, Granada, Spain.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
El EMDR se ha desarrollado como una psicoterapia integrada que se ha utilizado a nivel mundial en la última década como tratamiento empíricamente validado para el trauma. A lo largo de este tiempo, se ha hecho evidente que es posible aliviar el sufrimiento, ayudar a parar el ciclo de la violencia y abordar los devastadores efectos de la transmisión generacional. Este acercamiento psicoterapéutico utiliza un protocolo de tratamiento para acceder a los sucesos vitales perturbadores, los disparadores actuales y las experiencias futuras proyectadas, y procesarlas con una resolución adaptativa (Shapiro, 2002). Se accede a todos los aspectos de la experiencia (imaginación, creencias, afecto y sensaciones corporales), mientras de forma simultánea se da estimulación dual de la atención, por movimientos oculares bilaterales, tonos o estimulación táctil. El procesamiento de las memorias perturbadoras indica un cambio simultáneo en la cognición, el afecto y las sensaciones físicas, dando como resultado una integración adaptativa de la experiencia. Este acercamiento integra elementos de distintas escuelas de psicoterapia, haciendo del EMDR aplicable a una enorme variedad de patologías y accesible a terapeutas de distintas orientaciones dentro de una serie de protocolos estandarizados (Van der Kolk, B., 1997). En esta presentación exponemos las líneas generales de este modelo psicoterapéutico a partir de la descripción del protocolo básico en EMDR que se estructura en ocho fases: 1) Recopilación sobre la historia del cliente; 2) preparación del cliente para el trabajo a realizar; 3) valorar todos los componentes de la diana de tratamiento 4) desensibilizar el material traumático objeto de la diana mediante la estimulación bilateral; 5) instalar la cognición positiva identificada; 6)revisar el cuerpo para localizar cualquier material residual sin resolver; 7) cierre de la sesión y 8) reevaluación del impacto del evento reprocesado.

EMDR has been developed as an integrated psychotherapy has used worldwide in the last decade as a treatment empirically validated for trauma. Throughout this time, it has become evident it is possible to alleviate suffering, help stop the cycle of violence and address the devastating effects of the generational transmission. This approach uses a psychotherapeutic treatment protocol accessing disruptive life events, current triggers and projected future experiences, and process them with a resolution Adaptive (Shapiro, 2002). Access to all aspects of the experience (Imagination, beliefs, affection and bodily sensations), while in simultaneously gives dual attention stimulation for movement bilateral eye tones or tactile stimulation. The processing of memories disturbing indicates a simultaneous change in cognition, affection and physical sensations, resulting adaptive integration experience. This approach integrates elements from different schools of psychotherapy, doing the EMDR applicable to a wide variety of pathologies therapists and accessible to different orientations within a range of standardized protocols (Van der Kolk, B., 1997). In this paper we present the outlines of this model psychotherapeutic from the description of the basic EMDR protocol which is divided into eight phases: 1) collection on the history of the client; 2) preparing the client for the work to be performed, 3) evaluate all components treatment of the target 4) desensitize traumatic material object of the target by bilateral stimulation; 5) install cognition positively identified; 6) reviewing the body to locate any residual material unresolved; 7) logoff and 8) reassessment of the impact of reprocessed event.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP

Accuracy Verified: Yes

141. Herbert, C. (2011, June). EMDR – Practical applications and different treatment protocols for different needs. Presentation at the 7th International Congress of Cognitive Therapy, Istanbul, Turkey.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was introduced by Shapiro (1989) as a cognitivebehavioural therapy for clients with trauma a little over 20 years ago. After an initial period of intense controversy and scepticism regarding its proclaimed evidence base, EMDR has been studied extensively, its efficacy has been confirmed (Van Etten & Taylor, 1998; Shepherd et al. 2000, Alto, 2001; Davidson & Parker, 2001; Maxfield & Hyer, 2002; Bisson & Andrew, 2005; Bradley, et.al., 2005; Bisson, Ehlers, Matthews, Pilling, Richards, & Turner, 2007) and is one of the effective treatments of PTSD recommended by the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) of the UK Department of Health in March 2005. It has been estimated (Farrell & Keenan, 2010) that in the United Kingdom and Ireland approximately 6,000 mental health clinicians have been trained in EMDR. Although studies have evaluated EMDR as a distinct therapeutic modality, during the course of their different levels of EMDR training, clinicians are encouraged to integrate the EMDR treatment protocol into their predominant therapeutic orientation. Thus, EMDR can be used across different psychological therapies, including the Cognitive Psychotherapies. While this makes EMDR a highly versatile modality, it can pose a practical challenge to clinicians in terms of when and how to integrate EMDR into their work with clients. Further, for therapists not trained in EMDR, the concepts may seem strange and scepticism may remain to this date. This workshop seeks to close the gap between false perception and reality about EMDR, by drawing on the facilitator’s 14 years of practical experience in the use and integration of EMDR alongside her work as a Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist. This practice-oriented workshop will explore different applications of EMDR across the trauma spectrum, as well as, some treatment protocols for other client problems. The important roles of resource installation and interweaves will be introduced. Several forms of bilateral stimulation (DAS - Dual attention stimulus) and an EMDR-based protocol for the installation of a Safe Place for complex trauma (Herbert, 2002) will be practically demonstrated. Learning Objective • To learn about different EMDR applications both in the treatment of different types of trauma, as well as, other psychological problems. • To alleviate scepticism and encourage understanding on how EMDR can be integrated alongside the Cognitive Psychotherapies. • To gain some practical exposure on how EMDR is applied. Training Modality • Training will be practice-oriented and will include some experiential exercise.

Keywords: Protocols Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

142. Bertino, G., & Ostacoli, L. (2011, June). EMDR-drawing integration in the treatment of complex PTSD and severe organic diseases. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
As a complement to the strategies already used in EMDR, drawing gives form to the inner representations of the trauma, objectivising it. Thus the person no longer relates only to something inside him/her, but rather to something he/she can see and can concretely represent and modify. In the act of drawing, the patient makes an initial reorganisation of the form of the trauma, and begins to differentiate the adaptive ego, which has the tools and the ability to restructure the experiences, and the traumatic emotional part that suffers those experiences in a condition of impotence and passivity. The person may rapidly access preverbal and motor-sensory language, activating inborn creative skills. The use of this tool enables us to access the traumatic material gently, limiting dissociative reactions, bypassing avoidance and flight behaviour and setting a distance from pain by objectivising it. A protective space is created between the self and the part that holds the suffering. The patient is offered the possibility of drawing what is occurring in the self’s here and now, and given a choice of different graphic materials. At the end of the drawing and assessment phase the person is asked to note what has emerged, and a brief space of time may be allowed for description without interpretation. The represented image is treated as the inner image in the classic protocol. To start, the patient is asked to focus on the drawing, on the negative cognition and on the bodily location of the emotional disorder, while bilateral stimulation is applied. At the end of each set, the patient is asked what he/she has noticed and the therapist verifies where the person now is in the re-elaboration. If there is a change the person may either work on the drawing, modifying it, or, if the change of image is radical, may produce another drawing. After several sets, an adaptive drawing emerges that may be installed as a resource. The workshop focuses on the treatment of two clinical conditions, complex PTSD and severe medical diseases, with the support of video and graphic materials. It includes a practical experience of the Technique Learning objectives: To learn the use of drawing as a supplementary tool, through graphic and video material of clinical cases. To recognise the indications in which it provides added value to the classical protocol. To learn its use in various psychopathological conditions, with particular emphasis on dissociative states and severe medical diseases. The use of drawing as a supplementary tool within the EMDR protocol gives form to the inner representation of the trauma, objectivising it, and creates a bridge of communication between the self and the blocked parts, after which it will be possible to return to desensitising and re-elaboration with the standard protocol.

Keywords: Drawing Integration Organic Disease Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex-PTSD C-PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

143. Staff (2011, Juni). EMDR: Belasting werkgeheugen verklaart werkzaamheid [EMDR: Tax memory activity states]. Psychopraktijk, 3(3), 38. doi:10.1007/s13170-011-0048-y .

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is een omstreden behandelmethode. Eerst werd het beschouwd als een ritueel met oogbewegingen, en later als een vorm van korte exposure door het oproepen van een traumatisch beeld. Echter, uit gecontroleerde studies bleek dat EMDR een effectieve behandelmethode is voor post traumatisch stress stoornis (PTSS; zie ook elders in dit nummer). EMDR werd in de multidisciplinaire richtlijnen aanbevolen als eerste keus behandeling bij PTSS naast imaginaire exposure. Adepten van EMDR menen dat je het kunt toepassen bij elke willekeurige stoornis, maar daar lijkt nog onvoldoende evidentie voor. Vervolgens kwam er discussie waardoor EMDR überhaupt werkt. Zou het een vorm van korte exposure kunnen zijn? Deze verklaring bleek niet houdbaar. Vanuit de EMDR-therapeuten kwam een theorie over bilaterale stimulatie van de beide hemisferen. Een EMDR-therapeut kan dan niet alleen gebruik maken van oogbeweging, maar ook van piepjes afwisselend in beide oren of aanrakingen op beide handen. Maar experimenteel onderzoek liet zien dat ook deze theorie niet houdbaar is.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a controversial treatment method. First, the considered a ritual with eye movements, and later as a form of short exposure by calling a traumatic image. However, controlled studies showed that EMDR is an effective treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; see elsewhere in this issue). EMDR was in the multidisciplinary guidelines recommended first choice treatment for PTSD in addition to imaginal exposure. adepts EMDR believe that you can apply to any disorder, but there seems insufficient evidence for. Next came a discussion which EMDR works anyway. Could it be a form of short exposure be? this statement proved untenable. From the EMDR therapists came a theory of bilateral stimulation of both hemispheres. An EMDR therapist can not only use eye movement, but also of beeps alternately in both ears or touches on both hands. But experimental research showed that this theory is not tenable.

Keywords: Tax Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

144. Shapiro, F. (2008). EMDR: Desensibilización y reprocesamiento por medio de movimiento ocular [EMDR: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing]. Santa Cruz Atoyac: Pax Mex Editorial.

Language: Spanish

Format: Book

Abstract:
En tan solo unos cuantos años, el modo EMDR se ha convertido en el tratamiento más elaborado para el desorden de estrés postraumático (entre otras perturbaciones). El método EMDR es un tratamiento legítimo y poderoso. Modelo integral y eficiente en el tratamiento de experiencias perturbadoras, el método EMDR incorpora diversos aspectos de terapias sistémicas, psicodinámicas, experienciales, conductuales y corporales. Consiste en ocho fases que comprenden el uso de movimientos oculares y otras formas de estimulación izquierda-derecha. Es eficaz para tratar el desorden de estrés postraumático y reprocesar pensamientos y recuerdos perturbadores o problemas psicológicos de sobrevivientes de traumas, de abuso sexual, de crímenes, de combate bélico, así como de fobias y desórdenes causados por experiencias vivenciales y proporciona en poco tiempo efectos clínicos profundos y estables. Con descripciones y transcripciones detalladas, la autora guía al clínico por cada etapa del tratamiento terapéutico, desde la selección de los clientes hasta la aplicación del método y su integración dentro de un plan integral de tratamiento clínico. Escrito de manera accesible, este libro es una guía invaluable tanto para los clínicos experimentados en el tratamiento EMDR como para las personas que acaban de conocer el método, y para los estudiantes avanzados de psicología clínica y psicoterapia.

In just a few years, mode EMDR has become more elaborate treatment for PTSD (among other disturbances) clutter. The methodEMDR is a legitimate and powerful treatment. Comprehensive and efficient model in the treatment of disturbing experiences, the methodEMDR incorporates aspects of systemic therapies, psychodynamic, experienciales, behavioural and body. Consists of eight phases comprising the use of eye movements and other forms of left-right stimulation. It is effective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder and re-processing thoughts and disturbing memories or psychological problems of survivors of trauma, sexual abuse, of crimes, war combat, as well as phobias and disorders caused by vivenciales experiences and provides deep and stable clinical effects in a short time. With descriptions and detailed transcripts, the author guides the clinical through every stage of therapeutic, treatment from clients to the implementation of the method and their integration within a comprehensive clinical treatment plan selection. Written in an accessible manner, this book is an invaluable guide for clinicians in the treatmentEMDR as for people just know the method and for advanced students of clinical psychology and psychotherapy.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

145. van den Hout, M. A., Engelhard, I. M., Rijkeboer, M. M., Koekebakker, J., Hornsveld, H., Leer, A., Toffolo, M. B. J., & Akse, N. (2011, February). EMDR: Eye movements superior to beeps in taxing working memory and reducing vividness of recollections. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(2), 92-98. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.11.003.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is effectively treated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with patients making eye movements during recall of traumatic memories. Many therapists have replaced eye movements with bilateral beeps, but there are no data on the effects of beeps. Experimental studies suggest that eye movements may be beneficial because they tax working memory, especially the central executive component, but the presence/degree of taxation has not been assessed directly. Using discrimination Reaction Time (RT) tasks, we found that eye movements slow down RTs to auditive cues (experiment I), but binaural beeps do not slow down RTs to visual cues (experiment II). In an arguably more sensitive “Random Interval Repetition” task using tactile stimulation, working memory taxation of beeps and eye movements were directly compared. RTs slowed down during beeps, but the effects were much stronger for eye movements (experiment III). The same pattern was observed in a memory experiment with healthy volunteers (experiment IV): vividness of negative memories was reduced after both beeps and eye movements, but effects were larger for eye movements. Findings support a working memory account of EMDR and suggest that effects of beeps on negative memories are inferior to those of eye movements.

Keywords: Eye Movements Recollection Vividness Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

146. Carvalho, E. R., & Monteiro, A. M. (2008, Decembro). EMDR: Novos paradigmas na psicoterapia [EMDR: New paradigms in psychotherapy]. Caderno de Psicoloxia, 32, 79-87.

Language: Galician

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
EMDR (Eye Movement Dessensibilização e reprocesando) representa unha nova modalidade de tratamento de traumas e recordos Dolores desenvolvido por Francine Shapiro, Ph.D, a finais da década dos 80, nos Estados Unidos. É un método de dessensibilização e reprocesando de experiencias emocionalmente cargados por medio de estimulación bilateral do cerebro. Este artigo contén unha explicación introdutoria para a base e tratamento co EMDR, e remata con algúns exemplos tirados da práctica clínica da primeira autora.

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) represents a new modality of treatment of traumas and painful memories developed by Francine Shapiro, Ph.D, at the end of the 80’s, in the United States. It is a method of desensitization and reprocessing of emotionally charged experiences by means of the bilateral stimulation of the brain. This article gives an introductory explanation for the basis and treatment with EMDR, and finalizes with some examples taken from the clinical practice of the first author.

Keywords: Domestic Violence Psychotherapy Trauma Traumatic Experiences

Accuracy Verified: No

147. Sweeney, S. (2013, January-April). EMDR: Recovering lives by moving out trauma. The Crazy Wisdom Community Journal, 54-60.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
A methodology unique to EMDR [is] bilateral stimulation of the brain’s hemispheres. While the client focuses on the physical sensations, images, and negative thoughts related to his traumatic event, his eyes follow the movements of a light bar, or the therapist’s fingers, for about 30 seconds. However, research into EMDR has discovered that moving the eyes is not the only way for bilateral stimulation to occur. Other methods, such as alternating tones played through headphones or the therapist tapping the client’s hands one after the other, have been found to be just as effective. [Excerpt]

Keywords: General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

148. Shapiro, F. & Forrest, M. S. (2008). EMDR: Una terapia revolucionaria para superar la ansiedad, el estrés y los traumas [EMDR: The breakthrough therapy for overcoming anxiety, stress and trauma]. Barcelona: Kairós.

Language: Spanish

Format: Book

Abstract:
Accesible y bien documentado, este examen provee una introducción al método innovador de terapia de desensibilización y reprocesamiento a través de los movimientos oculares (EMDR, según su sigla en inglés)—una terapia de corto plazo para tratar a víctimas de traumas que utiliza estimulación rítmica como el movimiento de ojos o palmaditas de mano—y describe sus diferentes aplicaciones. Se provee una serie de testimonios de algunos de los casi dos millones de pacientes tratados con EMDR para demostrar la eficacia de esta revolucionaria técnica.

Accessible and well documented, this examination provides an introduction to the groundbreaking method of eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)—a short-term therapy for treating trauma victims that utilizes rhythmical stimulation such as eye movement or hand taps—and describes its application in various cases. Several case studies from some of the nearly two million patients who have been treated with EMDR are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of this revolutionary technique.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

149. Roques, J. (2004). EMDR: Une révolution thérapeutique [EMDR: A revolutionary therapy]. Paris: Desclee de Brouwer.

Language: French

Format: Book

Abstract:
Voici une découverte thérapeutique qui bouleverse notre compréhension du fonctionnement psychique. Conçu en 1987 aux USA par Francine Shapiro pour guérir les traumatismes psychiques, l'EMDR permet de soigner aussi bien d'autres problématiques névrotiques (phobies, angoisses, états dépressifs, etc.). Cette méthode a été importée en France en 1994. Son efficacité a pu être vérifiée aussitôt en cabinet et en milieu hospitalier. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing ou EMDR peut se traduire par Désensibilisation et retraitement (de l'information) par les mouvements oculaires. Si le mouvement de l'œil revêt effectivement une grande importance dans la gestion neurologique de la mémoire, il n'en est pas l'unique ressort comme on pourrait le croire. D'autres modes complémentaires de stimulation sensorielle alternée du cerveau, mis en œuvre par un thérapeute expérimenté, peuvent activer pareillement le travail de cicatrisation psychique et de guérison. Ce livre a pour vocation d'éclairer et d'informer, mais aussi d'enseigner. Il est accessible à toute personne désireuse de comprendre la pathologie et son traitement. A vocation didactique, il s'adresse également aux professionnels du soin en raison de sa dimension théorique approfondie et de ses développements cliniques.

Here is a drug discovery that overturns our understanding of psychic functioning. Designed in 1987 by Francine Shapiro in the U.S. to heal the psychological trauma, EMDR can cure anything other neurotic problems (phobias, anxiety, depression, etc..). This method has been imported into France in 1994. Its effectiveness has been verified once in office and hospital. Eye Movement Reprocessing, or EMDR Desensitizer and may result in desensitization and reprocessing (of information) by eye movements. If the eye movement is actually of great importance in the management of neurological memory, it is not the only emerging as one might think. Other complementary modes of alternating sensory stimulation of the brain, implemented by an experienced therapist, may similarly activate the work of healing and psychic healing. This book aims to enlighten and inform, but also to teach. It is available to anyone wishing to understand the pathology and treatment. A didactic, it also addresses care professionals because of its theoretical dimension and depth of its clinical development.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

150. Shapiro, F., & Forrest, M. S.. (2005). EMDR: Vernieuwende therapie tegen angst, stress en trauma [EMDR: The breakthrough therapy for overcoming anxiety, stress and trauma]. Antwerpen; Apeldoorn: Garant. 287 pp..

Language: Dutch

Format: Book

Abstract:
EMDR staat voor "Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing" en is een kortdurende, geprotocolleerde en cliëntgerichte behandelmethode om schokkende ervaringen te verwerken. Ook kan het helpen tegen angst en stress. EMDR integreert verschillende succesvolle elementen van andere therapieën in combinatie met een afleidende stimulus. Deze stimulus kan zijn: het met de ogen volgen van de handen van de therapeut, bi-laterale audiostimulatie, of bi-laterale handstimulatie. Hierdoor wordt "het informatie-verwerkings-systeem in de hersenen" gestimuleerd. Met EMDR is het niet nodig om jarenlang te praten over het verleden. Wel worden, door het stimuleren van het informatie-verwerkings-systeem, in een relatief korte tijd therapeutische doelen bereikt. Hierbij veroorzaakt EMDR herkenbare veranderingen die ook na langere tijd blijven bestaan. De volgende gebeurtenissen kunnen, bij kinderen en volwassenen, leiden tot verwerkingsproblematiek: een (auto)ongeval, brand, diagnose van een ernstige ziekte, getuige van geweld, mishandeling, misbruik, natuurramp, overval, verkrachting of aanranding, verlies van een baan, ziekte of een ziekenhuisbezoek/opname etc. De volgende soorten klachten kunnen kinderen en volwassenen hebben na een schokkende ervaring: herbelevingen van de ervaring, vermijdingsgedrag m.b.t. de ervaring, verhoogde arousal (opgewonden, overdreven alertheid), stress, schaamte of schuldgevoel, slecht humeur, depressie, zich zorgen maken, angsten, slecht zelfbeeld, paniek, slaapproblemen, relatieproblemen, onverklaarbare lichamelijke klachten etc. Voor meer informatie verwijs ik naar www.emdr.nl.

EMDR stands for Eye Movement desensitization and Reprocessing "is a short, recorded and client-centered treatment approach to shattering experience to process. It can also help reduce anxiety and stress. EMDR integrates various successful elements of other therapies in combination with a distracting stimulus. This incentive can be: with the eyes following the hands of the therapist, bi-lateral audio stimulation, or bi-lateral hand stimulation. This is the "information-processing system in the brains" encouraged. With EMDR is no need for years to talk about the past. Well, either by stimulating the information processing system in a relatively short time therapeutic goals. This caused EMDR recognizable changes even after long period of time. The following events may, in children and adults, leading to processing problems: a (car) accident, fire, diagnosis of a serious illness, witnessing violence, maltreatment, abuse, natural disaster, robbery, rape or sexual assault, job loss, illness or a hospital visit / recording etc. The following types of complaints, children and adults after a shocking experience: reliving the experience, avoidance of the Experience, increased arousal (excited, exaggerated alertness), stress, shame or guilt, bad mood, depression , worry, anxiety, low self-esteem, panic, sleep problems, relationship problems, unexplained physical complaints, etc. For more information I refer www.emdr.nl

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

151. Shapiro, F. (1997, April). EMDR: Setting the record straight. Contemporary Psychology,APA Review of Books, 42(2), 363-364. doi:10.1037/005088 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Originally published in Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books, 1997, Vol 42(4), 363-364. Francine Shapiro comments on Jeffrey Lohr's review (see record 2004-17623-008)of Shapiro's book Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols and Procedures (see record 1995-98132-000). The author points out that Lohr has bolstered his argument by citing his own literature reviews, which are also characterized by pervasive misrepresentations of the actual data (Lohr, Kleinknecht, Tolin, & Barrett, 1995; Tolin, Montgomery, Kleinknecht, & Lohr, 1995). In his book review, Lohr questions the interpretations of the research the author gives in the text by saying that "Published accounts that cast doubt on the effect of treatment are ignored or discounted for insubstantial reasons." The author lists four criteria specified in the book for evaluating the clinical applicability of PTSD research results and states that the readers may judge if these criteria are indeed "insubstantial". Contrary to Lohr's implications, the judicious and diverse clinical applications of EMDR explored in the book have been supported by many experts in the field in conjunction with relevant published data. Rather than argue the merits of the proposed Accelerated Information Processing model or review the pervasive errors in Lohr's discussion of it, the author will allow readers to come to their own conclusions. She reaffirms here as she does throughout the text, that debates regarding the model, or the eye movements per se, are not relevant to the question of whether or not the method actually works. EMDR consists of much more than directed eye movements (or alternate stimulation). Rather, it is a complex integrative approach, drawing from psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, systems, and body-oriented therapies. More positive controlled studies support EMDR than any other treatment for PTSD (e.g., Carlson, Chemtob, Rusnak, Hedlund, & Muraoka, in press; Rothbaum, in press; Scheck, Schaeffer, & Gillette, in press; Wilson, Becker, Tinker, 1995, in press; Shapiro, 1996b). All of these studies fulfill accepted standards of objective psychometrics and independent assessors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved).

Keywords: Lohr Point/Counterpoint

Accuracy Verified: Yes

152. D‘Hooghe, D. (2010, June). EMDR‘s application in the treatment of children with selective mutism. In Experimental use of EMDR. Symposium presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This case concerns a 4,5 year old girl with Selective Mutism. In this particular case. I considered Selective Mutism a symptom of an attachment trauma. Since the trauma wasn't accessible seeing her age and the complexity of the trauma, I used the symptom as a target. I applied EMDR within a phase model: the preparation phase, confrontation phase and integration phase. During these three phases I continuously worked with bilateral stimulation It is my hypothesis that in this case the bilateral stimulation: 1. stimulated and strengthened positive links in the adaptive network. 2 synchronized the activity of both cerebral hemispheres, resulting in a connection between the primary emotions of traumatic experiences and rational insights and language. 3. unblocked the traumatic information and reactivated the natural healing process of the brain. I used several forms of bilateral stimulation as visual stimulation, tactile stimulation and the butterfly hug. Because of her lack of words, she wasn't able to tell me anything. So through storytelling I offered her different themes to which she could respond by making drawings, figures in clay, etc. During the preparation phase, I focused on safety, ego strengthening and affect management to reduce the fear to speak. 1. Working with safety : the eye movements were first accomplished using a safe Image which brought up her own sense of security. Then, after imagining this safe place, the child was willing to play tapping games to strengthen feelings of safety. 2. Ego strengthening : to feel as strong as possible by installing resources and positive cognitions, and guiding the child towards acceptance and development of its unique being. Bilateral stimulation was used to strengthen the positive experiences. 3. Affect management: in the process of strengthening affect management, the child was given access to her anxiety by storytelling linked to visualization, the use of images and bodywork. Again, bilateral stimulation was used to strengthen the positive experiences/skills. After a few sessions. I introduced the use of language and stimulated her to make sounds, followed by pronouncing places of words and finally the pronunciation of complete words and sentences. Through this whole process, 1 combined the specific exercises to learn how to speak with bilateral stimulations. During the twelfth session, the child started talking spontaneously Given the fact that there wasn't any direct confrontation work during the sessions, we are left to wonder whether there has or hasn't occurred any trauma processing. The symptom came to a halt, together with the disappearance of other symptoms that were Inked to the trauma. The question is whether it is necessary to confront young children with their trauma in order to heal. Nevertheless, it seems like the combination of bilateral stimulation with storytelling, art therapy, play therapy and visualization speeded up the elimination of the child's trauma symptoms considerably.

Keywords: Experimental Use Selective Mutism

Accuracy Verified: Yes

153. Siano, J. (2008, April). Emergency intervention in art therapy with EMDR and somatic experiencing. Workshop presentation at the 1st Bi-annual International European Society for Trauma and Dissociation Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The following presentation shows a model, which was built and applied with many different populations, children, aged people and adults, during the Lebanon War 2006 and after it. The purpose was prevention of PTSD and overcoming the difficult and painful period. Originally it was aimed at art therapists, psychologists, and other mental health staff – Jews and Arabs. They work with already traumatized children and youth in the shelled north of Israel, have to contain much pain and to be strong for others. They were close to break down, or already broke down. The same model served the presenter later in many cases of crisis, with groups and individuals. Especially it was adapted with some much dissociated clients, giving voice (visual representation) to the different sub – personalities. The model aims for (1) bridging between state of freezing or collapsing and functioning; (2) providing tools for self regulation and helping others to self regulate; and (3) strengthening the felt sense of well-being connected to resources within the person and preventing PTSD. The methods used are: (1) evaluation of body-sensation, feeling and thoughts with SUDS (Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale); (2) drawing a picture of resource; installation of resource; (3) drawing a deficiency picture, a picture which represents the disturbing part in one’s present life; (4) EM (eye movements) between both pictures, through working in couples - bilateral stimulation; (5) re-evaluation of body – sensation, feeling and thought with SUDS. Learning objectives: 1. To demonstrate the impact of art in developing inner boundaries towards integration of ego states. 2. To legitimize extreme emotions and to understand that they are normal defenses to trauma. 3. To acquire tools for coping with trauma in the present.

Keywords: Art Therapy Emergency Intervention Somatic Experiencing

Accuracy Verified: Yes

154. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD. (2001). Empirical evidence regarding behavioral treatments for PTSD, Factsheet. Washington, DC.

Language: English

Format: Publication

Abstract:
EMDR involves having the patient bring to mind images of the trauma while engaging in back-and-forth eye movements (or while alternating oneâs attention back and forth using taps or sounds). It also addresses trauma-related negative beliefs. It has been shown to be more effective than psychodynamic, relaxation, supportive, or placebo wait list therapies (where patients are put on a waiting list to receive treatment but don't actually receive it by the time they are tested). Research comparing EMDR to the more generally accepted cognitive-behavioral techniques shows significantly better results with CBT than with EMDR, particularly at three-month follow-up. CBT results also show greater sustainability. Research looking at the different components of EMDR shows that the eye movement component adds no additional treatment effect to the imagery exposure and the process of dealing with negative beliefs.

Keywords: Behavioral Treatments Fact Sheet Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

155. Sack, M., Lempa, W., & Lamprecht, F. (2005, September 24). Empirische befunde zu wirkmechanismen des EMDR [Empirical evidence of mechanisms of action of EMDR]. In A. Karl & W. Lempa, (Moderators), Symposium 2 Traumaspezifische Interventionen in Forschung und Praxis, Jahrestagung der deutschsprachigen Gesellschaft für Psychotraumatologie DeGPT, Dresden .

Language: German

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Das Traumabearbeitungsverfahren EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) kombiniert die imaginäre Exposition mit der traumatischen Erinnerung mit repetitiver Stimulation durch Augenbewegungen oder durch taktile bzw. auditive Reize. Während die Wirksamkeit des EMDR gut belegt ist, sind die spezifischen Wirkungen der bilateralen Stimulation noch weitgehend unbekannt. Wir führten ein psychophysiologisches Monitoring mittels Impedanzkardiographie aller EMDR-Behandlungssitzungen ( N= 55) bei 10 Patienten mit PTSD durch. Aufgezeichnet wurden Herzfrequenz (HR), Parasympathikotonus (RMSSD), Sympathikotonus (PEP), und Atemfrequenz (RESP). Beginn und Ende der Stimulationsperioden (N = 811) wurden markiert. Es fand sich ein steiler Anstieg des Parasympathikotonus verbunden mit einem signifikanten Abfall der Herzfrequenz zu Beginn der Stimulationsperioden, entsprechend dem psychophysiologischen Reaktionsmuter einer deutlich ausgeprägten Orientierungsreaktion. Im weiteren Verlauf der Stimulation nahm der Parasympathikotonus wieder ab und der Sympathikotonus nahm zu, was sich als Stresseffekt während der Exposition interpretieren lässt. Im Sitzungsverlauf zeigte sich jedoch eine signifikante Abnahme der Herzfrequenz und eine Zunahme des Parasympathikotonus. Unsere Befunde weisen darauf hin, dass es während EMDR-Sitzungen zu einem signifikanten psychophysiologischen Dearousal kommt. Die Stimulation durch Augenbewegungen scheint eine Orientierungsreaktion auszulösen, die über eine passagere Erhöhung des Parasympathikotonus eine Entspannungsreaktion auslöst. Es stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit die von uns beobachteten psychophysiologischen Reaktionen mit dem Therapieerfolg korrelieren.[Author abstract]

The EMDR trauma processing method (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) combines the imaginary exposure to the traumatic memory with repetitive stimulation of eye movements or tactile or auditory stimuli. While the effectiveness of EMDR is well documented, the specific effects of bilateral stimulation are still largely unknown. We conducted a psycho-physiological monitoring using impedance cardiography of EMDR treatment sessions (N = 55) of 10 patients with PTSD. Recorded were heart rate (HR), parasympathetic tone (RMSSD), sympathetic (PEP) and respiratory rate (RESP). Beginning and end of the stimulation periods (N = 811) were selected. There was a steep increase in parasympathetic tone associated with a significant decrease in heart rate at the beginning of the stimulation periods, according to the psycho-physiological Reaktionsmuter a clearly marked orientation reaction. In the course of the stimulation of the parasympathetic tone took off again and the sympathetic tone increased, which can be interpreted as a stress effect during exposure. During the session, however, showed a significant decrease in heart rate and an increase in parasympathetic tone. Our findings indicate that occurs during EMDR sessions to significant psychophysiological Dearousal. The stimulation of eye movements seems to trigger a policy response that triggers a transient increase in parasympathetic tone a relaxation response. This begs the question of the extent to which we have observed psychophysiological responses correlate with treatment success. [Author abstract]

Keywords: Mechanism of Action

Accuracy Verified: Yes

156. Luber, M., & Shapiro, F. (2010). Entretien avec Francine Shapiro: Aperçu historique, questions actuelles et directions futures de l'EMDR [Interview with Francine Shapiro: Historical, current issues and future directions of EMDR]. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(2), 1E-17E. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.4.217.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Cet entretien avec Dr Francine Shapiro, inventrice et conceptrice de la thérapie EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing : thérapie d’intégration neuro-émotionnelle par des stimulations bilatérales alternées) apporte un aperçu de l’histoire et de l’évolution de l’EMDR depuis ses origines jusqu’aux résultats actuels et à leur utilisation, ainsi que les directions futures pour la recherche et le développement de la clinique. Dr Shapiro examine les traditions psychologiques qui ont guidé le développement de l’EMDR et le modèle de l’information adaptative, ainsi que les implications pour les traitements actuels. La logique qui sous-tend l’application de l’EMDR à un large éventail de troubles est envisagée, tout comme son intégration avec d’autres approches thérapeutiques. Les sujets évoqués comprennent la recherche sur le rôle des mouvements oculaires, l’utilisation de l’EMDR avec les vétérans de guerre, les troubles somatoformes, les questions de l’attachement et les caractéristiques uniques de l’EMDR qui ont permis son utilisation lors d’interventions de crise à travers le monde.

This interview with Dr. Francine Shapiro, inventor and developer of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Integration Therapy Neuro-Emotional alternating bilateral stimulation) provides an overview of the history and evolution of EMDR from its origins to the present results and their use as well as future directions for research and development of the clinic. Dr. Shapiro examines the psychological traditions that have guided the development of EMDR and adaptive information model, and the implications for current treatments. The logic behind the application of EMDR to a wide range of disorders is considered, as its integration with other therapeutic approaches. Topics discussed include research on the role of eye movements, the use of EMDR with war veterans, somatoform disorders, issues of attachment and the unique features of EMDR which allowed its use in Response to crisis around the world.

Keywords: History Interview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

157. Artigas, L. (2011). Escenas detrás de las alas del abrazo de la mariposa [Behind the scenes of the butterfly hug]. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicotraumatología y Disociación, 1(1), [10 pages].

Language: Spanish

Format: Other

Abstract:
Este escrito es un compromiso y la promesa de honrar con amor reverencial historias entrelazadas a la mía. En un respetuoso homenaje a la suma de todos esos corazones que han privilegiado mi misión; siempre al servicio de lo que Es Más Grande.

This paper is a commitment and promise to honor reverential love stories intertwined with mine. In a respectful tribute to the sum of all those hearts that have privileged my mission, always at the service of what is Most Great.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Butterly Hug

Accuracy Verified: Yes

158. Hornsveld, H. K., Houtveen, J. H., Vroomen, M., Kapteijn, I., Aalbers, D., & van den Hout, M. A. (2011). Evaluating the effect of eye movements on positive memories such as those used in resource development and installation. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(4), 146-155. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.4.146.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Resource development and installation (RDI) is an eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)-related procedure developed to strengthen positive associations in positive and resourceful memories (Korn & Leeds, 2002). This study tested the assumption that bilateral stimulation (horizontal eye movements [EM]) in RDI “appears to lead to spontaneous, rapid increases in affective intensity . . . and to rich, emotionally vivid associations” (Korn & Leeds, p. 1469). This study also tested whether eye movement effects could be better accounted for by working memory or by interhemispheric interaction theory. Fifty-three undergraduate students each recalled three memories of pride, perseverance, and self-confidence. They provided pretest and posttest ratings of each memory for vividness, pleasantness, and experienced strength of the positive quality, before and after performing three simultaneous tasks during recall: horizontal EM, vertical EM, and recall only. Results were fully in line with working memory predictions, with significant decreases for all variables following both eye movement tasks. There was no support for the interhemispheric hypothesis. It is concluded that the effectiveness of bilateral stimulation in RDI is questionable. Clinical implications are discussed.

Keywords: Eye Movements RDI Resource Development and Installation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

159. Hornsveld, H. K., Houtveen, J. H., Vroomen, M., Kapteijn, I., Aalbers, D., & van den Hout, M. A. (2013). Evaluation de l’effet des mouvements oculaires sur les souvenirs positifs tels que ceux utilisés dans le développement et installation des ressources [Evaluation of the effect of eye movements on the positive memories such as those used in the development and installation of resources]. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(1), E1-E11. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.7.1.E1.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Le Développement et installation de ressources (DIR) est une procédure EMDR (désensibilisation et retraitement par les mouvements oculaires) développée afin de renforcer les associations positives dans les souvenirs positifs qui sont pleins de ressources (Korn & Leeds, 2002). Cette étude a testé la supposition selon laquelle les stimulations bilatérales (mouvements oculaires [MO] horizontaux) dans le DIR paraissent “conduire à des augmentations spontanées et rapides de l’intensité affective... et à des associations riches et émotionnellement vives” (Korn & Leeds, p. 1469). Cette étude a également testé si les effets des mouvements oculaires pouvaient être mieux expliqués par la théorie de la mémoire du travail ou par celle de l’interaction hémisphérique. Cinquante-trois étudiants du premier cycle se sont chacun rappelé trois souvenirs de fierté, de persévérance et de confiance en soi. Ils ont apporté des évaluations prétest et posttest de chaque souvenir en termes de clarté, d’agrément et de la force éprouvée de la qualité positive, avant et après avoir réalisé trois tâches simultanées au cours du rappel : des MO horizontaux, des MO verticaux et le rappel seul. Les résultats étaient pleinement concordants avec les prédictions de la mémoire de travail, avec des diminutions significatives pour toutes les variables après les deux tâches de mouvements oculaires. Il n’y avait pas de soutien en faveur de l’hypothèse interhémisphérique. Il est conclu que l’efficacité des stimulations bilatérales dans le DIR est discutable. Les implications cliniques sont envisagées.

English Spanish Arabic Development and installation of Resources (DIR) is a procedure EMDR (desensitization and reprocessing Eye Movement) developed to enhance the positive associations in positive memories that are full of resources (Korn & Leeds, 2002). This study tested the assumption that the bilateral stimulation (eye movements [MO] horizontal) appear in the DIR "Lead to rapid increases spontaneous and emotional intensity ... and associations emotionally rich and strong "(Korn & Leeds, p. 1469). This study also tested whether the effects of eye movements could be better explained by the theory of working memory or the interaction hemispherical. Fifty-three undergraduate students each recalled three were memories of pride, perseverance and self-confidence. They provided pretest and posttest assessments each memory in terms of clarity, pleasure and strength tested positive quality, before and after performing three simultaneous tasks during recall: MO of horizontal and vertical of MO recall alone. The results were fully consistent with the predictions of the working memory with significant decreases for all variables following both eye movement tasks. There was no support for the hypothesis interhemispheric. It is concluded that the effectiveness of bilateral stimulation in the DIR is questionable. The clinical implications are considered.

Keywords: Development and Installation of Resources DIR Eye Movements Interhemispheric Interaction Memory Work

Accuracy Verified: Yes

160. Harnett, S. (2012, November 12). Even with new treatments, few PTSD vets seek help. KALW, San Francisco, CA. Retrieved from http://www.kalw.org/post/even-new-treatments-few-ptsd-vets-seek-help on 12/10/212.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
PTSD was only formally recognized as a mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association in 1980. Modern day treatments still focus on accessing and reprocessing traumatic memories. In 1981, Bay Area doctor Francine Shapiro developed a new therapy called EMDR, or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. The treatment combines physical stimulation and talk therapy. “You ask the person to identify the image that has been bothering them and the thoughts that have been bothering them,” says Doctor Shapiro. Then you add bilateral stimulation: “Either taps or tones or eye movement, generally. All this together helps to activate the brain's information processing system, and then you just allow the brain to go wherever it needs to go. You allow whatever associations that need to come up, come up.” [Excerpt]

Keywords: Army Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Veterans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

161. Tripp, T. (2010, April). Every picture tells a story: Art therapy and trauma processing. Presentation at the 2nd Bi-Annual International European Society for Trauma and Dissociation Conference, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In the aftermath of trauma, it is widely accepted that memories are stored predominately in the right hemisphere of the brain, where they lack narrative organization and cognitive perspective. Preverbal, implicit memories of trauma appear to be held in fragments best expressed visually in images and somatically through body sensation. For this reason, art therapy, a non verbal expressive and body based approach, may be ideally suited for facilitating the healing of complex psychological trauma. This paper will illustrate the use of art therapy in resolving traumatic memories in the case of a woman with complex trauma. The author, an art therapist and social worker, utilized a modified EMDR protocol with bilateral stimulation: tapping the body while the patient created consecutive images on paper. It is hypothesized that the tapping facilitated a relaxation response and aided the processing of negative emotion while the creation of imagery produced a tangible graphic narrative tracking shifts in emotional states and making the process visible. Once the trauma processing was complete, the art productions were reviewed with increased insight and reflective distance. Ultimately, the patient was able to make a dramatic shift in both cognition and perception, and a desired, positive outcome was achieved. Learning Outcomes Gain an awareness of the power of the image to express and contain trauma Describe a modification of the EMDR protocol that introduces art making and tactile bilateral stimulation Understand the significance of using non verbal approaches in healing of complex psychological trauma

Keywords: Art Therapy Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

162. Griffith, H. (2009, July). Evoking the embodied image with EMDR: Jung in the age of the brain. Presentation at the International Association for Jungian Studies Conference, Wales, Scotland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A new paradigm for understanding psychopathology is emerging out of the convergence of research in formerly disparate domains such as neurobiology, attachment theory, and the effects of trauma. At the same time, unorthodox treatment modalities such as EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) and the Energy therapies are beginning to gain favour in mainstream psychotherapy, not only because they seem to be supported by findings in fields such as neurobiology, but because they are so effective. As Jungians, I believe that our challenge is to revisit our work in the light of these latest scientific discoveries. In this paper, I first outline what brain imaging techniques are revealing about the importance of the dance between mother and infant in the actual hard-wiring of the babys developing brain. I then focus on trauma research, which shows how the release of stress induced hormones can result in the disorganization of the brain and the consequent shut down of integrative neuronal pathways. If we bring these two streams of research together we can see how early trauma within the parent infant bond, in which there is no adequate container to prevent the baby from falling into unbearable anxiety and terror, can initiate the hard-wiring of dysfunctional attitudes and behaviours that become reinforced throughout the childs development. I then briefly describe the EMDR protocol, which is proving to be a very effective technique in helping adult patients work through some of these dysfunctional patterns internalized in that very early parental dyad. This protocol uses a bilateral stimulation of the brain to engage a wider network of neuronal pathways to help process the painful psychological material, or complex, with which the patient is struggling. Facilitating a successful EMDR session is a little like witnessing a spontaneous active imagination as the patient weaves together the threads of a multitude of images, sensations, emotions, and cognitions into the fabric of a fuller, more nuanced, healing story of the self. The purpose of my paper is to demonstrate how these recent theoretical insights and treatment protocols can illuminate and enhance a Jungian approach to conducting psychotherapy. What I find remarkable is the compatibility between much of the contemporary research on the brain and many of Jungs ideas about the psyche. In this paper, however, I focus primarily on what we can learn about the complex. Drawing on numerous examples from case histories, I illustrate the effectiveness of the EMDR protocol in evoking the affect and embodied image at the core of the complex. I also demonstrate how the bilateral stimulation of the brain not only helps facilitate change but also, through the material which is engendered, gives us a window into how the complex was constructed in the first place.

Keywords: Brain Jung

Accuracy Verified: No

163. Kennedy, J. (2013, April 24). Exploring alternate ways to deal with trauma. Truro Daily News, Colchester County, Nova Scotia.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
I recently received EMDR training to add to my skill set of interventions to offer clients. What is EMDR, you might ask? It is the acronym for eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. This treatment was developed by Dr. Francine Shapiro to help those with trauma related disorders such as, PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder), whose natural ability to process traumatic experiences was compromised. The hypothesis is that EMDR bilateral stimulation (eye movements, audio beeps, tactile pulses) replicates REM sleep, which is presumed to assist the brain in processing the information it received during the day. The idea being that the eye movements, or other forms of bilateral stimulation, add to the therapy’s effectiveness by evoking neurological and physiological changes to aid in the reprocessing of the traumatic memories. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP General Overview

Accuracy Verified: No

164. Cuppen, M. (2007, Juli). Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing, Maakt deze bijzondere behandeling voor traumagerelateerde klachten Pesso-psychotherapie overbodig? [Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing - Does this special treatment for trauma-related symptoms Pesso-psychotherapy redundant?]. Pesso Tijdschrift, 37-49.

Language: Swedish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR, har i psykoterapiforskning visats vara en effektiv behandlingsmetod av posttraumatiskt stressyndrom, PTSD. Däremot är ögonrörelsestimuleringen, som är ett centralt moment i metoden, kontroversiell och dess funktion inte klarlagd. I föreliggande undersökning randomiserades trettiosex friska försökspersoner till en av tre stimuleringsbetingelser: ögonrörelsestimulering, taktil stimulering eller orörligt visuellt stimuli (kontrollgrupp). Stimuleringen kombinerades med imaginär exponering, negativ och positiv. Utfallet av experimentet mättes i olika fysiologiska mätparametrar, samt självskattningar av obehagsnivån (SUD). Resultaten visade signifikant högre hudkonduktansnivå vid ögonrörelsestimulering jämfört med kontrollgruppen, relaterat till aktivering av det sympatiska nervsystemet. Inga signifikanta gruppskillnader fanns i de övriga mätningarna. Mönstret av autonom aktivering kan tyda på att ögonrörelsestimuleringen utlöser eller förstärker en orienteringsrespons, vilket vissa teoretiker föreslagit är den verksamma mekanismen i EMDR. Dock behövs fortsatt forskning för att förstå denna verkan, samt koppling till terapeutisk effekt.

Eye Movement desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR, psychotherapy research has shown to be an effective treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD. However, ögonrörelsestimuleringen, which is the lynchpin of the method, controversial and its function is not clear. In the present study were randomized thirty-six healthy subjects to one of the three stimulation conditions: eye movement stimulation, tactile stimulation or static visual stimuli (control group). The stimulation was combined with imaginary exposure, negative and positive. The outcome of the experiment were measured in various physiological test parameters, and self-estimates the level of discomfort (SUD). The results showed significantly higher hudkonduktansnivå of eye movement stimulation compared with control group, related to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. No significant group differences were found in the other measurements. The pattern of autonomic activation may indicate that ögonrörelsestimuleringen trigger or reinforce an orientation response, as some theorists suggested is the active mechanism in EMDR. However, further research is needed to understand this effect, and access to therapeutic efficacy.

Keywords: Pesso Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

165. Coetzee, R. H., & Regel, S. (2005, September). Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing: An update. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11(5), 347-354. doi:10.1192/apt.11.5.347 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively recent therapeutic approach to the treatment of traumatic memories in the wake of psychological trauma such as those found in PTSD. It is based on the theory that bilateral stimulation, mostly in the form of eye movements, allows the processing of traumatic memories. While the patient focuses on specific images, negative sensations, and associated cognitions, bilateral stimulation is applied to desensitise the individual to these memories, and more positive sensations and cognitions are introduced. Although there is still uncertainty about the theoretical concepts underlying EMDR and the role of bilateral stimulation, it is an effective and proven treatment for PTSD and traumatic memories. It should form part of treatment approaches offered to individuals with PTSD. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Etiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

166. Bruzzese, D., & Moore, M. (2006, April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Southwest Regional Behavioral Health Conference, Albuquerque, NM.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a complex, highly specialized therapy that combines several therapeutic methods— psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, etc.—with eye movements or other forms of rhythmical stimulation, such as hand taps or sounds. It involves recalling a stressful past event and “reprogramming” the memory in the light of a positive, self-chosen belief. EMDR has been shown to be effective in the treatment and relief of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder as well as trauma, depression, anxiety, grief, and other types of disorders listed in the DSM IV. Theories as to why EMDR works are still evolving. Learn about the EMDR treatment method, the benefits, drawbacks and research results.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

167. Posterski, J. (2005, July 1). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. EAP News, 9(3), 1-2.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
What is EMDR? EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a powerful and relatively new form of psychotherapy which has been very successful in helping people who suffer from trauma, anxiety, panic, disturbing memories, post traumatic stress, and many other emotional challenges. The EMDR therapy uses bilateral stimulation (eye movement, tactile stimulation, or acoustic stimulation) which repeatedly activates the opposite sides of the brain, releasing emotional experiences that are Atrapped@ in the nervous system. This assists the neuro‑physiological system, the basis of the mind/body connection, to free itself of blockages and reconnect itself.

Keywords: EAP Employee Assistance Program

Accuracy Verified: Yes

168. Doctor, R. M., & Shiromoto, F. N. (2009). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. In R. M. Doctor & F. Shiromoto, The Encyclopedia of Trauma and Traumatic Stress Disorders (pp. 120-123). New York, NY: Facts on File Library of Health and Living.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
An information processing therapy that uses bilateral stimulation of the brain to process traumatic reactions and that has proven effective in treating trauma-based conditions. Eye movement desensitization and processing (EMDR) was developed in 1987 by Francine Shapiro. It has been refined over the years into a comprehensive therapy for trauma, although the procedures can also be used to treat clients with other problems and disorders. Since its inception, hundreds of case studies and controlled empirical studies have validated the effectiveness of EMDR for clients with trauma and other clients.

Keywords: Practice Theory Trauma Traumatic Stress Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

169. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2010, October). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Retrieved from http://nrepp.samhsa.gov/ViewIntervention.aspx?id=199 on 3/25/2011.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a one-on-one form of psychotherapy that is designed to reduce trauma-related stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and to improve overall mental health functioning. Treatment is provided by an EMDR therapist, who first reviews the client's history and assesses the client's readiness for EMDR. During the preparation phase, the therapist works with the client to identify a positive memory associated with feelings of safety or calm that can be used if psychological distress associated with the traumatic memory is triggered. The target traumatic memory for the treatment session is accessed with attention to image, negative belief, and body sensations. Repetitive 30-second dual-attention exercises are conducted in which the client attends to a motor task while focusing on the target traumatic memory and then on any related negative thoughts, associations, and body sensations. The most common motor task used in EMDR is side-to-side eye movements that follow the therapist's finger; however, alternating hand tapping or auditory tones delivered through headphones can be used. The exercises are repeated until the client reports no emotional distress. The EMDR therapist then asks the client to think of a preferred positive belief regarding the incident and to focus on this positive belief while continuing with the exercises. The exercises end when the client reports with confidence comfortable feelings and a positive sense of self when recalling the target trauma. The therapist and client review the client's progress and discuss scenarios or contexts that might trigger psychological distress. These triggers and positive images for appropriate future action are also targeted and processed. In addition, the therapist asks the client to keep a journal, noting any material related to the traumatic memory, and to focus on the previously identified positive safe or calm memory whenever psychological distress associated with the traumatic memory is triggered. The underlying mechanism for how this process works to reduce trauma-related stress, anxiety, and depression is unknown. Researchers have theorized that the positive effect is due to adaptive information processing, the theoretical model behind EMDR. Through adaptive information processing, the dual-attention exercises disrupt the client's stored memory of the trauma to allow for an elimination of negative beliefs, emotions, and somatic symptoms associated with the memory as it connects with more adaptive information stored in the memory networks. Once recall of the trauma no longer elicits negative beliefs, emotions, or somatic symptoms and the memory simultaneously shifts to a more adaptive set of beliefs, emotions, and somatic responses, it is stored again, overwriting the original memory of the trauma. EMDR is typically delivered in 60- to 90-minute sessions, although shorter sessions have been used successfully. The number of sessions varies with the complexity of the trauma being treated. For an isolated, single traumatic event, one to three sessions may be sufficient for treatment. However, when the trauma involves repeated traumatic events, such as combat trauma and physical, sexual, or emotional abuse, many more sessions may be needed for comprehensive treatment.

Keywords: Intervention Summary

Accuracy Verified: Yes

170. Fernandez, I. (2001, Aprile). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 7(1), 35.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
L'articolo di J. Wolpe e J. Abrams presenta un caso trattato nel 1991 con Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD), erano le prime applicazioni cliniche dopo la scoperta di F. Shapiro nel 1989 dell'azione dei movimenti oculari sullo stress traumatico e sulle situazioni ansiogene. Negli anni successivi l'EMD è diventato EMDR, infatti, la desensibilizzazione è il primo effetto che avviene durante una seduta dove viene applicata la stimolazione bilaterale, ma successivamente l'osservazione massiccia ed approfondita degli effetti clinici di questo metodo terapeutico ha rivelato che il processo che avviene è molto più complesso. È stato notato che simultaneamente alla desensibilizzazione avviene una ristrutturazione cognitiva e che entrambe sono il risultato dell'elaborazione dell'informazione legata ai ricordi traumatici. Nel lavoro realizzato con la paziente Shirley, Wolpe descrive tutta la storia di terapie a cui era stata sottoposta fino a quel momento che però non erano riuscite ad affrontare e risolvere l'esperienza traumatica della violenza sessuale. L'EMDR è stato efficace perché ha lavorato sul piano neurofisiologico, dove l'informazione è immagazzinata in modo disfunzionale ed è accessibile soltanto a questo livello, infatti, le terapie prettamente verbali non sempre riescono ad accedere e ad agire su questo piano e di conseguenza non riescono a modificare gli aspetti clinici legati alle esperienze di stress traumatico. Il programma terapeutico di Wolpe per l'introduzione dell'EMDR si è focalizzato inizialmente sull'esperienza traumatica della violenza (2 sedute) e dopo aver elaborato l'esperienza in sé sono stati individuati altri bisogni terapeutici legati all'ansia sociale e agli spunti agorafobici. Le 5 sedute successive sono state utilizzate per la desensibilizzazione di una serie di situazioni a cui era stato attribuito dalla paziente un valore della scala SUD. Si è iniziato dalla situazione più ansiogena (85) nella scala SUD e anziché utilizzare il rilassamento proprio della desensibilizzazione sistematica, sono stati realizzati movimenti oculari. La paziente riportava una riduzione dell'ansia dopo ogni set di stimolazione bilaterale e l'immagine della situazione temuta tendeva a sparire e in alcune situazioni addirittura diventava positiva. La ristrutturazione cognitiva è avvenuta nella paziente in modo spontaneo man mano che la terapia procedeva, fino a riportare che poteva camminare per strada sentendosi una cittadina normale, avendo un progetto per il futuro, inoltre aveva smesso quasi completamente di bere e si sentiva che un peso si era sollevato dalle sue spalle. Riportava di essere più rilassata sul lavoro, si godeva le passeggiate solitarie sulla spiaggia, aveva cominciato a curare il suo aspetto fisico e aveva iniziato ad avere interesse per gli uomini e ad avvicinarsi a qualcuno, ha riportato che non temeva più di essere violentata e non aveva più i pensieri suicidi e gli autori hanno ritenuto la terapia conclusa. I risultati si sono mantenuti ai vari follow up realizzati nel tempo. Quindi possiamo vedere i risultati della terapia con EMDR a livello cognitivo, nelle attribuzioni che fa del mondo e di se stessa, differenziando i pericoli veri da quelli meramente ansiogeni, soggettivo per quello che la paziente riporta emotivamente e a livello comportamentale, dove ha messo in atto dei nuovi comportamenti adattivi in modo spontaneo. Nella parte conclusiva gli autori menzionano una serie di 100 casi che sarebbero stati pubblicati nel Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry e si augurano che altre pubblicazioni potessero rispondere al bisogno di delucidare i meccanismi che permettono questi cambiamenti dopo una seduta di EMDR. Come si evince dagli articoli che vengono pubblicati in questo numero la ricerca, il lavoro empirico e le osservazioni cliniche hanno dato un grande contributo in questo senso negli ultimi anni. Sull'EMDR sono stati pubblicati più di 150 articoli che ne dimostrano la efficacia. Tra le riviste scientifiche più accreditate dove sono pubblicati dei lavori di ricerca sull'EMDR troviamo: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, Journal of Behaviour and experimental psychiatry, Behavioural and Cognitive psychotherapy, Behaviour Therapy, Journal of traumatic stress, The Clinical Psychologist, Journal of Psychotherapy integration, Harvard Mental Health letter, Journal of Clinical psychology, Psychotherapy, British Journal of Psychiatry, International Journal of Psychiatry. Inoltre, sono stati pubblicati libri e manuali per terapeuti tradotti in varie lingue (in Italia dall'Astrolabio e dalla Mc Graw Hill Italia). Inoltre, recentemente, l'International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) ha stabilito e comunicato che l'EMDR è uno dei metodi terapeutici più rapidi ed efficaci per superare e risolvere il disturbo post-traumatico da stress.

The article by J. Wolpe, J. Abrams has a case treated in 1991 with Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD), were the first clinical applications since the discovery of F. Shapiro in 1989 of the eye movements on traumatic stress and anxiety-provoking situations. In subsequent years the EMD became EMDR, in fact, the first effect is the desensitization that occurs during a session where the stimulation is applied bilaterally, but then observing massive and thorough clinical effects of this therapy revealed that the process that takes place is much more complex. It was noted that desensitization occurs simultaneously with a cognitive restructuring, and that both are the result of information related to traumatic memories. In work done with the patient Shirley, Wolpe describes the history of therapies that had been subjected up to that point but had failed to address and resolve the traumatic experience of sexual violence. EMDR was effective because he worked on the neurophysiological level, where information is stored in a dysfunctional and is accessible only at this level, in fact, purely verbal therapies are not always able to access and act on this plan and therefore can not modify the clinical aspects related to the experience of traumatic stress. The treatment plan for the introduction of Wolpe EMDR focused initially traumatic experience of violence (2 sessions) and after processing the experience itself more therapeutic needs were identified related to social anxiety and agoraphobic cues . 5 The subsequent sessions were used for the desensitization of a variety of situations to which the patient was given a value of SUD scale. It was started by the most anxiety-inducing situation (85) in the scale instead of using SUD and their relaxation in systematic desensitization, eye movements were made. The patient reported a reduction in anxiety after each set of bilateral stimulation and the image of the feared situation, and tended to disappear in some situations even became positive. The cognitive restructuring has taken place in the patient spontaneously as the therapy progressed, he could bring up to walk down the street feeling like a normal citizen, having a vision for the future, also had almost completely stopped drinking and felt that a weight had lifted from his shoulders. Reported to be more relaxed at work, enjoyed solitary walks on the beach, he began to treat her physical appearance and had started to have interest to men and to approach someone, reported that no longer feared being raped and not had more suicidal thoughts and the authors have considered the therapy ended. The results were maintained at various follow-up made in time. So we can see the results of EMDR therapy at the cognitive level, which is within the functions of the world and of itself, differentiating the real dangers than mere anxiety, subjective to what the patient experiences emotional and behavioral level, where he implemented of new adaptive behaviors in a spontaneous way. In the concluding section the authors refer to a series of 100 cases were published in the Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry and hope that other publications might respond to the need to elucidate the mechanisms that allow these changes after a session of EMDR. It is clear from articles published in this issue the research, the empirical work and clinical observations have given a great contribution in this direction in recent years. EMDR has been published over 150 articles which demonstrate its effectiveness. Among the most accredited scientific journals which are published on EMDR research work are: the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, Journal of Behavior and Experimental Psychiatry, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, Behaviour Therapy , Journal of Traumatic Stress, The Clinical Psychologist, Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, Harvard Mental Health Letter, American Journal of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, British Journal of Psychiatry, International Journal of Psychiatry. Were also published books and manuals for therapists translated into several languages (in Italy and the McGraw Hill dall'Astrolabio Italy). In addition, recently, the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) has established and communicated that EMDR is one of the fastest and most effective treatment methods to overcome and resolve the post-traumatic stress disorder.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

171. Shapiro, F. (2001, April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and the anxiety disorders: Clinical and research implications of an integrated psychotherapy treatment. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 7(1), 43-75.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Four recent, independent, rigorously controlled studies of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) have reported that 84 to 100% of single trauma victims no longer maintain the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis after the equivalent of 3 90-minute sessions. The rapidity of EMDR treatment effects makes many ancillary research opportunities available. Specifically, the increased number of cases resolved in a relatively short period of time allows investigation of neurophysiological phenomena, patterns of cognitive and emotional processing, component analyses of a large range of procedural factors, and evaluation of the efficacy of application to diverse clinical populations. This article describes the procedures and protocols that are believed to contribute to EMDR's clinical effects and are, therefore, suggested for the EMDR treatment and research of the anxiety disorders. This is particularly relevant given the misconceptions that have abounded due to the unfortunate naming of the procedure after the eye movements, which have proved to be only one of many useful types of stimulation, and only one of many components of this complex, integrated treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Methodology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Research Needs Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

172. Shapiro, F. (1999, January-April). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and the anxiety disorders: Clinical and research implications of an integrated psychotherapy treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 35-67. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00038-3.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Four recent, independent, rigorously controlled studies of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) have reported that 84 to 100% of single-trauma victims no longer maintain the posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis after the equivalent of three 90-minute sessions. The rapidity of EMDR treatment effects makes many ancillary research opportunities available. Specifically, the increased number of cases resolved in a relatively short period of time allows investigation of neurophysiological phenomena, patterns of cognitive and emotional processing, component analyses of a large range of procedural factors, and evaluation of the efficacy of application to diverse clinical populations. Unfortunately, some research has been conducted that has been severely hampered by insufficient treatment fidelity and lack of clinical validity. Consequently, this article will attempt to describe the procedures and protocols that are believed to contribute to EMDR's clinical effects and are, therefore, suggested for the EMDR treatment and research of the anxiety disorders. This is particularly relevant given the misconceptions that have abounded due to the unfortunate naming of the procedure after the eye movements, which have proved to be only one of many useful types of stimulation, and only one of many components of this complex, integrated treatment. [PubMed]

[Note: Erratum in Journal of Anxiety Disorders 13(6), 621, Nov-Dec 1999]

Keywords: Anxiety Disorders Literature Review Methodology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Research Needs

Accuracy Verified: Yes

173. ten Broeke, E., & de Jongh, A. (2007). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) bij complexe posttraumatische stress-stoornissen [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in complex post traumatic stress disorder]. In P. G. H. Aarts and W. D. Visser (Eds.), Trauma: diagnostiek en behandeling (2druk.), (pp. 231-252). Houten/Diegem: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum.

Language: Dutch

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) werd eind jaren tachtig geïntroduceerd door de Amerikaanse psychologe Shapiro (1989a) als een nieuwe methode voor de behandeling van PTSS en andere aan trauma gerelateerde psychische aandoeningen. Kenmerkend onderdeel van de procedure is dat de patiënt wordt gevraagd de traumatische herinnering in gedachten op te roepen en zich te concentreren op (1) het meest akelige beeld, (2) de daaraan verbonden betekenis, (3) het actuele affect en (4) de somatische reacties, waarna een afleidende stimulus wordt aangeboden. Voorbeelden van dergelijke stimuli zijn ritmische, bilaterale tonen en linksrechts alternerende handtaps. Maar de meest bekende en meeste gebruikte methode – EMDR ontleent hieraan immers haar naam –is de patiënt te vragen met de ogen de hand van de therapeut te volgen, terwijl deze een aantal snelle bewegingen in het horizontale vlak maakt.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was introduced in the late eighties by the American psychologist Shapiro (1989a) as a new method for the treatment of PTSD and other trauma related mental disorders. Distinctive aspect of procedure is that the patient is asked the traumatic memory in mind to recall and concentrate on (1) the most dismal image, (2) the associated significance, (3) affect the current and (4) the somatic responses, after which a distracting stimulus is presented. Examples of such incentives are rhythmic, bilateral left and right show alternating hand taps. But the most famous and most used method - this is EMDR derives its name, the patient questions through the eyes of the therapist to follow, while a number of rapid movements in the horizontal plane makes

Keywords: Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

174. ten Broeke, E., & de Jongh, A. (1999). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) bij complexe posttraumatische stress-stoornissen [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)in complex post traumatic stress disorder]. In P. G. H. Aarts and W. D. Visser (Eds.), Trauma: diagnostiek en behandeling (pp. 321-338). Houten/Diegem: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum.

Language: German

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) werd eind jaren tachtig geïntroduceerd door de Amerikaanse psychologe Shapiro (1989a) als een nieuwe methode voor de behandeling van PTSS en andere aan trauma gerelateerde psychische aandoeningen. Kenmerkend onderdeel van de procedure is dat de patiënt wordt gevraagd de traumatische herinnering in gedachten op te roepen en zich te concentreren op (1) het meest akelige beeld, (2) de daaraan verbonden betekenis, (3) het actuele affect en (4) de somatische reacties, waarna een afleidende stimulus wordt aangeboden. Voorbeelden van dergelijke stimuli zijn ritmische, bilaterale tonen en linksrechts alternerende handtaps. Maar de meest bekende en meeste gebruikte methode – EMDR ontleent hieraan immers haar naam –is de patiënt te vragen met de ogen de hand van de therapeut te volgen, terwijl deze een aantal snelle bewegingen in het horizontale vlak maakt.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was late eighty introduced by the American psychologist Shapiro (1989a) as a new method for the treatment of PTSD and other trauma related mental disorders. Distinctive aspect of procedure is that the patient is asked the traumatic memory in mind to recall and concentrate on (1) the most dismal image, (2) the associated significance, (3) affect the current and (4) the somatic responses, after which a distracting stimulus is presented. Examples of such incentives are rhythmic, bilateral left and right show alternating hand taps. But the most famous and most used method - this is EMDR derives its name, the patient questions with the eyes by the therapist to follow, while a number of rapid movements in the horizontal plane makes.

Keywords: Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

175. Albright, D. L., Thyer, B., Becker, B. J., & Rubin, A. (2011, November). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in combat veterans. Oslow, Norway: The Campbell Collaboration. Retrieved from www.campbellcollaboration.org on 2/16/2012.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
EMDR was introduced as a treatment modality about twenty five years ago (Shapiro, 1989). EMDR has eight treatment phases. The first three stages include: 1) history taking; 2) preparation (introduction to the EMDR protocol, coping strategies and affect management techniques) and 3) assessment (bringing to mind an image of a traumatic incident, identifying beliefs and emotions associated with that incident, rating the degree of disturbance felt in recalling the traumatic incident, and rating the validity of preferred cognitions about oneself). During the next phase desensitization the core component of the intervention is implemented. It involves using a dual attention/bilateral stimulation procedure that aims to reprocess the disturbing emotions and cognitions associated with the traumatic incident. The client is instructed to keep in mind the image, beliefs and cognitions while simultaneously visually tracking the therapist’ s fingers as they are moved back and forth in front of the client in a prescribed manner. (Bilateral tactile taps or auditory tones are used instead of eye movements for clients who have difficulty visually tracking.) Bilateral stimulation is also used during the next two phases - installation and body scan - which aim to install a positive cognition to replace the negative cognition associated with the trauma and to reprocess any remaining bodily sensations. During the next phase closure the client is advised about what to do between sessions if experiencing distress. The final phase re-evaluation occurs at the start of the next session and involves identifying and reprocessing any residual material from the previous session or that arose between sessions. The length of treatment sessions varies, but typically lasts from 60 to 90 minutes. The number of treatment sessions also varies, ranging between 5 and 15 sessions. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Combat Veterans Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

176. Ali, M. W., & Rana, M. H. (2008, June). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in patients of PTSD following earthquake 2005, Pakistan. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objective: The purpose of the study is to asses the usefulness of EMDR in patients of PTSD who survived the October 2005 earthquake in Pakistan. Background: On October the 8th an earthquake of 7.6 on rector scale struck Kashmir and Northwest of Pakistan leaving millions injured and more than 80,000 dead. A survey of the affected areas has shown a high prevalence of PTSD amongst the survivors. A selected series of patients with the diagnosis of PTSD from amongst the survivors is enrolled for EMDR at CTRPI. The study is based on their response to this intervention. Design and Settings: The study involves an ongoing compilation of clinical data and the study of therapeutic responses to various interventions including EMDR, at a tertiary mental health facility and Centre for Trauma Research and Psychosocial Interventions (CTRPI), Rawalpindi /Islamabad, Pakistan. This mental health facility is the tertiary care referral point for patients from metal health relief units located allover in earthquake affected areas of Azad Kashmir and Northwest of Pakistan. Method: Earthquake survivors who develop psychosocial sequelae referred to CTRPI from Kashmir, who go on to fulfill the criteria of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder according to ICD-10 are registered for further studies and appropriate interventions. A select group who give informed consent for EMDR are then included for detailed evaluation and follow up. Sessions are conducted in eight phases from manuals by therapists who are trained till level 2 in the method. Pre- treatment assessment is done by an independent assessor for scores on Impact of Event Scale and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). The post treatment assessment is conducted 1 week after the treatment with the same procedures as at pretreatment. In session Scoring of subjective unit of distress is also recorded serially. According to the degree of improvement and severity of illness, sessions of EMDR are carried out with the duration of about 60 to 90 minutes each session and with a minimum of 6 sessions using the bilateral stimulation. The authors plan to compile their work with ten patients who fulfill the prerequisites of the study in process. Results: The work has been done so far on three clients which suggest that EMDR is effective in reducing the scores of IES back to normal and there is marked difference in the GAF level after the said intervention. It has a dramatic effect on 29 within-session SUD levels .Furthermore, at a qualitative level it is observed that involvement of other family members in the therapeutic process may improve treatment adherence. Conclusions: Ongoing results of this study tend to suggest that the EMDR is an effective intervention for patients of PTSD following a natural disaster like an earth quake. However, the results drawn cannot be generalized on account of their small count.

Keywords: Earthquake Pakistan Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

177. van Es, A. K. & Schoen, J. M. (2008, Juni). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Effect van instructies op de verwerking van nare herinneringen [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Effect of instructions on the processing of unpleasant memories]. Utrecht, Nederlands: Universiteit Utrecht.

Language: Dutch

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Op basis van eerder onderzoek door Lee en Drummond (2007), heeft dit onderzoek onderzocht de invloed van de aard van de therapeut instructies (herbeleven en afstand) op de verwerking van pijnlijke herinneringen. Bovendien, dit onderzoek onderzocht of het type van het trauma ook de manier waarop het geheugen wordt verwerkt invloeden. Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd door en onder studenten. Een gedetailleerd protocol - gebaseerd op de originele Eye Movement Desensibilisatie and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989)-protocol werd gebruikt. De deelnemers (13 mannen en 23 vrouwen, gemiddelde leeftijd 22,4 jaar) werden gevraagd om een pijnlijke herinnering roepen, waarna de inhoud van het geheugen was gedesensibiliseerd herbeleven door een van beide of afstand instructies. De resultaten tonen geen verschil in effectiviteit tussen afstand en herbeleven voorwaarden. Verder werden geen verschillen gevonden tussen de condities onmacht en schuld / schaamte. Mede op basis van de gebruikte maatregelen kan worden geconcludeerd dat de manipulatie van de voorwaarden is mislukt. Voor toekomstig onderzoek wordt aanbevolen dat het protocol worden uitgebreid en de voorwaarden van het type van het trauma worden aangepast. Verder is het aangeraden om een controle conditie toe te voegen aan het onderzoek, om te bepalen of de bilaterale stimuli doeltreffend zijn en of ze invloed op de effectiviteit van de therapeut instructies.

Based on previous research by Lee and Drummond (2007), this research has examined the influence of the type of therapist instructions (reliving and distancing) on the processing of distressing memories. Furthermore, this research examined whether the type of the trauma also influences the way the memory is being processed. The research has been conducted by and among university students. A detailed protocol – based on the original Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989) protocol –was used. Participants (13 males and 23 females, mean age 22.4 year) were asked to recall a distressing memory, after which the content of the memory was desensitized by either reliving or distancing instructions. Results show no difference in effectiveness between reliving and distancing conditions. Furthermore, no differences were found between the conditions powerlessness and guilt/shame. Partly based on the used measures it can be concluded that the manipulation of the conditions failed. For future research it is recommended that the protocol be expanded and the conditions of the type of trauma be adjusted. Furthermore it is recommended to add a control condition to the research, in order to determine whether bilateral stimuli are effective and whether they influence the effectiveness of therapist instructions.

Keywords: Distancing Reliving Vividness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

178. Karlsson, A. (2002). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): En presentation och analys av metoden, samt redogörelse för svenska utövares upplevelser [Eye Movement desensitization and processing (EMDR): A presentation and analysis of the method, and explanation of Swedish practitioners' experiences]. Psykologexamensarbete, Stockholms Universersit Psyckologiska Institutionen. .

Language: Swedish

Format: Other

Abstract:
Posttraumatiskt stressyndrom är en komplex och mångdimensionell störning. Lyckligtvis finns det effektiva behandlingsmetoder. 1989 utvecklade Francine Shapiro metoden, sedermera namngiven, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), för behandling av traumatiska minnen. Det hävdas att mellan 84 – 100% som behandlats med EMDR inte längre uppfyller diagnoskriterierna för PTSD. Uppsatsens huvudsyfte är att göra en grundläggande granskning av EMDR och metodtillämpningen i Sverige. Datainsamling skedde genom litteraturgranskning, enkätundersökning samt intervjuer med EMDR-utbildade kliniker. Resultatet visar att EMDR är effektivare än ingen behandling alls eller icke-validerade behandlingsmetoder, såsom aktivt lyssnande. Det är däremot inte styrkt att EMDR är effektivare än KBT. Vidare antyder komponentstudier att ögonrörelsestimulering, eller alternativ bilateral stimulering, inte är nödvändig för att uppnå behandlingsframgångar. Samtliga intervjuade utövare upplever EMDR som ett värdefullt och verksamt verktyg i behandlingsarbetet. Diskussion förs kring resultaten från effektstudierna och nödvändigheten av fortsatt forskning.

Post-traumatic stress disorder is a complex, multidimensional disorder. Fortunately there are effective treatments. 1989 Developed Francine Shapiro method, later named, eye movement desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), for the treatment of traumatic memories. It is alleged that between 84 - 100% treated with EMDR are no longer meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD. The main purpose is to make a fundamental review of the EMDR method and application in Sweden. Using data obtained from literature review, survey and interviews with EMDR-trained clinicians. The results show that EMDR is more effective than no treatment or non-validated therapies, such as active listening. It is however not shown that EMDR is more effective than CBT. Further studies suggest component of eye movement stimulation, or alternative bilateral stimulation, it is not necessary to achieve treatment success. All interviewees experienced EMDR practitioners as a valuable and effective tool in the treatment process. Talk out of the result, from efficacy trials and the need for further research.

Keywords: Component Studies Impact Studies Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Swedish Practice Travel Experiences

Accuracy Verified: Yes

179. D’Andrea, L. M., D’Andrea, L., & Detweiler, J. (2003, Spring). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A closer look at treatment outcome. Trauma and Loss: Research and Interventions, 3(1), 9-19.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
EMDR therapy, using bilateral audio-tones as the stimulus, was given to 30 women for two to six sessions (the number determined by the individual). Results from the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) suggested that treatment was moderately successful for the study sample. Analysis of pre- and post-treatment item responses suggested individuals who benefited from EMDR had significant reductions in intrusion and avoidance behaviors. The need to look beyond sample-mean comparisons and focus on scale-item analysis is discussed. [Author abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Females Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

180. Servan-Schreiber, D., Schooler, J., Dew, M. A., Carter, C., & Bartone, P. (2006). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot blinded, randomized study of stimulation type. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75(5), 290-297. doi:10.1159/000093950.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Backgroound: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is becoming a recognized and accepted form of psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet, its mechanism of action remains unclear and much controversy exists about whether eye movements or other forms of bilateral kinesthetic stimulation contribute to its clinical effects beyond the exposure elements of the procedure. Methods: Twenty-one patients with single-event PTSD (average Impact of Event Scale score: 49.5) received three consecutive sessions of EMDR with three different types of auditory and kinesthetic stimulation (tones and vibrations): intermittent alternating right-left (as commonly used with the standard EMDR protocol), intermittent simultaneous bilateral, and continuous bilateral. Therapists were blinded to the type of stimulation they delivered, and stimulation type assignment was randomized and counterbalanced. Results: All three stimulation types resulted in clinically significant reductions of subjective units of distress (SUD). Yet, alternating stimulation resulted in faster reductions of SUD when only sessions starting with a new target memory were considered. Conclusions: There are clinically significant effects of the EMDR procedure that appear to be independent of the nature of the kinesthetic stimulation used. However, alternating stimulation may confer an additional benefit to the EMDR procedure that deserves attention in future studies.

Keywords: Bilateral Kinesthetic Stimulation Type Distress Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PSTD Quantitative Study Stimulus Parameters Subjective Units of Distress SUD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

181. Reicherzer, S. (2011). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in counseling a male couple. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(3), 111-120. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.3.111.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This practice-based article discusses the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in counseling “Paul“ and “Eddie“ (aliases), a couple for 4 years who presented with what they identified as “communication problems.“ Through the use of psychosocial assessments of the men's personal histories, it was determined that Paul's experience of feeling controlled and Eddie's struggles to believe that he mattered in the relationship were linked to traumatic memories in each man's childhood that related to his sexual identity development. EMDR was used to target the men's traumatic memories, alternating between Paul and Eddie. Following each EMDR treatment series, the work was integrated by talking through how the reprocessed material integrated into the overall couple experience, leading to both men's increased satisfaction in the relationship.

Keywords: Couple Counseling Gay Sexual Abuse

Accuracy Verified: Yes

182. Coleman, G. L. (1999, October). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: An investigational study of the eye movement component using a within-subject design. Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL. AAT 9926476.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a recently developed psychotherapy treatment procedure which combines imaginal exposure with eye movements and is reported to dramatically reduce negative symptoms associated with trauma related psychological disturbances and memories. The author reviewed and analyzed the current literature regarding EMDR, and conducted a within-subject design investigating the importance of the eye movement component in the EMDR treatment protocol by comparing the efficacy of an eye movement treatment condition, with two non-eye movement treatment conditions. The use of two different control conditions allowed comparisons of the eye movement condition (EMDR), which involved bilateral stimulation of the brain, with exposure to memory of the trauma without eye movements (Eye-Focus Desensitization), which served as a placebo, and exposure to memory of the trauma with a competing motor activity (Single Hand Tapping), which represented unilateral stimulation of the brain. This study also employed a delayed treatment condition to investigate the overall effectiveness of EMDR in treating PTSD. The subject was a 53-year-old Caucasian female who met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. Dependent variables included a diagnostic instrument, which was the Structured Interview for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (SI-PTSD); global instruments, which included the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Impact of Events Scale (IES), and Subjective Units of Distress scale (SUDs); process measures, which included the Subjective Units of Distress scale (SUDs) and Validity of Cognition (VOC) scale; and a self-report measure of overall improvement, which was the Image Desensitization Rating Scale (IDRS).Results demonstrated support for the superiority of an eye movement condition over that of both a no-eye movement condition (EFD), and a competing motor activity of single hand tapping (SHT) on process variables (SUDs and VOC), but not on weekly global measures (IES, BAI, and SUDs) in the single subject studied. Also, this study found support for the effectiveness of EMDR (delayed treatment phase) in reducing symptoms of anxiety, intrusiveness and avoidance, and subjective distress related to memory of trauma as measured by BAI, IES, and SUDs, and also in alleviating DSM-IV symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder for this subject. Experimental single-subject studies, as well as group designs, need to investigate possible neurological and theoretical explanations for the effectiveness of EMDR in future research. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 60(4-B), Oct 1999, pp. 1846.

Keywords: Avoidance Case Report Empirical Study Females Intrusive Thoughts Middle Aged PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

183. Servan-Schreiber, D. (2002, July/August). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing psychotherapy: A model for integrative medicine. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 8(4), 100-103.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Provides information on eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), one of the most widely studied treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Reliance of the procedure on effective ingredients from well-established psychotherapies; Forms of stimulation used; Integrative approach to the patient-therapist relationship.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy Techniques PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

184. Feske, U. (1998, Summer). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology, 5(2), 171-181. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00142.x.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A qualitative review of experimental and quasiexperimental outcome studies of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for persons with PTSD suggests that the treatment is effective for civilian but not combat PTSD. The current data indicate that additional research into EMDR's efficacy for PTSD is warranted. Further studies should include comparisons to placebo control procedures and existing validated treatments for PTSD, an adequate treatment dose, systematic efforts to establish and assess treatment integrity and quality, and long-term follow-up data. The therapeutic mechanisms underlying EMDR's observed benefits remain elusive. Whether the eye movement or some other type of stimulation is essential to EMDR's effects cannot be determined from the current data. [Author Abstract]

Accuracy Verified: Yes

185. Lagerkvist, S. (2009, January 7). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, EMDR. ASP Bladet, 1-4.

Language: Swedish

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Hon upptäckte att när hon lät ögonen vandra rytmiskt vandra fram och tillbaks i takt med sitt gående, kunde hon lättare hantera det problem som hon var upptagen av. Shapiro upptäckte på så vis den bilaterala stimuleringens förmåga att lösa upp de blockeringar som hindrade hennes förmåga att hantera problemet. Shapiro utvecklade den metod som kom att kallas EMDR. Kort innebär detta att man via ögonrörelserna ökar hjärnans aktivitet så att blockeringar löses upp och minnena blir mer tillgängliga för bearbetning samtidigt som de också länkas samman med våra övriga minnen till en sammanhängande minnesupplevelse. Vid alltför svåra upplevelser är det just denna integreringsprocess som blir satt ur spel så att det vi upplevt kodas in och lagras som splittrade minnesfragment hopkopplade med de känslor vi upplevde vid traumatillfället.

She discovered that when she let her eyes wander rhythmic walk back and forth as its going, she could better manage the problems that she was busy. Shapiro discovered so thus the bilateral stimulation ability to dissolve the blockages that prevented her ability to handle the problem. Shapiro developed the method that was called EMDR. Brief this means using eye movements increase brain activity so that blockages are dissolved and memories are more accessible for processing, while also linking with our other memories into a coherent memory experience. At too difficult experiences is the precisely this integration process will be put out of action so that our experience is encoded and stored as shattered fragments of memory coupled with the emotions we experienced at the time of trauma.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

186. Solomon, R. (2008, November). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Clinical case presentation. Master clinician series at the 24th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago, IL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an integrative psychotherapeutic approach that conceptualizes current symptoms resulting from experiences that are inadequately processed; that is, “frozen” in the brain. When these inadequately stored memories are triggered, symptoms result (e.g. nightmares, flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, etc.). The EMDR protocol involves accessing the dysfunctionally stored information, stimulating the innate processing system through standardized protocols (including eye movements), allowing it to transmute the memory to an adaptive resolution. Processing is evident by a rapid progression of intrapsychic connections as emotions, insights, sensations and memories surface and change with each new set of bilateral stimulation. The mechanisms of action include adaptive information from other memory networks linking into the network holding the dysfunctionally stored information. There is a shifting of the information from implicit to episodic and then semantic memory. The memory is no longer isolated, and becomes appropriately integrated within the larger memory network. Hence, processing involves the forging of new associations and connections enabling learning to take place with the memory stored in a new adaptive form. This presentation will discuss the eight phases, three-pronged, EMDR treatment model and illustrate the dynamics of treatment through a video case presentation. Participant Alert: A taped session with a client who has experienced trauma will be presented.

Keywords: Eight Phases Master Series Three-Pronged Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

187. Welch, K. L., & Beere, D. B. (2002, May-June). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A treatment efficacy model. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 9(3), 165-176. doi:10.1002/cpp.323.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), though controversial, is increasingly utilized for treatment of PTSD. This article reviews the debate concerning efficacy and concludes that the evidence, though not definitive, supports EMDR's positive treatment effects. The authors argue that EMDR is a therapeutic intervention different from exposure. The authors set forth three interrelated hypotheses to explain EMDR's therapeutic mechanism: bilateral hemispheric activation, normalized brain activation patterns, and activation/desensitization of emotion/arousal; avoidant/constricted attention is disrupted, allowing normalizing processes to occur. Lowered arousal then leads to a resumption of more adaptive cognitive processing. Some predictions to test this model are presented. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Evidence-Based Treatment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

188. Tootell, E. (2004). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A comprehensive literature review. Argosy University, San Francisco, CA. AAT 3118435.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Since Francine Shapiro's first published paper on EMD therapy in 1989, there has been a tendency toward polarization in EMDR research. Those who tend to believe in the effectiveness of EMDR tend to find results which confirm their point of view. Those who have been very skeptical about the effectiveness of EMDR have tended to produce findings which validated their perspective also. The result of this has been years of back and forth research, without a great deal of moving forward by asking new questions based on previous findings. This literature review involved evaluating all available research on EMDR published in English as of March 1, 2002. Studies were categorized as contributing to knowledge about EMDR in general, or emphasizing specific aspects. Specific aspects were breadth of application, subjectivity of effects, EMDR's effect on intrusive PTSD symptoms, the necessity for eye movements, how EMDR works, if it does, and whether it produces lasting change.Findings included a probable effect from EMDR in treating traumatic memories. It has not been found equally effective in treating other kinds of anxiety or other psychological maladies. Subjectivity is an ongoing issue in EMDR research, yet there are several forms of data indicating an effect in a context in which subjectivity could not have been a significant factor. If EMDR works better for intrusive PTSD symptoms compared to others, the difference is minor. The necessity of eye movements has not been clarified, largely because of the use of alternate forms of bilateral brain stimulation as a control condition when these in fact may promote a similar process. EMDR appears to produce change that is as lasting as any other form of psychotherapy. The main conclusion is that there is a paucity of research including a variety of independent variables. The ongoing battle as to whether EMDR works or not has delayed thorough inquiry into for whom it works, compared to for whom it does not work. It is argued that the field, as well as the clinical population, would be well served if research could move in the direction of rectifying this situation. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 65(1-B), 2004, pp. 455.

Keywords: Literature Review Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

189. Carere-Comes, T. (2001, Augusto). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Stimolazione bilaterale e integrazione psicoterapeutica [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Bilateral stimulation and integration of psychotherapy]. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 7(2), 143.

Language: Italian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Non disponibile astratto.
No abstract available.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Integration Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

190. Martin, P. M. (1997, March). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A critical review. United States International University, San Diego, CA. AAT 9810369.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR, is a new clinical treatment shown to be effective for victims of trauma. EMDR is a time efficient, comprehensive methodology backed by positive, controlled research, for the treatment of the disturbing experiences that underlie many pathologies. An eight phase treatment approach that includes using eye movements or other left-right stimulation, EMDR helps victims of trauma reprocess disturbing thoughts and memories. This project reviews research and development, discusses theoretical constructs and possible underlying mechanisms, and presents protocols and procedures for the treatment of adults and children with a range of complaints. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 58(9-B), Mar 1998, pp. 5129.

Keywords: Emotional Trauma Literature Review Methodology Theories

Accuracy Verified: Yes

191. Taylor, S. (2001, Augusto). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Current debates and comparative efficacy. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 7(2), 169-178.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
For over a decade, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been used to treat symptoms of PTSD. While EMDR advocates have been enthusiastic of this treatment, EMDR critics have raised several important concerns. This article examines claims presented in this journal by two comentators; one an EMDR critic and the other an EMDR advocate. One argues that dismantling studies that test the effects of bilateral stimulation will end the EMDR controversy. While such studies will provide useful information, such studies are incapable of resolving the controversy. This is because there are several contentious issues concerning EMDR. For clinicians treating PTSD, perhaps the most important question concerns the efficacy of EMDR compared to other therapies. This issue is not addressed in dismantling studies. The other commentator claims that EMDR is the treatment of choice for PTSD. While the literature suggests that EMDR is a useful intervention, the available data does not support their claim. EMDR appears to be no more effective than well-established behavioural and cognitive-behavioural therapies, and there is no consistent evidence that EMDR works more quickly than other therapies. There are currently no empirical guidelines for deciding whether the first choice of treatment should be EMDR or some other intervention, such as behvioural or cognitve-behavioural therapy. Patient preference and therapist expertise in one treatment versus another are important considerations. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Debates Eye Movements Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

192. Feener, R. S. (2004). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A new method in the treatment of performance anxiety for singers. Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. AAT 3156073.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The purpose of this thesis is to provide information and exposure for EMDR therapy as it relates to performance anxiety in singers and other musicians. Since EMDR therapy is a relatively new approach to relieving issues of anxiety, this thesis provides a description of its discovery, background, development, and proper procedures and protocols. In 1987 Francine Shapiro discovered and began to develop a new method in the treatment of trauma using guided eye movements. These guided eye movements were theorized to create bilateral brain stimulation, which through the simultaneous component of recalling ones trauma both physically and emotionally, an individual’s trauma can be processed toward a state of mental health. This is similar to what is theorized to happen during REM sleep. Francine Shapiro states that every human being possesses an innate information processing system that guides each individual toward a balanced state of mental health, similar to the way our bodies heal physically. Once an individual experiences a trauma, the events become locked into the nervous system into its own separate neuro-network, unable to be accessed by the individual for positive processing. Our ability to process the traumatic experience is hindered and the trauma relives itself through nightmares, flashbacks, disturbing or intrusive thoughts, anxiety, or any number of life hindering events. The theory of EMDR is that through guided eye movements, or other sources of bilateral brain stimulation such as hand taps, alternating lights or sounds, or hand buzzers, the traumatic information held in its separate neuro-network is able to bridge itself to more positive information stored in the individual’s memory. EMDR not only helps to desensitize our traumatic memories but also helps to reprocess our thoughts and feelings regarding the trauma with positive statements and beliefs such as “I am in control” and “I deserve this”. One of the most impressive aspects of the therapy is the rate in which patients improve. The success rate of EMDR is between 84 and 90 percent effective in one to three sessions or less, depending on the severity of the trauma. EMDR began treating patients suffering primarily from PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome) but has expanded over the years to include a wide range of pathologies, traumas, and anxiety disorders. Francine Shapiro is continuously striving to enhance the protocols and procedures of EMDR in order to better understand and improve its effectiveness. I discovered EMDR only a ew years ago and realized that it was being used by therapists across the country in the treatment of performance anxiety, but very little had been written on this topic. Therefore, my goal is to expose both singers and instrumentalists to this new method as a new option in the treatment of performance anxiety.

Keywords: Bilateral Brain Stimulation Brain Stimulation Cognitive Processes Emotional Trauma Eye Movements Information Processing System Mental Health Musicians Performance Anxiety Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Singers Stress Syndromes Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

193. Woosley, L. (2002, June 2). Eye movement eases angst for those haunted by memories. Tulsa, OK: The Tulsa World, Final Home Edition, Living, 1.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
A therapy meant to muscle man over traumatic memories is gaining popularity and regard in the world of psychology. EMDR, or eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing, taps into the brain's storage bin of bad experiences, and using a combination of bilateral eye movement and talk therapy, alters how one processes a traumatic event.

Keywords: General Overview Tulsa

Accuracy Verified: No

194. Taylor, S. (2002, January). An eye on EMDR, does controversial trauma therapy really work?: Con No miracle cure. Parkhurst Exchange, 20(1), 25.

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
EMDR is a controversial but widely used method for treating PTSD and other psychiatric conditions. Controversy surrounding EMDR stems from two main sources. FIrst, it lacks convincing scientific rationale. The main intervention in EMDR requires the patient to recall trauma-related memories while also attending to some form of external oscillatory stimulation. This stimulation is typically induced by the therapist moving a finger from side to side, across the patient's field of vision, inducing eye movements. After each set of eye movements, the patient is asked to natice what memories, images, thoughts, or feelings arise, and then more sets of eye movements are induced until distress is reduced.

Keywords: Controversy Efficacy Flaw General Overview Outcome Studies

Accuracy Verified: Yes

195. Dekker, A. (2001, June). Eye to eye? Bilateral stimulation in cross-cultural context. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will be able to: 1) identify cross-cultural healing practices that incoporate bilateral stimilation; 2) describe relevant research studies; and 3) identiy guildeines for the development of culturally sensitive applications of EMDR.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Cultural Healing Practices

Accuracy Verified: Yes

196. Merckelbach, H., Hogervost, E., Kampman, M., & de Jongh, A. (1994, March). Eye-movement-desensitization heeft geen effect op emotionele reactiviteit van 'normale' proefpersonen [Eye movement desensitization has no effect on the emotional reactivity of normal test subjects]. Gedragstherapie, 27(1), 33-49.

Language: Dutch

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Verschillende single-case studies hebben gesuggereerd dat posttraumatische stress-symptomen en andere angst-gerelateerde problemen kunnen succesvol worden behandeld met een sessie van de oogbeweging desensibilisatie (EMD). Twee experimenten werden uitgevoerd om te onderzoeken of EMD de emotionele reactie van de normale proefpersonen beïnvloedt. In het eerste experiment kregen de proefpersonen (N = 40) blijkt een aversieve dia. Vervolgens helft van de proefpersonen ondergingen EMD, terwijl ze repeteerden de dia informatie, en de andere helft onderging een controle-procedure (dwz de vinger te tikken), terwijl het verbeelden van de glijbaan. Voor en na de interventie (dat wil zeggen, EMD vs vinger te tikken), werden de hartslag en de self-report gegevens die zijn verkregen terwijl proefpersonen repeteerde de dia. Er werd geen bewijs gevonden dat EMD de emotionele impact van de aversieve dia verlaagd. Het tweede experiment werd uitgevoerd langs dezelfde lijnen. Echter, dit keer proefpersonen (N = 28) repeteerde een pijnlijke gebeurtenis die zij onlangs had ervaren. Verder werd een cognitieve 'opwerking' component toegevoegd aan de EMD procedure. Toch heeft geen bevindingen ondersteunen het idee dat EMD emotionele reactiviteit remt om een grotere mate dan de vinger te tikken. Tezamen zijn de resultaten van beide experimenten niet bemoedigend, ze suggereren dat placebo-effecten en de vraag naar kenmerken rekening kan worden gehouden voor het spectaculaire succes van EMD.

Several single-case studies have suggested that posttraumatic stress symptoms and other anxiety-related problems can be successfully treated with one session of eye movement desensitization (EMD). Two experiments were carried out to examine whether EMD affects the emotional response of normal subjects. In the first experiment, subjects (N = 40) were shown an aversive slide. Next, half of the subjects underwent EMD while they rehearsed the slide information, and the other half underwent a control procedure (i.e., finger tapping) while imagining the slide. Before and after the intervention (i.e., EMD vs. finger tapping), heart rate and self-report data were obtained while subjects rehearsed the slide. No evidence was found to suggest that EMD reduced the emotional impact of the aversive slide. The second experiment was conducted along similar lines. However, this time subjects (N = 28) rehearsed an embarrassing event that they had recently experienced. Furthermore, a cognitive 'reprocessing' component was added to the EMD procedure. Nevertheless, findings did not support the idea that EMD inhibits emotional reactivity to greater extent than finger tapping. Taken together, the results of both experiments are not encouraging; they suggest that placebo effects and demand characteristics may account for the spectacular success of EMD.

Keywords: Aversive Stimulation Emotional Responses Eye Movements Systematic Desensitization Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

197. PR Newswire. (2001, January 1). Famed EMDR psychologist abandoned her patient in the middle of controversial treatment (EMDR) aimed at helping patient recover from significant childhood abuse. San Francsico, CA: PR News Wire, State and Regional News.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
EMDR is a treatment modality for use with adults who have been abused as children, which is purported to help them clear their trauma more rapidly and to lead full, productive lives. In using EMDR treatment, a patient is asked to hold in mind an image of the trauma, a negative self-cognition, negative emotions and related physical sensations about the trauma. While doing so, the client is instructed to move their eyes quickly and laterally back and forth for about 15-20 seconds, following the therapist's fingers or some other stimulation device. The patient then reports the images, cognitions, emotions and physical sensations that emerge. This procedure continues until "desensitization" of the troubling material is complete and positive self-cognitions have replaced the previous negative self-cognition.

Keywords: General Overview San Francisco

Accuracy Verified: No

198. Browning, C. (1999). Flotar hacia atrás y flotar hacia delante: Técnicas para ligar el pasado, Presente y futuro [Floatback and Float Forward: Techniques for the Tie Past, Present and Future]. Presentation at EMDRIA Latinoamericana.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
El protocolo estándar de EMDR requiere enfocar los orígenes de la perturbación, los gatillos del presente y crear un patrón de conductas adecuadas para el futuro (Shapiro). Algunos pacientes, sin embargo pueden tener dificultades para conectar su problema actual con acontecimientos del pasado. Así también, otros pacientes pueden tener dificultades para crear patrones positivos para el futuro, especialmente si ensayar conductas nuevas los pone ansiosos. Para estos problemas las técnicas de "Flotar hacia atrás" y "Flotar hacia delante" desarrolladas por William Zangwill Ph. D., entrenador del Instituto EMDR, son métodos efectivos para ligar el pasado, presente y futuro en un ámbito terapéutico y proveen al terapeuta de instrumentos para abordar eficientemente ambos temas. LA TÉCNICA DE FLOTAR HACIA ATRÁS Abordar recuerdos tempranos asociados con el material perturbador es fundamental para EMDR. Shapiro dice que ayudar al paciente a encontrar un recuerdo temprano "debe ser una de las primeras opciones que debe considerar al terapeuta..." (Shapiro, 1995). La Técnica de Flotar hacia atrás es un camino eficiente y poderoso para llegar a esta meta, permitiendo al terapeuta asistir al paciente a llevar a cabo sus propias asociaciones con acontecimientos del pasado. Su uso es muy apropiado cuando el terapeuta sospecha que una perturbación que el paciente experimenta en el presente, tiene sus raíces en experiencias del pasado; especialmente cuando preguntas como "Cuál es su recuerdo más temprano en relación a lo que se siente ahora? no ha tenido éxito en ayudar al paciente a conectar con eventos del pasado. También cuando un paciente presenta un tema o experiencia recurrente, la Técnica de Flotar hacia Atrás es ideal para ayudar al paciente a identificar un target para el reprocesamiento. Muchos pacientes se ponen en contacto con los problemas actuales con relativa facilidad. Por ejemplo, una paciente que se queja que se siente abandonada cuando su marido se va de viaje de negocios, probablemente pueda recordar sus problemas actuales con facilidad. Entonces el terapeuta puede aplicar la Técnica de Flotar hacia Atrás para ayudarle a la paciente a recordar un acontecimiento del pasado con rapidez y eficiencia. Para usar la Técnica de Flotar hacia Atrás, arme el protocolo con el problema actual, utilizando los pasos que figuran en el Manual de Entrenamiento del Nivel I y del Nivel II (Shapiro, 1994) incluyendo la imagen, la cognición negativa (CN), la cognición positiva (CP), la validación de la cognición (VoC), emociones, Unidad Subjetiva de Perturbación (SUD) y sensación corporal. Sin embargo, no incide todavía el procesamiento (es decir, movimientos oculares u otra estimulación). En vez de eso, diga a su paciente: "Fíjese en la imagen de... y esas palabras (repita la imagen perturbadora del paciente y su cognición negativa), fíjese que emociones le vienen y donde las siente en el cuerpo. Ahora cierre los ojos y deje que su mente flote hacia atrás a un período anterior en su vida, no busque, simplemente deje que su mente flote a una época donde usted pensaba cosas similares... (repita las emociones que dijo el paciente) en ...(repita los lugares del cuerpo donde el paciente sintió las sensaciones). Cuando esté listo abra los ojos y dígame lo primero que le viene a la mente". Utilice esta experiencia más temprana como target, completando todos los items del protocolo: imagen, CN, CP, VoC, emociones, SUD y ubicación de las sensaciones corporales y comience a procesar con movimientos oculares u otro estímulo bilateral. Una vez que se ha procesado este material, vuelva al target original del material actual. Muy a menudo se generaliza el trabajo realizado sobre el material más temprano y ya no hace falta procesar el material actual. Es importante usar términos generales cuando se le dan al paciente las instrucciones de la Técnica de Flotar hacia Atrás, es decir, pedir un recuerdo temprano y no el más temprano. Hay varias razones que avalan esto. Primero, muchas veces es el peor recuerdo y no el primero que funciona como el mejor target para el reprocesamiento,. Además, usar términos generales es una ayuda para los pacientes más compulsivos y perfeccionistas que de otra manera estarían demasiado preocupados en no equivocarse y encontrar exactamente la primera asociación. Finalmente, la flexibilidad que permite la utilización de términos generales más que términos específicos aumenta la posibilidad de éxito del paciente de conectarse con el pasado que es la meta de esta técnica. El rasgo esencial de la Técnica de Flotar hacia Atrás es usar las preguntas del protocolo para conectar los problemas del presente con eventos del pasado. Pasar las preguntas como fueron desarrolladas por Shapiro es un potente método para ayudar a los pacientes a sintonizar con todos los aspectos de su experiencia del problema. El material perturbador se vuelve más vívido y actual para el paciente y posibilita recordar experiencias similares. Se supone, como hipótesis, que al haber desarrollado el protocolo con todas las preguntas sobre el problema actual, estimula la red neuronal de asociaciones y posibilita casi sin esfuerzo el "flotar hacia atrás" a asociaciones tempranas. Además, el vínculo paciente-terapeuta es realzado porque el terapeuta valida la experiencia del paciente (la perturbación actual) al empezar el trabajo desde el punto en el que se encuentra el paciente. Las asociaciones son del paciente, eliminando el tema de la resistencia a cualquier idea o interpretación introducida por el terapeuta. El paciente se da cuenta vivencialmente de la conexión del presente con el pasado usando la Técnica de Flotar hacia Atrás, pudiendo esquivar la evitación y otras defensas. LA TÉCNICA DE FLOTAR HACIA DELANTE Mientras que la Técnica de Flotar hacia Atrás posibilita muy a menudo que los pacientes vean y sientan la conexión entre el problema actual y los eventos pasados, la Técnica de Flotar hacia delante permite que el paciente identifique y reprocese la ansiedad anticipatoria y desarrolle patrones positivos para el futuro. Es un método que puede ser utilizado en cualquier momento del proceso terapéutico para solucionar bloqueos, renuencias y en algunos casos, resistencias o temas de beneficios secundarios o pérdidas. Es especialmente útil para trabajar con el miedo del paciente a hacer EMDR. Para ponerlo en práctica, primero pida al paciente que imagine lo peor que le puede pasar si hace "X" (por ej. probar una nueva conducta, testear una nueva habilidad, empezar una experiencia nueva). ¿Qué es lo peor que le puede pasar si hace EMDR? Que es lo peor que le puede pasar si soluciona este problema? ¿Qué es lo peor que le puede pasar si le pone límites a su jefe respecto a la cantidad de trabajo que espera que usted haga? El paciente puede necesitar ayuda para identificar la peor escena. Algunas sugerencias incluyen el miedo a perder el control de sus emociones, el miedo a perder el control de sus funciones corporales como el control de esfínteres, miedo a tener un ataque de pánico, y no poder manejar su vida emocional entre las sesiones. Una vez que el paciente ha identificado el incidente, pregunte por la peor parte de esa escena y utilícelo como el target de EMDR, armando el protocolo con las preguntas estándar, pero con una leve modificación: pregunte por la imagen que representa la peor parte del peor incidente, por ej. "Cuando usted ve una imagen de si mismo/a haciendo......, que es lo peor que puede pasar?" Después siga con el resto de las preguntas estándar, es decir, CN, CP, VoC, emociones, SUD, y ubicación de la sensación corporal. Estimule el procesamiento del paciente con movimientos oculares u otro estímulo bilateral. Si el desarrollo de la peor escena del paciente le provoca un miedo racional, puede que se tengan que tomar medidas prácticas para solucionar estas preocupaciones. Por ejemplo, usando la técnica de flotar hacia delante con un chico de 13 años que estaba en un hogar adoptivo transitorio, la peor escena evocada por él fue: "Me van a devolver al Hogar si esta adopción no resulta". Durante el procesamiento, el SUD se redujo de 8 a 3 con bastante rapidez pero de ahí no bajaba. El paciente comentó que no bajaba porque esta "peor escena" podría sucederle realmente y le había sucedido en el pasado. Paramos los movimientos oculares, charlamos un rato y elaboramos un plan para: a) una sesión con sus padres adoptivos para hablar sobre la permanencia de la adopción y b) una llamada en conferencia a su asesor legal para clarificar sus derechos y opciones. Volviendo al target después de esto, le fue posible reducir el SUD a 1 con unos pocos sets de movimientos oculares. Al utilizar la Técnica de Flotar hacia delante para reprocesar la peor escena, el paciente tiene una oportunidad para resolver la ansiedad anticipatoria. Durante la instalación de la cognición positiva, el paciente está creando patrones positivos para acciones en el futuro. Una mujer cuyo hermano fue verbalmente abusivo con ella en la infancia y en la actualidad la intimidaba, armó una "peor escena" con: "Va a ser igualmente abusivo cuando lo vea la próxima vez". La paciente había hecho mucho EMDR, reprocesando incidentes de la infancia relacionados con el abuso verbal del hermano. Sin embargo, sin un referente positivo vivencial, seguía ansiosa cada vez que interactuaba con él. Pidiéndole que "flote hacia delante" y usando EMDR sobre una de las peores escenas, alivió su ansiedad respecto a una fiesta familiar que tenía pendiente. Instalando una CP de "Ahora estoy más fuerte" le permitió crear una imagen de si misma manejando a su hermano con humor y sintiéndose segura. A aplicar las Técnicas de Flotar hacia Atrás y hacia Delante y ocuparse así del pasado, presente y futuro, el terapeuta de EMDR puede sanar mejor a su paciente. Es más, las Técnicas de Flotar hacia Atrás y hacia Delante están basadas en EMDR. Las dos incorporan las preguntas del protocolo standard y le dan al terapeuta y al paciente la oportunidad de manejarse más fluidamente con dicho protocolo.

EMDR standard protocol requires a focus of the origins of the disturbance, the triggers of this and create a pattern of behaviors appropriate to the future (Shapiro). Some patients, however, may have difficulty connecting the current problem with past events. Also, other patients may have difficulty creating positive patterns for the future, especially if you try new behaviors makes them anxious. For these problems the techniques of "float back" and "Float forward" developed by William Zangwill Ph.D., EMDR Institute trainer, are effective methods to link the past, present and future in a therapeutic area and provide the therapist tools to effectively address both issues. THE ART OF FLOATING BACK Addressing early memories associated with foreign material is essential to EMDR. Shapiro said that helping the patient to find early memory "must be one of the first options to consider when therapist ..." (Shapiro, 1995). Floating Technique back is a powerful and efficient way to reach this goal, allowing the therapist to assist the patient to carry out their own associations with past events. Its use is most appropriate when the clinician suspects that a disturbance that the patient is experiencing at present, is rooted in past experiences, especially when questions like "What is your earliest memory in relation to what you feel now? Not been successful in helping patients to connect with past events. Also when a patient has a recurrent theme or experience, the Backward Floating Technique is ideal for helping the patient to identify a target for reprocessing. Many patients come into contact with the current problems with relative ease. For example, a patient who complains that she feels abandoned when her husband goes on a business trip, you can probably recall their current problems with ease. Then the therapist can apply the technique Float Backwards to help the patient to remember a past event quickly and efficiently. To use the technique to back float, arm the protocol to the current problem, using the steps listed in the Training Manual Level I and Level II (Shapiro, 1994) including the image, negative cognition (NC) positive cognition (PC), validation of cognition (VoC), emotions, Subjective Unit of Disturbance (SUD) and bodily sensation. However, it still affects the processing (ie, eye movements or other stimulation). Instead, tell your patient: "Look at the picture ... and those words (repetition of the disturbing image of the patient and negative cognition), note that emotions come from and where you sit on the body. Now close eyes and let your mind float back to an earlier period in your life, look no further, just let your mind float to a time when you thought things like ... (repeat the emotions that said the patient) .. . (repeat parts of the body where the patient felt the sensation). When you are ready open your eyes and tell me the first thing that comes to mind. " Use this early experience as a target, completing all protocol items: image, CN, CP, VoC, emotions, SUD and location of bodily sensations and begin processing with eye movements or other bilateral stimulation. Once this material has been processed, return to the original target of the current material. Very often we generalize the work done on the earlier material and no longer have to render the current material. It is important to use general terms when the patient is given instructions Technique Float Backwards, ie a memory request early and not earlier. There are several reasons that support this. First, it is often the worst memory and not the first that works as the best target for reprocessing. In addition, using general terms is an aid for compulsive and perfectionistic patients who otherwise would be too concerned with avoiding failure and find exactly the first association. Finally, the flexibility that allows the use of general rather than specific terms increases the likelihood of success of the patient to connect with the past that is the goal of this technique. The essential feature of the technique is to use Float Backwards questions of protocol to connect the problems of the present with past events. Skip the questions and were developed by Shapiro is a powerful method to help patients to tune into all aspects of their experience of the problem. The foreign material becomes more vivid and present to the patient and possible recall similar experiences. It is assumed, arguendo, that having developed the protocol with all the questions about the current problem, the neural network encourages and facilitates partnerships almost effortlessly "float back" early associations. In addition, the patient-therapist relationship is enhanced because the therapist validates the patient's experience (current disruption) to start work from the point where the patient is. Partnerships are the patient, eliminating the issue of resistance to any idea or interpretation introduced by the therapist. The patient realizes experientially connecting the present with the past by using the technique Float Backwards, can avoid the avoidance and other defenses. THE ART OF FLOATING FORWARD While technology enables Float Backwards often patients to see and feel the connection between the current problem and past events, the forward float technique allows the patient to identify and reprocess anticipatory anxiety and develop positive patterns the future. It is a method that can be used at any time of the therapeutic process to troubleshoot crashes, reluctance and in some cases, resistance or topics of ancillary benefits or losses. It is especially useful for working with the patient's fear to do EMDR. To put this into practice, first ask the patient to imagine the worst that can happen if you "X" (eg. Try a new behavior, test a new skill, start a new experience.) What's the worst that can happen if you EMDR? That's the worst that can happen if you solve this problem? What's the worst that can happen if you put your head limits on the amount of work expected to do? The patient may need help to identify the worst scene. Some suggestions include fear of losing control of his emotions, fear of losing control of their bodily functions such as bowel and bladder control, fear of having a panic attack and can not manage their emotional life between sessions. Once the patient has identified the incident, ask for the worst part of that scene and use it as the target of EMDR, setting up the protocol with the standard questions, but with a slight modification: ask for the image that represents the worst of worst incident, eg. "When you see a picture of him / herself by ......, it's the worst that can happen?" Then follow with the rest of the standard questions, ie, CN, CP, VoC, emotions, SUD, and location of bodily sensation. Stimulate the processing of patients with eye movements or other bilateral stimulation. If the development of the patient's worst scene provokes a rational fear, you may have to take practical steps to address these concerns. For example, using the technique of floating forward with a boy of 13 who was in a temporary foster home, the worst scene evoked for him was: "I will return home if this adoption is not." During processing, the LDS was reduced from 8 to 3 fairly quickly but it does not down. The patient said he did not go down because the "worst scene" could really happen and had happened in the past. Eye movements stopped, we chatted a while and developed a plan for: a) a meeting with her adoptive parents to discuss the permanence of the adoption and b) a conference call to his legal adviser to clarify your rights and options. Returning to the target after that, it was possible to reduce the LDS-1 with a few sets of eye movements. Using Floating Technique forward to reprocess the worst scenario, the patient has an opportunity to resolve the anticipatory anxiety. During the installation of the positive cognition, the patient is creating positive patterns for future action. A woman whose brother was verbally abusive to her children and now intimidated, put together a "worst stage" with: "It will be equally unfair when I see him next time." The patient had done much EMDR reprocessing childhood incidents related to verbal abuse of his brother. However, without a positive reference experiential, still anxious every time I interacted with him. Asking him to "float forward" and using EMDR on one of the worst scenes, relieved her anxiety about a family party that was pending. Installing a CP of "I'm stronger now allowed him to create an image of herself driving her brother with humor and feeling safe. To apply the techniques to float back and forth and deal well past, present and future, the EMDR therapist can heal your patient better. Moreover, techniques to float back and forth are based on EMDR. Both incorporate the standard protocol questions and give the therapist and the patient the opportunity to be managed more smoothly with this protocol.

Keywords: Floatback Technique Float Foward Technique

Accuracy Verified: Yes

199. Grand, D. (2001, May). Flow EMDR - Advanced clinical practice. Presentation at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, London, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Although the structured protocols and procedures of EMDR practice have provided therapists with enhanced healing opportunities, the awkwardness of the procedure remains unnatural to many EMDR therapists. However, EMDR can be modified to a more natural face-to-face flowing treatment process. This presentation will comprehensively examine flow EMDR and its dual naturalising components of "essential listening" and extended bi-lateral stimulation. "Essential listening" entails the therapists accepting that all potential answers reside in the clients system. This information and the ensuing healing process is supported by the therapist suspending all meta communications emanating from the client. Following this procedure, combined with the targeted information of the protocol activated by bi-lateral stimulation, allows the client to process information until they arrive at their "essential truths". Flow EMDR also utilises longer sets and/or continuous bi-lateral stimulation afforded by auditory and tactile stimulation. Innovations in eye movement, called ''paint brushing", will also be demonstrated with varied pace, direction, pausing and distance. Auditory stimulation will be reviewed as to its current modes and tactile stimulation will also be explored in terms of tapping, pressing and mechanical activation. Flow EMDR also actively integrates ego state work, part protocols, multiple protocols, parallel protocols, self questioning interweaves, targeting of present mood states, resource activation's of locating and installing positive body sensations and body processing enhanced by colour and image associations. This presentation will include lecture, clinical demonstratipn, audience participation and extensive hand-out material.

Keywords: Essential Listening Flow EMDR

Accuracy Verified: Yes

200. Fay, D., Corrigan, F. Fisher, J., Galloway, J., & Mcafee, F. (2010, April). An fMRI study of the integration of “Becoming safely embodied” and EMDR techniques for the de-activation of fear motor neurocircuitry. Symposium presented at the 2nd Bi-Annual International European Society for Trauma and Dissociation, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
An fMRI Study of the Integration of “Becoming Safely Embodied” and EMDR Techniques for the De-Activation of Fear Motor Neurocircuitry Frank Corrigan, Consulting Psychiatist, Argyll & Bute Hospital, Lochgilphead, Argyll This panel discussion explores brain imaging results using BSE skills activating left anterior insula intensified with alternating bilateral stimulation (ABS) from Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (Shapiro 1992). It suggests positive feelings associated with brain activations deactivate areas involved in motor responses to threat.

Keywords: Fear Motor Neurocircuitry fMRI Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

201. Wizansky, B. ([2003]). Footsteps through the maze - A model for using EMDR with oppositional children. Presentation at the EMDR Israel Association, Nazereth Ilit, Israel.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
This paper presents a therapeutic model developed to facilitate communication with children who have difficulty cooperating with the therapeutic process. The model utilizes the concept of a Maze metaphorically, in combination with the directed focusing, dual attention, and bilateral stimulation of EMDR in order to meet and process disturbing emotion. Underlying this model is the concept of an internal psychic space, connected to memory and association, wherein reside the child's potential range of emotions. “The Maze”, becomes the metaphor for that space, while a step by step process leads gradually to playful, non threatening communication with the child about his problem. (the entrance). The Footsteps (self drumming on alternate knees) provide the bilateral stimulation and dual attention required by EMDR. These lead the child on his own path to better ways of coping (the exit). Before presenting the model, the paper discusses several points: First, the necessity of touching on this inner space in order to bring about balance and change; second, the difficulties which traumatized, rigidly defended children have in approaching their emotions; and third, the role of cumulative trauma in preserving the child’s defenses and oppositional stance.

Keywords: Children Footsteps Through the Maze Opposition Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

202. Russell, M. C., & Friedberg, F. (2010). Formation, accès au traitement et recherche sur les interventions dans les cas de trauma dans les forces armées [Training, access to treatment and intervention research in cases of trauma in the military]. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(2), 18E-26E. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.2.E18.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Depuis 2001, les guerres en Irak et en Afghanistan exercent une pression considérable sur la médecine militaire pour gérer efficacement la demande croissante de soins en santé mentale du personnel déployé. Cet article examine la capacité du Ministère de la défense des Etats-Unis à fournir des services de santé mentale de qualité en fonction de la disponibilité (a) de la formation clinique, (b) des interventions en santé mentale et (c) de la recherche subventionnée portant sur les traitements de l'état de stress post-traumatique. Alors que des progrès notables ont été réalisés au niveau de l'accès au traitement cognitivo-comportemental et des études dans ce domaine, l'Intégration neuro-émotionnelle par les stimulations bilatérales alternées ou EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing) est beaucoup moins disponible - peut-être à cause de la controverse actuelle qui entoure la technique. Nous suggérons qu'une meilleure disponibilité des traitements comportementaux basés sur les données probantes, peut-être par le biais de la poursuite d'un récent programme régional de formation, serait bénéfique pour les vétérans qui y ont aujourd'hui peu accès.

Since 2001, wars in Iraq and Afghanistan is considerable pressure on military medicine to effectively manage the growing demand for mental health of deployed personnel. This article examines the capacity of the Ministry of Defence of the United States to provide mental health services quality depending on availability (a) of clinical training, (b) mental health interventions and (c) sponsored research into the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. While significant progress has been achieved in access to cognitive behavioral treatment and studies in this field, neuro-emotional integration by alternating bilateral stimulation or EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing &) is much less available - perhaps because of the current controversy surrounding the art. We suggest that greater availability of behavioral treatments based on evidence, perhaps through the continuation of a recent regional training program would be beneficial for veterans who now have little access.

Keywords: Military Training Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

203. Kiessling, R. (2006, September). From BLS to EMDR: Treating survivors of trauma, natural disaster, and combat along a time and stability continuum. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: T
he Comprehensive treatment protocols and treatment outcomes of EMDR have been well researched and documented. The calming effects of bilateral stimulation (BLS) and its impact on having images fade have also been documented. Consequently, there are many situations where stabilization and symptom reduction may be appropriate and/or necessary, such as trauma from terrorism, natural disasters and combat. This workshop will discuss a number of Bilateral Stimulation (BLS) interventions along a time and client stability continuum. Participants will learn and hone their skills using a number of stabilization and symptom reduction interventions through lecture, video and live demonstration, as well as small group practice of these more truncated, target specific, symptom desensitization protocols. Additionally, participants will understand when to select these interventions in preparing the client for the comprehensive EMDR treatment protocols.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

204. Bergmann, U. (2000, September). Further thoughts on the neurobiology of EMDR: The role of the cerebellum in accelerated information processing. Traumatology, 6(3), 175-200. doi:10.1177/153476560000600303 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This discussion explores, briefly, the position that the repetitive redirecting of attention in EMDR is capable of turning on the brain's REM sleep system, leading to the activation of specific areas of the the anterior cortex of the cingulate gyrus, facilitating its function as a filter, thereby facilitating the integration of traumatic memory into general semantic networks. This integration is seen to lead to the subsequent reduction in both the strength of hippocampally mediated episodic memories of the traumatic event as well as the amygdaloid mediated negative affect of PTSD. The possibility is suggested that another underlying mechanisms of EMDR stimulation is the activation of the lateral cerebellum. The contribution of the cerebellum to cognitive and language functions is explored. The activation of the dentate nuclei in the lateral neocerebellum is shown to facilitate activation of the ventrolateral and central lateral thalamic nuclei. The activation of the ventrolateral nucleus is shown to lead to the activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; further facilitating the integration of traumatic memory into general semantic and other neocortical networks. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Cognitive Processes Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Sleep Behavior Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

205. Unger, M. A. (2008). Fysiologiska korrelat av ögonrörelser och emotionell exponering hos friska individer: – En experimentundersökning av mekanismer i Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) [Physiological correlates of eye movements and emotional exposure in healthy subjects - An experimental study of the mechanisms of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)]. Psykologexamensuppats, Stockholms Universersit, Psyckologiska Institutionen.

Language: Swedish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR, har i psykoterapiforskning visats vara en effektiv behandlingsmetod av posttraumatiskt stressyndrom, PTSD. Däremot är ögonrörelsestimuleringen, som är ett centralt moment i metoden, kontroversiell och dess funktion inte klarlagd.
I föreliggande undersökning randomiserades trettiosex friska försökspersoner till en av tre stimuleringsbetingelser: ögonrörelsestimulering, taktil stimulering eller orörligt visuellt stimuli (kontrollgrupp). Stimuleringen kombinerades med imaginär exponering, negativ och positiv. Utfallet av experimentet mättes i olika fysiologiska mätparametrar, samt självskattningar av obehagsnivån (SUD). Resultaten visade signifikant högre hudkonduktansnivå vid ögonrörelsestimulering jämfört med kontrollgruppen, relaterat till aktivering av det sympatiska nervsystemet. Inga signifikanta gruppskillnader fanns i de övriga mätningarna. Mönstret av autonom aktivering kan tyda på att ögonrörelsestimuleringen utlöser eller förstärker en orienteringsrespons, vilket vissa teoretiker föreslagit är den verksamma mekanismen i EMDR. Dock behövs fortsatt forskning för att förstå denna verkan, samt koppling till terapeutisk effekt.

Eye Movement desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR, psychotherapy research has shown to be an effective treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD. By contrast, ögonrörelsestimuleringen, which is the lynchpin of the method, the controversy and its function is not clear.
In the present study were randomized thirty-six healthy subjects to one of three stimulation conditions: eye movement stimulation, tactile stimulation or static visual stimuli (control group). The stimulation was combined with imaginary exposure, negative and positive. The outcome of the experiment were measured in various physiological measurement parameters, and self-estimates of the level of discomfort (SUD). The results showed significantly higher hudkonduktansnivå the eye movement stimulation compared with control group, related to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. No significant group differences were found in the other measurements. The pattern of autonomic activation may indicate that ögonrörelsestimuleringen trigger or reinforce an orientation response, as some theorists suggested is the active mechanism in EMDR. However, further research is needed to understand this effect, as well as access to therapeutic efficacy.

Keywords: Eye Movements Dismantling Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

206. Spindler, C. (2007, June). Gentle EMDR: A precursor to standard EMDR protocol. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In the last few years several EMDR clinicians have introduced new approaches which have expanded on EMDR. Two examples are Ricky Greenwald's techniques for 'running a movie' and David Grand's performance enhancement techniques using visualization. GENTLE EMDR is a similar expansion of standard protocol. GENTLE EMDR follows basic EMDR protocol with additional emphasis on the emotions and body sensations connected to the target. Visualilzation is then tuilized to release these emotions and sensations one at a time until the target shows a SUDS of 0. At this point, positive cognitions are installed. The advantage of visualization is that it buffers the emotions with associated with the target, thus reducing abreactions, dissociations and resistance to further EMDR treatment. One advantage of Gentle EMDR is that a client does not need to face the target directly because emotions and body sensations are broken down into management segments. Thus, Gentle EMDR works well with clients who are too fragile to tolerate the standard protocol. One example of the use of visualization would be if the target is "being physically attacked." Clients are first asked what they feel when they think of the attack and where they feel it in their body. Next, clients are asked to visualize a river passing them, while they sit in a protective (safe) place. Finally, clients are asked how the water would appear if it was the identified emotion (such as a particular color) and to let the water flow past until the appearance of the emotional reaction dissipates. Once this is done, clients are asked to name the next emotion that eminates when thinking about the physical attack, allowing the water to 'clear' that emotion as well. When the emotions are approached in this way, the target typically becomes neutralized. The entire process is done using bilateral stimulation. Gentile EMDR is easily taught and has been well received by clinicians at Univerities and Clinical Practices in the United States.

Keywords: Poster Technique

Accuracy Verified: Yes

207. Hornsveld, H., & Berendsen, S. (2009). Geschiedenis en achtergronden [History and background]. In H. K. Hornsveld & S. Berendsen, Casusboek EMDR, 25 voorbeelden uit de praktijk , (1st Ed.), (pp. 17-25). Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum, 358 pages. doi:10.1007/978-90-313-7358-1_1.

Language: Dutch

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
‘Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing’ (EMDR) is een therapievorm die ontwikkeld is voor mensen die last hebben van de gevolgen van een ingrijpende gebeurtenis. Kenmerkend voor de effecten van een ingrijpende gebeurtenis is dat de persoon de herinnering niet kan loslaten; telkens komen beelden terug (soms als flashbacks of nachtmerries) en elke keer blijft de herinnering nare emoties oproepen, zoals angst, verdriet of walging. Tijdens de behandeling zal de EMDR-therapeut vragen weer aan de nare gebeurtenis terug te denken, inclusief de beelden, de gedachten en de gevoelens bij de herinnering. Als de herinnering zo goed mogelijk is opgehaald, starten de ‘eye movements’: de cliänt wordt gevraagd om met de ogen de hand van de therapeut te volgen die zich horizontaal heen en weer beweegt. Aan deze oogbewegingen dankt EMDR zijn naam, hoewel deze oogbewegingen tegenwoordig vaak vervangen worden door geluiden, die door een koptelefoon afwisselend links en rechts worden aangeboden. Bij kinderen worden vaak ‘handtaps’ gebruikt. Na elke set oogbewegingen (of andere stimuli) wordt er gevraagd wat er naar boven komt.

'Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of therapy developed for people who suffer from the effects of a dramatic event. Characterize the effects of a drastic event that the person can not release the memory, always come back images (sometimes as flashbacks or nightmares) and each time the memory remains nasty emotions like fear, sadness or disgust. During treatment, the EMDR therapist questions back to the bad event to remember, including images, thoughts and feelings at the memory. If the memory is retrieved as well as possible, start the 'eye movements': THE CUSTOMER will be asked to hand the eyes of the therapist to follow horizontally back and forth. These EMDR eye movement owes its name, although eye movements now often replaced by sounds, by an alternating left and right headphones are offered. When children are often "hand tapping 'is used. After each set of eye movements (or other stimuli) are asked what comes up.

Keywords: History

Accuracy Verified: Yes

208. Pagani, M., Nardo, D., Höberg, G., & Larson, S. (2009, November). Gray matter changes in limbic cortex in PTSD are associated with trauma load and EMDR outcome. Presentation at the 25th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Atlanta, GA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Psychophysiological Research
There is converging evidence of gray matter (GM) structural alterations in different limbic structures in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate GM reduction in PTSD in relation to trauma load, and to assess the volumetric differences between responders (R) and non-responders (NR) to EMDR therapy. Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans of 21 subjects exposed to occupational trauma, who developed PTSD (S), and of 22 who did not (NS), were compared by means of an optimized Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) analysis as implemented in SPM. Within S, further comparisons were made between 10 R and 5 NR. A regression analysis between GM density and the Traumatic Antecedents Questionnaire (TAQ) was also performed on all 43 subjects. Results showed a highly significant GM volume reduction in S as compared to NS, bilaterally in posterior cingulate and in the left hemisphere in precuneus, lingual and parahippocampal gyri. Moreover, NR showed a highly significant GM volume reduction as compared to R in bilateral posterior cingulate, as well as insula, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala in the right hemisphere. Regression analysis showed that GM volume reductions positively correlated with trauma load in bilateral anterior and posterior cingulate and right parahippocampal gyrus. In conclusion, GM volume reductions in posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex were associated with PTSD diagnosis, trauma load, and EMDR treatment outcome.

Keywords: Limbic Cortex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Outcome Trauma Load

Accuracy Verified: Yes

209. Nardo, D., Hogberg, G., Looi, J. C., Larsson, S., Hallstrom, T., & Pagani, M. (2010, May). Gray matter density in limbic and paralimbic cortices is associated with trauma load and EMDR outcome in PTSD patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(7), 477-485. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.10.014.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
There is converging evidence of gray matter (GM) structural alterations in different limbic structures in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate GM density in PTSD in relation to trauma load, and to assess the GM differences between responders (R) and non-responders (NR) to EMDR therapy. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans of 21 subjects exposed to occupational trauma, who developed PTSD (S), and of 22 who did not (NS), were compared by means of an optimized Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) analysis as implemented in SPM. Within S, further comparisons were made between 10 R and 5 NR. A regression analysis between GM density and the Traumatic Antecedents Questionnaire (TAQ) was also performed on all 43 subjects. Results showed a significantly lower GM density in S as compared to NS in the left posterior cingulate and the left posterior parahippocampal gyrus. Moreover, NR showed a significantly lower GM density as compared to R in bilateral posterior cingulate, as well as anterior insula, anterior parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala in the right hemisphere. Regression analysis showed that GM density negatively correlated with trauma load in bilateral posterior cingulate, left anterior insula, and right anterior parahippocampal gyrus. In conclusion, a GM lower density in limbic and paralimbic cortices were found to be associated with PTSD diagnosis, trauma load, and EMDR treatment outcome, suggesting a view of PTSD characterized by memory and dissociative disturbances.[Pubmed]

Keywords: Limbic Cortex Posterior Cingulate Posttraumatic Stress PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

210. Turton, M. (2010, January 13). Helping local vets deal with stress. Cold Spring, NY: Putnam County News and Recorder.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
The EMDR technique is intriguing. Turino explained that once a counselor and client have developed a comfortable rapport, the client focuses on a disturbing aspect of the traumatic incident. The counselor and client talk briefly about the negative beliefs, feelings, and physical sensations associated with the disturbing experience. During the session, using a board that shows lights blinking alternately on the left and the right, the patient's eyes follow the flashing lights back and forth. Turino says that dramatic reduction in traumatic memories can usually be achieved in three to twelve sessions. For some patients, using alternating sounds or tapping can produce the same results as back and forth eye movements.

Keywords: General Hope Turino Overview Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Veterans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

211. van der Zee, H., & Zaal, A. (2011, April). Het emotionele brein; EMDR & neuropsychologie [The emotional brain, EMDR & neuropsychology]. Presentatie op de 5e Jaarlijkse Conferentie van EMDR Vereniging Nederland, Nijmegen, Nederland.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Het menselijk brein is bijzonder veerkrachtig. Als gevolg op een traumatische ervaring ontstaat er in het lichaam een keten aan reacties. De meeste van deze reacties zijn adaptief en gericht op een natuurlijke verwerking. Bij 10 tot 20 % van de mensen die een traumatische ervaring meemaken verloopt de verwerking pathologisch en ontstaat een post traumatische stress stoornis. Lichamelijke veranderingen als gevolg van langdurige stress of een genetische gevoeligheid kunnen hierbij een rol spelen. Bij de verwerking van emotionele gebeurtenissen en psychotrauma zijn verschillende hersenstructuren betrokken. In deze presentatie zal een toelichting worden gegeven op biologische factoren bij het ontstaan van psychotrauma en de rol van ‘ het emotionele brein’ bij traumaverwerking. Ook zal worden ingegaan op de wijze waarop bilaterale stimulatie deze processen mogelijk beïnvloed en hoe dit zich verhoudt tot vigerende verklaringsmodellen over de werkzaamheid van EMDR. Tot slot wordt een casus gepresenteerd waarbij EMDR is toegepast in een neuropsychologische behandeling en is er ruimte voor discussie over de toepassing van EMDR bij neuropsychologische problematiek.

The human brain is very resilient. Due to a traumatic experience develops in the body of a chain reaction. Most of these responses are adaptive and focused on a natural process. At 10 to 20% of people who experience a traumatic experience does the pathological process and creates a post-traumatic stress disorder. Physical changes resulting from prolonged stress or a genetic susceptibility may play a role. In the processing of emotional events and psychotrauma several brain structures involved. This presentation will be given an explanation on biological factors in the development of psychotrauma and the role of the emotional brain in trauma. It will also examine how these processes affect bilateral stimulation and how this relates to current models of explanation about the efficacy of EMDR. Finally, a case presented which EMDR was used in a neuropsychological treatment and there is room for discussion about the use of EMDR with neuropsychological problems.

Keywords: Neurobiology Neuropsychology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

212. van den Hout, M. A., & Engelhard, I. M. (2011, March). Hoe het komt dat EMDR werkt [How it is that EMDR works]. Directieve Therapie en Hypnose, 31(1), 5-23. doi:10.1007/s12433-011-0002-5.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement and Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) is een effectieve behandeling van traumasymptomen en de positieve effecten worden teruggevonden in het laboratorium, onder goed gecontroleerde omstandigheden. Dat biedt de mogelijkheid om na te gaan hoe EMDR werkt. Er wordt verslag gedaan naar de bevindingen uit een lange reeks experimenten. De hypothese dat oogbewegingen (of andere taken die worden uitgevoerd tijdens het ophalen van herinneringen) overbodig zijn en dat de exposure aan aversieve herinneringen tijdens EMDR de effecten verklaart, is niet houdbaar. Het idee dat ‘bilaterale stimulatie’ noodzakelijk is, snijdt evenmin hout. Je kunt net zo goed de ogen van boven naar beneden laten bewegen of taken laten doen waarbij helemaal geen oogbewegingen worden gemaakt. Belangrijk is dat de taak het werkgeheugen belast. Uit de werkgeheugenverklaring van EMDR is een lange reeks voorspellingen af te leiden. Die blijken wonderwel bestand tegen kritische experimentele tests en er tekent zich een solide verklaring af van hoe EMDR werkt. Die theorie en de empirische bevindingen hebben allerhande implicaties voor de techniek van EMDR.

Eye Movement and Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment of trauma symptoms, while beneficial effects can be reproduced under controlled laboratory conditions. This opens the door for testing how EMDR works. The paper reports data from a long series of experiments. The hypothesis that eye movements (or other dual tasks) are superfluous and that EMDR effects are explained by exposure is untenable. The idea that ‘bilateral stimulation’ is crucial, does not match the data either. One can just as well move the eyes vertically, or carry out tasks that do not involve eye movements. The crucial factor seems to be that the dual task is taxing working memory. From the working memory account of EMDR a long series of predictions can be derived. The predictions survived critical experimental tests. The theory and empirical data have a range of technical implications for carrying out EMDR. These implications are discussed.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

213. Brunyé, T. T., Mahoney, C. R., Augustyn, J. S., & Taylor, H. A. (2009). Horizontal saccadic eye movements enhance the retrieval of landmark shape and location information. Brain and Cognition, 70(3), 279–288. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.03.003.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Recent work has demonstrated that horizontal saccadic eye movements enhance verbal episodic memory retrieval, particularly in strongly right-handed individuals. The present experiments test three primary assumptions derived from this research. First, horizontal eye movements should facilitate episodic memory for both verbal and non-verbal information. Second, the benefits of horizontal eye movements should only be seen when they immediately precede tasks that demand right and left-hemisphere processing towards successful performance. Third, the benefits of horizontal eye movements should be most pronounced in the strongly right-handed. Two experiments confirmed these hypotheses: horizontal eye movements increased recognition sensitivity and decreased response times during a spatial memory test relative to both vertical eye movements and fixation. These effects were only seen when horizontal eye movements preceded episodic memory retrieval, and not when they preceded encoding (Experiment 1). Further, when eye movements preceded retrieval, they were only beneficial with recognition tests demanding a high degree of right and left-hemisphere activity (Experiment 2). In both experiments the beneficial effects of horizontal eye movements were greatest for strongly right-handed individuals. These results support recent work suggesting increased interhemispheric brain activity induced by bilateral horizontal eye movements, and extend this literature to the encoding and retrieval of landmark shape and location information.

Keywords: Bilateral Eye Movements Hemispheric Interaction Episodic Memory Spatial Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

214. Bergmann, U. (1999, November). How does EMDR work? An exploration of possible neurobiological mechanisms. Presentation at the annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation Fall Conference, Miami, FL.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: This discussion explores, briefly, the position that the repetitive redirecting of attention in EMDR is capable of turning on the brain's REM sleep system, leading to the activation of specific areas of the the anterior cortex of the cingulate gyrus, facilitating its function as a filter, thereby facilitating the integration of traumatic memory into general semantic networks. This integration is seen to lead to the subsequent reduction in both the strength of hippocampally mediated episodic memories of the traumatic event as well as the amygdaloid mediated negative affect of PTSD. The possibility is suggested that another underlying mechanisms of EMDR stimulation is the activation of the lateral cerebellum. The contribution of the cerebellum to cognitive and language functions is explored. The activation of the dentate nuclei in the lateral neocerebellum is shown to facilitate activation of the ventrolateral and central lateral thalamic nuclei. The activation of the ventrolateral nucleus is shown to lead to the activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; further facilitating the integration of traumatic memory into general semantic and other neocortical networks

Keywords: Cognitive Processes Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Sleep Behavior Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

215. Fernandez, I. (2002, Dicembre). I disturbi post-traumatici da stress, fattori di rischio, aspetti diagnostici e trattamento con l'EMDR [The post-traumatic stress disorder factors of risk, diagnostic aspects and treatment with EMDR]. Rivista Scientifica di Psicologia, Sommario 01, 15-24.

Language: Italian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In seguito a un evento traumatico (critico) il cervello potrebbe immagazzinare una parte delle intense emozioni che scaturiscono al momento del trauma per elaborarle in un secondo momento, quando lo stato di sopravvivenza è recuperato e lo shock superato. Questi eventi critici possono dar seguito ad un Disturbo Post traumatico da Stress (PTSD). L’autrice espone l’EMDR (Desensibilizzazione e Rielaborazione attraverso i Movimenti Oculari) come metodo per risolvere questi disturbi. L’EMDR agisce ad un livello neuropsicologico ed è basato sulla stimolazione alternata dei due emisferi attuata nel momento in cui il paziente sta richiamando l’esperienza traumatica. Le ricerche sperimentali hanno convalidato l’efficacia del trattamento, che viene ora utilizzato in molte istituzioni nell’area della psicologia dell’emergenza.

Following a traumatic event (critical) the brain may store some of the intense emotions that arise in time of trauma to elaborate later, when the rule of survival is recovered and the shock passed. These critical events can act on Disorder Post Traumatic Stress (PTSD). The author exposes EMDR (Desensitization and Reprocessing Eye movement) as a method to solve these problems. EMDR works with a neuropsychological level and is based on stimulation of AC two hemispheres implemented when the patient is recalling traumatic experience. The experimental studies have validated effectiveness of treatment, which is now used in many institutions in the area of emergency psychology.

Keywords: PTSD Emergency Treatment Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

216. van Uchelen, I. (2006, March). Ik dacht dat ik mijn werk no oit meer zou kunnen doen [I thought my work I could do no more of it]. Advisie, 6-7, 9.

Language: Dutch

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Mensen die na een trauma worden gekweld door emotioneel beladen herinneringen aan deze gebeurtenis, kunnen door piepjes afwisselend in het linker en rechter oor, snel weer normaal functioneren. Deze techniek - EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) - kan lang ziekteverzuim als gevolg van een trauma voorkomen.

People after a trauma are tormented by emotional charged memories of this event may by alternating beeps in the left and right ear, quickly return to normal function. This technique - EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) - can long sick leave as result of a trauma prevention. [Author abstract]

Keywords: General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

217. Vasquez, S., & Breiling, B. (1997). Illuminating the windows of the soul: Facilitating psychotherapy with eye movements and strobic colored light stimulation. Bridges, 8(2), 5-7 .

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Eighteen hundred years ago the Greek astronomer, and mathematician, Ptolemy, discovered he could induce a feeling of contentment in those who looked at sunlight through the spokes of a spinning wheel. In the late 1800's, French psychiatrist, Dr. Pierre Janet, noted that patients at the Salpetriere Hospital in Paris experienced increased relaxation and a reduction in the symptoms of hysteria when they were exposed to flickering light. Since the late 1930's neuroscientists have known that brainwaves would rapidly mimic the rhythm of a flashing light ( or sound ) stimulus. British EEG researcher, W. Grey Walter originally called this the "flicker phenomena," noting that strobic light produced states of profound relaxation and vivid mental imagery. Today this same principle is known as visual entrainment.

Keywords: Eye Movements Strobic Colored Light Stimulation

Accuracy Verified: No

218. O'Malley, A. (2008, June). The impact of neglect and trauma on the developing infant brain and the implications for EMDR therapy. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation starts with sensory development in pregnancy. By 22 weeks there is already a high level of brain organisation with touch, taste, hearing and smell already well developed. Balance, vision and motor development follow and the links to learning and states of consciousness are explained. The concept of birth as our first traumatic experience is introduced and the implications for future EMDR therapy are discussed. Infant brain development occurs sequentially implying vulnerabilities during the early years of life. This has a direct relationship on attunement, which is influenced by developmental neglect and trauma. The effects of this trauma for EMDR therapy are explored. New information about the probable mechanism of action of the bilateral stimulation used in EMDR is presented. The mechanism of translating sensory input into new neuronal patterns is explained. The hypothesis of a ‘window of tolerance’ in trauma is mentioned with the reasons why EMDR can help alleviate trauma by expanding the window of tolerance. The concept of a structural developmental model of emotional awareness is explained with how this relates to trauma and a sense of self. The anatomical correlates of emotional processing are suggested at both cortical and limbic system levels. Ways in which EMDR can be modified in light of this knowledge are proposed. An additional model of applying EMDR is outlined. This involves multilateral activation of sympathetic nervous systems to consciously overcome traumas. This process will be shown to lead to brainstem stimulation activating the cranial nerves, which innervate the ocular muscles generating rapid eye movement.

Keywords: Infantile Brain Development

Accuracy Verified: Yes

219. Tupponce, J. (2005, January 20). In the mind’s eye: Ocular movement and rhythmic stimulation may curb bad thoughts. Richmond, VA: Richmond Times-Dispatch, City, Explore, F-1.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
In her case, one EMDR session proved helpful. "After we finished, I felt like I knew something that I had always known," she said. "It helped me process the messages in a normal way like most people do. I noticed that I wasn't replaying the tape in my head anymore. It's been two years and I still haven't replayed it. I know what I did [in my marriage] was OK."

Keywords: General Overview Richmond

Accuracy Verified: Yes

220. Coste, L. (2010, May). Incidences de l'utilisation du TacAudioScan sur le protocole EMDR [Implications of the use of EMDR protocol on TacAudioScan]. EMDRRevue, Theorie et Clinique Therapeutiques.

Language: French

Format: Other

Abstract:
Tout un pan de recherches s'ouvre à nous dans le domaine encore insuffisamment inexploré en EMDR, de l'incidence de la modulation du signal dans le traitement et en particulier au cours de la bilatéralité alternée.

A whole research open to us in the field still unexplored insufficiently EMDR, the impact of the modulation signal in the processing and especially during the alternating bilaterality.

Keywords: Bilaterality Modulation Signal TacAudioScan

Accuracy Verified: Yes

221. Twombly, J. H. (2000). Incorporating EMDR and EMDR adaptations into the treatment of clients with dissociative identity disorder. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 1(2), 61-81. doi:10.1300/J229v01n02_05.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This paper offers ways to incorporate Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of clients with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). Uses of EMDR detailed can be applied to Dissociative Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified (DDNOS) and ego state work. EMDR is a therapeutic method using alternating bilateral stimulation (ABS) that integrates traumatic memories with adaptive reasoning and the patient's own resources, resulting in accelerated information processing and healing. DID is a complex disorder suffered by clients who have often experienced multiple childhood traumas. They live with what Kluft terms a "multiple reality disorder," and describes as living in "...several parallel but incompletely over-lapping constructions of the world and of life experience." An asset with EMDR is that it can accelerate the treatment process. A liability is that its incorrect use can accelerate decompensation for fragile clients, e.g., those with complex trauma histories or DID. This paper offers suggested uses of EMDR and EMDR adaptations to facilitate learning, intervene in multiple reality disorder, decrease some negative transferences, and to provide a protective format for processing traumatic material. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Dissociative Identity Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

222. Christman, S. D., Propper, R. E., & Brown, T. J. (2006, May). Increased interhemispheric interaction is associated with earlier offset of childhood amnesia. Neuropsychology, 20(3), 336-345. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.3.336 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Experiment 1 found that mixed-handedness, which is associated with increased interaction between the left and right cerebral hemispheres relative to strong right-handedness, was associated with an earlier offset of childhood amnesia. In Experiment 2, bilateral saccadic eye movements, which have been shown to enhance interhemispheric interaction, were also associated with an earlier offset of childhood amnesia. These results build upon a growing body of research indicating an interhemispheric basis for the retrieval of episodic memories. Moreover, the results of Experiment 2 suggest that interhemispheric interaction has its effect on the retrieval, not encoding, of episodic memories. (PsycINFO]

Keywords: Amnesia Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

223. O'Malley, A. (2009, March). Infant mental health & EMDR. Symposium conducted at the 7th annual Conference of the EMDR UK & Ireland Association, Manchester, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The watch wait and wonder (www) approach to parental and infant mental health was developed in Toronto over the last 20 years. In the last few years a number of therapists have set up www clinics in the UK. We have been running a joint EMDR and www clinic in the North West since Jan 2007. As far as we know this is the only clinic to offer trauma focussed psychotherapy together with infant mental health in either the UK or Ireland. Infant brain development occurs sequentially implying vulnerabilities during the early years of life. This has a direct relationship on attunement, which is influenced by developmental neglect and trauma. The effects of this trauma for EMDR therapy are explored. New information about the probable mechanism of action of the bilateral stimulation used in EMDR is presented. The mechanism of translating sensory input into new neuronal patterns is explained. The hypothesis of a ‘window of tolerance’ in trauma is mentioned with the reasons why EMDR can help alleviate trauma by expanding the window of tolerance. An additional model of applying EMDR is outlined. This involves multilateral activation of sympathetic nervous systems to consciously overcome traumas. This process will be shown to lead to brainstem stimulation activating the cranial nerves, which innervate the ocular muscles generating rapid eye movement. This approach involves motor and sensory integration at the level of the 12 cranial nerves. Some case examples using bilateral olfactory desensitisation are discussed. Recommendations for the development of parent infant mental health services within the NHS are outlined

Keywords: Infants Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

224. Cooke, L. J., & Grand, C. (2007, September). Integrating EMDR in the treatment of eating disorders. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Dallas, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This is a day-long program designed for the EMDR professional interested in enhancing their ability to conceptualize and provide effective EMDR treatment in working with the complexity of eating disorder symptoms. Paralleling phase-oriented treatment for trauma, this workshop will focus on stabilization skills utilizing state-to-state techniques with or without bilateral stimulation; working through underlying traumatic experiences utilizing the standard protocol; and future template work for integration of the psycho-biological changes. Current treatment approaches on attachment issues and emotion regulation, trauma’s impact on the brain and body, and affect management will be integrated throughout the program. Participants are invited to bring their most challenging cases to work on in practice sessions or during the case consultation segment of the program.

Keywords: Eating Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

225. Schneider, C. (2009?). Integrating energy therapies. EMDR and NFB in the treatment of closed head injuries with PTSD. Futurehealth World.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract: (AE-W2-028) CD, DVD, MP3: A Futurehealth workshop which covers "Symptoms of post concussive syndrome and PTSD often overlap and may cause the therapist to miss the diagnosis of one or the other syndrome. Methods for diagnosing both from QEEG and questionnaire data will be described. Treatments involving the use of EFT and EMDR will be described with case examples. In certain cases neurofeedback and EMDR can be done in the crossover state to effect resolution of persisting traumatic images. An energy therapy involving stimulation of acupressure points can sometimes normalize the QEEG with attendant changes in visual and cognitive problems, including reading and memory dysfunction. Case material and EEG data will be presented."[Author abstract]

Keywords: Closed Head Injuries Neurofeedback NFB PCS Post Concussive Syndrome Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: No

226. Yordy, J. (2008, Mai). Intégration des techniques de gymnastique cérébrale et de psychologie énergétique afin d’améliorer le traitement EMDR avec les enfants et les adultes [Integrating brain gym & energy techniques to Enhance EMDR processing (for children and adults)]. Présentation à la Conférence EMDR Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Cet atelier regroupe à la fois des éléments de la théorie triunique du cerveau, la kinésiologie éducative et les développements récents sur le fonctionnement du cerveau. Le matériel présenté aidera le thérapeute EMDR à comprendre pourquoi le retraitement des traumas cesse ou bloque pendant les stimulations bilatérales avec certains clients lorsqu’il cible du matériel traumatique. L’atelier aborde aussi l’évolution et le développement du cerveau et comment des informations sensorielles envahissantes peuvent déclencher des réactions primaires qui bloquent un fonctionnement adapté du cerveau. Une portion de la discussion portera sur la relation entre les 3 vecteurs énergétiques du cerveau/corps et leur influence sur le retraitement des traumatismes. Enfin, cet atelier présente et offre des outils et stratégies que les cliniciens peuvent utiliser pour aider leurs clients à être présents, équilibrés et intégrés au plan énergétique de façon à optimiser le travail avec l’EMDR.

Integrating Brain Gym and Energy Techniques to Enhance EMDR Processing is a presentation which encompasses the Triune Brain Theory, Educational Kinesiology and recent research on Brain development and functioning. Information will be presented which will help EMDR trained therapists to understand why their clients stop processing while conducting bilateral stimulation for issues related to trauma. This workshop will look at evolutionary brain development and how overwhelming sensory information can trigger the brain into habitual “bottom up” processing which will block adaptive functioning. A discussion of the three energy vectors of the brain/body and their influence on trauma processing will also be correlated. The workshop will end with the sharing of practical, hands on tools which therapists can use to assist clients to become energetically present, balanced and to have integrated brain functioning for optimal EMDR processing.

Keywords: Brain Gym Energy Techniques

Accuracy Verified: Yes

227. Matthews, T. (1992, Winter). Intensity of visual stimulation from the environment during EMDR. EMDR Network Newsletter, 2(3), 3-4.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Lowering the intensity of visual stimulation from the environment during EMDR helps some patients tolerate the procedure who otherwise would shut down.

Keywords: Visual Stimulation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

228. Kaye, B. (2006). Interactive cognitive motor interweaves during EMDR. Cary, NC: Allied Psychological Services.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
A new interweave technique is described for when patients are slow to desensitize or when they are emotionally overwhelmed during EMDR treatment. The interweave is comprised of two parallel components: a finger-touching go/no-go tracking task as well as a semantic priming task. The theoretical rationale for the finger-touching task is explained relative to neuroimaging studies of the anterior cingulate cortex and other areas. The rationale for the semantic priming task is explained relative to research about dopaminergic activation projecting from the ventral tegmentum as well as novelty generated orienting responses. A two-stage model is proposed for constructing effective EMDR stimulation techniques.

Keywords: Cognitive Interweave

Accuracy Verified: Yes

229. Paterson, M. (2001, May). Interactive cognitive sub-systems as a theoretical basis for EMDR. Presentation at the EMDR Europe Association annual meeting, London, UK.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a novel approach to treating Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). It relies upon having clients access images of their traumas, negative self-schemas, emotions, and somatic memories and reprocessing these to resolution of the traumatic memory. The simultaneous linking of these components is accompanied by alternating stimulations of the brains hemispheres using either auditory tones, tactile sensation, or rapid eye movements across the visual field. Successful completion of the treatment results in trauma images fading, positive cognitive shift, reduction of negative affect, and disappearance of somatic sensations. Shapiro (1995) proposed an 'accelerated processing model' for EMDR that essentially pulls together the different strands of the treatment in a coherent way. It suggests that the brain heals itself, as with tissue damage, and changes in symptomatology are always from negative to positive. What Shapiro's model does not do is operationally define her concepts and explain the way changes in dysfunctional information occur. For example, the EMDR model, as with Beck's (1987) Clinical Cognitive Model, accepts that clients place new meaning on dysfunctionally stored information, but lacks explanation of how this occurs: i.e. the shift from irrational to rational beliefs, and from 'cold' to 'hot' cognitions. This paper rectifies the difficulties the 'accelerated processing model' has in acting as a theoretical basis for EMDR. It describes firstly the received wisdom on the neurophysiological, and psychological correlates of PTSD. It then goes on to examine the treatment components considered necessary for the effective resolution of the disorder. In its final phase, the paper considers how well models of information processing explain the acquisition and maintenance of PTSD. It adopts a modification of the Ingerchanging Cognitive Subsystems (ICS) approach (Teasdale & Barnard, 1993), a theory based in cognitive science, to operationally define EMDR's component parts and its process in the treatment of PTSD. The ICS approach is recommended as a useful way to conceptualise the maintenance of PTSD and a strong theoretical basis for EMDR.

Keywords: Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

230. Chang, S. H. & Lee, Y. H. (2006, September). Interference of spontaneous eye movements during recollections changes the vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories?: A crucial test of possible EMDR mechanisms. Presentation at the 36th annual congress of the EABCT (European Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies), Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This study examined possible therapeutic mechanism of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Several studies have reported that bilateral eye movements during imagery could decrease vividness and emotionality of recollections. This study proposed a hypothesis, that was, the reduction of recall was due to the interference of spontaneous eye movements including conjugate lateral eye movements (CLEMs). 110 undergraduate students (47 men, 63 women) recalled two positive and two negative memories (the CLEMs of these memories were recorded by a digital camera at the same time) and rated their vividness and emotionality of the recollections. Next, participants recalled the memories while they were engaging in five between-group conditions (bilateral eye movements, left gaze, right gaze, central gaze, and mere imagery condition). Then participants recalled the event again and rated its vividness and emotionality. The results showed that the bilateral eye movements made autobiographical memories less vivid and less emotive, while mere image increased the vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories (ps < .05). Importantly, there was only one significant Valence × Time interaction effect (p < .05) in the left gaze condition. It showed that right hemisphere involved more negative emotions than positive, whereas left hemisphere involved no differences between negative and positive emotions. With regard to CLEMs, there were no different lateral eye movements between negative and positive memories. The study supported the idea that bilateral eye movements during imagery could decrease vividness and emotionality of recollections, and that interfering spontaneous eye movements changed vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories. The role of eye movements in the EMDR was discussed.

Keywords: Autobiographical Memory CLEM Eye Movements Gaze Direction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

231. Chang, S. H. & Lee, Y. H. (2005, August). Interfering CLEM reduces vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories. Presentation at the 2005 American Psychological Association Annual Convention, Washington, DC C. (NSC 93-2413-H-002-002-).

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Research background: It was noted that when people recalled an emotional event, there is a spontaneous eye movements during retrieval of memory, known as conjugate lateral eye movements (CLEM). Eye movements during mental imagery are not epiphenomenal but assist the process of image generation (Hebb, 1968; Brandt & Stark, 1997). If restricted to a fixed point, then the image of recall is impaired (Laeng & Teodorescu 2002). These findings might shed light on why bilateral eye movements during imagery could decrease vividness and emotionality of recollections. Objectives: Based on the above findings, this study examined possible therapeutic mechanism of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989, 1995, 2001), of which eye movement was a crucial treatment component. Specifically, the hypothesis that interfering CLEM via introducing bilateral eye movements or a fixed position could reduce vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories was examined in the present study. Further, whether there are different CLEMs (more rightward in positive and more leftward in negative) during retrieval of positive and negative memories was also investigated. Method: Seventeen healthy volunteers recalled two positive and two negative memories and rated their vividness and emotionality of the recollections. Next, memories were recalled whilst the participant was performing either bilateral eye movements (interference of CLEM) or mere image condition (non-interference of CLEM). Then participants were asked to recall the event again and to rate its vividness and emotionality. Vividness and emotionality ratings were analyzed using a 2 (EM condition: bilateral eye movement vs. mere image) × 2 (valence of memory: positive vs. negative) × 2 (time: before vs. after the intervention) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). During the first and last recall of each memory CLEM were recorded by a digital camera. To examine the effect of CLEM during recollections on emotionality and vividness of autobiographical memories, eye movements in each recall were counted into percentage time of eye gaze in three regions (leftward, middle, rightward), instead of counting the first lateral eye movement as used by the traditional method. Results: Compared to mere image condition, recollections after bilateral eye movements made subsequent recollections less vivid and less emotive, while the opposite was true for mere image condition. Regarding vividness, the 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA showed that there was a significant condition × time interaction. None of the other interactions or main effects reached significance. Simple main effect indicated that the change in vividness was significant in the mere image condition, but not in the eye movement condition. As to emotionality, the three way ANOVA showed that there was also a significant condition × time interaction. None of the other interactions or main effects reached significance. Simple main effect indicated that the change in emotionality was significant in the mere image condition, and in eye movement condition. Concerning percentage of gaze direction (left, right) in positive and negative memories, pair t test showed that there was a significant right gaze difference between positive and negative memories, and approached significant left gaze difference between positive and negative memories. With regard to CLEM, negative memories showed less right gazes and more left gazes than positive memories. Conclusion:The bilateral eye movements made autobiographical memories less vivid and less emotive than mere image condition, while mere image increased the vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories. Further, there is different CLEM for negative and positive memories. While the hypothesis that interference of CLEM reduced the vividness and emotionality of autobiographical memories was confirmed, the role of eye movement in the EMDR was discussed and future research possibilities are proposed.

Keywords: Autobiographical Memory CLEM Eye Movements Gaze Direction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

232. Propper, R. E., & Christman, S. D. (2008). Interhemispheric interaction and saccadic horizontal eye movements - Implications for episodic memory, EMDR, and PTSD. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(4), 269-281. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.269.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The growing body of literature on the effects of bilateral saccadic eye movements, patterned after those employed in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), on memory is reviewed. Research indicates that engaging in bilateral saccadic eye movements prior to lab-based memory testing results in signifi cant improvement in episodic memory across a wide range of memory tests. Other effects of these types of eye movements on hemispheric activation and emotional state are also discussed. The fi ndings are interpreted within a framework suggesting that bilateral saccadic eye movements, such as those employed in EMDR, increase interaction between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. This framework is also used to explain the effects of such eye movements on memory during EMDR treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Keywords: Eye Movements Episodic Memory Handedness Interhemispheric Interaction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

233. Albers, J. (2010, July). The interplay of resourcefulness and resilience in recovery: A six session approach treating addictive behaviour, an extended EMDR protocol. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
A structured six-session group therapy has been developed and approved for overcoming craving. The six session protocol can easily be integrated to well-applied EMDR protocols (DeTur from Popky, CravEx from Haase) supported by systematic implementation of cue exposure techniques and guided imagery. The EMDR protocol supported by cue exposure catalyses the recovery process as follows: At the beginning the patients are taught a set of three ideodynamic resources for coping with the urge to drink; “Rewards of sobriety”, “Support of relatives and friends” and “Irrepressible commitment to sobriety”. The patients learn rapid activation of these resources by the use of the “Seven Cue Word Induction–technique” and kinaesthetic bilateral stimulation (SingleblAiR). Then they are exposed to alcohol until the urge to drink reaches it´s peak. At this moment they are taught to initialize resourcefulness - with continued exposure to alcohol. Subsequently, the power of one ideodynamic strategy diminishes the intensity of craving significantly. Craving symptoms finally disappear and are replaced by self-reinforcing thoughts and feelings due to state dependent learning. In addition to this new experience the patients acquire a high level of self-efficacy as well as greater and deeper knowledge about their personal drinking triggers. They also find out which strategy is the most effective one for each specific trigger. After regaining self-control over triggers, the patients are more receptive to working with their core addiction issues, which have now become easier to treat by especially using Desensitization and Reprocessing of the Standard- EMDR protocol. Workshop participants will become acquainted with the six-session protocol by the use of DVD-demonstrations and by practising. In addition they will receive a manual with standardised instructions. Finally they will also be given the opportunity to participate in a cross-cultural research project proving the effectiveness of the six-step program which starts in 2011. This approach is designed to improve the treatment of various types of addiction and can easily be integrated into existing EMDR treatment strategies.

Keywords: Addiction Addictive Behavior Resourcefulness Resilience

Accuracy Verified: Yes

234. Affonso, S. D. S. (2012, Novembro). Intervenção do EMDR em uma situação de luto traumático infantil: Vivência de uma criança de seis anos no adoecimento e morte de sua irmã de dois anos vítima de leucemia [EMDR intervention in a situation of childhood traumatic grief: Experiences of a child of six years in the illness and death of her sister two years of leukemia victim]. In EMDR na infância. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Em uma família com estrutura complexa: a mãe vive há 14 anos durante o dia com o companheiro que é casado com outra mulher (com quem passa as noites) e teve dois filhos desse relacionamento. Importante ressaltar que a mãe vivia nas ruas e teve uma nova chance ao ser acolhida por uma madrinha. A menina, de dois anos, adoeceu e faleceu vítima de leucemia. O menino, de seis anos, passou a apresentar comportamento agressivo na escola, dificuldade de aprendizagem, dispersão e insônia. A madrinha foi quem procurou o EMDR por telefone. Com seis sessões, intercalando atendimentos à mãe e à criança, com uso de EBs auditivos para a mãe e EBs visuais para o segundo, desenhos para ambos, relato de sonhos, e na última sessão com mãe e filho, com o uso de um ritual de despedida com a linha do tempo. Nesta última, contaram sobre as melhoras do menino em dormir e em seu aproveitamento escolar. Aproveitaram para dizer que os sonhos continuavam encaminhados e estavam finalmente começando a dar certo.

In a family with complex structure: the mother lives 14 years ago during the day with a partner who is married to another woman (who spends his nights) and had two children from that relationship. Importantly, the mother lived on the streets and had another chance to be accepted by a sponsor. The girl, two years old, fell ill and died of leukemia. The boy, six years old, began to show aggressive behavior in school, learning difficulties, insomnia and dispersion. The godmother was the one who tried EMDR by phone. With six sessions, alternating visits to the mother and child, using EBs hearing for the mother and for the second visual EBs, drawings for both reporting of dreams, and last sessions with mother and child, with the use of a ritual farewell to the timeline. In the latter, told the boy about the improvements in sleep and in their school. Took the opportunity to say that dreams were still underway and finally starting to go right.

Keywords: Childhood Trauma Family Grief Process

Accuracy Verified: Yes

235. Karim, S. F. (2002-2003). Introducing EMDR: Its implications for clinical practice and research. Journal of the Faculty of Arts, The Dhaka University Studies, 59(1), 50 (2), & 60(1), 201-206.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
EMDR is a complex, time efficient and powerful method of psychotherapy that integrates many of the most successful elements of a wide range of therapeutic approaches, even long-term Freudian analysis. The procedure involves having the client focus intensively on the traumatic memory while moving the eyes rapidly from side to side, by visually tracking the therapist's moving hand. This seems to render the traumatic memory accessible to the healing resources of the rest of the personality, where it may be worked through and integrated. In addition, it uses eye movements or other forms of rhythmical stimulation. such as taps or tones, in a way that seems to assist the brain's information-processing system to processed at a rapid rate. Special protocols may be used for a single traumatic event, current anxiety and behaviour, recent traumatic events, phobias, excessive grief, illness and somatic disorders and different forms of addictions. Protocols include the sequence of progressing on a particular target. EMDR as an integrative approach starts from the moment the client enters through the door. Although called Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing, directed eye movements (where the eye movement is given a direction by tracking with two fingers) is only one form of stimulation used as a part of its complete methodology. Other forms of stimulation include bilateral auditory stimulation and alternate hand tapping. It is an innovative clinical treatment for victims of trauma. Francine Shapiro introduced it in 1989 and a large number of clinicians worldwide have been trained in the method. Francine Shapiro defines "the goal of EMDR is to achieve the most profound and comprehensive treatment effects possible in the shortest period of time, while maintaining client stability with a balanced system" (Shapiro, 2001).

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

236. Hennessey, V. (2010, April 6). Jury selection begins in rape trial of Thomas Pollacci. Monterey County, CA: The Herald.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
According to the Web site emdr-therapy.com, the technique is used to treat victims of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder. Bilateral tones or taps, right and left eye movement or tactile stimulation activates opposite sides of the brain, releasing memories that are "trapped" in the nervous system, the site explains. The intent of the therapy is to replace those images with more positive feelings.
According to the EMDR Institute Inc., "clients generally experience the emergence of insight, changes in memories, or new associations." Scott said he would require an evidentiary hearing outside the presence of the jury to explore the science of the technique, whether it is admissible in court and how it might affect the woman's ability to testify about memories she had before the treatment.

Keywords: Court Hearing Rape Retrieved Memories Testimony Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

237. Goorani, S., & Tomner, I. (2008). Karaktäristiska drag vid ihågkomst av obehagligt minne under sensorisk stimulering - En kvalitativ analys [Idiosyncrasy in remembrance of unpleasant memory for sensory stimulation]. Psykologexamensuppsats, Stockholms Universitet Psykologiska Institutionen.

Language: Swedish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Obearbetade traumatiska minnen kan ge sig till känna som olika former av besvär såväl kroppsliga som kognitiva. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) är en behandlingsmetod för traumatiska minnen och deras psykologiska konsekvenser. EMDR utvecklades 1987 av den amerikanska psykologen Francine Shapiro, som upptäckte ett samband mellan spontana snabba ögonrörelser och en minskning av störande känslor i samband med traumatiska minnen. Under de kommande åren utvecklades upptäckten till en systematisk psykoterapeutisk behandlingsmetod, EMDR. Men vad som specifikt gör metoden verksam är ovisst (Bergh Johannesson, 2007). Nedan redovisas bakomliggande hypoteser i form av bilateral sensorisk stimulering och interhemisfärisk aktivitet, som avslutningsvis knyts ihop i en problemformulering.

Unprocessed traumatic memories can make themselves known to various forms of trouble as well somatic and cognitive. Eye movement desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a treatment of traumatic memories and their psychological consequences. EMDR was developed in 1987 by the American psychologist Francine Shapiro, who discovered a correlation between spontaneous rapid eye movements and a reduction in disruptive feelings in associated with traumatic memories. In the years developed the discovery to a systematic psychotherapeutic treatment, EMDR. But what specifically makes method works is undecided (Bergh Johannesson, 2007). Below are the underlying hypotheses in the form of bilateral sensory stimulation and interhemisfärisk activity, which Finally, tied together in a problem.

Keywords: Sensory Stimulation Unpleasant Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

238. Tripolt, R. (2008, September). Körpererfahrung und EMDR-prozess [Body experience and the EMDR process]. Vortrag im Rahmen der Pre-Kongress zum Thema EMDR bei der Vorkkongress EMDR beim Europaischen Hypnoeskongress, Wien.

Language: German

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Menschen die an einer PTBS und deren Folgen leiden, erleben den Körper und dessen Symptome oft als Feind. Die sanfte, geleitete Schulung der Körperwahrnehmung ist ein Weg sich mit dem Körper anzufreunden. Lernen, angenehme Körperempfindungen wahrzunehmen erhöht das Vertrauen und erleichtert die Verarbeitung schmerzvoller Erfahrungen. Lernen mit unangenehmen oder schmerzhaften Körperwahrnehmungen umzugehen, reduziert die Angst. Den Focus auf die Körpersensationen zu richten, setzt voraus, mit den auftretenden Körpererinnerungen, Schmerzen und/oder der Übererregung fertig werden zu können. Die Kombination von Körper- und Körperimpulswahrnehmung und bewusster Bewegung im EMDR Prozess gibt die notwendige Sicherheit und erlaubt durch tiefe und bewußte Körpererfahrung eine sanfte Verarbeitung und Integration traumatischer Erfahrungen. Stabilisierungsphase: Aufbau und Verankerung positiver Körpererfahrung und Körperressourcen mit bilateraler Stimulierung. Schulung der sinnlichen Wahrnehmung und deren Verbalisierung. Psychoedukation in Hinblick auf amnestische und/oder vorsprachlich codierte Erfahrungen im sinnlich, körperlichen Bereich. EMDR Prozess: Erweiterung des EMDR Protokolls um das Installieren von Körperressourcen. Einweben von Bewegungsimagination und gerichteter Aufmerksamkeit auf bewusste Handlungsimpulse. Bewusstmachen und therapeutisches Nutzen von Körperhaltungen, Bewegungsimpulsen und Bewegungen während der Prozessierungsphase. Abschluss und Integration: Körpertest vor Abschluss des Protokolls. Integration von neuer Körpererfahrung in Bewegung, Handlung und Begegnung. Führen eines Therapietagebuchs mit den Kategorien: Ich denke (Kognition) – Ich fühle(Emotion) – Ich spüre (sinnliches Erleben).

People suffering from PTSD and the consequences of experiencing the body and its symptoms often an enemy. The gentle, conducted training of body awareness is a way to make friends with the body. Learning to perceive pleasant body sensations increased confidence and facilitate the processing of painful experiences. Learning to deal with unpleasant or painful body awareness, reduces anxiety. The focus to addressing the body sensations presupposes being able to cope with the developing body memories, pain and / or hyperarousal. The combination of body and body movement in the conscious perception and impulse EMDR process provides the necessary security and allows the body through deep and conscious experience a gentle processing and integration of traumatic experiences. Stabilization phase: structure and anchoring positive body experience and body resources with bilateral stimulation. Training of sensory perception and its verbalization. Psychoeducation in terms of amnesic and / or encoded preverbal experience in sensual, physical area. EMDR process: expansion of the EMDR protocol for the installation of body resources. Weaving of movement and imagination directed attention to conscious action impulses. Awareness and therapeutic benefits of postures, movement, impulses and movements during the Prozessierungsphase. Completion and integration: body test before the conclusion of the Protocol. Integration of new body of experience in movement, action and encounter. Run a therapy diary with the categories: I think (cognition) - I feel (emotion) - I feel (sensory experience).

Keywords: Body Experience

Accuracy Verified: Yes

239. Panseri, L. (2001, Augusto). L'integrazione delle stimolazioni bilaterali alternate nel processo terapeutico: Alcune riflessioni [The integration of alternating bilateral stimulation in the therapeutic process: Some reflections]. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 7(2), 159.

Language: Italian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Non disponibile astratto.
No abstract available.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS

Accuracy Verified: Yes

240. Ventura, M. (2006). La desensibilización y el reprocesamiento por medio de movimientos oculares [EMDR] en el tratamiento del trauma emocional [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing EMDR for the treatment of emotional trauma]. Psicología Conductual Revista Internacional de Psicología Clínica de la Salud, 14(3), 387-400.

Language: Spanish

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Eye Movement desensibilización y reprocesamiento [EMDR] fue desarrollado originalmente para el tratamiento de recuerdos traumáticos. Este procedimiento incluye la exposición imaginación, el reprocesamiento cognitivo y estimulación bilateral inicialmente decidió considerando inducida por los movimientos oculares. El procedimiento consta de ocho fases, en busca de la desensibilización del impacto emocional y cognitivo de reprocesamiento de recuerdos y pensamientos inquietantes desarrollado tras un traumatismo. Aunque hay muchos estudios que apoyan su eficacia, se conoce muy poco sobre los mecanismos subyacentes. EMDR es una de las técnicas reconocidas por la American Psychological Association [APA] como eficaz para el tratamiento del trastorno por estrés postraumático [TEPT] y algunos estudios han demostrado su eficacia en el tratamiento de otros problemas de salud mental. (Registro de bases de datos PsycINFO (c) 2008 APA, todos los derechos reservados)

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing [EMDR] was originally developed to treat traumatic memories. This procedure includes imagination exposure, cognitive reprocessing and bilateral stimulation initially decided by considering induced eye movements. The procedure consists of eight phases, looking for desensitization of the emotional impact and cognitive reprocessing of disturbing memories and thoughts developed after trauma. Although there are many studies supporting its effectiveness, very little is known about the underlying mechanisms. EMDR is one of the techniques recognized by the American Psychological Association [APA] as effective for treating posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] and some studies have proved its effectiveness in the treatment of other mental health problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Cognitive Processes Cognitive Reprocessing Emotional Trauma Eye Movements Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trauma Traumatic Memories

Accuracy Verified: Yes

241. Navas-Torrejano, D. S. (2011, Enereo-Junio). La desensibilización y reprocesamiento del movimiento (EMDR): El tratamiento para el trastorno de estrés postraumático [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder]. Revista Ciencias Biomédicas, 2(1), 158-162.

Language: Spanish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
El trastorno de estrés postraumático está clasificado como uno de los trastornos deansiedad dado como una respuesta patológica a un evento estresante que supone unriesgo físico o psicológico. Corresponde a un problema de salud pública que causagran incapacidad y dificultades en el desarrollo biopsicosocial de la persona afectada.Actualmente se llevan a cabo diferentes métodos terapéuticos para el tratamiento dedicha patología, dentro de las mas estudiadas y con amplios resultados positivos seencuentra la terapia de reprocesamiento llamada Desensibilización y Reprocesamientopor medio de Movimiento Ocular (EMDR por sus siglas en inglés) basado en estimulaciónbilateral ocular, principalmente, que otorga al paciente la oportunidad de asimilar elevento traumático transformando su contenido emocional y brindando adaptación eintegración de la información y equilibrio físico y psicológico con respuestas adaptativasque permite el desarrollo e interacción normal con el entorno. Con la Técnica EMDR paraenfrentar el trastorno de estrés postraumatico, se alcanza que si bien el recuerdo está,ya no hiere.

Posttraumatic stress disorder is classified as an anxiety disorder characterized for apathological response to a stressful event that involves a physical or psychological risk.It is a public health problem that causes great disability and difficulties in biopsychosocialdevelopment of the patient. Currently, there are different therapeutic methods fortreating this disease; the most studied one with positive results is “eye movementdesensitization and reprocessing” (EMDR) based on bilateral visual stimulation, whichgives the patient an opportunity to assimilate the traumatic event, transforming itsemotional content and providing adaptation and integration of information and physicaland psychological balance with adaptive responses allowing normal development andinteraction with the environment. With EMDR to address post-traumatic stress disorderthe memory is there, but it does not hurt.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

242. Giard, M. (2009, May). La guérison, par l’EMDR, des femmes abusées sexuellement durant l’enfance [Women healing childhood sexual abuse with EMDR]. Presentation at the EMDR Canada Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada .

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Do you recognize the signs that a survivor of childhood sexual abuse may not be able to talk about the abuse and yet may be suffering from it? What are some of the risks that a survivor of childhood sexual abuse may encounter when using EMDR? During this workshop you will understand how the brain stores trauma—freeze, fight, flight responses—with an emphasis on dissociation and hypervigilance as coping mechanisms. The second part of the workshop will include practicing with EMDR and alternating techniques such as anchorage, strength-building (Tomlinson, 2008), remembering and healing childhood sexual abuse.

Keywords: Childhood Sexual Abuse

Accuracy Verified: Yes

243. Zillhardt, P. (2007, Juin). La thérapie EMDR avec les troubles des comportements alimentaires [EMDR therapy with eating disorders]. Document présenté lors de la réunion de l'Institut Français d'EMDR, Paris, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Si les troubles des comportements alimentaires (TCA) sont considérés par de nombreux auteurs comme une pathologie addictive du fait de schémas comportementaux et d’un support neurobiologique comparables aux autres dépendances (substances ou comportements), l’accord paraît unanime pour y voir une réponse spécifique à un modèle biopsychosocial. Un tel modèle implique : des facteurs inducteurs et déclencheurs, et des facteurs facilitants et de pérennisation. Par exemple, des travaux récents mettent l’accent sur la prépondérance de facteurs socio-culturels indissociables des forces médiatiques actuelles. L’importance de ces derniers facteurs se fait particulièrement ressentir depuis la seconde moitié du 20ème siècle et pourrait aller « crescendo ». En outre, la problématique des TCA est rendue plus complexe par l’existence d’une lourde comorbidité dont les éléments pathologiques sont autant causes que conséquences. Notons que 40% des patients souffrant de TCA ont eu, à un moment de leur vie, un PTSD. Nous, praticiens, ne sommes pas étonnés de constater que bon nombre de ces patients souffrent d’une altération notable de leur identité. Le caractère dit « synclétique » de la thérapie EMDR permet une approche intégrative dans le traitement des TCA : un aspect cognitif indéniable, le processus associatif induit par les stimulations alternées met souvent en lumière des matériaux reflétant des conflits intrapsychiques plus ou moins archaïques. Le travail portant sur l’imagerie mentale ou les états dissociés du moi peut aussi être associé dans les cas difficiles de patients souffrant de TCA. Le travail d’anamnèse et l’approche phénoménologique jouent un rôle primordial dans l’approche EMDR des TCA. L’un des aspects forts de la thérapie EMDR est l’identification de « clusters possibles » représentatifs des thématiques inductrices des souffrances et des symptômes inhérents à l’expérience de vie tragique de ces patients. Le plan de la thérapie est bien sûr personnalisé pour chaque patient.

If the eating disorders (TCA) are considered by many authors pathology as a result of addictive patterns behavioral and neurobiological support comparable to other addictions (substances or behavior), the agreement seems unanimous see a specific response to a biopsychosocial model. Such a model implies: inducing factors and triggers, and facilitating factors and sustainability. For example, recent studies emphasize on the balance of socio-cultural factors inseparable forces current media. The importance of these factors is particularly experience since the second half of the 20th century and could go "crescendo". In addition, the problem of TCA is made more complex by the existence of a heavy comorbidity whose elements are all pathological causes the consequences. Note that 40% of patients with TCA had, at some point in their lives, PTSD. We practitioners are not surprised to note that many of these patients suffer a significant change of their identity. The character says "Syncletica" of EMDR provides an integrative approach in the treatment CAW: a cognitive undeniable, the process associative stimulation induced by alternating often sheds light reflecting materials intrapsychic conflicts more or less archaic. The work on mental imagery or statements dissociated ego can also be associated in the case difficult patients with TCA. Work history and the phenomenological approach play an important role in the approach EMDR CAW. One of the strengths of EMDR is identifying "clusters possible" representative inducing themes of suffering and symptoms inherent in the tragic experience of life of these patients. The plan of therapy is of course customized for each patient.

Keywords: Eating Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

244. Bergmann, U. (2011). Les mécanismes d'action neurobiologiques de l'EMDR: Un aperçu de 20 ans de recherche [The neurobiological mechanisms of action of EMDR: An overview of 20 years of research]. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(2), 23E-45E. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.2.E23.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Historiquement, les mécanismes d’action se sont souvent avérés difficiles à identifier. Les mécanismes d’action sous-jacents de l’EMDR échappent encore aujourd’hui aux tentatives de découverte définitive. Nous examinons les études neurobiologiques de l’EMDR ainsi que les modèles spéculatifs théoriques qui ont été proposés à ce jour. Les modèles théoriques spéculatifs sont analysés dans une perspective historique en vue d’illustrer leur évolution en termes de complexité et de spécificité neurobiologique. Les études neurobiologiques de l’EMDR sont également analysées en fonction de leur objet d’investigation et classées selon les données obtenues avant et après la thérapie EMDR (études de neuroimagerie et psychophysiologiques) et selon les données recueillies pendant les séries de stimulations bilatérales alternées en EMDR (études psychophysiologiques, de neuroimagerie et de qEEG).

Historically, the mechanisms of action have often proved difficult to identify. Mechanism actions underlying EMDR still escape the attempts of discovery final. We examine the neurobiological study of EMDR and theoretical speculative models that have been proposed to date. Theoretical models are discussed in a speculative perspective history to illustrate their evolution in terms of complexity and specificity neurobiological. The neurobiological studies of EMDR are also analyzed according to their subject of investigation and classified according to the data obtained before and after EMDR (neuroimaging studies and psychophysiological) and based on data collected during a series of bilateral stimulation alternating in EMDR (psychophysiological studies, neuroimaging and QEEG).

Keywords: Neural Mechanisms Neurobiological Research Speculation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

245. Fox, L., Dominey, J., & Carvalho, E. (2001, October 5). Letters - Read "The Mystery Cure" by Janelle Brown. Salon, [page 1].

Language: English

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
The absolute lack of skepticism in this article was a disappointing lapse from Salon's usual standards. The writer failed to point out that 1) The evidence that EMDR is beneficial is somewhat weak; 2) the treatment is not accepted by the American Psychological Association; and 3) assuming the treatment works, there is no sound theoretical explanation of how it's supposed to work, the invocations of "left brain, right brain" notwithstanding. You did note the broad variation of physical stimuli used by different practitioners (eye movement, hand tapping and alternating sounds), but this variation throws into question the basic practice. If they all work, what's really going on?

Keywords: Letter

Accuracy Verified: Yes

246. Henry, T. (2004, January 4). Local psychologist administers simple stress-reducing technqiue. Brattleboro, VT: Brattleboro Reformer, Local News.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, referred to as EMDR for shorthand, is based on what Greenberg called "bilateral stimulation." In EMDR, this stimulation is not limited to the eyes but can also include softly tapping the left and right knees or the backs of the hands. Greenberg said that some counselors also use small "pulsers," which vibrate when held in the hands. Some therapists also use audio input, where a patient wears headphones that give alternating right and left beeps or slowly pan music from side to side.

Keywords: Brattleboro, VT Judy Greenberg Stress

Accuracy Verified: Yes

247. Giannantonio, M. (2008, Novembre). L’integrazione possible: accedere alle emozioni con strategie imaginative e corporee [Integration impossible: Access to emotions with imaginative and corporeal strategies]. Presentazione Le applicazioni cliniche del EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Il modello paradigmatico di intervento clinico al quale l’EMDR si ispira è di non interferenza all’interno dell’elaborazione adattiva prodotta autonomamente dal paziente, stimolato da una ottimale relazione terapeutica e dalla stimolazione bilaterale all’interno di un campo di attenzione duale. Nondimeno, è esperienza abituale del clinico come tale modello incappi regolarmente all’interno di stalli rielaborativi che impediscono una adeguata desensibilizzazione e rielaborazione degli eventi stressanti o francamente traumatici. Per tale motivo, l’EMDR può massimizzare la sua efficacia psicoterapeutica attraverso l’impiego di specifiche strategie di “intervento cognitivo integrativo”, finalizzate all’implementazione adattiva ed ecologica delle risorse inattingibili da parte del paziente. In questa comunicazione, che prende in parte ispirazione dalle domande e dalle difficoltà emergenti nei colleghi durante l’attività di supervisione, attraverso numerose esemplificazioni cliniche si intenderà mostrare l’impiego flessibile ed euristico di strategie immaginative e corporee come interventi integrativi di particolare efficacia. In particolare, verrà posta una specifica attenzione nei confronti degli stalli integrativi dovuti principalmente a meccanismi dissociativi che possono causare difficoltà anche notevoli all’attività dello psicoterapeuta. Fenomeni dissociativi massicci, infatti, possono mostrarsi sin dall’inizio (in particolare qualora l’evento abbia suscitato una dissociazione peritraumatica), rendendo apparentemente non affrontabile il ricordo del paziente, in quanto non evocatore di alcuna risonanza emotiva; diversamente, la gestione dissociativa dei ricordi comparirà tra una seduta e l’altra, oppure all’interno del processo elaborativo condotto con l’EMDR. Verrà mostrato come la dissociazione, che può rendere impossibile l’elaborazione, possa essere gradualmente ridotta iperassociando il paziente nei confronti dei propri ricordi, di volta in volta privilegiando attività rivolte nei confronti delle immagini mentali oppure attraverso l’adozione di posture corporee finalizzate alla rottura delle barriere dissociative.

The paradigmatic model of clinical intervention in which EMDR is based is not interference in preparing adaptive generate themselves from the patient, stimulated by optimal therapeutic relationship and the bilateral stimulation within a field of attention dual. Nevertheless, it is habitual experience of the clinician how this model regularly encountering processed within stalls that prevent a adequate desensitization and reworking frankly stressful or traumatic events. Therefore, EMDR can maximize its effectiveness through the use of specific psychotherapeutic strategies, "Integrative cognitive intervention, aimed at the implementation of adaptive and ecological resources unattainable by the patient. In this communication, which takes some inspiration, the questions and difficulties emerging in the colleagues during the supervisory activities through numerous clinical examples to show you will understand the use of flexible, heuristic imaginative strategies and body as supplementary measures, particularly effective. In particular, specific attention will be paid in respect of the stalls due mainly to additional dissociative mechanisms that can cause considerable difficulties although the activity of psychotherapist. Dissociative phenomena massive, in fact, can show the beginning (in particularly if the event has generated a dissociation peritraumatica), making apparently not face the memory of the patient, because not suggestive of any resonance emotional, otherwise the management dissociative memories appear between sessions and one or within the computational process conducted with EMDR. Will be shown as the dissociation which may make it impossible to process, can be gradually reduced iperassociando the patient against their own recollections, each time focusing on activities aimed respect of mental images or through the adoption of body postures designed to rupture of dissociative barriers.

Keywords: Imaginative Strategies Somatic Interventions

Accuracy Verified: Yes

248. Chang, S. H. (2005). Mechanism of EM in EMDR: Change strength of semantic associations. Presentation at the American Psychological Association Annual Convention, Washington, DC.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Research background & objectives: Based on REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, this study examined possible therapeutic mechanisms of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1989, 1995, 2001). Stickgold (2002) proposed that sleep induced change in associative memory via activation of weak association during REM state and EMs functioned as REM sleep to integrate the episodic memory of trauma into general semantic memory. Specifically, the effect of EM in relation to order of relatedness of associations on change of strength of semantic associations for negative words after saccadic bilateral eye movements was examined in the present study. Methods: Sixty-four college students were recruited as participants. Via semantic priming task, a 2 (eye movement condition: horizontal saccadic eye movements vs. no eye movements) × 3 (strength of semantic association: strong priming vs. weak priming vs. unrelated priming) × 2 (block order of presentation: related prime first vs. unrelated prime first) mixed factorial design was performed, with strength of semantic association serving as within Ss factor and the other two variables serving as between Ss factors. The primes consisted of negative word stimuli. Each trials consisted of an 8 seconds saccadic horizontal eye movement manipulation (200 ms per movement in EM condition), followed by 500-msec fixation point and then prime displayed for 32msec, which was followed immediately by the target. The participant was instructed to read the target as soon as possible and the reaction time was recorded by the compuer. While absolute primeability index for strong (or weak) association was calculated as (RT related – RT unrelated) for strong primes or weak primes, respectively, relative primeability index was calculated as (RT related – RT unrelated)/RT unrelated. The dependent variables were correct (%), error (%), and primeability index for each of strong prime and weak prime. Change of primeability of weak associations for negative stimuli as opposed to that of strong ones under different EM conditions and different block order was compared. Results: For absolute primeability index, the 2 (EM condition) × 2 (order) × 2 (strength of priming) ANOVA showed that only the interaction effect of EM × strength of semantic association was approaching significance, indicating that weak priming significantly exceeded strong priming after EM (F (1, 56) = 18.01, p < .001; partial ω 2= .210), while the opposite was true after non-EM (F (1, 56) = 25.86, p < .0001; partial ω 2 = .280). Further, for weak prime, the priming effect was stronger after EM than after non-EM (F (1, 56) = 74.62, p < .0001; partial ω 2 = .535). For relative primeability index, it also revealed that only the interaction effect of EM × strength of semantic association was significant (F (1, 56) = 6.09, p < .02; partial ω 2 = .074), and tests of simple main effects showed similar patterns as those of absolute primeability index. Conclusions: 8s EMs was associated with change of strength of semantic associations. While EM didn’t weaken the primeability for the strong association, EM did enhance the primeability for weak associations. Further, weak priming significantly exceeded strong priming after EM, while the opposite was true after non-EM. The results echoed REM-sleep dependent memory reprocessing model, suggesting that EM in EMDR might reflect a shift in associative memory systems by activating different strength of associations of negative semantic nodes for different semantically related words. Given that order of relatedness didn’t play a role and previous research showed that EM resulted in decreased vividness and emotionality and generated greater amount of associations for negative stimuli as well, the implications of the present results from theoretical and psychotherapy point of views and future research possibilities are discussed.

Keywords: EMDR REM REM-Sleep Dependent Memory Reprocessing Model Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Saccadic Eye movement Semantic Association

Accuracy Verified: Yes

249. Lister, D. (2001, July-December). Memory and the brain: Some thoughts about the neurobiology of regeneration. The New Philosophy, 131-151.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article is a Modification of a talk at the Swedenborg Scientific Association Annual Meeting in Bryn Athyn on 5 May 2001.
In June 1998 I learned of a technique called Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), for treating painful memories. It basically seems to involve stimulating the patient’s brain bilaterally, while the patient holds the memory or memories in their mind. Originally, Francine Shapiro,1 the discoverer and developer of the technique, used saccadic (sideways movement, to and fro) of the eyes. Subsequently it has been found that bilateral alternating ear sound, or tapping the hands alternately, or even the feet in desperate situations, helps to transform the nature of the memory in various positive ways. Occasionally nothing happens, but usually the memory fades, becomes laughable, of no importance, and with or without a host of other reactions. There are temporary unpleasant reactions on the way to resolution, but if dealt with skillfully, the result is usually positive. Francine Shapiro stresses the importance of getting proper training before practicing EMDR, as these reactions can be quite frightening to someone not used to dealing with them. But the good results are often astonishing. A fresh way of looking at the problem, impossible before, becomes attainable. Though memories be as scarlet they become whiter than snow to use the familiar words from Isaiah.

Keywords: Brain Memory Neurobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

250. Warrick, C. (1997, December 29). Mending the pain. Cincinnati, OH: The Cincinnati Post, Final, Living, 1B, 5B.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
EMDR is not new. But to those who know little about the decade of research and clinical experience behind it, the treatment probably sounds like a gimmick. That may be because it employs rapidly movlng lights or alternating tones which the client follows while focusing on a difficult memory.

Keywords: Barbara Hensley Cincinnati General Irene Giessl Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

251. Stannard, E. (2013, January 12). Mental health therapy uses movement to target how brain works. New Haven, CT: New Haven Register. Retrieved from http://www.nhregister.com/articles/2013/01/12/news/doc50f23f0f0e55a451975261.txt on 1/14/2013.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
Karen Alter-Reid of the Fairfield Traumatic Recovery Network said EMDR “helps by activating the brain’s natural healing mechanisms to process traumatic memories that have been left undigested. It does that by accessing dysfunctionally stored memory and then, (by) adding bilateral stimulation in a prescribed way,” the brain is able to integrate the traumatic memory into its normal functioning abilities. [Excerpt]

Keywords: General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

252. Barrett, S. (2003, July 10). Mental help: Procedures to avoid. Quackwatch. Retrieved from http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/mentserv.html 6/7/2007.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Many types of practitioners who profess to treat mental problems are engaged in questionable practices. The following procedures should be avoided.

Keywords: AIT Auditory Integration Training Doman-Delacato Treatment Facilitated Communication Neural Organization Technique Neuro Emotional Technique NET Neurolinguistic Programming Neurotherapy NLP NOT Optometric Visual Training Past-Life Therapy Routine Personality Testing Stimulation of False Memories Skeptics TFT Thought Field Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

253. Alto, C. (2001, November). Meta-analysis of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing efficacy studies in the treatment of PTSD. Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ. AAT 3015591.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new psychological therapy used in the treatment of PTSD and other disorders. EMDR is unique in that it combines sets of therapist-administered eye movements in conjunction with protocol-driven cognitive and affective processing related to past trauma. EMDR has become a controversial technique for reasons including a lack of explanation for why it works and stunning claims made for its efficacy in the literature. Despite a large amount of research over the past decade, EMDR has not before been studied meta-analytically in its own right.The present investigation used meta-analysis to examine the collection of EMDR PTSD studies available in the literature. The literature search resulted in a total of 21 studies, which met inclusion criteria. These primary studies in turn resulted in a collection of 118 effect sizes included in the analysis. Two separate analyses were conducted dependent on whether EMDR was compared to a no treatment control group or an alternative treatment control group. In addition to an overall estimate of the efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD represented through an effect size, five sub-hypotheses were investigated. First, it was hypothesized that RMDR would be more efficacious with a non-combat population than with combat-related PTSD. The second sub-hypothesis was that there would be significantly larger treatment effects associated with verbal report measures than with physiological outcome measures used in EMDR PTSD studies. Third, it was hypothesized that earlier EMDR studies would show larger treatment effects than more recent EMDR studies. The fourth sub-hypothesis concerned treatment dosage. It was hypothesized that there would not be significant differences based on the number of treatment sessions administered. Finally, it was hypothesized that the bilateral stimulation component of EMDR therapy would not contribute significantly to treatment effects. The analysis consisted of generating effect sizes in the form of standardized difference scores on the various outcome measures. Effect sizes were then grouped according to independent variable categories and averaged together. Before testing for between-group differences, homogeneity testing was completed. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 62(5-B), Nov 2001, pp. 2474.

Keywords: Empirical Study Meta Analysis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

254. Ralaus, D. (2006). Metodika psychoterapie - Spracovavanie traumatickych zazitkov pomocou ocnych pohybov - EMDR: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing [Methodology for psychotherapy - Processing of traumatic experiences with eye movements - EMDR Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing]. Psychiatria, 13(3-4), 167-176.

Language: Slovak

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Psychodynamic metódy a kognitívno-behaviorálna terapia boli najčastejšie metódy na liečbu posttraumatickej stresovej poruchy a napätie vyvolané syndrómy. EMDR - Eye Movement desenzibilizácie a prepracovanie nový psychoterapeutický prístup, ktorý integruje prvky Cognis a psychopdynamictive behaviorálna terapia spolu s bilaterálnou stimuláciu, hlavne pohyby očí. Táto metóda bola vytvorená Dr Francine Shapiro. Teraz je jedným z najúčinnejších a najlepšie tolerovaná terapeutických prístupov a jeho účinnosť je vykonávať na spoľahlivé vedecké štúdie, aj keď presný mechanizmus účinku nie je doteraz úplne jasné. V súčasnej dobe výskumu a praxe v psychotraumatology EMDR a je jedným z najviac dynamicky sa rozvíjajúca oblasť psychoterapie v USA a západnej Európe.

Psychodynamic methods and cognitive behavioral therapy were the most common methods for treatment posttraumatic stress disorder and stress induced syndromes. EMDR - Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing is a new psychotherapeutic approach, Which integrates elements of Cognis and psychopdynamictive behavioral therapy together with bilateral stimulation, mainly eye movements. The method was created by Dr. Francine Shapiro. Now it is one of the most effective and best tolerated therapeutic approaches and its efficiency is Execute by reliable research studies, although the exact mechanisms of action are still not absolutely clear. At the present Research and Practice in psychotraumatology and EMDR is one of the most dynamic developing area in psychotherapy in the USA and West Europe.

Keywords: Practice Psychotraumatology Psychotherapt Theory Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

255. Lodge, K. (2012, March 16). Michael Ferrara, PTSD support for those who save our lives. Sky-Hi News. Retrieved from http://www.skyhidailynews.com/article/20120316/NEWS/120319963/1079&ParentProfile=1067 on 3/16/2012.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
He began EMDR (eye motion distraction response) therapy that uses alternating left and right taps or beeps designed to move the brain's awareness back and forth between the right and left sides — the effect stimulates a new way of thinking. “The horror show lives in your left brain,” he said. Nordic therapy: EMDR taught him to go past the scenes he kept playing over in his mind. He believes Nordic skiing mimics the EMDR therapy with the left-right-left-right motion on Nordic skis.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Skiing

Accuracy Verified: Yes

256. Corrigan, F. (2002). Mindfullness, dissociation, EMDR and the anterior cingulate cortex: A hypothesis. Contemporary Hypnosis, 19(1), 8-17. doi:10.1002/ch.235.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Hypotheses on the neurobiology of a mindfulness-dissociation continuum are presented. Crucial to the hypotheses are the observations of a reciprocal interaction between the cognitive and affective subdivisions of the anterior cingulate cortex and the unilateral activation of right anterior cingulate in hypnotic dissociation and in post-traumatic syndromes. It is proposed that the unilateral activation can cause a loss of the reciprocal relationship between the subdivisions and that in the case of peri-traumatic dissociation the subsequent syndrome responds to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) through restoration of the bilateral activation and reinstatement of the reciprocal relationship between the subdivisions. Bilateral activation of the cognitive subdivisions is proposed to underlie the attentional state of concentration mindfulness in which affect is well regulated. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis

Keywords: Anterior Cingulate Cortex Bilateral Activation Dissociation Emotional Trauma Gyrus Cinguli Hypnosis Hypnotic Dissociation Mindfulness Posttraumatic Syndromes Reciprocal Interaction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

257. Glans, E., & Dahlberg, U. O. (2004). Minne efter påverkan, Bilateral stimulering och dess effekt på episodiskt minne [Memory after impact: Bilateral stimulation and its effect on episodic memory]. Umeå Universiter, Institutionen för psykologi Psykologprogrammet.

Language: Swedish

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Ett kognitivt minnesexperiment med mellangruppsdesign genomfördes i syfte att undersöka auditiv bilateral stimulerings inverkan på episodiskt minne. Bakgrunden till studien var att många kliniska iakttagelser gjorts i den psykoterapeutiska behandlingsmetoden Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, (EMDR) angående den bilaterala stimuleringens effekt på minnesprocesser. Frågeställningen var: Har auditiv bilateral stimulering någon positiv effekt på det episodiska minnet? Ett randomiserat urval bestående av 110 universitetsstuderande försökspersoner (55 kvinnor och 55 män), jämnt fördelade över fem grupper, i åldrarna 19-46 år, deltog. Auditivt stimulus gavs i fyra av grupperna. Den beroende variabeln var episodiskt minnesprestation och mättes med hjälp av meningstest och ordtest. Någon generell effekt av bilateral stimulering på episodiskt minne kunde inte påvisas. Bilateralt stimuli vid inlärning visade dock på signifikanta resultat avseende minnesprestation i förhållande till de två grupper som erhöll bilateralt stimuli vid återgivning. Signifikans erhölls även avseende prestation i förhållande till försökspersonernas upplevelse av stimulus. Resultaten diskuterades utifrån försökspersonernas upplevelse av stimulus samt inflytande av arousal. Avsaknad av emotionella komponenter, som i förlängningen bidragit till skillnader i minnesprocessande, antogs vara huvudsaklig förklaring till utebliven positiv effekt av bilateral stimulering.

A cognitive memory experiment with between group design was conducted to investigate the auditory bilateral stimulation effect on the episode of animal memory. The background to study was that many clinical observations made in the psychotherapeutic treatment Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) regarding bilateral stimulation effect on memory processes. The issue was: Did auditory bilateral stimulation a positive effect on the episodic memory? A randomized sample of 110 university student volunteers (55 women and 55 males), evenly distributed over five groups, aged 19-46 years, participated. Audi TIVE stimulus was given in four groups. The dependent variable was episode-Semitic memory performance and measured with the help of meaningful test and ordtest. A general effect of bilateral stimulation of episode animal memory could not be demonstrated. Bilateral stimuli at learning, however, showed the significant results relating to memory performance in relation to the two groups who received bilateral stimulation at reproducing. Significance was obtained including performance in relation to the trial subject's experience of stimulus. The results are discussed from the trial subject's experience of stimulus and the influence of arousal. Lack of emotional components, which ultimately contributed to differences in memory processing, was adopted as the primary explanation for non - positive effect of bilateral stimulation.

Keywords: Auditory Bilateral Stimulation BLS Episodic Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

258. Standart, S. (2012, October). Mints and EMDR: Olfactory methods of bilateral stimulation. Presentation at the at the 4th Autumn EMDR Workshop Conference, Sheffield, UK .

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Traumatic tastes and smells can be intrusive in PTSD and difficult to eradicate. They can cause intense abreactions during bilateral stimulation in EMDR. Adding a taste and smell protocol to bilateral stimulation can unblock these memories rapidly. A case series of clients will be presented and a new EMDR protocol will be discussed with participants and developed using other participants’ experiences with their clients.

Keywords: Olfactory Methods

Accuracy Verified: Yes

259. Cartoni, A., Gaudin, M., Astori, M. G., Mannatrizio, A., & Brunati, E. (2012, June). Mistakes to not repeat: When the child´s body talks of the mother´s traumatic past (case) [Errores a no repetir: Cuando el cuerpo del niño habla del pasado traumático de la madre (caso)]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Following Siegel’s model (2005), the authors present a single case that undergone a therapeutic intervention with EMDR aimed to reprocess infantile traumatic memories reactivated in the parenting. A 4 year old child came to our Child Neuropsychiatric Unit because she presented a toe walking in absence of neurological signs. She undergone periodic physiatrist visits for one year without any symptoms regression. She was then seen from a Child Neuropsychiatrist and a Psychomotor Therapist who evaluated the importance of observations by a psychologist. Method: The psychologist observed a general anxiety state in the child characterized by perfectionism, inhibition and hypervigilance to the environment demand. The mother's life story was that of a child with an alcoholic father who she wished to save with her love and who died for cirrhosis. It was clear how the parenting experience reactivated infantile traumatic memories. It was proposed a treatment with EMDR. The child treatment was addressed to install resources and to reprocess stressing interactions with the mother. The mother treatment was aimed to reprocess infantile traumatic experience and to look at the present triggers in the interaction with the daughter who reactivated traumatic memories and cause emotion dysregulation. Results: The treatment brought to a resolution of the child symptoms and a reorganization of the interaction between the child and the mother. Conclusions: This single case report highlights the importance to understand well the psychological origin of somatic symptoms and gives an evidence of the efficacy of the treatment with EMDR following Siegel’s model.

Antecedente Teórico: La desensibilización y reprocesamiento por el movimiento ocular (EMDR) es una reconocida primera línea para el tratamiento del trauma psicológico. Sin embargo sus bases neurobiológicas no han sido descifradas todavía. Método: La electroencefalografía ha sido usada por primera vez para monitorizar completamente la activación neuronal durante sesiones enteras de EMDR incluyendo el guión autobiográfico. 10 Clientes con traumas psicológicos mayores fueron investigados durante la primera sesión de EMDR y durante la última después del procesamiento del trauma raíz. Las comparaciones entre los EEG de la última y primera sesión y las de EEG de los clientes en la primera sesión y 10 controles realizando el mismo procedimiento de EMDR fueron realizadas. Resultados: Durante ambos procesos, la escucha y la estimulación bilateral, el EEG mostró una actividad significativamente mayor en el córtex límbico prefontral (Brodmann Areas, BA 9-‐10) al principio comparadas con la última sesión de EMDR. La comparación opuesta muestra un cambio en la actividad fundamental entre las regiones corticales temporal, parietal y occipital (BAs 20, 21, 22, 37, 17, 18, 19) con lateralizaciones hacia la izquierda. La comparación entre los 10 clientes y los controles confirman la activación máxima de la corteza límbica en los clientes antes de procesar el trauma. Conclusiones: La metodología usada hizo posible visualizar la neuroimagen por primera vez de las activaciones cerebrales asociadas con las acciones terapéuticas que acontecen en el EMDR. Los hallazgos sugieren que el procesamiento cognitivo de los eventos traumáticos seguidos de una terapia EMDR exitosa apoyan la evidencia de un patrón neurobiológico diferenciado en las activaciones del cerebro durante la estimulación ocular bilateral asociados con una acumulación un experiencias emocionales negativas.

Keywords: Body

Accuracy Verified: Yes

260. Hornsveld, H. (2011, June). More support for the working memory hypothesis: Results and clinical implications. Presentation at the 12th European Conference on Traumatic Stress (ECOTS), Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Eye movements (EMs) during retrieval of negative memories reduce the vividness and emotionality of these memories when they are being recalled later. This is a robust phenomenon and is the basis of the EMDR method. Of the many explanations that have been put forward to explain the benefits of EMs, the working memory (WM) explanation has – by far - the most empirical support. The WM hypothesis will be explained and a new series of experiments will be presented that give additional support for the WM account and have some large clinical implications. 1.In over 50% of the EMDR treatments eye movements are replaced by other bilateral stimulation like auditory tones or tapping. These ‘variants’ lack empirical support. Several studies (in healthy subjects and patients) strongly suggest that these alternatives are inferior to eye movements. This is in line with the working memory account. 2.Eye movements are also used in (non-desensitization) procedures like the safe place and the RDI procedure. Again, there is no empirical support for the added value of eye movements. Our research indicates that – in line with the WM theory – EM’s seem counterproductive in RDI. 3.EMs also reduce the vividness and emotionality of (disturbing) images of feared future events: "flashforwards". Research data in a non-clinical sample and some clinical cases will be presented. Hornsveld,H.K. & van de Hout, M.A. Utrecht University, Dept of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht, Netherlands Marcel van den Hout, Iris Engelhard en Hellen Hornsveld received the 2010 EMDR Award for Outstanding Research.

Keywords: Working Memory Hypothesis

Accuracy Verified: Yes

261. Bauman, N. J., & Carr, C. M. (1998). A multi-modal approach to trauma recovery: A case history. In K. F. Hays (Ed.), Integrating exercise, sports, movement and mind: Therapeutic unity (pp. 145-160). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
The details of a non-sport-related traumatic injury to an intercollegiate football player are presented. A multi-modal approach for treating trauma symptoms in this case history consisted of cognitive therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), and Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique (REST). Rationale for the treatment choices utilized is provided. A coordinated multi-modal approach effectively relieved trauma symptoms associated with this case.

Keywords: Athletes Cognitive Therapy Injured Male Football Player Injuries Multimodal Treatment Approach Recovery (Disorders) Sensory Deprivation Stimulation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

262. Bauman, N. J., & Carr, C. M. (1998, May). A multi-modal approach to trauma recovery: A case history. The Psychotherapy Patient, 10(3-4), 145–160. doi:10.1300/J358v10n03_12.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Keywords: Cognitive Therapy Multi-Modal Approach REST Restricted Environmnetal Stimulation Technique Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

263. Grand, D. (2004). Natural Flow EMDR. EMDRIA Deutschland Rundbrief, 4.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
"Natural Flow EMDR" ist eine Vorgehensweise, die sich durch den Verzicht auf therapeutische Hypothesenbildung im Prozess und folgende Elemente ausgezeichnet: Hinhören auf das Wesentliche, Modulieren der Intensität im Prozess, Verwenden fortgesetzter bilateraler Stimulation, Lokalisieren und Aktualisieren positiver Körpersensationen und ein pendelnder Aufmerksamkeitsfokus zwischen positiven Ressourcen und Auslösern subjektiver Belastung.

Keywords: Natural Flow EMDR

Accuracy Verified: Yes

264. Pagani, M., Flumeri, F., Salmaso, D., Nardo, D., Sanchez-Crespo, A., Danielsson, A. M., Brolin, F., Jacobsson, H., Larsson, S. A., & Hogberg, G. (2008, October). Neurobiological changes in post traumatic stress disorder following treatment with eye movement desensitisation reprocessing. Presentation at the European Association of Nuclear Medicine Congress, Munich, Germany, European Journal of Nuclear Medical and Molecular Imaging, 35(Supp 2).

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Background: Only few studies have reported functional or structural modifications in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients following pharmacological treatment or psychotherapy. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a novel eclectic psychotherapy utilising, among other techniques, relaxation and safe place exercises, cognitive restructuring, future projections, and imaginal exposure of the trauma combined with sensory stimulation. The aim of the study was to analyse the differences in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) distribution and in brain volumetry before and after EMDR therapy. Subjects and Methods: Fifteen subjects with chronic PTSD following occupational health hazards were treated with five sessions of EMDR. They were assessed with psychometric scales and diagnostic interviews before and directly after treatment. SPECT, during administration of an individualised trauma script, was performed using 99mTc-HMPAO. After EMDR, the subjects were subdivided into responders (R, n=10) and non-responders (NS, n=5), based on the absence or presence, respectively, of full PTSD diagnosis. SPECT and volumetric data (MRI) analyses were carried out by Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM2). SPECT and MRI data were covaried by age and by time elapsed from trauma to SPECT. SPECT data were further covaried by the amount of grey matter normalised by the total intracranial volume. Results: Immediate significant post-treatment changes towards normality in all scales measuring psychological status were found in responders. As compared to NR, R showed a significantly decreased tracer uptake in parieto-occipital (Brodmann Area, BA, 37, fusiform gyrus) and in primary visual cortex (BA17) and in the hippocampus (p<0.001). The opposite comparison highlighted an increased tracer uptake in left frontal cortex (BA 44; p<0.05). Structural grey matter modifications were found in visual, posterior cingulate and parieto-temporal cortex, paralleling the functional changes. Conclusion: The positive EMDR outcome corresponded to increased 99mTc-HMPAO uptake in the left dorsolateral frontal cortex, processing attention and self confidence and exerting an inhibitory effect on the amygdala whose firing is supposed to be responsible for PTSD. After successful treatment significant decreases were found in primary visual cortex, processing images of traumatic memories and flashbacks; in fusiform gyrus, processing the memories of faces, bodies and words and in the hippocampi, involved in episodic and autobiographical memories. Volumetric changes paralleled the ones in tracer uptake in all regions Taken as a whole these findings suggest that the positive clinical outcome following EMDR therapy causes functional and structural neurobiological changes towards normality.

Keywords: Brain Volumetry Neurobiological Changes Posttraumtic Stress Disorder PTSD rCBF Regional Cerebral Blood Flow

Accuracy Verified: Yes

265. Pagani, M., DiLorenzo, G., Verardo, A. R., Nicolais, G., Monaco, L., Lauretti, G., Russo, R., Niolu, C., Ammaniti, M. Fernandex, I., & Siracusano, A. (2012). Neurobiological correlates of EMDR monitoring - an EEG study. PLoS ONE, 7(9), 1-12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045753.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a recognized first-line treatment for psychological trauma. However its neurobiological bases have yet to be fully disclosed. Methods: Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to fully monitor neuronal activation throughout EMDR sessions including the autobiographical script. Ten patients with major psychological trauma were investigated during their first EMDR session (T0) and during the last one performed after processing the index trauma (T1). Neuropsychological tests were administered at the same time. Comparisons were performed between EEGs of patients at T0 and T1 and between EEGs of patients and 10 controls who underwent the same EMDR procedure at T0. Connectivity analyses were carried out by lagged phase synchronization. RESULTS: During bilateral ocular stimulation (BS) of EMDR sessions EEG showed a significantly higher activity on the orbito-frontal, prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in patients at T0 shifting towards left temporo-occipital regions at T1. A similar trend was found for autobiographical script with a higher firing in fronto-temporal limbic regions at T0 moving to right temporo-occipital cortex at T1. The comparisons between patients and controls confirmed the maximal activation in the limbic cortex of patients occurring before trauma processing. Connectivity analysis showed decreased pair-wise interactions between prefrontal and cingulate cortex during BS in patients as compared to controls and between fusiform gyrus and visual cortex during script listening in patients at T1 as compared to T0. These changes correlated significantly with those occurring in neuropsychological tests. Conclusion: The ground-breaking methodology enabled our study to image for the first time the specific activations associated with the therapeutic actions typical of EMDR protocol. The findings suggest that traumatic events are processed at cognitive level following successful EMDR therapy, thus supporting the evidence of distinct neurobiological patterns of brain activations during BS associated with a significant relief from negative emotional experiences.

Keywords: EEG Study Neurobiological Correlates

Accuracy Verified: Yes

266. Pagani, M. et al (2012, June). Neurobiological correlates of EMDR monitoring - An EEG study [Correlatos neurobiológicos y monitorización EMDR – un estudio con EEG]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Background: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a recognized first-‐line treatment for psychological trauma. However its neurobiological bases have not been disclosed yet. Methods: Electroencephalography was used for the first time to fully monitor neuronal activation during whole EMDR sessions including the autobiographical script. Ten clients with major psychological trauma were investigated during the first EMDR session and during the last one performed after processing the index trauma. Comparisons between the EEG of the first and last EMDR session and between the EEG of the clients at the first session and those of 10 controls undergoing the same EMDR procedure were performed. Results: During both script listening and bilateral stimulation EEG showed significantly higher activity in the prefrontal limbic cortex (Brodmann Areas, BA 9-‐ 10) at the first as compared to the last EMDR session. The opposite comparison showed a shift of the prevalent activity towards temporal, parietal and occipital cortical regions (BAs 20, 21, 22, 37, 17, 18, 19) with leftward lateralization. The comparison between the 10 clients and the 10 controls confirmed the maximal activation in the limbic cortex in the clients before processing the trauma. Conclusions: The implemented methodology made possible to image for the first time the specific activations associated with the therapeutic actions contemplated by EMDR. The findings suggested cognitive processing of traumatic events following successful EMDR therapy supporting the evidence of distinct neurobiological patterns of brain activations during bilateral ocular stimulation associated with a significant relieve from negative emotional experiences.

Antecedente Teórico: La desensibilización y reprocesamiento por el movimiento ocular (EMDR) es una reconocida primera línea para el tratamiento del trauma psicológico. Sin embargo sus bases neurobiológicas no han sido descifradas todavía. Método: La electroencefalografía ha sido usada por primera vez para monitorizar completamente la activación neuronal durante sesiones enteras de EMDR incluyendo el guión autobiográfico. 10 Clientes con traumas psicológicos mayores fueron investigados durante la primera sesión de EMDR y durante la última después del procesamiento del trauma raíz. Las comparaciones entre los EEG de la última y primera sesión y las de EEG de los clientes en la primera sesión y 10 controles realizando el mismo procedimiento de EMDR fueron realizadas. Resultados: Durante ambos procesos, la escucha y la estimulación bilateral, el EEG mostró una actividad significativamente mayor en el córtex límbico prefontral (Brodmann Areas, BA 9-‐10) al principio comparadas con la última sesión de EMDR. La comparación opuesta muestra un cambio en la actividad fundamental entre las regiones corticales temporal, parietal y occipital (BAs 20, 21, 22, 37, 17, 18, 19) con lateralizaciones hacia la izquierda. La comparación entre los 10 clientes y los controles confirman la activación máxima de la corteza límbica en los clientes antes de procesar el trauma. Conclusiones: La metodología usada hizo posible visualizar la neuroimagen por primera vez de las activaciones cerebrales asociadas con las acciones terapéuticas que acontecen en el EMDR. Los hallazgos sugieren que el procesamiento cognitivo de los eventos traumáticos seguidos de una terapia EMDR exitosa apoyan la evidencia de un patrón neurobiológico diferenciado en las activaciones del cerebro durante la estimulación ocular bilateral asociados con una acumulación un experiencias emocionales negativas.

Keywords: EEG Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

267. Bergmann, U. (2012). Neurobiological foundations for EMDR practice. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
This volume introduces the most current research about the neural underpinnings of consciousness and EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) in regard to attachment traumatic stress and dissociation. It is the first book to comprehensively integrate new findings in information processing, consciousness, traumatic disorders of information processing, chronic trauma and autoimmune compromises, and EMDR's underlying mechanisms of action. The text examines online/wakeful information processing, including sensation, perception, somatosensory integration, cognition, memory, language and motricity, and off-line/sleep information processing, such as slow wave sleep and cognitive memorial processing, as well as REM/dream sleep and its function in emotional memory processing. The volume also addresses disorders of consciousness, including coma, anesthesia, and other neurological disorders, particularly disorders of Type 1 PTSD, complex PTSD/dissociative disorders, and personality disorders. It delves into chronic trauma and autoimmune function, especially in regard to diseases of unknown origin, and examines them from the perspective of autoimmune compromises resulting from the unusual neuroendocrine profile of PTSD sufferers. The final section integrates all material to illustrate the ability of EMDR's bilateral neural stimulation to impact, mediate, and change the functioning of neural circuitry, thereby facilitating repair in the linking and binding of neural networks.

Keywords: Neurobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

268. Bergmann, U. (2008). The neurobiology of EMDR: Exploring the thalamus and neural integration. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(4), 300-314. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.300.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Recent neuroimaging studies on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have revealed a consistent decrease in thalamic activity, relative to non-PTSD controls. Empirical studies of the past decade have shown the thalamus to be centrally involved in the integration of perceptual, somatosensory, memorial, and cognitive processes (thalamo-cortical-temporal binding). A theoretical model is proposed to suggest that one underlying mechanism of EMDR stimulation (dual-attention stimulation/bilateral stimulation [DAS/BLS] ) is thalamic activation, specifi cally of the ventrolateral and central-lateral nuclei. It is hypothesized that this may facilitate the repair and integration of somatosensory, memorial, cognitive, frontal lobe and synchronized hemispheric functions that are disrupted in PTSD.

Keywords: 40-Hz Gamma-Band Activity (GBA) Neural Oscillation Thalamo-Cortical-Temporal Binding Thalamus

Accuracy Verified: Yes

269. Vojtova, H., & Hasto, J. (2009). Neurobiology of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Activitas Nervosa Superior, 51(3), 98-102.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing represents a promising approach to treatment of posttraumatic disord-ers. The specific factors underlying its effectiveness rely particularly on bilateral stimulation, which seems to provoke a specific neurobiological response during traumatic recall particularly in individuals with PTSD. The empirical findings provide evidence for the effect of BLS on autonomic nervous system shifting the balance towards parasympathetic acti-vation (reducing arousal) as well as the effect on subjectively perceived vividness and emotional burden of autobiograph-ic memories (decrease). The most credible hypotheses derive the effects from neurobiological mechanisms employed in dual focus attention, orienting reflex and REM sleep. Further research is needed to explore the processes included in the EMDR therapy in more detail and clarify the role of bilateral stimulation.

Keywords: Brain Dissociation Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

270. Fernandez, I., & Solomon, R. M. (2001, October). Neurophysiological components of EMDR treatment. In International CIANS Conference (CIANS: Collegium Internationale Activitatis Nervosae Superioris; International Association for Integrative Nervous Functions, Neurobiology of behaviour and Psychosomatics), (pp 137-140) Palermo, Italy.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The research on Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has had a significant development in the last 10 years. The EMDR consists on a dual focalization activity (the use o eye movements or other forms of left/right rhythmical stimulation, while focusing on personal disturbing material). Many hypotheses have been made on how EMDR works and why the clinical results are so significant. One of the most possible reasons may regard the fact that there seems to be an innate information processing system that is physiologically configured to facilitate mental health in much the same way the rest of the body is designed to heal itself when injured (Shapiro, 1995). When operating appropriately, this system takes the perceptual and emotional information from a traumatic event to an adaptive resolution - useful information is stored with appropriate affect and is available for future use. The physiological and emotional arousal stemming from a traumatic event may disrupt the information processing mechanism. The blocked processing prevents the traumatic information from progressing through the normal steps of adaptive integration. The physiological stimulation appears to activate the innate information processing systems and may be linked to the mechanisms inherent in memory storage. EMDR apparently intervenes in brain functions, especially in the limbic system and amygdale, which have been already identified as actively involved in traumatic experiences.

Keywords: Information Processing System Neurophysiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

271. Shultz, M. (2007, April 24). New therapy helps families heal. Cleburne, TX: Cleburne Times-Review.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
EMDR involves having a client think about either positive or negative thoughts while focusing on the therapist’s hands. While the client recalls a memory, the therapist either makes passes in front of the client’s eyes or taps on alternating knees. Noles said these passes force the client to use both sides of the brain.

Keywords: Cleburne, TX General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

272. Dees, L. (2006, November 10). A new way to treat stress: Trauma responds to moving-finger-therapy. Biloxi, MS: Sun Herald, Your Life, B1.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
Jeffries' psychologist used eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing. EMDR therapy is based on the principle that traumatic memories are stored differently in the brain --- recorded as bits and pieces. EMDR tries to create "cohesive images" by adding clinician-guided eye movements and tactile stimulation to the traditional intellectual approach.

Keywords: Biloxi General Overview Stress

Accuracy Verified: Yes

273. Soubeyrand, P. (2007, June). News in resource activation with EMDR. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In this workshop I propose participants to experiment for themselves new methods to boost client's resources with bilateral stimulations. How can contribute bilateral stimulations to anchor methods of Solutions Focused Therapy? I will propose after this experimentation some concepts focused on mental health and EMDR therapy with clinical cases and the experience of the the participants.

Keywords: Poster Resource Activation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

274. Cornett, T. (2005, January 26). NH Bremerton co-sponsors PTSD training. US Department of Defense Information, Navy Press Release.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a method to treat people who have disturbing or traumatic memories, by mimicking the brain's natural way of processing information by using eye movements or other types of bilateral stimulation. This treatment is the most rapid of the four recommended treatments for PTSD and is being focused on because it is the only one that is effective for acute stress disorder, which is one of the early stages of PTSD.

Keywords: Mark Russell Military Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Training

Accuracy Verified: Yes

275. Krystal, S. (2003). A nondual approach to EMDR: Psychotherapy as satsang. In J. J. Prendergast, P. Fenner, & S. Krystal (Eds.), The sacred mirror: Nondual wisdom and psychotherapy, (1st ed.) (pp. 116-137). St. Paul, MN: Paragon House Publishers.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Tibetan Buddhist Dzogchen, Hindu Advaita, Taoism, Kabbalism, and mystical Christianity all suggest that the fulfillment of human potential and the liberation from suffering happen when attention rests peacefully in its source, prior to thought. These traditional spiritual disciplines inform a nondual approach to psychotherapy that views form as a natural and temporary expression of a unified, omnipresent, nonlocatable, and pregnant emptiness. In time all forms--everything and everyone--dissolve back into this emptiness which is present now. Once clients begin to appreciate that they are actually not their distracting thoughts, emotions, or bodily sensations, but rather a dispassionate, observing Presence, a process of disidentification begins and peace of mind unfolds naturally. Clients learn that they have within a natural predisposition toward health and wholeness. Freedom from psychological suffering is often immediately available when clients know how to look or how to just be. Clients learn that simply being fully present now in a timeless moment of silence can reveal what is already and always free. This philosophy informs the EMDR therapeutic approach. This chapter explains the EMDR model, illustrating its use with a case study. EMDR is an integrative psychotherapeutic appproach first discovered and developed by Dr. Francine Shapiro (2001) in 1987, which is guided by an information processing model that has numerous protocols and procedures including the administration of bilateral stimulation to the client. The procedure was originally used to treat trauma, but it has now developed into a comprehensive approach used widely to ameliorate a variety of psychological symptoms and disorders including anxiety and depression, phobia, addiction and substance abuse, among others. In fact, EMDR is now used to target experiential contributors of all clinical complaints. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Being Fully Present Now Clinical Case Study Cognitive Processes Emptiness Information Processing Model Integrative Psychotherapeutic Approach Models Nondual Approach Psychotherapeutic Processes Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

276. Harper, M., Rasolkhani-Kalhorn, T., & Drozd, J. F. (2009, June). On the neural basis of EMDR therapy: Insights from qEEG studies. Traumatology, 15(2), 81-95. doi:10.1177/1534765609338498 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy has been shown by empirical studies to be effective in relief from psychological traumas including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Several logical concepts regarding the origin of the EMDR effect have been presented, but no detailed neural explanation is available. This lack of a widely accepted scientific explanation for the EMDR effect has led to skepticism about the therapy by many therapists and potential clients. The authors present evidence based primarily on quantitative electroencephalogram studies that the neural basis for the EMDR effect is depotentiation of fear memory synapses in the amygdala during an evoked brain state similar to that of slow wave sleep. These studies suggest that brain stimulation during EMDR significantly increases the power of a naturally occurring low-frequency rhythm in memory areas of the brain, binding these areas together and causing receptors on the synapses of fear memory traces to be disabled. This mechanical change in the memory trace enables it to be incorporated into the normal memory system without the extreme emotions previously associated with it. EMDR is a medical procedure because it changes the physical structure of the brain to modify problematically stored memories.

Keywords: Memory Neuronal Response Frequency Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

277. Wilson, D. (1999, June). An orienting response model for EMDR: Research, clinical applications, and new instrumentation. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will learn about: 1) the Orienting Response (OR) interpretation of EMDR phenomena, the relationship of the OR to sleep and dream research, affect theory, and information processing; 2) research into the effects of variations of stimuli in EMDR applications with respect to modality (audio, visual, tactile), speed, complexiity, and content on measures of autonomic functioning, relaxation, information processing, and memory; 3) the implications of this research for clinical applications of EMDR; and 4) new instrumentation for implementing new treatment approaches.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Dream Research Modality Orienting Response Sleep

Accuracy Verified: Yes

278. Pagani, M., Di Lorenzo, G., Verardo, A. R., Nicolais, G., Lauretti, G., Russo, R., Cogolo, P., Niolu, C., Ammaniti, M., Siracusano, A., & Fernandez, I. (2012, January). P-1162 Pre- intra- and post-treatment EEG imaging of EMDR - neurobiological bases of treatment efficacy. European Psychiatry, 27(Supplement 1), 1-1. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(12)75329-4.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Aim: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a recognized first-line treatment for psychological trauma. However its neurobiological bases have not been disclosed yet. Methods: Electroencephalography was used for the first time to fully monitor neuronal activation during whole EMDR sessions including the autobiographical script. Nine clients with major psychological trauma were investigated during the first EMDR session and during the last one performed after processing the index trauma. Comparisons between the EEG of the first and last EMDR session and between the EEG of the clients at the first session and those of 9 controls undergoing the same EMDR procedure were performed. Results: During both script listening and bilateral stimulation EEG showed significantly higher activity in the prefrontal limbic cortex (Brodmann Areas, BA 9–10) at the first as compared to the last EMDR session. The opposite comparison showed a shift of the prevalent activity towards temporal, parietal and occipital cortical regions (BAs 20, 21, 22, 37, 17, 18, 19) with leftward lateralisation. The comparison between the 9 clients and the 9 controls confirmed the maximal activation in the limbic cortex in the clients before processing the trauma. Conclusions: The implemented methodology made possible to image for the first time the specific activations associated with the therapeutic actions contemplated by EMDR. The findings suggest cognitive processing of traumatic events following successful EMDR therapy supporting the evidence of distinct neurobiological patterns of brain activations during bilateral ocular stimulation associated with a significant relieve from negative emotional experiences.

Keywords: EEG Imaging Neurobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

279. Pagani, M., Nardo, D., Flumeri, F., Salmaso, D., Looi, J., Sanchez-Crespo, A., Larsson, S.A., Sundin, Ö., Hogberg, G., & Bejerot, S. (2009, January). P03-58 volumetric changes in PTSD and in a subgroup of PTSD patients not responding to EMDR psychotherapy. European Psychiatry, 24(Supplement 1), S1057-S1057. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(09)71290-8.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Several studies have reported limbic structures volume decrease in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, in PTSD the effect of therapy on brain structures has seldom been investigated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the grey matter (GM) loss in occupational related PTSD and to assess the volumetric differences between patients responding (R) and non-responding (NR) to psychotherapy. Methods: Pre-EMDR MRI data of 21 train drives who did develop PTSD (S) and 22 who did not develop PTSD (NS) after person-under-the-train accidents were compared. Within S further comparisons were made between 10 R to Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy and 5 NR. Data were analysed by optimised voxel-based morphometry as implemented in Statistical Parametric Mapping. Results: As compared to NS, S showed a significant GM volume reduction in precuneus, lingual gyrus, posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex. The R>NR comparison highlighted a significant GM reduction in NR in bilateral posterior cingulate, left middle frontal cortex and right parahippocampal, insular and temporal cortices. Conclusions: Comparing two large groups of subjects significant GM volumetric reductions were found in PTSD in posterior limbic structures. NR showed, as compared to R, volume reduction in cortical structures including posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex. These latter two structures seem to be the hallmark for both PTSD diagnosis and therapy outcome prediction.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

280. Plummer, C. D. (2007). Performance enhancement for brass musicians using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH. AAT 3262543.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an innovative therapy that is currently used to treat anxiety disorders. Discovered by Francine Shapiro in 1987, the treatment was originally utilized on individuals suffering from Post Traumatic Syndrome Disorder; however, the original treatment protocol has evolved to include other forms of trauma such as performance anxiety. The main hypothesis of EMDR states that traumatic memories cause the nervous system to become dysfunctional and unbalanced. As a result, stimuli such as sound and images from these events are looped continuously within the nervous system until the body can functionally process the events toward an adaptive solution. Until a solution is established, the original thoughts and feelings encountered during previous disturbing events resurface each time a resembling experience occurs. EMDR serves as a performance enhancement for brass musicians by desensitizing and reprocessing maladaptive memories through bilateral stimulation of both hemispheres of the brain. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. 68(4-A), 2007, pp. 1221.

Keywords: Auditory Stimulation Brass Musicians Empirical Study Hemispheres Musicians Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Syndromes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

281. Elofsson, U. O. E., von Scheele, B., Theorell, T., & Sondergard, H. P. (2008, May). Physiological correlates of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(4), 622-634. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.05.012.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an established treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, its working mechanism remains unclear. This study explored physiological correlates of eye movements during EMDR in relation to current hypotheses; distraction, conditioning, orienting response activation, and REM-like mechanisms. During EMDR therapy, fingertip temperature, heart rate, skin conductance, expiratory carbon dioxide level, and blood pulse oximeter oxygen saturation, were measured in male subjects with PTSD. The ratio between the low and high frequency components of the heart rate power spectrum (LF/HF) were computed as measures of autonomic balance. Respiratory rate was calculated from the carbon dioxide trace. Stimulation shifted the autonomic balance as indicated by decreases in heart rate, skin conductance and LF/HF-ratio, and an increased finger temperature. The breathing frequency and end-tidal carbon dioxide increased; oxygen saturation decreased during eye movements. In conclusion, eye movements during EMDR activate cholinergic and inhibit sympathetic systems. The reactivity has similarities with the pattern during REM-sleep. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Autonomic Physiology Empirical Study Heart Rate Variability Males Orienting Response Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiology PTSD Quantitative Study Respiration Refugees

Accuracy Verified: Yes

282. Kreyer, A. K., & Egon, S. (2008, June). Physiological effects of eye movements of different speeds and eye fixation during engagement in negative autobiographical memories: Experimental research regarding EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: The aim of the study was to explore the working mechanism of the bilateral stimulation component in EMDR in relation to current hypotheses. Physiological hypotheses (of orienting response and relaxation response) were tested in an analogous experimental setting. Moreover, the clinical advice to use different stimulation speeds for different phases of EMDR was examined at the autonomic level, exploring two different speeds of eye movements. In a within-subject design 42 female students performed 7 short sets each of rapid eye movements (1 Hz), slow eye movements (0.3 Hz) and eye fixation while engaging in negative autobiographical memories. Order of the tasks was counterbalanced. Electrooculogramm (EOG), electrocardiogramm, electrodermal activity and distal pulswave were recorded continuously. Skin conductance level (SCL), heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (RMSSD) and pulse wave transit time (PWTT) were calculated. Performance of the eye movement tasks were controlled through EOG. All three conditions showed a clear-cut de-arousal at stimulation onset, which was 30 indicated by a decrease in HR and SCL and an increase in RMSSD and PWTT. That means, fast and slow eye movements as well as eye fixation initiated a moderate, but clear relaxation response with increased parasympathetic and reduced sympathetic activity. These results suggest that the speed of eye movements do not influence autonomic functions. Furthermore, the results of this study do not support most of the current hypotheses regarding the working mechanism of the bilateral stimulation in EMDR. Alternative explanations are discussed

Keywords: Autobiographical Memories Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

283. Daniel, J. (2000). Play therapy and EMDR. The Children’s Group Association Newsletter. Retrieved from http://www.cgta.net/newsletters/play_therapy.html November 16, 2011.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Children vary greatly in their ability to tolerate focusing on “the problem.” The wise EMDR therapist has various ways of approaching a traumatic memory or a current day problem to fit the tolerance level of the client. EMDR and the process of bilateral stimulation to address problematic material is one method of speeding up therapeutic work with children. However, when using bilateral stimulation with children I am simultaneously using my training as a family systems therapist, and the various play therapy strategies that were the backbone of my work with children before I learned EMDR or other alternative therapies. In a way, EMDR and the sand tray saved my professional life. In my first year of practice after my family therapy post-graduate training, I got a job at a family therapy clinic in Louisville, Kentucky. I was assigned to handle all referrals that came to the agency through a Victim Assistance grant. All of these were cases in which a child had been victim of some crime, and the majority were victims of abuse from some one other than a family member. You can imagine the population. Families who had found that a neighbor or teacher had abused their child were common. Both child and family were traumatized. My family therapy skills were good. But in addition to them I needed two things: a better way for children to communicate their feelings and a way to help both adults and children reduce the intensity of emotions around the trauma they had been through. Just (Continued from page 1) when I was beginning to feel that I was not up to the job, I learned EMDR. With this wonderful knowledge, I found I could help both children and adults move beyond the trauma and regain their grasp on the present moment, their strengths and their security. A deepening understanding of play therapy provided the additional communication tools I needed. Since Then I have never looked back, and find that our field is continually generating new perspectives and more efficient tools for us to use.

Keywords: Children Play Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

284. McCann, D. (1992, December). Post-traumatic stress disorder due to devastating burns overcome by a single session of eye movement desensitization. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 23(4), 319-323. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(92)90055-N.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article reports on the effective use of a single session of eye movement desensitization (EMD) in the treatment of an exceptionally severe case of PTSD. The patient was the survivor of burns that left him with massive scarring, total deafness, bilateral amputations of the upper extremities above the elbow, severe contractures, and severely damaged feet and ankles. He had endured 8 years of intense suffering from symptoms of PTSD. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Accidents Adults British Dog Bites Exposure Therapy Phobia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

285. Hasto, J., & Vojtova, H. (2012). Posttraumatická stresová porucha, bio-psycho-sociálne aspekty EMDR a autogénny tréning pri pretrvávajúcom ohrození: Prípadová stúdia [Post-traumatic stress disorder, bio-psycho-social aspects of EMDR and autogenic training with ongoing risk: A case study]. (1.vyd) Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci.

Language: Slovak

Format: Book

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desenzibilizácia a prepracovanie predstavuje sľubný prístup k liečbe poúrazových porúch. Medzi špecifické faktory, z ktorých jej účinnosť spoliehajú predovšetkým na bilaterálnej stimulácie, ktorá ako sa zdá, vyvolať špecifickú neurobiological odpoveď počas traumatické odvolanie najmä u jedincov s PAS. Empirické poznatky poskytujú dôkazy o vplyve BLS na autonómneho nervového systému dosiahnuť rovnováhu smerom aktivácia parasympatiku (zníženie vzrušenie), ako aj vplyv na subjektívne vnímanú živosťou a emocionálne záťaž z autobiographic pamätí (pokles). Najdôveryhodnejší hypotézy odvodiť účinky z neurobiologických mechanizmov pracujúcich v duálnom zamerať pozornosť, orientujúca reflex a REM spánok. Ďalší výskum je potrebné preskúmať procesy zahrnuté v terapii EMDR podrobnejšie a objasniť úlohu bilaterálne stimulácie. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, všetky práva vyhradené)

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing represents a promising approach to treatment of posttraumatic disorders. The specific factors underlying its effectiveness rely particularly on bilateral stimulation, which seems to provoke a specific neurobiological response during traumatic recall particularly in individuals with PTSD. The empirical findings provide evidence for the effect of BLS on autonomic nervous system shifting the balance towards parasympathetic activation (reducing arousal) as well as the effect on subjectively perceived vividness and emotional burden of autobiographic memories (decrease). The most credible hypotheses derive the effects from neurobiological mechanisms employed in dual focus attention, orienting reflex and REM sleep. Further research is needed to explore the processes included in the EMDR therapy in more detail and clarify the role of bilateral stimulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Autonomic Nervous System Bilateral Stimulation Neurobiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD REM Sleep

Accuracy Verified: Yes

286. Barbery, S. (2007, Juin). Pourquoi l'EMDR doit changer de nom [Why EMDR must change its name]. Présentation à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
"Depuis ce temps, les thérapeutes EMDR ont découvert que les différents types de stimulation double attention, comme les robinets à main et les tons sont susceptibles d'avoir les mêmes effets. En face, il ya une bonne possibilité que le dénominateur commun est le principal élément d'attention plutôt que le mouvement des muscles en particulier. Par conséquent, la désensibilisation des mouvements oculaires nom et le traitement est regrettable à bien des égards. Le mouvement des yeux terme est trop restrictive, et la même chose peut être dit pour la désensibilisation terme "(Francine Shapiro, 2002, EMDR comme une psychothérapie intégrative approche, APA, p. 28).
Je vais commencer par cette citation de poser la question cruciale: quel est vraiment le «plus petit dénominateur commun primaires" de l'EMDR?
Certainement pas les yeux car on utiliser plusieurs types de double attention! Et pourtant, la quasi-totalité de la communication externe sur l'EMDR accent uniquement sur les mouvements oculaires.
Il est la stimulation de rechange? La question reste ouverte, mais des preuves solides d'infirmer cette hypothèse.
Si la spécificité de l'EMDR ne réside ni dans les yeux, ni dans la stimulation de remplacement, at-il seulement existé? Je vais défendre mon intervention à l'idée que cette spécificité existe et repose sur la ruse de l'Assemblée des charges et des procédures d'autres techniques.
De ce point de vue, pourquoi continuer, autrement que pour des raisons marketing ou tribale, d'appeler EMDR une technique qui n'a rien à voir avec les mots censés qu'il symbolise, pour le représenter? N'est-ce pas induire en erreur et révélatrice d'une position de faiblesse pour continuer à appeler "smurf" quelque chose dont on sait qu'elle n'a rien à voir avec "Schtroumpf?" Ne l'exigence éthique de probité et de la science implique de renommer le protocole ? Le public aurait tort de là, bien au contraire. Si le nom ne doit pas être changé, l'EMDR peut avoir le même avenir que le magnétisme dans le 19ème siècle et peut être relégué dans le secteur de la parapsychologie. Il serait vraiment triste.

“Since that time, EMDR therapists have discovered that various types of dual attention stimulation, such as hand taps and tones are capable of having the same effects. In face, there is a good possibility that the primary common denominator is the attentional element rather than the particular muscle movement. Therefore, the name eye movement desensitization and processing is unfortunate in many ways. The term eye movement is unduly limiting, and the same can be said for the term desensitization” (Francine Shapiro, 2002, EMDR as an Integrative Psychotherapy Approach, APA, p. 28).
I will start from this quotation to ask the crucial question: What is really the “primary common denominator” of EMDR?
Certainly not the eyes since one use several types of dual attention! And yet almost all the external communication on the EMDR emphasis only on the eye movements.
It is alternate stimulation? The question remains open but strong evidence invalidate this assumption.
If the specificity of the EMDR lies neither in the eyes nor in alternate stimulation, does it only exist? I will defend in my intervention the idea that this specificity exists and rests on the cunning assembly of loads and procedures from other techniques.
From this point of view, why continue, otherwise than for marketing or tribal reasons, to call EMDR a technique which has nothing to do with the words supposed to symbolize it, to represent it? Isn’t this misleading and revealing a position of weakness to continue to call “smurf” something which one knows that it does not have anything to do with “smurf?” Doesn’t the ethical requirement of probity and science imply to rename the protocol? The public would be mistaken there, quite to the contrary. If the name is not to be changed, EMDR may have the same future as magnetism in the 19th century and may be relegated to the sector of the parapsychology. It would really be sad.

Keywords: Strategy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

287. Grand, D. (1997, July). Practice innovations in auditory stimulation, body processing, dynamic interweave, and EMDR based diagnosis. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Francisco, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Auditory Stimulation Body Processing Dynamic Interweave

Accuracy Verified: Yes

288. Pagani, M. (2012, March). Pre-, intra-, and post-treatment EEG imaging of EMDR – Neurobiological bases of treatment efficacy. Poster presentation at the Scientific Programme of the 20th European Congress of Psychiatry, Prague, Czech Republic.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Conclusions: The implemented methodology made possible for the first time to image and represent on the cortical surface the specific brain activations associated with the therapeutic actions contemplated by EMDR protocol. These findings suggest the cognitivization of traumatic events following successful EMDR therapy with the maximal neuronal firing shifting from prefrontal-limbic to parieto-occipital associative cortex. Our results also support the evidence of distinct neurobiological patterns of brain activations during bilateral ocular stimulation.

Keywords: EEG Imaging Efficacy Neurobiology Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

289. Hopchet, M., & Detournay, F. (2012, June). Preliminary study on the effects of simultaneous application of two types of stimulations (eye movements and tactile stimuli) on psychophysiological autoreported symptoms in the treatment of negative autobiographical memories [Estudios preliminares sobre los efectos de la aplicación simultanea de dos tipos de estimulación (movimientos oculares y táctiles) en sintomatología psicofisiológica autoinformada en el tratamiento de recuerdos autobiográficos negativos]. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Negative autobiographical memories are effectively treated using EMDR with patients making eye movements during the recall of negative autobiographical memories. While several studies have measured the effects of different types of stimulations, we are not aware of any research assessing the combined effects of two different stimulations applied simultaneously during the recall of the event. For this preliminary study involving 15 adult patients from both sexes, 4 EMDR counselor therapists measure 17 symptoms of the list proposed by Weimann (1968)). Each patient is evaluated before, during and at the end of each session. We control the effect of the sequence of one versus two types of stimulations by assigning each patient to both conditions but in a random way: (a) first target first session with one type of stimulation following with a second target first session, including two types of stimulation; (b) the inversed sequence. We compare the mean level intensity of each symptom (within factor) between one type vs. two types of stimulations (between factor) using the Anova and the t- Student tests. We hypothesize that an attenuation of intensity of the stress symptoms occurs when the patient is treated simultaneously with two types of bilateral stimulation (eye movements and tactile stimuli), compared to one (eye movements). The paper presents preliminary data, as well as a discussion of the results in the light of the theory of the working memory (Andrade et al.1997) and the reassurance reflex model of EMDR proposed by MacCulloch and Feldman (1996).

Los recuerdos autobiográficos negativos son tratados con efectividad usando el EMDR con pacientes a través del movimiento ocular de ojos durante el acceso al recuerdo negativo autobiográfico. Mientras muchos estudios han medido dos tipos diferentes de estimulación, no estamos al corriente de ninguna otra investigación que informe de los efectos combinados de los dos tipos de estimulación aplicada simultáneamente durante este acceso al recuerdo del evento. En este estudio preliminar contamos con los datos de 15 pacientes adultos de ambos sexos, 4 consultores EMDR midieron 17 síntomas de la lista propuesta por Weimann (1968). Cada paciente era evaluado antes, durante, y al final de cada sesión. Controlamos los efectos de una secuencia en función de los 2 tipos de estimulación, asignando a cada paciente ambas condiciones pero de manera aleatorizada: (a) Primer recuerdo Diana, primera sesión con un tipo de estimulación seguido de un Segundo recuerdo de la primera sesión incluyendo dos tipos de estimulación; (b) invertimos la secuencia anterior. Comparamos la media del nivel de intensidad de cada síntoma (dentro del factor) entre un tipo y dos tipos de estimulación (entre factores) usando cálculos estadísticos de Anoia y una t-‐Student para los resultados. Nuestra hipótesis es que ocurrirá una atenuación de los síntomas de estrés cuando el paciente es tratado simultáneamente con dos tipos de estimulación bilateral (movimientos oculares y estímulos táctiles), comparados con la de un solo tipo (Movimientos oculares). Este artículo presenta el análisis preliminar de los datos, así como la discusión de los resultados en línea con la teoría de la memoria de trabajo (Andrade y cols 1997) y la reafirmación del modelo refractario del EMDR propuesto por MacCulloch y Feldman (1996).

Keywords: Autobiographical Memories Bilateral Stimulation Eye Movements Tactile Stimulation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

290. Pearson, H. J. (2009). Present and accounted for: Sensory stimulation and parietal neuroplasticity. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(1), 39-49. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.1.39.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
There are commonalities between neurologic syndromes arising from lesions of the parietal cortex and psychiatric syndromes secondary to psychological trauma. Additionally some posttraumatic syndromes may reflect functional disruption of parietal areas. Directional or bilateral alternating peripheral sensory stimulation appear to assist in the amelioration of a wide range of clinical conditions, including the neglect syndrome and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. It is posited that the stimulation may exert its effect through activation of parietal higher-order functions. The activation may result in an integration of sensory information and an updating of the current representation of person and space, which incorporates an awareness of current body reality, sense of self, and world view. It is hypothesized that the EMDR procedure is ideally constructed to facilitate parietal activation through multimodal sensory stimulation, attention and episodic memory retrieval and focus on internal and external body, space, and self. Further investigations and an integration of data between disciplines are suggested, in order to expand our range of effective treatments.

Keywords: Neglect Parietal Lobe Plasticity

Accuracy Verified: Yes

291. Pagani, M., Di Lorenzo, G., Monaco, L., Niolu, C., Siracusano, A., Verardo, A. R., Lauretti, G., Fernandez, I., Nicolais, G., Cogolo, P., & Ammaniti, M. (2011). Pretreatment, intratreatment, and posttreatment EEG imaging of EMDR: Methodology and preliminary results from a single case. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(2), 42-56. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.2.42.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Electroencephalography (EEG), due to its peculiar time and spatial resolution, was used for the first time to fully monitor neuronal activation during the whole eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) session, including the autobiographical script. The present case report describes the dominant cortical activations (Z-score >1.5) during the first EMDR session and in the last session after the client processed the index trauma. During the first EMDR session, prefrontal limbic cortex was essentially activated during script listening and during lateral eye movements in the desensitization phase of EMDR. In the last EMDR session, the prevalent electrical activity was recorded in temporal, parietal, and occipital cortical regions, with a clear leftward lateralization. These findings suggest a cognitive processing of the traumatic event following successful EMDR therapy and support evidence of distinct neurobiological patterns of brain activations during lateral eye movements in the desensitization phase of EMDR.

Keywords: Bilateral Ocular Stimulation Cortical Activation EEG

Accuracy Verified: Yes

292. Gonzalez, A., Mosquera, D., & Seijo, N. (2010, April). Processing dissociative phobias with EMDR. Presentation at the 2nd Bi-Annual International European Society for Trauma and Dissociation Conference, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: The standard EMDR protocol (SP) was designed for the treatment of simple PTSD, and when it´s used on this cases, EMDR is a very powerful therapy. But when SP is applied on complex trauma and dissociative disorders 20% of patients may become de-compensated. The importance of the stabilization phase has been remarked by different authors. The existent proposals are to use interventions coming from different approaches sometimes enhanced with bilateral stimulation. Standard procedures used for simple PTSD must be adapted and modified for working with dissociative disorders. To do this is important to understand from recent research work what we know about the effects of EMDR therapy. We will try to dynamically integrate these features with conceptualizations coming from the EMDR Adaptive Information Processing Model (AIP) and the Theory of the Structural Dissociation of the Personality (TSDP) TSDP emphasizes the importance of working with dissociative phobias prior to trauma work. In the stabilization phase the work on the phobia of dissociative parts and of attachment (and the attachment with the therapist) is the most important one. We will show with clinic cases the effect of this intervention on improving internal communication and collaboration and overcoming therapist-patient relationship problems.
Learning Outcomes For those who are not EMDR therapists this workshop will help to understand how EMDR conceptualizes the work in structural dissociation from the Adaptive Information Processing Model (AIP). For people who are not expertise on Theory of Structural Dissociation of the Personality (TSDP) a brief description of dissociative phobias and their importance in the work with dissociative disorders will be put forward. The assistants will watch videos of therapies with different patients, in which EMDR is applied using dissociative phobias as targets. Differences with ego states therapy without introducing bilateral stimulation and with standard EMDR protocol will be observable in the case-examples and will be explained in detail. This work represents a different way of using EMDR to stabilize the patient and prepare her/him for future traumatic memory processing.

Keywords: Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

293. Matthess, H. (2007, June). Profits from the benefit of structural dissociation on the application with EMDR for complex-traumatized clients. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Clients with chronic and complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) caused by severe traumata in childhood, are often still treated inadequately, especially when they developed additional dissociative symptoms or a Dissociative Disorder. There is a current consensus about the need tomodify the EMDR standard protocol in the treatment of complex traumatized and dissociative clients. From the theoretical background of structural dissociation theory and Janet’s system of action systems, the therapist has not only to recognize clients’ deficits but also to address action tendencies in the client’s inner system that could ameliorate coping strategies in solving problems in daily life. With the help of bilateral stimulation, blending of parts of the personality containing different information can be promoted often resulting in remarkable changes in the behavior and resource activation. The main principles that need to be regarded treating complex and dissociative clients with bilateral stimulation will be explained and basic rules for treatment plans including the use of EMDR will be developed. English subtitled video examples demonstrate the proposed modification of the EMDR standard protocol and will be discussed in detail. I will present shortly recent research findings on autonomic nervous system alterations during EMDR. These results help to define special working mechanisms of our modified EMDR protocol in clients with dissociative disorders.

Keywords: Complex Trauma Dissociation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

294. Lamprecht, F., Sack, M., Lempa, W., & Eickhoff-Fels, S. (2001). Psychophysiological activation via trauma script in PTSD patients and matched healthy controls and its reversal after succesful treatment. Presentation at the annual meeting of the German Society for Psychotraumatology.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Purpose: It is well known that hyperarousal in PTSD patients leads to an increase in heart rate to trauma related stimuli. The purpose of this study was to see if this peripheral physiological activation in PTSD patients by a trauma script can be reversed by successful trauma treatment including EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). Methods: 12 PTSD patients fulfilling DSM IV criteria with 52.6 mean level of the impact of event scale (IES) and 8.1 of the subjective unit of distress (SUD) were compared to 12 matched healthy controls (IES level 23, SUD level 4.8). Glued electrodes were placed according to published guidelines for electrophysiological research on thorax (ECG) and palmar skin of the left (non dominant) hand (SCL). Psychophysiological data (heart rate and skin conductance) were recorded continually and stored on a PC card during three conditions: neutral, relaxation and trauma script. In the patient group the procedure was repeated after finishing treatment. Results: The patient group and control group did not differ in the baseline heart rate, however, the stimulation by the trauma script in the PTSD patients was significant in the mean 15.6 (T-2.88) (p < 0.01) increase in heart rate and in the control group 1.6 not significant (the script here was derived from the worst life event). There was a wide variation in the patient group with three patients without any reaction. In those with a strong reaction after trauma script, successful treatment was accompanied by a decline in heart rate response after trauma script, which remained stable during 6 months follow-up. SCL data did not show any consistent relationship. Since this is an ongoing study with increasing numbers and further analysis, additional data will be given during presentation. A decline of the SUD level to 2.3 and within the IES-score to 21 at the three months follow-up measurement was also significant (p < 0.01).

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiological Activation PSTD Trauma Script

Accuracy Verified: Yes

295. Sack, M., Hofmann, A, Wizelman, L., & Lempa, W. (2007, June). Psychophysiological changes during EMDR - Are they related to treatment outcome?. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objective: Dual attention stimulation seems to provoke orienting response like patterns of psychophysiological deactivation during “real-life” EMDR treatment sessions (Sack et al, in review). Objective of this study was to investigate the association of psych-physiological effects during dual attention stimulation with treatment outcome as measured by questionnaire and by psychophysiological reactions during presentations of an individualized trauma script.
Methods: A total of 24 EMDR treatment sessions from 10 patients with PTSD were monitored applying impedance Cardiography. The onset of every stimulation/exposure period was marked and effects within and across stimulation sets on heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (RMSSD), pre-ejection period (PEP) and respiration rate were examined. Heart rate reactivity during presentation of an audiotaped trauma script was measured at beginning of every session and additionally one week before the first session and one week after the last treatment session. Statistical correlations between both subjective (Impact of Event Scale, SUD) and objective (heart rate reactivity) measures of treatment outcome with psychophysiological changes during session (orienting response at beginning of stimulation, slope of HR) were computed.
Results: A significant reduction of trauma-related symptoms was noticed over the course of EMDR treatment: (IES one week pre: 61.2(SD 10.9), IES pre: 55.4(SD 19.0), IES post: 13.3(SD 12.2), F(2,27); 32.6, p < .001). Subjective distress during trauma script decreased significantly (SUD one week pre: 6.6(SD 1.4), SUD pre: 6.9(SD1.4), SUD post: 2.1(SD 1.7); F(2, 27); 31.5, p < .001). The statistical analysis of physiological variables is currently in process. Results will be presented at the conference.
Conclusions: The results of this study will allow further insights into the working mechanism of EMDR.
This study was co-sponsored by EMDREA and EMDRIA-Germany.

Keywords: Medical Treatment Outcome

Accuracy Verified: Yes

296. Sack, M. (2005, June). Psychophysiological monitoring during EMDR – Evidence for stimulation associated changes in autonomic tone. Plenary presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
We report about an empirical investigation of EMDR working mechanisms. 55 EMDR sessions were psycho physiologically monitored including start and end of each stimulation set (N = 811). The results demonstrate a sharp increase of parasympathetic tone (RMSSD) and a prolonged decrease of heart rate as soon as stimulation begins. Observations during treatment sessions show a significant psychophysiological dearousal in terms of a decrease of HR and a significant increase of parasympathetic tone. Both the deconditioning hypothesis (dearousal during session) as well as the accelerated information processing hypothesis (enhancement of parasympathetic tone during stimulation) are supported by our empirical results.

Keywords: Mechanism of Action Plenary

Accuracy Verified: Yes

297. Schellong, J. (2010, June). Psychophysiological responsivity to trauma and internal resources in patients with PTSD and healthy subjects. In Research. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Hamburg, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This study aims to measure psychophysiological parameters during activation of internal resources k g . positive memories) and to compare these to activated traumatic internal networks. Antecedent studies show that traumatic stimulation on patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) finalizes in various psychophysiological correlates. During therapy of these patients a strong demand for activation of internal resources, i.e. activation of fortitude and positives thoughts, exists. Especially EMDR therapy uses resource stimulating elements such as position of power and absorption in preparation for exposure. In this study standardized EMDR protocols establish a solid basis to explore individual internal resources. Researches on trauma stimuli in EMDR- patients show effects on parasympathetic tonus (Sack 2006) as well as increased cerebral blood flow in defined brain regions (Levin 1999. Lamprecht 2000). Especially the heart rate variability (HRV) may describe the sympatheticovagal balance (Cohen, 2002, Porges 1991). This study focuses on psychophysiological effects and neurobiological regulative mechanisms of stabilizing methods and activation of internal resources in PTSD patients and healthy control group. Methods: Healthy subjects and patients with diagnosed PTSD (DIAX) listened to a commonly neutral script, an individual trauma script and an individual absorption script. Following each script measurements of heart rate variability (HRV), respiratory flow, skin conductance responses (SCR) and skin blood flow (LCF, TU50%) took place. Results: Preliminary results revealed a significant reduced heart rate variability in patients compared to the healthy controls in reaction to the stress script as well as to the positive and the neutral scripts. Conclusion: To our knowledge this is the first time to be proven that altered autonomous functions are found in PTSD not only in reaction to traumatic reminders, but even to a positive, resource activation situation. This provides our basement for further research. Detailed analysis of different effects to each script on both groups are currently underway.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Research Responsivity Symposium Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

298. Sondergaard, H. P., & Elofsson, U. (2008). Psychophysiological studies of EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(4), 282-288. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.282.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been established as an efficacious therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The working mechanism of the procedure is, however, still partly unknown. It is therefore important to explore the physiological effects of eye movements and alternative bilateral stimulation. This article describes our research on the effects of eye movements during authentic EMDR sessions of chronic PTSD in refugees with war and torture experiences and places this research in the context of other findings. The findings point to definite physiological effects of eye movements; namely a dearousal with increased finger temperature and changes in the balance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomous nervous systems.

Keywords: Finger Temperature Heart Rate Variability Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiology PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

299. Omaha, J. (2004). Psychotherapeutic interventions for emotion regulation: EMDR and bilateral stimulation for affect management. New York: W. W. Norton.

Language: English

Format: Book

Abstract:
The present work represents a new phase in a profound revolution in psychotherapy, in which affects take their rightful place of equality with cognitions, drives, and behavior among the modalities that must be interpreted by theory and embraced by therapy in understanding both normal and pathological personality development (Cicchetti, Ackerman, & Izard, 1995). The book synthesizes experimental and theoretical advances regarding the primacy of affect in both human psychological health and dysfunction. These advances are translated into practical clinical applications the clinician can immediately utilize. The clinical interventions presented here are solidly grounded in recent experimental advances in understanding the developmental neurobiology of affect (Schore, 1994). These skills and concepts lay the foundation for a new approach to treating psychopathology that begins with the affects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Affect Management Emotional Control Emotional States Mental Health Personality Development Personality Disorders Psychopathology Psychotherapeutic Techniques

Accuracy Verified: Yes

300. Corrigan, F. M. (2004). Psychotherapy as assisted homeostasis: Activation of emotional processing mediated by the anterior cingulate cortex. Medical Hypotheses, 63(6), 968-973.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Although psychotherapy is successful in altering emotional distress, the biological mechanism by which it achieves this has not been the subject of intensive neurobiological investigation. Mindful processing of emotion has been proposed to be a key factor in prevention of relapse in depressive illness and here that hypothesis is developed and extended to include other conditions in which emotion processing may be obstructed or dysregulated. Cognitive therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, psycho-dynamic psychotherapy, and dialectical behaviour therapy, each in a different way and with a distinct emphasis, encourage awareness of emotions and their associated cognitions and biographies, and their varying success may depend on the degree to which they achieve activation of internal healing processes. In eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), the selected target is formatted for endogenous processing which is facilitated and accelerated by eye movements or alternating bilateral auditory or tactile stimulation. The ability to sustain focussed attention on the affect and its visceral, cognitive, and biographical components is postulated to activate a homeostatic process of distress resolution, seen most clearly in treatment of PTSD with EMDR, in which resolution of distress can be intense and rapid while therapist input is non-directive, although supportive, empathic, and non-judgemental. Once the therapist has helped to frame the questions, the patient's brain will find the answers needed for the resolution of the distress and all the components of the traumatic event, whether visceral, cognitive, affective, or interpersonal. The anterior cingulate cortex, especially the dorsal and rostral components, is suggested to be the key neurobiological substrate for the efficacious psychotherapeutic relief of distress, and relevant functional neuroimaging studies are summarised. One limitation of some previous imaging studies of emotion is that they have tended to use mild stimuli to discrete emotions. An alternative approach would be to image the brain during reprocessing of an unpleasant event which has profoundly affected the person so that the associated intense emotions could be clearly labelled and correlated with changes in regional brain functioning. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Cognitive Processes Cognitive Therapy Neurobiology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

301. Pagani, M., Nardo, D., Flumeri, F., Salmaso. D., Looi, J., Sanchez-Crespo, A., Larsson, S. A., Sundin, Ö., Hogberg, G., Bejerot, S. (2009, January). PW04-01 Volumetric changes in PTSD and in a subgroup of PTSD patients not responding to EMDR psychotherapy. European Psychiatry, 24(Supplement 1), S355. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(09)70588-7.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
(1)Background: Several studies have reported limbic structures volume decrease in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, in PTSD the effect of therapy on brain structures has seldom been investigated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the grey matter (GM) loss in occupational related PTSD and to assess the volumetric differences between patients responding (R) and non-responding (NR) to psychotherapy. (2)Methods: Pre-EMDR MRI data of 21 train drives who did develop PTSD (S) and 22 who did not develop PTSD (NS) after person-under-the-train accidents were compared. Within S further comparisons were made between 10 R to Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy and 5 NR. Data were analysed by optimised voxel-based morphometry as implemented in Statistical Parametric Mapping. (3)Results: As compared to NS, S showed a significant GM volume reduction in precuneus, lingual gyrus, posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex. The R>NR comparison highlighted a significant GM reduction in NR in bilateral posterior cingulate, left middle frontal cortex and right parahippocampal, insular and temporal cortices. (4)Conclusions: Comparing two large groups of subjects significant GM volumetric reductions were found in PTSD in posterior limbic structures. NR showed, as compared to R, volume reduction in cortical structures including posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex. These latter two structures seem to be the hallmark for both PTSD diagnosis and therapy outcome prediction.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

302. Aloisio, T. (2007, Novembro). Quando, quanto e como: A decisão no uso de EMDR [When, how and how to: Use the decision EMDR] . Apresentação no I Congresso Ibero-Americano de EMDR, Brasilia, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objetivos de aprendizagem: • Identificar quando começar uma sessão de EMDR; • Nomear as principais limitações do uso de EMDR; • Demonstrar quanto de estimulação é necessária em uma sessão de EMDR; • Definir quais são as principais decisões que devemos tomar antes de aplicar EMDR e durante o desenvolvimento do lugar seguro; • Identificar a validade da cognição negativa; • Decidir a necessidade ou não de instalação de desenvolvimento de suporte.

Learning Objectives: • Identify when to start a session EMDR; • Name the major limitations of using EMDR; • Demonstrate how much stimulation is required in an EMDR session; • Define what are the key decisions we must take before applying EMDR and during the development of a safe place; • Identify the validity of negative cognition; • Decide whether or not installation development support.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

303. Koppel, R. H. (2009, May). Rapid eye movement effects on traumatic memories: A test of the working memory hypothesis. The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR) is a psychotherapy that uses rapid eye movements to alleviate traumatic memories. This experiment examined two working memory hypotheses proposed to explain how performing rapid eye movements can affect the vividness, emotionality and completeness of traumatic memories. Participants (N=25) recalled three traumatic memories and rated them on vividness, emotionality and completeness before and after performing rapid eye movements. Participants also completed six working memory tasks to see if a correlation existed between working memory and the effect of rapid eye movements on memory rating variables. Findings illustrate that there was a significant decrease pre-test to post-test in vividness. Additionally, the factor underlying the reading span operation task and the Sternberg item order task significantly correlated with the effect of rapid eye movements for all memory ratings. The results of the current study support the central executive hypothesis explanation more than the visuospatial sketchpad storage hypothesis for EMDR. 3 Rapid Eye Movement Effects on Traumatic Memories: A Test of the Working Memory Hypothesis In 1987, Francis Shapiro discovered that performing horizontal eye saccades while holding a traumatic event in mind helped her alleviate the negative symptoms she experienced from that memory. She developed this intuition into a psychotherapy that is called Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). This therapy is now a widely-used technique to treat victims of trauma, people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and people suffering from phobias and other anxiety disorders (Muris & Meckleberger, 1999). Shapiro (2001) describes EMDR as an eight-phase treatment method that includes history taking, client preparation, assessment, desensitization, installation, body scan, closure and reevaluation. An important, and distinguishing, component of the EMDR procedure involves the patient performing rapid bilateral eye movements while thinking about their traumatic memory and communicating any negative cognition associated with that memory. The horizontal saccadic eye movements generally involve watching the therapist’s quickly moving finger for 15-20 seconds/set (Shapiro, 2001). Eye saccade sets continue until the patient begins to report that negative aspects of the memory are being alleviated, and that positive self-cognitions have replaced the negative self-cognitions associated with the memory (Shapiro, 2001).

Keywords: Hypotheses Rapid Eye Movements REM Traumatic Memories

Accuracy Verified: Yes

304. Dameshek, L. A. (2008). A recommended process for developing a prototype of a software tool incorporating dual focus of attention with bilateral stimulation to enhance academic outcomes. Prescott College, AZ. AAT 1457010.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychological intervention that combines bilateral stimulation and dual focus of attention to help subjects with various emotional conditions restructure traumatic memories in a brief yet effective treatment. This technique has been employed to help individuals visualize new concepts for creative purposes when prior emotional experiences block the individual's ability to perform desired tasks. The current research hypothesizes that bilateral stimulation and dual focus of attention could be valuable in educational scenarios, and it explores the design and prototype of a computerized tool that includes a similar combination of practices within an automated training system to test whether this could be an efficient and effective tool for teaching individuals complex or troubling material.[Author Abstract]

Keywords: Dual Focus Eye Movement Software

Accuracy Verified: Yes

305. Parker, A., Buckley, S., & Dagnall, N. (2009, February). Reduced misinformation effects following saccadic bilateral eye movements. Brain and Cognition, 69(1), 89-97. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.05.009 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The effects of saccadic bilateral (horizontal) eye movements on memory for a visual event narrative were investigated. In the study phase, participants were exposed to a set of pictures accompanied by a verbal commentary describing the events depicted in the pictures. Next, the participants were asked either misleading or control questions about the depicted event and were then asked to engage in 30 s of bilateral vs. vertical vs. no eye movements. Finally, recognition memory was tested using the remember–know procedure. It was found that bilateral eye movements increased true memory for the event, increased recollection, and decreased the magnitude of the misinformation effect. The findings are discussed in terms of source monitoring, dual-process theories of memory and the potential neural foundations of such effects.

Keywords: Bilateral Eye Movements False Memory Hemispheric Interaction Misinformation Effects Source Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

306. Staff. (2007, November 19). Reports outline life sciences study findings from Merrimack College, Psychology Department. Biotech Business Week, Expanded Reporting, 1204.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
A new study, 'Effect of bilateral eye movements on frontal interhemispheric gamma EEG coherence: implications for EMDR therapy,' is now available (see also Life Sciences). "The use of bilateral eye movements (EMs) is an important component of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. The neural mechanisms underlying EMDR remain unclear," scientists in the United States report.

Keywords: Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

307. Parnell, L. (2012). Resource tapping activating your healing resources through bilateral stimulation. Shreveport, LA: Summit Interactive.

Language: English

Format: Video

Abstract:
Dr. Parnell teaches basic skills in resource tapping, an EMDR-related technique that harnesses the power of imagery and bilateral body stimulation to achieve healing. She describes how this clinically recognized system impacts affect management, ego strengthening, and emotional regulation as well as its capacity to build resilience and calm the body on a deep physiological level.

Keywords: Resource Tapping

Accuracy Verified: Yes

308. Parnell, L. (2009, July). Resource tapping: Step-by step instructions for managing emotions and reducing anxiety with trauma patients . Presentation at the National Institute for the Clinical Application of Behavioral Medicine Annual Conference, Hilton Head, S.C..

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Resource Tapping is a powerful and effective EMDR-related technique that uses imagery and bilateral stimulation to harness the power of inner resources. It is an effective, easy-to-use technique for ego strengthening, affect regulation and stress reduction in the treatment of trauma. This technique can be used to help rebalance the nervous system, activate the parasympathetic restoration cycle, and teach self-regulation. Participants will learn to interweave this mind-body technique throughout the course of treatment to help with anxiety, sleep problems, triggers, depression, and strong emotions such as fear, anger, and sadness. .

Keywords: Mind-Body Medicine Resource Tapping

Accuracy Verified: Yes

309. Schmidt, S. J. (1999, March). Resource-focused EMDR: Integration of ego state therapy, alternating bilateral stimulation, and art therapy. EMDRIA Newsletter, 4(1), 8, 10-13, 25-28.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
I conceptualize EMDR as the process of linking the trauma from one part of the brain to a solution in another part of the brain, to reach an adaptive resolution. The standard EMDR protocol proposes accomplishing this by focusing heavily on the trauma. Most of my clients are adult survivors of childhood trauma and their tolerance of a trauma-focused protocol is often low. I wondered if the same adaptive resolution could be accomplished by focusing primarily on the part of the brain holding the solution rather than the trauma. I recently began developing a resource-focused protocol, which borrows from Sandra Paulsen’s (1994, 1995, & 1996) suggestions for integrating EMDR with ego state therapy, and Andrew Leeds’ (1997) protocol for resource development and resource installation (RD/RI). This new protocol puts significant emphasis on developing and strengthening the felt sense of well-being connected to resource ego states before EMDR processing, and maintenance of the sense of well-being during EMDR processing. It involves using the clients’ drawings of resource ego states and traumatized ego states (drawn with the dominant and nondominant hand) as anchors for ego state processing, and as the focal points in eye movements (EMs). In this protocol, traumatic material is elicited only when sufficient internal resources, represented by drawings, are displayed in front of the client. The intention of this approach is to minimize risk of affect overwhelm and maximize the probability that the part of the brain holding the trauma will link to the part of the brain holding the solution. In my experience the resource-focused protocol

Keywords: Art Therapy Bilateral Stimulation BLS Ego State Therapy Resource-Focused EMDR

Accuracy Verified: Yes

310. Hembree, E. A., Cahill, S. P., & Foa, E. B. (2003, December). Response to “Comment on Hembree and Foa (2003)”. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(6) 757-577. doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000004082.30375.67.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In summary, we submit that the evidence cited by Lipke in support of the proposal that eye movements contribute to treatment outcome does not meet the burden of proof. Specifically, eye movements and other laterally alternating stimuli have not been shown to have an effect on relevant and independently assessed outcome measures of symptoms, such as measures of PTSD severity. Thus, we reaffirm Hembree and Foa's conclusion that assertions about an important role for eye movements or any other laterally alternating stimuli on treatment outcome have not been supported by extant research. [Adapted from Text, p. 577] [Pilots]

Keywords: Comment Letter Methodology Professional Criticism Reply Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

311. Rost, C. (2008). Ressourcenarbeit mit EMDR, bewährte techniken im uberblick [Resources working with EMDR. Proven techniques at a glance: From survival to life]. (Hsrg) Paderborn: Junfermann.

Language: German

Format: Book

Abstract:
In der Traumatherapie wird nicht mehr automatisch nur auf das Schwere fokussiert, sondern ganz bewusst mit den Klientinnen und Klienten nach Ereignissen in ihrem Leben gesucht, die gelungen sind, schön waren, erfolgreich und lustbetont. Diese Buch vermittelt bewährte Techniken zur Ressourcenaktivierung mit EMDR, von denen die Autoren aufgrund ihrer praktischen Arbeit überzeugt sind. Zusätzlich zum EMDR-Standardprotokoll haben sich eine ganze Reihe von Protokollen entwickelt, in denen die bilaterale Stimulation von EMDR mit verschiedenen anderen Techniken kombiniert wird. Das Buch soll einen Überblick über genau die Techniken geben, bei denen sich die Ressourcenaktivierung mit EMDR im klinischen Einsatz bewährt hat und möchte andere Therapeuten ermutigen, die Techniken ebenfalls auszuprobieren und zu erforschen. Mit Beiträgen von: Christine Rost, Franz Ebner, Dagmar Eckers, Reinhard Plassmann, Michael Hase, Susanne Leutner, Mark Novy, Björke Kühn von Burgdorff.

In trauma treatment is not automatically focuses only on the severity, but deliberately sought with the clients and clients for events in their lives that are successful, beautiful, were successful and pleasurable. This book provides proven techniques for resource activation with EMDR, of which the authors are confident because of their practical work. In addition to the standard EMDR protocol contains a number of protocols have been developed in which the bilateral stimulation of EMDR with various other techniques combined. The book gives an accurate overview of the techniques which has proven itself the resources activation with EMDR in clinical use and would encourage other therapists to try out the techniques and also to explore. With contributions from: Christine Rost, Franz Ebner, Dagmar Ecker, Reinhard Plassmann, Michael Hare, Susanne Leutner, Mark Novy, Kühn Björke of Burgdorff.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

312. Kaye, B. (2008). Reversing reciprocal suppression in the anterior cingulated cortex: A hypothetical model to explain EMDR effectiveness. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(1), 88-99. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.2.88.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A theoretical model is proposed to explain desensitization during Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as resulting from the reversal of reciprocal suppression of cognitive processing in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Dual-attention and error monitoring are known to activate dorsal regions of the ACC that mediate metacognitive processing. Neuroimaging research has produced evidence that cognitive areas in the upper ACC may reciprocally suppress affective processing in the lower areas and vice versa. It is therefore proposed that the original eye-to-finger tracking task of EMDR may achieve its therapeutic effect by using error monitoring to reverse suppression of the upper ACC by the lower ACC. Contributions to EMDR effectiveness from resource installation and novelty-driven orienting reflexes may also influence ACC functioning. A distraction effect is proposed to be a negative and potentially disruptive by-product of very interactive stimulation tasks. A semantic priming procedure is suggested to limit distraction effects during more interactive forms of stimulation. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Anterior Cingulate Cognitive Processes Neurotransmitters Reciprocal Suppression Semantic Priming

Accuracy Verified: Yes

313. Maxfield, L., Manfield, P., Renssen, M. R., Smyth, N., Servan-Schreiber, D., & Bartone, P. M. (2001, June). The role of eye movements and other bilateral stimulation in EMDR. In R. Greenwald (Chair), Research Symposium II. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
After a decade of treatment outcome research on EMDR, its effectivensss in the treatment of PTSD is no longer in question. However, the role of eye movements and bilateral stimulation, in general, remain controversial. Critics of EMDR hold that EMDR is simply cognitive behavioral treatment repackaged. Proponents of EMDR counter that much of the component analyses research on EMDR has been flawed and that several studies suggest the importance of eye movements. This panel symposium will explore the current status of the research on the importance of eye ovements and other bliateral stimulation in EMDR treatment. The research on this topic, to date, will be summarized and then the results of three studies investigating the role of bilateral stimulation will be presented. The symposium will conclude with a discussion of the key questions for future research.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Eye Movement Symposium

Accuracy Verified: Yes

314. Vandeusen, K. M. (1999, November). The role of eye movements in EMDR for PTSD: A single-subject dismantling study. Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI. AAT 9935022.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
The following study evaluated whether the eye movement component of EMDR was necessary to account for positive treatment effects in subjects with PTSD. Utilizing a single subject alternating treatments design, replicated across four subjects, the effectiveness of EMDR was contrasted with the effectiveness of a similar procedure minus the eye movements (NDE). Results showed that subjects improved following both EMDR and NDE suggesting that eye movements in EMDR are not necessary for positive treatment effects. Further research is warranted to determine which component or combination of components is necessary to achieve the positive effects of EMDR. [Author Abstract] Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 60(5-B), Nov 1999, pp. 2373.

Keywords: Dismantling Study Empirical Study Experimental Replication Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Single-Subject Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

315. Chang, S. H., & Chen, K. P. (2009). Saccadic eye movement and change of semantic associations: Possible therapeutic mechanisms of EMDR. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Language: English

Format: Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract:
In light of a putative model proposed by Stickgold and to mimic clinical trial of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), this study examined possible therapeutic mechanism and effect of eye movements (EM) on change of semantic associations and to explore if the effect would be influenced by valence of stimuli and order of presentation. Seventy-five college students were recruited as participants. The results showed that the effect of 8s saccadic bilateral eye movement in terms of change of semantic associations was associated with valence of words and their presentation order, which echoed Stickgold’s model, Shapiro’s clinical procedure, and also advanced the evidence regarding the mechanism of EM from the framework of working memory model. The present study further highlights the importance of taking into consideration these three treatment variables simultaneously when doing EM. The implications of the findings from both the theoretical and clinical viewpoints are discussed.

Keywords: Imagery Vividness Negative Emotiveness Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Saccadic Eye Movement Semantic Association Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

316. Chang, S. H. & Chen, K. P. (2004, July). Saccadic eye movement and change of semantic associations: Possible therapeutic mechanisms of EMDR. Presentation at the Hawaii International Conference on Social Sciences, Honolulu, Hawaii, In 2004 HICSS (Hawaii International Conference on Social Science) Conference Proceedings (pp. 569-574).

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Imagery Vividness Negative Emotiveness Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Saccadic Eye Movement Semantic Association Working Memory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

317. Forgash, C. A., & Knipe, J. (2001, June). Safety-focused EMDR/Ego state treatment of severe ego state disorders. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Austin, TX.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will learn 1) why emotional safety is a primary concern in the treatment of Ego State Disorders with EMDR; 2) a way to accurately monitor, using treatment, a client's orientation to present time and safety; and 3) specific innovative treatment strategies which use alternate stimulation to enhance feelings of safety, thereby facilitating processing.

Keywords: Ego State Therapy Emotional Safety Integrated EMDR/Ego State Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

318. Dodgson, P. W. (2007, June). Shame: The adaptive information processing model and introduction of the "protocol interweave" in EMDR with victims of torture, rape and organised violence. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Shame is often a key component of post-traumatic stress and one that can inhibit processing because the person concerned feels no compassion for the self that was shamed. Shame may lead to despising or hating that self so that allowing the self to grow, to recovered, feels almost impossible. Shame is experienced cognitively, emotionally, and somatically: in “brain, heart, and body.”
Shame may lead to blocked processing that does not respond to cognitive interweaves or other approaches such as changes in speed, modality and direction of bilateral stimulation, or “TICES’ strategies, changing aspects of images, cognitions or emotional and sensory interventions. Typically, Subjective Units of Distress scale scored stick at 4.
This paper will draw on clinical work with people who have experienced rape, torture and organized violence and explore ways of unlocking the inhibiting factors of shame, enabling the victim of personal violence to have compassion for themselves, and forgiveness. With compassion, a person can allow themself to recover, and processing the memories of the traumatic incident or incidents can move to adaptive resolution.
The paper will present case material using the adaptive information processing model as a helpful way of enabling clinets to normalize their mental, emotional and somatic reactions, to structure what often seems like a chaotic inner world and to address issues including shame.
This paper will propose a protocol for EMDR psychotherapy with people who have been victims of rape, torture, and organized violence and will introduce a “protocol interweave” for working with people for whom shame is a factor that impedes effective processing.
The “protocol interweave” focuses on the ‘self who has been shamed” and adapts the desensitization phase to enable the individual to process material associated with their thoughts, feelings, and sensations with regards to the self of whom they are ashamed and whom they may despise. The paper will also examine recent thinking about shame, compassion and forgiveness and reflect on similarities across psychotherapeutic modalities such as gestalt and cognitive behaviour therapy and the way in which EMDR is an integrative model that accommodates these.
The presentation will include PowerPoint and video clips of clinical consultations.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP Organised Violence Protocol Interweave Rape Shame Torture

Accuracy Verified: Yes

319. Tripp, S. (2007). A short term therapy approach to processing trauma: Art therapy and bilateral stimulation. Art Therapy, 24(4), 176-183.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article describes a dynamic, short-term art therapy approach that has been developed for the treatment of trauma related disorders. Using a modified Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) protocol with alternating tactile and auditory bilateral stimulation, associations are rapidly brought to conscious awareness and expressed in a series of drawings. As new information is accessed, affective material is metabolized and integrated, leading to transformation of traumatic memory and an adaptive resolution of the trauma. Readers are cautioned that clinicians using this approach should be experienced in working with trauma. American Art Therapy Association, 37, New Orleans, LA, US, Portions of this paper were presented at the aforementioned conference.

Keywords: Art Therapy Auditory Stimulation Short-term Therapy Approach Tactual Stimulation Trauma Trauma Related Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

320. Meenhuys, A. (2010, March 23). Signalering en diagnostiek van trauma's bij kinderen [Detection and treatment of trauma in children]. Presentatie in Signalering en behandeling van trauma bij kinderen en adolescenten, Gelderse Roos Oolgaardtlezing, Arnhem, Nederlands.

Language: Dutch

Format: Conference

Abstract:
De Gelderse Roos Kinderen en Jongeren biedt gespecialiseerde hulp. In de afgelopen jaren hebben we ruime ervaring opgedaan met de signalering, diagnostiek en behandeling van getraumatiseerde kinderen en jongeren. Sinds enige tijd werken we met een kernteam van traumadeskundigen, waardoor we in ons hele werkgebied cliënten en verwijzers deskundige hulp kunnen geven. De avond is bedoeld voor medewerkers van jeugdgezondheidszorgdiensten, huisartsen, jeugdhulpverleners, medewerkers van Bureau Jeugdzorg, interne begeleiders en andere geïnteresseerden. Vooraf aanmelden is noodzakelijk!
U krijgt inzicht in criteria voor signalering en stappen die u vervolgens kunt nemen. Ook krijgt u inzicht in onze behandelmogelijkheden en de wijze waarop wij samenwerken met andere instellingen. De tweede en derde lezing geven u inzicht in EMDR-behandeling. EMDR betekent "Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing" en is een van de voorkeurs behandelmethodes bij posttraumatische stressstoornissen, maar ook toepasbaar bij andere traumagerelateerde problemen. Kenmerkend voor EMDR is dat gebruik gemaakt wordt van een bilaterale afleidende stimulatie in de vorm van oogbewegingen, "klikjes" - afwisselend links/rechts door middel van een koptelefoon - of tactiele stimulatie ("tappen"). Hierdoor blijkt het verwerkingsproces gestimuleerd te worden.

The Roos Gelderse Children and Youth provides specialized assistance. In recent years we have gained experience with the detection, diagnosis and treatment of traumatized children and adolescents. For some time we work with a core team of trauma experts, allowing us throughout our area clients and referrers can give expert help. The evening is designed for employees of youth health care services, GPs, youth workers, Youth Bureau staff, internal support staff and other interested parties. Advance registration is required! You will gain insight into criteria for signaling and then steps you can take. You also get an insight into our treatment options and how we cooperate with other institutions. The second and third readings give you insight into EMDR treatment. EMDR does "Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing" and is one of the preferred treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder, but also applicable to other trauma related problems. Typical of EMDR is that use is made of a bilateral distracting stimulation in the form of eye movements, "clicks" - alternating left / right through a headset - or tactile stimulation (tapping). This process appears to be stimulated.

Keywords: Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

321. Richardson, P., Williams, S. R., Hepenstall, S., Gregory, L., McKie, S., & Corrigan, F. (2009). A single-case fMRI study: EMDR treatment of a patient with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(1), 10-23. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.1.10.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study assessed the effects of a session of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with auditory alternating bilateral stimulation (ABS) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of brain activations. A case study was conducted with a female participant who was suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder following a severe assault. The fMRI scan began with safe-place imagery, for purposes of comparison, and then attention to the trauma memory without ABS. After this, ABS was provided as she began using EMDR procedures to process the traumatic memory. At postsession, the traumatic memory showed robust and significant changes on self-report measures. The initiation of the EMDR protocol with provision of ABS was associated with a marked change in brain activation within the prefrontal cortex demonstrating a ventromedial shift. The authors argue that the structure of the EMDR protocol encourages such a ventromedial activation, which is then intensified by ABS to overcome the block to information processing that has been preventing natural healing from occurring spontaneously.

Keywords: fMRI Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Single Case

Accuracy Verified: Yes

322. Spindler-Ranta, D. C., & Schwartz, S. (2004, September). Slaying the monster: Relieving trauma in 9–90 year olds. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montreal, Quebec Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Slaying the Monster incorporates the steps of EMDR with a twist - combining bilateral stimulation with drawing, storytelling, and positive cognitions. This technique works for resistant teenagers and adults who tend to dissociate, including DIDs or those who find the standard protocol overwhelming. This unique form of EMDR allows the client to release his target even if he cannot identify it. This workshop will show clinicians how to: 1) identify the step-by-step procedure of Slaying the Monster technique by describing it, demonstrating it and then allowing the clinicians to experience it: 2) demonstrate what to do with clients who are unable to use the standard protocol: and 3) demonstrate through experiential means how this approach reduces presented symptoms.

Keywords: Children Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

323. Stickgold, R. (2008). Sleep-dependent memory processing and EMDR action. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(4), 289-299. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.289.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The unique efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder is thought to result from changes in the brain/mind state induced by bilateral sensory stimulation, but the nature and specifi c consequences of these changes remain unknown. The possibility that bilateral stimulation induces a brain/mind state similar to that of rapid eye movement sleep is supported by studies showing that sleep facilitates forms of memory processing arguably necessary for the resolution of trauma. Such studies, along with direct studies of the impact of bilateral stimulation on memory and emotional processing, and dismantling studies identifying the requisite features of such bilateral stimulation for effective trauma processing, will eventually lead to an understanding of the neurobiological basis of EMDR.

Keywords: Associative Processing Memory Rapid Eye Movement REM Sleep Sleep

Accuracy Verified: Yes

324. Kennett, L. (2007, November). Staat EMDR voor genezing? [EMDR stands for healing?]. Ode Magazine, 101. Retrieved from http://nl.odemagazine.com/doc/0101/staat-emdr-voor-genezing/ on 1/16/2011.

Language: Dutch

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
De therapie waaraan Mary zoveel had gehad, was Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), een behandeling waarbij de patiënt om te beginnen met zijn of haar ogen de vingers van de therapeut volgt, die deze van links naar rechts beweegt. Terwijl de patiënt zich concentreert op de oogbewegingen (of andere bilaterale stimuli, zoals klopjes op de knieën of geluidssignalen), functioneert de therapeut als een soort gids die de patiënt terugleidt naar de herinnering aan de traumatische ervaring, waardoor de patiënt geholpen wordt bij het opnieuw ordenen en uiteindelijk opnieuw verwerken van negatieve gedachten en emoties.

The therapy to which Mary had so much was Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), a treatment where the patient to begin his or her eyes following the fingers of the therapist, who moves from left to right. While the patient focuses on the eye movements (or other bilateral stimuli, such as pats on the knee or beeps), does the therapist as a guide the patient goes back to the memory of the traumatic experience, so the patient is helped to re-organize and eventually reprocess negative thoughts and emotions.

Keywords: General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

325. Vojtova, H. & Hasto, J. (2005). Stabilizačné techniky a EMDR v psychoterapii posttraumatickej stresovej poruchy [Stabilization techniques and EMDR psychotherapy in posttraumatic stress disorder]. Psychiatrie Pro Praxi, 4, 198-200.

Language: Slovak

Format: Magazine

Abstract:
Kazuistika ilustruje využitie stabilizačných psychoterapeutických techník a EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing) v terapii jednoduchej i subsyndromálnej komplexnej (3) posttraumatickej stresovej poruchy (PTSP) u tej istej pacientky. Stabilizačné techniky, ktoré využívajú špeciálne volené a štruktúrované imaginácie, pomáhajú pacientovi v prvej fáze terapie obnoviť schopnosť prežívať bezpečie, mobilizovať jeho vlastné zdroje uzdravenia a pomôcť mu získať kontrolu nad vlastným prežívaním. EMDR je psychoterapeutická metóda konfrontácie s traumou (expozície), ktorá vychádza z poznatkov o neurobiologickom spracovaní informácií. Jadrom metódy je zistenie, že bilaterálna stimulácia (zabezpečená najbežnejšie pohybom očí zo strany na stranu – odtiaľ názov metódy) umožňuje adaptívne spracovanie dysfunkčne uloženej informácie a uvoľňuje samoliečiaci proces v nervovej sústave pacienta (4). Stabilizačné techniky i EMDR patria ku komplexnej psychoterapii traumy.

The case report illustrates the use of psychotherapeutic techniques, stability and EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation and reprocessing) in the treatment of simple and complex subsyndromálnej (3) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the same patient. Stabilization technique using specially chosen and structured imagination, assist the patient in the first phase of therapy to restore the ability to experience security, to mobilize its own healing resources to help him gain control of their own survival. EMDR is a psychotherapeutic method of confrontation with the trauma (exposure), based on knowledge of the neurobiological information processing. The core method is the finding that bilateral stimulation (eye movements commonly provided from side to side - hence the name of the method) allows for adaptive processing of dysfunctional information stored and released samoliečiaci process in the nervous system of patients (4). Stabilization techniques and EMDR psychotherapy include a comprehensive trauma.
Also puplished in Psychiatria Pre Prax, 6(4), 194-196.

Keywords: Eye Movements Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

326. Thaxton, D. (2007, June). Star wars therapy: Integrating EMDR with children. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: EMDR with children can be clinically challenging. Traditional protocols are difficult to follow, especially with younger children. Unique to this approach, Star Wars therapy allows children to produce their own bilateral stimulation while the therapist installs verbal cognitive interweaves. Star Wars therapy facilitates the integration of resource installations; it provides children with an exciting venue to explore schemas and ego states resulting form trauma, abuse and neglect. Star Wars play therapy is a practical skill set for clinicians interested in integrating EMDR with children. Star Wars is unique in its immediate accessibility for children. The rich story line it provides them with accessible themes of good and evil, betrayal, injustice, universal hierarchy, and connectedness with “the force:’ the main characters act as primary archetypes. The body of this work is dived into two mains sections. The first section outlines Star Wars Play Therapy from a theoretical standpoint. The goal is to address the neurobiological, psychological, and attachment aspects which are the basis for treatment. The second reaction addresses the technique form a practical perspective. A complete clinical protocol is outlines, from conceptualization to execution of play, to the integration of EMDR instillations and trauma targeting.

Keywords: Children Star Wars Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

327. Lo Iacono, S. (2008, Novembre). Stato di coscienza e paradigma: Un confronto tra 2 descrizioni sistemiche dei processi di cambiamento osservati in una psicoterapia integrate con EMDR [State of consciousness and paradigm: A comparison between 2 descriptions - Systemic change processes observed in psychotherapy integrated with EMDR]. Poster presentato al Applicazioni Cliniche dell'EMDR Congresso Nazionale, Milano, Italia.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In questa presentazione la psicoterapia integrata con EMDR viene definita sulla base delle due tecniche principali di questa metodologia clinica: 1. le attivitï¿½ di Focalizzazioni Mentali Multiple su immagini, cognizioni e sensazioni corporee e sul qui ed ora della relazione terapeutica piï¿½. 2. la Stimolazione Bilaterale Alternata su un canale sensoriale. Vengono, quindi, confrontate due differenti descrizioni sintetiche, Paradigma e Stato di Coscienza, dei processi di cambiamento osservati nel paziente in una psicoterapia con EMDR. La descrizione sintetica come cambiamento di Paradigma viene effettuata in stretto parallelo con le definizioni originali di Paradigma date dallo stesso Kuhn. La seconda descrizione sintetica degli stessi processi di cambiamento viene effettuata dopo aver definito un modello di Stato di Coscienza come prodotto di tre fattori: stato fisico chimico dell'organismo, stato mentale dell'organismo e condizioni fisiche e sociali dell'ambiente. Nelle conclusioni si evidenzia come la descrizione sintetica di Salto di Paradigma possa render conto solo dei cambiamenti di ambito cognitivo mentre restano escluse da questa descrizione i cambiamenti inerenti le emozioni e le sensazioni corporee che si osservano in una psicoterapia integrata con EMDR. La descrizione sintetica come cambiamento dello Stato di Coscienza potrebbe, invece, essere utile a comprender meglio i modi in cui il cambiamento ï¿½ indotto ed a distinguere il ruolo delle attivitï¿½ di Focalizzazioni Mentali Multiple da quello della Stimolazione Bilaterale Alternata e quindi a riflettere e ad intervenire, sia in contesti clinici che di ricerca, sulle due tecniche prevalenti della psicoterapia con EMDR.

In this presentation, the integrated psychotherapy with EMDR is defined on the basis of two Main technical methodology of this trial: 1. Multiple Mental activities focusing on images, cognitions and bodily sensations and on the here and now of the therapeutic relationship more. 2. Alternating Bilateral Stimulation on a sensory channel. Are then compared two different brief descriptions, model and state of consciousness, processes of change observed in the patient in psychotherapy with EMDR. Description summarized as a change of paradigm is carried out in close parallel with the definitions original paradigm given by Kuhn. The second summary description of these processes of change is made after a model for state of consciousness as the product of three factors: state physical chemist body, mental body and physical and social environment. In conclusions noted as a concise description of paradigm shifts can realize only of changes in the cognitive field and are excluded from this description the Changes related emotions and bodily sensations that are observed in psychotherapy integrated with EMDR. The outline as a change of consciousness, but it could be useful to understand better the ways in which change is induced and to distinguish the role of activities Focus from that of the Multiple Mental Stimulation alternative two and then reflect and act, whether in clinical research, the two prevailing techniques psychotherapy with EMDR.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

328. Adler-Tapia, R., Settle, C., & Onsager, D. (2004, September). Staying true to the model: Using the 8 phases of EMDR with children 2-10 years of age. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montreal, Quebec Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This half-day workshop focuses on how staying true to eight phases of the EMDR model will result in successful treatment outcomes with children ages 2-10. Participants will be provided with specific and creative bilateral techniques to use with children, and methods for identifying a child's PC, NC, VOC, and SUDS. Skills to utilize with children to further facilitate processing, including cognitive interweaves and resource installation techniques will be demonsuated. In addition, the efficacy of utilizing a parent co-therapist model will be established.

Keywords: Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

329. Wesselmann, D. (2006, September). Strengthening parent-child attachments with EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Although professionals and parents are often challenged by the provocative behaviors exhibited by children who have a history of pathogenic care and a diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder, children who-have attachment issues related to more subtle problems in parenting may be equally challenging. Negative family patterns related to poor attachments, once established, can create a negative feedback loop that is extremely difficult to change. EMDR offers a method for resolving trauma and loss and changing beliefs, feelings, and responses that may interfere with trust and the development of affectional bonds. Workshop participants will learn to identify significant precursors to attachment problems for EMDR reprocessing with parents and with children. They will learn methods to engage parents to do their own atttachement work and to change their automatic negative responses to their child's behaviors. Participants will learn methods of bilateral stimulation to strengthen feelings of closeness and connection between parents and children prior to EMDR reprocessing, and methods for effectively utilizing parents during EMDR with children in the treatment of attachment problems. Workshop participants will also learn how storytelling can be integrated into treatment as a method to help solidify new cognitions and develop a positive sense of self.

Keywords: Attachment Storytelling

Accuracy Verified: Yes

330. Shapiro, E. (2011). Suggestions for teaching the application of eye movements in EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(2), 73-77. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.2.73.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The Clinical column is a regular Journal of EMDR Practice and Research feature in which master clinicians answer a question posed by a reader who is requesting assistance with clinical challenges. In this issue's column, the response is written by Elan Shapiro, who is a psychologist near Haifa, Israel; an EMDR institute facilitator; and an approved EMDR Europe consultant. Readers can send questions for future issues to journal@emdria.org.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Eye Movements

Accuracy Verified: Yes

331. Shapiro, E. (2012). Suggestions pour l’enseignement de l’application des mouvements oculaires en EMDR [Suggestions for teaching the application of eye movements in EMDR]. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(2), E26-E30. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.6.2.E26.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Les Questions & réponses cliniques sont une rubrique régulière du Journal of EMDR Practice and Research dans laquelle des cliniciens chevronnés répondent à la question posée par un lecteur face à une difficulté clinique. Dans ce numéro, la réponse provient d’Elan Shapiro, un psychologue près de Haïfa en Israël, facilitateur de l’EMDR Institute et superviseur EMDR Europe accrédité. Les lecteurs peuvent adresser leurs questions à journal@emdria.org.

The Clinical column is a regular Journal of EMDR Practice and Research feature in which master clinicians answer a question posed by a reader who is requesting assistance with clinical challenges. In this issue's column, the response is written by Elan Shapiro, who is a psychologist near Haifa, Israel; an EMDR institute facilitator; and an approved EMDR Europe consultant. Readers can send questions for future issues to journal@emdria.org.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation Eye Movements

Accuracy Verified: Yes

332. Foreningen EMDR Sverige. (2009). Synpunkter akutstressyndrom och PTSD [EMDR Sweden Association comments acute stress syndrome and PTSD]. In Foreningen EMDR Sverige, Inkomna synpunkter, Nationella riktlinjer för depressionssjukdom och ångestsyndrom preliminär, (pp. 163-164). Denmark: Riksforeningen Psykoterapi Centrum.

Language: Swedish

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
Föreningen EMDR Sverige vill lämna följande kommentarer till utkastet till riktlinjer avseende behandling av akut stressyndrom och posttraumatiskt stressyndrom. International Society for Traumatic Stress studies gör regelbundet sammanställningar av evidensläget [1]. Det är viktigt att beakta att psykologiska behandlingsformer i form av traumafokuserad KBT och EMDR är de viktigaste och mest effektiva behandlingar. EMDR har varit kontroversiell men är det inte längre, utan är en internationellt accepterad behandlingsmetod för PTSD. Det är fortfarande inte allmänt accepterad att ögonrörelser har betydelse, men nyligen har svensk och australisk forskning visat att ögonrörelser under EMDR har tydliga fysiologiska effekter som är meningsfulla [2, 9], dessutom har alla studier av fysiologi vid EMDR hittills samstämmande visat dessa effekter, enligt en litteratursammanställning [3]. Under senaste åren har forskning om minnesfunktion och sakkadiska ögonrörelser visat att minnessystem som till exempel episodminne (som ofta är störd vid PTSD) påverkas på ett gynnsamt sätt av ögonrörelser [4-8]. Således finns det i dag mycket som stödjer att ögonrörelser är meningsfulla även om det kan vara svårt att förstå vid första anblicken. EMDR och exponeringsbehandling är lika effektiva enligt metastudier, bland annat Cochrane och i ISTSS aktuella genomgång av effektiva behandlingsmetoder för PTSD. Referenser 1. Foa E, Keane TM, Friedman MJ & Cohen JA. 2009. Effective Treatments for PTSD Practice Guidelines from the International Society fro Traumatic Stress Studies. Guilford,New York. 2. Elofsson, U.O., et al., Physiological correlates of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of anxiety disorders, 2008. 22(4): p. 622-34. 3. Söndergaard, E., Psychophysiological studies of EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2008. 2(4): p. 282-288. 4. Stickgold, R., EMDR: A putative neurobiological mechanism of action. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2002. 58(1): p. 61-75. 5. Parker, A. and N. Dagnall, Effects of bilateral eye movements on gist based false recognition in the DRM paradigm. Brain and cognition, 2007. 63(3): p. 221-5. 6. Parker, A., S. Relph, and N. Dagnall, Effects of bilateral eye movements on the retrieval of item, associative, and contextual information. Neuropsychology, 2008. 22(1): p. 136-45.

EMDR Association of Sweden makes the following comments to Draft Guidelines for the treatment of acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies makes regular summaries of evidence-mode [1]. It is important to note that psychological treatments in the form of trauma-focused CBT and EMDR is the most important and most effective treatments. EMDR has been controversial but it is no longer, but is an internationally accepted method of treatment for PTSD. There is still no generally accepted that eye movements are important, but lately, Swedish and Australian research has shown that eye movements during EMDR has clear physiological effects that are meaningful [2, 9], Moreover, all studies of physiology at the convergence of EMDR to date shown these effects, according to a literature review [3]. In recent years, research on memory function and Sakka wash eye movements showed that memory systems, such as episodic memory (which is often is disturbed in PTSD) is affected in a favorable way of eye movements [4-8]. Thus today there are a lot of support that eye movements are meaningful although it may be difficult to understand at first glance. EMDR and exposure therapy are as effective as meta-studies, including Cochrane and in ISTSS current review of effective treatments for PTSD. References 1st Foa E, Keane TM, Friedman MJ & Cohen JA. 2009th Effective Treatments for PTSD Practice Guidelines from the International Society fro Traumatic Stress Studies. Guilford, New York. 2nd Elofsson, UO, et al., Physiological correlator of eye movement desensitization and Reprocessing. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2008. 22 (4): p. 622-34. 3rd Sondergaard, E., Psychophysiological studies of EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2008. 2 (4): p. 282-288. 4th Gold Stick, R., EMDR: A putative neuro Biological mechanism of action. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2002. 58 (1): p. 61-75. 5th Parker, A. and N. Dagnall, Effects of bilateral eye movements on GIST-based false recognition in the DRM paradigm. Brain and Cognition, 2007th 63 (3): p. 221-5. 6th Parker, A., S. Relph, and N. Dagnall, Effects of bilateral eye movements On the retrieval of item, associative, and contextual information. Neuro-Psychology, 2008. 22 (1): p. 136-45.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

333. Knipe, J. (2005). Targeting positive affect to clear the pain of unrequited love, codependence, avoidance, and procrastination. In R. Shapiro (Ed.). EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing (pp. 189-212). New York: W W Norton & Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Most clients who enter therapy do not have a simple problem of a single disturbing memory. More typically, clients come to therapy with a mixed presentation, of not only emotional disturbance, but also a history of conscious or unconscious choices about how best to soothe, contain, or avoid that disturbance. When the client has a problem that includes positive and negative affective components, we could say (in the language of Shapiro's Adaptive Information Processing Model) that the chain of experiential associations -- the dysfunctionally stored memory network -- has positively valued experience at the entry point into the network and disturbing material at other, less accessible places. Clients often experience this situation as one of conflicting ego states. Specifically, one ego state may be positively emotionally invested in an outcome that is an obstacle to the person's larger life goals. When this happens and the usual EMDR method of targeting negative affect is stalled, it may be useful to target the positive side of the issue, that is, an image that has a positive emotional valence. Such clients are asked to hold in mind the enjoyable aspects of a problematic wish or identity while engaging in Dual Attention Stimulation (DAS). In this way, they can process these positive aspects, "disinvest" from the problem, and go on to resolve the conflict. Several session transcripts illustrate how this approach can work in practice. [Adapted from Text, pp. 189-190]

Keywords: Life Experiences Psychotherapeutic Processes Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

334. Araujo Souza, A. M. N. (2012, Novembro). Técnica grupal integrativa - MGI: Prevenção de TEPT–transtornos de estresse pós-traumático em grupos de crianças Vvítimas de catástrofe [Technical integrative group - MGI: Preventing PTSD disorders-posttraumatic stress in children groups Vvítimas disaster]. In EMDR em traumas. Apresentação no II Congresso Brasileiro de EMDR, Brasília, Brasil.

Language: Portuguese

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objetivo: Analisar o uso do Protocolo Grupal Integrativo (MGI) com o EMDR (Método de Dessensibilização e Reprocessamento pelo Movimento dos Olhos), na prevenção do Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (TEPT), em crianças vítimas de catástrofe. Método: Aplicação do Protocolo Grupal Integrativo (MGI- EMDR) em 16 crianças no município de Anchieta-SC, vítimas de tornado. Trata-se de um protocolo de EMDR utilizado em grupos, frente às situações traumáticas e permite que as vítimas entrem em contato com o evento, expressem lembranças traumáticas e sentimentos através de desenhos. Após cada desenho, o grupo foi estimulado a dessensibilizar e reprocessar os sentimentos e imagens perturbadoras através de movimentos bilateralizados do cérebro, sendo esses movimentos oculares, táteis ou sonoros. A técnica de estimulação utilizada foi o “Abraço Borboleta”, técnica desenvolvida por Artigas (2000) que consiste em cruzar as mãos e tocar a região entre a clavícula e o ombro com os dedos (estimulação tátil). A Escala de Unidade Subjetiva de Perturbação (SUDS) foi utilizada para medir o nível de perturbação ao lembrar da catástrofe. Como passo final, foi feita uma checagem corporal para verificar se havia alguma tensão física residual e a instalação de uma crença positiva de futuro. Resultados: houve redução da Escala Subjetiva de Perturbação (SUDS) na maioria das crianças e a qualidade dos sentimentos das mesmas ao entrarem em contato com a situação do tornado – “medo, desespero, tristeza, angústia” – como consequência dos fatos passados, se transformaram ao ser reprocessados em um reconhecimento de que o perigo passou. Os sentimentos se transformaram em “feliz, alívio, muito feliz, alegre“. Conclusão: O uso do MGI com EMDR em situações de catástrofes facilita a expressão da lembrança traumática armazenada no cérebro de forma disfuncional.

Objective: To analyze the use of Group Integrative Protocol (MGI) to EMDR (Desensitization and Reprocessing Method for Eye Movement), the prevention of disorder Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in children victims of disaster. Method: Application Protocol Integrative Group (MGI-EMDR) in 16 children in the municipality of Anchieta-SC, tornado victims. It is a protocol used EMDR in groups, face the trauma and allows victims to contact the event, express traumatic memories and feelings through drawings. After each drawing, the group was encouraged to desensitize and reprocess disturbing images and feelings through movements bilateralizados the brain, and these eye movements, tactile or audible. The stimulation technique used was the "butterfly hug" technique developed by Artigas (2000) which is to cross your hands and touch the area between the collarbone and the shoulder with fingers (tactile stimulation). The Scale of Subjective Unit of Disturbance (SUDS) was used to measure the level of disturbance to remember the disaster. As a final step, we performed a body check to see if there was any residual physical tension and installation of a positive belief in the future. Results: decreased Subjective Disturbance Scale (SUDS) in most children and quality of the same feelings to get in touch with the situation of the tornado - "fear, despair, sadness, distress" - as a result of past events, became to be reprocessed in a recognition that the danger has passed. The feelings became "happy, relieved, happy, happy." Conclusion: The use of EMDR with MGI in disaster situations facilitates the expression of traumatic memories stored in the brain so dysfunctional.

Keywords: Children MGI - Integrative Group Protocol with EMDR Reprocessing Catastrophe

Accuracy Verified: Yes

335. Onofri, A. (2009, Novembre). Tema intervento: EMDR, stimolazione bilaterale ed elaborazione accellerata delle informazioni [Theme areas: EMDR, bilateral stimulation and accelerated development of information]. Presentatie op de 1e Internationale Conferentie Universa vergeleken universum Lipsi, Orvieto, TR, Italië.

Language: Italian

Format: Conference

Abstract:
I° Convegno Internazionale universi a confronto. La terapeutica occidentale incontra quella sciamanica andina
Con questo primo Convegno Internazionale UniVerso LiPsi inaugura Universi a confronto, un nuovo e permanente Motore culturale di Ricerca e Dialogo sulle diverse pratiche terapeutiche e su come sviluppare una maggiore integrazione tra le stesse, con l’obiettivo di promuovere il benessere della persona vista nella sua interezza ed unicità, attraverso un percorso di condivisione di conoscenze, esperienze, riflessioni e idee da far confluire in un più ampio bacino cui attingere anche per il reciproco arricchimento umano e professionale

1st International Universi Conference comparing universes comparison. The western therapy compared to the Andean Shamanism. With this first International Conference opens Universes in Universe Lipsi comparison, a new engine, permanent cultural Research and Dialogue on the various therapeutic practices and how to develop greater integration between them, with the objective of promoting the welfare of the person seen in its wholeness and oneness, through a sharing of knowledge, experiences, thoughts and ideas to feed into a wider pool to draw upon for the mutual enrichment of human and professional.

Keywords: Andean Indian Culture Andean Shamanism

Accuracy Verified: Yes

336. Smolinski, A. K. (2009, June). Terapia familiar (fásica) y EMDR: ¿pareja perfecta, unión de conveniencia, o enfoques rivales? [Family therapy (phasic) and EMDR: Perfect couple, a union of convenience or rival focuses?]. Mosaico, 42, 15-19.

Language: Spanish

Format: Magazine

Abstract: >br?El articulo pretende encuadrar la utilizacion de tecnnicas adicionales (en este case la estimulacion bilateral, EMDR) en el marco teorico-practico de la erapia Familiar Sistemica. Se explicala tecnica de EMDR y su integracion en el Model de la Terapi Familiar Fasica.

This article aims to frame the use of additional tecnnicas (in this case the bilateral stimulation, EMDR) in the theoretical and practical framework of Systemic Family Therapy. They explain EMDR technique and its integration in the Family Therapy Model (Phasic)

Keywords: Couples Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

337. Almeida, C. (2009, Dezembro). Terapia trata traumas com movimento dos olhos [Therapy deals with trauma eye movement]. Especial para o UOL Ciência e Saúde Especial para o UOL Ciência e Saúde .

Language: Portuguese

Format: Other

Abstract:
Quem foi sequestrado, assaltado, sofreu algum tipo de violência na idade adulta ou na infância sabe: dores psicológicas duram e comprometem substancialmente a qualidade de vida. Para muitas pessoas, o mal-estar pode ser tão profundo, que nem mesmo a clássica terapia e o uso de antidepressivos garantem o alívio dos sintomas. Mas uma nova técnica terapêutica, baseada no estímulo bilateral dos hemisférios cerebrais, pode ser a esperança para vencer esses traumas: trata-se da Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing [Dessensibilização e Reprocessamento por meio dos Movimentos Oculares], ou EMDR.

Keywords: Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

338. Pearson, H. J. (2005, September). That was then, this is now: Sensory stimulation and parietal integrative functions. Poster presented at the annual meeting of EMDR International Association, Seattle, WA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Keywords: Parietal Integrative Functions Poster Sensory Stimulation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

339. Sivan, A. (2008, June). Therapists’ views on the use of EMDR: The case of Hong Kong. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Since the introduction of EMDR training courses in Hong Kong a few years ago, the method has been gaining an enormously growing interest among professionals. One of the indications to the growing interest in EMDR is the high rate of participation in the training courses. While there is a volume of studies on the efficacy of EMDR among different populations, therapists’ viewpoints on its use has not been studied extensively. The purpose of the paper is to examine the views of therapists who have undergone EMDR training in Hong Kong and have used the method in their practice. Data were collected through an open-ended questionnaire and follow-up in depth interviews with a group of therapists. The questionnaire sought information about their initial experience of using EMDR, the types of patients they used it with, the contribution of the method to the therapy and the difficulties they encountered. Follow-up interviews aimed to shed more light on issues raised by the respondents and to provide a platform for their further elaboration. Participants’ responses indicated the positive effects EMDR use on clients and its facilitation of the therapy process. The respondents indicated difficulties in following the exact EDMR protocol especially in relation to the terminology such as: “completely false”, “completely true”, “emotions” and “sensation”. Additional issues raised around the use of the scales and of different bilateral stimulations. On the basis of these finding special consideration should be given to the adaptation of the EMDR protocol to the Chinese language and way of thinking.

Keywords: Hong Kong

Accuracy Verified: Yes

340. Carr-Elsing, D. (1997, November 17). Therapy frees grim memories. Madison, WI: Capital Times, Lifestyle, 1D.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
Called Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, or EMDR, the technique combines many of the successful, traditional approaches of psychotherapy with eye movements or other forms of rhythmic stimulation.

Keywords: General Overview Madison

Accuracy Verified: Yes

341. Marich, J. N. (2010). To the editor. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(2), 100-101. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.2.100.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In Isaac Bashevis Singer’s prolifi c Holocaust novel, Enemies: A Love Story (1972), the main character, Herman Broder, sets his eyes into an oscillating motion whenever he needs to deal with stress or anxiety. The books and poems of Native American author Sherman Alexie (1992, 2009) beautifully document how centuries of tribes have utilized the dance, an activity of tactile bilateral stimulation, to cope with distress and heighten performance. Kyra Gaunt (2006) documented how generations of African American girls have used clapping games, doubledutch jump rope, and other bilateral rhythmic activities to transition into adulthood. This small collection of examples sets a larger context for the development of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) that I feel, in the excitement over the 20th anniversary of Shapiro’s discovery, we have failed to consider. I write this letter with a great deal of respect for Dr. Francine Shapiro as someone who has tapped into the seemingly innate, healing power of bilateral stimulation and systematized it for use in psychotherapeutic settings. In the spirit of appreciating the larger context of her contribution, I feel the need to voice my concern about several points that she articulated in the interview with Marilyn Luber. (Excerpt)

Keywords: Letter

Accuracy Verified: Yes

342. van den Hout, M. A., Rijkeboer, M. M., Engelhard, I. M., Klugkist, I., Hornsveld, H., Toffolo, M. J. B., & Cath, D. C. (2012, May). Tones inferior to eye movements in the EMDR treatment of PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(5), 275-279. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.02.001.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). During EMDR, patients make eye movements (EMs) while recalling traumatic memories, but recently therapists have replaced EMs by alternating beep tones. There are no outcome studies on the effects of tones. In an earlier analogue study, tones were inferior to EMs in the reduction of vividness of aversive memories. In a first EMDR session, 12 PTSD patients recalled trauma memories in three conditions: recall only, recall + tones, and recall + EMs. Three competing hypotheses were tested: 1) EMs are as effective as tones and better than recall only, 2) EMs are better than tones and tones are as effective as recall only, and 3) EMs are better than tones and tones are better than recall only. The order of conditions was balanced, each condition was delivered twice, and decline in memory vividness and emotionality served as outcome measures. The data strongly support hypothesis 2 and 3 over 1: EMs outperformed tones while it remained unclear if tones add to recall only. The findings add to earlier considerations and earlier analogue findings suggesting that EMs are superior to tones and that replacing the former by the latter was premature.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS EMs Eye Movements Tones

Accuracy Verified: Yes

343. Crudele, B. (2012, November 16). Touch, sound and light help heal inner wounds. Marine Corps Times. Retrieved from http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20121126/NEWS/211260306/Touch-sound-and-light-help-heal-inner-wounds 4/9/2013.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
EMDR therapy, recognized by the Defense Department as an evidence-based treatment for PTSD, includes image exposure, desensitization, cognitive processing, assessment, psychoeducation and coping strategies, according to the Naval Center for Combat & Operational Stress Control. During each session, patients are asked to recall a traumatic event and identify the positive and negative feelings associated with the event. Repetitive exercises including bilateral eye movements, with simultaneous bilateral sounds through headphones and tapping sensations in the palms, are provided to stimulate both hemispheres of the brain. The most common task is side-to-side eye movements, allowing the patient to focus on the provider's moving finger or a light bar. The exercises are conducted for each traumatic event until the patient reassesses or recalibrates his level of emotional distress. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Military Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Veterans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

344. Aduriz, M. E. (2007, Novembro). Trabajando creativamente con EMDR en niños y familia - Como motivar al niño a usar EMDR [Working creatively with EMDR children and family - How to motivate the child to use EMDR]. Presentación en el Primer Congreso Iberoamericano de EMDR, Brasilia, Brasil.

Language: Spanish

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Como aplicar las 8 fases a distintas edades en relación a: • Informar que es EMDR y que sucede en el cerebro • Acceder a la Estimulación Bilateral como una experiencia segura • Maneras de armar y amplificar la función del Lugar Seguro • Introducir el I C E S (Imagen- Creencia – Emoción – Sensación Corporal).y las Escalas del SUD y VOC • Reconocimiento y tolerancia de las emociones• Fase de desensibilización. Su diferencia con los adultos. • Como detectar y superar: ab-reacciones - bloqueos – riesgo de disociación • Modos de instalar y amplificar la creencia positiva. • Como hacer cierre de sesión en las distantes edades y situaciones • Importancia del Seguimiento o reevaluación con la ayuda de los padres.

How to apply the 8 stages at different ages in relation to: • Report is EMDR and what happens in the brain • Access to a Bilateral Stimulation safe experience • Ways to set up and amplify the role of Safe Place • Enter the I C E S (Picture-Belief - Emotion - Feeling Body). And Scales of SUD and VOC • Recognition and tolerance of emotions • Phase desensitization. The difference with adults. • How to identify and overcome: ab-reactions - blocks - the risk of dissociation • Ways to set up and amplify the belief positive. • How to logout in the distant ages and situations • Importance of monitoring or reassessment with the help of parents.

Keywords: Children Family

Accuracy Verified: Yes

345. Stickgold, R. (2011). Traitement du souvenir dépendant du sommeil et mode d’action de l’EMDR [Treatment of sleep-dependent memory and mode of action of EMDR]. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(1), E1-E11. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.1.E1.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
On pense que l’efficacité particulière de l’EMDR (désensibilisation et retraitement par les mouvements oculaires) dans le traitement de l’état de stress post-traumatique résulte de changements dans l’état cérébral et mental du sujet qui sont induits par la stimulation sensorielle bilatérale, mais la nature spécifique de ces changements et leurs conséquences demeurent inconnues. La possibilité que la stimulation bilatérale induise un état psychologique et cérébral semblable à celui qui est induit par les mouvements oculaires rapides, lors du sommeil paradoxal, est corroborée par des études montrant que le sommeil favorise certaines formes de traitement du souvenir, sans doute nécessaires à la résolution du traumatisme. Ces études, parallèlement à des recherches directes sur l’effet de la stimulation bilatérale sur le traitement des souvenirs et des émotions, et à des études comparatives identifiant les caractéristiques que doit revêtir la stimulation bilatérale pour traiter efficacement les traumatismes, nous conduiront finalement à comprendre le fondement neurobiologique de l’EMDR.

It is believed that the particular effectiveness of EMDR (desensitization and reprocessing movements eye) in the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder resulting from changes in the state brain and mind of the subject that are induced by bilateral sensory stimulation, but the specific nature these changes and their consequences are still unknown. The possibility that stimulation Bilateral induce a psychological state and brain similar to that induced by the motion rapid eye during REM sleep, is supported by studies showing that sleep promotes certain forms of treatment of memory, probably needed to resolve the trauma. These studies, along with direct research on the effect of bilateral stimulation on treatment memories and emotions, and comparative studies identifying the characteristics that make take the bilateral stimulation to treat injuries effectively, we will ultimately lead to understanding the neurobiological basis of EMDR.

Keywords: Combination Therapy Memory REM Sleep Sleep

Accuracy Verified: Yes

346. Buscaglia, S. (2008, Julio 10). Tratamiento realizado con EMDR [Performed with EMDR treatment]. DePsicoterapias S.R.L. Retrieved from http://www.depsicoterapias.com/articulo.asp?IdArticulo=454 om 1/4/2009.

Language: Spanish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
EMDR es un nuevo método psicoterapéutico para el tratamiento de diferentes problemas que pueden tener su origen tanto en experiencias tempranas como en cualquier tipo de situación traumática que se produzca en el curso de la vida, como abusos, depresión, trastornos de pánico, sobrevivir a catástrofes, etc. La información traumática queda bloqueada y provoca los síntomas de los distin-tos cuadros psicopatológicos. EMDR combina un abordaje cognitivo junto con un abordaje neurofisiológico, la estimulación bilateral sensorial. Esta consiste en movimientos oculares, sonidos alternados o palmoteo en las manos, lo cual produce un aceleramiento y desblo-queo de las funciones de procesamiento de la información en el cerebro, lo que lleva al alivio de los síntomas y a tener una nueva mirada sobre la vida, al poder usar las experiencias vividas como aprendizaje para el buen manejo de la realidad. A continuación se presentarán dos viñetas de tratamientos para ejemplificar cómo se trabaja con el modelo EMDR.

EMDR is a new psychotherapeutic method for the treatment of different problems that can result from both early experiences as in any type of trauma occurring in the course of life, such as abuse, depression, panic disorder, surviving disasters , etc. Traumatic information is blocked and causes the symptoms of psychopathology differ-ent. EMDR combines a cognitive approach along with a neurophysiological approach, bilateral sensory stimulation. This consists of eye movements, alternating or clapping sounds in the hands, resulting in an acceleration-lock and unlock the functions of information processing in the brain, leading to relief of symptoms and have a new look life, to use as learning experiences for the proper handling of reality. Then it will present two vignettes to illustrate how treatment works with the EMDR model.

Keywords: Practice Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

347. Diegelmann, C., & Isermann, M. (2003). Trauma exposure and crisis intervention with CIPBS. Poster presented at the VIII European Conference on Traumatic Stress, Berlin, Germany.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
CIPBS (Conflict Imagination Painting and Bilateral Stimulation) is a new, EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, Shapiro) and KIP (Katathym imaginative Psychotherapie, Lerner) related approach for trauma exposure and crisis intervention that also includes basic elements of art therapy. CIPBS is a structured process, using symbolization and bilateral stimulation. It can be integrated in different therapeutic approaches and settings. The poster shows case examples of he application in different fields like psychooncology and childhood trauma and also some results of a pilot study.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation CIPBS Conflict Imagination Painting Katathym Imaginative Psychotherapie KIP Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

348. Lovett, J. (2000). The trauma-attachment tangle: Let's help children and parents out of the bind. The Children's Group Therapy Association Newsletter. Retrieved from http://www.cgta.net/newsletters/play_therapy.html November 16, 2011.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
What does help children and adults who have had experiences that ruptured their trust in the world and who have been unable to develop close, reciprocal, loving relationships? 1. Experiences of being safe for an extended period of time. 2. EMDR to desensitize and reprocess upsetting memories. 3. Development of healthy “inner parents” who nurture, encourage, and offer guidance. 4. Children benefit from nurturing cuddle time with parents – and alternating bilateral stimulation to reinforce positive experiences of safety, care, tenderness, and attunement. 5. Adults benefit from imagination exercises to help them experience nurturing. 6. Children and adults need a cohesive life story that is developmentally appropriate and explains and reframes what happened to them and offers trauma resolution and hope for the future. 7. EMDR to target confusion, so that uncertainty (necessary for approaching new experiences and learning) does not trigger anxiety. 8. Grief work, to deal with loss and find ways to be loyal to more than one person or family. 9. Creative opportunities for healing. Art, play therapy, drama, sandtray work can be used to express feelings, as well as provide targets for desensitizing and reprocessing traumatic experiences. Fortunately, children can resolve trauma even when EMDR is used to help the action figure, the baby doll, or the toy horse resolve a challenging situation. 10. Work with parents (or refer them) to understand and desensitize their own triggers for reactivity. Children who are fearful, angry, needy, or sad need mature parents who can stay objective and help them contain their strong emotions. 11. While the work of resolving trauma and developing trust can be slow, EMDR can facilitate the process. The rewards are sweet and well worth the effort. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Adults Attachment Children Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

349. Perry, B. D. (2002, June). Traumatic memory and neurodevelopment: A proposed mechanism of action for EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation will provide an overview of the neurodevelopmental process of creating neural networks mediating various functions. A general understanding of those "memory" processes can provide a plausible mechanism to explain the efficacy of EMDR and other therapeutic approaches which use repetitive, rhythmic sensory stimulation and cognitive recall to treat the symptoms of trauma.

Keywords: Mechanism of Action Neural Networks Neurodevelopment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

350. Whisman, M. (2005, September). Treating the trauma of panic and understanding panic as an aspect of trauma. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Seattle, WA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Anxiety, although experienced by everyone, is unique and complex in the Panic Disordered client. Therapists who will be treating these clients need to comprehend the overwhelming experience of panic; its life-altering consequences; underlying causes; and the phobic responses that range from irrrational to bizarre. Panic is a major symptom of post-trauma phenomena; and the experience of panic is traumatizing itself. The end results are remarkably similiar: distortions in attributions (cognitions) and coping mechanisms (behavior), and an intolerance of particular emotional states. The goal of this workshop is to expand the clinician's awareness, sensitivity and skill in treating the many faces of panic and to incorporate bilateral stimulation and adaptive information processing (EMDR) as an integral part of that treatment.

Keywords: Anxiety Panic: Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

351. Nickell, A. (1998, July 4). Treatment ends bad memories. Cheyenne, WY: Wyoming Tribune-Eagle, A6.

Language: English

Format: Newspaper

Abstract:
A therapy developed in 1987 by psychologist Dr. Francine Shapiro is helping patients diminish and remove the effects of those disturbing memories.The therapy is called eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Trained therapists use it by alternating stimulation between the two hemispheres of the brain while the patient focuses on the trauma."It's a fairly complicated therapy," said licensed counselor Roger Ludwig. "I go through a series of steps with my patients. "Those steps include getting to know the patient and understanding what triggers the anxiety.The patient also must isolate a mental snapshot to represent the event, a feeling about the event and thoughts about the event, such as "He's going to kill me."The doctor then runs the patient through a sequence of bilateral stimuli.

Keywords: Cheyenne General Overview Roger Ludwig

Accuracy Verified: No

352. Coste, L. (2007, June). Treatment of complex drivng phobia on the expressway (demonstrating the value of dreams, daydreams and metaphors through EMDR treatment). Poster presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Here is the summary of the treatment of a complex phobia develop since 1 year by a 35 year old man who past brittleness symptoms, considered as a continuation of the parental separation, first appeared in adolescence. In fact, around this period, the malaises of the patient took various forms without releasing insurmountable fears.
Been born of Cameroonian father and a French mother, Mr. G. is the third child, two sisters preceding him. An abortion followed the birth of Mr. G. A few months after that event the parents divorced.
Mr., G. is living and working in a pharmaceutical and cosmopolitan environment. He met his English girlfriend 8 years ago in Spain, where they lived for 4 years. Mr. G. lives since 4 years in France, his birthplace. He frequently travels abroad. His resides in France 9 months. A year ago, Mr., G. met a woman that had tunnel anguishes too. Now, since his installation, Mr., G. complains about phobia on the expressway.
That began for the first time when he prepared himself to go by car from London to Marseilles. But arriving to Montpellier, a fear panic paralyzes him. He could not drive any more. His three year old girl sat down in the rear seat. And he said: “My girl will die.”
Besides, Mr. G. does not suffer from declared anguishes in other places or in other vehicles.
A treatment by medicines is followed since 5 months successfully.
My interventions have held, before each new session, taking into account the following originally: the content of dreams, referring to the psychoanalytic models; metaphors evolution through the “sure place” during treatment; the free expression of the patient after bilateral alternate stimulations, being able to evolve through awaken dreams, without systematic return to the target when the cognition-arborescence deviates lightly.
These three tools are excellent to prove and judge advances in therapy, because they constitute an ideal unconscious bottom revealed by the therapist is compared with the cognitions quoted by the patient, then discussed in order to obtain in the filed of future cognitions, the most adequate ones.
The first treatment being urgent, it is a matter to target priority the situation that releases the panic. The cognitions will evolve logically from the “one’s self esteem” to “the possibilities of choice.”
At the end of 9 EMDR sessions and three months of treatments, Mr. G. drives freely on the expressways. Consecutively, he did “the mourning” of his father and feels from that time the need to protect this mother.

Keywords: Daydreams Dreams Driving Phobia Metaphors Phobia Poster

Accuracy Verified: Yes

353. Sprowls, C., & Marquis, P. (2012, June). Treatment of OCD [Tratamiento del TOC]. Presentation at the annual meeting of EMDR Europe Association, Madrid, Spain.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Will present on the treatment of OCD and OCD Spectrum y Disorders using Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, (EMDR). This treatment is based on clinical research and practice, integrating Anxiety Disorder treatments such as cognitive techniques and response prevention with EMDR. The diagnoses of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Hoarding, Trichotillomania and Skin Picking and their interaction with underlying PTSD will be discussed and standard EMDR treatment protocols presented. This will be presented in the context of the Adaptive Information Processing Model. Theoretical models will be presented. This treatment integrates the use of future template and behavioral feedback for success of anxiety treatment. Participants will learn how to specify EMDR targets for rapid symptom reduction and how clients can integrate self-‐use of bilateral stimulation to increase treatment results. Case examples will be presented. Participants will be encouraged to discuss and receive feedback on OCD cases of their own. Cross-‐cultural applications and understanding will be explored. Dr. Marquis is the Anxiety Team Leader at Kaiser hospital and has been practicing, teaching and training EMDR internationally since 1991. Dr. Sprowls is an expert in PTSD and Anxiety Disorder. She has been practicing, teaching and training EMDR internationally since 1993.

Presentaremos el tratamiento del TOC y trastornos del espectro obsesivo-‐compulsivo usando el reprocesamiento ocular rápido EMDR. Este tratamiento está basado en investigaciones y práctica clínica, integrando tratamientos para los trastornos de ansiedad, como técnicas cognitivas de prevención de respuesta con EMDR. El diagnóstico del trastorno obsesivo compulsivo, más concretamente, la Tricotilomanía y desgaste epitelial y su interacción con un oculto TEPT serán discutidas y los protocolos estándar de tratamiento EMDR serán presentados. Será presentado en el contexto del modelo de procesamiento adaptativo de la información. Los modelos teoréticos serán presentados. Este tratamiento integra el uso de planes de futuro y feedback comportamental para el éxito en el tratamiento de la ansiedad. Los asistentes aprenderán a especificar las dianas del EMDR para una reducción rápida de los síntomas y como el cliente puede integrar el uso de la estimulación bilateral para incrementar los resultados del tratamiento. Ejemplos de caso serán presentados. Animamos a los participantes a discutir y recibir feedback en casos de TOC propios. Las aplicaciones interculturales y el entendimiento del trastorno serán explorados. El Dr. Marquis es el director del equipo de ansiedad en el hospital Kaiser y ha estado practicando y entrenando EMDR de manera internacional desde 1991. La Dra.Sprowls es una experta en TEPT y trastornos de ansiedad. Ha estado practicando, enseñando y formando en EMDR de manera internacional desde 1993

Keywords: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

354. Chung, M. Y. (2005, March). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 44(2), 145-146.

Language: Korean

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder which cause is certain, and mechanism of PTSD has been stu-died actively for decades. The various kinds of therapy, based on the pathophysiology of PTSD, were applied and among them eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), therapy for sleep, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and psychopharmacotherapy that showed considerable effect for patients with PTSD would be introduced.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

355. Doherty, K. C. (2010, June 14). A treatment to take the stress out of post-traumatic stress disorder. Chicago, IL: Medill Reports.

Language: English

Format: Publication

Abstract:
“The pain that I was in was so severe, I was crying 18 hours a day,” said Kate Keleher, referring to the effects of Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder on her life. That was before she discovered Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment, a comprehensive therapy for PTSD that uses horizontal eye movements or other repetitive and bi‐lateral stimulation such as auditory tones or tapping during sessions. Bi‐lateral means both eyes, both ears or both hands receive the same stimulation.

Keywords: General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

356. Zillhart, P. (2007, Juin). Troubles du comportement alimentaire et EMDR [EMDR and eating behavioral disorders]. Présentation à la réunion annuelle de l'Association EMDR Europe, Paris, France.

Language: French

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Défaut d’intériorsation des objets dans la théorie des relations objectales ou véritable pathologie de la consommation et du changement au carrefour des domains environnementaux et socio-culturels, les TCA constituent un probleme de santé sociale. Leur nature addictive est discutée.
Le problematique des TCA est rendue plus complexe par l’existence d’une lourde comorbidité dont les éléments pathologiques sont autant causes que conséquences. Notons que 40% des patients souffrant de TCA ont eu, à un moment de leur vie, un psychotraumatisme.
La thérapie EMDR permet une approche intégrative dans le traitement des TCA: un aspect cognitif indéniable, le processus associatif unduit par les stimulations alternées met souvent en lumuiere des matériaux reflétant des conflits intrapsychiques plus ou moins archaiques.
Le travail portant sur l’imagerie mentale ou les états dissociés du moi peut aussi etre associé dans les cas difficiles de patients souffrant de TCA Le présent atelier a pour but :
- D’éclairir les points clef des classifications nosographiques actuelles, notamment dans leur incidence thérapeutique, sans oublier les cas l’urgences.
- De présenter les aspects les plus récents du modèle bio-psychosocial des TCA, véritable clef de voute des interventions thérapeutiques, notommanent concernant la therapie EMDR. La therapie EMDR se veut indvidualisée selon l’histoire de vie de chaque patient.
La connaissance profounde de l’histoire de vie des patients avec leurs thématiques existentielles permet la construction de "clusters" multiples. Ceux-ci offrent un mode d’induction privilégié des processus associatifs de restructuration cognitive, émotionnelle, et corporelle proper à la thérapie EMDR.
- Des protocoles sont proposés selon cas et illustrés par quelques exemples et vignettes cliniques.
- De répondre à un maximum de questions durant l’atelier.

Failure intériorsation objects in the theory of object relations or true pathology of consumption and change at the junction of domains environmental and socio-cultural, the CAW is a social health problem. Their addictive nature is discussed. The problematic CAW is complicated by the existence of a significant comorbidity with pathological elements are all causes than consequences. Note that 40% of patients with ABI had, at some point in their life, a psychological trauma. EMDR allows an integrative approach in the treatment of TCA, a cognitive undeniable, the associative process unduit by alternating stimulation is often lumuiere materials reflecting intrapsychic conflicts more or less archaic. The work on mental imagery or dissociated ego states may also be involved in difficult cases of patients with ABI This workshop aims to: - To explain the key points nosographic current classifications, particularly in their therapeutic effect, without forgetting the emergency cases. - Present the most recent aspects of the biopsychosocial model CAW real keystone of therapeutic interventions notommanent on EMDR therapy. The EMDR therapy is meant indvidualisée by life history of each patient. Profound knowledge of the history of life of patients with their existential issues allows the construction of clusters multiple. They offer a privileged mode of induction of associative processes of cognitive restructuring, emotional, and physical Proper to EMDR. - Protocols are proposed under event and illustrated by some examples and clinical vignettes. - To answer many questions as possible during the workshop.

Keywords: Eating Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

357. Diegelmann, C., & Isermann, M. (2011, July). Trust: Activating positive emotions in patients facing cancer or death. Poster presented at the 2nd World Congress on Positive Psychology, Philadelphia PA..

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Trust interventions focus on strengthening resilience and prevent clients from being flooded by uncontrollable ideas. They include working with imagination, metaphors, symbols and artwork and cognitions. Bilateral stimulation (BLS), an element of EMDR therapy is used for: 1) resource installation and anchoring, 2)reducing distress, 3) creating new chains of associations, 4) finding new perspectives. Trust interventions aim to: 1) bring the brain back from fear made into a a state of balance, 2) draw attention to concrete [new] experiences, 3) discover and strengthen subjective and objective resources in everyday life, 4) identify and, if required, change evaluation processes and attitudes.

Keywords: Cancer Positive Emotions Trust

Accuracy Verified: Yes

358. Hancox, J., & Weber, N. (1999, June). Understanding transformations of energy in EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Las Vegas, NV.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will be able to: 1) learn how to utilize the 5 senses in creating a safe environment; 2) learn how to open the 6th sense, the "third eye of intuition" by utilizing at least two breathing techniques that slow thought process, and help establish and maintain the objective observer for the EMDR protocol; 3) learn two creative visualizations that decrease changes of client flooding - learn to install positive resources through color and senses, as well as creating the safe place utilizing bilateral self-stimulation; 4) learn how to diagnose emotional issues through the "Anatomy of Energy" by recognizing 7 energy centers in the body and corresponding physical dysfunctions; and 5) learn how to transform resistant energy through the sensory pathways and eidetic imagery exercises.

Keywords: Energy Safe Place Third Eye

Accuracy Verified: Yes

359. Descilo, T. (2001, Spring). Understanding victim behavior: The psychobiology of trauma. National Center for Victims of Crime Networks, 1-3.

Language: English

Format: Newsletter

Abstract:
We also use Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), which involves engaging a person in a bilateral movement, such as following a therapist's finger or tapping the clients knees alternatively, while thinking about traumatic events, shifting a person's attention from one side of the body to the other in order to release the pain connected to the event. EMDR has produced excellent results. [Excerpt]

Keywords: Victims

Accuracy Verified: Yes

360. Glaser, G. (2006, August 25). Unusual eye movement therapy for PTSD goes mainstream. Newhouse News Service.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
Since its debut in the late 1980s, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR, has divided mental health experts. Some say it's a painless therapy for the treatment of single-incident traumas, such as natural disasters, rape or combat. Others dismiss a main component eye movements or other bilateral stimulation as unnecessary to recovery.

Keywords: General Overview

Accuracy Verified: Yes

361. Popky, A. J. (2011, October). An urge reduction protocol as a new way to address addictions and dysfunctional behaviors based on the AIP model of EMDR. Presentation for Care For the Troops, Marietta, Ohio.

Language: English

Format: Other

Abstract:
The purpose of this document is to act as a training manual for those clinicians that work with addictive populations and that have completed already completed EMDR level 1 and 2 trainings. Previous research on EMDR has focused on its usefulness for treating trauma-related symptoms in a diverse sample of subjects. This protocol deals with targeting triggers that bring up urges rather than traumas. It is the authors beliefs that the targeting of triggers is a gentler way of dealing with this addictive population and that as triggers are reprocessed ego strength grows until the thread to the trauma or core issues are ready to emerge to be reprocessed. Background This treatment model and the theories involved are based on experience from personal client observation and anecdotal reports received from other therapists using this same protocol. It is an eclectic model and combines many methodologies, including but not limited to, cognitive-behavioral, solution focused, Ericksonian, narrative, object relations, EFT, TFT, to name a few. The bi-lateral stimulation from the accelerated information processing model (EMDR) seems to form the catalyst for rapid processing and change, the turbo-charger that speeds the healing process. Successful results have been reported across the wide spectrum of addictions and dysfunctional behaviors: chemical substances (nicotine, marijuana, alcohol, methamphetamine, cocaine, crack, heroin/methadone, etc.), eating disorders such as compulsive overeating, anorexia and bulimia, along with other behaviors such as sex, gambling, shoplifting, anger outbursts, OCD and trichotillomania, etc. Since this is an urge reduction protocol the scope of applications can include a wide variety of applications.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing Addictions AIP Desensitization of Triggers and Urge Reprocessing DeTUR Dysfunctional Behaviors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

362. Barbieri, J. L. (2008, April). The URGES approach: Urge reduction by growing ego strength (URGES) for trauma/addiction treatment using alternate bilateral stimulation, hypnotherapy, ego state therapy and energy psychology. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 15(2), 116-138. doi:10.1080/10720160802035584.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The URGES approach is a theory and protocol to treat trauma and addiction simultaneously. It combines hypnotherapy, ego state work, alternate bilateral stimulation, and energy psychology.It was developed to meet the need to address trauma without disturbing mainstream addiction treatment. Based on the premise that trauma and addiction are co-relational, this method uses ego state images including an Addict ego state that hypothetically reflect brain chemistry dynamics and changes.URGES is a combination method that incorporates basic concepts from hypnotherapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, ego state therapy and several energy psychology techniques.Orchestrated ego state conflicts hypothetically exercise the brain.Ego state patterns are emerging from URGES that indicate a degree of predictability in assessing patient's internal response to treatment.The main focus of this approach is using the addictive urge to locate and process underlying trauma.

Keywords: Addiction Bilateral Stimulation BLS Ego State Therapy Energy Psychology Hynotherapy Trauma Treatment URGES Approach

Accuracy Verified: Yes

363. Ponzano, R. A., & Gozzano, E. (2008, June). Use and consumption of the traumatic experience as a defence from pain: EMDR and defence mechanisms. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objective: to illustrate the EMDR usefulness within the psycho-dynamical therapy. Foreword: a type of pain exists that’s nameless and inenarrable. During our psycho-dynamical practice as EMDR specialists, we met various defensive modalities adopted by patients presenting diverse pathologies to elude grief associated to that type of pain left segregated within the emotional portion of the brain. In particular, we take into account patients keen to coactively repeat the traumatic experience either directly in-person or through using others. The presumption is that the traumatic experience, when too early, too invasive or reiterated, may render it impossible to be expressed verbally (by use of the cortex), leading to express it either through the body or through reiterated use of the traumatic experience itself (coactions to repeat). This last point, within our clinical experience, seems being linked to ambivalent feelings vs. the very resolution of the experience itself (healing). Patients living this type of situation may namely be entangled by two conflicting wishes to either wish a real improvement of their condition or to seek maintaining that pathology in the fear of loosing the sense of security inspired them by the type of fake identity they built around the trauma. Benefits: using the technique of bilateral sensorial stimuli strives breaking off that defensive mood that feeds pathological coactions to reiterate the experience as the means to tolerate the grief. Namely its purpose is to penetrate through those defensive modalities and to successfully aid patients to abandon them thanks to a low structured context adequately freed by internal or external conditioning (ambivalence, judgement, rationalization, etc.).

Keywords: Defense Mechanisms Pain

Accuracy Verified: Yes

364. Bilal, M. S., & Rana, M. H. (2008, June). Use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in battle hardy soldiers after sustaining psychological trauma in various suicide bomb blast: A series of cases of post traumatic stress in terrorist acts. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, London, England.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Objective: The purpose of the study is to show the impact of the use of EMDR in survivors of suicide bomb blasts in North of Pakistan. Design and Settings: The study involves an ongoing compilation of clinical data and the study of therapeutic responses to various interventions including EMDR, at a tertiary mental health facility and Centre for Trauma Research and Psychosocial Interventions (CTRPI), Rawalpindi /Islamabad, Pakistan. This mental health facility is the catchment area of patients from Northern areas of Pakistan, currently the part of the country, worst affected by series of suicide bombings targeting military and civil population. Method: Families of the victims and those who survive suicide bombings without physical injuries are referred to CTRPI from peripheral areas / hospitals for assessment for psychosocial consequences of facing a man made disaster. Patients are interviewed at the point in time of referral and scoring is done on Impact of Event Scale (IES). Those who fulfill the criteria of Post traumatic Stress Disorder according to ICD-10 are registered for further studies and appropriate interventions. The individuals who fulfil the criteria for PTSD or any other psychiatric morbidity are then enrolled for regular psychiatric follow up. The patients are first offered the use of EMDR and all who give an informed consent are then assigned to a psychiatrist trained in EMDR (Level 2). Sessions of EMDR as per the protocol of 8 stages are carried out. Scoring on IES is recorded serially. According to the degree of improvement and severity of illness, sessions of EMDR are carried out using the bilateral stimulation during the hospital stay. Results: The three individuals who have completed EMDR treatment had survived the suicidal bombing attacks and fulfilled the entry criteria were administered 8 stage protocol EMDR. They all improved in their symptoms of intrusive images, hyper-arousal, autonomic instability and avoidance. Their sleep improved and nightmares diminished. Their social and interpersonal functioning improved. There was marked reduction of basal anxiety levels in all three. Scores on IES done after intervention (EMDR) improved from initial pre EMDR score of 41, 38 and 40 respectively to post EMDR scores of 18, 15 and 14 for the three subjects who completed EMDR protocol of 8 stages. On reporting to their respective units their occupational effectiveness has returned to previous levels of functioning. Conclusions: EMDR proves to be an effective non pharmacological intervention in terms of post traumatic stress disorder in special circumstances of acts of terrorism involving suicide bombing. The data presented is only preliminary and is based on a small number out of a larger sample.

Keywords: Military Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Terrorism

Accuracy Verified: Yes

365. Davis, N. (2002). The use of multi-sensory trauma processing to treatpost-traumatic stress disorder in law enforcement officers. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Brief treatments for the traumatized: A project of the Green Cross Foundation (pp. 173-206). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Abstract:
Multi-sensory Trauma Processing (MTP) is a short-term treatment technique designed to deal with many common problems that arise in more long-term therapeutic interventions. Eyemovement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a critical element of this therapy; however, it varies in several ways from the standard EMDR protocol used in research. Referring to it as MTP helps to distinguish the more global approach of this therapy from that of EMDR. MTP uses the alternating stimulation that is the foundation of EMDR; however, MTP simultaneously uses three alternating stimulations consisting of alternating sounds and tapping, as well as eye movement. Although it is unclear exactly how this alternating stimulation creates positive change, there are two credible theories which seek to explain its efficacy. One is that stress hormones released during exposure to a traumatic incident cause the memory of the incident to become "frozen" or unprocessed in the right brain, particularly the hippocampus. This frozen memory apparently leads to the symptoms of PTSD. Alternating stimulation may enable both hemispheres of the brain to process the traumatic memory, moving it from being "stuck" to an appropriate memory of the past. Other theorists have noted the eye movement commonly used in EMDR is similar to the back-and-forth movement of eyes in REM sleep; one symptom of PTSD is disturbed REM sleep and a change in eye movement accompanying this type of sleep. By replicating what the brain does naturally in REM sleep, the natural ability of the brain to process a memory may be reactivated. [Adapted from Text, pp. 180-181] [Pilots]

Keywords: Brief Psychotherapy Police Personnel Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

366. Ross, C., & Rouanzoin, C. (2012, October). Uses of EMDR in complex dissociative disorders. Presentation at the 29th annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation, Long Beach, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR can be used in the treatment of complex dissociative disorders. Both presenters have been treating dissociative disorders for decades and one is an approved EMDR trainer. This workshop will not include instruction on specific techniques: these can be learned from approved EMDR trainings which require six full days of workshop teaching, assigned readings, and 10 hours of supervision. Instead, the presenters will explain how EMDR is based on a trauma-dissociation model and is therefore highly suited to the treatment of complex dissociative disorders including DID. A brief description of EMDR will be provided, including its 8 phases, of which only one involves eye movements or other forms of bilateral stimulation. EMDR is consistent with three-stage models of trauma therapy: the eye movements are used in stage two, the active working phase of therapy. In EMDR this is called Phase 4. The work in trauma stage one (EMDR phases 1-3), in patients with DID or DDNOS, involves grounding, stabilization, system mapping, building co-consciousness, orientation of parts to the body and the present, and other elements from the dissociative disorders literature. The bilateral stimulation phase of EMDR should not be used until this phase one work is complete, or at least well underway. The presenters will then go on to provide case examples of how EMDR can be used in the psychotherapy of DID, DDNOS and the complex comorbidity that usually accompanies both.
Learning Objectives: Participants will be able to describe how EMDR can be used in complex dissociative disorders. Participants will be able to describe how EMDR is based on a trauma-dissociation model of mental disorders and addictions. Participants will be able to describe the basic feaures of EMDR.

Keywords: Dissociative Disorders

Accuracy Verified: Yes

367. Lu, D. P. (2010, May/June). Using alternating bilateral stimulation of eye movement desensitization for treatment of fearful patients. General Dentistry, 58(3), e140-e147.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Since the mid-1990s, eye movement desensitization (EMD) has been used in the realm of clinical psychology and psychiatry as a nonpharmacotherapeutic modality for the treatment of phobias, post-traumatic symptoms, and various psychotrauma cases. EMD can also be incorporated into the use of hypnosis, although the two are not the same thing. This study examined various clinical applications of the eye movement component of EMD (known as alternating bilateral stimulation (ABS)) on fearful dental patients who had a history of traumatic dental experiences. Findings were based on the clinical impressions and assessments of both the patients and the operating team. Results show that ABS, while effective for enabling patients to undergo non-invasive dental procedures such as clinical examinations and simple prophylaxis, has only limited beneficial effect for extremely fearful patients who must undergo invasive procedures such as extraction, drilling, and injections. Nevertheless, ABS is effective for mild to moderate patient phobia and anxiety. Although EMD is more effective than ABS, ABS is simple and easy for patients and clinicians to perform during treatment and can be performed readily in the dental office.

Keywords: ABS Alternating Bilateral Stimulation Anxiety Dental Patients Denistry Drilling EMD Extraction Injections Phobias

Accuracy Verified: Yes

368. Rost, C. (2005, June). Using EMDR during the stabilization phase for patients with complex trauma. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Brussels, Belgium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
This presentation offers a systematic approach for the treatment of patients with complex traumatization. The first step involves assessing the severity of the illness, using Babette Rothchild's trauma classification. A variety of techniques will then be introduced, all of which have recently been successfully combined with bipolar EMDR stimulation, and which serve to increase stability and resources ["a safe place", Forgash's body sensation resource, working with the inner child, Popkin's "position of power", Hofmann's absorption routine, the CIPOS-technique developed by Knipe and Forgash, etc.]. The lecture closes with a survey of methods useful for fractioning trauma in EMDR.

Keywords: Complex Trauma Stabilization

Accuracy Verified: Yes

369. O'Malley, A. (2007, June). Using EMDR in unresolved neonatal trauma in a 13 year old and in a 7 year old whose father killed their mother. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Paris, France.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract: I am presenting the case of a 13-year-old boy who was referred because of uncontrolled rage evident in his relationship with peers in one incident he had a fellow pupil’s head under water until he was gasping for air.. He had shown little remorse towards the boy and described the incident as funny. The family had experienced a series of traumatic events. They were forced to evacuate their home when criminal gangs attempted to burn them out; his was to use the house for drug-related activity. Gang members had assaulted my patient and his mother in the street after going to the police. After meeting with the parents and brother and older sister, I had identified that on top of this recent trauma L had extreme hostility towards his mother who he described as “that woman.” My initial EMDR sessions were with L and his father. During processing of the trauma, my video will show bizarre movement including rolling his head back, hypotonic posture and behavior similar to an infant. This can be understood in relation to L’s early development. He was born at 33 weeks gestation and spends his first 6 weeks in a special care baby unit (CBU) in an incubator. My presentation will discuss the neurological consequences of early trauma and how a narrative approach using EMDR can help in recovery. This approach is based on the work of Dr. Joan Lovett. She is a California-based pediatrician who has developed a protocol for working with children who have experienced significant trauma following premature birth.
My second case is J, a 7-year-old boy who witnessed his father murder his mother approx 1 year ago. He was then held hostage by his father for 6 hours with the body of his mother lying in a pool of blood in the kitchen while the police negotiated with J’s father for his release. My first involvement with J was an in depth assessment of his emotional attachment and placement needs for the court. During this process, he developed frequent infantile rages and I advised the system of care around J on their management. At one stage, he had recurrent dreams about joining his mother in heaven and he was discovered attempting to strangle himself. I will discuss how I used the safe place protocol to alleviate his distress. I am now using EMDR directly with J. I use a variety of bilateral alternating stimuli. These include drumming, musical symbols, and a xylophone. I am able to get J to draw sequentially with each new drawing generated by J performing the “Butterfly hug.” I was inspired to use this technique after I attended a wonderful workshop facilitated by Michel Silvestre entitled “integrating family therapy and EMDR.” I hope to discuss in this presentation how EMDR can be combined with other therapeutic approached in a case of extreme trauma experienced by a 6-year-old boy who is now effectively orphaned as his father is in prison probably for the rest of his natural life. I will also allude to some of the techniques discussed by Dr. Atle Dyregrov at the 5th annual UK and Ireland conference in London in March last year. He presented in depth therapeutic work with a girl who suffered the trauma of her mother’s suicide. I will discuss some of the challenges presented by traumatic grief and how the EMDR protocol can be adapted for use in children.

Keywords: Children

Accuracy Verified: Yes

370. Gates, D. P. (2002, June). Using EMDR with juvenile sex offenders and sexually reactive children. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, San Diego, CA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Participants will witness through audio/video presentation how EMDR facilitates the therapeutic treatment of Juvenile Sex Offenders and Sexually Reactive Children by accessing their innate information processing system. Participants will view a Juvenile Sex Offender (JSO), discover and process different parts of himself leading to resolution of his issues and another JSO resolve past and present issues of power and trust. Participants will also learn to identify the criteria that names Sexually Reactive Children and by demonstration be exposed to various forms of bilateral stimulation in order to expand their repertoire of techniques. Finally, participants will witness a Sexually Reactive Child process how to protect himself, find solutions to his problems and discover his power.

Keywords: Juvenile Sex Offenders Sexual Reactivity

Accuracy Verified: Yes

371. Britt, V., Bender, S. S., & Diepold, J. (2009, August). Using energy psychology to address inability to maintain dual attention focus in EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Atlanta, GA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
The AIP model requires a dual focus with patient’s attention on the traumatic memory concomitant with an awareness of the present moment. Despite an intensive EMDR preparation phase, some patients lack the resources to tolerate the desensitization phase and are unable to achieve or maintain dual attention during the bilateral stimulation. In this workshop, we will teach techniques from the emerging field of energy psychology, such as polarity corrections and touch and breathe, which provide additional tools for the EMDR process and expand therapists’ strategies for assisting patients who are dissociative, fearful, abreactive or have limited self-regulatory skills.

Keywords: Energy Psychology

Accuracy Verified: Yes

372. Kreitzberg, J. (2011). Using magneto encephalography to determine the therapeutic efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD. Symposium presented at the Annual Linfield College Science Symposium.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that can be produced by traumatic experiences. A new study has shown that a brain scan called magneto encephalography (MEG) can identify people who have PTSD with an accuracy of 95%. Sensors measure tiny magnetic fields generated by currents flowing in and around neurons. In addition they have recently stated in the Journal of Neural Engineering that they can now watch the brain as it experiences PTSD. Imaging shows that the brain becomes hyperactive in the right temporal lobe, the location responsible for memory. Besides diagnosing PTSD, the researchers also are able to judge the severity of how much patients are suffering. Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was designed in 1987 as a treatment for PTSD. EMDR is a structured eight-phase therapy that allows for adequate reprocessing of dysfunctionally stored memory. In the processing phases the client attends to the disturbing memory in brief intervals of 15-30 seconds while also experiencing bilateral stimulation (eye movements, tones or tapping). The eight phases integrate effective elements of psychodynamic, imaginal exposure, cognitive therapy, interpersonal, experiential, physiological and somatic therapies. Now that we can locate specific biomarkers for PTSD using MEG, my hypothesis is that we will find a statistically significant difference between the control group and the group that has EMDR treatment, and that EMDR will be shown to be effective in resolving PTSD as measured by pre and post therapy MEG scans. Also using the MEG, we may be able to observe those brain actions responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of EMDR and isolate which components of EMDR trigger those brain actions. The significance of finding the answer to these questions could potentially help millions of people overcome years of suffering from psychological pain due to the after effects of severe trauma and restore them to productive lives. It could establish the status of EMDR, assisting in the decision of whether it should be listed among the evidence-based, best-practice therapy modalities and covered by insurance. Also knowing the underlying pathophysiology could contribute to the evolution, revision and refinement of diagnostic constructs for PTSD.

Keywords: Efficacy Magneto Encephalography Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

373. Gomez, A. (2009). Using olfactory stimulation with children to cue resource development and installation. In M. Luber (Ed.), Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) scripted protocols: Special populations (pp. 19-29). New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Keywords: Children Resource Development and Installation RDI Olfactory Stimulation Cueing Protocol

Accuracy Verified: Yes

374. Gomez, A. (2009). Using olfactory stimulation with children to cue the safe or happy place. In M. Luber (Ed.), Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) scripted protocols: Special populations (pp. 9-18). New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Language: English

Format: Book Section

Keywords: Children Happy Place Olfactory Stimulation Cuing Protocol Safe Place

Accuracy Verified: Yes

375. Ramachandran, V. S. (2005, September). Vestibular stimulation as therapy for bipolar illness, complex regional pain, PTSD, and phantom pain. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Seattle, WA.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Our lab specialized in the study of behavioral/cognitive changes following focal brain lesions. Phenomena were once considered mere curiosities - such as phantom limb, anosognosia and synesthesia - have now become "main stream" partly as a result of the work done by us and many colleagues throughout the world. This lecture will focus on disturbances in body image, phantom limbs, anosognosia (denial of paralysis) and somatoparaphrenia (denial of ownership of a limb). A new theory will be advanced to account for these, especially the latter two in terms of asymmetries between the two hemispheres "coping styles"; the left involved in "Freudian defences" aud the right playing thc role of a "devils advocate" or anomaly detector. The spectrum of normal and abnormal personality styles and behavior emerges from a push-pull antagonism between these two opposing tendencies. Vestibular stimulation through calorie cold-water irrigation produces eye movements (nystagmus) and shifts the balance between the two hemispheres during the "orienting" response and produces profound shifts in mood and/or body image. We found that the procedure "de-represses" apparently repressed memories in patient with denial (anosognosia) and there is an obvious analogy here with the therapeutic claims of EMDR. The possibility that bipolar disorder may be based on such alternation between hemispheres was first proposed by us in 1996 and has received some support. Consequently caloric nystagmus might potentially be useful in treating disorders such as bipolar, post-traumatic stress, complex regional pain type 1, and other neuro-psychiatric disturbances as outlined briefly in my book Phantoms in the Brain.

Keywords: Anosognosia Bipolar Illness Complex Regional Pain Phantom Limb Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD: Somatoparaphrenia Synesthesia Vestibular Stimulation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

376. Smyth, N. J., Rogers, S., & Maxfield, L. (2004, September). What about eye movements? A research update for EMDR practitioners. Plenary presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Montréal, Quebec Canada.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
In 2004, fifteen years after Dr. Shapiro first published on EMDR, the role of eye movements (and other stimulation) in EMDR continues to be a subject of much debate. An overview of what practitioners need to know to understand the research that addresses this issue will be provided. Following this, the research investigating the role of eye movements will be presented and the theories that currently have the most research will be described.

Keywords: Eye Movements Plenary Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

377. Jeffries, F. W., & Davis, P. (2013, October). What is the role of eye movements in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? A review. Behavioral Cognitive Psychotherapy, 41(3), 290-300. doi:10.1017/S1352465812000793.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Background: Controversy continues to exist regarding how EMDR works and whether its mechanisms differ from those at work in standard exposure techniques. Aims: To investigate first whether eye movement bilateral stimulation is an essential component of EMDR and, second, the current status of its theoretical basis. Method: A systematic search for relevant articles was conducted in databases using standard methodology. Results: Clinical research evidence is contradictory as to how essential EMs are in PTSD treatment. More positive support is provided by analogue studies. With regards to potential theoretical support, some evidence was found suggesting bilateral stimulation first increases access to episodic memories; and second that it could act on components of working memory which makes focusing on the traumatic memories less unpleasant and thereby improves access to these memories. Conclusions: The results suggest support for the contention that EMs are essential to this therapy and that a theoretical rationale exists for their use. Choice of EMDR over trauma-focused CBT should therefore remain a matter of patient choice and clinician expertise; it is suggested, however, that EMs may be more effective at reducing distress, and thereby allow other components of treatment to take place.

Keywords: Eye Movements Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

378. Sack, M. (2008, September). Wirkmechanismen von EMDR [Work mechanisms in EMDR]. Pre-Congress presentation at the 11th Congress of the European Society of Hypnosis in Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vienna, Austria.

Language: German

Format: Conference

Abstract:
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) ist ein expositionsbasiertes Verfahren zur Behandlung von Patienten mit posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen (PTSD). Während die Wirksamkeit der EMDR-Behandlung empirisch gut nachgewiesen ist, besteht nach wie vor Unklarheit, ob die beim EMDR eingesetzte bilaterale Stimulation durch Augenbewegungen einen spezifischen Effekt hat. Wir stellen Ergebnisse aus mehreren Studien zum Monitoring autonom-vegetativer Parameter während Traumatherapiesitzungen mit EMDR vor. Es lässt sich unmittelbar nach Beginn der Augenbewegungen ein starker Anstieg des Parasympathikotonus und ein Abfall der Herzfrequenz beobachten. Diese
Reaktion erstreckt sich über etwa 10 Sekunden und entspricht damit dem Verlaufsmuster einer so genannten Orientierungsreaktion auf einen neuen Stimulus. Im Sitzungsverlauf zeigt sich, dass die Herzfrequenz abfällt und der Parasympathikotonus ansteigt. Damit liefern unsere Befunde eine empirische Bestätigung für die Hypothese, dass es während EMDR-Sitzungen zu Orientierungsreaktionen kommt. Nach unserer Einschätzung werden durch die bilaterale Stimulation biologische Ressourcen aktiviert, die eine Verarbeitung traumatischer Erinnerungen begünstigen.

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is an exposure based method for the treatment of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While the effectiveness of EMDR treatment is well established empirically, there is still uncertainty whether the bilateral stimulation used in EMDR by eye movements has a specific effect. We present results of several studies on vegetative-autonomous monitoring parameters before, during trauma therapy sessions with EMDR. It can be observed immediately after the start of eye movement, a sharp increase parasympathetic tone and a decrease in heart rate. This reaction extends over about 10 seconds and corresponds to the pattern during a so-called orientation reaction to a new stimulus. During the session shows that decreases the heart rate and increases the parasympathetic tone. Thus our findings provide empirical confirmation for the hypothesis that during EMDR sessions is to guide responses. In our view be activated by bilateral stimulation of biological resources, encourage the processing of traumatic memories.

Keywords: Bilateral Stimulation BLS Mechanisms Vegetative-Autonomous Monitoring Parameters

Accuracy Verified: Yes

379. Hornsveld, H. (2011, June). Work mechanisms in EMDR. Presentation at the annual meeting of the EMDR Europe Association, Vienna, Austria.

Language: English

Format: Conference

Abstract:
Eye movements (EMs) during retrieval of negative memories reduce the vividness and emotionality of these memories when they are being recalled later. This is a robust phenomenon and is the basis of the EMDR method. Of the many explanations that have been put forward to explain the benefits of EMs, the working memory (WM) explanation has – by far - the most empirical support. The WM hypothesis will be explained and a new series of experiments will be presented that give additional support for the WM account and have some large clinical implications. 1.In over 50% of the EMDR treatments eye movements are replaced by other bilateral stimulation like auditory tones or tapping. These ‘variants’ lack empirical support. Several studies (in healthy subjects and patients) strongly suggest that that these alternatives are inferior to eye movements. This is in line with the working memory account. 2.Eye movements are also used in (non-desensitization) procedures like the safe place and the RDI procedure. Again, there is no empirical support for the added value of eye movements. Our research indicates that – in line with the WM theory – EM’s seem counterproductive in RDI. 3.EMs also reduce the vividness and emotionality of (disturbing) images of feared future events: “flashworwards”. Learning objectives: Research data in a non-clinical sample and some clinical cases will be presented.

Keywords: Mechanisms

Accuracy Verified: Yes