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EMDR Bibliography

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5201. Power, K., McGoldrick, T., Brown, K., Buchanan, R., Sharp, D., Swanson, V., & Karatzias, A. (2002, August). A controlled comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring, versus waiting list in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 9(5), 299-318. doi:10.1002/cpp.341.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A total of 105 patients with PTSD were randomly allocated to eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) (n = 39) versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring (E + CR) (n = 37) versus waiting list (WL) (n = 29) in a primary care setting. EMDR and E + CR patients received a maximum of 10 treatment sessions over a 10-week period. All patients were assessed by blind raters prior to randomization and at end of the 10-week treatment or waiting list period. EMDR and E + CR patients were also assessed by therapists at the mid-point of the 10- week treatment period and on average at 15 months follow-up. Patients were assessed on a variety of assessor-rated and self-report measures of PTSD symptomatology including the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Impact of Events Scale (IOE) and a self-report version of the SI-PTSD Checklist. Measures of anxiety and depression included the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A measure of social function, the Sheehan Disability Scale, was also used. Drop-out rates between the three groups were 12 EMDR, 16 E + CR, and 5 WL. Treatment end-point analyses were conducted on the remaining 72 patients. Repeated measures analysis of variance of treatment outcome at 10 weeks revealed significant time, interaction, and group effects for all the above measures. In general there were significant and substantial pre-post reductions for EMDR and E + CR groups but no change for the WL patients. Both treatments were effective over WL. The only indication of superiority of either active treatment, in relation to measures of clinically significant change, was a greater reduction in patient self-reported depression ratings and improved social functioning for EMDR in comparison to E + CR at the end of the treatment period and for fewer number of treatment sessions for EMDR (mean 4.2) than E + CR (mean 6.4) patients. At 15 months follow-up treatment gains were generally well-maintained with the only difference, in favour of EMDR over E + CR, occurring in relation to assessor-rated levels of clinically significant change in depression. However, exclusion of patients who had subsequent treatment during the follow-up period diminished the proportion of patients achieving long-term clinically significant change. In summary, at end of treatment and at follow-up, both EMDR and E + CR are effective in the treatment of PTSD with only a slight advantage in favour of EMDR. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Brief Psychotherapy British Cognitive Therapy Exposure Therapy Females Males Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5202. Powers, M. B., Halpern, J. M., Ferenschak, M. P., Gillihan, S. J., & Foa, E. B. (2010, August). A meta-analytic review of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(6), 635-641. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.007.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Two decades of research demonstrate the efficacy of exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The efficacy of prolonged exposure (PE), a specific exposure therapy program for PTSD that has been disseminated throughout the world, has been established in many controlled studies using different trauma populations. However, a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of PE for PTSD has not been conducted to date. The purpose of the current paper is to estimate the overall efficacy of PE for PTSD relative to adequate controls. We included all published randomized controlled trials of PE vs. control (wait-list or psychological placebo) for the treatment of PTSD in adolescents or adults. Treatments were classified as PE if they included multiple sessions of imaginal and in vivo exposure and were based on the manualized treatment developed by Foa, Rothbaum, Riggs, and Murdock (1991). Thirteen studies with a total sample size of 675 participants met the final inclusion criteria. The primary analyses showed a large effect for PE versus control on both primary (Hedges's g = 1.08) and secondary (Hedges's g = 0.77) outcome measures. Analyses also revealed medium to large effect sizes for PE at follow-up, both for primary (Hedges's g = 0.68) and secondary (Hedges's g = 0.41) outcome measures. There was no significant difference between PE and other active treatments (CPT, EMDR, CT, and SIT). Effect sizes were not moderated by time since trauma, publication year, dose, study quality, or type of trauma. The average PE-treated patient fared better than 86% of patients in control conditions at post-treatment on PTSD measures. PE is a highly effective treatment for PTSD, resulting in substantial treatment gains that are maintained over time.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy PE Prolonged Exposure Exposure Meta-Analysis Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5203. Priebe, S., Habil, M., & Worthing-Davies, S. (2007, July). Primary care mental health & education. Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry, 11(3), 34-38. doi:10.1002/pnp.15.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Despite a lack of formal evidence for benefit, the number of people with psychiatric illness cared for in institutional settings has risen significantly. The cost of this type of care is not insignificant and Professor Priebe discusses whether this trend is a good or bad thing. Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) has proved to be a very effective treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Sally Worthing-Davies explains this method of therapy and the advantages of its use in primary care. [Wiley Interface Ltd]

Keywords: Primary Psychiatric Care

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5204. Propper, R. E., & Christman, S. D. (2008). Interhemispheric interaction and saccadic horizontal eye movements - Implications for episodic memory, EMDR, and PTSD. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(4), 269-281. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.269.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The growing body of literature on the effects of bilateral saccadic eye movements, patterned after those employed in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), on memory is reviewed. Research indicates that engaging in bilateral saccadic eye movements prior to lab-based memory testing results in signifi cant improvement in episodic memory across a wide range of memory tests. Other effects of these types of eye movements on hemispheric activation and emotional state are also discussed. The fi ndings are interpreted within a framework suggesting that bilateral saccadic eye movements, such as those employed in EMDR, increase interaction between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. This framework is also used to explain the effects of such eye movements on memory during EMDR treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Keywords: Eye Movements Episodic Memory Handedness Interhemispheric Interaction

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5205. Propper, R. E., Pierce, J., Geisler, M. W., Christman, S. D., & Bellorado, N. (2007, September). Effect of bilateral eye movements on frontal interhemispheric gamma EEG coherence: Implications for EMDR therapy. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 195(9), 785-788. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e318142cf73.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The use of bilateral eye movements (EMs) is an important component of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for PTSD. The neural mechanisms underlying EMDR remain unclear. However, prior behavioral work looking at the effects of bilateral EMs on the retrieval of episodic memories suggests that the EMs enhance interhemispheric interaction. The present study examined the effects of the EMs used in EMDR on interhemispheric electroencephalogram coherence. Relative to noneye-movement controls, engaging in bilateral EMs led to decreased interhemispheric gamma electroencephalogram coherence. Implications for future work on EMDR and episodic memory are discussed. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Brain Imaging Bilateral Eye Movements College Students Empirical Study Neurophysiology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5206. Protinsky, H., Flemke, K., & Sparks, J. (2001, June). EMDR and emotionally oriented couples therapy. Contemporary Family Therapy, 23(2), 153-168. doi:10.1023/A:1011193518301.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
When reviewing past and current research on the role of emotion in couples therapy, there appeared to be a lack of articulation concerning how emotional expressions and relational dynamics are affected by emotional trauma that has not been accessed. The authors demonstrate how emotionally and experientially oriented therapy with couples can be enhanced by accessing stored trauma through the use of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). This approach is called Eye Movement Relationship Enhancement (EMRE) therapy and includes key clinical areas such as accessing and tolerating previously disowned emotion, reprocessing emotional experiences, and amplifying couple intimacy. These key areas are discussed and illustrated with case examples. [Springer]

Keywords: Empirical Study Family Therapy Literature Review Marital Problems Nonclinical Case Study Psychotherapeutic Processes Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5207. Protinsky, H., Sparks, J., & Flemke, K. (2001, April). Using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing to enhance treatment of couples. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 27(2), 157-164. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2001.tb01153.x.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as a clinical technique may enhance treatment effectiveness when applied within a couple therapy approach that is emotionally and experientially oriented. Clinical experience indicates that EMDR-based interventions are useful for accessing, activating, tolerating, and reprocessing the intense emotions that often fuel dysfunctional couple interactions. Using EMDR within conjoint sessions to reprocess negative emotions can amplify intimacy, increase connection, and subsequently lead to a change in problematic relationship patterns.

Keywords: Couples Therapy Clinical Case Study Empirical Study Spouses

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5208. Protinsky, H., Sparks, J., & Flemke, K. (2001, June). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Innovative clinical applications. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 31(2), 125-135. doi:10.1023/A:1010217707351.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Neurologically-based therapies such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) are being clinically implemented and researched in the field of psychotherapy. While EMDR has a theoretical base and some research support for its effectiveness with PTSD, therapists are now developing and using EMDR for other clinical problems. This report illustrates some of the unique applications of EMDR with clinical problems such as: driving phobia, interpersonal arguments, dyspareunia, depression, anxiety, and eating problems. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Anxiety Conflict Depressive Disorders Dyspareunia Eating Disorders Interpersonal Interaction Phobia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Sexual Dysfunctions Somatic Symptoms Stressors Survivor Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5209. Puffer, M., Greenwald, R., & Elrod, D. (1998). A single session EMDR study with twenty traumatized children and adolescents. Traumatology-e, 3(2), Article 6.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Twenty children and adolescents were treated for a single traumatic memory with a single session of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Treatment was delayed 1 m for half the group. Over half of the 20 participants moved from Clinical to Normal levels on the Impact of Events Scale, and all but 3 showed at least partial symptom relief on several measures at 1-3 m following a single EMDR session. Results should be interpreted with caution, but were positive, and essentially consistent with analogous findings of EMDR with adults.

Keywords: Adolescents Children Non-Randomized Study Single Session Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5210. Puk, G. (1991, June). Treating traumatic memories: A case report on the eye movement desensitization procedure. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 22(2), 149-151. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(91)90010-3.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
There are at present three published papers on the eye movement desensitization procedure. This paper reports two successfully treated cases, one with traumatic memories of childhood sexual abuse, and the other based on memories of a terminally ill sister. Follow-ups of 12 and 6 months, respectively showed maintenance of treatment effects. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Case Report Child Abuse Death of Sibling Females Interpersonal Interaction Posttraumatic Stress DIsorder PTSD Rape Survivors Young Adults

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5211. Puliatti, M. (2009). L’EMDR nel trattamento delle sindromi uro-ginecologiche [EMDR in the treatment of uro-gynecological syndromes] . Medicina Psicosomatica, 54(4), 131-142 .

Language: Italian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
La rilevazione di disturbi uro-ginecologici è in costante crescita, è ciò probabilmente a causa della maggiore attenzione che i clinici dimostrano nei confronti di disturbi variegatati, a volte quasi impalpabili, ma che possono anche dimostrarsi invalidanti. Oltre al vaginismo e alla dispareunia, ben noti nella letteratura scientifi ca da decenni, crescente interesse stanno dimostrando disturbi come la cistite interstiziale, il dolore pelvico e la vulvodinia. Complessivamente considerati, la componente psicosomatica di tali disturbi viene abbondantemente confermata dalla letteratura. A prescindere dagli approcci più chiaramente monolaterali e riduttivi, si nota nella letteratura un interesse consolidato per una terapia che sia per definizione integrata: ginecologica/riabilitativa, psicoeducazionale, sessuologica e psicoterapeutica. L’EMDR si propone in questo ambito clinico come uno strumento di straordinaria versatilità, potendo infatti intervenire sia a livello delle cause remote (eventi stressanti/traumatici, educazione sessuale distorta, etc.), che delle contingenze attuali che mantengono o peggiorano la sintomatologia, offrendo inoltre la possibilità di intervenire direttamente sia sul dolore inteso come sintomo, che sugli scenari futuri connotati negativamente dalla paziente, che frequentemente sono connessi alla percezione del dolore stesso. Infine, si rivela di particolare utilità nel caso in cui il dolore sia correlato a difficoltà relazionali caratterizzate da scarsa assertività. In questo lavoro verranno approfondite le seguenti tematiche: • diagnosi differenziale tra i differenti tipi di dolore uro-ginecologico. • Valutazione dell’eziologia multifattoriale: cause biologiche, psicosessuali, relazionali e presenza di eventi traumatici. • Ruolo dell’abuso sessuale. • Meccanismi psicofi siologici nell’insorgenza dei disturbi: il ruolo della tensione muscolare. • Caratteristiche psicologiche della donna che presenta dolore uro-ginecologico. • Strumenti di screening psicodiagnostico. • Cenni sulle principali strategie di valutazione e di intervento uro-ginecologiche e farmacologiche • Pianifi cazione e fasi del trattamento con l’EMDR, e loro integrazione con differenti approcci psicoterapeutici: aree di indagine, aspetti psicoeducazionali, tecniche sessuologiche specifi che, target caratteristici, l’utilizzo dell’EMDR nelle differenti fasi del trattamento.

The detection of uro-gynecological disorders is growing, this is probably due to the increased attention that clinicians demonstrate against variegatati disorders, sometimes almost impalpable, but may also prove to be disabling. In addition to vaginismus and dyspareunia, well known in the scientific literature about for decades, are showing increasing interest in disorders such as interstitial cystitis, pelvic pain and vulvodynia. Overall, the psychosomatic component of these disorders is abundantly confirmed by the literature. Apart from the unilateral and reductionist approaches more clearly, there is a vested interest in the literature for a treatment that is by definition integrated: gynecological / rehabilitation, psycho-educational, sexology and psychotherapy. EMDR is proposed in this clinical setting as an instrument of extraordinary versatility, allowing it to intervene at the level of remote causes (stressful events / trauma, distorted sex education, etc..) That the current quotas that maintain or worsen the symptoms, while also offering the opportunity to speak directly about pain is understood as a symptom, which negatively on future scenarios of patient characteristics, which are frequently related to the perception of pain itself. Finally, it proves particularly useful in cases where the pain is related to relationship difficulties with low assertiveness. In this paper we will examine the following issues: • differential diagnosis between different types of pain, uro-gynecology. • Evaluation multifactorial etiology: biological, psychosexual, relationship and presence of traumatic events. • Role of sexual abuse. • psychophysical mechanisms in the onset of physiological disorders: the role of muscle tension. • Psychological characteristics of women with uro-gynecological pain. • Tools psychodiagnostic screening. • Work on the main strategies of assessment and intervention and uro-gynecological drug • Plans and application phases of treatment with EMDR, and their integration with different psychotherapeutic approaches: survey areas, psychoeducational aspects, specific sexological techniques that target characteristic the use of EMDR in various stages of treatment.

Keywords: Uro-Gynecological Syndromes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5212. Puliatti, M. (2006, Gennaio). L’abuso sessuale nelle donne con vulvodinia: trattamento con l’EMDR [Sexual abuse in women with vulvodynia: Treatment with EMDR] . EMDR Italia newsletter italiana, 7(11) .

Language: Italian

Format: Journal

Keywords: Sexual Abuse Vulvodynia

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5213. Puliatti, M. (2012). Depressione post partum: EMDR e rieducatione della relazione madre-bambino [Postpartum depression: EMDR and re-education about the mother-child relationship]. Medicina Psicosomatica.

Language: Italian

Format: Journal

Keywords: Postpartum Depression

Accuracy Verified: No

5214. Puliatti, M., & Giannantonio, M. (2008, April). T08-O-15 Childhood sexual abuse and vulvodynia: Hypnotic psychotherapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) – An integrated approach. Sexologie, 17(Supplement 1), S109-S110. doi:10.1016/S1158-1360(08)72816-0 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objectives: Dysesthetic vulvodynia plays an important role in the sexology of the most common female genital system disorders; its psychosomatic origin is by now widely acknowledged. Its main symptoms are: acute pain at each penetration attempt (dyspareunia), pain under local pressure on the vaginal vestibule, erythemas of different intensities. In recent years the role of childhood sexual abuse as one of the possible predisposing (vulnerability) factors of vulvodynia development has found positive confirmations in the literature. Author's aims are to verify this correlation and check efficacy of specific psychotherapeutical approaches. Method: The choice of psychodiagnostic reactive tests, such as the Sexuality Questionnaire (symptomatology screening), the recent Female Sexual Disorders Analytical Questionnaire (screening and sexual abuse) and the Chronic Pain Risk Factors Questionnaire, assessing stressful and traumatic events such as sexual abuse, to identify vulvodynia is of particular importance. The therapeutic approach presented here is integrated: gynecological, physical-rehabilitational, psycho-educational and psycho-sexological. Results and conclusions; The psychological therapies recommended for the treatment of this disorder and the associated abuse (substantiated by international literature and years of clinical practice) are EMDR and hypnotic psychotherapy, integrated with sexological techniques, starting from the assumption that any eventual effective therapy of vulvodynia cannot but include appropriate (psychosomatic and not merely verbal) processing of the childhood sexual abuse.

Keywords: Dyspareunia Dysesthetic Vulvodynia Sexual Pain Sexological Techniques

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5215. Puliatti, M., Fiacchi, S., & Silipigni, F. (2007, July-September). Aspetti psicologici e psicoterapia delle donne con cistite interstiziale. Terapia cognitivo-comportamentale e EMDR: Un approccio integrate [Psychological aspects and psychotherapy of women affected by interstitial cystitis. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and EMDR: An integrated approach]. Medicina Psicosmatica, 52(3), 101-104.

Language: Italian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
La cistite interstiziale, malattia cronica e rara, si presenta con gli stessi sintomi della cistite “classica”: bruciore, dolori al basso ventre, necessità di urinare di frequente (fino a 60 volte tra giorno e notte), urgenza minzionale spesso associata ad incontinenza, algie vaginali tali da provocare un’impossibilità ad avere rapporti sessuali. Viene quindi coinvolto tutto l’apparato uro-genitale ed il pavimento pelvico, il dolore risponde difficilmente in modo soddisfacente ai più comuni antidolorifici. La cistite interstiziale è una sindrome multifattoriale, in cui convergono eventi stressanti, sintomi psicologici e disordini della funzione urinaria. L’approccio terapeutico dovrebbe quindi essere di tipo integrato urologico, ginecologico, fisico-riabilitativo e psico-sessuologico.In questo lavoro viene presentato un modello di trattamento che integra l’approccio cognitivo comportamentale e l’EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). Questi due approcci se usati in sinergia garantiscono un trattamento ad ampio raggio dei fattori disfunzionali che favoriscono e mantengono tale sintomatologia.

Interstitial cystitis, chronic and rare disease, shows the same symptoms as cystitis "classic" burning, lower abdominal pain, frequent need to urinate (up to 60 times between day and night), urgency often associated with incontinence , vaginal pains which cause an inability to have sex. It then involved the entire apparatus urogenital and pelvic floor, the pain difficult to respond satisfactorily to the most common painkillers. Interstitial cystitis is a multifactorial syndrome, which converge in stressful events, psychological symptoms and disorders of the urinary function. The therapeutic approach should be integrated type of urology, gynecology, physical rehabilitation and psycho-sessuologico.In this paper we present a treatment model that integrates cognitive behavioral el'EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing). These two approaches when used together provide a wide-ranging treatment of the factors that foster and maintain this dysfunctional symptoms.

Keywords: Interstitial Cystitis Women

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5216. Puliatti, M., Fiacchi, S., & Silipigni, F. (2007). Aspetti psicologici e psicoterapia delle donne con cistite interstiziale. Terapia cognitivo-comportamentale e EMDR: un approccio integrato [Psychological and psychotherapy for women with interstitial cystitis. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and EMDR: An integrated approach]. Medicina Psicosomatica, 52(3), 111-117. .

Language: Italian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
La cistite interstiziale, malattia cronica e rara, si presenta con gli stessi sintomi della cistite “classica”: bruciore, dolori al basso ventre, necessità di urinare di frequente (fino a 60 volte tra giorno e notte), urgenza minzionale spesso associata ad incontinenza, algie vaginali tali da provocare un’impossibilità ad avere rapporti sessuali. Viene quindi coinvolto tutto l’apparato uro-genitale ed il pavimento pelvico, il dolore risponde difficilmente in modo soddisfacente ai più comuni antidolorifici. La cistite interstiziale è una sindrome multifattoriale, in cui convergono eventi stressanti, sintomi psicologici e disordini della funzione urinaria. L’approccio terapeutico dovrebbe quindi essere di tipo integrato urologico, ginecologico, fisico-riabilitativo e psico-sessuologico.In questo lavoro viene presentato un modello di trattamento che integra l’approccio cognitivo comportamentale e l’EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). Questi due approcci se usati in sinergia garantiscono un trattamento ad ampio raggio dei fattori disfunzionali che favoriscono e mantengono tale sintomatologia.

Interstitial cystitis, chronic and rare disease, shows the same symptoms as cystitis "classic" burning, lower abdominal pain, frequent need to urinate (up to 60 times between day and night), urgency often associated with incontinence , vaginal pains which cause an inability to have sex. It then involved the entire apparatus urogenital and pelvic floor, the pain difficult to respond satisfactorily to the most common painkillers. Interstitial cystitis is a multifactorial syndrome, which converge in stressful events, psychological symptoms and disorders of the urinary function. The therapeutic approach should be integrated type of urology, gynecology, physical rehabilitation and psycho-sessuologico.In this paper we present a treatment model that integrates cognitive behavioral EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing). These two approaches when used together provide a wide-ranging treatment of the factors that foster and maintain this dysfunctional symptoms.

Keywords: Interstitial Cystitis Women

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5217. Pulilatti, M. (2009). L’EMDR nel trattamento delle sindromi uro-ginecologiche [EMDR in the treatment of uro-gynecological syndromes]. Medicin Psicosomatica, 54(4), 131-142.

Language: Italian

Format: Journal

Keywords: Uro-Gynecological Syndromes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5218. Qian Ge (2009). 汶川震后心理危机的早期干预:文献综述与评价 [Early mental crisis intervention to post-disaster in Wenchuan Earthquake: Literature review and evaluation]. 兰州学刊 2009年第03期 [Lanzhou Academic Journal, 3].

Language: Chinese

Format: Journal

Abstract:
四）眼动脱敏再加工技术（Eye Movement Desensitizationand Reprocessing，EMDR）EMDR是一种可以在短短数次晤谈之后，便可在不用药物的情形下，有效减轻心理创伤程度及重建希望和信心的治疗方法。其治疗程序包括了八个阶段，具体见表4：表4眼动脱敏再加工技

(Fourthly, EMDR is a treatment which can effectively alleviate the psychological trauma and rebuild hope and confidence after a short period of time for treatment without medication. The treatment procedure includes eight stages, which are shown in details in the table.)

Keywords: Crisis Intervention Literature Review: Wenchuan Earthquake

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5219. Quilez, R. (2010). EMDR en los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria: revision [EMDR in eating disorders: a review]. Revista de psicoterapia, 20(80. Terapias Psiconeurologicas del Trauma) .

Language: Spanish

Format: Journal

Abstract:
El TCA es un síndrome diagnóstico concreto de origen complejo y afectación multidimensional, cuyo tratamiento debe ser capaz de llegar de la superficie al recoveco. Los profesionales de TCA disponen en el EMDR de un modelo psicológico capaz de dar una respuesta eficaz. Este escrito presenta una revisión bibliográfica de la eficacia del EMDR en TCA así como otros estudios y datos sobre aspectos que pueden darse en el cliente y en el tratamiento de 8 fases. Aparecen datos sobre el deseo de delgadez, el control y la vergüenza, TCC, reacciones defensivas condicionadas, imagen corporal, dificultades de apego, maltrato físico, sexual, negligencia, disociación, descontrol de los impulsos, TCA como anestesia emocional, automutilaciones, necesidad de límites, etiquetas, personaje, figura masculina de apego, familias disfuncionales, etc.

The Disorder of Feeding Behavior is an specific syndrome with a complex origin and multidimensional affectation, which treatment should be able to go beyong the surface. Disorder of Feeding Behavior clinicians have in EMDR a psychological approach able to give an effective response. This article present a bibliographic review about the EMDR efficacy with Disorders of Feeding Behavior as of other studies and dates about different aspects that we can see in the patient and in the use of 8 phases of EMDR. We present dates about thinness wish, shame and control, defensive conditioned reactions, body image, attachment difficulties, physical, sexual mistreatment, neglect, dissociation, impulse uncontrol, emotional anesthesia, self-mutilation, limits need, labels, male attachment figure, disfunctional families,etc.

Keywords: Diet Disorder of Feeding Behavior Dissociation Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5220. Quiroga, J., & Jaranson, J. M. (2005). Politically-motivated torture and its survivors: A desk study review of the literature. Torture, 16(2-3), 1-112.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This desk study intends to update and complement the desk study review of the torture rehabilitation literature completed in 1998 (Gurr and Quiroga, 2001), emphasizing areas not covered by the original study but updating the torture rehabilitation literature from the publication of the original desk study. Some selected earlier references have been retained, but the focus remains primarily on the published literature from 1998 through mid-2004. This paper intends to stand alone but will refer back to original study. The target audience is those working in or interested in the field of rehabilitation of politically motivated torture survivors.

Keywords: Torture Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5221. Raboni, M. R., Tufik, S., & Suchecki, D. (2006, July). Treatment of PTSD by eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) improves sleep quality, quality of life, and perception of stress. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071(1), 508-513. doi:10.1196/annals.1364.054 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The impact of PTSD on the sleep of patients is widely reported. However, the parameters that can be altered are not the same for all patients. Some studies report an impairment of sleep maintenance and recurrent nightmares, while others failed to find such alterations. Among the many treatments, the eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapy used specifically to treat PTSD and general trauma. The purpose of this study was to examine whether EMDR treatment can improve PTSD symptoms, such as sleep, depression, anxiety, and poor quality of life. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Anxiety Crime Depression Empirical Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quality of Life Quantitative Study Sleep Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5222. Raju, K. (2005). Ego strengthening and eye movement desensitization reprocessing in post traumatic stress disorder. Medical Journal Armed Forces of India, 61, 289-290.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder, which occurs after exposure to overwhelming stress like combat, rape, serious accidents, violent crime and other catastrophic events. The essential characteristics of the condition are recurrent intrusive memories, images, thoughts or dreams of the trauma, persistent arousal, emotional numbing and avoidance of the situations reminiscent of the trauma. 15-20% of individuals experiencing significant trauma are known to develop PTSD [1]. Although anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs have been tried, none have been consistently associated with improvement [2]. Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is being increasingly utilized as a valid method of treatment for this distressing condition [3-7]. Ego Strengthening (ES) is a sequence of simple psychotherapeutic suggestions given under hypnosis [8]. A long standing case of PTSD treated with EMDR and ES is reported.

Keywords: Case Report Ego Strengthening Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5223. Ralaus, D. (2006). Slovenský inštitút pre psychotraumatológiu a EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) [Slovak Institute of psychotraumatology and EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing)]. Psychiatria, 13(3-4), 260.

Language: Slovak

Format: Journal

Keywords: Practice Psychotraumatology Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5224. Ralaus, D. (2006). Metodika psychoterapie - Spracovavanie traumatickych zazitkov pomocou ocnych pohybov - EMDR: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing [Methodology for psychotherapy - Processing of traumatic experiences with eye movements - EMDR Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing]. Psychiatria, 13(3-4), 167-176.

Language: Slovak

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Psychodynamic metódy a kognitívno-behaviorálna terapia boli najčastejšie metódy na liečbu posttraumatickej stresovej poruchy a napätie vyvolané syndrómy. EMDR - Eye Movement desenzibilizácie a prepracovanie nový psychoterapeutický prístup, ktorý integruje prvky Cognis a psychopdynamictive behaviorálna terapia spolu s bilaterálnou stimuláciu, hlavne pohyby očí. Táto metóda bola vytvorená Dr Francine Shapiro. Teraz je jedným z najúčinnejších a najlepšie tolerovaná terapeutických prístupov a jeho účinnosť je vykonávať na spoľahlivé vedecké štúdie, aj keď presný mechanizmus účinku nie je doteraz úplne jasné. V súčasnej dobe výskumu a praxe v psychotraumatology EMDR a je jedným z najviac dynamicky sa rozvíjajúca oblasť psychoterapie v USA a západnej Európe.

Psychodynamic methods and cognitive behavioral therapy were the most common methods for treatment posttraumatic stress disorder and stress induced syndromes. EMDR - Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing is a new psychotherapeutic approach, Which integrates elements of Cognis and psychopdynamictive behavioral therapy together with bilateral stimulation, mainly eye movements. The method was created by Dr. Francine Shapiro. Now it is one of the most effective and best tolerated therapeutic approaches and its efficiency is Execute by reliable research studies, although the exact mechanisms of action are still not absolutely clear. At the present Research and Practice in psychotraumatology and EMDR is one of the most dynamic developing area in psychotherapy in the USA and West Europe.

Keywords: Practice Psychotraumatology Psychotherapt Theory Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5225. Rasolkhani-Kalkorn, T., & Harper, M. L. (2006, March). EMDR and low frequency stimulation of the brain. Traumatology, 12 (1), 9-24. doi:10.1177/153476560601200102.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Laboratory research on animals indicates that the potentiation of synapses in various areas of the limbic system is the primary step in fear memory formation. Depotentiation of these synapses can result in erasure or modification of these memories. The principal mechanism for depotentiation is induction of low frequency stimulation (LFS). This research has also shown that during memory recall, potentiated circuits within the limbic system become labile, and more vulnerable to depotentiation. The authors propose that LFS can be induced in the human brain during eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR), and that this can lead to quenching or modification of fear memory traces. Hence, the authors theorize that this process is the main biological basis for the therapeutic effects of EMDR. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Neurophysiology Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5226. Rassin, E., Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1996). De pijndempende werking van eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is beperkt [The pain attenuation of EMDR is limited]. Directieve Therapie, 16(3), 274-284. doi:10.1007/BF03060149 .

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) werd in 1989 door Shapiro geïntroduceerd als een therapeutische techniek voor Posttraumatische stress–stoornis (PTSS). Sindsdien hebben diverse EMDR–;therapeuten geopperd dat deze interventie ook toepasbaar is bij andere trauma–gerelateerde klachten. In een studie van Hekmat, Groth en Rogers (1994) is geclaimd dat EMDR effectief is bij de behandeling van pijn. In het onderhavige onderzoek is deze claim verder onderzocht. Daartoe werden 45 gezonde vrijwilligers onderworpen aan 8 elektrische prikkels. De proefpersonen werden verdeeld over 3 groepen: een groep die behandeld werd met EMDR, een groep die ter afleiding van de prikkels naar een cartoon keek, en een controlegroep waarbij geen verdere interventie werd uitgevoerd. Zowel fysiologische als subjectieve reacties op de pijnprikkels werden geregistreerd. Op geen enkele effectmaat werden verschillen tussen de drie groepen gevonden. In de discussie wordt dit resultaat in een breder perspectief geplaatst.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was introduced by Shapiro in 1989 as a therapeutic technique for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Since then several EMDR, therapists suggested that this intervention is also applicable to other trauma-related symptoms. In a study by Hekmat, Groth and Rogers (1994) has claimed that EMDR is effective in treating pain. In the present study further investigated this claim. For this purpose, 45 healthy volunteers subjected to 8 electrical stimuli. The subjects were divided into 3 groups: one group treated with EMDR, a group that as a distraction from the stimuli to a cartoon look, and a control group with no further intervention was performed. Both physiological and subjective responses to pain stimuli were recorded. In no effect size differences were found between the three groups. In the discussion, this results in a wider perspective.

Keywords: Pain Attenuation

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5227. Rauch, S., & Cahill, S. (2003, August). Treatment and prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder. Primary Psychiatry, 10(8), 60-65.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
What treatments are effective for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the prevention of PTSD following trauma? The current review illustrates the basic efficacy of several psychosocial treatments for PTSD (ie, exposure, stress inoculation training, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, cognitive therapy); discusses comparative studies of these treatments; examines two preventive interventions for trauma survivors (i.e., psychological debriefing, cognitive behavioral programs); and suggests future research directions. Several psychosocial treatments for chronic PTSD have been proven effective. The few randomized, comparative studies do not provide strong evidence for the superiority of one intervention over another. Further, these studies do not support an additive benefit for combined treatments. While evidence does not support the efficacy of psychological debriefing in preventing PTSD following trauma, studies do suggest that brief cognitive-behavioral programs may accelerate recovery and prevent the development of chronic PTSD following trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Cognitive Therapy Emotional Trauma Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prevention Psychosocial Treatments Psychotherapeutic Techniques PTSD PTSD Treatment Survivors Stress Management Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5228. Ray, P., & Page, A. (2002, November). A single session of hypnosis and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of chronic pain. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 30(2), 170-178.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Hypnosis and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of chronic pain were examined. In a randomised controlled trial, patients in a crossover design experienced one session of hypnotherapy and EMDR. Subjective pain within treatment sessions was assessed using the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Subjective pain between treatment sessions was assessed using a diary record of pain. Treatment brought about reductions in subjective pain with evidence for the superiority of hypnosis.

Keywords: Chronic Pain Empirical Study Hypnosis Hypnotherapy Multimodal Treatment Approach Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5229. Raynaud, P., Boxus, A., Renoir, V., & Sanchez, S. (2012, January). P-975 - From mind to brain: Event-related potentials and EMDR treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. European Psychiatry, 27(Supplement 1), 1-1. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(12)75142-8.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Introduction: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a relevant technique to improve post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Objectives: To compare the electrophysiological profile of patients suffering post traumatic stress disorder before and after EMDR treatment. Aims: The authors are in search of a specific event-related brain potentials profile for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: Eight patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a severe traumatic event, were assessed with event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in a modified oddball paradigm containing auditory standard, target, and novel tones. ERPs were assessed before and after a treatment session using the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing method. Results: Psychometric assessment revealed a marked improvement of the PTSD symptoms after treatment. Compared to a control group that underwent sham treatment, ERPs of the patients showed morphological changes in the post-treatment recording, suggesting a reduced orienting to novel stimuli and reduced arousal level after the treatment. Conclusions: EMDR therapy provides clinical improvement and event-related potentials changes that could be used in clinical practice as an interesting marker to assess diagnosis and successful treatment of PTSD.

Keywords: Event-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5230. Regourd-Laizeau, M., Martin-Krumm, C., & Tarquinio, C. (2012, March). Interventions dans le domaine du sport: Le protocole d’optimisme [Interventions in the field of sports: Protocol of optimism]. Pratiques psychologiques, 18(2), 189-204. doi:10.1016/j.prps.2012.02.001.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
L’optimisme peut être envisagé selon plusieurs approches. Il est possible d’envisager une approche directe comme, par exemple, la proposition de Carver et Scheier, 1982 et le concept d’optimisme dispositionnel. Il est également possible d’envisager une approche indirecte comme celle d’Abramson et al., 1978 et le concept de style explicatif optimiste. Quelle que soit l’option retenue, l’optimisme est associé principalement à des effets bénéfiques, et ce quels que soient les contextes : la santé, le monde du travail et de l’école, ou la performance sportive par exemple. En conséquence, mettre au point des techniques destinées à augmenter le niveau d’optimisme est devenu crucial dans différents domaines. Cet article a pour objectif de présenter brièvement certaines de ces techniques et de développer plus précisément l’apport de l’eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) au développement d’un style explicatif optimiste dans le domaine du sport. Les limites, mais aussi les pistes prometteuses seront précisées.

Summary: Optimism can be seen in several approaches. It is possible to consider a direct approach, for example, the proposal of Carver and Scheier, 1982 and the concept of dispositional optimism. It is also possible to consider an indirect approach like that of Abramson et al., 1978 and the concept of optimistic explanatory style. Whatever option is chosen, the optimism is mainly associated with beneficial effects, and whatever contexts: health, the world of work and school, or athletic performance for example. As a result, developing techniques to increase the level of optimism has become crucial in various fields. This article aims to briefly present some of these techniques and develop more precisely the contribution of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) to develop an optimistic explanatory style in the field of sport. Limits, but also promising directions will be specified.

Keywords: Intervention Sports

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5231. Reicherzer, S. (2011). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in counseling a male couple. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5(3), 111-120. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.5.3.111.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This practice-based article discusses the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in counseling “Paul“ and “Eddie“ (aliases), a couple for 4 years who presented with what they identified as “communication problems.“ Through the use of psychosocial assessments of the men's personal histories, it was determined that Paul's experience of feeling controlled and Eddie's struggles to believe that he mattered in the relationship were linked to traumatic memories in each man's childhood that related to his sexual identity development. EMDR was used to target the men's traumatic memories, alternating between Paul and Eddie. Following each EMDR treatment series, the work was integrated by talking through how the reprocessed material integrated into the overall couple experience, leading to both men's increased satisfaction in the relationship.

Keywords: Couple Counseling Gay Sexual Abuse

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5232. Renfrey, G., & Spates, C. R. (1994, September). Eye movement desensitization: A partial dismantling study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(3), 231-239. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90023-X.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
23 PTSD subjects were exposed to either: (1) standard eye movement desensitization (EMD), (2) a variant of EMD in which eye movements were engendered through a light tracking task, or (3) a variant of EMD in which fixed visual attention replaced eye movements. All three interventions produced significant positive changes in all dependent measures and these changes were maintained at follow-up. No significant differences between groups were observed. It was concluded that the eye movements peculiar to EMD are not essential to treatment outcome. The implications of the present findings and previous reports are discussed and recommendations for future research provided. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Adults Americans Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5233. Renner, W., Banninger-Huber, E., & Peltzer, K. (2011). Culture-sensitive and resource oriented peer (CROP) - Groups as a community based intervention for trauma survivors: A randomized controlled pilot study with refugees and asylum seekers from Chechnya. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 2011-1, 1-13.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Asylum seekers and refugees frequently suffer from post-traumatic stress and culturally sensitive methods towards reducing symptoms should be taken into account. The aim of the work reported here was to examine the effectiveness of Culture-Sensitive and Resource Oriented Peer (CROP) - Groups for Chechen asylum seekers and refugees towards reducing post-traumatic symptoms, anxiety, and depression. Some ninety-four participants were randomly assigned to 15 sessions of CROP - or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) - Groups, to 3 single sessions of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), or to a Wait-List (WL). The results indicated that CROP was significantly superior to WL, and was equally effective as CBT in reducing post-traumatic symptoms, anxiety, and depression. Improvements still were present at three and six month follow-up occasions. EMDR yielded negative results. According to this pilot study, CROP-Groups pose a promising, culturally sensitive alternative to psychotherapy with Chechen migrants.

Keywords: Asylum Seekers Chechnya Community-Based Intervention CROP Culture-Sensitive and Resource Oriented Peer Pakistan Pilot Study Psychological Trauma Randomized Control Trial RCT Refugees Survivor Trauma Treatment Center Treatment Response Violent Situation in Pakistan

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5234. Renssen, M. R., & Winkel, F. W. (1999). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) bij verkeersslachtoffers met chronische whiplash-klachten: Een exploratieve studie naar het verzachten va traumasymptomen [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in road casualties with chronic whiplash injuries: An exploratory study to alleviate symptoms of trauma]. Directieve Therapie, 19(4), 148-156. doi:10.1007/BF03060223.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Dit onderzoek bij verkeersslachtoffers met whiplash-klachten maakte deel uit van een omvangrijker studie naar de kwaliteit van hulpverlening aan slachtoffers van verkeersongevallen, in het kader van het Achmea-project ‘Kwaliteit Slachtofferhulp’. Gerapporteerd wordt een viertal gevalsbeschrijvingen van patiënten met chronische whiplash-klachten. Vier vrouwen die gemiddeld 22 maanden geleden bij een auto-ongeval betrokken waren, werden tweemaal anderhalf uur behandeld met Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Voor en na de behandeling werden de Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) en de Schokverwerkingslijst (SVL) afgenomen. Vergelijking van voor- en nameting toonde een duidelijke afname van klachten, onder meer op Herbeleving en Vermijding (SVL) en Somatisatie, Angst, Depressie, Slaapproblemen, Wantrouwen en Interpersoonlijke Sensitiviteit (SCL-90). Deze resultaten zijn hoopgevend: EMDR bleek bij te dragen aan een verzachting van traumasymptomen. In verder onderzoek zouden de effecten en onderliggende mechanismen van emdr bij een grotere groep chronische whiplash-patiënten bestudeerd moeten worden.

This study of road accident victims with whiplash injuries was part of a larger study on the quality of assistance to victims of traffic accidents, as part of the Achmea project 'Quality Victim'. Reported four case reports of patients with chronic whiplash injuries. Four women who averaged 22 months ago in a car accident, were two and a half hours with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Before and after treatment were the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) and Shock Treatment List (SVL) decreased. Comparison of pre-and post-test showed a significant reduction of complaints, including the re-experiencing and Avoidance (IES) and Somatization, Anxiety, Depression, Insomnia, Distrust, and Interpersonal Sensitivity (SCL-90). These results are encouraging: EMDR appeared to contribute to an alleviation of trauma symptoms. In further research, the effects and underlying mechanisms of EMDR in a larger group of chronic whiplash patients should be studied.

Keywords: Motor Vehicle Accidents Road Casualties Whiplash

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5235. Rhoads, J., Pearman, T., & Rick, S. (2007, October). Clinical presentation and therapeutic interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder post-Katrina. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 21(5), 249–256. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2007.05.002.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
It has been almost 2 years since Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast. These 2 years can be characterized by constant struggle and pain as the people try to reattain some semblance of life as they knew it before Katrina struck. Some have chosen to leave their ancestral homes, homes where they were raised and where they, in turn, raised their own families. Those who did leave are able, in some way, to reestablish some semblance of normality, but those who stayed showed manifestations of and dealt with psychological trauma. These manifestations include regression, inattentiveness, aggressiveness, somatic complaints, irritability, social withdrawal, nightmares, and crying. Longer lasting effects may include depression, anxiety, adjustment disorders, and interpersonal or academic difficulties. These postdisaster manifestations can linger or remain hidden until well after the traumatic event and could persist for years. This article presents issues about the effects of Katrina on the mental health of the people of New Orleans. It discusses the profile of posttraumatic stress disorder and presents evidence-based review of interventions the health care provider can implement to care for thosewho continue to suffer the effects of this horrific disaster.

Keywords: Hurricanes Intervention Katrina Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5236. Ribchester, T., Yule, W., & Duncan, A. (2010). EMDR for childhood PTSD after road traffic accidents: Attentional, memory, and attributional processes. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(4), 138-147. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.4.138.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was used with 11 children who developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after road traffi c accidents. All improved such that none met criteria for PTSD on standardized assessments after an average of only 2.4 sessions. Signifi cant improvements in PTSD, anxiety, and depression were found both immediately after treatment and at follow-up. Attentional, memory, and attributional processes associated with PTSD were assessed and their relationship to therapeutic change examined. Treatment was associated with a signifi cant trauma-specifi c reduction in attentional bias on the modifi ed Stroop task, with results apparent both immediately after therapy and at follow-up.

Keywords: Attention Attribution Child Memory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5237. Riberto, S., Fernandez, I., Furlani, F., & Vigorelli, M. (2010). L'alleanza terapéutica nel trattamento cognitivo-costruttivista e nell' eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) [Therapeutic alliance in cognitive-constructivist treatment and in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR).]. Psicoterapia Cognitiva E Comportamentale, 16(1), 85-101.

Language: Italian

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Alleanza terapeutica è un tema centrale della ricerca contemporanea e di valutazione in psicoterapia. Sulla base di un riconoscimento della letteratura internazionale e su dati di ricerca, l'alleanza trasversale emerge come un fattore terapeutico comune ai modelli di trattamenti diversi, che quindi, si pone al di là delle tecniche, ma al tempo stesso intreccia con loro e con le loro specificità. Lo studio presentato si propone di osservare l'alleanza terapeutica tra il paziente e il terapeuta, usando Horvath (1981, 1982) strumento di valutazione entro due corsi brevi psicoterapeutico; un corso condotto con un approccio cognitivo-costruttivista, l'altra con il movimento oculare Desensibilizzazione e Rielaborazione (EMDR). I risultati delle analisi descrittiva effettuata sui dati e le osservazioni emerse hanno confermato l'importanza che entrambi gli approcci attribuiscono alla alleanza terapeutica, sul piano teorico e metodologico. In particolare, le valutazioni alleanza fornite dal paziente e dal terapeuta nella terapia con Eye Movement desensibilizzazione e rielaborazione sono stati trovati per essere molto più consistente che riflette la sintonia emotiva distintivo di questo approccio.

Therapeutic alliance is a central theme of contemporary research and assessment in psychotherapy. Based on an acknowledgement of international literature and on research data, the alliance emerges as a common therapeutic factor transversal to the different treatment models, which therefore, sets itself beyond the techniques, but at the same time interlaces with them and with their specificities. The study presented aims to observe the therapeutic alliance between the patient and the therapist by using Horvath's (1981; 1982) assessment tool within two short psychotherapeutic courses; one course conducted with a cognitive-constructivist approach, the other with the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). The results of the descriptive analysis performed on the data and the observations which emerged have confirmed the importance that both approaches attach to therapeutic alliance on the theoretical and methodological level. In particular, the alliance assessments provided by the patient and by the therapist in the therapy with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing were found to be much more consistent in reflecting the distinctive emotional attunement of the approach.

Keywords: Cognitive Constructivist Treatment Therapeutic Alliance

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5238. Ricci, R. J. (2006, June). Trauma resolution using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with an incestuous sex offender: An instrumental case study. Clinical Case Studies, 5(3), 248-265. doi:10.1177/1534650104265276.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This case describes the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) to reduce reactivity to childhood trauma in an incestuous sex offender. It explores the relationship between desensitization and reprocessing of traumatic memory and how this may promote sex offender treatment progress as an enhancement of, not a replacement for, the cognitive-behavioral or relapse prevention treatment of sexual offenders. Pretreatment and posttreatment self-report and other-report instruments and semistructured interviews are employed to explore the results of this intervention. Implications and suggestions for this treatment protocol are suggested.

Keywords: Childhood Trauma Clinical Case Study Emotional Trauma Eye Movements Incest Incestuous Sex Offender Sex Offenders Sex Offenses Trauma Resolution Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5239. Ricci, R. J., & Clayton, C. A. (2008). Trauma resolution treatment as an adjunct to standard treatment for child molesters: A qualitative study. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(1), 41-50. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.1.41.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A literature review of current treatment models for child molesters and contemporary theories of etiology suggests a gap between theory and practice. Despite emerging recognition of the importance of addressing etiological issues in sexual offender treatment, many programs resist addressing the trauma sequelae of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in those sex offenders where it is present. Adding trauma treatment to standard sexual offender treatment was identified as a means to closing some of that gap. 10 child molesters with reported histories of CSA were treated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Subsequent to adding this trauma resolution component, there was improvement on all six subscales of the Sex Offender Treatment Rating Scale as well as decreased idiosyncratic deviant arousal as measured by the penile plethysmograph. The current study reviews qualitative data collected during treatment and at posttreatment interviews. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Abuse Propensity Adults Child Abuse Child Molester Clinical Trial Cognitive Therapy European Americans Males Qualitative Perpetrators Rape Sex Offenders Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5240. Ricci, R. J., Clayton, C. A., & Shapiro, F. (2006, December). Some effects of EMDR on previously abused child molesters: Theoretical reviews and preliminary findings. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 17(4), 538-562. doi:10.1080/14789940601070431.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Ten child molesters with reported histories of childhood sexual abuse underwent eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) trauma treatment as an adjunct to standard cognitive-behavioural therapy-relapse prevention (CBT-RP) group treatment. Trauma resolution produced significant pre/post changes on all relevant subscales of the Sexual Offender Treatment Rating Scale (SOTRS). One unanticipated benefit was a consistent and sustained decline in deviant sexual arousal compared to the control condition. As measured by the SOTRS, decrease in arousal was also correlated with a decrease in sexual thoughts, increased motivation for treatment, and increased victim empathy. Deviant arousal is strongly associated with sexual recidivism. Clinical observations support the notion that those sexual offenders with histories of childhood sexual abuse may be left with aberrant sexual arousal, which is one pathway to sexual offending. The adaptive information processing model offers an explanation of the decreased and sustained deviant arousal observed in this study. This preliminary evidence supports a call for further research into this phenomenon.

Keywords: Child Molester Childhood Sexual Abuse Emotional Trauma Empirical Study Eye Movements Pedophilia Phallometry Quantitative Study Sex Offenders Sexual Abuse Trauma Treatment Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5241. Ricci, R. J., Clayton, C. A., Foster, S., Jarero, I., Litt, B., Artigar, L., & Kamin, S. (2009). Special applications of EMDR: Treatment of performance anxiety, sex offenders, couples, families, and traumatized groups. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(4), 279-288. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.4.279.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article presents four brief reports that illustrate EMDR’s potential in addressing a range of pathologies and problems. These include traumatized groups, families and couples, sex offenders, and individuals with performance anxiety. Each brief report provides a short summary of the research, highlights current EMDR research, and points out what is needed for future investigations. Preliminary results suggest that the EMDR–integrative group treatment protocol may be an effective means of providing mental health care to large groups of people affected by critical incidents. The report titled “EMDR in Couples and Family Therapy” provides an overview of the field and describes the various ways in which EMDR is being incorporated. The presenting issue with performance anxiety is debilitating evaluation anxiety at the prospect of having to perform some important activity in front of an audience that matters a great deal to the client. Sex offender treatment is enhanced by an effective means of resolving psychological mechanisms that contribute to the dynamics of the offense chain.

Keywords: Couples and Family Therapy Group Treatment Performance Anxiety Sex Offender Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5242. Rice, G. I. (1993, December). Eye movement desensitization. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 27(4), 701.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Asserts that EMDR's demonstrated efficacy justifies its therapeutic use even though its therapeutic credibility has not been scientifically established. [Pilots]

Keywords: Letter Professional Criticism Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5243. Richards, D. (1999, January). The eye movement desensitization and reprocessing debate: Commentary on Rosen et al. and Poole et al. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 27(1), 13-17.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The debate conducted in this journal and elsewhere on the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is characterized by incredulity, fervent belief and emotion. Theorists and clinical pragmatists, not to mention the “discovers” of EMDR, have often taken up oppositional stances that impede rationale debate. Whilst some may be offended by the overt commercialism and messianic fervour of the EMDR lobby, the best response is to engage in dialogue, collaboration and scientific experiment. These experiments should combine the best randomized clinical trial methods with experimental deconstruction of the complex mix that now comprises EMDR. Those who have developed EMDR should cease the commercial and empirical protectionism that has characterized the EMDR movement and open their methods to such investigation by the healthily sceptical.

Keywords: Outcome Research Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness.

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5244. Richardson, P., Williams, S. R., Hepenstall, S., Gregory, L., McKie, S., & Corrigan, F. (2009). A single-case fMRI study: EMDR treatment of a patient with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(1), 10-23. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.1.10.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study assessed the effects of a session of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with auditory alternating bilateral stimulation (ABS) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of brain activations. A case study was conducted with a female participant who was suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder following a severe assault. The fMRI scan began with safe-place imagery, for purposes of comparison, and then attention to the trauma memory without ABS. After this, ABS was provided as she began using EMDR procedures to process the traumatic memory. At postsession, the traumatic memory showed robust and significant changes on self-report measures. The initiation of the EMDR protocol with provision of ABS was associated with a marked change in brain activation within the prefrontal cortex demonstrating a ventromedial shift. The authors argue that the structure of the EMDR protocol encourages such a ventromedial activation, which is then intensified by ABS to overcome the block to information processing that has been preventing natural healing from occurring spontaneously.

Keywords: fMRI Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Single Case

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5245. Ringel, S. (2012). An integrative model in trauma treatment - utilizing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and a relational approach with adult survivors of sexual abuse. Psychoanalytic Psychology. doi:10.1037/a0030044.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The aim of this article is to offer an integrative approach in the treatment of adult survivors of sexual abuse. The treatment orientation is psychodynamic and intersubjective and will draw on three conceptual models: (a) a developmental model based on current attachment research, (b) current neuroscience findings concerning traumatic memory that emphasize sensory, affective, and implicit knowing in the understanding and treatment of trauma, and (c) eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as an adjunctive technique to help access traumatic memories. The author will summarize each theoretical perspective and will provide a case illustration to demonstrate a treatment approach that incorporates all three modalities.

Keywords: Adults Relational Approach Sexual Abuse Survivors

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5246. Rittenhouse, J. (2000, November). Using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing to treat complex PTSD in a biracial client. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 6(4), 399-408 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A biracial client's recovery from PTSD through the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is discussed to illustrate the interaction between ethnicity and phenotype as well as diagnosis and treatment considerations. This case explains a woman's experience of discrimination in and out of her home and her vulnerability to complex PTSD, and it documents the importance of the therapy focusing on experiences of discrimination and prejudice as well as abuse. It shows how the client structures her environment in a personally creative fashion to include representative features of various aspects of her identity, by her choice of where and who she teaches as well as how and with whome she spends her free time. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Assault Battery Case Report Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Complex PTSD C-PSTD Cross Cultural Treatment Empirical Study European Americans Females Mexican Americans Persecution Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy PTSD Rural Populations Self Concept Self Esteem Survivors Teacher

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5247. Robbins, I. (1995, May). Treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 8(3), 172-175.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Despite a growing literature relating to post-traumatic stress disorder, few studies detailing the effects of treatment have been published; those that have are often of small sample size or poorly controlled. Treatments may be successful but without further research their true efficacy is unlikely to be known.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5248. Roberts, A. R. (2002, Spring). Assessment, crisis intervention, and trauma treatment: The integrative ACT intervention model. Brief Treatment & Crisis Intervention, 2(1), 1-21.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article presents a conceptual three-stage framework and intervention model that should be useful in helping mental health professionals provide acute crisis and trauma treatment services. The ACT model stands for Assessment, Crisis Intervention, and Trauma Treatment. This new model may be thought of as a sequential set of assessments and intervention strategies. The ACT intervention model integrates various assessment and triage protocols with the seven-stage crisis intervention model, and the ten-step acute traumatic stress management protocol. In addition, this article introduces and briefly highlights the other eight narrative, theoretical, and empirically based papers in this issue that focus on mental health and crisis-oriented intervention strategies implemented within 1 month after the September 11, 2001, terroristic mass disaster at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.

Keywords: ACT Model Assessment Assessment Crisis Intervention Triage Crisis Assessment Crisis Intervention Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5249. Roberts, B. (2002, July). Support for EMDR. The Psychologist, 15(7), 335.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Responds to the comments by S. Joseph made regarding the original article by F. Shapiro and L. Maxfield which reported on the clinical applications of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR). Joseph's comment cautioned against the adoption of EMDR without the appropriate evidence to back it up. The current author offers her support for EMDR. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Clinical Applications Letter Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5250. Robertson, J. M., & Williams, B. W. (2010). "Gender aware therapy" for professional men in a day treatment center. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 47(3), 316–326. doi:10.1037/a0021163.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
High accountability men in the medical, legal, corporate, and mental health professions sometimes engage in behavior that violates their fiduciary responsibilities. These highly skilled men may engage in disruptive or explosive behavior, cross sexual boundaries with clients or patients, abuse substances, or have other psychiatric problems that compromise their workplace performance. When this occurs, licensing boards, professional societies, or supervising executives often require the dysregulated man to seek assistance. This article reports on ways the Professional Renewal Center incorporates recommendations from “Gender Aware Therapy” in developing a male-friendly approach to conducting comprehensive multidisciplinary psychological assessments, and to providing intensive, multimodal, weeks-long treatment services.

Keywords: Assessment Masculinity Professionals Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5251. Rodebaugh, T. L., Curran, P. J., & Chambless, D. L. (2002, Spring). Expectancy of panic in the maintenance of daily anxiety in panic disorder with agoraphobia: A longitudinal test of competing models. Behavior Therapy, 33(2), 315-336. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(02)80031-4.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Although panic expectancy and the experience of anxiety are clearly related, their causal relationship remains unclear. A series of autoregressive latent trajectory models was used to evaluate the relationship between the highest level of daily anxiety and panic expectancy over time. Participants (N = 45) who met criteria for panic disorder with agoraphobia filled out daily diary measures over a 10-day period. It was hypothesized that expectation of panic (measured in the morning) would be primarily responsible for the maintenance of daily anxiety (measured in the evening). Daily anxiety was found to be influenced by a traitlike anxiety component, anxiety from the previous day, and morning expectation of panic. Panic expectancy was found to be influenced by a traitlike expectancy component, but not by the previous day's anxiety. Limitations of the model and future applications are discussed.

Keywords: Agoraphobia Anxiety Panic Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5252. Rodenburg, R., Benjamin, A., de Roos, C., Meijer, A. M., & Stams, G. J. (2009, November). Efficacy of EMDR in children: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(7), 599-606. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.008.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in children with posttraumatic stress symptoms was meta-analytically examined from the perspective of incremental efficacy. Overall post-treatment effect size for EMDR was medium and significant (d = .56). Results indicate efficacy of EMDR when effect sizes are based on comparisons between EMDR and non-established trauma treatment or no-treatment control groups, and incremental efficacy when effect sizes are based on comparisons between EMDR and established (CBT) trauma treatment. The discussion focuses on future replication of EMDR findings and further research on posttraumatic stress in children.

Keywords: Children Incremental Efficacy Meta-Analysis Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5253. Rodenburg, R., Benjamin, A., Meijer, A. M., & Jongeneel, R. (2009, September). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in an adolescent with epilepsy and mild intellectual disability. Epilepsy & Behavior, 16(1), 175-180. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.07.015.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Intellectual disability is a comorbid condition in epilepsy. People with epilepsy and intellectual disability are at high risk of developing behavioral problems. Among the many contributors to behavioral problems in people with epilepsy and intellectual disability are those of traumatic experiences. As such, behavioral problems can be seen as a reflection of these traumatic experiences. Among established trauma therapies, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an emerging treatment that is effective in adults and also seems to be effective in children. This article is a case report of EMDR in an adolescent with epilepsy and mild intellectual disability, in whom the EMDR children’s protocol was used. The aim was to assess whether clinical trauma status significantly diminished to nonclinical status posttreatment. Change in trauma symptoms was evaluated with the Reliable Change Index (RCI). Results showed a significant decrease in trauma symptoms toward nonclinical status from pretreatment to posttreatment. EMDR consequences for epilepsy and intellectual disability are discussed.[Elsevier 2009]

Keywords: Case Report Children Epilepsy Intellectual Disability Reliable Change Index Trauma Symptoms

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5254. Rogers, S. (1998). An alternative interpretation of “intensive” PTSD treatment failures. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(4), 769-775. doi:10.1023/A:1024401601800.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
An evaluation of program failures in the treatment of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder has led some reviewers to conclude that the focus of treatment should be shifted away from combat trauma and directed toward other problems. A more detailed examination of these programs reveals that they rarely involve the systematic use of the most soundly-validated PTSD treatment, trauma-focused therapy.

Keywords: Exposure Outcome Treatment Program

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5255. Rogers, S., & Silver, S. M. (2002, January). Is EMDR an exposure therapy? A review of trauma protocols. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(1), 43-59. doi:10.1002/jclp.1128.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article presents the well established theoretical base and clinical practice of exposure therapy for trauma. Necessary requirements for positive treatment results and contraindicated procedures are reviewed. EMDR is contrasted with these requirements and procedures. By the definitions and clinical practice of exposure therapy, the classification of EMDR poses some problems. As seen from the exposure therapy paradigm, its lack of physiological habituation and use of spontaneous association should result in negligible or negative effects rather than the well researched positive outcomes. Possible reasons for the effectiveness of EMDR are discussed, ranging from the fundamental nature of trauma reactions to the nonexposure mechanisms utilized in information processing models. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Keywords: Exposure Therapy Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trauma Trauma Protocols

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5256. Rogers, S., Silver, S. M., Goss, J., Obenchain, J., Willis, A., & Whitney, R. L. (1999, January-April). A single session, group study of exposure and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in treating posttraumatic stress disorder among Vietnam War veterans: Preliminary data. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 119-130. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00043-7.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This report summarizes data gathered thus far from an ongoing study. Two groups (total N = 12) of Vietnam War veterans diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) received a single session of exposure or Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) focusing on the veterans’ most distressing war experience. Group assignment was random, treatment providers were blind to assessment data, and the pre- and posttreatment assessor was blind to treatment assignment. Both groups showed improvement on the Impact of Event Scale. EMDR treatment resulted in greater positive changes in within-session Subjective Units of Discomfort levels and on self-monitored severity of intrusive recollection. A trend toward decreased heart rate reactivity was observed in both groups. Results must be considered carefully due to the small number of subjects used in the study. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Americans Empirical Study Exposure Therapy Middle Aged Posttrraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Random Clinical Trial RCT Treatment Effectiveness Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial Veterans Vietnam War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5257. Romain, L. B.-S. (2013). EMDR with recurrent “flash-forwards“: Reflections on Engelhard et al.'s 2011 study. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7(2), 106-111. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.7.2.106.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
“Translating Research Into Practice“ is a new regular journal feature in which clinicians share clinical case examples that support, elaborate, or illustrate the results of a specific research study. Each column begins with the abstract of the study, followed by the clinician's description of their own application of standard eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) procedures with the population or problem treated in the study. The column is edited by the EMDR Research Foundation with the goal of providing a link between research and practice and making research findings relevant in therapists' day-to-day practices. In this issue's column, Lisa Bellecci-St. Romain references Engelhard et al.'s (2011) study examining the impact of eye movements on recurrent, intrusive visual images about potential future catastrophes-“flash-forwards.“ Illustrating the findings by Engelhard et al., Bellecci-St. Romain describes the successful use of the EMDR standard protocol in two cases-a woman fearful of returning to work even after past memories are cleared and a young man in early sobriety whose reprocessing of the past is interrupted by concerns of an imminent court appearance. The case examples are followed with a discussion of the importance of recognizing and targeting flash-forwards as present triggers in the three-pronged EMDR standard protocol.

Keywords: Bridging Research and Practice Eye Movements Flash-Forward Intrusive Images

Accuracy Verified: No

5258. Roman, M. W. (2010, May). Treatment of post traumatic stress disorders: Part II: Non-pharmacological treatments. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 31(5), 370-372. doi:10.3109/01612841003675311.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The article discusses non-pharmacological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research has demonstrated that Cognitive Behavioral Treatment (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) have been effective in treating PTSD but not necessarily in preventing it. The author describes the use of exposure, which aims to disrupt a fear-conditioned response by altering the meaning attached to it, as a means of treating PTSD. The author notes that exposure treatment has been found to be more efficacious when combined with CBT, as opposed to when used alone.

Keywords: Cognitive Therapy Fear--Psychological Aspects PTSD Treatment Psychic Trauma Patients Psychotherapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5259. Rooijmans, J., Rosenkamp, N. H. G., Vernholt, P., & Visscher, R. A. (2012). The effect of eye movements on craving, pleasantness and vividness in smokers. Social Cosmos, 3(2), 200-214.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The presence of craving is an important factor in continuing smoking. Following the Elaborated Intrusion (EI) theory of Desire, craving is effective through the formation of smoking-related mental images. In the current study, craving was generated through the use of a future personal smoking-related image. Eye movements were observed in accordance with the Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) intervention. The effect of these eye movements on craving was investigated. In addition, the effect of eye movements on the pleasantness and vividness of the image was examined. 36 participants took part in a withinsubjects design with repeated measures. In line with expectations, perceived craving decreased immediately after the experimental condition (eye movements) was experienced. This decrease was not found in the control condition (fixation on a plain wall). After recall of the smoking-related image, the extra measurement showed that the decrease was temporary. Contrary to expectations, the degree of pleasantness and vividness did not decrease after eye movements. In conclusion, the eye movements were found to have only a temporary effect on craving for cigarettes, and did not result in desensitization of the pleasantness and vividness of the personal smoking-related images.

Keywords: Craving EI-Theory Eye Movement Smoking

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5260. Rosch. P. J. 1997, January-February) . Editorial comments: The treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Psychosomatic Medicine, 59(1), 71 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
These letters criticize alleged omissions in a review of the literature on treatment of PTSD. [Pilots]

Keywords: Letter Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Professional Criticism PTSD Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5261. Rosen, G. (1997, September). Welch's comments on Shapiro's walk in the woods and the origin of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 28(3), 247-249 doi:10.1016/S0005-7916(97)00013-X.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Welch's (Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27, 175-179, 1996) response to Rosen's (Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 121-122, 1995) limited study on the origin of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) does not resolve how best to interpret what Shapiro experienced during her reported walk in the woods. References cited by Welch actually argue against the conclusions he advances. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Cognitive Processes Comment Effects Etiology Professional Criticism Reply Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5262. Rosen, G. M. (1995, June). On the origin of eye movement desensitization. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26(2), 121-122. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(95)00014-Q.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Francine Shapiro, the founder of eye movement desensitization therapy (EMD) claims to have serendipitously discovered this technique by experiencing spontaneous saccadic eye movements in response to disturbing thoughts during a walk in the woods. This explanation is difficult to accept because normal saccadic eye movements appear to be physiologically undetectable and are typically triggered by external stimuli. In the present limited study, all subjects failed to elicit any experience of eye movements, thus calling into question how best to interpret Dr. Shapiro's experience and the origin of EMD. [Author Summary]

Keywords: Letter Professional Criticism

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5263. Rosen, G. M. (1999, January-April). Treatment fidelity and research on eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 173-184. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00046-2.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing was introduced by Frances Shapiro (1989) as a treatment for PTSD. When controlled studies failed to support the extraordinarily positive findings and claims made by Shapiro, proponents of EMDR raised the issue of treatment fidelity and criticized researchers for being inadequately trained. This paper considers the issues raised by EMDR proponents. It is concluded that treatment fidelity has been used as a specious, distracting issue that permits the continued promotion of EMDR in the face of negative empirical findings. Clinical psychologists are urged to remember the basic tenets of science when evaluating extraordinary claims made for novel techniques. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Methodology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5264. Rosen, G. M., & Davidson, G. C. (2003, July). Psychology should list empirically supported principles of change (ESPs) and not credentialed trademark therapies or other treatment packages. Behavior Modification, 27(3), 300-312. doi:10.1177/0145445503027003003.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Current systems for listing empirically supported therapies (ESTs) provide recognition to treatment packages, many of them proprietary and trademarked, without regard to the principles of change believed to account for their effectiveness. Our position is that any authoritative body representing the science and profession of psychology should work solely toward the identification of empirically supported principles of change (ESPs). As challenging as it is to take this approach, a system that lists ESPs will keep a focus on issues central to the science and practice of psychology while also insulating the profession from undue entrepreneurial influences.

Keywords: Behavior Principles Empirically Supported Therapy Treatment Outcome

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5265. Rosen, G. M., & Davison, G. C. (2001, October). “Echo attributions” and other risks when publishing on novel therapies without peer review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(10), 1245–1250. doi:10.1002/jclp.1092.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A special series on Thought Field Therapy in the Journal of Clinical Psychology provides an opportunity for psychologists to learn about techniques and theories outside the mainstream of our field. Unfortunately, by publishing this series of manuscripts without meeting the standards of peer review, the Journal also provides an avenue for the misuse of its good reputation and the improper promotion of untested methods. “Echo attributions” can be made whereby an author attributes the source of his own words to the professional journal in which the text appears. Historical examples illustrate that such misuse of scientific journals and institutions occurs. A formal statement of guidelines is needed to instruct authors on appropriate versus unethical representations of their publications.

Keywords: Echo Attributions Power Therapies TFT Thought Field Therapy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5266. Rosen, G., Lohr, J., McNally, R. J., & Herbert, J. D. (1999, January). Power therapies: Evidence vs. miraculous claims. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 27(1), 9-12.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Poole, de Jongh and Spector ask for empirical research rather than emotive arguments when evaluating EMDR. When one applies this standard, Poole et al.’s remaining points are devoid of substance. EMDR, like other Power Therapies, is a “miracle” cure that has failed. [Cambridge Journals]

Keywords: Letter Placebo Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Sham Therapies Survivors TFT Thought Field Therapy TIR Traumatic Incident Reduction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5267. Rosen, G., Lohr, J., McNally, R. J., & Herbert, J. D. (1998, April). Power therapies, miraculous claims, and the cures that fail. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26(2), 99-101.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Recent "Power Therapies" claim near miraculous cures but fare less well under controlled testing. These developments recall for cognitive behavior therapists the history of past "cures" that temporarily induced high levels of expectancies, but failed the test of time. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Commentary Placebo Postraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Stressors Survivors TFT Thought Field Therapy TIR Traumatic Incident Reduction Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5268. Ross, R. J., Ball, W. A., Dinges, D. F., Kribbs, N. B., Morrison, A. R., Silver, S. M., & Mulvaney, F. D. (1994, February). Rapid eye movement sleep disturbance in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 35(3), 195–202, doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)91152-5.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The subjective sleep disturbance in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including the repetitive, stereotypical anxiety dream, suggests dysfunctional rapid eye movement (REM) sleep mechanisms. The polysomnograms of a group of physically healthy combat veterans with current PTSD were compared with those of an age-appropriate normal control group. Tonic and phasic REM sleep measures in the PTSD subjects were elevated on the second night of recorded sleep. Increased phasic REM sleep activity persisted in the PTSD group on the subsequent night. During the study, an anxiety dream occurred in a PTSD subject in REM sleep. The results are consistent with the view that a dysregulation of the REM sleep control system, particularly phasic event generation, may be involved in the pathogenesis of PTSD. The finding of a specific disturbance of sleep unique to PTSD may have significant implications for the design of effective treatments for PTSD.

Keywords: Eye Movement Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Sleep Disturbance

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5269. Rost, C. (2003). EMDR in der behandlung von chronischen schmerzen [EMDR in the treatment of chronic pain]. Zeitschrift für Psychotraumatologie und Psychologische Medizin, 1 (3), 7-15.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Psychologische Behandlung von traumatischen Belastungsstörungen mit EMDR
Chronische Schmerzen sind in unserer Gesellschaft weit verbreitet und machen das medizinische System immer noch große Probleme. Auffallend ist das häufige gemeinsame Auftreten von psychischen Störungen. Die Bedeutung von Emotionen in Schmerzwahrnehmung und-verarbeitung hat nur in den letzten Jahren untersucht worden. Bisher gibt es nur wenige Studien über die Rolle des Traumas in die Geschichte und das gleichzeitige Auftreten von chronischen Schmerzen und posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen. Diese Kombination hat Versuche Behandlung von chronischen Schmerzen mit EMDR geführt. Die ersten Ergebnisse der Pilotstudien mit chronischen Schmerzen und Phantomschmerzen Mut zu tun, um diese Anwendung von EMDR am erkunden. Die persönlichen Erfahrungen von Patienten mit chronischen Schmerzen und begleitende PTSD positiv auf die Behandlung von EMDR mit einer Reduktion der Symptome und Schmerzen in Zusammenhang stehen.

Psychological treatment of traumatic stress disorders with EMDR
Chronic pain is widespread in our society and make the medical system still major problems. Striking is the frequent co-occurrence of mental disorders. The importance of emotion in pain perception and processing has been examined only in recent years. So far there are only few studies on the role of trauma in the history and the simultaneous occurrence of chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder. This combination has led to attempts at treatment of chronic pain with EMDR. The first results of pilot studies to do with chronic pain and phantom pain courage to explore this application of EMDR on. The personal experiences of patients with chronic pain and concomitant PTSD are positively related to the treatment of EMDR with a reduction of symptoms and pain.

Keywords: Comorbidity, Physical Pain, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5270. Rost, C., & Hofmann, A. (2000). Die therapie der posttraumatischen belastungsstoerung mit EMDR, einer neueren methode der traumabehandlung [Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with eye movement desensitization therapy, a new treatment approach]. Psychologie in Oesterreich, 20, 281-283 .

Language: German

Format: Journal

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5271. Rost, C., Hofmann, A., & Wheeler, K. (2009). EMDR treatment of workplace trauma: A case series. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(2), 80-90. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.2.80.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Violence and aggression in the workplace is an increasing international concern. No studies have yet determined the most efficacious psychotherapeutic strategies to alleviate the consequences of workplace violence, and none have identified interventions that might fortify workers who are repeatedly exposed to danger. This case series describes the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment of seven bank employees and one transportation worker who suffered repeated acute traumatization. The Impact of Events Scale, the Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome 10-Questions Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory were used to measure changes in symptom severity. Results showed that EMDR effectively reduced symptoms and may provide a possible protective buffer in situations of ongoing workplace violence.

Keywords: Bank Robbery Trauma Resilience Workplace Violence

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5272. Rotaru, J., Peluso, C., & Cherukuri, N. (2010, March). A literature review of the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in adults diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Experiential Psychotherapy, (1), 48-51. doi:10.1177/1524838004264340.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a pernicious mental health problem that causes severe occupational and social impairments. Epidemiologic studies show that about 56% of the population will be exposed to a traumatic event and about 8-12% will meet the criteria for PTSD during their lifetime. Given the chronicity and the high rates of PTSD in today’s society, it is imperative to determine the most efficacious intervention that has the potential to reduce symptomatology. This literature review indicates that EMDR is a therapy that can be implemented with sustained benefits.

Keywords: CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Literature Review Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Posttraumtic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5273. Roth, W. T. (2010). Diversity of effective treatments of panic attacks: What do they have in common?. Depression and Anxiety, 27(1), 5-11. doi:10.1002/da.20601.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
By comparing efficacious psychological therapies of different kinds, inferences about common effective treatment mechanisms can be made. We selected six therapies for review on the basis of the diversity of their theoretical rationales and evidence for superior efficacy: psychoanalytic psychotherapy, hypercapnic breathing training, hypocapnic breathing training, reprocessing with and without eye-movement desensitization, muscle relaxation, and cognitive behavior therapy. The likely common element of all these therapies is that they reduce the immediate expectancy of a panic attack, disrupting the vicious circle of fearing fear. Modifying expectation is usually regarded as a placebo mechanism in psychotherapy, but may be a specific treatment mechanism for panic. The fact that this is seldom the rationale communicated to the patient creates a moral dilemma: Is it ethical for therapists to mislead patients to help them? Pragmatic justification of a successful practice is a way out of this dilemma. Therapies should be evaluated that deal with expectations directly by promoting positive thinking or by fostering non-expectancy.

Keywords: Anxiety Depression

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5274. Rothbaum, B. (2001). Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. The Economics of Neuroscience: Ten, 3(10), 59-63.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Impressive advances in treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been made in the past 15 years especially with respect to pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). This review offers a summary of literature on psychosocial interventions for PTSD. It begins with a brief review of traditional therapies for PTSD and then examines the larger literture on the efficacy of CBTs for PTSD.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Review

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5275. Rothbaum, B. O., & Hyer, L. (1993, September). Treating trauma victims through eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Violence Update: Dedicated to the Continuing Education of the Professionals in the Field of Interpersonal Violence, 4(1), 5-6, 8, 10.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Point/Counterpoint: Not surprisingly, there has been a high level of controversy surrounding the use and effectiveness of this proceedure. Two professionals who are experienced in the implication of EMDR describe the intervention in greater detail and offer their differing perspectives on its use and potential effectiveness.

Keywords: Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5276. Rothbaum, B. O., Astin, M. C., & Marsteller, F. (2005, December). Prolonged exposure versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(6), 607-616. doi:10.1002/jts.20069.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This controlled study evaluated the relative efficacy of Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) compared to a no-treatment waitlist control (WAIT) in the treatment of PTSD in adult female rape victims (n = 74). Improvement in PTSD as assessed by blind independent assessors, depression, dissociation, and state anxiety was significantly greater in both the PE and EMDR group than the WAIT group (n = 20 completers per group). PE and EMDR did not differ significantly for change from baseline to either posttreatment or 6-month follow-up measurement for any quantitative scale. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Anger Canadians Cognitive Processing Therapy Empirical Study Exposure Exposure Therapy Guilt Longitudinal Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Relaxation Therapy Stress Inoculation Training Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5277. Rothschild, B. (2003, May). Beyond the model: Creating techniques from theory. Psychotherapy in Australia, 9(3), 36-40.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The following two cases are excerpted from Babette Rothschild’s newly published book 'The Body Remembers Casebook: Unifying Methods and Models in the Treatment of Trauma and PTSD' (W.W. Norton 2003). The first case advocates creative adaptation of learned methods, in this case EMDR. The second demonstrates the importance of regulating hyperarousal and halting flashbacks to facilitate increased client self-control and clear thinking. Both cases illuminate Rothschild’s principle of applying creative common sense to theory. The result is safer trauma therapy and interventions specially tailored to suit the specific needs of individual client situations.

Keywords: Theory

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5278. Rougemont-Bucking, A., & Zimmermann, E. N. (2012). EMDR-based treatment of psychotraumatic antecedents in illicit drug abusers: A report of two cases. Schweizer Archiv Für Neurologie Und Psychiatrie, 163(3), 107-115.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The co-occurrence of PTSD and of substance use disorder (SD) is known to be very high. However the question of whether and how to treat such patients remains largely unanswered in the EMDR community. We report on two cases of EMDR-based treatment of heavily affected SD patients in whom psychotraumatic antecedents were identified. EMDR sessions focused on trauma-related material and not on the expression of cue-induced drug craving. The treatment appeared to be a difficult and challenging endeavour. However, some beneficial effects on general comfort and on drug consumption could be observed. A long stabilisation phase was mandatory and the standard EMDR protocol needed to be conducted with much flexibility. Interestingly, there was no provocation of a prolonged psychological crisis or of relapse. Experiencing of emotional stress could be limited to the sessions and dissociation could be absorbed with specific well-known techniques without permanently increasing drug craving. These observations are discussed in relation to previously published concepts of using EMDR in the field of trauma and substance abuse.

Keywords: Addiction Comorbidity Dissociation Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PSTD Substance Use Disorder

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5279. Royle, L. (2008). EMDR as a therapeutic treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(3), 226-232. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.226.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a condition characterized by a new and persistent fatigue unexplained by other conditions and resulting in a substantial reduction in the individual's activity levels. Current treatment includes psychotherapeutic procedures such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, pharmacological interventions, and graded exercise therapy. This article considers the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for the condition of CFS. The case study describes the use of EMDR with a 49-year-old male client who had suffered debilitating CFS for nearly 5 years despite accessing other treatment methods. After 9 sessions, the client indicated that his energy levels were significantly higher, his need for sleep had reduced (from 15-20 hours to 9.5 hours in a 24-hour period), and he was able to resume employment. Results suggest that EMDR may be useful in treating CFS within a personalized treatment plan.

Keywords: Adaptive Information Processing AIP Case Study CFS Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Treatment Efficacy

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5280. Royle, L., & Kerr, C. (2012). From the general to the specific—selecting the target memory. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(3), 101-109. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.6.3.101.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This article is an excerpt from the book Integrating EMDR Into Your Practice (Royle & Kerr, 2010), which is a hands-on guide to facilitate the successful integration of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) training into therapists' practice while recognizing that trainees come from a range of theoretical backgrounds. This excerpt focuses on identifying the appropriate target memory and its related negative cognition (NC) in preparation for desensitization. Clients and therapists need to understand the rationale for selecting a particular target utilizing prioritization and clustering techniques. The importance of the belief system is discussed and methods of identifying the initial targets are offered, including the floatback technique. Many practitioners experience difficulty in getting the right NC, and methods for drawing this out are illustrated. Final preparations prior to desensitization are considered as well as the importance of addressing client anxieties and expectations. Throughout the excerpt, case vignettes are used to outline cautions and common pitfalls encountered by the novice EMDR therapist.

Keywords: Client Anxiety Negative Cognition Preparation Phase Target Memory Treatment Plan

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5281. Rubin, A. (2004, June). Fallacies and deflections in debating the empirical support for EMDR in the treatment of PTSD: A reply to Maxfield, Lake, and Hyer. Traumatology, 10(2), 91-105. doi:10.1177/153476560601200101.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The Maxfield, Lake, and Hyer acerbic attack on my review is filled with fallacies and inaccurate and unwarranted accusations that deflect attention away from the main issue pertaining to the insufficient evidence base for current claims that EMDR is more effective than exposure therapies and is an empirically-supported treatment for children, combat PTSD, and multiple trauma PTSD. More research is needed before such claims can be called evidence-based. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Letter Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Professional Criticism PTSD Reply Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5282. Rubin, A. (2003, March). Unanswered questions about the empirical support for EMDR in the treatment of PTSD: A review of research. Traumatology, 9(1), 4-30. doi:10.1177/153476560300900102 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A literature review was conducted to examine whether EMDR should be considered an empirically-supported treatment for PTSD. Relying largely but not exclusively on electronic data bases such as Medline and PsycInfo, journal articles published through April 2003 were identified which reported a randomized experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of EMDR in treating PTSD. EMDR appears to be an empirically supported treatment for adults with single-trauma civilian PTSD. However, the evidence supporting the effectiveness of EMDR is much less compelling when we focus on children, combat PTSD, multiple-trauma PTSD, and whether EMDR is more effective than exposure therapies. Proponents of EMDR hotly debate proponents of exposure therapy regarding methodological issues, with each side in the debate frequently employing a double standard. Clinicians are advised to use either EMDR, exposure therapy, or stress-inoculation therapy when treating civilian adults with single-trauma PTSD. They may also want to employ EMDR when treating children with PTSD or clients with multiple-trauma or chronic PTSD. But if they do, they should do so in light of the inadequate evidence base, be guided by future evaluations of EMDR with these populations, and recognize that many more sessions of EMDR, with less robust effects, may be required than what they might currently expect. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Literature Review Posttraumtic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5283. Rubin, A. (1999, November). Presidential editorial: Controlling for potential biases in research on social work practice effectiveness: Are higher standards needed?. Research on Social Work Practice, 9(6), 635-639. doi:10.1177/104973159900900601.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The article offers views on the processes and standards used by professional journals with respect to the review of manuscripts that report evaluations of practice effectiveness. The article discusses rejecting a study that randomly assigned clients to a treatment group and wait-list control group. The article discusses biases in research on social work practice effectiveness. Although the obvious bias in these studies regarding expectation for improvement or experimental demand was roundly criticized in subsequent reviews, it didn't keep them from being published. Given the difficulties researchers face in finding agencies that will permit rigorous experimental outcome studies, it is easy to recommend publishing a study that is strong in virtually every way but one-even if that one weakness is so severe that it virtually destroys the credibility of the study's findings. The author believes in studies using randomized assignment to experimental and control groups, where readers are so impressed by the randomized experimental design that they cut the author some slack regarding possible measurement bias or the potentially biasing effects of expectation for improvement or experimental demand.[EbscoHost]

Keywords: Editorial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5284. Rubin, Al., Bischofshausen, S., Conroy-Moore, K., Dennis, B., Hastie, M., Melnick, L., Reeves, D., & Smith, T. (2001, July). The effectiveness of EMDR in a child guidance center. Research on Social Work Practice, 11(4), 435-457. doi:10.1177/104973150101100402 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of adding EMDR to the routine treatment regimen of child therapists. Method: 39 child guidance center clients were randomly assigned to an experimental group that received EMDR plus the center's routine treatment package or a control group that received only the center's routine treatment package. Results: Analyses of variance found no significant differences in Child Behavior Checklist scores between groups. Subanalyses conducted for 33 clients with elevated pretest scores found moderate effect sizes that approached, but fell short of, statistical significance. Conclusions: These findings raise doubts about notions that EMDR produces rapid and dramatic improvements with children whose emotional and behavioral problems are not narrowly connected to a specific trauma and who require improvisational deviations from the standard EMDR protocol. Further research is needed in light of the special difficulties connected to implementing the EMDR protocol with clients like those in this study. [Sage]

Keywords: Affective Disorders Behavior Problems Effectiveness Emotional & Behavioral Problems Empirical Study Treatment Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation Treatment Outcome/Clinical Trial

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5285. Russell, M. C. (2006). Treating combat-related stress disorders: A multiple case study utilizing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with battlefield casualties from the Iraqi war. Military Psychology, 18(1), 1-18. doi:10.1207/s15327876mp1801_1.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Casualties from the Iraqi War were evacuated to a field hospital in Rota, Spain, and were screened for combat-related stress conditions. Four combat veterans requested immediate relief of their posttraumatic symptoms prior to returning to the United States. A single session of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) led to significant improvement in their acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. A detailed account of those treatment sessions, as well as the proposed alterations of standard protocols for time-limited fieldwork, is presented. Compared to other early interventions, EMDR may be better suited for combat veterans. The results are promising but in need of further research.

Keywords: Acute Stress Disorder ASD Battlefield Casualties Combat Experience Combat Related Stress Disorders Empirical Study Eye Movements Follow-up Study Hospitals Iraqi War Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Posttraumatic Symptoms PTSD Quantitative Study War

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5286. Russell, M. C. (2008, April). Treating traumatic amputation-related phantom limb pain: A case study utilizing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing within the Armed Services. Clinical Case Studies, 7(2), 136-153. doi:10.1177/1534650107306292.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Since September 2006, more than 725 service members from the global war on terrorism have survived combat-related traumatic amputations that often result in phantom limb pain (PLP) syndrome. Combat amputees are also at high risk of developing chronic mental health conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and clinical depression as they deal with wartime experiences, rehabilitation, and postrehabilitation adjustments. One active-duty patient was referred to a military outpatient clinic for treatment of PLP and PTSD following a traumatic leg amputation from a noncombat-related motor vehicle accident. Four sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) led to elimination of PLP and a significant reduction in PTSD, depression, and phantom limb tingling sensations. A detailed account of this treatment, as well as a review of the benefits of EMDR research and treatment in the military, is provided. The results are promising but in need of further research.

Keywords: Clinical Case Study Military Pain Phantom Limb Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5287. Russell, M. C. (2008). War-related medically unexplained symptoms, prevalence, and treatment: Utilizing EMDR within the armed services. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(3), 212-225. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.212.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
The mental health impact of war is often underestimated by military, government, and media officials who focus primarily on well-known conditions like depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) while ignoring the complex toll of modern warfare. These effects are clearly evident in "war syndromes," many of which can be collectively understood as medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). The current study provides a brief historical review of combat-related MUS as well as an analysis of present evidence of a possible "Iraqi War Syndrome." An overview of past and current treatments for combat MUS is followed by a single case study treating an Iraqi war combat veteran with combat-related MUS with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Therapy resulted in significant improvement of the patient's 1-year psychophysical condition and comorbid PTSD. We provide a detailed account of those treatment sessions as well as a discussion of EMDR's potential to simultaneously treat a range of combat-related psychophysical conditions without requiring extensive homework or self-disclosure that some military patients may resist. The results are promising, but they require further research. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Americans Iraq War Marine Personnel Medically Unexplained Symptoms Military Psychiatry Operation Iraqi Freedom Combat Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapeutic Processes PTSD Somatic Symptoms Veterans War Syndromes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5288. Russell, M. C. (2008, December). Scientific resistance to research, training and utilization of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in treating post-war disorders. Social Science & Medicine, 67(11), 1737-1746. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.025.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In this study, Barber's [(1961). Resistance by scientists to scientific discovery. Science, 134, 596-602] analysis of scientists' resistance to discoveries is examined in relation to an 18-year controversy between the dominant cognitive-behavioral paradigm or zeitgeist and its chief rival - eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in treating trauma-related disorders. Reasons for persistent opposition to training, utilization and research into an identified 'evidence-based treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder' (EBT-PTSD) within US military and veterans' agencies closely parallels Barber's description of resistance based upon socio-cultural factors and scientific bias versus genuine scientific skepticism. The implications of sustained resistance to EMDR for combat veterans and other trauma sufferers are discussed. A unified or super-ordinate goal is offered to reverse negative trends impacting current and future mental healthcare of military personnel, veterans and other trauma survivors, and to bridge the scientific impasse.[PUBMED]

Keywords: Adults Americans Health Personnel Attitudes Posttraumatic Stress Disorer PTSD Scientific Research

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5289. Russell, M. C., & Friedberg, F. (2009). Training, treatment access, and research on trauma intervention in the armed services. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(1), 24-31. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.1.24.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Since 2001, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have caused considerable strain on military medicine to effectively manage the growing mental health demand from deployed personnel. This article examines the ability of the U.S. Department of Defense to provide quality mental health services based on the availability of (a) clinical training, (b) mental health interventions, and (c) funded research of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. While notable progress has been made in cognitive-behavioral treatment access and research, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is far less available—perhaps attributable to ongoing controversy over the technique. We suggest that underserved veterans would benefit from increased availability of evidence-based behavioral treatments, perhaps through continuation of a recent regional training program.

Keywords: Clinical Training Military Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Treatment Access Veterans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5290. Russell, M. C., & Friedberg, F. (2010). Formation, accès au traitement et recherche sur les interventions dans les cas de trauma dans les forces armées [Training, access to treatment and intervention research in cases of trauma in the military]. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(2), 18E-26E. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.4.2.E18.

Language: French

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Depuis 2001, les guerres en Irak et en Afghanistan exercent une pression considérable sur la médecine militaire pour gérer efficacement la demande croissante de soins en santé mentale du personnel déployé. Cet article examine la capacité du Ministère de la défense des Etats-Unis à fournir des services de santé mentale de qualité en fonction de la disponibilité (a) de la formation clinique, (b) des interventions en santé mentale et (c) de la recherche subventionnée portant sur les traitements de l'état de stress post-traumatique. Alors que des progrès notables ont été réalisés au niveau de l'accès au traitement cognitivo-comportemental et des études dans ce domaine, l'Intégration neuro-émotionnelle par les stimulations bilatérales alternées ou EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing) est beaucoup moins disponible - peut-être à cause de la controverse actuelle qui entoure la technique. Nous suggérons qu'une meilleure disponibilité des traitements comportementaux basés sur les données probantes, peut-être par le biais de la poursuite d'un récent programme régional de formation, serait bénéfique pour les vétérans qui y ont aujourd'hui peu accès.

Since 2001, wars in Iraq and Afghanistan is considerable pressure on military medicine to effectively manage the growing demand for mental health of deployed personnel. This article examines the capacity of the Ministry of Defence of the United States to provide mental health services quality depending on availability (a) of clinical training, (b) mental health interventions and (c) sponsored research into the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. While significant progress has been achieved in access to cognitive behavioral treatment and studies in this field, neuro-emotional integration by alternating bilateral stimulation or EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing &) is much less available - perhaps because of the current controversy surrounding the art. We suggest that greater availability of behavioral treatments based on evidence, perhaps through the continuation of a recent regional training program would be beneficial for veterans who now have little access.

Keywords: Military Training Trauma Treatment

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5291. Russell, M. C., & Silver, S. M. (2007, September). Training needs for the treatment of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A survey of Department of Defense clinicians. Traumatology, 13(3), 4-10. doi:10.1177/1534765607305440.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In 2004, the United States Departments of Veterans Affairs (VA) and Defense jointly published clinical-practice guidelines for posttraumatic stress disorder (CPG-PTSD). These identified 4 psychotherapies for PTSD: cognitive therapy, eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing, exposure therapy, and stress inoculation therapy. One hundred thirty-seven mental-health professionals employed by the military or the VA were surveyed as to whether they used any of these psychotherapies and the extent of their training in them. Ninety percent of respondents reported not using any of the 4 psychotherapies. Of those who did, most had received their training before their affiliation with the military, and only a handful had training in the specific use of psychotherapy with PTSD. The lack of available, CPG-identified, effective psychotherapies is discussed as a barrier to treatment, as are possible reasons the psychotherapies are not used. A brief description of a training program is provided along with suggestions for the future.[Author]

Keywords: Cognitive Therapy Exposure Therapy Mental Health Personnel Military Psychiatry Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Professional Training PTSD United States Department of Defense

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5292. Russell, M. C., Silver, S. M., Rogers, S., & Darnell, J. N. (2007, February). Responding to an identified need: A joint Department of Defense/Department of Veterans Affairs training program in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for clinicians providing trauma services. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(1), 61-71. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.14.1.61.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
An earlier study of federal Department of Defense mental health professionals found relatively few trained in the psychotherapies for PTSD previously identified as effective by both this department and the federal Department of Veterans Affairs. In response to that need, a training program for one of the psychotherapies, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), was implemented utilizing personnel from these federal departments with assistance from a nonprofit agency. This article presents an evaluation of that program with rating data gathered from participants as well as treatment outcome data from the application of the training to patients. The program was highly rated by the participants and the impact of EMDR treatment was significant. Suggestions for similar programs and for further research are offered. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Americans Empirical Study Mental Health Personnel Military Professional Training United States Department of Defense United States Department of Veterans Affairs Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Training Veterans

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5293. Russo, S. A., Hersen, M., & van Hasselt, V. B. (2001, January). Treatment of reactivated post-traumatic stress disorder: Imaginal exposure in an older adult with multiple traumas. Behavior Modification, 25(1), 94-115. doi:10.1177/0145445501251006.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
A single-case analysis was used to assess the effects of imaginal exposure in a 57-year-old woman suffering from current and reactivated post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a transient ischemic attack. The client’s responses to self-reported depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms were repeatedly recorded during four phases: (a) initial psychotherapy, (b) imaginal exposure, (c) skill generalization, and (d) fading of treatment. In addition to dramatic reduction in levels of depression and anxiety, results showed a significant improvement in PTSD symptoms relating to recent and remote traumatic experiences. Improvements were maintained approximately 16 months after imaginal exposure ended, despite ongoing external stressors.

Keywords: Adults Imaginal Exposure Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trauma

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5294. Rusthton, A. (2010, January). Editorial. Clinical Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 15(1), 3-4. doi:10.1177/1359104509345879 .

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
An introduction to the journal is presented in which the editor discusses an article on Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) to children after a motor vehicle accident by Kemp and colleagues, treatment manual for trauma-exposed youth by Carrion and Hull, and parent and child adaptation to childhood chronic illness by Gannoni and Shute.

Keywords: Children Chronc Illness Editorial Motor Vehicle Accident Treatment Manual

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5295. Rutten, J., & Schlattmann, N. (2006). Interview met Renée Beer en Carlijn de Roos. Kinder- & Jeugdpsychotherapie, 33(3), 7-13.

Language: Dutch

Format: Journal

Abstract:
In een themanummer over EMDR mag een interview met Renée Beer en Carlijn de Roos, de grondlegsters voor de toepassing bij kinderen en jeugdigen in Nederland, niet ontbreken. Enerzijds omdat EMDR nog steeds veel vragen oproept, anderzijds omdat wij hen aan het woord wilden laten over de wijze waarop zij, in ons land, EMDR als behandelmethode voor kinderen en jeugdigen tot ontwikkeling hebben gebracht. Beiden bleken meteen enthousiast voor dit interview en wij raakten al snel onder de indruk van het vele wat zij in korte tijd bereikt hebben. Hoe zijn zij in aanraking gekomen met EMDR? Waren ze meteen enthousiast of eerst nog wat sceptisch? Wat zijn de indicaties voor een EMDR behandeling en wat de contra-indicaties? Welke EMDR behandelingen zullen ze nooit meer vergeten? Voor welke problematiek vinden zij EMDR toepasbaar en wat zien zij als de beperkingen van EMDR? Tegen welke misvattingen en vooroordelen hebben ze moeten opboksen? Naast de antwoorden op deze vragen, wilden wij tevens weten of EMDR al toegepast wordt ingeval van nationale rampen en of Nederlandse EMDR therapeuten internationaal een rol spelen. Tenslotte wilden we natuurlijk horen hoe zij tegen de toekomst met betrekking tot EMDR aankijken.

In a special issue on EMDR may be an interview with Renee Beer and Carlijn the Rose, the ground legs heaters for use in children and adolescents in the Netherlands, not missing. Firstly, because EMDR still many questions calls, and secondly because we wanted to let them have their say on the way which they, in our country, EMDR as a treatment for children and youth development have brought. Both were immediately excited for this interview and we soon became impressed by the many things they have achieved in a short time. How did they come into contact with EMDR? They were immediately enthusiastic or get a little skeptical? What are the indications for EMDR treatment and what the contraindications? What EMDR treatments, they will never password? For what issues they find EMDR applicable and see what they see as the limitations of EMDR? At what misconceptions and prejudices they have to compete? Besides the answers to these questions, we wanted also know if EMDR is already applied in cases of national disasters and whether Dutch EMDR therapists play an international role. finally Of course we wanted to hear how they view the future with respect to EMDR look.

Keywords: Carlijn de Roos Interview Renée Beer

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5296. Sack, M., Hofmann, A., Wizelman, L., & Lempa, W. (2008). Psychophysiological changes during EMDR and treatment outcome. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(4), 239-246. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.239.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study was designed to investigate the question of whether psychophysiological changes during EMDR sessions are related to subjective and objective reduction of PTSD symptoms. During-session changes in autonomic tone in relation to session-to-session changes of subjective stress, trauma-related symptoms, and psychophysiological reactions during a traumatic reminder were investigated in 10 patients suffering from single-trauma PTSD. Treatment duration followed each patient’s individual needs and ranged between 1 and 4 sessions, resulting in a total of 24 EMDR treatment sessions from which psychophysiological data were completely recorded. Treatment with EMDR was followed by a significant reduction of trauma-related symptoms, elimination of the PTSD diagnosis in 8 of the 10 participants, as well as by significantly reduced psychophysiological reactivity to an individualized trauma script. Psychophysiological dearousal in sessions correlated significantly with decrease in script-related reactions in heart rate and parasympathetic tone, and with changes in subjective disturbance. Our results indicate that information processing during EMDR is followed by during-session decrease in psychophysiological activity, reduced subjective disturbance and reduced stress reactivity to traumatic memory.

Keywords: Psychophysiological Assessment Treatment Outcome Working Mechanism

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5297. Sack, M., Lempa, W., & Lamprecht, F. (1999). Eine neue psychotherapeutische behandlungsmethode für patienten mit posttraumatischer belastungsstörung: EMDR. Behandlungsdurchführung und ergebnisse einer pilotstudie [A new psychotherapy treatment for patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: EMDR. Treatment implementation and results of a pilot study]. Psychomed, 11, 164-169 .

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Nicht erst seit dem Zugunglück von Eschede und den damit im Zusammenhang stehenden Medienberichten wird zunehmend auch in der Öffentlichkeit bekannt, daß psychische Traumatisierungen zu einer tiefen und anhaltenden Verletzung des Gefühls der persönlichen Sicherheit und Unverletzbarkeit führen können. Dies wird oft wie ein Riß im Selbstverständnis oder wie ein Zusammenbruch des persönlichen Weltbildes beschrieben. Plötzlich wird die Welt als bedrohlich erlebt. Der Betroffene fühlt sich schutzlos und ausgeliefert. Typische Symptome, die in der Folge von belastenden Ereignissen auftreten, sind Schlafstörungen und Alpträume, quälende Wiedererinnerungen, Ängste und situationsbezogenes Vermeidungsverhalten sowie erhöhte Schreckhaftigkeit und Konzentrationsstörungen. Normalerweise bilden sich diese Symptome innerhalb einiger Tage bis einiger Wochen zurück. Bleiben diese psychischen und psychosomatischen Beeinträchtigungen jedoch bestehen, so ist bei einem Vorliegen von länger als 3 Monaten eine Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung zu diagnostizieren. In den letzten Jahren wurde die Forschung über Traumafolgen erheblich intensiviert. Es wurden neue Erkenntnisse gewonnen, die dazu beigetragen haben, daß die psychotherapeutischen Verfahren zur Behandlung traumatisierter Menschen erheblich verbessert werden konnten. Seit vier Jahren behandelt die Abteilung Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der MHH Menschen mit Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen im Rahmen einer Traumasprechstunde und erforscht die psychischen und biologischen Auswirkungen von Traumatisierungen. Epidemiologie Nach Ergebnissen einer Vielzahl von epidemiologischen Studien, ist die Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (Posttraumatic stress disorder, kurz PTSD) infolge von Traumatisierungen in der Kindheit oder im späterem Leben, eine in ihrer Häufigkeit und sozioökonomischen Bedeutung lange unterschätzte Erkrankung. Unter Zugrundelegen der Diagnosekriterien der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung nach DSM-III-R liegt die Lebenszeitprävalenz in den USA für beide Geschlechter bei 7,8 Prozent bis 12,3 Prozent, wobei etwa doppelt so viele Frauen betroffen sind wie Männer (5). Für die deutsche Bevölkerung gib es noch keine epidemiologisch gesicherten Prävalenzzahlen, aber die Bedeutung von "Traumatisierungen" für die Entstehung oder für die erhebliche Verschlechterung psychischer Störungen wird immer deutlicher. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist die lebhafte Diskussion in den Medien über die psychischen Folgen von Traumatisierungen für Unfallopfer und Rettungskräfte in der letzten Zeit. Die empirischen und klinischen Befunde zu Traumatisierungen in der Kindheit haben Egle, Hoffmann & Joraschky jüngst in einer Monographie zusammengestellt (1). Danach ist die Rolle von Vernachlässigung, Mißbrauch und Mißhandlung für eine Reihe von psychischen Störungen wie Selbstverletzendem Verhalten, Borderline-Störungen und Dissoziativen Störungen mittlerweile unstrittig und scheint auch für Subgruppen von Patienten mit Eßstörungen, Angststörungen, Persönlichkeitsstörungen und Somatisierungsstörungen von erheblicher Relevanz zu sein. Weit unterschätzt ist zudem die Häufigkeit von Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen infolge von Unfällen oder Einsätzen in Krisengebieten. 20 Jahre nach dem Vietnamkrieg leiden noch immer ca. 15 Prozent aller Vietnamkriegsveteranen an einer PTSD. Opfer von Gewaltverbrechen und Überfällen sowie auch Zeugen von Gewalttaten, wie z.B. Rettungspersonal und Feuerwehrangehörige, stellen eine weitere Risikogruppe für die Entwicklung einer PTSD dar.

Not since the train wreck of Eschede and the related media reports, is increasingly known to the public that psychological trauma can lead to a deep and persistent breach of the feeling of personal safety and invulnerability. This is often described as a crack in the self or as a breakdown of the personal worldview. Suddenly the world is experienced as threatening. The person concerned feels defenseless and delivered. Typical symptoms that occur as a result of stressful events are insomnia and nightmares, distressing recollections, fears and situational avoidance behavior and increased nervousness and difficulty concentrating. Usually these symptoms are back within a few days to a few weeks. But they remain psychological and psychosomatic disturbances exist, so with a presence of more than 3 months is a post-traumatic stress disorder to diagnose. In recent years, research on consequences of trauma was significantly intensified. It gained new insights that have contributed to the psychotherapeutic method for the treatment of traumatized people could be greatly improved. For four years, the Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, MHH treats people with post-traumatic stress disorder in a trauma clinic and explores the psychological and biological effects of trauma. Epidemiology According to results of a large number of epidemiological studies, post-traumatic stress disorder (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD short) as a result of trauma in childhood or in later life, a decrease in frequency and socio-economic importance of long underestimated disease. Inter alia with the diagnostic criteria of posttraumatic stress disorder according to DSM-III-R lifetime prevalence in the U.S. is for both sexes at 7.8 percent to 12.3 percent, with about twice as many women are affected as men (5). For the German people give it no epidemiological prevalence data secure, but the meaning of "trauma" in the development or for the serious deterioration of mental disorders is increasingly clear. An example is the lively discussion in the media about the psychological consequences of trauma for victims and rescue workers in recent times. The empirical and clinical findings concerning traumatic experiences in childhood have Egle, Hoffmann & Joraschky recently compiled in a monograph (1). Then disorders the role of neglect, abuse and mistreatment for a number of mental disorders such as self-injurious behavior, borderline disorders and dissociative now undisputed, and appears to be for subgroups of patients with eating disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders and somatization disorders is of considerable relevance. Also greatly underestimated the incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of accidents or operations in critical areas. 20 years after the Vietnam War still suffer about 15 percent of Vietnam War veterans in a PTSD. Victims of violent crimes and robberies, as well as witnesses of violence, such as Rescue workers and firefighters, are another risk group for the development of PTSD dar.

Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5298. Sack, M., Lempa, W., & Lamprecht, F. (2003). EMDR in der behandlung dissoziativer störungen [EMDR in the treatment of dissociative disorders]. Zeitschrift für Psychotraumatologie und Psychologische Medizin, 1 (3), 25-33.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Psychologische Behandlung von traumatischen Belastungsstörungen mit EMDR. Die EMDR-Behandlung ist nach unserer Erfahrung eine sehr effektive Technik zur Behandlung von traumatischen Erinnerungen bei Patienten mit dissoziativen Störungen. Das Ziel der Traumabehandlung bei dissoziativen Patienten zusätzlich zu der Verringerung der Belastung von posttraumatischen Symptomen, Aussetzen der zuvor abgespaltenen Erinnerungen im Sinne einer Integration von dissoziierten Erfahrung liegt. Die EMDR-Behandlung dissoziativer Patienten brauchen, wenn nötig. durch Ändern der Standard-Protokoll auf den einzelnen Elastizität eingestellt werden. Da dissoziative Speicher Barrieren durch eine EMDRBehandlung sehr schnell untergraben werden kann, kombiniert mit dem Risiko der Übererflutung durch aversive Reize, sollte dies nur von entsprechend erfahrenen Therapeuten und mit Sorgfalt im Rahmen einer umfassenden Traumatherapie eingesetzt werden.

Psychological treatment of traumatic stress disorders with EMDR. The EMDR treatment is, in our experience a very effective technique for the treatment of traumatic memories in patients with dissociative disorders. The aim of trauma treatment in dissociative patients in addition to reducing the burden of post-traumatic symptoms, exposing the previously split-off memories in the sense of an integration of dissociated experience content. The EMDR treatment of dissociative patients need, if necessary. be adjusted by modifying the standard protocol on the individual resilience. Since dissociative memory barriers through a EMDRBehandlung may be undermined very quickly, combined with the risk of Übererflutung by aversive stimuli, this should only be used by suitably experienced therapists and with care in the context of a comprehensive trauma therapy.

Keywords: Dissociative Disorders, Psychotherapeutic Processes

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5299. Sack, M., Lempa, W., & Lamprecht, F. (2001, September-Oktober). Meta-analyse von studien über EMDR - Behandlung von patienten last mitposttraumatischen störungen: Der einfluss der studienqualität auf effektstärken [Study quality and effect-sizes: A meta-analysis of EMDR-treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder]. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 51 (9-10), 350-355. doi:10.1055/s-2001-16898.

Language: German

Format: Journal

Abstract:
Obwohl die Wirksamkeit von Augenbewegungen Desensitizer gute und Wiederaufbereitung (EMDR) in der Behandlung von Patienten mit PTSD ist bis heute eine Reihe von Studien dokumentiert, ist diese neue Technik noch die Behandlung der höchst umstrittene kritischen Ziel. Unsere Meta-Analyse versucht, die Frage, ob EMDR-Therapie-Studien mit hohen Qualitätsstandards zu beantworten, erzielen Sie bessere Ergebnisse als andere. Dafür werden alle veröffentlichten Studien ein Verfahren der Scoring-Studie die Qualität und Wirkung Größen berechnet unterzogen wurden. Es kann sehr sorgfältig geplante Studien gezeigt werden, einschließlich der Behandlung von gut ausgebildeten Therapeuten und mit einer hohen Anzahl von ausreichend Behandlungen im Vergleich zur Erzielung besserer Ergebnisse Methodische Studien mit niedrigen Standards. [Abstract Autor]

Although the efficacy of eye movement desensitization good and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of patients with PTSD is up to now documented by a number of studies, this new treatment technique is still the target of highly controversial critique. Our meta-analysis tries to answer the question of Whether EMDR-therapy studies with higher quality standards, achieve better results than others. Therefore, all published studies underwent a scoring procedure of study quality and effect sizes were computed. It can be shown that carefully planned studies, including treatment by well-trained therapists and with a Sufficiently high number of treatment sessions, achieve better results compared to studies with low methodological standards. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Meta Analysis Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes

5300. Sack, M., Lempa, W., & Lamprecht, W. (2007). Assessment of psychophysiological stress reactions during a traumatic reminder in patients treated with EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(1), 15-23. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.15.

Language: English

Format: Journal

Abstract:
This study investigates changes of stress-related psychophysiological reactions after treatment with EMDR. 16 patients with PTSD following type I trauma underwent psychometric and psychophysiological assessment during exposure to script-driven imagery before and after EMDR and at 6-month follow-up. Psychophysiological assessment included heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) during a neutral task and during trauma script listening. PTSD symptoms as assessed by questionnaire decreased significantly after treatment and during follow-up in comparison to pretreatment. After EMDR, stress-related HR reactions during trauma script were significantly reduced, while HRV indicating parasympathetic tone increased both during neutral script and during trauma script. These results were maintained during the follow-up assessment. Successful EMDR treatment may be associated with reduced psychophysiological stress reactions and heightened parasympathetic tone. [Author Abstract]

Keywords: Adults Germans Manual-Based Treatments Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychophysiology PTSD Stressors Survivors Treatment Effectiveness

Accuracy Verified: Yes